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磨牙症@### 颌肌疼痛 夜磨牙症在某些情况下与闭颌肌（咬肌和颞肌）出现疼痛、疲乏、僵硬及其他症状相关。磨牙症@如果存在这种情况，经常在患者觉醒时疼痛最严重。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颌肌疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
2.幼儿流感 可发生上呼吸道感染、喉炎、气管炎、支气管炎、毛细支气管炎和肺炎等症。常有高热、中度中毒征象和流涕。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛细支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
4.空肠弯曲菌肠炎（campylobacter jejuni enteritis） 全年均可发病，多见于夏季，可散发或暴发流行。起病急，症状与细菌性痢疾相似。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "空肠弯曲菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌性痢疾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "空肠弯曲菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "campylobacter jejuni enteritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "空肠弯曲菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全年均可发病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "空肠弯曲菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "夏季"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
有些患儿可有不典型表现，如单侧肺弥漫性渗出或肺部影像学特征轻、临床低氧血症和感染症状明显，也可以考虑早期ARDS。 （二）鉴别诊断 1.心源性肺水肿 有心脏病史或过量快速输液史，一般呼吸困难、肺部啰音出现伴X线心影显著增大。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "ARDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心源性肺水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@在慢阻肺多个不同的治疗方法中，只有两个因素可以改善存活，即戒烟和氧疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氧疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 （一）行为约见 对于短暂性抽动障碍的儿童，应当分别与患儿和家长交流。 （四）舞蹈病 此为风湿病变累及锥体外系所致，可有四肢和面部的不自主的无意识运动，除此外，可有体温、血沉、C反应蛋白及ASO等的变化，发病前有链球菌的感染，这些有助于与抽动症的鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "短暂性抽动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舞蹈病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "舞蹈病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发病前有链球菌的感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@结果 阳性 ### 头部 CT 检查 结果 检查 存在局灶性神经功能缺损、新发癫痫发作、视乳头水肿、意识状态异常或免疫功能不全的状态时， 在腰椎穿刺术前应行头颅CT扫描以排除脑脓肿或广泛性脑水肿。 细菌性脑膜炎@颅部影像学检查可用于识别潜在的病情以及与脑膜炎相关的并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腰椎穿刺术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅CT扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头部 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
根据统计，我国的高苯丙氨酸血症，大多数为PKU,约10% ~15%为BH4 缺乏症，后者以PTPS缺乏症最为常见。 【辅助检査】 新生儿疾病筛査 新生儿哺乳3 ~7天，针刺足跟采集外周血，滴于专用采血滤纸上，晾干后 即寄送至筛查实验室，进行苯丙氨酸浓度测定。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿疾病筛査"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PKU"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BH4 缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "BH4 缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTPS缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@## 筛查 ### 正常妊娠 前置胎盘(PP)筛查不适用于这类人群，即使存在其他危险因素（不包括既往子宫瘢痕、既往前置胎盘、以及接受了IVF治疗）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "既往子宫瘢痕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "既往前置胎盘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接受了IVF治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@可见蓝色出血结节，提示黏膜下出血；这些表现与影像学检查的指纹征相对应。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蓝色出血结节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑炎@机会性感染也可能导致 HIV 相关的脑炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@美国指南建议 HIV 和 HBV 合并感染的患者接受对两种病毒都有活性的抗病毒药物治疗 (antiretroviral therapy, ART)，无论 CD4 细胞计数如何或者是否需要 HBV 治疗。乙型肝炎@首选方案是替诺福韦二吡呋酯和恩曲他滨。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HIV 和 HBV 合并感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "替诺福韦二吡呋酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HIV 和 HBV 合并感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恩曲他滨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HIV 和 HBV 合并感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗病毒药物治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "替诺福韦二吡呋酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恩曲他滨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
窦性心律失常@呼气时心率变慢，吸气时心率变快。窦性心律失常@偶尔心率可很慢，并出现交界性逸搏。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "窦性心律失常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偶尔心率可很慢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "窦性心律失常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出现交界性逸搏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "窦性心律失常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼气时心率变慢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "窦性心律失常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸气时心率变快"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@结果 阴性 ### 妊娠期腹部和盆腔 MRI 检查 结果 检查 MRI 可替代 CT 扫描作为妊娠期患者的检查，尤其是在早孕期。急性阑尾炎@在妊娠患者中，当依据超声检查结果不能确定急性阑尾炎诊断时，MRI 检查的结果与 CT 扫描的相当。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI 检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "妊娠期腹部和盆腔 MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT 扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@眼底检查发现反射增强和动静脉压迹可证实高血压及其相关的冠状动脉疾病风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼底检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼底检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反射增强"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动静脉压迹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反射增强"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动静脉压迹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@提供入院前急救服务的医疗保健人员应尽快给予患者单负荷剂量的阿司匹林，除非患者有禁忌证或已经服用过阿司匹林。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
白种人中成年AS发病率为1%～1. 6% （Khan 1992），JAS发病率明显低于成年人AS，国内JAS准确的发病率与流行情况无统计资料。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "AS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%～1. 6%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
采用认知-行为治疗，对惊恐发作可用三环类抗抑郁药如丙米嗪、氯米帕明等，亦可用5 - HT再摄取抑制剂氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林等药物。 四、惊恐障碍 惊恐障碍（panic disorder）为急性焦虑发作。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三环类抗抑郁药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙米嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氯米帕明"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5 - HT再摄取抑制剂氟西汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帕罗西汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊恐障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舍曲林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@### 药物基因学 虽然这个领域很有前景，早在10年前就有β2受体激动剂受体基因多态性的报告，更加严谨的研究表明在长效β2受体激动剂治疗反应上缺乏β受体变异的遗传药理学效应。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物基因学"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
## 病理生理学 本病特征是血管痉挛和内皮细胞功能障碍，伴有不同程度的肝脏缺血损害、微血管病溶血性贫血和血小板减少症。HELLP 综合征@血管变化主要影响肝脏，肝脏灌注下降可通过多普勒检查证实。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内皮细胞功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏缺血损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多普勒检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
痛风@第二 – 丙磺舒或磺吡酮 #### 第一选择 [ 丙磺舒 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 250-1000 mg，口服，每日二次 或 [ 磺吡酮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 100-400 mg，口服，每日二次 如果患者无法耐受别嘌呤醇，可考虑尿酸排泄剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙磺舒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磺吡酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿酸排泄剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
室上性心动过速@发作时心率大多超过180次/分，偶尔可达300次/分。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室上性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心率大多超过180次/分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室上性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偶尔可达300次/分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@占位性病变，如颅咽管瘤、恶性肿瘤及其转移；下丘脑辐射；以及浸润性病变，如结节病和更常见的 Langerhans 细胞组织细胞增生症都与尿崩症有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下丘脑辐射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "浸润性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结节病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Langerhans 细胞组织细胞增生症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅咽管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ 9.慢性皮肤念珠菌病 多伴有内分泌异常或免疫功能低下，如甲状腺功能低下、垂体功能低下、艾迪生病、糖尿病等。念珠菌病@通常幼年即开始发病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幼年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内分泌异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "垂体功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "艾迪生病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
VLBW可以在经肠道喂养前就比较容易发生坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "VLBW",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "坏死性小肠结肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "坏死性小肠结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "NEC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@### 所有疑似 MBC 患者所需的评估 针对所有疑似 MBC 患者的全部诊断性检查包括： * 血液检查（全血细胞计数、肝功能检查[LFTs]、血钙） * 胸部 X 线检查 (CXR) * 骨扫描 * 胸腹部 CT * 考虑对转移灶进行活检。转移性乳腺癌@是否进行活检，应取决于活检信息是否有用以及取病变进行活检的难易程度。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "MBC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "MBC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血钙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "MBC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "MBC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腹部 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
1. JMML也称JCMML在临床血液学、细胞生物学和分子学等方面与成人慢性髓系白血病（CML）明显不同。外周血中白细胞计数及单核细胞绝对数增多，贫血、血小板减少，血液中胎儿血红蛋白（HbF）持续性的明显增高，常＞10%，骨髓增生明显活跃，原始细胞及单核细胞增多，巨核细胞减少，病态造血的特征常不明显，6%～24%的患儿表现有7号染色体单体（-7），体外培养CFU-GM呈自发性生长，对GM-CSF刺激敏感性增高，患儿对化疗反应不敏感，生存期短，但急性白血病转化率相对较低，多数患儿死于骨髓衰竭并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓增生明显活跃"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨核细胞减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "7号染色体单体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体外培养CFU-GM呈自发性生长"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对GM-CSF刺激敏感性增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对化疗反应不敏感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生存期短"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性白血病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "JMML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JCMML"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ 6.骨和肌肉的念珠菌病 念珠菌性骨髓炎最常发生于脊柱，但下颌骨、肩胛骨、肋软骨关节、肋骨、胸骨、肱骨、腕骨和股骨感染都有报道。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "念珠菌性骨髓炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脊柱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@首次评估疑似肝硬化患者时，首选检查方法为多普勒超声门脉血管，因为多普勒超声成本效益高、没有辐射或造影剂使用带来的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多普勒超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 吸烟 最重要的危险因素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@据估计在欧洲GAD的月患病率在0.2%到1%之间，终身患病率为0.1%到21.7%之间。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0.2%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0.1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "21.7%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@眼位异常（即眼球注视方向偏离脑内病灶，注视偏瘫侧）应立即考虑癫痫发作，但也可能是卒中影响到了脑桥或丘脑。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼位异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
毒蛇咬伤后的症状常因被咬者的年龄、体质、被咬部位、毒液量多少以及毒蛇的种类等因素决定，一般在15～20分钟内出现症状。局部封闭疗法是在伤口周围或肿胀上方3～4cm处皮下注射0. 25%～0. 5%普鲁卡因加地塞米松5mg，或用胰蛋白酶4000U溶于25%普鲁卡因5～20ml，以牙痕为中心，在伤口周围作皮下环封。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "毒蛇咬伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "普鲁卡因加地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "毒蛇咬伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰蛋白酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@ 符合上述标准且与下述中的一项有关的患者被归类为患有惰性骨髓瘤且不需要立即治疗。 多发性骨髓瘤@ * 骨质破坏不存在或有限（溶骨骨质破坏 3 个或更少），无压缩性骨折 * 副蛋白水平稳定 IgG＜70 g/L、IgA＜50,000 mg/L (＜50 g/L) * 无症状，相关疾病特征包括卡氏行为状态评分＞70%、血红蛋白＞10 g/L、血清钙正常、血清肌酐＜176.8 μmol/L (＜2 mg/dL) 且无感染 * 浆细胞标示指数低于或等于 0.5%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨质破坏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压缩性骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "副蛋白水平稳定 IgG＜70 g/L、IgA＜50,000 mg/L (＜50 g/L)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血红蛋白＞10 g/L"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清钙正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清肌酐＜176.8 μmol/L (＜2 mg/dL)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "惰性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 疾病稳定期的初步检查 肺活量测定是诊断慢阻肺和监测疾病进展的首要检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺活量测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 虽然明显缺乏维生素B6的症状较为少见，但是轻度缺乏却比较多见。 （五）感染 维生素B6对免疫系统也有影响。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缺乏维生素B6",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
人蛔虫病是世界上流行最广的人类蠕虫病,据世界卫生组织（WHO)估计全球有13亿患者，儿童，特别是学龄前儿童感染率高。 【临床表现】 幼虫移行引起的症状①幼虫移行:蛔虫移行至肺可引起蛔幼性肺炎或蛔虫性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎（Loffler综合征），表现为咳嗽、胸闷、血丝痰或哮喘样症状,血嗜酸性粒细胞增多，肺部体征不明显,X线胸片可见肺部点状、片状或絮状阴影，病灶易变或很快消失。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸闷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血丝痰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血嗜酸性粒细胞增多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部体征不明显"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童，特别是学龄前儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "人蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "学龄前儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "蛔幼性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幼虫移行"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛔幼性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 再生障碍性贫血的骨髓穿刺和活检的结果为细胞减少型。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@腹部查体可能无明显异常，或者存在弥漫性或局限性压痛，在某些病例中可出现腹胀。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部查体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性或局限性压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
乳腺原位癌@ ### 影像 乳腺X线检查发现在集群的簇状微小钙化和软组织异常匮乏提示乳腺导管原位癌。乳腺原位癌@在粉刺型乳腺导管内原位癌中，钙化可能是线性、分支性或奇形怪状的。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "乳腺原位癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳腺X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肝豆状核变性（hepatolenticular degeneration)又称Wilson病,是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，因基因异常，导致铜在体内贮积。 促进铜排泄的药物主要有青霉胺（penicillamine)，从小剂量开始,逐步增加，最大剂量为每日20mg/kg，每日2 ~3次饭前半小时口服。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝豆状核变性",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肝豆状核变性",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hepatolenticular degeneration"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肝豆状核变性",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Wilson病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "青霉胺",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "penicillamine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@询问病史时应针对是否存在重症疾病的危险因素（例如：宿主免疫低，妊娠，小于5岁，免疫功能低下，高龄）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "宿主免疫低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "妊娠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小于5岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高龄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
一、二尖瓣狭窄 【病理生理】 功能性二尖瓣狭窄将影响左房的肺静脉进入左心室，导致左心房、肺静脉及肺毛细血管压升高，继而导致充血的支气管静脉将压迫小支气管致气道阻力上升，由此导致呼吸困难、低氧血症及高碳酸血症。 【超声心动图】 详尽的超声心动图检查可明确绝大多数二尖瓣狭窄的诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "二尖瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
表4-9 维生素D缺乏性佝偻病各期的血液生化学检查及X线检查 【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 坚持母乳喂养，及时添加含维生素D较多的食品（肝、蛋黄等），多到户外活动，增加日光直接照射的机会。 （二）补充维生素D 初期每天口服维生素D 125～250μg（5000～10 000U），持续1个月后改为预防量。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充维生素D"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充维生素D"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "一般治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "坚持母乳喂养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多到户外活动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ 2010 年国际共识小组依据组织病理学将自身免疫性胰腺炎 (AIP) 分为 2 个亚型， 其他文献也有相关详细阐述， 同时提出与梅奥医学中心标准类似的5项AIP诊断标准。慢性胰腺炎@ Ⅰ型 AIP 属于 IgG4 相关性多器官疾病，胰腺组织学显示胰管周围淋巴浆细胞浸润、细胞基质炎性改变伴席纹状纤维化和闭塞性静脉炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "自身免疫性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Ⅰ型 AIP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞基质炎性改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "席纹状纤维化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "自身免疫性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "闭塞性静脉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Ⅰ型 AIP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞基质炎性改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Ⅰ型 AIP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "席纹状纤维化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "Ⅰ型 AIP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "闭塞性静脉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "自身免疫性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AIP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@### 诊断试验 心电图上II、III、avF、V5和V6导联可见明显的Q波。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ 针对所有疑似患者，应进行超声心动图检查。感染性心内膜炎@ 治疗应根据表现、临床发现及病原体毒性进行确定。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@如果使用的是纯化狂犬病免疫球蛋白和疫苗，则没有 PEP 的任何禁忌证。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纯化狂犬病免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@联合使用 EUS 引导下的引流和鼻胆管引流可能会进一步改善临床结局。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用 EUS 引导下的引流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
登革热@白细胞减少和血小板减少症通常发生在发热的第二天。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白细胞减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三、扁桃体周围脓肿 扁桃体周围脓肿（peritonsillar abscess）常见的病原是A组溶血性链球菌和口腔厌氧菌。起病后患儿出现咽痛、高热、吞咽困难，常言语不清。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "扁桃体周围脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "扁桃体周围脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "扁桃体周围脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "扁桃体周围脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "常言语不清"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "扁桃体周围脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "peritonsillar abscess"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@左室肥大伴功能下降的患者可使用地高辛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地高辛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@第二项可以进行胃镜检查并抽吸十二指肠液，且对抽吸物进行显微镜检。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抽吸十二指肠液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@对于支气管肿瘤，依托泊苷、顺铂可以作为一线化疗药，而其他中心推荐氟尿嘧啶和链脲佐菌素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "依托泊苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顺铂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟尿嘧啶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "支气管肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "链脲佐菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@结果 _脑膜炎双球菌_ 荚膜多糖抗原 ### 血培养菌 检查 结果 检查 对于腰椎穿刺术延迟或存在临床不安全因素的患者，应采集血样以培养。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血培养菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@ * 应建立静脉通路。 * 检查血型、进行抗体筛查和交叉配血，准备至少4个单位的浓缩红细胞（并通知血库可能需要大量输血）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "交叉配血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗体筛查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@### 体重增加减少 不明显的腭裂可能在查体时漏过，可能出现继发于喂养困难的体重增加少等症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重增加减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。肾衰竭后还应摄入低蛋白饮食，每日热量230～251kJ/kg（55～60kcal/kg），以维持基础代谢及氮平衡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低蛋白饮食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RPGN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "急进性肾炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@检查 急性/慢性肠系膜缺血可通过临床怀疑及血管造影确诊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性肠系膜缺血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@当内镜检查发现多发的十二指肠溃疡（特别是在球后）或者溃疡合并腹泻时，该检查应进行。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
磨牙症@主要是基于病史和体格检查作出磨牙症诊断，但确诊需要进行动态肌电图或多导睡眠图检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多导睡眠图检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
2. CVS诊断标准 （1）伦敦CVS国际诊断标准（1994年制定） 1）必需条件：①3次或以上发作性呕吐，持续数小时至数天；②发作间歇期无症状，长达数周至数月；③刻板的反复发作，有相同的发作时间和症状持续时间；④无器质疾病因素（缺少实验室或影像学证据）。 2）支持条件：①发作具有自限性；②伴随症状包括恶心、腹痛、头痛、运动病、畏光及倦怠；③相关体征有发热、苍白、脱水、过度流涎及社交不能。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畏光"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "倦怠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过度流涎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "社交不能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发作性呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）高氨血症 遗传代谢病导致的急性脑病最重要的实验室表现是高氨血症。血氨显著升高，常见于尿素循环缺陷及有机酸血症，在新生儿期要与一过性高氨血症相鉴别，对于较大婴儿应考虑到脂肪酸氧化缺陷。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血氨显著升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素循环缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有机酸血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "一过性高氨血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脂肪酸氧化缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "急性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高氨血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
早产@如果宫颈长度短 (＜2 cm) 且胎儿纤连蛋白阳性，意味着患者早产风险较高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胎儿纤连蛋白阳性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
5）第三代头孢菌素及氧头孢烯类：腹泻的病原菌普遍对本类药敏感，包括治疗最为困难的多重耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌及志贺菌。 （2）肠黏膜保护剂： 蒙脱石是一种天然的铝和镁的硅酸盐，能改善肠黏液的质和量，加强肠黏膜屏障，吸附和固定各种细菌、病毒及其毒素，有助于受损肠黏膜修复和再生。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蒙脱石"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性髓性白血病@### 关节痛 可因大量细胞更新引起的尿酸增多导致。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
(二）金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎[Staphylococcal aureus pneumonia) 病原为金黄色葡萄球菌。儿童免疫功能低下,故易发生金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎，新生儿、婴幼儿发病率更高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【并发症】 （一）蛔虫性肠梗阻 是最多见的一种并发症。多见于1～6岁年龄，突然起病，剧烈的腹部绞痛和呕吐，甚至吐出胆汁、蛔虫，病情进展快。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "蛔虫性肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1～6岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛔虫性肠梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突然起病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【实验室检查】 病毒性脑炎或脑膜脑炎多出现颅内压增高。 脑电图均有异常改变，主要为高波幅慢活动，呈弥漫性分布。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅内压增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅内压增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（四）其他 由于肾脏替代治疗的出现，以前未能出现的一些胱氨酸病的并发症，可出现在透析或移植病人身上，如甲状腺功能减退、重度肝、脾肿大、视力下降、角膜溃疡、全身性肌病，甚至糖尿病（胱氨酸沉积在胰腺所致）和脑瘤等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度肝、脾肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视力下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "角膜溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身性肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胱氨酸病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ ### 腹水 | 存在差异 | 低 腹水的发生率＜1%。慢性胰腺炎@ 原因可能与胰管的破坏或假性囊肿的破裂有关。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰管的破坏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假性囊肿的破裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "＜1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
细菌感染(本节中不包括法定传染病） 1)致腹泻大肠埃希菌:根据引起腹泻的大肠埃希菌不同致病毒性和发病机制,已知菌株可分为5大组:①致病性大肠埃希菌(enteropathogenic E. coli，EPEC):为最早发现的致腹挥大肠埃希菌。②产毒性大肠埃希菌（enterotoxigenic E. coli, ETEC) ：可黏附在小肠上皮刷状缘,在细胞外繁殖，产生不耐热肠毒素(labile toxin,LT)和耐热肠毒素(stable toxin,ST)而引起腹泻。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产毒性大肠埃希菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "致病性大肠埃希菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "enteropathogenic E. coli"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "EPEC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "产毒性大肠埃希菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "enterotoxigenic E. coli"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "产毒性大肠埃希菌",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "ETEC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@[ 霍奇金淋巴瘤 (Hodgkin's lymphoma) ](/topics/zh-cn/311) ### 胸腺瘤/胸腺癌 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 约 30% 的胸腺瘤患者在诊断时无症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腺瘤/胸腺癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肺炎链球菌多糖疫苗对健康儿童可有效地预防侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染，但在婴儿缺乏免疫性。结合疫苗突破了传统肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的局限性，可以满足2岁以下儿童免疫预防的需要。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2岁以下儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "侵袭性肺炎链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎链球菌多糖疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 肥胖 体质指数 >25 kg/m2的患者患病风险增加。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥胖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@结果 正常或升高 ### 血液培养 检查 结果 检查 如果怀疑感染，则应获得血液培养，但若无法立即获得血液培养，不应推迟对脑膜炎或重度脓毒症患者进行抗生素治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脓毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
脆性X综合征@ 4.语言发育障碍 较为常见，表现为会话和言语表达能力的发育严重迟缓，存在构音障碍、病理性模仿和重复言语以及语法和词汇缺乏等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脆性X综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "语言发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脆性X综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "构音障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脆性X综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病理性模仿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脆性X综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重复言语"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脆性X综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "语法和词汇缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@然而，临床和实验室数据表明仅存在病毒感染不足以引起受累细胞的恶性发展，宿主细胞中还需要有其他改变才能形成皮肤癌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "仅存在病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "仅存在病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@尽管以人群为基础的验证是必须的，哈佛布莱根妇女医院基于1818例于2000年至2009年诊断为原发肿瘤的病例分析进而得出的鳞状细胞癌分期要优于美国癌症联合委员会以及国际控制癌症联合会的分期系统。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鳞状细胞癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
国内发病率无精确的统计数据，据不完全统计，国内文献报道UC达20 000例，而CD为2000余例。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "UC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "20 000例"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "CD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2000余例"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@结果 阴性 ### 血清巴尔通氏体属抗体 检查 结果 检查 用于排除 _巴尔通氏体属_ 感染。 狂犬病@结果 阴性 ### 血清立克次氏体抗体 检查 结果 检查 用于排除立克次氏体感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "_巴尔通氏体属_ 感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三、急性扁桃体炎 急性扁桃体炎（acute tonsillitis）多伴有不等程度的急性咽炎。病毒感染所致者，症状与一般咽炎相似，有咽痛、低热和其他轻度全身症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度全身症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute tonsillitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性扁桃体炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血小板数量正常疑为功能障碍者，应分别检查阿司匹林耐量试验、血小板黏附、聚集功能试验、血小板因子3（PF3）、血小板膜糖蛋白等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PF3",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板因子3"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肌病时骨盆带肌无力，行走慢，左右摇摆如鸭，称“鸭步”。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨盆带肌无力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "行走慢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左右摇摆如鸭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鸭步"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@切口感染和腹腔内脓肿是阑尾切除术可能的并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "切口感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔内脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@结果 如果高于正常范围上限的 3 倍，预测 95% 的病例是由胆石病引起 ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 和分类计数 检查 结果 检查 可见脱水引起的轻度白细胞增多伴左移和血细胞比容升高，或者出血引起的低血细胞比容。急性胰腺炎@血液浓缩的形成已被用来预测坏死性胰腺炎的患病危险。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血细胞比容"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "全血细胞计数",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "FBC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
三、哮喘性支气管炎 哮喘性支气管炎（asthmatic bronchitis）又称喘息性支气管炎（wheezing bronchitis），是一种以喘息为主要表现的急性支气管炎。 临床特点包括：多见于3岁以下小儿，常有湿疹或其他过敏史和家族史；喘息症状明显，可闻及少许中水泡音；易复发，且多与感染有关，但大多预后良好，一般至入学前，复发次数逐渐减少而痊愈，也有少数患儿反复发作，发展成为支气管哮喘；可伴低热，抗生素治疗效果不显著。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3岁以下小儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘息症状明显"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可闻及少许中水泡音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "asthmatic bronchitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘息性支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "喘息性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "wheezing bronchitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@ * CT显示病变通过标准的支气管镜检查显示，支气管镜检查和活检将产生必要的诊断和分期信息。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "标准的支气管镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【病因及发病机制】 HSP是白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，是主要由IgA免疫复合物沉积引起的免疫复合物病，其病因仍未完全明了，可能与下列因素有关：感染、疫苗接种、虫咬、寒冷刺激、药物过敏和食物过敏等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病机制",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IgA免疫复合物沉积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疫苗接种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "虫咬"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒冷刺激"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物过敏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "HSP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食物过敏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@如果计划在门诊治疗，建议每日复查显微镜血涂片。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "显微镜血涂片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
婴儿猝死综合征@粗略估计，在婴儿中的发病率约为 1/2000。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "婴儿猝死综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1/2000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 对HUS的治疗强调加强支持、早期透析和积极对症处理的原则。对疑有免疫因素参与发病机制者，可静脉输注丙种球蛋白。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉输注丙种球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis，IE ) 80%以上由链球菌和葡萄球菌所致,其他尚有真菌、衣原体、立克次体及病毒等。 【实验室检査】 血培养 血细菌培养阳性是确诊感染性心内膜炎的重要依据，凡原因未明的发热、体温持续在1 周以上，且原有心脏病者，均应反复多次进行血培养,以提高阳性率。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "链球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "立克次体及病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "infective endocarditis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IE"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胃炎尚无特殊疗法，无症状者无需治疗。 4.高酸或胃炎活动期者，可给予H2受体阻滞剂：西咪替丁、雷尼替丁和法莫替丁。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "H2受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西咪替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雷尼替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法莫替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
表14-16 我国PKU病人中发现的PAH基因部分突变位点 对于高苯丙氨酸血症，从病因上将高苯丙氨酸血症分二大类：苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏和PAH的辅酶-四氢生物蝶呤（tetrahydrobiopterin，BH4）缺乏。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PAH的辅酶-四氢生物蝶呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PAH的辅酶-四氢生物蝶呤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "tetrahydrobiopterin"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PAH的辅酶-四氢生物蝶呤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BH4"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 川崎病几乎只见于婴幼儿，最多见于1到2岁之间的儿童；50%的病例发病年龄小于2岁，80%小于4岁，大于8岁的儿童极少发病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
三、哮喘性支气管炎 哮喘性支气管炎（asthmatic bronchitis）又称喘息性支气管炎（wheezing bronchitis），是一种以喘息为主要表现的急性支气管炎。 本症可由多种病因或诱因引起，如婴幼儿气道解剖生理特点、感染（尤其是呼吸道合胞病毒）、过敏体质等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏体质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "asthmatic bronchitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "哮喘性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘息性支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "喘息性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "wheezing bronchitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
尘肺@如果患者同时出现慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 的并发症，那么可能会出现排痰性咳嗽。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尘肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排痰性咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
引起小儿呼吸、心搏骤停的病因如下： （一）呼吸系统疾病 如上气道阻塞（如异物、反流、喉痉挛、喉水肿等）、下气道疾病（如继发于呼吸衰竭或呼吸停止的疾病）。 （六）创伤和意外 如窒息、溺水、婴儿猝死综合征等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "创伤和意外"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溺水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿猝死综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上气道阻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下气道疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@治愈率：存在中等质量证据显示，与常规治疗或不治疗相比，初始治疗采用人际关系心理疗法对于提高抑郁患者的恢复率更有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人际关系心理疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |