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肥厚型心肌病@心肌切除术的症状缓解作用和对 LV 流出道压力梯度的改善作用：来自观察性研究和系统评价的中等质量证据表明，HCM 患者接受心肌切除术可降低 LV 流出道压力梯度、缓解症状和降低并发症发生率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@奥曲肽是生长抑素的人工合成类似物，可能作用于脊髓背角发挥镇痛作用、 抑制神经源性炎症 和/或抑制缩胆囊素 (CCK) 释放和胰液分泌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奥曲肽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "神经源性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奥曲肽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【预后】 小儿AIDS预后极为恶劣，约75%垂直感染的AIDS患儿在发病后1年内死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1年内死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
毛细胞白血病@ 一项 2 期研究对 36 名 HCL 患者（包括 5 名变异型 HCL 患者）先后使用克拉屈滨和利妥昔单抗，结果显示 CR 率为 100%。毛细胞白血病@ 干扰素α * 1984 年首次报道显示可以部分清除骨髓毛细胞的疗效。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "毛细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干扰素α"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（一）非药物治疗 适用于高血压前期和所有高血压患儿，并提倡以家庭为基础的干预模式。主要为控制体重、降低体质指数；注意生活规律，提倡体育锻炼，每天30～60分钟中度体育活动；限制静坐时间（如看电视、玩游戏等）每天在2小时以内；调整饮食结构，减少高糖饮料和高能量零食的摄入，增加纤维素和不饱和脂肪酸的摄入；限制钠盐摄入，4～8岁儿童每天推荐量为1. 2g，年长些儿童每天为1. 5g。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "控制体重、降低体质指数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "限制钠盐摄入"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
心肌病@ 4.血管扩张剂 硝普钠及肼屈嗪可有效扩张外周血管，从而降低后负荷，增加心输出量及减低充盈压。心肌病@有效的口服降低后负荷制剂包括ACE抑制剂。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ACE抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管扩张剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硝普钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肼屈嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 分期基于体格检查和血细胞计数。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 复发性感染 由于淋巴细胞功能失调和继发性免疫球蛋白缺乏。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
继发性性早熟:多见于中枢神经系统异常,包括:①肿瘤或占位性病变:下丘脑错构瘤、囊肿、肉芽肿;②中枢神经系统感染；③获得性损伤:外伤、术后、放疗或化疗;④先天发育异常:脑积水，视中隔发育不全等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "继发性性早熟",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@空气污染和职业暴露是其他常见的病因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空气污染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "职业暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ 【预防】 预防原则在于提高对本病的认识，避免滥用抗生素和激素等。念珠菌病@注意保持婴幼儿的皮肤黏膜和口腔卫生，注意清洁母亲的乳头，注意母亲的个人卫生。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注意清洁母亲的乳头"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注意母亲的个人卫生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "提高对本病的认识"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@### 体重减轻 无法解释的非主动体重下降小于 10%，属于 WHO 2期症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重减轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@### 支气管热成形术 在严重哮喘成人患者中开展了支气管热整形术，结果表明其在减少急性发作以及改善生活质量和峰流速这些方面有一定效果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管热成形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管热整形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
胃炎@急性非糜烂性胃炎可由长期使用非甾体类抗炎药（NSAID）或饮酒或酗酒引起。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性非糜烂性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性非糜烂性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酗酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性髓性白血病@### 多汗 加速期或急变期更常见。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@导致营养不良的综合因素包括摄取营养物质的减少、吸收不良、能量消耗增加和肠内营养丢失。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "摄取营养物质的减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸收不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "能量消耗增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "营养不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠内营养丢失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
@ 2.重症病例少数病例除了手足口病的临床表现外,病情迅速进展，伴有以下任一系统并发症的病例，为重症病例。患儿持续高热,伴头痛、呕吐、精神委靡、嗜睡或激惹、易惊、谵妄甚至昏迷;肢体抖动、肌阵挛、眼球震颤、共济失 调、眼球运动障碍;肌无力或急性弛缓性麻痹、惊厥等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精神委靡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激惹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易惊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "谵妄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肢体抖动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌阵挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共济失 调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球运动障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌无力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性弛缓性麻痹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第十四节 后尿道瓣膜症 后尿道瓣膜是男性儿童先天性下尿路梗阻中最常见的疾病。后尿道瓣膜导致严重尿路梗阻的新生儿可有严重的泌尿系感染、尿毒症、脱水及电解质紊乱。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "后尿道瓣膜症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "后尿道瓣膜症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "尿路梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泌尿系感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "尿路梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿毒症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "尿路梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "尿路梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电解质紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。 【实验室诊断】 （一）痰液和粪便查虫卵 四川并殖吸虫患者痰中和粪便中不易找到虫卵。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痰液和粪便查虫卵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分布甚广"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "北美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉丁美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "欧洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
13-三体综合征@ 患儿头小，前额后缩，前囟大及骨缝宽，颅顶头皮有溃疡。13-三体综合征@睑裂呈水平线，可见不同程度的小眼至无眼，眼距宽，有白内障、虹膜缺损及视网膜发育异常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白内障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "虹膜缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视网膜发育异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头小"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前额后缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前囟大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨缝宽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅顶头皮有溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睑裂呈水平线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不同程度的小眼至无眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "13-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼距宽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@[ HIV血清转换 ](/topics/zh-cn/555) ### 阿米巴肝脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 不到50%的人有细菌性痢疾史。疟疾感染@在年轻男性更常见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "年轻男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV血清转换"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿米巴肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌性痢疾史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@针对共病抑郁的患者使用抗抑郁药，改善两组症状的同时也能降低自杀风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "共病抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗抑郁药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@### 非意外外伤或虐待性伤害，包括代理型孟乔森综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 外伤的迹象，包括非常见部位瘀青、肋骨骨折、长骨螺旋型骨折和视网膜出血。 婴儿猝死综合征@检查 影像学和眼科检查有用，但不一定可作出诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "影像学"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼科检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "代理型孟乔森综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋骨骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非常见部位瘀青"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋骨骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长骨螺旋型骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "代理型孟乔森综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视网膜出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
对有造成TIN的病因存在、发生肾功能减退以及肾小管功能障碍者应疑及本症，确诊依赖肾活体组织检查。 （二）支持治疗 包括纠正水、电解质紊乱，必要时需行透析。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "TIN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纠正水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "TIN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电解质紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "TIN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "透析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@[ 肺癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/1082) ### 骨肉瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 更多见于较年轻的患者。 转移性乳腺癌@检查 结合或不结合 PET 检查，骨扫描中是单发病变，而不是多灶性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PET 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（二）颅脑 CT 是确诊ICH的首选检查，可精确判断出血部位及范围，并可估计出血量及查见出血后的脑积水。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "ICH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅脑 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@### 前列腺增大 在男性患者中需要进行前列腺检查以排除梗阻性尿路病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺增大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "前列腺增大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "前列腺增大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。约经1～3周后绝大多数幼虫由腹腔穿过横膈进入胸腔（主要在右侧沿肝表面向上移行），可引起胸膜炎症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分布甚广"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "北美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉丁美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "欧洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第十章 小儿腹泻病 在未明确病因前，大便性状改变与大便次数比平时增多，统称为腹泻病（diarrheal disease）。 2.肠道外感染 小儿患上呼吸道感染、肺炎、肾盂肾炎、中耳炎、皮肤感染及其他急性感染性疾病时可伴有腹泻。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿腹泻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠道外感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "腹泻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "diarrheal disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 其患病率（一般以每1000名活产儿中脑瘫患儿的数目来表示）不同国家或地区患病不尽相同，西方国家脑瘫患病率为1. 5‰～2. 5‰活婴；没有证据表明脑瘫患儿存在地区差别；20世纪80年代以后，低出生体重儿童脑瘫患病率呈上升趋势；具有早产、低出生体重、黑人、多胎，以及母亲高龄等特征者，脑瘫患病率较高。在我国林庆等1997年5月～1998年8月，对我国六省（区）小儿脑性瘫痪患病率的调查，共调查1～6岁小儿1 047 327人，脑瘫的患病率为1. 92‰。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低出生体重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多胎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母亲高龄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1. 92‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
1960年以前，腮腺炎和脊髓灰质炎病毒感染约占中枢神经系统病毒感染的35%，而近年来在实施了此两种病毒计划免疫的国家，发病者明显减少。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "脊髓灰质炎病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@或 [ 双氢青蒿素 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 成人：剂量使用说明请咨询专科医生 和 [ 哌喹 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 成人：剂量使用说明请咨询专科医生 #### 第二选择 [ 硫酸奎宁 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 成人：每次542mg，每日三次口服，根据流行区域，服用3天或7天。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哌喹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫酸奎宁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@核成像负荷试验的关键性阳性发现是出现可逆缺损。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "核成像负荷试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
感觉性共济失调步态是跨步大，举腿高，落足用力过度，但视觉可以协助平衡，见于脊髓或末梢神经病变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "感觉性共济失调",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "跨步大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "感觉性共济失调",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "举腿高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "感觉性共济失调",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "落足用力过度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "末梢神经病变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感觉性共济失调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝细胞癌变在WD中较为罕见。早期症状主要为面部表情减少、震颤、肌张力障碍、吞咽困难、构音障碍、流涎以及舞蹈样动作。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面部表情减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "构音障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "WD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舞蹈样动作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
磨牙症@儿童 – 附加 – 放松治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 放松治疗可能是年幼儿童（3 至 6 岁）的最佳选择，但是需要对如何指导儿童的治疗进行更好的研究。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放松治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
第三节 室间隔缺损 室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect，VSD）是最常见的先天性心血管畸形，可占先心病人的20%。 （三）经导管介入治疗 目前，已有很多填补装置用于经导管闭合室间隔缺损的治疗中。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经导管介入治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ventricular septal defect"
},
"object_type": {
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}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "VSD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心血管畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
失眠症@### 抗癫痫药物 已经证明，在原发性失眠症人群中，加巴喷丁会增加慢波睡眠、提高睡眠效率并减少觉醒。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗癫痫药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加巴喷丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@受累患者的典型表现为掌跖角化性丘疹及凹陷。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "掌跖角化性丘疹及凹陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@其他导致神经损伤的原因有过高热、低氧、乳酸中毒和低血糖。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "神经损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "神经损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "神经损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
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"@value": "低氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "神经损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@结果 ＞85 U/L ### MRI扫描（腹部和盆腔） 检查 结果 检查 相对于CT是另一种有效的影像学评估方法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI扫描（腹部和盆腔）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
颅外脑脊液分流术适用于各型脑积水，方法很多，包括将脑脊液引流至心血管的手术及引流至其他脏器或体腔的手术，前者常用脑室-心房分流术，后者常用侧脑室-腹腔分流术。 2.减少脑脊液产生的手术 主要为脉络丛切除术或电灼术。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脉络丛切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电灼术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅外脑脊液分流术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑室-心房分流术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "侧脑室-腹腔分流术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@研究显示，后一机制可裂解肌营养不良蛋白，肌营养不良蛋白被认为可直接导致肌细胞功能障碍。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌细胞功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
白喉@改良型 Elek 试验可用于确定分离出的 _白喉杆菌_ 菌株的毒性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "改良型 Elek 试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
早产@减少早产发生和新生儿并发症发病率：有中等质量的证据表明，对妊娠27周前，胎膜已达或超过宫颈的孕妇行紧急宫颈环扎术，较之卧床休息能更有效地减少早产。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紧急宫颈环扎术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
白喉@病例接触者也应接受一个疗程的预防性抗生素，无论是红霉素或青霉素。白喉@通常这些人使用 7-10 天疗程的口服红霉素，除非有不能耐受红霉素或依从性差的历史，在这种情况下，使用单剂肌内注射苄星青霉素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苄星青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防性抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@确诊为梅毒性脑炎 – 联合 – 苄基青霉素 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 苄基青霉素 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每 4 小时静脉注射 1.2-2.4 g，持续 10 天 本文特别强调了该种病原体的治疗，因为如果能分离出该病原体，则可进行针对性治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "梅毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苄基青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胃炎@穿孔可表现为休克和/或腹膜炎的临床特点。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "穿孔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "穿孔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹膜炎的临床特点"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@她的父亲有哮喘病史，她自己患有湿疹。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 1.疼痛 对于儿童慢性胰腺炎，控制疼痛很重要，但有时却很困难。 2.吸收不良 慢性胰腺炎时吸收不良常见，但儿童中的发生率尚不清楚。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": ".吸收不良"
},
"object_type": {
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}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@压塞通常发生于既往没有心肌梗死病史的患者，并通常发生在梗死和正常心肌的交界部位。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "压塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "梗死和正常心肌的交界"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
早产@降低早产风险的孕前干预措施 * 通过教育调整生活方式，强调增进健康、戒烟、适当活动及锻炼，但是对生活方式的干预几乎不改善结局。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "调整生活方式"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
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},
"object_type": {
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}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "适当活动及锻炼"
},
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}
}
] |
（4）胰岛素的注射方式有较多选择，如注射针、注射笔、无针喷射装置及胰岛素泵等，目前已经有较多青少年1型糖尿病患者采用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素（CSII）疗法，用此法与传统的胰岛素注射方案比较，可以增加患者吃主餐和点心的时间灵活性，可以改善代谢，减少严重低血糖的危险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "青少年1型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰岛素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（一）急性再障 （重型再障）的治疗 1.去除病因 对一切可疑的致病因素，均应立即停止接触、应用。 3.防止出血 颅内出血或其他脏器严重出血是本病致死的另一重要原因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "防止出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅内出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他脏器严重出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "去除病因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@[ 胆石症 ](/topics/zh-cn/873) ### 血栓栓塞 | 长期 | 中 有很大比例的溶血症患者会发生静脉血栓栓塞。 溶血性贫血@应考虑对所有患者给予抗凝药物预防血栓栓塞，尤其是存在额外危险因素（例如既往血栓或妊娠）的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "溶血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗凝药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血栓栓塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@[ 慢性鼻-鼻窦炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/15) ### 气管软化症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状通常是体位依赖性的，发生于出生后数周或数月内。 成人哮喘@检查 将显微喉镜和支气管镜作为参考标准，普通 X 片的敏感性为 62%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "气管软化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "显微喉镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "气管软化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X 片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管软化症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@一项回顾性研究表明，胰腺癌患者中有近 5% 最初都被误诊为新确诊慢性胰腺炎，而有 11% 被误诊为首次发作的急性胰腺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@### 激素变化 在受累儿童和青少年中，很可能是性激素的波动（例如，月经期和服用口服避孕药）影响了症状的模式。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "性激素的波动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "月经期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "服用口服避孕药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激素变化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 腹胀 失代偿期肝硬化症状，继发于门脉高压腹水及肝大。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@在印度南部，据报道慢性胰腺炎的患病率曾高达114-200例/10万人。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "114-200例/10万人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 【辅助检查】 川崎病的诊断在实验室有许多典型的异常，但没有特殊性。川崎病@肝酶在急性期有所升高，而胆红素的升高较少见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝酶在急性期有所升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆红素的升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
痔@在美国其发病率大约为4%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美国"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "4%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
根据美国20 000例CF患者的调查，表现急性或持续呼吸道症状者占50. 5%，生长发育障碍、营养不良者占42. 9%，大便异常（如脂肪泻）占35. 0%，胎粪性肠梗阻为18. 8%，有家族史者占16. 8%。随病情进展，出现气急、活动耐力差、生长发育障碍等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气急"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动耐力差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性或持续呼吸道症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "营养不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@结果 可能为阳性 ### 鼻咽拭子行流感PCR检测 检查 结果 检查 流感可能有同样表现，PCR对排除流感非常有意义。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@脑病变以神经原纤维缠结、老年斑、神经元缺失及脑萎缩为特点，伴有细胞层面乙酰胆碱合成缺陷。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@检查 血清尿酸＞416μmol/L（＞7mg/dL）、关节抽吸或痛风石部位的尿酸盐结晶。类风湿关节炎@痛风中痛风石对关节的侵蚀更具有破坏性、范围更大。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清尿酸＞416μmol/L（＞7mg/dL）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节抽吸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（三）辅助检查 各种实验室检查或神经影像学检查帮助寻找癫痫的病因和评价预后。①必要的实验室检查如血生化检查（血钙、血糖、电解质及其他生化物质等）、脑脊液检查、先天性遗传及代谢疾病血液与尿液筛查试验，神经免疫功能检查，染色体分析和基因定位检查、皮肤及肌肉活体组织检查；②影像学检查如头颅CT、MRI、MRA及DSA了解脑部结构异常；PET及SPECT了解大脑功能改变及帮助癫痫定位；FMRI（功能性MRI）、MEG（脑磁图）及IAP（颈内动脉异戊巴比妥试验）等检查，了解脑的结构与功能的关系。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血生化检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经免疫功能检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DSA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PET"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SPECT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "FMRI（功能性MRI）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MEG（脑磁图）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
3.对孕妇进行检测 孕妇产前进行风疹病毒检测，防止CRS婴儿的出生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "风疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对孕妇进行检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
有报道40%的慢性扁桃腺炎患者其胃内有卡他性改变。急性胃炎之后胃黏膜损伤经久不愈，反复发作亦可发展为慢性胃炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性扁桃腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性胃炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
痛风@明确诊断，需要排除化脓性关节炎，并与假痛风（焦磷酸钙沉着病）进行鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假痛风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "焦磷酸钙沉着病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
冠状动脉瘤是川崎病中最严重的并发症。约有近20%～25%的患儿有冠状动脉畸形，包括弥漫性扩张和动脉瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "冠状动脉畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ GORD ](/topics/zh-cn/82) ### 胆绞痛 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胆绞痛的疼痛定位于右上腹，发生在饭后15至30分钟，持续3至4小时。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@常常伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胆绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右上腹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
遗传代谢病患儿出生早期不易被发觉，常表现有嗜睡、进食少，易误诊为败血症，可因呼吸暂停或呼吸窘迫被注意。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "进食少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@对青霉素过敏的患者可给予阿奇霉素和克拉霉素替代 附加 – 呋塞米 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 呋塞米 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每日 1 次口服 10-40mg 容量扩张和盐潴留原因有高血压，后者可加快肾损伤，引起心血管并发症，因此需要严格控制。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿奇霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克拉霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呋塞米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（五）动脉导管开放 （PDA）的处理 对存在PDA的VLBW，可以首先控制每天液体的输注量，以降低心脏负荷。对于因PDA引起的充血性心力衰竭，可以使用洋地黄类药物治疗，但要注意对其血浓度的监测。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "存在PDA的VLBW",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洋地黄类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@### 罕见 查看全部 ### 视觉障碍 发生在＜20%的患者中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视觉障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@## 监测 NCCN指南推荐的局部复发监测在最初2年内为每3-6个月进行临床复查、体格检查和宫颈/阴道细胞学检查，然后在第3-5年为每6-12月1次。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "宫颈/阴道细胞学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
失眠症@## 新兴疗法 ### 新型非苯二氮卓类安眠药 新型化合物（如英地普隆、加波沙朵） 以及已经批准药物的新制剂可能比现有制剂更有疗效且表现出更有吸引力的风险效益特征。失眠症@正在开发的新制剂包括经口喷雾剂、舌下锭剂以及液体溶液。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经口喷雾剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舌下锭剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "液体溶液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
肺结核@在治疗中，患者应每个月行痰结核菌培养直至连续 2 次培养结果呈阴性。 肺结核@结果 阳性；无生长；或其他分支杆菌 ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 白细胞增高（不伴有核左移）和贫血各占10%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数 (FBC)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
黏膜下出血可引起大便带血，可出现脱水、电解质紊乱和酸中毒。伴有腹痛、腹胀和全身中毒症状，甚至发生休克。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身中毒症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便带血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电解质紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "黏膜下出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
二、急性咽炎 急性咽炎（acute pharyngitis）是咽黏膜、黏膜下组织和淋巴组织的急性炎症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute pharyngitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽黏膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜下组织"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴组织"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@结果 胎盘的位置和侵及子宫的程度；可有多种表现 ### INR/PTT、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白原降解产物 检查 结果 检查 如果存在 DIC 证据（例如瘀点、瘀斑、坏疽、定向障碍、缺氧、低血压或胃肠道出血），则应申请这些检测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘀点"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘀斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "坏疽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "定向障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃肠道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "瘀点",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "瘀斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "坏疽",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "定向障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "缺氧",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "低血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胃肠道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "INR/PTT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "瘀点",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "坏疽",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "定向障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "缺氧",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "低血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胃肠道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "瘀点",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "瘀斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "坏疽",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "定向障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "缺氧",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "低血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胃肠道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白原降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@ 在绝经前女性中，所用方案是他莫昔芬和/或卵巢去势加曲妥珠单抗，接着是序贯内分泌治疗（即芳香化酶抑制剂或氟维司群）加曲妥珠单抗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他莫昔芬"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲妥珠单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芳香化酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟维司群"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床特点】 （一）溢乳和喂养不当 1.溢乳 新生儿溢乳比较常见，但溢乳没有神经反射参与，不属于真正的呕吐。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溢乳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂养不当"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 心包炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/243) ### 肺栓塞 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 呼吸困难是急性肺栓塞的最常见的症状。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@既往可能有下肢静脉血栓形成（红斑、发热、疼痛或肿胀）的症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）高结合胆红素血症 新生儿结合胆红素增高的疾病，其临床均以阻塞性黄疸为特征，即皮肤、巩膜黄染，大便色泽变淡或呈灰白色如油灰状，小便深黄，肝脾大及肝功能损害等，亦称之为肝炎综合征。主要有新生儿肝炎和胆道闭锁。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道闭锁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤、巩膜黄染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小便深黄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "高结合胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝炎综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎病理改变以肺组织广泛出血性坏死和多发性小脓肿形成为特点。发热多呈弛张热型,但早产儿和体弱儿有时可无发热或仅有低热。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺组织广泛出血性坏死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多发性小脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第十四节 新生儿贫血 新生儿期血红蛋白和红细胞在正常情况下因日龄及其他因素而变化，但一般认为静脉血血红蛋白＜130g/L或毛细血管血＜145g/L可诊断为新生儿贫血。 一、新生儿早期贫血 新生儿早期贫血主要是指出生时已经发生或生后1周内发生的贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "新生儿贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿早期贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）草莓状毛细血管瘤 又称幼年性毛细血管瘤，可能完全或部分消失。也可用手术、冷冻、硬化剂、低电压、短距离放疗等方法。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "短距离放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬化剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冷冻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低电压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "草莓状毛细血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幼年性毛细血管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胰腺癌@磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）提供了管道的细节信息，同时避免了有创内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）的风险；核磁血管造影（MRA）能显示血管解剖。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振胰胆管造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRCP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第十二节 EB病毒感染 EB病毒感染（EB virus infection）系EB病毒所致常见传染性疾病。 3.肝大及肝功能异常 约40%以上出现暂时性肝酶增高，多在45～300U/L范围，少数达500U/L以上。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "EB病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "EB病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "EB病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EB virus infection"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "EB病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EB病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@相反地，单纯部分性 SE 通常不会引起意识改变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "单纯部分性 SE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
不同补体成分缺陷有不同临床表现，共同特征是反复感染和易患风湿性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "补体成分缺陷",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "补体成分缺陷",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易患风湿性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@吸虫病患者可能表现出胆绞痛、胆汁淤积、胆结石、肝脓肿或肝炎的特征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆汁淤积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆结石"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
但肌注药物对小儿刺激大，常引起局部疼痛，肌内注射次数过多还可造成硬结，以及注射部位不当会引起局部臀肌挛缩、影响下肢功能等，临床应考虑这些问题。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "局部臀肌挛缩",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注射部位不当"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【预防】 并非所有的功能性消化不良的患儿均需接受药物治疗。有些患儿根据医生诊断得知无病及检查结果亦属正常后，可通过改变生活方式与调整食物种类来预防。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "改变生活方式"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "调整食物种类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@治疗他喷他多组疼痛程度改善≥50%的患者比例（32%，110/344）较安慰剂组（24.3%，82/337，p=0.027）的显著升高，而羟考酮组（17.3%，59/342；p=0.023与安慰剂组比较）中疼痛程度改善≥50%的患者的比例更低。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疼痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他喷他多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@## 病因学 阑尾管腔梗阻是急性阑尾炎的主要致病原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阑尾管腔梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
B超监视下水压灌肠 经肛门插人Foley管并将气囊充气20 ~40ml。只用于慢性肠套叠疑难病例。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B超监视下水压灌肠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
一、婴儿纤维性错构瘤 约20%新生儿在出生后不久即被发现婴儿纤维性错构瘤，其他也在1岁以内诊断出来，男女比例3∶1。本瘤是一边界不清、纤维组织和脂肪组织的混合体，直径一般在3～5cm。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直径一般在3～5cm"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男女比例3∶1"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@典型和非典型的心绞痛的伴随症状包括呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、出汗、头晕和疲倦。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@女性，糖尿病患者及老年人可出现不典型症状，如恶心、呕吐、中上腹不适或尖锐胸痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中上腹不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尖锐胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头晕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲倦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |