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阻断M1及M2受体，抑酸差，解痉镇痛好，限用于DU及少数有痉挛疼痛的GU患者，消化性溃疡有胃排空不良者不用。 （4）其他：尼扎替丁、罗沙替丁。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尼扎替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "罗沙替丁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@### 拖曳小碎步步态 与强直和运动迟缓相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拖曳小碎步步态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@这些包括兽医和他们的员工、动物处理者、狂犬病实验室工作者、野外工作者、洞穴探索者、徒步旅行者和在狂犬病流行国家的非政府组织人员。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "兽医和他们的员工"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "野外工作者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洞穴探索者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "徒步旅行者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动物处理者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "狂犬病实验室工作者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第四节 永存动脉干 永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。65%～70%的共同干瓣膜为三瓣，四瓣畸形的发生率在9%～24%之间，6%～23%可为二瓣畸形，已有单瓣畸形的报道。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三瓣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四瓣畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二瓣畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单瓣畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "永存动脉干",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "truncus arteriosus"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@## 二级预防 患者最重要的预防措施包括饮食调整和生活方式改善（戒烟，增加体育活动；减体重；增加鱼、水果、蔬菜、纤维和坚果的摄入；减少盐摄入）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮食调整"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生活方式改善"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "增加体育活动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "减体重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "减少盐摄入"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 （六）肾活体组织检查 早期表现为毛细血管内渗出性、增生性炎症，内皮细胞及系膜细胞增生，上皮下大量沉积物并且呈驼峰样，后期以轻度系膜增生为主。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "APSGN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾活体组织"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "APSGN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@### 有既往剖宫产史（或其他原因导致的子宫瘢痕形成）的患者 所有有剖宫产史的患者应在第18至20周时接受超声检查，查看胎盘位置。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "既往剖宫产史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@外周血涂片上可见原始细胞不足以确诊 AML，需要进行骨髓活检。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血涂片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
4.脾切除或脾栓塞术 可改善贫血症状和减少输血次数。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾栓塞术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@[ 会咽炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/452) ### 咽后、扁桃体周围和咽旁脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 咽痛、发热、颈部疼痛、声音低沉。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "会咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "会咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "会咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "会咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声音低沉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
铅中毒@### 脑病的处理 儿童和成人均可能出现急性脑病，儿童通常表现为感觉异常和惊厥，并且可能发展为昏迷和死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感觉异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@通常呈亚急性发病，主要表现为腹胀和/或轻度腹痛、恶心呕吐、体重下降。慢性胰腺炎@腹水主要成分为高浓度蛋白质和淀粉酶，通常＞16.7μkat/L（＞1000 IU/L）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@初次发病或急性复发时均应行腹部X线检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
食管癌@可是，实践中更倾向于应用术前联合放化疗。食管癌@这还导致在更多胃癌患者中使用新辅助治疗的转变，正如针对胃食管交界肿瘤的治疗所示，依据是在术前给予该治疗可使给予足剂量药物治疗的可能性显著提高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新辅助治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【发病机制】 血友病甲、乙均为X连锁隐性遗传，女性传递，男性发病。 Ⅷ∶C 80%由肝窦内皮细胞合成，其余由脾、肺、肾、单核-巨噬细胞等合成；其活性极不稳定，在4℃贮存24小时后可丧失20%，Ⅷ∶C血浆含量50μg/L，活性50%～150%，半寿期8～12小时。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝窦内皮细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单核-巨噬细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X连锁隐性遗传"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性传递"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "血友病甲、乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性发病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
（三）混合性高胆红素血症 感染是引起混合性高胆红素血症的重要原因，细菌和病毒都可引起黄疸。如感染伴有溶血，则可出现贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "混合性高胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "混合性高胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "黄疸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌和病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。临床表现及辅助检查相似于低度胶质瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低度胶质瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的不同临床特点:克罗恩病患儿因常累及回盲部,腹痛多在右下腹,多表现为绞痛或痉挛性锐痛,呈阵发性发作,绞痛多发生在餐后。大便以黏液便或为水样便，也可表现便秘与腹泻交替现象。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏液便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水样便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便秘与腹泻交替现象"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "回盲部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克罗恩病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "绞痛或痉挛性锐痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@出现临床症状时，30%的患者中可见盆腔淋巴结转移，15%-35%的患者有腹股沟淋巴结转移。肛门癌@大部分腹股沟淋巴结转移为单侧。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹股沟淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盆腔淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
第二节 气胸与脓气胸 气胸（pneumothorax）是指肺外、胸膜腔内有气体蓄积。脓气胸者可有明显的中毒症状，体格检查患侧叩诊呈鼓音或浊音，且随体位的变化而有变化。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓气胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pneumothorax"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "脓气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脓气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "叩诊呈鼓音或浊音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
痛风@在第 12 周时，利纳西普组痛风发作一次或多次的患者显著少于安慰剂组（分别为 15% 和 45%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利纳西普"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安慰剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【发病率】 原发性膀胱输尿管反流在正常婴儿和儿童的发生率很难知道，统计的发生率为1%～18. 5%，但70%发生在尿路感染的患儿中。一般认为男孩多见于婴儿期，女孩多见于儿童期。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男孩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女孩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%～18. 5%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路感染的患儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
失眠症@### 他司美琼 他司美琼是一种正在开发的褪黑激素受体激动剂，用于治疗睡眠障碍，包括失眠症。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他司美琼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "睡眠障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他司美琼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@附加 – 口服地塞米松 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [地塞米松]:关于剂量的指导，请咨询医生 地塞米松抑制雌二醇合成。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肺结核@非典型表现包括肺中叶或下叶阴影，肺门或气管旁淋巴结病，和/或存在胸腔积液。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺门或气管旁淋巴结病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@随后的可选方案包括单药化疗、参加临床试验或支持治疗。 宫颈癌@最有活性的单药为顺铂。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顺铂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
而社交性恐怖的儿童希望但又怕与之不熟悉的同伴交往。 （三）孤独症和广泛性发育障碍 均有社会交往问题，但常伴语言发育方面的问题，而且难以形成和维持与外界的联系。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "社交性恐怖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "广泛性发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "社交性恐怖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "孤独症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@## 二级预防 最重要的预防措施是患者健康宣教。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "健康宣教"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
脑炎@ * 虫媒病毒检测：如果怀疑虫媒病毒感染，检测时应在具体指导下进行，比如疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 提供的指南。脑炎@ [ CDC: Division of vector-borne diseases (DVBD) ](http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/about.html) * 脑活组织检查（虽然是最具特异性的诊断性检测，但由于是一种侵入性操作，且无法广泛应用，而且现在广泛使用 DNA 扩增技术，所以临床上不会常规进行脑活组织检查）；在诊断不确定或预后仍然不佳时，可能有必要进行脑活组织检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑活组织检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "虫媒病毒检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@或 [ 丁螺环酮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量为口服7.5mg，每日2次 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丁螺环酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@不同于直肠癌，肛门癌中的腹股沟淋巴结被认为是淋巴结转移 (N+) 而非远处转移 (M1)，而且患者可接受治愈性治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹股沟淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
【预后】 未经治疗的大动脉转位患儿临床多表现危重；新生儿早期患儿常见的致死因素包括组织缺氧和酸中毒；在婴儿期为充血性心力衰竭，幼儿期则是以血栓栓塞和渐进性肺血管疾病为主。术后最重要的并发症是晚期猝死，约占2%～8%，房性扑动可能是晚期死亡的高危因素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晚期猝死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "房性扑动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织缺氧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血栓栓塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渐进性肺血管疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ （又称血浆凝血活酶前质， PTA ）缺乏症。血友病丙为常染色体显性或不完全性隐性遗传，男女均可发病或是传递者。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "常染色体显性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不完全性隐性遗传"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因子Ⅺ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶前质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "因子Ⅺ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶前质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。 【诊断】 （一）X线摄片 典型的成骨肉瘤，X线表现为肿瘤性骨组织同时具有新骨生成和骨破坏的特点。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "成骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线摄片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "成骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成骨性骨肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "成骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成软骨性骨肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "成骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成纤维性骨肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "成骨肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨性骨肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@严重高血压（收缩压BP≥160和/或舒张压BP≥110mmHg） – 首选 – 抗高血压治疗+引产/分娩 #### 第一选择 [肼屈嗪]:每2-4小时静脉给药5-10mg 或 [拉贝洛尔]:起始剂量20mg，静脉推注，如初始剂量无效，接下来10分钟后再给40mg，之后可以考虑每10分钟重复给80mg，最大总剂量为220mg。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肼屈嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉贝洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
幕下肿瘤可有眼震颤、肢体共济运动差等小脑损害症状及低位脑神经（ Ⅵ 、 Ⅶ 、 Ⅷ 、 Ⅸ 、 Ⅹ ）损害症，呕吐也很常见，多与肿瘤刺激第四脑室底的延髓呕吐中枢有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幕下肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幕下肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@光镜和电镜能够明确细胞增殖情况和累及的肾小球数。肾小球肾炎@ 免疫荧光可见免疫复合物沉积的形式。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫荧光"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "光镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
三、囊状淋巴管瘤 囊状淋巴管瘤（cystic lymphangioma）又称囊状水瘤。该肿瘤好发于颈部，特别是颈后三角，其次可见于腋窝。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈后三角"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腋窝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "cystic lymphangioma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "囊状淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "囊状水瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 骨痛 | 存在差异 | 高 发生在 80% 的患者中。多发性骨髓瘤@建议避免使用非甾体抗炎药物。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "骨痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非甾体抗炎药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
三、临床特点 （一）原发部位 恶性肿瘤一般均有原发部位，但多种儿童恶性肿瘤如淋巴瘤、神经母细胞瘤、尤因肉瘤等在疾病早期就可转移。 2.影像学检查 影像学检查是肿瘤诊断的基础手段，主要包括X线平片、B型超声检查、CT、MRI、骨扫描。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线平片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B型超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经母细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尤因肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@### 实验室检测 确立诊断不需要进行实验室检测。普通感冒@对初级医疗机构中表现为急性呼吸道症状的患者使用床旁检测 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 可减少抗生素的使用，但对患者报告的治疗结局没有作用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "床旁检测 C 反应蛋白 (CRP)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
频繁发作的梦魇患者容易得精神病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "梦魇",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精神病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@这一点在因痤疮或肿瘤而接受X线治疗的患者以及暴露在高水平辐射的工人（如铀矿工人）中有所体现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铀矿工人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@第三 – 苯巴比妥 + 支持疗法 #### 第一选择 [ 苯巴比妥 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 作为负荷剂量以不超过 50-75 mg/min 的速率静脉给予 20 mg/kg，需要时给予第二剂 5-10 mg/kg 大多数病例中，如果使用苯二氮卓类药物和苯妥英后，SE 持续发作，则使用苯巴比妥。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯巴比妥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ 欧洲指南指出，如果没有出血证据，则可以持续进行抗血小板治疗，如果发生缺血性脑卒中，口服抗凝血剂应换为普通肝素，如果发生颅内出血，应完全暂停抗凝治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "缺血性脑卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗凝血剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "缺血性脑卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "普通肝素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 存在危险因素 主要危险因素包括明确的偏头痛家族史；巧克力、乳酪、柑橘类水果；压力；月经；和使用口服避孕药。 儿童偏头痛@### 年龄＞2 岁 由于偏头痛的定义主要基于症状，2岁以内儿童很少诊断偏头痛，但此后诊断随年龄增长稳步增加。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偏头痛家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巧克力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳酪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "柑橘类水果"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "月经"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用口服避孕药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "年龄＞2 岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2岁以内儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@维 A 酸（又名全反式维A酸；ATRA）治疗会导致视黄酸或 ATRA 综合征。急性髓性白血病@其特点为发热、体液潴留和 WBC 计数升高 (＞10,000/μL)。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "ATRA 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "ATRA 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体液潴留"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "ATRA 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "WBC 计数升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
神经皮肤综合征@部分累及脊髓和周围神经干。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "神经皮肤综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脊髓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "神经皮肤综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "周围神经干"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@这些营养元素缺乏可能导致长期健康问题，包括视力缺陷、神经功能缺损以及骨健康状况不佳。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "营养元素缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视力缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "营养元素缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经功能缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@评估梗阻性黄疸患者时，最先行的检查为腹部超声。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "梗阻性黄疸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
在亚洲地区寄生虫感染也是一种多见的原因，如蛔虫及肝吸虫引起的上行性感染、梗阻可导致急性胰腺炎的发生。细菌感染如沙门菌、痢疾杆菌、弯曲菌及钩端螺旋体感染可伴急性胰腺炎，但多是由于其毒素引起。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙门菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痢疾杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弯曲菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钩端螺旋体感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@### 巴瑞克替尼 巴瑞克替尼是一种阻滞 JAK-1 和 JAK-2 的 Janus 激酶 (Janus kinase, JAK) 抑制剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴瑞克替尼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
磨牙症一般被认为是原发性睡眠障碍，因而是中枢性的。 【临床表现】 以睡眠时刻板地研磨牙齿和紧咬牙关为主要特征，牙齿的异常磨损是牙齿损伤的最常见表现，牙周组织的损伤可导致牙龈萎缩、炎症和牙槽的再吸收。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睡眠时刻板地研磨牙齿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紧咬牙关"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@在人工瓣膜受累的患者中，对青霉素敏感的肠球菌应使用 6 周青霉素（氨苄西林或青霉素）+氨基糖苷类抗生素（庆大霉素；或庆大霉素耐药/链霉素敏感时使用链霉素）进行治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@作为移植前的预先诱导治疗，地塞米松联合靶向作用于微环境的药物，例如沙利度胺，或最近的来那度胺或硼替佐米， 可诱导超过 60% 的应答率而无重大毒性（30% 的完全应答率）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙利度胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "来那度胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硼替佐米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
出生后感染性肺炎可出现发热或体温不升，反应差等全身症状。肺部体征早期常不明显,病程中可出现双肺细湿啰音。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双肺细湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体温不升"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出生后感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反应差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
治疗中，如果父母过多的责备儿童这一行为，则先要解除父母与孩子之间的紧张，当父母能改变指责的方法，缓和与孩子的关系时，则吸吮拇指的行为就会减少。如果发现该行为与应激或焦虑有关，则应先帮助儿童应付情绪问题。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "吸吮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帮助儿童应付情绪问题"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 弓形虫感染发生于出生1个月内。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "HIV感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弓形虫感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 起病多急骤，婴幼儿多突然高热(39 ~40t),呈稽留热或弛张热,部分病例体温可不太高,呈规则 或不规则发热，常持续数周或数月，多伴有寒战、盗汗、食欲缺乏、咳嗽、面色苍白、气促和发绀等。约50%以上的患儿在起病时就出现脑膜炎征象,部分患儿伴有 肝脾以及浅表淋巴结肿大等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "起病多急骤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿多突然高热(39 ~40t)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呈稽留热或弛张热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "部分病例体温可不太高,"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "盗汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面色苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
当低钠血症病人尿钠大于20mmol/L时，尤其同时有血清钾增高，应考虑有肾上腺皮质功能不全。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾上腺皮质功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清钾增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@### 实验室检查 _血吸虫_ 感染最特异性的检查为在尿液，粪便或其他组织活检中发现血吸虫卵。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@结果 慢阻肺患者应该正常 ### 运动试验 检查 结果 检查 与肺量计相比，这种试验对于呼吸困难程度不成比例的患者有价值。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢阻肺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@此外还可能出现轻度肌紧张，但无反跳痛。急性胰腺炎@低钙血症的临床体征较为罕见，但出现时非常具有特异性，例如轻击面部刺激神经时可见面部肌痉挛（沃斯特克征），以及应用血压袖带时可见腕足痉挛（特鲁索征）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反跳痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度肌紧张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沃斯特克征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@### 发音含糊、口齿不清 由于神经功能受损。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口齿不清"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发音含糊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
控制致命的脑水肿最为关键，可合用甘露醇、呋塞米及皮质激素。适量输入葡萄糖和胰岛素，补充肉碱及瓜氨酸有助于缓解肝病进展。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰岛素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瓜氨酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甘露醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呋塞米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑水肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瓜氨酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰岛素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "葡萄糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【实验室检査】 实验室检查为确诊DIC的依据。 抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)测定:AT-Ⅲ是重要的生理抗凝物质，它使凝血酶、激活的因子Ⅹ失去活性而起抗凝作用，在此过程中AT-Ⅲ被消耗，故DIC早期血浆中AT-Ⅲ明显减少。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "DIC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@若鞘内注射不能实现，可考虑通过Ommaya储液囊进行脑室治疗。急性淋巴细胞白血病@化疗药物包括替尼泊苷、依托泊苷、安吖啶、米托蒽醌、伊达比星、HDAC（大剂量阿糖胞苷）或中大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HDM）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@结果 总胆红素和间接胆红素升高 ### 总血清 LDH 水平 检查 结果 检查 所有患者存在疑似HELLP 综合征的临床特征，都应当进行这些检查。 HELLP 综合征@结果 升高(＞600IU/L) ### 尿酸水平 检查 结果 检查 对存在晚期肾损害、胎盘早剥或疑有类似疾病表现的严重患者，应当实施这些检查。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿酸水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "总血清 LDH 水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "晚期肾损害",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿酸水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "胎盘早剥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿酸水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心力衰竭@最常见原因为持续性室上性心动过速，可伴或不伴心脏结构异常。心力衰竭@此外，原发性心肌病如心内膜弹力纤维增生症、先天性心肌病和病毒性心肌炎所致者亦不常见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜弹力纤维增生症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒性心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性室上性心动过速"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@在这些病例中，患者以心境恶劣首发，但会出现重性抑郁发作（在疾病发生后的最初 2 年之内出现），在重性抑郁发作之间会出现心境恶劣模式。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重性抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心境恶劣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第十三章 硬皮病 【概述】 硬皮病（scleroderma）是儿童时期少见的慢性结缔组织病。 3.重叠型 局限或弥漫型伴有另一种结缔组织病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重叠型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "硬皮病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "scleroderma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（一）头颅改变 主要见于婴幼儿发病者，多为先天性脑积水。头部叩诊呈“破壶音”（Macewen征），重者叩诊时有颤动感。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "先天性脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头部叩诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "破壶音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Macewen征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颤动感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
新生儿黄疸@在美国，8%-9%出生后1周内的新生儿有重度高胆红素血症（总血清胆红素水平﹥第95百分位数）；大约4%发生在出生后72小时。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "高胆红素血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "8%-9%出生后1周内的新生儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@### 黏膜出血 牙龈或鼻出血或者女性月经过多可能是由于相关的血小板减少所致。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "血小板减少",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "牙龈或鼻出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "血小板减少",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性月经过多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@研究发现阿司匹林可有效缓解疼痛和发热，短期使用无明显的胃肠道副作用， 但有报道指出，此疗法会小幅度增加消化不良的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第十章 小儿腹泻病 在未明确病因前，大便性状改变与大便次数比平时增多，统称为腹泻病（diarrheal disease）。 （3）真菌和原虫： 真菌感染主要为白色念珠菌（Candidaalbicans），一些原虫的感染如蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（Giardia lam-blia）、结肠小袋虫（Balantidium coli）、隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidi-um）及阿米巴原虫（Entamoeba histolytica）等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿腹泻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "真菌和原虫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "腹泻病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "diarrheal disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
需重视的是，新生儿窒息是新生儿期心源性休克的重要原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "心源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿窒息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
PKU是因苯丙氨酸羟化酶（phenylalanine hydroxylase，PAH）基因突变导致PAH活性降低或丧失，Phe在肝脏中代谢紊乱所致。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Phe在肝脏中代谢紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶",
"subject_type": "其他",
"object": {
"@value": "phenylalanine hydroxylase"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶",
"subject_type": "其他",
"object": {
"@value": "PAH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基因突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活性降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@ * 肿瘤姑息可尝试使用光动力治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "光动力治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
GSD依其所缺陷的酶12型，多数属分解代谢上的缺陷，使糖原异常堆积。一些患者尽管血糖很低，但无明显的低血糖症状，往往因肝大就诊，经生化检查才发现低血糖。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖原异常堆积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝大",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生化检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
一、急性鼻咽炎 急性鼻咽炎（acute nasopharyngitis）俗称伤风或感冒（common cold），病原体侵犯鼻及鼻咽部为主，主要病原为鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和冠状病毒，其他病原少见。体格检查可见咽部充血，扁桃体肿大，颌下淋巴结肿大、触痛等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽部充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "扁桃体肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颌下淋巴结肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "触痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute nasopharyngitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伤风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感冒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "common cold"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "副流感病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性鼻咽炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻咽部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@咽炎出现在发疹期。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@[ 风疹 ](/topics/zh-cn/1167) ### 传染性单核细胞增多症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 长期发热（即，1-2周，很少超过5周）。 登革热@EB病毒-特异性抗体：阳性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "EB病毒-特异性抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "传染性单核细胞增多症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长期发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@即使是轻度和被动吸烟，也与风险增加有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度和被动吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【临床并发症】 （一）支气管肺发育不良 （bronchopulmonary dysplasia，BPD） 为继发性慢性肺部病变，早产儿特别是经较长时间氧疗和机械通气可诱发，表现为生后2～3周对机械通气和吸入氧的依赖，严重病例肺部有放射学上纤维化的表现。应用肺表面活性物质治疗RDS可以减少BPD的发生，主要在于肺表面活性物质可以显著减少患儿对机械通气和氧疗的依赖时间，并降低机械通气压力和吸入氧浓度。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "RDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺发育不良 （bronchopulmonary dysplasia，BPD）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
早产@降低围产儿并发症发病率和死亡率：有高质量的证据表明，在出生最初的48小时内，较之安慰剂或未干预组，如能在产前使用皮质类固醇，更能有效地减少新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、脑室内出血、坏死性肠炎和新生儿感染的发生，但就降低慢性肺疾病的发生率而言未更有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "坏死性肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "新生儿感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@ 慢性炎症、血吸虫感染以及长期留置尿管增加膀胱鳞状细胞癌风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性炎症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血吸虫感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "膀胱鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长期留置尿管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（三）免疫分型 根据单克隆抗体（McAb）对白血病细胞表面分化抗原、胞质免疫球蛋白链的反应，可将ALL分为T、B二大系列。有骨浸润时骨扫描有异常浓集灶，骨X线平片可有虫蚀样病变或骨骺部白血病线。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "ALL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "ALL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨X线平片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@ 抗抑郁药常用于产后抑郁症治疗，其给药原则与其他类型的重性抑郁障碍相同。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗抑郁药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@血吸虫病发生于非洲、中东、远东、南美洲部分地区和加勒比地区。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加勒比地区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "南美洲部分地区"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "远东"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中东"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
成人慢性维生素A过多症首先出现的常是胃纳减退，体重下降，继而有皮肤干燥、脱屑、皲裂、毛发干枯、脱发、齿龈红肿、唇干裂和鼻出血等皮肤黏膜损伤现象,以及长骨肌肉连接处疼痛伴肿胀,体格检查可见贫血、肝脾大。X线检查长骨可见骨皮质增生，骨膜增厚。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长骨可见骨皮质增生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨膜增厚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃纳减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤干燥、脱屑、皲裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛发干枯、脱发"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "齿龈红肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "唇干裂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性维生素A过多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肺结核@结核病患者合并 HIV 感染可以进行标准治疗，根据抗逆转录病毒治疗方案的不同，可以用利福布汀代替利福平。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利福布汀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利福平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
单纯IDA时，白细胞通常在正常范围或稍低。伴有钩虫病患儿可有嗜酸性粒细胞增多。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜酸性粒细胞增多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
造血干细胞移植 指征包括原发性HLH、NK细胞活性持续性降低、虽无明确阳性家族史或基因突变但诱导治疗8周仍未缓解、HLH停药后复发者。有条件者，一旦确诊HLH即应进行HLA配型，为将来可能进行的造血干细胞移植争取时间。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "造血干细胞移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@ 社会史和危险因素 * 应该询问患者是否存在导致病毒性肝炎的风险行为，例如静脉吸毒、不使用避孕工具的性交、纹身等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉吸毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不使用避孕工具的性交"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "病毒性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纹身"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@这些妊娠女性接受剖宫产子宫切除术的风险也增加了，但这个风险仍然较低(0.2%)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剖宫产子宫切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@鉴于狂犬病痉挛发作（恐水和恐风）可被诱发，可参照破伤风的标准疗法，如隔离、房间调暗、限制人员进入等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "房间调暗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恐水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恐风"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
4.脑室膜炎 因新生动物实验表明病菌从脉络丛进入侧脑室再扩散至蛛网膜下腔。较多的国内外报道显示脑室内给药可提高治愈率，减少后遗症，每次可用庆大霉素或阿米卡星1～5mg，氨苄西林10～50mg。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑室膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑室膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿米卡星"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑室膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@口服氨基水杨酸通常安全和耐受性良好。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨基水杨酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@ 若存在局灶性神经系统体征，应进行头颅磁共振扫描。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅磁共振扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |