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铅中毒@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 所有患者 查看全部 首选 – 与暴露源隔离 职业暴露可能出现在大型工厂，例如电池生产或房屋建造业，也可能见于小型企业如油漆工、水暖工和手工艺者等。 铅中毒@对于非职业暴露，需要评估暴露来源。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电池生产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "房屋建造"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "与暴露源隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 贫血 | 长期 | 高 CKD患者的贫血是由随GFR降低而出现的促红细胞生成素不足所导致的。 慢性肾病@[ 代谢性酸中毒的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/460) ### 高钾血症 | 存在差异 | 中 高钾血症在CKD患者中常见，是由于随着eGFR下降，肾脏无法排泄饮食中来源的钾而导致。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高钾血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
白喉@ACIP 在 2008 年批准了DTaP-IPV/Hib 联合疫苗的使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DTaP-IPV/Hib 联合疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
血肿破入蛛网膜下腔者常有明显的脑膜刺激征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血肿破入蛛网膜下腔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显的脑膜刺激征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@ ### 活检 为了明确诊断，必须进行活检。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
1.疱疹性咽炎（herpangina） 系柯萨奇A组病毒引起。多发生于夏秋季。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "疱疹性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "夏秋季"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "疱疹性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "herpangina"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "疱疹性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "柯萨奇A组病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "疱疹性咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "系柯萨奇A组病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@ 通常使用皮质类固醇和免疫抑制剂治疗表现为肾病综合征的严重疾病（例如，微小病变肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化、膜性肾病和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
综合征型CNS表现 除上述表现外,还有肾外表现，如WT1突变所致CNS患儿可有Wilms瘤、 男性假两性畸形，其他相关病变,如白内障、角膜混浊、小头、斜视、眼球震颤及眼距过宽等亦可出现。可见轻度氨基酸尿和糖尿。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度氨基酸尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "WT1突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Wilms瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性假两性畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白内障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "角膜混浊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小头"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "斜视"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼距过宽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@### 影像学检查 尽管转移性检查通常阴性，但仍需进行腹部和盆腔 CT检查，以评估原发肿瘤和除外肝脏转移。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部和盆腔 CT检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@但是，假阳性率高，并且主要用于评估肿瘤负担。 睾丸癌@结果 ＞25 U/L ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 胸部X线片 检查 结果 检查 对正确的分期是必须的。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@在婴儿和儿童中，主要危险因素包括晚期肾病、神经系统疾病、恶性肿瘤和免疫抑制。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晚期肾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经系统疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@在 4.5 小时后就诊或有溶栓禁忌症 – 首选 – 阿司匹林 #### 第一选择 [ 阿司匹林 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 300mg，口服，每日一次 缺血性卒中患者应接受阿司匹林治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@ 紫锥菊配方的预防性作用尚无结论。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫锥菊配方"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@ * 一般无需脾切除术。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@附加 – 止吐剂 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 苯甲嗪 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 用于 6 岁及以上儿童：25 mg，口服，需要时每 6-8 小时一次，每日最大剂量为 75 mg 苯甲嗪（一种抗组胺药）可用于就诊时有恶心和/或呕吐症状的儿童。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯甲嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗组胺药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "止吐剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
子宫内膜癌@ 通常用于患有高-中等风险 (HIR) 或高风险（III 期和 IV 期）疾病的患者。子宫内膜癌@ 在术前评估后，所有活检证实子宫内膜癌诊断的患者应接受手术分期，包括 * 探查性剖腹手术或腹腔镜检查 * 经腹或腹腔镜全子宫切除术（TAH 或 TLH） * 双附件切除术 * 腹水细胞学检查 * 大网膜活检（常针对组织学为浆液性、透明细胞或癌肉瘤的肿瘤实施） * 盆腔淋巴结清扫术用于限于子宫疾病手术分期 * 切除可疑或增大的淋巴结，以排除淋巴结转移 * 针对特定高风险肿瘤进行主动脉旁淋巴结评估，例如深部浸润性病变或高级别肿瘤（包括浆液性、透明细胞性或癌肉瘤）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "探查性剖腹手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "子宫内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
早产@自发性早产可通过一系列阴道指检及经阴道超声预测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道指检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴道超声预测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@两类主要药物治疗被用于 AD： * 胆碱酯酶抑制剂 * NMDA 受体抗结剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "NMDA 受体抗结剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆碱酯酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@## 新兴疗法 ### 白细胞分离术 选择性白细胞分离术治疗炎性肠病（IBD），尤其是溃疡性结肠炎，已经在日本和一些欧洲国家使用了几年。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白细胞分离术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "炎性肠病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IBD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@与较轻微的胰腺炎（死亡率为 1%）相比，重症无菌性急性胰腺炎的死亡率是 10%，重症急性胰腺炎伴感染性胰腺坏死的死亡率达到 25%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "重症无菌性急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "10%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@ 对于存在家族性RET基因突变，尤其是MEN 2A型者，推荐在6岁之前做预防性手术。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "存在家族性RET基因突变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防性手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
淹溺经复苏后可考虑作相应辅助检查以了解病情程度和并发症情况。必须的化验检查还包括全血常规、红细胞比容、血电解质、血糖（低温可引起低血糖或高血糖）、血渗透压、肝肾功能、诊断DIC的各项指标（包括凝血酶原时间、部分凝血活酶时间、血小板计数、血浆纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白降解产物）、尿常规等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血常规"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞比容"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血电解质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血渗透压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝肾功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "诊断DIC的各项指标"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血酶原时间"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "部分凝血活酶时间"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆纤维蛋白原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白降解产物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿常规"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
18-三体综合征@两眼及眉距增宽，两侧内眦赘皮，角膜混浊，眼睑外翻，小眼畸形常见。18-三体综合征@鼻梁细长及隆起，鼻孔常向上翻。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼睑外翻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小眼畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "两侧内眦赘皮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "角膜混浊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻梁细长及隆起"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "18-三体综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻孔常向上翻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 肠套叠可致腹部绞痛，表现为原先安静的患儿突然出现明显烦躁不适，可有全身强直，双腿向腹部屈曲，表情痛苦，症状突发突止；无法表达的小婴儿则出现阵发性哭吵，发作间隙表现正常或安静入睡。发作间歇期触诊可有右下腹平坦空虚感，这是由于盲肠和回盲部套入横结肠至右上腹所致；此外还可触及部位不固定的包块。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "平坦空虚感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显烦躁不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双腿向腹部屈曲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "表情痛苦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突发突止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵发性哭吵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 随着医学的发展，从20世纪40年代中期开始，肠套叠的死亡率明显下降，且少见重症患儿。 阵发性哭吵、排果酱样大便和腹部触及包块的患儿要高度怀疑肠套叠的可能。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵发性哭吵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "果酱样大便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部触及包块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@1期 * 没有胃食管静脉曲张或腹水的患者，每年的死亡率约为1%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "1期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
麻风病@狼疮在嘴、眼、鼻和耳处生成疼痛的溃疡性皮肤病变。 麻风病@检查 皮肤活检显示肉芽肿炎症，偶见干酪样坏死，特殊染色时可见 _结核分枝杆菌_ 抗酸杆菌 (AFB)。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉芽肿炎症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嘴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@颞叶区、额叶区及顶叶区皮质萎缩较明显，而丘脑、脑干、小脑半球及基底神经节的尺寸和重量正常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颞叶区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "额叶区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顶叶区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质萎缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。经常使用血液制品，使患儿易并发肝炎、艾滋病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "艾滋病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hemophilia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "出血性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病乙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病丙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病甲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗血友病球蛋白",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AHG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因子Ⅸ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "因子Ⅸ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PTC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@[ 急性阑尾炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/290) ### 急性肾衰 | 存在差异 | 低 多器官功能障碍或肌红蛋白尿，可导致这一并发症发生。 登革热@尿素和尿肌酐急速上升有助于诊断 可能需要肾功能替代治疗 [ 急性肾衰 ](/topics/zh-cn/83) ### 噬血细胞综合征 | 存在差异 | 低 全血细胞减少（通常是贫血）者应考虑嗜血细胞综合征 。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性肾衰",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性肾衰",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿肌酐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性阑尾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肾衰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性肾衰",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多器官功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性肾衰",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌红蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "噬血细胞综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "嗜血细胞综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "嗜血细胞综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@### 腹部肿块 在 30% 至 40% 的病例中，膨胀的胆囊可能会被触及。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部肿块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@### CM4620 CM4620 是一种用于治疗急性胰腺炎的新型钙释放激活钙 (calcium release-activated calcium, CRAC) 通道抑制剂，已经获得美国食品药品监督管理局 (US Food and Drug Administration) 的快速通道审批资格，并被欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency) 授予孤儿药地位。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CM4620"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@## 流行病学 肥厚型心肌病 (HCM) 在普通人群中的发病率大约是 1/500，是引起儿童和 35 岁以下成人猝死的最常见原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1/500"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HCM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@无结肠造口的生存率：高质量的证据显示，综合治疗 (CMT) 与单独放疗相比可显著改善无结肠造口术的生存率（72% vs 40%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单独放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "综合治疗 (CMT)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
另加O型即糖原合成酶缺乏共12型，其各型病因、受累组织、起病时间，及临床表现各不相同： GSD O型（aglycogenosis）糖原合成酶缺陷。临床少见，典型为空腹出现低血糖，酮血症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "GSD O型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空腹出现低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "GSD O型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酮血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（五）放射性核素脑扫描 对多发性脑脓肿有价值。 （六）磁共振 （MRI） 对多房性及多发性小脓肿价值较大。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "多发性脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磁共振"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "多发性脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放射性核素脑扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "磁共振",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食管癌@ 肿瘤浸润深层黏膜下层或存在 LVI 或 T1 病变＞2 cm 的患者应接受食管切除术治疗。食管癌@可以采用多种外科手术方法，包括保留迷走神经的腹腔镜下食管切除术和腹腔镜/胸腔镜下微创食管切除术 (minimally invasive oesophagectomy, MIO) 等微创技术。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管切除术治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
白喉@上世纪 70 年代初，美国和西欧开展白喉疫苗接种使这些地区白喉的发病率急剧下降。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白喉疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。@ 由于腮腺炎病毒对腺体组织和神经组织的亲和性，常侵人中枢神经系统和其他腺体、器官而出现以下并发症： 脑膜脑炎是儿童期最常见的并发症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mumps"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epidemic parotitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
冠状动脉瘤是川崎病中最严重的并发症。有2%没有治疗的病人发生全身性动脉瘤，通常这些患者亦有冠状动脉瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身性动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "全身性动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@非疫区几乎所有疟疾病例均为来自疫区的旅行者输入，或者是游客，或者是访友探亲的流动人员。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "疟疾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "来自疫区的旅行者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
严重的乳头水肿时可伴网膜出血、水肿及渗出。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "乳头水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "网膜出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "乳头水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@氯硝西泮也有镇静作用且可能成瘾。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氯硝西泮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@对于无法耐受硫唑嘌呤的患者，可以考虑麦考酚酯和环孢素作为硫唑嘌呤的替代免疫抑制剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麦考酚酯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环孢素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@### 动静脉畸形（AVM） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 呼吸困难不常见。 非小细胞肺癌@肺血管造影能确认动静脉畸形（AVMs）的存在和位置，并辨别供血动脉和引流静脉的结构。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "动静脉畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺血管造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动静脉畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AVM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "动静脉畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AVM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
麻风病@这些抗生素为莫西沙星，一种氟喹诺酮；利福喷丁，一种长效利福霉素衍生物；和二芳基喹啉 (R207910)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "莫西沙星"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟喹诺酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利福喷丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长效利福霉素衍生物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二芳基喹啉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第八节 阿米巴病 【病原】 阿米巴病（amoebiasis）是由溶组织阿米巴原虫所引起的疾病。 【并发症】 （一）肝炎及肝脓肿 以右叶多见，出现弛张型高热，腹痛，肝脏肿大，经皮肝穿刺能抽出牛奶咖啡样脓液，并能从脓汁中找到阿米巴滋养体。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "阿米巴病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝炎及肝脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@然而，克罗恩病常有肛周受累，一般不累及直肠，并有形成瘘管的倾向。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肛周受累"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@## 预后 ### 多数复发发生在2年以内。宫颈癌@肿瘤可以局部扩散，转移到淋巴结（盆腔或腹主动脉旁淋巴结11%，锁骨上淋巴结7%），血行转移（肺21%、骨16%、肝脏、肾上腺、脑）或腹腔内转移到卵巢或肠道（腺癌更常见但仍非常少见，2%）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@内镜治疗方式为胆括约肌切开并放置多枚胆管塑料支架 而非单枚支架。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
基底细胞癌@### 顺序皮损内干扰素注射 重复对咪喹莫特治疗机制的猜想，也可达到类似的效果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顺序皮损内干扰素注射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【缺陷类型】 HS的主要分子缺陷是维持红细胞形态的细胞骨架蛋白-收缩蛋白（spectrin，SP）和锚蛋白（ankyrin）异常。但也有严重者可出现高输出量心功能衰竭和循环衰竭、严重缺氧甚至死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心功能衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "循环衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2. 控制惊厥 惊厥是重度HIE常见症状。首选苯巴比妥，负荷量为20mg/kg，于15~30分钟静脉滴入，若不能控制惊厥,1小时后可加10mg/kg，l2〜24小时后给维持量，每日3~5mg/kg。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "惊厥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯巴比妥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "控制惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
脑炎@具体而言，就是监测患者癫痫发作的情况，并用适当的抗惊厥药物进行治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗惊厥药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 猩红热 | 短期 | 低 猩红热仅表现为感染产红斑毒素链球菌（通常为 A 型，但也可以为 B 或 C 型）导致的特征性猩红热皮疹。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "猩红热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
基底细胞癌@### 定义 皮肤基底细胞癌是较常见的一种肿瘤，与日光暴露有关。基底细胞癌@ BCC 也称为基底细胞上皮瘤，反应了该肿瘤很少转移这一事实。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "皮肤基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基底细胞上皮瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "皮肤基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "皮肤基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
口腔黏膜炎@### 口腔护理 所有患者应进行口腔护理。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔护理"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@ 诱导后/巩固治疗方案 * 治疗选择取决于复发的危险因素，例如就诊时细胞遗传学及 WBC 计数。急性髓性白血病@ * 3 至 4 个疗程的治疗方案，包括较高剂量的阿糖胞苷 (higher doses of cytarabine, HiDAC) 单药治疗或与其他药物联用，例如米托蒽醌、依托泊苷或安吖啶。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "WBC 计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿糖胞苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "阿糖胞苷",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "higher doses of cytarabine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "阿糖胞苷",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "HiDAC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "米托蒽醌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "依托泊苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安吖啶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【流行病学及发病机制】 儿童淋巴瘤的发病率依年龄不同，在世界不同地区也有显著差异。在美国和发达国家，恶性淋巴瘤（包括NHL及霍奇金病）是继白血病和脑肿瘤之后第三个常见的儿童恶性肿瘤，在小于20岁的少儿中占儿童恶性肿瘤的15%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "儿童淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美国和发达国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "恶性淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "NHL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "恶性淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "霍奇金病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "恶性淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童恶性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小于20岁的少儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
水、电解质紊乱的处理:①稀释性低钠血症：由于下丘脑视上核和室旁核受结核炎症渗出物的刺激,使垂体分泌抗利尿激素增多，导致远端肾小管重吸收水增加,造成稀释性低钠血症。如水潴留过多,可致水中毒，出现尿少、头痛、频繁呕吐、反复惊厥甚至昏迷。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "稀释性低钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "稀释性低钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "稀释性低钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "频繁呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "稀释性低钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "稀释性低钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@推荐三氯苯哒唑用于治疗肝片形吸虫；但有些国家没有这种药。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三氯苯哒唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@出血的严重程度可分为轻度、中度、重度和大出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@裂隙灯检查下发现 K-F 环支持该诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "裂隙灯检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（2）呋塞米（速尿，furosemide）： 每次0. 5～2mg/kg，每天1～2次。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "呋塞米",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "速尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "呋塞米",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "furosemide"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@就地理位置而言，溃疡性结肠炎在西半球和北半球更常见，亚洲和远东地区的发病率低，但是已有报道称发病率正在上升。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西半球"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "北半球"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
痛风@[ 脓毒性关节炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/486) ### 外伤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 阳性史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓毒性关节炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2. CVS临床表现特点 CVS以反复发生、刻板发作的剧烈恶心、呕吐为特征，持续数小时到数天。 发作时常伴有自主神经和胃肠道症状：如苍白、嗜睡、虚弱、流涎，对光、声音、气味不耐受，少数有高血压，胃肠道症状除呕吐外，腹痛、干呕、厌食及恶心是最常见症状，80%的病例存在诱发因素，包括生理、心理应激和感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "虚弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对光、声音、气味不耐受"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "、厌食及恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生理"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心理应激"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心、呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（三）药物治疗 1.抽动的治疗 （1）氟哌啶醇： 系一种高效较多巴胺受体阻滞剂，从1961年开始，此药治疗抽动-秽语综合征，是最有效的药物之一，可作首选，由小剂量开始，0. 05mg/（kg•d）口服，然后调整剂量，使症状获得控制而无不良反应。此药可引起锥体外系不良反应，表现为动作减少、减慢和肌张力增强，有伸舌、张口困难、歪颈等，加用等量苯海索（安坦）可抵消这种不良反应。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯海索"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟哌啶醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "苯海索",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "安坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
失眠症@合并抑郁症 – 联合 – 安眠药与抗抑郁剂联用 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 唑吡坦 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 需要时睡前口服 5 mg（速释型），每日一次；需要时睡前口服 6.25 mg（缓释型），每日一次；更高剂量可能会导致次日早上瞌睡，不予推荐，尤其对于女性 和 [ 帕罗西汀 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 口服 10-20 mg，每日一次 已经证明，安眠药联合抗抑郁剂可有效用于治疗共患失眠症与抑郁的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安眠药与抗抑郁剂联用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "唑吡坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安眠药联合抗抑郁剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帕罗西汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 存在的危险因素 主要危险因素包括垂体瘤、垂体卒中、垂体手术、颅脑损伤、外伤性脑损伤、遗传性疾病和下丘脑疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅脑损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "垂体卒中"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "垂体瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "垂体手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外伤性脑损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下丘脑疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 中年女性 与酒精性胰腺炎男性患者（40~55 岁）相比，50~70 岁的女性患胆囊疾病较多，久之可导致胰腺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中年女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 脑白质损伤常发生在胎龄＜32周并存活1周以上的极不成熟儿。病变累及近三角区、枕角视放射区和颞角听放射区时常表现为视觉和听觉功能障碍。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三角区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "枕角视放射区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颞角听放射区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视觉和听觉功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三角区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "枕角视放射区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颞角听放射区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视觉和听觉功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
神经皮肤综合征@NFⅡ主要临床特点为双侧听神经瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "NFⅡ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双侧听神经瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 输尿管重复畸形的女孩如能发现异位开口并直接插入导尿管进行造影，诊断是最简单的，但患儿往往不合作，要在麻醉下才行。但如输尿管开口于前尿道或阴道，则要做膀胱镜，且仍很难发现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女孩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "插入导尿管进行造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻醉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@对于这些病例，有必要进行肾活检来确定病理损伤的类型。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@对于有嗜酸粒细胞升高并且联合使用 ICS 和 LABA 的中重度持续性哮喘患者，在停用 ICS 和 LABA 后，dupilumab 治疗与安慰剂相比能减少哮喘发作、改善肺功能，并降低 Th2 细胞相关的炎症标记物水平。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "dupilumab"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@该结构是一个重要的胚胎学标志，这是用来区分I级和II级腭裂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "I级"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "II级腭裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@结果 肺部过度充气 ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 这一测试可以考虑用于评估疾病加重的严重程度并可以显示红细胞增多（红细胞压积＞55%）、贫血和白血细胞增多。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "全血细胞计数",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "FBC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
脑电生理检查 ①脑电图:HIE表现为脑电活动延迟（落后于实际胎龄）、异常放电，背景活动异常（以低电压和爆发抑制为主）等。 ②振幅整合脑电图aEEG):是常规脑电图的一种简化形式，具有简便、经济、可床边连续监测危重新生儿脑功能等优点,评估HIE程度及预测预后。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "振幅整合脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "振幅整合脑电图",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "aEEG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
根据不同病因，一般将休克分为分布性休克、低血容量性休克、心源性休克和梗阻性休克。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分布性休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血容量性休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心源性休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "梗阻性休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
白喉@### 无症状携带者 患者密切接触者，虽无症状，但如果培养阳性（即，无症状携带者），应隔离和使用抗生素治疗。白喉@呼吸道白喉棒状杆菌定植者应进行呼吸隔离措施（口罩和标准的措施，如洗手），而皮肤定植者进行接触隔离（手套、隔离衣）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接触隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸隔离措施"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洗手"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
破伤风@ 在 2001-2014 年之间，英国健康保护署 (Health Protection Agency, HPA) 报告了 96 例破伤风（每年 3-21 例），年均发生率为 0.13/100 万。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0.13/100 万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@ 子宫内膜炎 * 一线疗法：克林霉素联用庆大霉素。B族链球菌感染@ * 替代选择：氨苄西林或者二代或三代头孢菌素，联用甲硝唑或克林霉素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二代或三代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲硝唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克林霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "子宫内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克林霉素联用庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@ 颅内压升高或肾脏疾病 – 第三 – 非诺多泮 #### 第一选择 [ 非诺多泮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 初始静注 0.1 至 0.3 μg/kg/min，根据治疗反应，每 15 min 增加 0.05 至 0.1 μg/kg/min，上限为 1.6 μg/kg/min。 高血压急症@肾功能不全患者因氰化物中毒风险禁用硝普钠，此时非诺多泮尤其适用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非诺多泮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
子宫内膜癌@ 检查 内膜活检是唯一可鉴别内膜增生及内膜癌的检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "内膜增生",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内膜活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内膜活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@骨骼成熟 – 联合 – 最终鼻中隔成形术±事先口腔正畸、正颌手术 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 为达到安氏I类臼齿关系，颌面咬合不正行正畸和正颌手术是必要的（安氏I类，上颌和下颌第一磨牙之间的正常关系），要先于最终的鼻中隔成形术进行。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻中隔成形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "正颌手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔正畸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@如果有食用野生动物肉类史，土拉菌病可能是一个病因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "土拉菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（一）溃疡性结肠炎的诊断和鉴别诊断 溃疡性结肠炎为局限于结肠黏膜的慢性弥漫性炎症，从直肠开始向近段蔓延呈连续性、对称性分布，病变为炎症和溃疡。 临床表现以血性腹泻为特点，发作与缓解交替，腹泻也可表现为黏液便，可伴腹痛、里急后重、呕吐及厌食。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血性腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏液便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "里急后重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "厌食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@### 基孔肯雅热病毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 居住在/来自基孔肯雅热疫区。 疟疾感染@皮肤色素沉着过度和擦烂性皮损常见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤色素沉着过度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "擦烂性皮损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基孔肯雅热病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
二、先天性二尖瓣关闭不全 单纯的先天性二尖瓣关闭不全（congenital mitral insufficiency）少见，多合并于其他心脏畸形、结缔组织病及代谢性疾病。 【胸部X线】 平片示左心房、左心室增大，肺血明显增多。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "先天性二尖瓣关闭不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（3）福辛普利（fosinopril）： 起始剂量每天0. 1mg/kg。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "福辛普利",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "fosinopril"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@在美国，GAD的终身患病率约为5%，而年患病率为3%，但不同GAD患病率研究的调查方法和研究人群不尽相同。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "GAD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@阿巴西普是一种 T 细胞调节剂，与 TNF-α抑制剂有相似的安全性和疗效，也可用于甲氨蝶呤疗效不佳的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿巴西普"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第七节 主动脉弓异常 主动脉弓异常（abnormalities of the aortic arch）指主动脉弓及其分支发育异常。 （二）支气管镜检查 支气管镜检查可以明确气管受压迫的部位，并可在受压处观察到血管搏动，但引起的呼吸道黏膜创伤和水肿可加重呼吸道梗阻，必须十分慎重。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "主动脉弓异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@ * 轻度情绪失调不需要治疗，但预示着在产后发生临床显著心境障碍的可能性增高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "心境障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度情绪失调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@ ### 阑尾包块 | 短期 | 低 通常是由于诊治过程的延误所致。 急性阑尾炎@如果患者其他方面情况好，首先应进行保守治疗，包括静脉输液及使用广谱抗生素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阑尾包块",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "广谱抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阑尾包块",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉输液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阑尾包块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阴离子间隙增加（≥16）可见于很多遗传代谢病及大部分由其他原因引起的代谢性酸中毒的新生儿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "代谢性酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阴离子间隙增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@[ Stevens-Johnson综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/237) ### 川崎病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型体征包括发热超过 5 天、多形性皮疹、眼充血（结膜炎）和黏膜红斑，伴草莓舌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "川崎病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "草莓舌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Stevens-Johnson综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼充血（结膜炎）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "草莓舌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@一些研究显示，对带菌者和高危人群进行针对定植的积极筛查联合产时应用抗生素可以降低早发型B族链球菌感染的发病率，并且在美国这是推荐的预防手段。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胰腺癌@内镜支架置入术优于经肝塑料支架置入。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜支架置入术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |