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|---|---|
早产@胎儿纤连蛋白检测可以找出高危孕妇，从而影响后续治疗，最终减少早产率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胎儿纤连蛋白检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的结核菌素试验阳性，除外卡介苗接种后反应，X线胸片或临床无活动性结核病证据者，称潜伏结核感染（latent tuberculosis infection)。 应注意与慢性扁桃体炎、反复上呼吸道感染、泌尿道感染及风湿热相鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "潜伏结核感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性扁桃体炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "潜伏结核感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复上呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "潜伏结核感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泌尿道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "潜伏结核感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风湿热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "潜伏结核感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "latent tuberculosis infection"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@### 罕见 查看全部 ### 缺少提示子痫前期的症状 明显体重增加、四肢水肿、头痛和上腹痛均提示子痫前期。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四肢水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子痫前期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显体重增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@生殖器查体是一种相对快速和简单的临床评估，当男性患者有生殖器主诉表现时应进行生殖器查体。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖器查体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）维持正常脑灌注 大量IVH时，由于动脉压降低和颅内压增高，脑灌流减少，因此必须维持血压在足够的水平，同时避免血压的过度波动和脑血流速度的突然升高，没有必要的过分积极治疗反而会加重已经存在的脑损伤。可连续腰椎穿刺以防止脑室的迅速扩大，但往往效果不理想。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "IVH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "连续腰椎穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IVH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维持正常脑灌注"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@其次进行全面的体格检查，寻找慢性肝病、肝硬化并发症的各种体征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)，包括阿司匹林，应在开始治疗前停用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@### 吞咽困难 如果肿瘤使食管变窄或梗阻，则可能发生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
颅内肿瘤所致的性早熟患儿在病程早期常仅有性早熟表现，后期始见颅压增髙、视野缺损等定位征象，需加以警惕。 CT或MRI检査 对怀疑颅内肿瘤或肾上腺疾病所致者，应进行头颅MRI或腹部CT检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "性早熟",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT或MRI检査"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【预后】 与出血的严重程度及部位有关，如出血仅限于生发基质或伴少量IVH者预后较好，很少发生脑室扩张。 2.出生时要正确进行复苏 。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "IVH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生时要正确进行复苏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
基底细胞癌@副作用包括创口不吻合，过度瘢痕，以及感染。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "创口不吻合"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过度瘢痕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@[ Overview of pneumonia ](/topics/zh-cn/1113) ### 抑郁症 | 存在差异 | 高 抑郁是慢阻肺常见的结局。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑郁症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑郁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
能行走的SMA-Ⅲ型患儿可出现蹒跚步态，腰椎前突，腹部凸起，腱反射可有可无。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅲ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蹒跚步态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅲ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腰椎前突"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅲ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部凸起"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅲ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腱反射可有可无"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（六）高频振荡通气 （HFOV） 目前缺乏可靠的HFOV治疗小儿ARDS临床治疗。 2.吸入一氧化氮（NO） 吸入NO具有选择性扩张肺血管、降低肺动脉压和肺血管阻力、增加肺血流、改善通气-灌流作用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "ARDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入一氧化氮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "ARDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高频振荡通气"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "高频振荡通气",
"subject_type": "其他治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "HFOV"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
猫叫综合征@1/3病例可有先天性心血管畸形。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "猫叫综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心血管畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性心房颤动@通常心电图能确定诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性心房颤动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@双膦酸盐也常用于正在接受芳香化酶抑制剂治疗的骨质减少的患者。 转移性乳腺癌@[ Osteoporosis ](/topics/zh-cn/85) ### 骨痛；骨折 | 存在差异 | 高 骨骼是乳腺癌转移的最常见部位，约 70% 的转移性乳腺癌患者为骨骼转移。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双膦酸盐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@ _白喉棒状杆菌_ 通常对青霉素和红霉素敏感。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胃炎@ * 非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 和酒精减少胃黏膜血流，使胃黏膜保护屏障作用丧失。胃炎@ NSAIDs抑制前列腺素合成，而酒精促进胃黏膜硫氰基化合物的消耗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
引起小儿呼吸、心搏骤停的病因如下： （一）呼吸系统疾病 如上气道阻塞（如异物、反流、喉痉挛、喉水肿等）、下气道疾病（如继发于呼吸衰竭或呼吸停止的疾病）。 （四）循环系统疾病 如休克、先天性心脏病、心肌炎、心包炎、心律失常等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "循环系统疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上气道阻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下气道疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@术前和术后住院的 24 到 72 小时患者应静脉输入溶液和别嘌呤醇（以防止溶瘤综合征）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溶瘤综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溶瘤综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "别嘌呤醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。 对症治疗 氧疗:有缺氧表现,如烦躁、发绀或动脉血氧分压<60mmHg时需吸氧，多用鼻前庭导管给氧，经湿化的氧气的流量为0.5 ~lL/min，氧浓度不超过40%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氧疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部听诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
麻风病@这种反应出现于弥散的非结节性瘤型麻风 (lepra bonita) 中，与被称作 _弥漫型麻风分枝杆菌_ 的另一菌株有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非结节性瘤型麻风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 多次输血并发症 | 长期 | 高 慢性溶血性贫血患者需反复输血，此过程会产生显著的抗浓缩红细胞抗体负荷，可能会导致交叉配血非常困难。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多次输血并发症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
早产@妊娠＞34周或绒毛膜羊膜炎 – 附加 – 考虑引产 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 可考虑对无明显感染迹象的妊娠女性行期待治疗，直至 37 周。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "引产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@对患者进行垂体功能减退症教育以及在出现其他疾病的情况下调整治疗方案十分重要。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "垂体功能减退症教育"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
收缩压≥160mmHg和（或）舒张压≥110mmHg的高血压孕妇必须降压治疗，收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg的高血压孕妇可以使用降压治疗；妊娠前已用降压药治疗的孕妇应继续降压治疗。如口服药物血压控制不理想，可使用静脉用药：拉贝洛尔、尼卡地平、酚妥拉明、肼屈嗪。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尼卡地平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肼屈嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "降压治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
白喉@颈部软组织 X 线侧位片显示，从下咽前壁突出的增大的会厌（拇指征）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈部软组织 X 线侧位片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
体重下降，血浆渗透压增高。 由于新生儿高血糖症常无特异临床表现，诊断主要依据血糖和尿糖检测，但应及时查清原因，以利治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆渗透压增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑炎@ 免疫抑制患者 * 脑脊液 (CSF) * 巨细胞病毒 (CMV) PCR * 人类疱疹病毒 (HHV) -6/7 PCR * HIV PCR * JC 病毒 PCR * _刚地弓形虫_ 血清学检测和/或 PCR * _结核分枝杆菌_ 检测 * 真菌检测 * 西尼罗河病毒检测。脑炎@ ### 应考虑的其他检测 * 检测脑脊液的病毒特异性抗体 IgG/ IgM 和血清聚合酶链反应（如怀疑病毒性病因）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西尼罗河病毒检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人类疱疹病毒 (HHV) -6/7 PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JC 病毒 PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CSF"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨细胞病毒 (CMV) PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人类疱疹病毒 (HHV) -6/7 PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JC 病毒 PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结核分枝杆菌_ 检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清聚合酶链反应"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@狗是全球范围内最重要的人类狂犬病传染源；因此，建议给宠物接种疫苗并减少宠物与野生动物的接触。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "给宠物接种疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
（四）水肿 肾病综合征时水肿机制尚未完全阐明，可能机制：①由于血浆白蛋白下降，血浆胶体渗透压降低，血浆中水分由血管内转入组织间隙直接形成水肿；②水分外渗致血容量下降，通过容量和压力感受器使体内神经体液因子发生变化（如抗利尿激素、醛固酮及利钠因子等），引起水钠潴留而导致全身水肿；③低血容量使交感神经兴奋性增高，近端小管重吸收钠增多，加重水钠潴留；④其他肾内原因导致肾近曲小管回吸收钠增多。常见的有呼吸道感染、泌尿道感染、皮肤蜂窝织炎和丹毒及原发性腹膜炎等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泌尿道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤蜂窝织炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丹毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发性腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
川崎病（Kawasaki disease，KD)于1967年由日本川崎富作首先报告，又称为黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征（mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome，MCLS)，约15% ~20%未经治疗的患儿发生冠状动脉损害。发病年龄以婴幼儿多见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Kawasaki disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "KD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MCLS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
新生儿泌尿道感染常伴有败血症,但其局部排尿刺激症状多不明显, 30%的患儿血和尿培养出的致病菌一致。拒食、呕吐、腹泻等全身症状也较明显。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拒食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "败血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三环类抗抑郁剂丙米嗪在临床上已用于分离性焦虑的治疗，此药也常在单独行为治疗时，疗效不明显的情况下，与行为治疗合用。据报道此药结合行为治疗对年幼儿童拒绝上学的疗效较好，但此药不作为分离性焦虑症的首选治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "分离性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三环类抗抑郁剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "分离性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙米嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ * 脂肪泻：确诊时总发生率约为8%-22%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脂肪泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@ 生存改善：有高质量的证据表明对于巨块型的早期宫颈癌女性，子宫切除术前或术后的放化疗比单纯的放疗在增加无进展生存期和总生存期方面更有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子宫切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
IBD患儿不宜长期接受糖皮质激素治疗。临床常用:硫代嘌呤包括6-巯基嘌呤(6-MP),硫唑嘌呤(AZA),甲氨蝶呤,钙依赖磷酸酶抑制剂（环孢素用于溃疡性结肠炎,他克莫司用于克罗恩病)等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫代嘌呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6-巯基嘌呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙依赖磷酸酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环孢素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他克莫司"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "6-巯基嘌呤",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "6-MP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "硫唑嘌呤",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "AZA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "IBD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（二）海绵状血管瘤 （cavernoma） 是由大量充满血液的腔隙或窦形成，腔壁上有内皮细胞层。目前对海绵状血管瘤的有效疗法主要是手术和激素疗法。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "海绵状血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激素疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "海绵状血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "海绵状血管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "cavernoma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@[ 声音嘶哑和发音障碍的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/845) ### 继发于吸入糖皮质激素 (ICS) 的食管念珠菌病 | 存在差异 | 低 在极少数情况下，可能会发生继发于 ICS 的食管念珠菌病。 成人哮喘@应进行人类免疫缺陷病毒血清学检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声音嘶哑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发音障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@典型症状包括：尿痛、尿急和尿频。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿急"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性膀胱炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿频"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@应考虑更换阿替洛尔、拉贝洛尔、醋丁洛尔或吲哚洛尔。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿替洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉贝洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "醋丁洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吲哚洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@在检测出疾病的复发方面，比常规随访的临床检查，内镜检查，CT和MRI具有更高的精度（90%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
腺样体肥大（adenoidal hypertrophy）是指腺样体由于受鼻咽部炎症的反复刺激而发生的病理性增生。 患儿张口呼吸、睡眠鼾声、持续鼻塞和反复鼻窦炎应怀疑本病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻窦炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "张口呼吸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腺样体肥大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睡眠鼾声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
尤因肉瘤的X线表现为肿瘤多数位于骨干的中部，呈混合性骨破坏影像，皮质骨上可以有斑点状的骨破坏。 CT和MRI检查对于肿瘤浸润周围软组织可以有较明确的描述。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "尤因肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "尤因肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "尤因肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨干的中部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
放线菌病@内源性感染的放线菌多为构成人和动物黏膜，特别是口腔黏膜固有菌群中的兼性厌氧菌。放线菌病@临床上的放线菌病、泪小管炎、牙周炎和龋齿均由这类菌诱发引起。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "放线菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兼性厌氧菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "泪小管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兼性厌氧菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "牙周炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兼性厌氧菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "龋齿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兼性厌氧菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "内源性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兼性厌氧菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第八节 肺静脉异位连接 肺静脉异位连接可分为完全性肺静脉异位连接及部分性肺静脉异位连接两类。 （二）心内型 静脉总干直接连于右心房或冠状静脉窦。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位连接"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "完全性肺静脉异位连接"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@ 盆腔痛是卵巢癌和子宫内膜异位症的常见症状，因此对鉴别二者没有帮助。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盆腔痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "子宫内膜异位症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盆腔痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@ * 在胆汁淤积中最敏感的实验室异常为血清胆汁酸（鹅脱氧胆酸及脱氧胆酸），但仅有50%升高 * 丙型肝炎病毒学检查，因丙型肝炎引发肝细胞损害的情况下，ICP发生率较高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙型肝炎病毒学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
麻疹感染@[ 脑炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/436) ### 亚急性硬化性全脑炎 (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE) | 长期 | 低 大约 100,000 例麻疹病例中会出现 1 例 SSPE ，它是一种罕见的致命性神经系统疾病，见于自然麻疹感染后约 7-10 年，可能是中枢神经系统内持续麻疹感染的结果。麻疹感染@起病隐匿，疾病从异常行为与姿势进展至痴呆、昏迷及死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异常行为"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痴呆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "麻疹感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【实验室检查】 1.血象 外周血三系细胞减少，急性再障者大多呈正细胞、正色素性贫血，但慢性再障者通常为大细胞性正色素性贫血。网织红细胞＜1%；白细胞总数大多降低，但也有正常者，此时常出现淋巴细胞相对值增高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "网织红细胞＜1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白细胞总数大多降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "正细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "正色素性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大细胞性正色素性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
6.鼠伤寒沙门菌肠炎 全年发病，以4～9月份发病率最高。多数为2岁以下婴幼儿，易在儿科病房发生流行。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": ".鼠伤寒沙门菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2岁以下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": ".鼠伤寒沙门菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "4～9月份"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
人体蛔虫病由于雌虫产卵量极大和具有对恶劣环境条件的抵抗力而广泛流行，虫卵在泥土中生存数月仍具有感染力，在5～10℃较冷气候条件下可生存2年。 （二）蚴虫移行期引起的症状 蚴虫移行到肝可导致一过性肝脏炎性病灶，右上腹痛，肝大压痛和肝功能异常等改变。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝大压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "蛔虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第七章 气管、支气管疾病 第一节 先天性气道畸形 一、气管软化 气管软化（tracheomalacia）因气管软骨先天发育不良所致，可同时伴有喉软化（laryngomalacia），两者是先天性喉喘鸣的主要原因。 由于气管软骨支撑作用不足，吸气时随着气道内压力的改变导致气管壁的塌陷，引起功能性气道狭窄阻塞，出现呼吸困难、喘鸣、发绀等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "气管软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "气管软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "气管软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "气管软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管软骨先天发育不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "气管软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性喉喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "喉软化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性喉喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@通过去除、替代和停止使用含铅水管道和铅焊接的供水系统等，改进罐头包装方法已经显著减少了食物中的铅暴露。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "改进罐头包装方法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
图9-15 降主动脉造影侧位片示：存在动脉导管未闭（箭头所示） 【治疗】 （一）早产儿 对于早产儿，早期就需限制液体和钠盐的摄入量。手术并发症并不多见，可有导管撕裂、膈神经麻痹、乳糜胸、误扎左肺动脉和降主动脉，故术后检查股动脉搏动十分必要。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "动脉导管未闭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "导管撕裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "动脉导管未闭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膈神经麻痹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "动脉导管未闭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳糜胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "动脉导管未闭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "误扎左肺动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "动脉导管未闭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "降主动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（五）外科治疗 肠穿孔和严重肠坏死需要外科手术治疗，切除坏死和穿孔的肠段。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肠穿孔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "切除坏死和穿孔的肠段"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肠坏死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "切除坏死和穿孔的肠段"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
子宫内膜癌@ 通过活检或刮宫术 (D&C) 确诊。子宫内膜癌@手术时确定分期和组织学。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "子宫内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "子宫内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "刮宫术 (D&C)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
五、弥散性血管内凝血 弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）是许多疾病严重阶段的并发症，机体在某些致病因素作用下，凝血系统被激活，凝血过程加速，微循环内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集，导致血管内广泛微血栓形成，由于凝血因子被消耗，发生广泛出血。 4.溶血 由于红细胞破坏，释放大量磷脂类凝血活酶物质，促发DIC。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "弥散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "弥散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DIC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第四节 永存动脉干 永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。 患儿多有共同干瓣膜的异常增厚，并可伴有结节。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "truncus arteriosus"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@大部分循环铅最终结合于红细胞内，仅有一小部分留在血浆中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "铅中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
（6）抗神经节苷脂抗体（GM抗体）： 抗GM抗体针对髓鞘脂类成分，AID中抗GM抗体主要引起神经及精神病变，IgM型抗GM抗体与SLE脑病高度相关。 临床检测自身抗体要注意3点：①自身抗体有生理性与病理性之分，生理性自身抗体不但效价低，产生机制也可能不同；②多数自身抗体特异性欠佳，要特别强调临床综合分析；③自身抗体检测并非仅用于风湿性疾病诊断，在一些非风湿性疾病中也通过自身抗体检测获取临床信息，如肺癌诊断，淋巴细胞白血病分型等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "风湿性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗神经节苷脂抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗神经节苷脂抗体",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "GM抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@疾病早期表现为出血、点状出血以及伴有血管正常形态缺失的出血性炎症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "点状出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管正常形态缺失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血性炎症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 尿崩症患者男性多于女性。多尿或遗尿常是父母最早发现的症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@所有 TIA 或可能的缺血性卒中患者起初都应接受脑部 CT 扫描，以排除颅内出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑部 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
早产@ 此外，娱乐性药物、酒精、咖啡因以及心理应激均与早产有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "娱乐性药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咖啡因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心理应激"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（一）SMA-Ⅰ型 也称为婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症或Werdnig-Hoffmann病。舌肌束颤较为常见，腱反射常常消失。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舌肌束颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腱反射常常消失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Werdnig-Hoffmann病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Werdnig-Hoffmann病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肺结核@## 病因学 结核病的发生需要感染结核分枝杆菌和免疫系统的受损。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结核分枝杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫系统的受损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 恶心 可能是唯一的症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
若存在酸中毒，应静脉给予足量的碳酸氢钠，因为在这类疾病中有机酸和乳酸代谢产物是进行性增加的。治疗期间应经常作血气分析，以便及时调整治疗方案。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血气分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碳酸氢钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
中耳炎@### 鼓膜炎 鼓膜红斑是非特异性症状，可能与哭闹、发热和其他耳科病症，如分泌性中耳炎、外耳炎和鼓膜回缩同时存在。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼓膜红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分泌性中耳炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外耳炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "分泌性中耳炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼓膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼓膜回缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哭闹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鼓膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第八节 肺静脉异位连接 肺静脉异位连接可分为完全性肺静脉异位连接及部分性肺静脉异位连接两类。在出生后数周，由于肺血流增多，开始出现心功能不全症状，如喂养困难、呼吸急促、体重不增、反复肺部感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂养困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重不增"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复肺部感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位连接"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "完全性肺静脉异位连接"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
3.临床表现 急性胰腺炎的小儿有持续的中上腹和脐周剧烈腹痛、呕吐，且常有发热。腹胀，且有腹部压痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中上腹和脐周"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剧烈腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@第四 – 采用维拉帕米或吲哚美辛预防 #### 第一选择 [ 维拉帕米 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 关于剂量指导请咨询主任医师 或 [ 吲哚美辛 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 关于剂量指导请咨询主任医师 所有药物的开始使用都应经过小儿神经科医生的讨论和监督。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维拉帕米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吲哚美辛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "就诊科室",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿神经科"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@## 流行病学 成人急性白血病为罕见疾病，急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的全球发病率为3/10万人，其中约75%的病例发生在6岁以下的儿童中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3/10万人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@推荐每年进行胸部X线检查连续进行5年。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 通过非药物和药物治疗改善糖尿病伴随的危险因素（包括血脂异常和高血压），可显著降低心血管事件的发生率，故应持续保持。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血脂异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@呼吸困难、昏厥、心悸、孤立的恶心或呕吐、腹痛、疲倦等一些非典型表现都有可能提示是急性冠状动脉综合征，认识到这一点很重要。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "孤立的恶心或呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲倦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@糙皮病的表现包括腹泻、皮炎和痴呆。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "糙皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "糙皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "糙皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痴呆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 腹主动脉瘤的征象 周围血管疾病的存在增加了冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病的可能性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹主动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "周围血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉粥样硬化疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
网膜周边部有色素变性可见于一些遗传代谢性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "遗传代谢性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "网膜周边部有色素变性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肠套叠（intussusception)系指部分肠管及其肠系膜套人邻近肠腔所致的一种肠梗阻，是婴幼儿时期常见的急腹症之一。发病季节与胃肠道病毒感染流行相一致，以春季多见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "春季"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "intussusception"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。其他尚可合并部分性肺静脉异位引流、三尖瓣闭锁及房室间隔缺损等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位引流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三尖瓣闭锁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "房室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉弓异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 一项小型、随机、双盲试验发现，在心肌梗死患者中，吗啡可以延迟和减弱替格瑞洛的暴露和作用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吗啡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@再梗死率:高质量的证据表明，溶栓治疗（链激酶）加用低分子肝素（依诺肝素）与单独使用溶栓治疗相比降低急性心肌梗死患者的再梗死率；但是，没有降低病死率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶栓治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "链激酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "依诺肝素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
婴儿肺炎链球菌肺炎的临床表现多变。体格检查常无特征性，实变区域可表现叩诊浊音、管性呼吸音，有时可闻啰音。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "叩诊浊音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "管性呼吸音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "婴儿肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可闻啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@ * 母体吸烟：虽然致病的病理生理机制尚不清楚，但母亲在妊娠期或围孕期（妊娠前 1 个月至妊娠后 3 个月）吸烟可增加口腔颌面裂的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口腔颌面裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母体吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ 酗酒可增加麻醉药物成瘾的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "麻醉药物成瘾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酗酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。目前多主张行局部放疗，全脑放疗对生存率并无明显影响。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "局部放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@一些 MS 患者可能受益于身心疗法，如瑜伽和放松。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瑜伽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
破伤风@ ### 临床诊断破伤风的治疗：伤口清创 伤口清创应清除孢子和坏死组织，杜绝有利于梭菌生长的缺氧环境。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伤口清创"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
第四章 免疫缺陷病的诊断与治疗 免疫缺陷病（immunodeficiency diseases，ID）的临床表现因病因不同而极为复杂，但其共同表现却较为集中，尤其是反复感染。若存活期长，还易发生肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "immunodeficiency diseases",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫缺陷病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "ID",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫缺陷病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反复感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
在低渗性脱水，由于细胞外液的减少程度相对较其他两种脱水明显，故临床表现多较严重。初期可无口渴的症状，除一般脱水现象如皮肤弹性降低、眼窝和前囟凹陷外，多有四肢厥冷、皮肤发花、血压下降、尿量减少等休克症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无口渴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤弹性降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼窝和前囟凹陷外"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四肢厥冷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤发花"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血压下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低渗性脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿量减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 通常在起病后3～5天出现手掌及足底发红，双手足硬肿。川崎病@热起后10～20天手足硬肿与泛红趋于消退，进入亚急性期，指趾末端开始脱皮，进而累及整个手掌与足底。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指趾末端开始脱皮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "整个手掌与足底"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
【发病机制】 维生素D缺乏性佝偻病可以看成是机体为维持 血钙水平而对骨骼造成的损害。 2-活动期（激期） 早期维生素D缺乏的婴儿未经治疗，继续加重，出现PTH功能亢进和钙、磷代谢失常的典型骨骼改变，表现部位与该年龄骨骼生长速度较快的部位相一致。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动期（激期）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "活动期（激期）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTH功能亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "活动期（激期）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙、磷代谢失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ 6.皮肤念珠菌性肉芽肿 又称深在性皮肤念珠菌病或疣状结痂型皮肤念珠菌病。念珠菌病@③肉芽肿型口腔念珠菌病：常并发于皮肤念珠菌性肉芽肿，罕见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "皮肤念珠菌性肉芽肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉芽肿型口腔念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "皮肤念珠菌性肉芽肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "深在性皮肤念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
化脑的疗程根据病原菌而异。 （四）脑积水 患脑膜炎时，脓性渗出物易堵塞狭小孔道或发生粘连而引起脑脊液循环障碍，产生脑积水。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "化脑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【部分性房室间隔缺损】 （一）原发孔型房间隔缺损 1.病史 绝大多数的婴儿无任何临床症状，极少数可有充血性心力衰竭伴气促、生长发育迟缓表现。 （2）胸部X线： 心脏扩大，肺部充血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "原发孔型房间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "部分性房室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发孔型房间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@一项基于人群的研究显示，褥疮性溃疡是非妊娠成人侵袭性疾病的一个危险因素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "非妊娠成人侵袭性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "褥疮性溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@### 呼吸困难 表现在大多数肺癌患者中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |