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（十）肾脏症状 狼疮肾炎在SLE中很常见，且是危及远期生命质量的关键因素。 5.肾小管损害型 肾小管酸中毒伴肾钙化、肾结石及尿镁丢失，LN病人中约44%有不同程度肾小管功能损害。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "狼疮肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小管损害型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "SLE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "狼疮肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
其他病毒所致脑炎或脑膜炎由其他病毒,如单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、呼吸道病 毒等引起的脑炎或脑膜炎，临床表现与手足口病合并中枢神经系统损害的重症病例表现相似。注意隔离,避免交叉感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注意隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "避免交叉感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@因为有研究比较ICS与LTRA总的疗效，大部分哮喘结局指标都是ICS更好。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ICS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@其治疗包括胸管引流、生长抑素类似物和全肠外营养。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "引流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
第二节 肥厚性心肌病 肥厚性心肌病（hypertrophic cardiomyopathy，HCM）时左心室肥厚，但不扩张，诊断时应排除高血压、主动脉瓣狭窄、水肿及先天性心脏病等其他可引起肥厚的疾病。肥厚性心肌病@如左右心室都肥厚的称为对称性，否则称为非对称性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对称性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非对称性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HCM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心脏病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉瓣狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室肥厚，但不扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
一、二尖瓣狭窄 【病理生理】 功能性二尖瓣狭窄将影响左房的肺静脉进入左心室，导致左心房、肺静脉及肺毛细血管压升高，继而导致充血的支气管静脉将压迫小支气管致气道阻力上升，由此导致呼吸困难、低氧血症及高碳酸血症。有时尚需进行吸氧或肺血管扩张试验，以判断肺血管床病理改变。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "二尖瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺血管扩张试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "二尖瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@ 男性发生急性阑尾炎的总体终生风险为 8.6%，而女性为 6.7%；男性接受阑尾切除术的终生风险约为 12%，而女性约为 23%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "8.6%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6.7%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
为了便于国际间协作组对这类疾病的遗传学、流行病学、转归和治疗方案实施等方面进行研究,2001国际风湿病学会联盟（ILAR)儿科常委专家会议，将“儿童时期（16岁以下)不明原因关节肿胀、疼痛持续6周以上者”，命名为幼年特发性关节炎 (JIA)。 感染因素目前报道多种细菌(链球菌、耶尔森菌、志贺菌、空肠弯曲菌和沙门菌属等）、病毒 (细小病毒B19、风瘆和EB病毒等）、支原体和衣原体感染与本病发生有关，但尚未证实感染是本病发生的直接原因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "链球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耶尔森菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "志贺菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空肠弯曲菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙门菌属"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细小病毒B19"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风瘆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EB病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "衣原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不明原因关节肿胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛持续6周以上"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "幼年特发性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JIA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@分期仍然为临床分期而非手术分期，以使得可以和发展中国家做对比，因为发展中国家不具备先进的影像学技术或手术服务。 宫颈癌@静脉肾盂造影 (IVP)、钡灌肠、直肠镜和膀胱镜检查可用于确定分期，如果有肾脏、结直肠或膀胱受累的症状或体征，可分别进行这些相应的检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉肾盂造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钡灌肠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直肠镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
中枢性尿崩症也可引起高钠血症，其原因是ADH分泌不足。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高钠血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "高钠血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ADH分泌不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@### 内镜逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP) 胰腺炎与内镜逆行胰胆管造影术期间使用造影剂有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜逆行胰胆管造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "内镜逆行胰胆管造影",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "ERCP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "造影剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑症的儿童有焦虑障碍的家族史。此外，还表现有不祥的预感。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有不祥的预感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有焦虑障碍的家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@在低传播地区，WHO 建议伯氨喹联合 ACT 单次给药，减少传播，但孕妇、6 个月以下婴儿以及哺乳 6 个月以下婴儿的妇女除外。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伯氨喹联合 ACT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅪ型 乳酸脱氢酶A缺乏，受累组织为肝脏及肾脏。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GSDⅪ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "GSDⅪ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "GSDⅪ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾脏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@分期与 3 个亚组的存活相关： * I 期：β2-微球蛋白＜3.5 mg/L 且白蛋白高于或等于 35 g/L（高于或等于 3.5 g/dL） * II 期：非 I 期亦非 III 期 * III 期：β2-微球蛋白高于或等于 5.5 mg/L。多发性骨髓瘤@ ### 修订国际分期系统 (Revised International Staging System, RISS) 国际骨髓瘤工作组 (International Myeloma Working Group, IMWG) 已采纳了这一修订分类系统。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β2-微球蛋白高于或等于 5.5 mg/L"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "III 期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β2-微球蛋白＜3.5 mg/L"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "I 期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "II 期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白蛋白高于或等于 35 g/L"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 口咽部的改变也见于热起后24～48小时。川崎病@最典型的是舌乳头增生，即草莓舌。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舌乳头增生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "草莓舌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口咽部的改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "舌乳头增生",
"subject_type": "症状",
"object": {
"@value": "草莓舌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
失眠症@检查 睡眠史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睡眠史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@ * 如果存在肝酶异常的证据，则进行甲型肝炎和戊型肝炎血清学检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戊型肝炎血清学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心房扑动@测量右心室收缩压，可显示有无肺动脉高压，肺部疾病中可见肺动脉高压。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "心房扑动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右心室收缩压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@### 人工心脏瓣膜：链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌 人工瓣膜心内膜炎的主要病因是草绿色链球菌，通常对青霉素敏感。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "人工瓣膜心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "草绿色链球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@肾脏疾病也可能与某些 ART 药物相关。HIV 感染@可以使用替诺福韦艾拉酚胺或阿巴卡韦代替富马酸替诺福韦酯，来尽量减轻肾毒性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "替诺福韦艾拉酚胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿巴卡韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（二）结核性脑膜炎 结核性脑膜炎（tuberculous meningitis）起病多较缓慢，常有1～2周全身不适的前驱症状。糖、氯化物均明显减低。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖、氯化物均明显减低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "tuberculous meningitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "起病多较缓慢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@也可能具有慢性丙型肝炎病史和/或妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)家族史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性丙型肝炎病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@急性胆囊炎由胆囊管梗阻造成。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "胆囊管梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性胆囊炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
按神经病理学分类，早产儿脑损伤的类型有：脑白质损伤（ cerebral white matter injury ） 、脑非实质区（脑室内）出血和脑其他部位（小脑﹑基底神经节﹑脑干等）的损伤，其中以脑白质损伤最为重要，是导致脑瘫发生的最主要危险因素。按神经病理学分类，早产儿脑损伤的类型有：脑白质损伤（cerebral white matter injury）、脑非实质区（脑室内）出血和脑其他部位（小脑﹑基底神经节﹑脑干等）的损伤，其中以脑白质损伤最为重要，是导致脑瘫发生的最主要危险因素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "早产儿脑损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑非实质区（脑室内）出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "早产儿脑损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑白质损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脑白质损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "cerebral white matter injury"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑白质损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@减充血剂有口服（例如伪麻黄碱）或鼻用配方（例如羟甲唑啉或异丙托溴铵）两种可选。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伪麻黄碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "羟甲唑啉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异丙托溴铵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@头孢菌素类是二线选择，但在使用青霉素或氨苄西林后有严重过敏反应、血管性水肿或荨麻疹病史的患者中应避免使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
依据眼底检查情况将小儿高血压分为4度：Ⅰ度：正常眼底；Ⅱ度：有局灶性小动脉收缩；Ⅲ度：有渗出伴有或无出血；Ⅳ度：视神经乳头水肿。 （四）免疫学检查 血清补体、抗核抗体等测定利于结缔组织病肾脏病变的诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "小儿高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "小儿高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清补体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "小儿高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗核抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@### 结肠镜检查 检查 结果 检查 结肠镜花费高，需要全肠道准备和镇静，应该在特定的地点进行（内镜套件）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心力衰竭@ 心力衰竭的药物治疗，可以减轻体循环静脉淤血（利尿剂），改善心肌收缩功能（正性肌力药物）或减轻心脏后负荷（血管扩张剂）。心力衰竭@临床常用的利尿剂有袢利尿剂、醛固酮拮抗剂和噻嗪类（氯噻嗪、美托拉宗）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "醛固酮拮抗剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氯噻嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美托拉宗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（三）窒息后血液生化和代谢改变 在窒息应激状态时，儿茶酚胺及胰高血糖素释放增加，使早期血糖正常或增高；当缺氧持续，动用糖增加、糖原贮存空虚，出现低血糖症。血游离脂肪酸增加，促进钙离子与蛋白结合而致低钙血症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "窒息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钙血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "窒息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。 （四）心导管造影 在心外手术以前，通常需要通过心导管及造影证实超声心动图诊断并获得详细的血流动力学信息。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心导管造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生近1月时"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@若考虑行脾切除术，则早期接种抗芽孢菌疫苗很重要。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@MRI可以作为另一种有用的评估手段。睾丸癌@当腹部CT阳性或CXR异常时，建议进行胸部CT扫描。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
麻风病@另外，应开始高剂量皮质类固醇治疗，并在数月时间内逐渐减量。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。 血清学检査近年来大多采用ELISA法检测患者血清中腮腺炎病毒特异性IgM抗体,可以早期快速诊断(前提是1个月内未接种过腮腺炎减毒活疫苗）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清学检査"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mumps"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epidemic parotitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@ ### 急性加重的初步检查 患者出现急性症状时应该进行全血细胞计数、心电图、胸部 X 线检查和气体交换能力的评估（脉氧仪和/或动脉血气分析）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@ 脑膜炎 * 一线疗法：青霉素或氨苄西林。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
1.一般急诊处理 子痫发作时需保持气道通畅，维持呼吸、循环功能稳定，密切观察生命体征、尿量（应留置导尿管监测）等。预防坠地外伤、唇舌咬伤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "子痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防坠地外伤、唇舌咬伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "子痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "保持气道通畅"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "子痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维持呼吸、循环功能稳定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@最常见的组合是氟尿嘧啶和顺铂， 氟尿嘧啶和卡铂， 以及氟尿嘧啶和丝裂霉素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟尿嘧啶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顺铂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卡铂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丝裂霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
新生儿黄疸@ 高未结合性高胆红素血症的病理性黄疸可能由以下原因所致： * 溶血性贫血：这些导致红细胞破坏增多，血红素合成增加，从而转化为过多的非结合型胆红素；未成熟的肝脏无法处理过多的负荷。新生儿黄疸@ * 出血：体腔内出血会导致胆红素负荷增加。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病理性黄疸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病理性黄疸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【病理解剖】 室间隔缺损种类很多,通常根据缺损在室间隔的部位及其与房室瓣、主动脉瓣的关系分类。有时因扩张的肺动脉压迫喉返神经，引起声音嘶哑。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声音嘶哑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【预防】 IDA是可以预防的疾病。对易感儿，应给予预防量铁剂预防。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "预防量铁剂预防"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ （一）抗生素 应用原则是早期、联合应用、剂量足、选用敏感的杀菌药，疗程要长。感染性心内膜炎@③革兰阴性杆菌或大肠杆菌：选用氨苄西林300mg/（kg•d），分4次，每6小时1次静脉滴注，疗程4～6周，或用头孢氧哌唑或头孢噻肟三嗪200mg/（kg•d），分4次，每6小时1次静脉滴注，疗程4～6周，加用庆大霉素2周。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢氧哌唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢噻肟三嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 虽然明显缺乏维生素B6的症状较为少见，但是轻度缺乏却比较多见。 （一）生长发育不良 维生素B6缺乏的患儿，氨基酸、蛋白质代谢异常，在婴儿期表现为生长发育迟缓。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缺乏维生素B6",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长发育迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
五、钙化性筋膜纤维瘤 钙化性筋膜纤维瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤，由Keasbey首次于1953年报道。为生长很缓慢的无痛性肿块，直径很少超过3cm，边界不清楚，质地坚韧，有沙砾感。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "钙化性筋膜纤维瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直径很少超过3cm"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "钙化性筋膜纤维瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "边界不清楚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "钙化性筋膜纤维瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "质地坚韧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）胃肠道 1.胃排空延缓或呕吐患儿所致的吸入性肺炎 是肠内营养较常见而严重的并发症，大多与体位、滴速、胃肠功能恢复情况有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "胃排空延缓",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠内营养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠内营养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胃排空延缓",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@结果 管腔直径狭窄>70％被认为影响冠状动脉血流 ### 超声心动图 检查 结果 检查 出现心力衰竭症状以及左室流出道杂音的患者应行超声心动图检查以评估瓣膜或心脏结构异常引起的心绞痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左室流出道杂音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瓣膜或心脏结构异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
抗生素相关性腹泻:①金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎:多继发于使用大量抗生素后,病程和症状常与菌群失调的程度有关，有时继发于慢性疾病的基础上。表现为发热、呕吐、腹泻、不同程度的中毒症状、 脱水和电解质紊乱，甚至发生休克。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不同程度的中毒症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电解质紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "抗生素相关性腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三、化脓性胸膜炎 化脓性胸膜炎（purulent pleurisy）又称脓胸（empyema），是指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚。葡萄球菌感染首选耐酶青霉素，如苯甲异 唑青霉素、乙氧萘青霉素或万古霉素；肺炎链球菌感染可选用青霉素，但近年来青霉素耐药率明显增高，对重症或青霉素治疗无效者应使用头孢噻肟、头孢曲松或万古霉素；流感嗜血杆菌可选用头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松或阿奇霉素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯甲异"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "唑青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙氧萘青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "万古霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢噻肟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢曲松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢呋辛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿奇霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "purulent pleurisy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脓胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "empyema"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病机制",
"subject": "化脓性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
表6-5 HIE临床分度 急性损伤、病变在两侧大脑半球者,症状常发生在生后24小时内，其中50% ~70%可发生惊厥,特别是足月儿。惊厥最常见的表现形式为轻微发作型或多灶性阵挛型，严重者为强直型，同时有前囟隆起等脑水肿症状、体征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前囟隆起"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "惊厥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻微发作型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "惊厥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多灶性阵挛型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@对于高危险的患者，建议在出院后第 6 个月进行胸部和腹部 CT 检查，然后每年一次，持续5年，之后每年交替行 CT 和 CXR检查。肾细胞癌@ 其他学会没有对RCC 患者在第一次肾切除术后随诊安排提出具体的方案。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CXR检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
其他检査除上述检验项目外，近年来还开展了一些对DIC有诊断价值的方法，简述于下： 反映血管内皮细胞损伤的分子标志物:如组织因子(TF)和内皮素-1(ET-1)等。 反映凝血和纤维蛋白溶解激活的分子标志物:如纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)和纤维蛋白B-β 15-42 肽等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织因子(TF)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内皮素-1(ET-1)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【预后】 急性泌尿道感染经合理抗菌治疗,多数于数日内症状消失、治愈;但有近50%的患者可复发或再感染。再发病例多伴有尿路畸形，其中以膀胱输尿管反流最常见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性泌尿道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱输尿管反流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@MS 患者出现急性复发且伴有影响功能（如行走、视觉）的症状时，可能会受益于大剂量的甲基泼尼松龙。 多发性硬化症@静脉给药是标准的给药途径；然而如果无法静脉给药，可考虑高剂量口服给药，疗效并不劣于静脉给药。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲基泼尼松龙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
呼气试验具有快速、可靠、安全及无痛苦的优点，适合大规模流行病学调查，表明目前是否有幽门螺杆菌感染，优于血清学检查。 （三）PCR（聚合酶联反应） PCR是检测幽门螺杆菌是否存在另一种方法，特点是既能快速检测到新鲜胃黏液标本中的幽门螺杆菌，也能检测石蜡包埋的活检样本。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "聚合酶联反应",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "PCR"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
痔@硬化剂治疗为向痔组织内注入化学制剂造成局部组织破坏及痔组织的瘢痕形成。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痔",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬化剂治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
1.手足徐动型（athetosis） 不自主运动动作在睡眠时消失。1岁后手足徐动逐渐明显，因口肌受累呈显著语言困难，说话时语句含糊，声调调节也受累。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手足徐动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "语言困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "手足徐动型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "说话时语句含糊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@对于免疫缺陷患者、正在接受化疗的患者、症状严重且持续超过 5 天或者对初始治疗反应不佳的患者，需要考虑进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查，抽取十二指肠液，进行或不进行活检。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管胃十二指肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抽取十二指肠液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 1.一般治疗治疗原则：对于新诊断ITP病例：①患儿无出血或轻微出血（皮肤出血点或瘀 斑）可不考虑血小板计数，处理措施为严密观察;②鼻出血持续15分钟或以上,应根据出血状况选择治疗方法。出血严重者可用冲击疗法:地塞米松0.5~2m g/(kg • d),或甲泼尼龙20~30mg/(kg • d)静脉滴注，连用3天，症状缓解后改口服泼尼松。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新诊断ITP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新诊断ITP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲泼尼龙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "新诊断ITP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严密观察"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@骨转移的患者会出现疼痛和/或病理性骨折。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病理性骨折"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
七、百日咳肺炎 百日咳肺炎（pertussis pneumonia）由百日咳杆菌引起，多为间质性肺炎，亦可因继发细菌感染而引起支气管肺炎。肺部可闻及细湿啰音，或出现实变体征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部可闻及细湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pertussis pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "百日咳杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2.防治感染 急性再障预后凶险，病死率可高达80%以上，死亡的主要原因之一是严重感染。在没有明确病原体感染之前，通常需要广谱抗生素、抗真菌药及抗病毒药联合应用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "广谱抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗真菌药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗病毒药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凶险"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病死率"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "急性再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
前者用30%乙醇擦浴、温水棉球（非乙醇）擦浴，可用来降低由于感染而发热或外界环境所导致的体温过高（如热休克）。对乙酰氨基酚10～15mg/kg，每4小时一次，很少有不良反应发生。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "对乙酰氨基酚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "温水棉球（非乙醇）擦浴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "热休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "温水棉球（非乙醇）擦浴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@### 脑膜炎体征（细菌或病毒性脑膜炎） 呕吐、颈项强直和畏光可能提示细菌性或病毒性脑膜炎；然而，真菌性脑膜炎中出现脑膜刺激征（脑膜炎征）的可能性较小。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畏光"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈项强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@ 一项基于人群的研究显示，对于新诊断的溃疡性结肠炎患者， _艰难梭菌_ 感染诊断会通过增加结肠切除术、术后并发症和死亡的风险，使预后变得更差。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@最常见的症状是咳嗽，其次是呼吸困难。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
喉癌@ 毫无疑问相比常规胸片，CT增强扫描有很大的分辨率优势，如果怀疑喉癌则临床医生一般都会同时行胸部和颈部CT。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部和颈部CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心力衰竭@ （二）新生儿心力衰竭 足月新生儿充血性心力衰竭多因心肌功能障碍所致，常见于围生期窒息所致的一过性心肌缺血，表现为血清心肌酶增高、乳头肌功能障碍伴房室瓣严重反流。 心力衰竭@ 引起心力衰竭的其他原因，如继发的心肌功能障碍、心律失常如前所述。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "继发的心肌功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清心肌酶增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@ * 可能出现猩红热样皮疹（尤其在儿童），可提示 A 型链球菌感染。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "A 型链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@有效的药物治疗或认知行为治疗可减轻症状，减少过度就医。广泛性焦虑障碍@ ### 共病焦虑障碍 | 存在差异 | 高 惊恐障碍、社交恐惧症以及其他特异性恐惧症都常常伴随发生，并可能增加患者的痛苦感以及产生回避行为。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共病焦虑障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "共病焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊恐障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "共病焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "社交恐惧症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@基底节超声检查和心交感神经检查属于新出现的诊断性试验，可在可用时提供给患者，通常作为研究方案的一部分。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基底节超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心交感神经检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@可由多种病毒和细菌病原体引起，包括 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 以及真菌病原体（ _念珠菌_ ）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多种病毒和细菌病原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌病原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "念珠菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
一、干性胸膜炎 干性胸膜炎（dry or plastic pleurisy）又称纤维素性胸膜炎，常与肺部细菌感染有关，亦可发生于急性上呼吸道疾病过程中。病程早期可闻胸膜摩擦音，在全部呼吸期间均可听到。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "干性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸膜摩擦音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "干性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "dry or plastic pleurisy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "干性胸膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤维素性胸膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@## 诊断步骤 对于50岁以上的吸烟者，长期咳嗽，伴有或者不伴有咯血和体重减轻等症状，临床医生都应该注意到肺癌的可能性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "50岁以上的吸烟者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长期咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重减轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@皮肤癌的治疗费用在白种人群中异常的高，然而他们可以通过加强防晒措施来降低。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "皮肤癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加强防晒措施"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@ * 口面指综合征：为X-连锁常染色体病，表现为下颌骨发育不全和腭裂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口面指综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下颌骨发育不全和腭裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
对于选择性缄默症，临床研究表明用氟西汀效果较好。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "选择性缄默症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟西汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@### 二期梅毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 发热、不适感、咽炎、淋巴结肿大和斑丘疹。HIV 感染@生殖器区域的扁平湿疣和口腔溃疡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖器区域的扁平湿疣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二期梅毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不适感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "斑丘疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二期梅毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@所有患者都能获得快速缓解药物 SABA。 成人哮喘@。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SABA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@β受体阻滞剂应将剂量调整到最佳。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@[ 韦格纳氏肉芽肿病 (Wegener's granulomatosis) ](/topics/zh-cn/327) ### 错构瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 一般无症状，体格检查阴性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "错构瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
H2受体拮抗剂治疗功能性消化不良的报道很多，药物的疗效在统计学上显著优于安慰剂。主要有西咪替丁、雷尼替丁及法莫替丁等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西咪替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雷尼替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法莫替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@肺部V/Q扫描可显示通气和灌注不匹配。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@可能性高的扫描结果可以证实肺栓塞，而正常扫描结果可以排除肺栓塞。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部V/Q扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, SBP) 诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎需要腹水细菌学培养阳性、腹水多形核细胞计数≥250个细胞/mm^3。肝硬化@治疗采用静脉输注头孢噻肟或喹诺酮类药物，以及静脉输注白蛋白。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自发性细菌性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢噻肟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自发性细菌性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喹诺酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自发性细菌性腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@结果 阳性（60%-70%的患者） ### 抗环瓜氨酸化肽（抗-CCP）抗体 检查 结果 检查 约 70% 的 RA 患者呈阳性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗环瓜氨酸化肽（抗-CCP）抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
脑炎@用皮质类固醇和阿昔洛韦治疗 VZV 感染性血管炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "VZV 感染性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "VZV 感染性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@ 如果按需使用 SABA 不能达到哮喘控制，就需要加用一种低剂量 ICS。 成人哮喘@除了增加 ICS 剂量或加用 LABA，二线可供选择的治疗还有低剂量 ICS 联合 LTRA、 茶碱 或齐留通。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "LTRA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ICS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "茶碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "齐留通"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
北京医科大学中国妇婴保健中心与美国疾病控制中心合作，于1992年3月～1993年8月在河北、山西、江苏和浙江省等30个市、县进行的出生缺陷监测结果显示，北方地区NTDs发生率约为7‰，南方地区约为1. 5‰。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "NTDs",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "7‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "NTDs",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1. 5‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@结果 平均值为 200-300 国际单位/L ### 丙氨酸氨基转移酶 检查 结果 检查 表明肝内有炎症活动。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙氨酸氨基转移酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@直径小于2cm，为侵犯至皮下脂肪的肿瘤需要切缘至少4mm。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下脂肪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下脂肪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下脂肪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@针对急性发作期，一些试验证据支持联合治疗，包括曲坦类药物和非甾体类抗炎药。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "联合治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲坦类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非甾体类抗炎药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@也可以累及神经系统（例如脑膜脑炎、贝尔麻痹 [Bell's palsy] 或格林-巴利综合征 [Guillain-Barre syndrome]）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "贝尔麻痹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Bell's palsy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "格林-巴利综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Guillain-Barre syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贝尔麻痹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
假丝酵母菌食管炎的主要症状为恶心、呕吐、拒食、吞咽困难、流涎。食管镜检可见白色厚膜。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管镜检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拒食"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌食管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（三）其他 近年成人HCM患者有应用永久双腔起搏来降低左心室流出道梗阻，减轻症状，但疗效并不确切。乙醇间隔消融在某些成人HCM症状患者可降低左心室流出道压差，但这种实验性的治疗手段在小儿应慎用，因手术瘢痕可成为致心律失常的病理基础，增加猝死的危险。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙醇间隔消融"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "永久双腔起搏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肝癌@在肝癌的进展中，酗酒、病毒性肝炎和糖尿病具有明显的协同作用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "病毒性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@长期试验研究可显示补充维生素C对血压和临床事件的影响。 原发性高血压@### 补充维生素D 横断面研究数据显示，低水平25-羟基维生素D与较高的收缩压和较高发病率的高血压有关。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充维生素D"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ ### 诊断慢性胰腺炎的Ammann标准（Zurich工作组） 复发性胰腺炎伴1项下述表现： * 胰腺钙化 * Cambridge标准定义的中重度胰管病变 * 典型的胰腺组织学表现 * 持续胰腺外分泌功能障碍（2年或超过2年）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中重度胰管病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复发性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复发性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "复发性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "复发性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中重度胰管病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
是目前治疗全身假丝酵母菌病的首选药物。两性霉素B对肝、肾、造血系统有一定毒性，可能出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、发热、寒战、头痛、头晕、贫血、血小板 减少、血栓性静脉炎等副作用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头晕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板 减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "全身假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血栓性静脉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
化脓性脑膜炎可发生神经系统后遗症，年幼者更常见，多因延误诊断和治疗不当所致。化脑急性期如有严重抽搐；长时间神志不清和其他明显脑损伤表现，均有可能发生后遗症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "化脑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化脓性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |