Rosenberg/CMeIE · Datasets at Hugging Face

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非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@规律的体育锻炼能够有效提高心肺功能，降低心肌需氧量。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "规律的体育锻炼" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]
中耳炎@对于较大的会说话幼童，关键因素还包括先前曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病，随后发生急性耳痛。中耳炎@对于说话前幼童，关键因素应包括提示耳痛的发热或全身症状，如易怒、哭闹、睡眠失调、呕吐或食欲不振。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "易怒" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "哭闹" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睡眠失调" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "食欲不振" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性耳痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
心肌炎@### 心包摩擦音心肌炎常常扩大至心包（心肌心包炎），并可导致听诊心包摩擦音。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心包摩擦音" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心包" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
广泛性焦虑障碍@关于苯二氮䓬类药物在治疗GAD的长期疗效尚缺少足够信息。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GAD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "苯二氮䓬类药物" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
食物中毒@### 肝胆疾病吸虫病患者可出现胆绞痛、胆汁淤积、胆结石、肝脓肿或肝炎的特征。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝胆疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆绞痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆汁淤积" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆结石" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝脓肿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
宫颈癌@结果异常 ### 钡剂灌肠检查结果检查检查有无包块压迫肠道；可以提示分期。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "钡剂灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
磨牙症@### 牙齿敏感如果牙齿的磨损到达牙本质，牙髓可能会对冷空气或液体更敏感。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "牙齿敏感" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
成人哮喘@糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘患者应考虑是否是声带功能障碍，但也可能与哮喘共存。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
但妊娠期高血压患者的滋养细胞浸润过浅，只有蜕膜层血管重铸，俗称“胎盘浅着床”。（3）血管内皮细胞受损：血管内皮细胞损伤是子痫前期的基本病理变化，它使扩血管物质如一氧化氮（NO）、前列环素I2合成减少，而缩血管物质如内皮素（ET)、血栓素A2等合成增加，从而促进血管痉挛。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管内皮细胞受损" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "子痫前期" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管痉挛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
【诊断】真菌检査因假丝酵母菌是常驻菌，从皮肤、黏膜、痰、粪等标本中査到孢子不能肯定其为致病菌，必须在显微镜下见到出芽的酵母菌与假菌丝，结合临床表现才能确定假丝酵母菌病的诊断： ①病灶组织或假膜、渗液等标本显微镜检查，可见厚膜孢子及假菌丝，多次显微镜检查阳性有诊断意义;②标本真菌培养1周内出现乳白色光滑菌落，菌落数大于50% ,有诊断意义。眼底检査假丝酵母菌菌血症患者视网膜和脉络膜上可见白色云雾状或棉球样病灶。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "眼底检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "眼底检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "真菌检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "标本真菌培养" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "真菌检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "显微镜检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
类癌综合征@## 治疗步骤类癌综合征相关症状的控制是基于减少激素的分泌。类癌综合征@然而，当原发灶在肠道内，分泌的胺会被肝脏降解，症状一般不会出现。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠道" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
急性阑尾炎@关于术后预防性静脉使用抗生素尚存争议；然而，对于无并发症的阑尾炎，推荐使用头孢西丁来降低切口感染的风险。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无并发症的阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "头孢西丁" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
急性阑尾炎@恶心和呕吐也见于 75% 的患者。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
喉癌@ * III期：5年生存率是60%。喉癌@ * IV期：5年生存率是25%。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "III期" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 急性冠脉综合征概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/152) ### 急性脑卒中 \| 存在差异 \| 中这些患者脑血管动脉粥样硬化及卒中风险增加。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@积极的生活方式改变和药物治疗可降低这种风险。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "积极的生活方式改变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]
肛门癌@在一项研究中，41% 的肛管癌患者确诊之前至少有 5 年的良性肛门直肠疾病病史。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "良性肛门直肠疾病病史" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
口咽癌@CT扫描上的肿瘤特征为脂肪层消失的占位性生长，肌肉浸润，骨质破坏以及静脉增强时周围强化。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌肉浸润" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨质破坏" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
在我国，经过长期、广泛和深入的防治工作，重症维生素D缺乏性佝偻病患儿的发病率已下降。1987年，全国9省、自治区调查，3岁以下小儿平均佝偻病患病率为27. 2%，又明显下降。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "27. 2%" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]
麻风病@ ### 肾损伤 \| 存在差异 \| 低可能出现肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎和肾盂肾炎。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾损伤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾小球肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "间质性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾盂肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
胃扭转生后数周内出现呕吐，移动体位时呕吐加剧。X线钡餐检查可见:①食管与胃黏膜有交叉现象;②胃大弯位于小弯之上;③幽门窦的位置高于十二指肠球部;④双胃泡、双液平面;⑤食管腹段延长，且开口于胃下方。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "X线钡餐检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
肾小球肾炎@### 高血压 GFR 下降和水钠潴留，引起全身性高血压。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "高血压" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "全身性高血压" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
胆囊炎@### 墨菲征阳性右肋下区压痛阳性。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "墨菲征阳性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
阿尔茨海默病@检查散发型：弥散加权相和液体衰减反转恢复相 MRI 显示尾状核和壳核内高密度信号。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
（二）上消化道造影当怀疑有肠旋转不良时，常规应行消化道造影检查，首选钡剂造影，也可选用水溶性造影剂。（三）钡剂灌肠尽管钡灌肠是诊断肠旋转不良的方法之一，但同上消化道造影相比，有较大局限性。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "钡剂灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "上消化道造影" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
二、先天性肺囊肿先天性肺囊肿（congenital pulmonary cysts）是常见的肺发育异常，系胚胎期肺芽发育障碍所致。囊肿大者可压迫气管或主支气管引起阵发性咳嗽、气促、喘息甚至发绀等症状，伴反复肺部感染。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "咳嗽" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "气促" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "喘息" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发绀" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反复肺部感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "congenital pulmonary cysts" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
1986年在美国，化脑的平均发病年龄为15个月。【流行病学及病原学】细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "细菌性脑膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "15个月" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
苯丙氨酸浓度测定正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。【诊断和鉴别诊断】根据智力落后、头发由黑变黄,特殊体味和血苯丙氨酸升高,排除四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症就可以确诊。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
急性肾炎必须注意和以下疾病鉴别： 1.其他病原体感染后的肾小球肾炎多种病原体可引起急性肾炎,可从原发感染灶及各自临床特点相区别。若患儿呈急性起病,有明确的链球菌感染的证据,血清C3降低，肾活体组织检查病理为毛细血管内增生性肾炎者有助于急性肾炎的诊断。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾活体组织检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
食管癌@已经证实PET有助于分类化疗反应和预测肺癌、头颈癌患者的生存期。食管癌@ FDG- PET扫描一般在EUS前检查，以对避免转移患者行不必要的检查。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "EUS" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤如果条件允许可以行部分膀胱切除，或先行病理活检，接受加强化疗和放疗。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "部分膀胱切除" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "病理活检" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "放疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "加强化疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
铅中毒@急性铅脑病是一种紧急情况，需要在重症监护条件下进行积极的螯合疗法。铅中毒@急性症状可以随着治疗而缓解，但是神经损伤和心血管毒性不可逆。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神经损伤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性铅脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "螯合疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
内脏型消化道假丝酵母菌病（gastrointestinal candidiasis):最常见为假丝酵母菌肠炎（Candida enteritis) ，常伴低热,发生在腹泻基础上，大便为稀便、水样便或豆腐渣样便,多泡沫,有发酵气味，每日3次至十余次不等。严重者形成肠黏膜溃疡而出现便血。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠黏膜溃疡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠黏膜溃疡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Candida enteritis" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "假丝酵母菌肠炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "低热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "稀便" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "水样便" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "gastrointestinal candidiasis" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "低热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泡沫" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠黏膜溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
【临床表现】肾母细胞瘤的临床表现并不复杂，而是相当一致的。（一）腹部肿块大多是在无意中发现患儿腹部有肿块而来就诊，一般系母亲替小儿洗澡或穿衣时，或医务人员因其他原因作全身检查而发现腹部有包块存在。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹部肿块" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
急性阑尾炎@[ 肠套叠 ](/topics/zh-cn/679) ### 克罗恩病体征/症状检查体征/症状好发于青年，症状有发热、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、右下腹痛以及局限性压痛。急性阑尾炎@小肠和结肠造影剂检查可能显示狭窄或黏膜有一系列溃疡和裂隙（鹅卵石样外观）。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠和结肠造影剂检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠套叠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "克罗恩病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "右下腹痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "局限性压痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "青年" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]
溃疡性结肠炎@### 直肠出血出血的严重程度和频率与疾病的严重度和病变范围有关。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "直肠出血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
在明确为其他疾病前，1岁以内患儿发生胆汁性呕吐应首先考虑肠旋转不良。中肠扭转影像学表现有：①胃出口梗阻，可见扩张的胃泡，远端气体减少；②典型的双泡征提示十二指肠梗阻。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胃出口梗阻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "扩张的胃泡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "远端气体减少" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆汁性呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
痛风@痛风通常会影响第一跖趾关节（身体较冷部位）和骨关节炎好发关节。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "第一跖趾关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
（二）免疫抑制剂 1.糖皮质激素是治疗SLE基本药物，主要作用于G0期淋巴细胞，有强烈抗炎作用。 5.环孢霉素A 选择性作用于辅助性T细胞，间接抑制B细胞产生抗体，但毒副作用大，尤其是肾脏的毒副作用。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "环孢霉素A" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "糖皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
SIDS的发病与发病前2周所患的疾病、就诊次数增加、伴有消化道疾病以及精神不振有关。患儿常有反复喂养困难和睡眠时多汗，但这些症状较难用已知的疾病来解释。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反复喂养困难" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睡眠时多汗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
帕金森病@### 便秘自主功能障碍的反映。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便秘" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
念珠菌病@ 10.先天性皮肤念珠菌又称新生儿皮肤念珠菌病，罕见。念珠菌病@少数病例初发皮疹为大片红斑，继而出现小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "初发皮疹为大片红斑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "新生儿皮肤念珠菌病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
急性咽喉炎@其他可引起咽炎的链球菌包括 B 型、C 型和 G 型链球菌。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "G 型链球菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
急性肾小管坏死（acute tubular necrosis，ATN）可分为缺血性及中毒性两类。而缺血性ATN病变可涉及各段肾小管，呈弥漫性分布，坏死的小管基底膜断裂，上皮细胞再生较差。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "中毒性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "各段肾小管" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "缺血性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "中毒性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
转移性乳腺癌@### 进一步评估如果患者具有显著的特异性症状，则应针对有症状的部位进行影像学检查（例如 CT、MRI、PET/CT 或 PET/MRI）。转移性乳腺癌@该积液可能与癌症有关或无关，因为这类患者常伴有其他共病，包括充血性心力衰竭、肺炎、肺栓塞及营养不良，这些共病也可导致胸腔积液的发生。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PET/CT" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "充血性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
我国儿童急性肠套叠发生率较欧美为高【病因和发病机制】肠套叠分原发和继发两种。95%为原发性，多见于婴幼儿，婴儿回盲部系膜尚未完全固定、活动度较大是容易发生肠套叠的结构上因素。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "原发", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "原发" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "继发" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
胃炎@### 胆汁反流性胃炎查看全部   首选 –   雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝 #### 第一选择 [ 雷贝拉唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 20mg口服，每日1次或 [ 硫糖铝 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1g口服，每日4次对大部分患者，初始给予雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝进行对症治疗是合适的。胃炎@第二 –   手术对于既往接受胃部手术和症状持续存在患者，Roux-en-Y 转流术可能有益。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Roux-en-Y 转流术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "雷贝拉唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "硫糖铝" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
乙型肝炎@C 基因型是与肝硬化和肝癌最相关的乙型肝炎基因型。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "乙型肝炎基因型" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝硬化" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝癌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
慢性髓性白血病@### 骨髓活检检查结果检查所有患者在诊断时都需要做骨髓活检，以确定疾病的分期并进行核型分析。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨髓活检" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
慢性肾病@腹膜透析可在家中进行，并可供所有患者使用。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹膜透析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
隐球菌病@ 3.氟康唑有很好的血-脑屏障通透性，能达到极佳的脑脊液浓度。隐球菌病@病初阶段与两性霉素B联合应用能更快使脑脊液转阴，并减少两性霉素B的用量和毒副作用，是治疗中枢神经系统隐球菌病的首选药物之一。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中枢神经系统隐球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氟康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
睾丸癌@约55%的患者肿物出现在右侧。睾丸癌@### 其他诊断因素 ### 罕见查看全部   ### 睾丸外症状当出现或不出现明显的原发睾丸肿瘤的表现， 5%-10%的患者出现睾丸外症状。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睾丸外症状" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
广泛性焦虑障碍@被诊断的患者中约2/3为女性，在临床中女性相对男性被诊断的比例要更大（55%-60%）。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "女性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]
登革热@[ 传染性单核细胞增多症 ](/topics/zh-cn/123) ### 脑膜炎体征/症状检查体征/症状颈部痛和/或强直。登革热@意识改变癫痫发作出血性皮疹。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "意识改变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "癫痫" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "出血性皮疹" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "脑膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "颈部痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "强直" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 支气管扩张剂治疗选择 β 受体激动剂被广泛用于 COPD 的治疗中。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "支气管扩张剂" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
【临床表现】药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。（二）肾小管-间质疾病青霉素可引起急性过敏性间质性肾炎而表现为血尿、白细胞尿和蛋白尿。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾小管-间质疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "青霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小管-间质疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "蛋白尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "白细胞尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
早产@患者在孕期反复发生泌尿道感染，有两次尿液培养阳性史。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泌尿道感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿液培养阳性史" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
三、蛛网膜下腔出血第五篇新生儿和新生儿疾病第四章新生儿期疾病第四节新生儿颅内出血【临床表现】【治疗】原发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ primary subarachnoid hemorrhage ）是新生儿常见的颅内出血类型，多见于早产儿，也可见于足月儿，前者主要与缺氧有关，后者则多由产伤所致。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "蛛网膜下腔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "primary subarachnoid hemorrhage" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
破伤风@可能有明显的破伤风易感伤口；否则应询问患者近期是否受伤，是否接受了医疗（包括肌内注射、产科手术），有无耳部感染，以及是否接触过针刺（非法使用毒品、针灸或穿耳洞）。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌内注射" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "产科手术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "耳部感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
管儿童是幽门螺杆菌的易感人群，已有的资料也显示中国儿童人群中幽门螺杆菌感染率很高，感染后所造成的结局相差有悬殊；因根除治疗困难以及抗生素的长期应用会产生不良反应等因素的存在，所以对所有幽门螺杆菌感染者都给予根除治疗显然是不可能也不现实的。（二）抗幽门螺杆菌的体外药敏试验体外试验表明，幽门螺杆菌对青霉素类最为敏感；对氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类（头孢氨苄及头孢磺吡苄除外）、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、红霉素及利福平等高度敏感；对大环内酯类、硝基咪唑类、呋喃类、哌氟喹酸及诺氟沙星中度敏感；对磺胺类及万古霉素等不敏感。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氧氟沙星" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "环丙沙星" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "红霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "利福平" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "万古霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "中国" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]
成人哮喘@为确定其最大益处，可能需进行为期 4~6 周的试验；一旦达到哮喘控制，就可以减少剂量。成人哮喘@LTRA，如孟鲁司特和扎鲁司特，可使哮喘达到长期控制，预防哮喘症状发生，也是轻度持续性哮喘患者一种可供选择的治疗方法，但不是首选。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "孟鲁司特" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "扎鲁司特" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "LTRA" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
真菌性脑膜炎@# 证据 ## 证据评分隐球菌性脑膜炎复发风险：一项随机对照试验（RCT）提供了低质量的证据，与伊曲康唑相比，氟康唑减少了成功治疗后隐球菌性脑膜炎的复发。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "伊曲康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氟康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
溃疡性结肠炎@是炎症性肠病的一种类型，累及直肠，并向近端扩展，特征是结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症，病程呈反复发作和缓解。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "溃疡性结肠炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "直肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
1.黏多糖病I-H型（Hurler综合征）本型是最严重的一种类型，常在10岁左右死亡，病因为缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶，导致硫酸皮肤素和硫酸肝素在体内积聚，全身脏器如角膜、软骨、骨骼、皮肤、心肌内膜及血管结缔组织等均受累。临床有智能低下，面容丑陋，肝脾肿大，骨骼病变，心血管病变，角膜混浊和耳聋。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "智能低下" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "面容丑陋" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝脾肿大" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼病变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心血管病变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "角膜混浊" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "耳聋" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Hurler综合征" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "角膜" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "软骨" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "皮肤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心肌内膜" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管结缔组织" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
上呼吸道感染的并发症在婴幼儿较为多见。年长儿若患链球菌性上感，可由于变态反应引起急性肾炎、风湿热等。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "风湿热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "风湿热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@第二 –   放疗放射线疗法是 Bowen 病的一种治疗选择，特别是对于被认为不可切除或者不能耐受手术的患者。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "放射线疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
急性髓性白血病@在皮肤内部，可能存在白血病皮肤浸润，并且皮肤溃疡的存在 [例如，急性发热性嗜中性白细胞增多性皮肤病（Sweet 综合征）或坏疽性脓皮病] 可能提示有潜在的恶性肿瘤。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "坏疽性脓皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶性肿瘤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
苯丙氨酸浓度测定正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。 DHPR活性测定二氢生物蝶啶还原酶缺乏症时该酶活性明显降低。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "DHPR活性测定" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
高钠的原发因素如钠的入量过多，常为医源性或意外所致，如配方奶用盐水而不是用葡萄糖调制、静脉内不适当地输入高张盐水、盐水灌肠浓度不当或过量、误服食盐过量等。临床更常见的是单纯水的缺失，即失水大于失盐引起的高钠血症。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "配方奶用盐水" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "误服食盐过量" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "失水大于失盐引起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
缺血性卒中@两项对急性缺血性卒中患者使用阿司匹林的随机试验表明，阿司匹林组的临床结局呈更好的趋势。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "阿司匹林" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
感染性心内膜炎@在无法耐受青霉素（I 型超敏反应）的患者中，建议使用万古霉素加庆大霉素（持续6 周）。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "万古霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "庆大霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
垂体功能减退@### 夜尿和多尿抗利尿激素缺乏导致尿崩症。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "抗利尿激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿崩症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "夜尿和多尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "夜尿和多尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
【实验室检查】 JAS无特殊检查项目，活动期可有轻度贫血，血沉加快，RF和ANA均阴性。放射影像改变的特征是骶髂关节面硬化、糜烂或关节间隙增宽，继而发展到关节间隙变窄和僵直。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "关节间隙变窄和僵直" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "轻度贫血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血沉加快" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "RF和ANA均阴性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
脑炎@### 非病毒性病因查看全部   首选 –   支持性治疗 + 潜在病因的治疗常常不明病因，因此，大多数情况下无针对性措施。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "潜在病因的治疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "支持性治疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
五、CVS的治疗因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。阿米替林从0. 2～0. 4mg/（kg•d）开始，睡前服，剂量可每周逐渐增加10mg到最大剂量1. 5mg/（kg•d）。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "阿米替林" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
某些病毒性脑膜炎患者脑电图也可正常。神经影像学检査 MRI对显示病变比CT更有优势。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神经影像学检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则 1.水杨酸盐以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K110mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。惊厥者给予地西泮、肾上腺皮质激素，并注意呼吸支持。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "地西泮" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾上腺皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "碳酸氢钠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "维生素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 附加 –   残余屈光不正的矫正针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐如果术中未植入人工晶状体或存在残余屈光不正（例如，植入晶状体未能矫正的散光），那么患者可能需要配戴接触镜或眼镜，以获得良好术后视力。白内障@患者也可选择白内障后屈光手术。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "白内障后屈光手术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "残余屈光不正的矫正" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
川崎病（Kawasaki disease，KD)于1967年由日本川崎富作首先报告，又称为黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征（mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome，MCLS)，约15% ~20%未经治疗的患儿发生冠状动脉损害。唇及口腔表现:唇充血皲裂，口腔黏膜弥漫充血，舌乳头突起、充血，呈草莓舌。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "唇充血皲裂" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "口腔黏膜弥漫充血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "舌乳头突起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "草莓舌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "充血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Kawasaki disease" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "KD" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MCLS" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
先天性甲状腺功能减退症:该症除有生长发育落后、骨龄明显落后外,还有特殊面容、基础代谢率低、智能低下,故不难与生长激素缺乏症区别。骨骼发育障碍:各种骨、软骨发育不全等,均有特殊的面容和体态，可选择进行骨骼X线片检査以鉴别。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼发育障碍" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨、软骨发育不全" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "特殊的面容和体态" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼X线片检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
3.学龄前期原发性溃疡逐渐增多，此期腹痛症状明显，多位于脐周，呈间歇性发作，与饮食关系不明确，恶心、呕吐与上消化道出血也较常见。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "上消化道出血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
前列腺癌@血尿及排尿困难可能是晚期的症状。前列腺癌@少数情况下，患者会出现恶性肿瘤的全身症状，包括体重减轻/厌食、骨痛和嗜睡。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "体重减轻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "厌食" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "嗜睡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "排尿困难" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
第八章肺部感染性疾病肺炎是儿科常见病、多发病，而且有资料表明，小儿肺炎是目前我国婴幼儿死亡的首位原因，迄今仍严重威胁着小儿的生命和健康。肺炎可由各种微生物引起，其中以细菌和病毒最为多见。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "由各种微生物引起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小儿肺炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "小儿肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿死亡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "预后" } } ]
3.肾上腺皮质激素治疗肾上腺皮质激素治疗GBS的疗效尚有争议。有学者认为大剂量肾上腺皮质激素冲击疗效好，能抑制B细胞产生抗体，同时减轻神经组织水肿，方法为甲泼尼龙，开始剂量为15mg/（kg•d），3～5天后改为口服泼尼松，4周后减量，总疗程为6～7周。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "甲泼尼龙" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泼尼松" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾上腺皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
（一）全身症状 NEC患儿常有反应差、神萎、拒食，严重病例面色苍白或青灰、四肢厥冷、休克、酸中毒、黄疸加重，早产儿易发生反复呼吸暂停、心率减慢。（二）腹胀和肠鸣音减弱患儿先有胃排空延迟、胃潴留，随后出现腹胀。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹胀" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠鸣音减弱" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反应差" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神萎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "拒食" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "面色苍白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "四肢厥冷" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "休克" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "酸中毒" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "黄疸加重" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呼吸暂停" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心率减慢" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]
第四节永存动脉干永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。30%的患儿可有共同干瓣膜的狭窄，50%患儿可伴有共同干瓣膜的反流，两者将直接影响该病的预后。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "共同干瓣膜的狭窄" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "共同干瓣膜的反流" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "truncus arteriosus" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]
非小细胞肺癌@然而，如果已进行了PET，没有必要进行骨扫描，因为PET检查敏感度更高。非小细胞肺癌@ * 对于早期非小细胞肺癌的患者，基于症状怀疑是否发生脑转移时，可以采取头部CT或MRI检查。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PET" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "头部CT" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
自身免疫性肝炎@胆汁淤积性疾病（罕见）和重叠综合征的水平更高。自身免疫性肝炎@结果轻度至中度升高 ### 血清球蛋白检查结果检查 γ 球蛋白水平通常是正常值的 1.2-3.0 倍；1 型自身免疫性肝炎患者的升高幅度远高于 2 型自身免疫性肝炎患者。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血清球蛋白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或III级（WHO标准）暴露者，一期缝合之前在伤口处注射人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白 (human rabies immunoglobulin, hRIG)。狂犬病@如果解剖结构允许，应在伤口和伤口周围注入尽可能多的抗体。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "human rabies immunoglobulin", "subject_type": "药物", "object": { "@value": "hRIG" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "抗体" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]
【病理变化】 NEC可累及整个小肠和结肠，但好发部位多在回肠远端和升结肠近端，轻症时坏死肠段只有数厘米，重症时可伸延至空肠和结肠部位，但一般不影响十二指肠。进展期病变范围扩大，累及肌层，严重者肠壁全层坏死，可并发肠穿孔和腹膜炎。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌层" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠穿孔" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "回肠远端" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "升结肠近端" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "空肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
空气灌肠由肛门注人气体,在X线透视下可见杯口阴影，能清楚看见套叠头的块影，并可同时进行复位治疗。只用于慢性肠套叠疑难病例。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "空气灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
13-三体综合征@通常发现孕母妊娠年龄分布存在25岁和38岁两个高峰，似乎后一个高峰与孕母的高龄密切相关。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "孕母的高龄" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
支气管扩张患儿的治疗应重视体位引流，以排除气道分泌物；雾化吸入疗法对稀化黏痰有良好效果。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "雾化吸入疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]
【诊断】近年来，随着诊断技术的发展，骨骼肿瘤的诊断也有了很大的提高。（二）CT和MRI检查已经成为骨骼肿瘤诊断中的主要手段之一，它除了能够对肿瘤组织的部位、大小、形状以及是否有软组织转移具有特异性的影像学显示外，还能通过对肿瘤组织内部的影像学表现来判断肿瘤的性质。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "CT和MRI检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
铅中毒@骨是铅的主要贮藏部位，包含了体内绝大多数的铅负荷（＞90%）。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
慢性髓性白血病@## 病因学唯一已知的风险是电离辐射暴露。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "电离辐射暴露" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
骨性关节炎@适当用健侧手支撑拐杖行走对于受累及的髋关节、膝关节可以减轻疼痛、提高功能。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "髋关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "膝关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]
乳腺原位癌@ 大多数组织机构发行的指南中推荐年龄≥40岁的女性每年进行一次双侧乳腺X线检查作为筛查。乳腺原位癌@ 通过乳腺X线检查，以及其他影像学检查，如超声、核磁共振，以及活检进行诊断。	[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "双侧乳腺X线检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]
食物中毒@ 弯曲菌、沙门氏菌病以及产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌 (VETC) 的普遍感染时间与温带气候的季节性变化相关，均在夏季达到高峰。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": { "@value": "VETC" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "弯曲菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "沙门氏菌病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]
重症渗出性多形红斑@春秋季发病者较多。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "春秋季" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]
(三）PS替代疗法可明显降低RDS病死率及气胸发生率，同时可改善肺顺应性和通换气功能，降低呼吸机参数。	[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PS替代疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PS替代疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@规律的体育锻炼能够有效提高心肺功能，降低心肌需氧量。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "规律的体育锻炼" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]

中耳炎@对于较大的会说话幼童，关键因素还包括先前曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病，随后发生急性耳痛。中耳炎@对于说话前幼童，关键因素应包括提示耳痛的发热或全身症状，如易怒、哭闹、睡眠失调、呕吐或食欲不振。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "易怒" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "哭闹" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睡眠失调" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "食欲不振" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "曾患病毒性呼吸道疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性耳痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

心肌炎@### 心包摩擦音心肌炎常常扩大至心包（心肌心包炎），并可导致听诊心包摩擦音。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心包摩擦音" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心包" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

广泛性焦虑障碍@关于苯二氮䓬类药物在治疗GAD的长期疗效尚缺少足够信息。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GAD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "苯二氮䓬类药物" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

食物中毒@### 肝胆疾病吸虫病患者可出现胆绞痛、胆汁淤积、胆结石、肝脓肿或肝炎的特征。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝胆疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆绞痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆汁淤积" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆结石" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝脓肿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

宫颈癌@结果异常 ### 钡剂灌肠检查结果检查检查有无包块压迫肠道；可以提示分期。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "钡剂灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

磨牙症@### 牙齿敏感如果牙齿的磨损到达牙本质，牙髓可能会对冷空气或液体更敏感。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "牙齿敏感" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

成人哮喘@糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘患者应考虑是否是声带功能障碍，但也可能与哮喘共存。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

但妊娠期高血压患者的滋养细胞浸润过浅，只有蜕膜层血管重铸，俗称“胎盘浅着床”。（3）血管内皮细胞受损：血管内皮细胞损伤是子痫前期的基本病理变化，它使扩血管物质如一氧化氮（NO）、前列环素I2合成减少，而缩血管物质如内皮素（ET)、血栓素A2等合成增加，从而促进血管痉挛。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管内皮细胞受损" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "子痫前期" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管内皮细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管痉挛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

【诊断】真菌检査因假丝酵母菌是常驻菌，从皮肤、黏膜、痰、粪等标本中査到孢子不能肯定其为致病菌，必须在显微镜下见到出芽的酵母菌与假菌丝，结合临床表现才能确定假丝酵母菌病的诊断： ①病灶组织或假膜、渗液等标本显微镜检查，可见厚膜孢子及假菌丝，多次显微镜检查阳性有诊断意义;②标本真菌培养1周内出现乳白色光滑菌落，菌落数大于50% ,有诊断意义。眼底检査假丝酵母菌菌血症患者视网膜和脉络膜上可见白色云雾状或棉球样病灶。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "眼底检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "眼底检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "真菌检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "标本真菌培养" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "真菌检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "显微镜检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

类癌综合征@## 治疗步骤类癌综合征相关症状的控制是基于减少激素的分泌。类癌综合征@然而，当原发灶在肠道内，分泌的胺会被肝脏降解，症状一般不会出现。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠道" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

急性阑尾炎@关于术后预防性静脉使用抗生素尚存争议；然而，对于无并发症的阑尾炎，推荐使用头孢西丁来降低切口感染的风险。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无并发症的阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "头孢西丁" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

急性阑尾炎@恶心和呕吐也见于 75% 的患者。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

喉癌@ * III期：5年生存率是60%。喉癌@ * IV期：5年生存率是25%。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "III期" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]

稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 急性冠脉综合征概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/152) ### 急性脑卒中 | 存在差异 | 中这些患者脑血管动脉粥样硬化及卒中风险增加。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@积极的生活方式改变和药物治疗可降低这种风险。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "积极的生活方式改变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他" } } ]

肛门癌@在一项研究中，41% 的肛管癌患者确诊之前至少有 5 年的良性肛门直肠疾病病史。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "良性肛门直肠疾病病史" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

口咽癌@CT扫描上的肿瘤特征为脂肪层消失的占位性生长，肌肉浸润，骨质破坏以及静脉增强时周围强化。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌肉浸润" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨质破坏" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

在我国，经过长期、广泛和深入的防治工作，重症维生素D缺乏性佝偻病患儿的发病率已下降。1987年，全国9省、自治区调查，3岁以下小儿平均佝偻病患病率为27. 2%，又明显下降。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "27. 2%" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]

麻风病@ ### 肾损伤 | 存在差异 | 低可能出现肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎和肾盂肾炎。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾损伤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾小球肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "间质性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾盂肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

胃扭转生后数周内出现呕吐，移动体位时呕吐加剧。X线钡餐检查可见:①食管与胃黏膜有交叉现象;②胃大弯位于小弯之上;③幽门窦的位置高于十二指肠球部;④双胃泡、双液平面;⑤食管腹段延长，且开口于胃下方。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "X线钡餐检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

肾小球肾炎@### 高血压 GFR 下降和水钠潴留，引起全身性高血压。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "高血压" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "全身性高血压" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

胆囊炎@### 墨菲征阳性右肋下区压痛阳性。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "墨菲征阳性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

阿尔茨海默病@检查散发型：弥散加权相和液体衰减反转恢复相 MRI 显示尾状核和壳核内高密度信号。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

（二）上消化道造影当怀疑有肠旋转不良时，常规应行消化道造影检查，首选钡剂造影，也可选用水溶性造影剂。（三）钡剂灌肠尽管钡灌肠是诊断肠旋转不良的方法之一，但同上消化道造影相比，有较大局限性。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "钡剂灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "上消化道造影" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

二、先天性肺囊肿先天性肺囊肿（congenital pulmonary cysts）是常见的肺发育异常，系胚胎期肺芽发育障碍所致。囊肿大者可压迫气管或主支气管引起阵发性咳嗽、气促、喘息甚至发绀等症状，伴反复肺部感染。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "咳嗽" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "气促" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "喘息" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发绀" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反复肺部感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "congenital pulmonary cysts" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

1986年在美国，化脑的平均发病年龄为15个月。【流行病学及病原学】细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "细菌性脑膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "15个月" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

苯丙氨酸浓度测定正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。【诊断和鉴别诊断】根据智力落后、头发由黑变黄,特殊体味和血苯丙氨酸升高,排除四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症就可以确诊。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

急性肾炎必须注意和以下疾病鉴别： 1.其他病原体感染后的肾小球肾炎多种病原体可引起急性肾炎,可从原发感染灶及各自临床特点相区别。若患儿呈急性起病,有明确的链球菌感染的证据,血清C3降低，肾活体组织检查病理为毛细血管内增生性肾炎者有助于急性肾炎的诊断。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾活体组织检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

食管癌@已经证实PET有助于分类化疗反应和预测肺癌、头颈癌患者的生存期。食管癌@ FDG- PET扫描一般在EUS前检查，以对避免转移患者行不必要的检查。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "EUS" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤如果条件允许可以行部分膀胱切除，或先行病理活检，接受加强化疗和放疗。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "部分膀胱切除" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "病理活检" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "放疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "膀胱前列腺横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "加强化疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

铅中毒@急性铅脑病是一种紧急情况，需要在重症监护条件下进行积极的螯合疗法。铅中毒@急性症状可以随着治疗而缓解，但是神经损伤和心血管毒性不可逆。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神经损伤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性铅脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "螯合疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

内脏型消化道假丝酵母菌病（gastrointestinal candidiasis):最常见为假丝酵母菌肠炎（Candida enteritis) ，常伴低热,发生在腹泻基础上，大便为稀便、水样便或豆腐渣样便,多泡沫,有发酵气味，每日3次至十余次不等。严重者形成肠黏膜溃疡而出现便血。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠黏膜溃疡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠黏膜溃疡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Candida enteritis" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "假丝酵母菌肠炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "低热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "稀便" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "水样便" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "gastrointestinal candidiasis" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化道假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "低热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泡沫" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠黏膜溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

【临床表现】肾母细胞瘤的临床表现并不复杂，而是相当一致的。（一）腹部肿块大多是在无意中发现患儿腹部有肿块而来就诊，一般系母亲替小儿洗澡或穿衣时，或医务人员因其他原因作全身检查而发现腹部有包块存在。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹部肿块" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

急性阑尾炎@[ 肠套叠 ](/topics/zh-cn/679) ### 克罗恩病体征/症状检查体征/症状好发于青年，症状有发热、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、右下腹痛以及局限性压痛。急性阑尾炎@小肠和结肠造影剂检查可能显示狭窄或黏膜有一系列溃疡和裂隙（鹅卵石样外观）。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠和结肠造影剂检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠套叠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "克罗恩病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "发热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹泻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "右下腹痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "局限性压痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "青年" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]

溃疡性结肠炎@### 直肠出血出血的严重程度和频率与疾病的严重度和病变范围有关。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "直肠出血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

在明确为其他疾病前，1岁以内患儿发生胆汁性呕吐应首先考虑肠旋转不良。中肠扭转影像学表现有：①胃出口梗阻，可见扩张的胃泡，远端气体减少；②典型的双泡征提示十二指肠梗阻。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胃出口梗阻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "扩张的胃泡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "远端气体减少" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胆汁性呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

痛风@痛风通常会影响第一跖趾关节（身体较冷部位）和骨关节炎好发关节。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "第一跖趾关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

（二）免疫抑制剂 1.糖皮质激素是治疗SLE基本药物，主要作用于G0期淋巴细胞，有强烈抗炎作用。 5.环孢霉素A 选择性作用于辅助性T细胞，间接抑制B细胞产生抗体，但毒副作用大，尤其是肾脏的毒副作用。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "环孢霉素A" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "糖皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

SIDS的发病与发病前2周所患的疾病、就诊次数增加、伴有消化道疾病以及精神不振有关。患儿常有反复喂养困难和睡眠时多汗，但这些症状较难用已知的疾病来解释。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反复喂养困难" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睡眠时多汗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

帕金森病@### 便秘自主功能障碍的反映。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "便秘" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

念珠菌病@ 10.先天性皮肤念珠菌又称新生儿皮肤念珠菌病，罕见。念珠菌病@少数病例初发皮疹为大片红斑，继而出现小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "初发皮疹为大片红斑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小水疱、`脓疱，甚至大疱" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性皮肤念珠菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "新生儿皮肤念珠菌病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

急性咽喉炎@其他可引起咽炎的链球菌包括 B 型、C 型和 G 型链球菌。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "G 型链球菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

急性肾小管坏死（acute tubular necrosis，ATN）可分为缺血性及中毒性两类。而缺血性ATN病变可涉及各段肾小管，呈弥漫性分布，坏死的小管基底膜断裂，上皮细胞再生较差。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "中毒性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "各段肾小管" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "缺血性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "中毒性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

转移性乳腺癌@### 进一步评估如果患者具有显著的特异性症状，则应针对有症状的部位进行影像学检查（例如 CT、MRI、PET/CT 或 PET/MRI）。转移性乳腺癌@该积液可能与癌症有关或无关，因为这类患者常伴有其他共病，包括充血性心力衰竭、肺炎、肺栓塞及营养不良，这些共病也可导致胸腔积液的发生。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PET/CT" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "充血性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "胸腔积液" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

我国儿童急性肠套叠发生率较欧美为高【病因和发病机制】肠套叠分原发和继发两种。95%为原发性，多见于婴幼儿，婴儿回盲部系膜尚未完全固定、活动度较大是容易发生肠套叠的结构上因素。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "原发", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "原发" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "继发" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

胃炎@### 胆汁反流性胃炎查看全部   首选 –   雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝 #### 第一选择 [ 雷贝拉唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 20mg口服，每日1次或 [ 硫糖铝 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1g口服，每日4次对大部分患者，初始给予雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝进行对症治疗是合适的。胃炎@第二 –   手术对于既往接受胃部手术和症状持续存在患者，Roux-en-Y 转流术可能有益。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Roux-en-Y 转流术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "雷贝拉唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "硫糖铝" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

乙型肝炎@C 基因型是与肝硬化和肝癌最相关的乙型肝炎基因型。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "乙型肝炎基因型" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝硬化" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "C 基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝癌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

慢性髓性白血病@### 骨髓活检检查结果检查所有患者在诊断时都需要做骨髓活检，以确定疾病的分期并进行核型分析。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨髓活检" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

慢性肾病@腹膜透析可在家中进行，并可供所有患者使用。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹膜透析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

隐球菌病@ 3.氟康唑有很好的血-脑屏障通透性，能达到极佳的脑脊液浓度。隐球菌病@病初阶段与两性霉素B联合应用能更快使脑脊液转阴，并减少两性霉素B的用量和毒副作用，是治疗中枢神经系统隐球菌病的首选药物之一。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中枢神经系统隐球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氟康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

睾丸癌@约55%的患者肿物出现在右侧。睾丸癌@### 其他诊断因素 ### 罕见查看全部   ### 睾丸外症状当出现或不出现明显的原发睾丸肿瘤的表现， 5%-10%的患者出现睾丸外症状。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "睾丸外症状" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

广泛性焦虑障碍@被诊断的患者中约2/3为女性，在临床中女性相对男性被诊断的比例要更大（55%-60%）。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "女性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]

登革热@[ 传染性单核细胞增多症 ](/topics/zh-cn/123) ### 脑膜炎体征/症状检查体征/症状颈部痛和/或强直。登革热@意识改变癫痫发作出血性皮疹。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "意识改变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "癫痫" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "出血性皮疹" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "脑膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "颈部痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "强直" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 支气管扩张剂治疗选择 β 受体激动剂被广泛用于 COPD 的治疗中。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "支气管扩张剂" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

【临床表现】药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。（二）肾小管-间质疾病青霉素可引起急性过敏性间质性肾炎而表现为血尿、白细胞尿和蛋白尿。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾小管-间质疾病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "青霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小管-间质疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "蛋白尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性过敏性间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "白细胞尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

早产@患者在孕期反复发生泌尿道感染，有两次尿液培养阳性史。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泌尿道感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿液培养阳性史" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

三、蛛网膜下腔出血第五篇新生儿和新生儿疾病第四章新生儿期疾病第四节新生儿颅内出血【临床表现】【治疗】原发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ primary subarachnoid hemorrhage ）是新生儿常见的颅内出血类型，多见于早产儿，也可见于足月儿，前者主要与缺氧有关，后者则多由产伤所致。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "蛛网膜下腔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "primary subarachnoid hemorrhage" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

破伤风@可能有明显的破伤风易感伤口；否则应询问患者近期是否受伤，是否接受了医疗（包括肌内注射、产科手术），有无耳部感染，以及是否接触过针刺（非法使用毒品、针灸或穿耳洞）。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌内注射" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "产科手术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "耳部感染" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

管儿童是幽门螺杆菌的易感人群，已有的资料也显示中国儿童人群中幽门螺杆菌感染率很高，感染后所造成的结局相差有悬殊；因根除治疗困难以及抗生素的长期应用会产生不良反应等因素的存在，所以对所有幽门螺杆菌感染者都给予根除治疗显然是不可能也不现实的。（二）抗幽门螺杆菌的体外药敏试验体外试验表明，幽门螺杆菌对青霉素类最为敏感；对氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类（头孢氨苄及头孢磺吡苄除外）、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、红霉素及利福平等高度敏感；对大环内酯类、硝基咪唑类、呋喃类、哌氟喹酸及诺氟沙星中度敏感；对磺胺类及万古霉素等不敏感。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氧氟沙星" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "环丙沙星" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "红霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "利福平" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "万古霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "中国" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]

成人哮喘@为确定其最大益处，可能需进行为期 4~6 周的试验；一旦达到哮喘控制，就可以减少剂量。成人哮喘@LTRA，如孟鲁司特和扎鲁司特，可使哮喘达到长期控制，预防哮喘症状发生，也是轻度持续性哮喘患者一种可供选择的治疗方法，但不是首选。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "孟鲁司特" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "扎鲁司特" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "LTRA" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

真菌性脑膜炎@# 证据 ## 证据评分隐球菌性脑膜炎复发风险：一项随机对照试验（RCT）提供了低质量的证据，与伊曲康唑相比，氟康唑减少了成功治疗后隐球菌性脑膜炎的复发。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "伊曲康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "氟康唑" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

溃疡性结肠炎@是炎症性肠病的一种类型，累及直肠，并向近端扩展，特征是结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症，病程呈反复发作和缓解。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "溃疡性结肠炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "直肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠黏膜的弥漫性炎症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

1.黏多糖病I-H型（Hurler综合征）本型是最严重的一种类型，常在10岁左右死亡，病因为缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶，导致硫酸皮肤素和硫酸肝素在体内积聚，全身脏器如角膜、软骨、骨骼、皮肤、心肌内膜及血管结缔组织等均受累。临床有智能低下，面容丑陋，肝脾肿大，骨骼病变，心血管病变，角膜混浊和耳聋。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "智能低下" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "面容丑陋" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肝脾肿大" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼病变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心血管病变" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "角膜混浊" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "耳聋" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Hurler综合征" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸苷酶" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "角膜" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "软骨" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "皮肤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心肌内膜" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "黏多糖病I-H型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血管结缔组织" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

上呼吸道感染的并发症在婴幼儿较为多见。年长儿若患链球菌性上感，可由于变态反应引起急性肾炎、风湿热等。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "风湿热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "急性肾炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "链球菌性上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "风湿热" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

皮肤鳞状细胞癌@第二 –   放疗放射线疗法是 Bowen 病的一种治疗选择，特别是对于被认为不可切除或者不能耐受手术的患者。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "放射线疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

急性髓性白血病@在皮肤内部，可能存在白血病皮肤浸润，并且皮肤溃疡的存在 [例如，急性发热性嗜中性白细胞增多性皮肤病（Sweet 综合征）或坏疽性脓皮病] 可能提示有潜在的恶性肿瘤。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "坏疽性脓皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶性肿瘤" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

苯丙氨酸浓度测定正常浓度<12μmol/L(2mg/dl),经典型PKU>1200μmol/L,中度PKU> 360μmol/L ~ <1200μmol/L,轻度 HPA>120μmol/L ~ ≤360μmol/L 尿蝶呤图谱分析主要用于BH4缺乏症的鉴别诊断。 DHPR活性测定二氢生物蝶啶还原酶缺乏症时该酶活性明显降低。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "DHPR活性测定" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿蝶呤图谱分析" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

高钠的原发因素如钠的入量过多，常为医源性或意外所致，如配方奶用盐水而不是用葡萄糖调制、静脉内不适当地输入高张盐水、盐水灌肠浓度不当或过量、误服食盐过量等。临床更常见的是单纯水的缺失，即失水大于失盐引起的高钠血症。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "配方奶用盐水" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "误服食盐过量" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "失水大于失盐引起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

缺血性卒中@两项对急性缺血性卒中患者使用阿司匹林的随机试验表明，阿司匹林组的临床结局呈更好的趋势。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "阿司匹林" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

感染性心内膜炎@在无法耐受青霉素（I 型超敏反应）的患者中，建议使用万古霉素加庆大霉素（持续6 周）。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "万古霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "庆大霉素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

垂体功能减退@### 夜尿和多尿抗利尿激素缺乏导致尿崩症。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "抗利尿激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "尿崩症" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "夜尿和多尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "夜尿和多尿" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

【实验室检查】 JAS无特殊检查项目，活动期可有轻度贫血，血沉加快，RF和ANA均阴性。放射影像改变的特征是骶髂关节面硬化、糜烂或关节间隙增宽，继而发展到关节间隙变窄和僵直。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "关节间隙变窄和僵直" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "轻度贫血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血沉加快" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "RF和ANA均阴性" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

脑炎@### 非病毒性病因查看全部   首选 –   支持性治疗 + 潜在病因的治疗常常不明病因，因此，大多数情况下无针对性措施。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "潜在病因的治疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "支持性治疗" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

五、CVS的治疗因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。阿米替林从0. 2～0. 4mg/（kg•d）开始，睡前服，剂量可每周逐渐增加10mg到最大剂量1. 5mg/（kg•d）。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "阿米替林" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

某些病毒性脑膜炎患者脑电图也可正常。神经影像学检査 MRI对显示病变比CT更有优势。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神经影像学检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则 1.水杨酸盐以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K110mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。惊厥者给予地西泮、肾上腺皮质激素，并注意呼吸支持。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "地西泮" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾上腺皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "碳酸氢钠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "维生素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 附加 –   残余屈光不正的矫正针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐如果术中未植入人工晶状体或存在残余屈光不正（例如，植入晶状体未能矫正的散光），那么患者可能需要配戴接触镜或眼镜，以获得良好术后视力。白内障@患者也可选择白内障后屈光手术。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "白内障后屈光手术" }, "object_type": { "@value": "手术治疗" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "残余屈光不正的矫正" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

川崎病（Kawasaki disease，KD)于1967年由日本川崎富作首先报告，又称为黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征（mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome，MCLS)，约15% ~20%未经治疗的患儿发生冠状动脉损害。唇及口腔表现:唇充血皲裂，口腔黏膜弥漫充血，舌乳头突起、充血，呈草莓舌。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "唇充血皲裂" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "口腔黏膜弥漫充血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "舌乳头突起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "草莓舌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "充血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "Kawasaki disease" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "KD" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MCLS" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

先天性甲状腺功能减退症:该症除有生长发育落后、骨龄明显落后外,还有特殊面容、基础代谢率低、智能低下,故不难与生长激素缺乏症区别。骨骼发育障碍:各种骨、软骨发育不全等,均有特殊的面容和体态，可选择进行骨骼X线片检査以鉴别。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼发育障碍" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨、软骨发育不全" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "特殊的面容和体态" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼发育障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨骼X线片检査" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

3.学龄前期原发性溃疡逐渐增多，此期腹痛症状明显，多位于脐周，呈间歇性发作，与饮食关系不明确，恶心、呕吐与上消化道出血也较常见。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "恶心" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呕吐" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "上消化道出血" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

前列腺癌@血尿及排尿困难可能是晚期的症状。前列腺癌@少数情况下，患者会出现恶性肿瘤的全身症状，包括体重减轻/厌食、骨痛和嗜睡。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "体重减轻" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "厌食" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨痛" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "嗜睡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "排尿困难" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

第八章肺部感染性疾病肺炎是儿科常见病、多发病，而且有资料表明，小儿肺炎是目前我国婴幼儿死亡的首位原因，迄今仍严重威胁着小儿的生命和健康。肺炎可由各种微生物引起，其中以细菌和病毒最为多见。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "由各种微生物引起" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小儿肺炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "小儿肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "婴幼儿死亡" }, "object_type": { "@value": "预后" } } ]

3.肾上腺皮质激素治疗肾上腺皮质激素治疗GBS的疗效尚有争议。有学者认为大剂量肾上腺皮质激素冲击疗效好，能抑制B细胞产生抗体，同时减轻神经组织水肿，方法为甲泼尼龙，开始剂量为15mg/（kg•d），3～5天后改为口服泼尼松，4周后减量，总疗程为6～7周。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "甲泼尼龙" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "泼尼松" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肾上腺皮质激素" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

（一）全身症状 NEC患儿常有反应差、神萎、拒食，严重病例面色苍白或青灰、四肢厥冷、休克、酸中毒、黄疸加重，早产儿易发生反复呼吸暂停、心率减慢。（二）腹胀和肠鸣音减弱患儿先有胃排空延迟、胃潴留，随后出现腹胀。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹胀" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠鸣音减弱" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "反应差" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "神萎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "拒食" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "面色苍白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "四肢厥冷" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "休克" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "酸中毒" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "黄疸加重" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "呼吸暂停" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "心率减慢" }, "object_type": { "@value": "症状" } } ]

第四节永存动脉干永存动脉干（truncus arteriosus）是指单一的动脉干起自心脏并发出主动脉、肺动脉和冠状动脉。30%的患儿可有共同干瓣膜的狭窄，50%患儿可伴有共同干瓣膜的反流，两者将直接影响该病的预后。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "共同干瓣膜的狭窄" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "共同干瓣膜的反流" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "truncus arteriosus" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } } ]

非小细胞肺癌@然而，如果已进行了PET，没有必要进行骨扫描，因为PET检查敏感度更高。非小细胞肺癌@ * 对于早期非小细胞肺癌的患者，基于症状怀疑是否发生脑转移时，可以采取头部CT或MRI检查。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PET" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "头部CT" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "MRI检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

自身免疫性肝炎@胆汁淤积性疾病（罕见）和重叠综合征的水平更高。自身免疫性肝炎@结果轻度至中度升高 ### 血清球蛋白检查结果检查 γ 球蛋白水平通常是正常值的 1.2-3.0 倍；1 型自身免疫性肝炎患者的升高幅度远高于 2 型自身免疫性肝炎患者。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "血清球蛋白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或III级（WHO标准）暴露者，一期缝合之前在伤口处注射人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白 (human rabies immunoglobulin, hRIG)。狂犬病@如果解剖结构允许，应在伤口和伤口周围注入尽可能多的抗体。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "human rabies immunoglobulin", "subject_type": "药物", "object": { "@value": "hRIG" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "抗体" }, "object_type": { "@value": "药物" } } ]

【病理变化】 NEC可累及整个小肠和结肠，但好发部位多在回肠远端和升结肠近端，轻症时坏死肠段只有数厘米，重症时可伸延至空肠和结肠部位，但一般不影响十二指肠。进展期病变范围扩大，累及肌层，严重者肠壁全层坏死，可并发肠穿孔和腹膜炎。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肌层" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "肠穿孔" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "腹膜炎" }, "object_type": { "@value": "疾病" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "回肠远端" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "升结肠近端" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "空肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "小肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "结肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

空气灌肠由肛门注人气体,在X线透视下可见杯口阴影，能清楚看见套叠头的块影，并可同时进行复位治疗。只用于慢性肠套叠疑难病例。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "空气灌肠" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

13-三体综合征@通常发现孕母妊娠年龄分布存在25岁和38岁两个高峰，似乎后一个高峰与孕母的高龄密切相关。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "孕母的高龄" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

支气管扩张患儿的治疗应重视体位引流，以排除气道分泌物；雾化吸入疗法对稀化黏痰有良好效果。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "雾化吸入疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]

【诊断】近年来，随着诊断技术的发展，骨骼肿瘤的诊断也有了很大的提高。（二）CT和MRI检查已经成为骨骼肿瘤诊断中的主要手段之一，它除了能够对肿瘤组织的部位、大小、形状以及是否有软组织转移具有特异性的影像学显示外，还能通过对肿瘤组织内部的影像学表现来判断肿瘤的性质。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨骼肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "CT和MRI检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

铅中毒@骨是铅的主要贮藏部位，包含了体内绝大多数的铅负荷（＞90%）。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "骨" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

慢性髓性白血病@## 病因学唯一已知的风险是电离辐射暴露。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "电离辐射暴露" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

骨性关节炎@适当用健侧手支撑拐杖行走对于受累及的髋关节、膝关节可以减轻疼痛、提高功能。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "髋关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "膝关节" }, "object_type": { "@value": "部位" } } ]

乳腺原位癌@ 大多数组织机构发行的指南中推荐年龄≥40岁的女性每年进行一次双侧乳腺X线检查作为筛查。乳腺原位癌@ 通过乳腺X线检查，以及其他影像学检查，如超声、核磁共振，以及活检进行诊断。

[ { "Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "双侧乳腺X线检查" }, "object_type": { "@value": "检查" } } ]

食物中毒@ 弯曲菌、沙门氏菌病以及产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌 (VETC) 的普遍感染时间与温带气候的季节性变化相关，均在夏季达到高峰。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": { "@value": "VETC" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "弯曲菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "沙门氏菌病" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "产 vero 细胞毒素大肠杆菌" }, "object_type": { "@value": "社会学" } } ]

重症渗出性多形红斑@春秋季发病者较多。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "春秋季" }, "object_type": { "@value": "流行病学" } } ]

(三）PS替代疗法可明显降低RDS病死率及气胸发生率，同时可改善肺顺应性和通换气功能，降低呼吸机参数。

[ { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PS替代疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } }, { "Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": { "@value": "PS替代疗法" }, "object_type": { "@value": "其他治疗" } } ]