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【临床表现】 （一）症状与体征 小儿消化性溃疡临床表现各种各样，不同的年龄症状差异较大。 1.新生儿期 以突发性上消化道出血或穿孔为主要特征，常急性起病，以呕血、便血、腹胀及腹膜炎表现为主，易被误诊。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突发性上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "穿孔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
因此，如维生素B6缺乏，抗体生成减少，容易发生感染。 【营养状况评价】 评价体内维生素B6水平的方法包括直接法（如血浆磷酸吡哆醛浓度、血浆总维生素B6浓度或尿维生素B6浓度测定）和间接法（尿色氨酸降解产物的水平、红细胞内依赖性维生素B6酶活性或血浆高半胱氨酸含量的测定）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆磷酸吡哆醛浓度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆总维生素B6浓度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿维生素B6浓度测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@手术方式的选择包括：直肠结肠切除术联合永久性回肠造口术（Brooke回肠造口术）；直肠结肠切除术联合节制性回肠造口术（Kock造口）；经腹结肠切除- 回肠直肠吻合术；结肠切除术、直肠黏膜切除术、回肠储袋肛管吻合术（IPAA）；结肠切除、经吻合器回肠储袋远端直肠吻合术。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直肠结肠切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "永久性回肠造口术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Brooke回肠造口术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直肠黏膜切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "回肠储袋肛管吻合术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IPAA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@典型腹痛可能取代复发性急性胰腺炎症状，若要诊断原发性无痛性胰腺炎，则无需上述症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "典型腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复发性急性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@## 监测 需要终身监测肿瘤复发风险，主要通过膀胱镜检查进行监测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食管癌@浅表黏膜内食管癌的最佳治疗方式是内镜下切除和监测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "浅表黏膜内食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜下切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@ * 需要定期监测前列腺特异性抗原、红细胞压积、肝功能和血脂水平。垂体功能减退@ * 希望保留生育能力的男性继发性性腺机能减退患者可使用促性腺激素治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺特异性抗原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞压积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血脂水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "继发性性腺机能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "促性腺激素治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
结节性硬化症@ 20%～30%的病人有鲨鱼皮样斑，微微隆起于皮肤，边界不规则，表面粗糙，呈灰褐色，单发或多发，大小不等，每块直径约几毫米至5～6cm。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "结节性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鲨鱼皮样斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "微微隆起于皮肤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "边界不规则"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "表面粗糙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呈灰褐色"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单发或多发"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大小不等"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鲨鱼皮样斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "每块直径约几毫米至5～6cm"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@感染性病原体的检测应该在疾病初次就诊或已经有UC表现时进行（IBD的患者有感染性病原体的危险因素）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染性病原体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 重性抑郁症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 重性抑郁发作被定义为在过去 2 周或更长时间内几乎每天出现 9 项症状中的 5 项或更多（根据 DSM-5 标准）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重性抑郁症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
根据统计，我国的高苯丙氨酸血症，大多数为PKU,约10% ~15%为BH4 缺乏症，后者以PTPS缺乏症最为常见。 苯丙氨酸浓度测定 正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析 主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯丙氨酸浓度测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PKU"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BH4 缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "BH4 缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTPS缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（三）伴随症状 低氧血症通常发生于许多OSAS小儿中，有些严重OSAS的小儿SaO2可降至50%以下，连续部分阻塞患儿的SaO2在阻塞开始时就下降并保持较长时间的低水平。高碳酸血症也是小儿OSAS的特征，有一半的高碳酸血症（终末潮气CO2＞6. 0kPa）是与OSAS或持续部分阻塞有关。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "小儿OSAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低氧血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "小儿OSAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高碳酸血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 男性 慢阻肺在男性更常见，可能是和男性吸烟者更多有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
低镁血症与摄入不足、吸收不良、低蛋白血症及使用利尿剂有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "低镁血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "摄入不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "低镁血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸收不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "低镁血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低蛋白血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "低镁血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用利尿剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
大动脉炎@ （五）介入和手术治疗 晚期并发症可根据情况进行经皮穿刺动脉成形术或手术治疗，例如阻塞或狭窄部位血管重建术、旁路移植术、动脉瘤切除术以及主动脉瓣置换术等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "大动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经皮穿刺动脉成形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "大动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "旁路移植术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "大动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动脉瘤切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "大动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉瓣置换术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@应当进行X线胸片（床旁机器拍摄）检查，以排除其他疾病，例如主动脉夹层，并寻找心力衰竭的证据。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线胸片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@符合以下所有标准的患者可接受支架取栓器治疗：卒中前的改良兰金残疾量表评分 0 到 1；在发病后 4.5 小时曾静脉使用 tPA；颈内动脉或大脑中动脉近端 (M1) 存在致病性阻塞；年龄≥18 岁；美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH) 卒中量表评分≥6；Alberta 卒中计划早期 CT 评分 (ASPECTS)≥6；可在发生症状后 6 小时内开始血管内治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支架取栓器治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@最佳药物治疗方案，特别是β受体阻滞剂，可降低室性心律失常的发生率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "室性心律失常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
喉癌@ 评估远处转移时，CT与PET/CT联合检查可能更具优势。喉癌@ 结果 正常或转移性结节、淋巴结肿大 ### 颈部肿物细针抽吸检查 检查 结果 检查 颈部可触及颈部肿物可行此检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT与PET/CT联合检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
深部血肿有相应部位疼痛、压迫症状。皮下、齿龈、口腔及鼻黏膜易于受伤故为出血多发部位，但皮肤黏膜出血并非为本病的特征，皮肤瘀点、瘀斑少见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "齿龈"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻黏膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤瘀点"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘀斑少见"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "相应部位疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "深部血肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
子宫内膜癌@## 筛查 没有证据支持内膜癌筛查。 子宫内膜癌@因为50岁以下的内膜癌患者可为这类家族的先证者，其他家族成员应筛查直肠癌。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "内膜癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "筛查直肠癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
消化性溃疡病@C反应蛋白，血沉以及白细胞计数通常增加。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "消化性溃疡病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "C反应蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
登革热@ * 血凝抑制 (Haemagglutination-inhibition, HI) 检测有助于诊断再次登革热感染（即滴度≥1:1280）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血凝抑制 (Haemagglutination-inhibition, HI) 检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性髓性白血病@FBC用于后续疾病监测。 慢性髓性白血病@结果 可能出现血钾、LDH或尿酸升高 ### 外周血涂片 检查 结果 检查 几乎所有WBC均为成熟或即将成熟的髓细胞。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血涂片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 （一）皮肤 几乎每个MCTD患者都有皮肤受累。 （七）肾 28%病人有血尿、蛋白尿及管型尿，严重肾衰竭。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "MCTD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "MCTD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "MCTD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "管型尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "MCTD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@### 症状性帕金森症（需要治疗的症状） 在疾病早期，多巴胺能药物补充通常足以显著减少甚至是消除症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "症状性帕金森症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
病毒特异性基因检测:采用核酸分子杂交技术或聚合酶链反应（PCR)、反转录PCR(reverse transcription PCR)等技术检测呼吸道分泌物中病毒基因片段。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒特异性基因检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部听诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 肺炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/1113) ### 心包炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者可以表现为不同性质的胸痛，比较典型的是坐起和前倾身体时减轻，躺下时加重。 ST段抬高型心肌梗死@通常可能有近期病毒感染症状以及临床检查闻及心包摩擦音。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包摩擦音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅢ型 淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶缺陷。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GSDⅢ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@EMB的具体适应症包括： * 排除扩张型心肌病的常见病因（家族性、缺血性、乙醇、出生后、心脏毒性暴露） * 有标准治疗难治性心力衰竭的亚急性或急性症状 * 尽管使用最佳药物治疗，射血分数仍大幅恶化 * 出现恶性心律失常，尤其是进展性心脏传导阻滞及室性心动过速 * 心力衰竭并发皮疹、发热或外周血嗜酸粒细胞增多症 * 胶原血管病病史，例如系统性红斑狼疮、硬皮病或结节性多动脉炎 * 存在已知的淀粉样变性、结节病或血色病时出现新发心肌病 * 怀疑巨细胞心肌炎（年轻人、新发亚急性心力衰竭或无明显病因的进展性心律失常）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EMB"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "家族性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缺血性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏毒性暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
2.早期起病的持续性喘息（指3岁前起病） 主要表现为与急性呼吸道病毒感染（小于2岁的儿童通常为呼吸道合胞病毒感染，2岁以上的儿童与鼻病毒等其他病毒感染有关）相关的反复喘息，本人无特应症表现，也无家族过敏性疾病史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "早期起病的持续性喘息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性呼吸道病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "早期起病的持续性喘息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "早期起病的持续性喘息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@这两种情况都是ICD植入适应证。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ICD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 GERD的治疗一般根据症状的轻重不同可分为非系统性治疗、系统性内科治疗和外科手术治疗。 2.黏膜保护剂 常用的为铝碳酸镁。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜保护剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非系统性治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "系统性内科治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
一、主动脉瓣狭窄 大约85%的先天性主动脉瓣狭窄为二瓣畸形，这二个主动脉瓣一大一小，其间有一偏心的鱼嘴样开口。主动脉瓣狭窄患儿偶可发生猝死，其原因几乎可肯定为室性纤颤，后者的原因也可能是由缺血或缺血样损害所引起。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "主动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "猝死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "主动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性主动脉瓣狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "主动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二瓣畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第五节 再生障碍性贫血 再生障碍性贫血（aplastic anemia，AA，简称再障）是一种由于多种原因引起的骨髓造血功能代偿不全，临床上出现全血细胞减少而肝、脾、淋巴结不增大的一组综合病征。在美国及欧洲，儿童再障的发病率为0. 2/10万～0. 6/10万。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 2/10万～0. 6/10万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 2/10万～0. 6/10万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不增大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓造血功能代偿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "aplastic anemia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "再生障碍性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "再障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "儿童再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 2/10万～0. 6/10万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
（一）手术治疗 1.脑脊液分流术 目的是通过重建脑脊液循环通路，以达到脑脊液分流的目的。小儿脑积水分流术的开展，不仅增加了脑积水患儿的存活率，并使70%的患儿保持智力基本正常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液分流术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@结果 阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 总铁、总铁结合力 (TIBC)、转铁蛋白饱和度和铁蛋白 检查 结果 检查 血色病时应该检测总铁、TIBC、转铁蛋白饱和度、铁蛋白。肝硬化@为了计算转铁蛋白饱和度（总铁/TIBC），初始筛查血色病时应该检查总铁和TIBC。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "总铁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "TIBC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "转铁蛋白饱和度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铁蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "总铁、总铁结合力",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "TIBC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "总铁、总铁结合力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "筛查血色病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
早产@由于子宫的过度拉伸，几乎所有的三胎及三胎以上的多胎妊娠都会是早产。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多胎妊娠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@但要特别询问患者有无晕厥前状态或晕厥病史，尤其是发生在运动中，也要注意有无劳力性呼吸困难、心悸或胸痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晕厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "劳力性呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
主要适应证为痉挛性脑瘫患儿，目的在于矫正畸形、改善肌张力以及改善肢体平衡。手术包括肌腱手术、神经手术以及骨关节手术等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "痉挛性脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌腱手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "痉挛性脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "痉挛性脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨关节手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
单心室@ 【病理解剖】 单心室下的主心室可为左心室型或右心室型，可通过心室壁的肌小梁形态及房室瓣的位置和形态解剖加以区别。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "主心室",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "主心室",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右心室型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@炎症性肠病患者在启动免疫抑制剂或生物制剂治疗前，如果HBV血清学检测阴性，应该接种乙肝疫苗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "炎症性肠病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接种乙肝疫苗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@包括任何溃疡或扁桃体包块在内都应该行口咽部全面检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "扁桃体包块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（一）胎母输血 胎母输血（fetal maternal transfusion）又称经胎盘失血，是指胎儿血通过胎盘进入母血循环，发生率占妊娠的10%，但多数失血量少，仅1%胎儿经胎盘失血量超过50ml。 2.母血甲胎蛋白测定 怀疑本病者应尽早取母血测甲胎蛋白（AFP），APF多显著升高，分娩1周后，母血AFP水平逐渐降低。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胎母输血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母血甲胎蛋白测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胎母输血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "fetal maternal transfusion"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
二、血小板无力症第十篇 血液系统疾病 第四章 出血性疾病 第二节 血小板功能异常性疾病【发病机制】 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【诊断】 （一）临床表现 （二）实验室检查瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia （ GT ） 。本病属血小板聚集功能障碍性疾病，为常染色体隐性遗传。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "常染色体隐性遗传"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血液系统疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "出血性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板功能异常性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
尘肺@在慢性铍肺患者中，肺癌的风险增加。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢性铍肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@一项对心肌炎患者进行的11年研究显示，在暴发性心肌炎患者中，无心脏移植生存率为93%，而急性心肌炎患者中为45%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "暴发性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "93%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "急性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "45%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
窒息、心跳呼吸骤停及中毒性脑病等表现为弥漫性的脑水肿；局灶性病变（脑瘤、血肿、脓肿与脑挫裂伤等）则引起病灶周围脑水肿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "窒息",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性的脑水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "心跳呼吸骤停",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性的脑水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "中毒性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性的脑水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
3.血气分析及生化检查 可了解患儿是否存在酸中毒、电解质紊乱。 4.内分泌及遗传代谢病检查 如已排除消化道、中枢神经等疾病，而患儿仍然频繁呕吐，应进一步做内分泌、代谢病方面检查，如血氨、血糖等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血气分析及生化检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@一小部分腭裂的新生儿，包括PierreRobin综合征（三联征：腭裂，下颌骨过小，舌后坠）可出现严重的气道阻塞，需要立即气道管理。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气道阻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PierreRobin综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
3.心力衰竭的治疗 ①给氧。⑤血管活性药物：常用酚妥拉明（立其丁）或疏甲丙脯酸等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酚妥拉明"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疏甲丙脯酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "给氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "酚妥拉明",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "立其丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@亚洲：日本脑炎病毒、登革热、疟疾、尼帕病毒。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "疟疾",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
基底细胞癌@该类型肿瘤的复发率高于基底细胞癌，需要Mohs手术治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "基底细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Mohs手术治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。此外尚可累及腹腔内其他器官，而可出现黄疸、脓尿、血尿、肝脾肿大等症状，有时甚至与急腹症不易鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急腹症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分布甚广"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "北美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉丁美洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "欧洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@理想情况下，多学科诊断小组（MTD）将提供一个最佳的治疗方案。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "多学科诊断小组",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "MTD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多学科诊断小组"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第十节 缓慢性心律失常 窦性静止与窦房传导阻滞在心电图上可表现为长间隙。这些心律失常在儿科少见，可见于洋地黄中毒中毒或心房广泛手术后。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "窦性静止",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洋地黄中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "窦性静止",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心房广泛手术后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "窦房传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洋地黄中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "窦房传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心房广泛手术后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "窦性静止",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "窦房传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@2 至 5 岁 – 联合 – 言语和语言治疗 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 荧光镜语言评价和鼻咽镜检查有无腭咽闭合不全（VPI）或功能障碍（VPD）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "言语和语言治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "腭咽闭合不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "VPI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "功能障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "VPD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腭咽闭合不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻咽镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "功能障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻咽镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
其确切机制尚不明确，一般认为感染和支气管阻塞是支气管扩张的两个根本致病因素，感染后剧烈咳嗽、管腔内分泌物的淤滞等可促使损伤软化的支气管壁扩张。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "支气管扩张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管阻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "支气管扩张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（三）常用哮喘维持治疗药物 吸入糖皮质激素 （ICS）种类 ICS治疗哮喘的高效性和局部选择性的主要化学基础是在于激素甾体核的16α和17α 或17β位置上有一个亲脂基团的置换。 2.氨茶碱控释片 （1）舒弗美：每片100mg。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨茶碱控释片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舒弗美"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@[ 代谢性酸中毒的评价 ](/topics/zh-cn/460) ### 严重贫血 | 短期 | 中 常见于儿童，原因为红细胞裂解，自身免疫性溶血，骨髓功能障碍。疟疾感染@经实验室检验可较易明确诊断，可通过谨慎输血治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "严重贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "实验室检验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "严重贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输血治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "严重贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
美国1973～1989年流行病学调查中发现，每年10万个儿童中就有约2. 8例患颅内肿瘤。小儿颅内肿瘤发生部位与成人不同，40%～60%发生在幕下，并且以胚胎残余组织发生的肿瘤为主，胶质瘤相对较少。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "颅内肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幕下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
在西方发达国家地区儿童与青少年中一般很少有幽门螺杆菌定植，与此相反的是在发展中国家幽门螺杆菌感染率较高，10岁即有一半感染幽门螺杆菌。此外最近报道在人的一生中儿童期较成人期容易获得幽门螺杆菌感染，出生较早的较出生迟的个体具有更容易获得幽门螺杆菌感染的危险。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "一般很少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "较高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成人期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发展中国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@## 患者指导 和大多数慢性疾病一样，高血压需要患者和医生一直进行积极管理，选择健康的生活方式和医学治疗。原发性高血压@应告知患者关于饮食的注意事项（咨询营养师，制定高血压防治饮食法 [DASH]，钠的摄入量≤2.4 g/日）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咨询营养师"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
第七节 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia）又称为间质性浆细胞肺炎（interstitial plasma cell pneumonia），是宿主存在免疫缺陷的基础上发生的机会感染性疾病。本病通过空气和飞沫传染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "传播途径",
"subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "空气"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "传播途径",
"subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "飞沫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "间质性浆细胞肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "间质性浆细胞肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "interstitial plasma cell pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
颅骨骨髓炎的症状和体征也可与脑脓肿相似。中枢神经系统内多发性结核瘤可无症状，也可仅表现为局灶性癫痫发作，与脑内小脓肿相似。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结核瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脑内小脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脓肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅骨骨髓炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@所有上消化道出血患者（不管是否存在腹水）应该使用诺氟沙星进行短期（最长7天）抗生素预防治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "诺氟沙星"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素预防治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 那些没有冠状动脉受累的患者或仅有急性期暂时性冠状动脉狭窄的患者不需要长期使用阿司匹林。川崎病@有冠状动脉持续狭窄或动脉瘤形成的患者，阿司匹林必须长期使用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "冠状动脉持续狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
早产@### 未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM) 在大多数女性中，胎膜会在分娩时自发破裂，包括早产者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "未足月胎膜早破"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
腹主动脉瘤@超声仍然是用于初步诊断和筛查的确定性检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@对于儿童，与开腹阑尾切除术相比，腹腔镜阑尾切除术可降低术后并发症（包括伤口感染）的总发生率，缩短总住院时长，但不能减轻术后疼痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伤口感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "开腹阑尾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔镜阑尾切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
食管癌@### 诊断/分期 如果高度怀疑食管癌或者黏膜活检确诊为食管癌需要行胸腹部CT扫描。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腹部CT扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
自由基以及抗氧化剂缺乏在慢性胰腺炎的形成和发展中都起了很重要的作用。 （一）慢性钙化性胰腺炎 1.遗传性胰腺炎 是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性钙化性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "遗传性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性钙化性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
引起发热的原因可分为感染性与非感染性两方面。由下丘脑所调控的体内正常体温调节平衡会由于下列因素而发生改变：感染、疫苗接种、生物学因素（如粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、干扰素、白细胞介素、肿瘤坏死因子）、组织损伤（如血管闭塞、肺栓塞、外伤、肌内注射、烧伤）、恶性肿瘤（白血病、淋巴肿瘤、肝癌、转移瘤）、药物（如药物热、可卡因、两性霉素B）、风湿性疾病（如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎）、炎症性疾病（如炎性结肠病）、肉芽肿病（如结节病）、内分泌疾病（如甲状腺毒症、嗜铬细胞瘤）、代谢性疾病（如痛风、尿毒症、Ⅰ型高脂血症）以及原因不明或知之甚少的病变（如家族性地中海热）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疫苗接种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生物学因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干扰素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白细胞介素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤坏死因子"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管闭塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺栓塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌内注射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烧伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "淋巴肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "转移瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可卡因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "两性霉素B"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "风湿性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "系统性红斑狼疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "炎症性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "炎性结肠病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肉芽肿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "结节病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "内分泌疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "甲状腺毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "嗜铬细胞瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "代谢性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "Ⅰ型高脂血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "家族性地中海热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@达利珠单抗 (Daclizumab) HYP 是一种抗 CD25 单克隆抗体，建议用于复发性 MS。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "达利珠单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@结果 如果存在颅咽管瘤则会发现钙化 ### 肾上腺轴甲吡酮试验 检查 结果 检查 是医院中可替代促皮质素/替可沙肽刺激试验的另一种方法。垂体功能减退@但由于美替拉酮很难获得，所以其应用受到了限制。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾上腺轴甲吡酮试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "颅咽管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
三、食物和呕吐物吸入 除食物本身的刺激外，反流的胃酸亦是肺损伤的重要决定因素。既往健康者常继发口腔寄生菌（尤其是厌氧菌）感染，可选用克林霉素或青霉素治疗；住院儿童则易发生大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌等革兰阴性菌感染，需加用第三代头孢菌素或复合β-内酰胺类等抗生素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克林霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大肠埃希菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎克雷伯杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "革兰阴性菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复合β-内酰胺类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
支气管哮喘（bronchial asthma)简称哮喘,是儿童期最常见的慢性呼吸道疾病。 强的情绪变化。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强的情绪变化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "bronchial asthma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "支气管哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@### 咯血 发生于约25%的患者中 虽然大量咯血是罕见的，但是肺癌患者经常咳嗽带血丝的痰。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
典型症状 多数先天性甲低患儿常在出生半年后出现典型症状。患儿身材矮小,躯干长而四肢短小,上部量/ 下部量>1.5，腹部膨隆，常有脐疝。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "身材矮小"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "躯干长而四肢短小"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部膨隆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "常有脐疝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肌苷也是目前临床上常用的辅助药物之一。处理原则与一般心力衰竭及心源性休克相似，包括洋地黄的应用、血管扩张剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、利尿剂及扩容纠正酸中毒等，但在洋地黄应用时应注意在病毒性心肌炎急性期，心肌对洋地黄敏感，易出现毒性反应，应避免快饱和，用药剂量也应适当减少。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洋地黄的应用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管扩张剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磷酸二酯酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利尿剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "扩容纠正酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@男性的发病率：有较充分的证据表明，对所有种族来说，RCC 在男性的发病率为 18.6/100,000，女性为 9.5/100,000。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "RCC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "18.6/100,000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "RCC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "9.5/100,000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 体格检查 查体可见呼吸急促、呼吸窘迫、辅助呼吸肌参与和肋间隙回缩。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "辅助呼吸肌参与"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋间隙回缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@结果 下降 ### 凝血酶原时间 检查 结果 检查 肝细胞功能的良好指标。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血酶原时间"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【病理】 过敏性紫癜的病理变化为广泛的白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，以毛细血管炎为主，亦可波及小静脉和小动脉。偶尔累及循环系统发生心肌炎和心包炎，累及呼吸系统发生喉头水肿、哮喘、肺出血等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉头水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "过敏性紫癜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@### 复视 可能发生于后循环缺血的患者中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复视"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
真菌性脑膜炎@结果 升高 ### CSF蛋白 检查 结果 检查 结果 升高 ### CSF葡萄糖 检查 结果 检查 结果 低 ### CSF墨汁染色 检查 结果 检查 在慢性或亚急性、未诊断或疑似真菌性脑膜炎的所有免疫抑制患者中均建议进行。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CSF蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CSF墨汁染色"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
淹溺经复苏后可考虑作相应辅助检查以了解病情程度和并发症情况。对怀疑存在骨折、颈椎或头颅外伤者，可给予骨骼摄片。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼摄片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@结果 胸膜病变 ### 脑 MRI 或 CT 检查 结果 检查 所有的 SCLC 患者都需要评估脑转移，理想的是做一个 MRI。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑 MRI 或 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@如果患者血容量低或者休克（由组织氧供和需求不平衡导致氧负债的末梢器官氧合减少的状态），必须提供额外的静脉输液。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血容量低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉输液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。反复心力衰竭者,心脏明显扩大，肺部出现湿啰音及肝、脾大，呼吸急促和发绀，重症患者可突然发生心源性休克，脉搏细弱,血压下降。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏明显扩大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部出现湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝、脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心源性休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脉搏细弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血压下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "viral myocarditis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
（三）抗幽门螺杆菌药物的临床疗效评价 1.单一药物治疗 许多抗生素尽管有较好的抗幽门螺杆菌活性，但却不适合幽门螺杆菌感染的治疗。 4.治疗方案 （1）以铋剂为主的方案： 铋剂加上两种抗生素：较常用的三联疗法为铋剂+阿莫西林+甲硝唑，疗程2周。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铋剂+阿莫西林+甲硝唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铋剂加上两种抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
对肾实质性ARF，治疗原则如下： （一）少尿期治疗 1.一般治疗 保证热量230～251kJ/（kg•d）［55～60kcal/（kg•d）］，给予低盐、低蛋白、低钾、低磷饮食，蛋白每日摄入量为0. 3～1. 0g/kg，且为优质蛋白，因此可输注5. 53%肾必氨（9R）3～5ml/（kg•d）。 2.利尿 可采用新型利尿合剂即多巴胺和酚妥拉明各每次0. 3～0. 5mg/kg，呋塞米每次2mg/kg，一起加入10%葡萄糖100～200ml中静滴，每日1～2次，利尿效果优于单用呋塞米。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肾实质性ARF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肾实质性ARF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "一般治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@发作一般持续 2 至 72 小时，儿童和青少年的头痛一般是在额颞部，以及比起成人更常见于双侧。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "额颞部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@淋巴播散是最常见的转移途径，常通过精索淋巴管向腹膜后淋巴结链转移。睾丸癌@单纯的绒毛膜癌是一个例外，它更容易通过血管侵犯播散。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹膜后淋巴结链"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
【病因和发病机制】 （一）基因突变 以往认为80%～100%的TBMN患者有阳性血尿家族史，而且部分家系调查表明TBMN的遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传，但近期研究示TBMN中仅有43%的患者证实有阳性血尿家族史，提示除遗传因素外还有其他原因。 （三）血尿原因 至于GBM变薄何以发生血尿目前尚不清楚。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阳性血尿家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基因突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（三）支气管异物 （bronchial foreign bodies） 以右侧较为多见。如异物阻塞程度较轻，可仅表现喘鸣；不完全阻塞形成活瓣时造成肺气肿；完全阻塞则造成肺不张。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管异物",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺气肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管异物",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺不张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
食管外症状 与GERD相关的呼吸系统疾病:①呼吸道感染:反流物直接或间接引发反复呼吸道感染、吸入性肺炎。原因为反流所致喉痉挛引起呼吸道梗阻，表现为青紫或苍白、心动过缓,甚至发生婴儿猝死综合征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿猝死综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "GERD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "呼吸道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流物直接或间接引发"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "吸入性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流物直接或间接引发"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 前列腺尿路上皮癌 (urothelial carcinoma, UC) | 长期 | 中 对于低风险疾病，经膀胱灌注治疗控制后，尿道前列腺部发生尿路上皮癌的风险相对较低。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺尿路上皮癌 (urothelial carcinoma, UC)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@ * 基因G型分布于非洲。乙型肝炎@ 。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "基因G型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "基因G型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【实验室检查】 24小时动态心电图（HOLTER）可用于监视治疗过程及发现短阵无症状性室上速。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "短阵无症状性室上速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "24小时动态心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "短阵无症状性室上速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HOLTER"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "动态心电图",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "HOLTER"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "短阵无症状性室上速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动态心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |