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垂体功能减退@需要连续监测前列腺特异性抗原、红细胞压积、肝功和血脂水平。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺特异性抗原"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞压积"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血脂水平"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@### 呼吸系统感染 与 IgA 肾病相关，可能触发肉眼血尿反复发作，从感染后 1 至 3 天开始。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸系统感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "IgA 肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肉眼血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
五、免疫性溶血性贫血第十篇 血液系统疾病 第三章 贫血 第六节 溶血性贫血【分类】 【发病机制】 【临床表现】 1.急性暂时型 2.慢性迁延型 3.抗人球蛋白试验（Coombs）阴性型 【实验室检查】 1.外周血象 2.红细胞渗透脆性试验 3. Coombs试验 4.胆红素和珠蛋白测定 【诊断与鉴别诊断】 【治疗】 1.一般治疗 2.药物治疗 （1）激素： （2）丙种球蛋白静滴： （3）免疫抑制剂： 3.脾切除 4.输血及血浆置换 【预后】由于免疫因素如抗体、补体等导致红细胞损伤而过早地破坏，产生溶血和贫血症状者称为免疫性溶血性贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆红素和珠蛋白测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脾切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 强体力活动 体力活动伴随的血液动力学压力急性改变，可诱发不稳定斑块破裂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强体力活动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（二）抗感染 根据细菌学检查结果选用抗生素，在未报告前可经验性使用抗生素，静脉滴注。 （三）纠正水电解质紊乱 NEC患儿常发生水电解质平衡紊乱，需及时补液、纠正酸中毒和电解质紊乱。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "NEC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "NEC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "及时补液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
生长缓慢出现在神经系统症状体征出现前，尤其多见于颅咽管瘤。颅咽管瘤的儿童常见有视野缺损、视神经萎缩、视乳头水肿及中枢神经瘫痪。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "颅咽管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视野缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "颅咽管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "视乳头水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 存在的危险因素 主要危险因素包括哮喘家族史、过敏原接触（如尘螨、宠物、烟草烟雾），或过敏性疾病史（如湿疹、过敏性鼻炎）。 成人哮喘@### 近期有上呼吸道感染 哮喘症状通常因近期发生的鼻窦炎或普通感冒而加重。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏原接触"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏性疾病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烟草烟雾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏性鼻炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
脑积水 乙酰唑胺（acetazolamide)可减少脑脊液的产生，每日10~30mg/( kg • d),分2 ~ 3次 口服，疗程不超过2周。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑积水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙酰唑胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "乙酰唑胺",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "acetazolamide"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
磨牙可发生于所有是睡眠时期，但最常见于NREM第二期，有些病人可主要见于REM睡眠期。 如果要以PSG证实磨牙症或排除癫痫，则必须进行连续两夜的记录。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磨牙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "磨牙症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@检查 核成像V/Q扫描或胸部增强CT是肺栓塞的最常用诊断检查。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@胸部CT扫描可能显示血管管腔内的中央充盈缺损、充盈缺损周围有对比剂和（或）完全闭塞。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部CT扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "核成像V/Q扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺栓塞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部增强CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@ * 在典型的轻度、中度或重度抑郁发作中，患者存在抑郁心境、精力不足和活动减少。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑郁心境"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精力不足"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@### 体格检查 早发型新生儿感染 * 感染的临床表现可以是非特异性的，包括呼噜音、面色苍白或肌张力减退。B族链球菌感染@呼吸窘迫、嗜睡、易受激惹和食欲不振/饮食不佳也是感染的非特异性指标。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易受激惹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲不振/饮食不佳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼噜音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面色苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）不伴有局部症状的发热 病史和体格检查不能提示诊断，但实验室检查可明确病原。3岁以下婴幼儿多见，70%的感染可以确定病原。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "3岁以下婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "实验室检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### HCM或心脏性猝死的家族史 受累家庭成员可能会出现猝死，因此无法明确诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "猝死的家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
结节性硬化症@ 2.智力低下 约占60%，程度轻重不等，且常与癫痫发作同时存在。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "结节性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "智力低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
粟粒性肺结核可有气促和发绀，从而与肺炎极其相似,但肺部啰音不明显。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "粟粒性肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@另一种常用工具则是 MoCA（蒙特利尔认知评估），它也对轻度阶段的认知减退更敏感，并且可能有助于识别患者是否有认知减退的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MoCA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "MoCA",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "蒙特利尔认知评估"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@ * 产后不能分泌乳汁提示为催乳素不足以及席汉 (Sheehan) 综合征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "席汉 (Sheehan) 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "产后不能分泌乳汁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@早期肿瘤患者在没有胆管梗阻时会表现出腹部隐痛和肝功能异常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部隐痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@[ 肺炎/支气管炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/17) ### 类癌瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常体格检查正常且无症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "类癌瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@主诉腹围增加但没有黄疸。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹围增加但没有黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脓气胸（pyopneumothorax)肺脏边缘的脓肿破裂并与肺泡或小支气管相通,即造成脓气胸。立位X线检查可见液气面。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脓气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "立位X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脓气胸",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pyopneumothorax"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
自由基以及抗氧化剂缺乏在慢性胰腺炎的形成和发展中都起了很重要的作用。在钙化性胰腺炎，随着胰腺的钙化，疼痛减轻，但随之出现内、外分泌功能不足。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙化性胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
经典的病理分类将NB分成3型，即神经母细胞瘤、神经节母细胞瘤、神经节细胞瘤，这三个类型反映了NB的分化、成熟过程。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "NB",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经母细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "NB",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经节母细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "NB",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经节细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@### 高热，黄疸和右上腹痛 急性胆道炎的表现，10%的病例中会出现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胆道炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胆道炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胆道炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右上腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
脑炎@局灶性神经系统症状很常见，包括偏瘫、共济失调、锥体束征（腱反射减弱，巴彬斯基征阳性）、颅神经功能障碍、不自主运动（肌阵挛和震颤）和癫痫发作。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偏瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共济失调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "锥体束征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腱反射减弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴彬斯基征阳性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅神经功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不自主运动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌阵挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@应记录完整的用药史，包括筛查口服避孕药、非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)、拟交感神经药或草药使用情况。原发性高血压@大多数患者是无症状的，但应寻找并发现甲状腺功能亢进，甲状腺功能低下或儿茶酚胺过量（如心动过速，消瘦，多汗，或心悸），或终末器官损害（如呼吸急促，胸部疼痛或感觉/运动障碍）的临床症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过速"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消瘦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心悸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
继发于感染等疾病的播散性血管内凝血（DIC）是由于凝血因子、血小板的大量消耗或纤溶亢进，导致严重的出血；使用抗凝药物引起出血者偶或见之。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "播散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纤溶亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "播散性血管内凝血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用抗凝药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 出血 鳞状细胞癌易破溃出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易破溃出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胃炎@血清维生素 B12 低的患者应该肌肉注射氰钴胺（维生素 B12）进行补充，然后每月注射一次。胃炎@ 口服结晶氰钴胺对这些患者的维生素 B12 维持治疗可能有一定作用，但需要进一步研究。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "血清维生素 B12 低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结晶氰钴胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
现分述病毒性心肌炎各期主要症状、体征。 【实验室检查】 （一）心电图 急性期多有窦性心动过速。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 目前仍公认下列分类：SMA-Ⅰ型、SMA-Ⅱ型以及SMA-Ⅲ型。大多数患者为SMA-Ⅰ型，其次为Ⅱ型，Ⅲ型发病率最低。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "SMA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SMA-Ⅰ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "SMA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SMA-Ⅱ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "SMA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SMA-Ⅲ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 （六）尿细菌检查 尿沉渣涂片找细菌、尿细菌计数及尿培养以确定泌尿系感染引起血尿的病因，反复发作者要除外伴有膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "血尿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿细菌检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【手术治疗】 手术行尿道成形是尿道下裂唯一的治疗方法。相对来说比较常用的手术方法有尿道口前移龟头成形术（meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated procedure，MAGPI），Mathieu或Filp-Flap尿道成形术，加盖岛状皮瓣尿道成形术（onlay island flap尿道成形术），包皮内板横行岛状皮瓣尿道成形术（Duckett术）等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "尿道下裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿道口前移龟头成形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "尿道下裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Mathieu或Filp-Flap尿道成形术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "尿道下裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术行尿道成形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated procedure",
"subject_type": "手术治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "MAGPI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@### 罕见 查看全部 ### 体重改变 包括食欲不振或饮食过度。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲不振"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮食过度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@如果患者被诊断骨性关节炎，那么医生推荐功能锻炼、理疗、健康生活方式以及药物治疗的联合应用以治疗。骨性关节炎@如果患者仍存在明显疼痛或活动受限，则应与医生讨论是否进行关节置换或其他外科治疗的选择，并要求患者转诊至风湿病学和/或骨科专家。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动受限"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节置换"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "功能锻炼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "健康生活方式"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物治疗的联合应用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
二、部分性肺静脉异位连接 部分性肺静脉异位连接是指一条或数条（但非全部）肺静脉的引流异常，目前其发生率还很难确定。 伴有房间隔缺损者，体检以房缺体征为主。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "部分性肺静脉异位连接",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "房缺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
前列腺癌@对于没有转移性前列腺癌的患者，在使用 LHRH 激动剂之前是否需要使用非甾体类抗雄激素尚未被正式研究，临床实践模式也存在差异。 前列腺癌@在一项为期 10 年使用主动监测、根治性前列腺切除术或外照射疗法治疗临床局限性前列腺癌的临床试验（＞1600 名患者；通过 PSA 筛查识别前列腺癌）中，所有治疗组的前列腺癌特异性死亡率都较低。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "前列腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
1.脱水 由于腹泻与呕吐丢失大量的水和电解质，使体内保留水分的能力减低；严重呕吐、禁食、食欲减低或拒食，使食物和液体摄入量均减少；患儿发热、呼吸加快、酸中毒者呼吸加深，使不显性失水增加。 表13-5 脱水及液体丢失量的估计 2.代谢性酸中毒 脱水大多有不同程度的代谢性酸中毒，产生原因为：大量的碱性物质随粪便丢失；脱水时肾血流量不足，尿量减少，体内酸性代谢产物不能及时排出；肠道消化和吸收功能不良、摄入热量不足，脂肪氧化增加，代谢不全，致酮体堆积且不能及时被肾脏排出；严重脱水者组织灌容不足，组织缺氧，乳酸堆积。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "腹泻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸加快、"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脱水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸中毒者呼吸加深"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
1.非血管源性消化道出血（溃疡性出血） （1）抑制胃酸分泌： 患儿仅有出血而无血流动力学的改变，且出血能自行停止者，只需给予抑酸药。局部喷洒去甲肾上腺素，机制是使局部管壁痉挛，出血面周围血管收缩，以及促进血液凝固；注射治疗是通过血管旁注入肾上腺素或硬化剂，使组织发生水肿、压迫出血血管而止血；热凝止血治疗的原理是利用产生的热量使组织蛋白凝固而止血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "非血管源性消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "局部喷洒去甲肾上腺素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "非血管源性消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡性出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "非血管源性消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑制胃酸分泌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
5.贫血 维生素A缺乏时会出现贮存铁增加、外周血血清铁降低、类似于缺铁性贫血的小细胞低色素贫血。 【诊断】 1.临床诊断 长期动物性食物摄入不足，有各种消化道疾病或慢性消耗性疾病史,急性传染病史等情况下应高度警惕维生素A缺乏症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贮存铁增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血血清铁降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性传染病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
新生儿黄疸@### 头颅血肿 体内少量出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅血肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ 结果 瓣膜、可活动的赘生物 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部 ### 类风湿因子 检查 结果 检查 类风湿因子阳性是感染性心内膜炎的Duke诊断标准的次要标准之一。 感染性心内膜炎@结果 下降 ### 计算机断层扫描 检查 结果 检查 已经发现计算机断层扫描较经胸超声心动图在检测感染性心内膜炎的患者瓣膜异常中有优势，但它可能发现不了小病灶，例如小的瓣叶穿孔（直径≤2毫米）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "计算机断层扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
为 了避免发生脑细胞酸中毒和高钠血症,对酮症酸中毒不宜常规使用碳酸氢钠溶液，仅在血pH<7. 1, HCO3ˉ<12mmol/L时,始可按2mmol/kg给予1. 4%碳酸氢钠溶液静滴，先用半量，当血pH≥7. 2时即 416 停用，避免酸中毒纠正过快加重脑水肿。 胰岛素治疗:糖尿病酮症酸中毒时多采用小剂量胰岛素静脉滴注治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "酮症酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰岛素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "酮症酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碳酸氢钠溶液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第八节 流行性腮腺炎 流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis）是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。 【鉴别诊断】 （一）急性淋巴结炎 耳前、颈浅上和下颌角淋巴结发炎肿大伴有周围组织水肿时，易与腮腺炎混淆。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性淋巴结炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mumps"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epidemic parotitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性淋巴结炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耳前"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@## 监测 多数患者不需要监护。普通感冒@如既往曾出现中耳炎或鼻窦炎等并发症，需特别加以注意。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中耳炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻窦炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@## 分类 ### 获得性溶血性贫血：免疫性或非免疫性 免疫性（直接抗球蛋白试验常呈阳性）： * 温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血：在体温条件下，抗体（通常为 IgG）结合最为活跃。溶血性贫血@ * 同种免疫性溶血性贫血：新生儿溶血性疾病或输血反应性溶血性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "获得性溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "同种免疫性溶血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "获得性溶血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（4）红霉素： 虽为抗生素，也是胃动素激动剂，可增加胃近端和远端收缩活力，促进胃推进性蠕动，加速空腹和餐后胃排空，可用于FD小儿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "FD小儿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@有人认为出生体重低于平均体重，并且母亲患有UC的儿童有更大的风险患有IBD。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母亲患有UC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
白内障@在严重白内障的情况下，可能会观察到晶状体混浊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晶状体混浊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
白内障@如果存在以下情况，则指示治疗： * 白内障引起其他眼病 * 尽管进行了最佳视力矫正，但是混浊仍足够浓密，以致引起患者视力功能缺损 * 在活动性眼后段疾病或计划性眼后段手术的情况下，混浊足够浓密以致不能看到眼底。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "其他眼病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "混浊仍足够浓密"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "患者视力功能缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "计划性眼后段手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "最佳视力矫正"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 脑炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 脑功能异常，例如行为和语言变化或者运动障碍，特别是当伴有发热时，应考虑脑炎诊断。 细菌性脑膜炎@检查 颅脑CT或者MRI扫描 [ 脑炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/436) ### 病毒性脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 相关的暴露病史 无需要鉴别的症状或体征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅脑CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "行为和语言变化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
腹主动脉瘤@[ 阑尾炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/290) ### 卵巢扭转 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 女性突然感到下腹部持续性非特异性疼痛；常伴恶心和呕吐。腹主动脉瘤@临床检查可能发现患者发热，可能触及附件肿块。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢扭转",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "附件肿块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "卵巢扭转",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢扭转",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性非特异性疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢扭转",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
成人AS病人长期发作后可能发生主动脉炎或主动脉扩张，JAS主动脉病变发生率低于成年人，偶尔有报告JAS出现主动脉瓣关闭不全。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "JAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉瓣关闭不全"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肿瘤相关性 HLH (malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, MAHS )儿童 常继发于恶性淋巴瘤、白血病（多见于T细胞型）以及朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症等。造血干细胞移植后亦可并发HLH。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "造血干细胞移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "恶性淋巴瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤相关性 HLH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤相关性 HLH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肿瘤相关性 HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MAHS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MAHS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
白内障@### 红光反射缺失 在直接眼底镜检查中可能可见。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红光反射缺失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼底镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@年龄大于55岁的患者出现无痛性黄疸，体重减轻和腹部疼痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无痛性黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重减轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
早发GBS感染通常指生后7天以内的感染，美国、英国等发达国家的研究表明，活产儿早发感染的发病率为1. 1‰～3. 7‰；但印度、马来西亚等发展中国家的报道其发病率为0. 08‰～0. 4‰。极低出生体重儿GBS感染的发病率为8‰。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "8‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1. 1‰～3. 7‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "早发GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 08‰～0. 4‰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
接触化学因素如苯、油漆、汽油、农药等也与再障发生有关。 4.遗传因素 如Fanconi贫血，纯红再障等，再障亦可见于双胎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接触化学因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "油漆"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "汽油"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "再障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "农药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
食管癌@ 酗酒一般使食管癌发病风险增加3-5倍。 食管癌@### GORD和巴雷特食管（腺癌） 巴雷特食管患者患食管腺癌的风险是一般人群的30-60倍。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴雷特食管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
一、脑室周围-脑室内出血 脑室周围-脑室内出血（intraventricular hemorrhage，IVH）是早产儿最常见的颅内出血类型。断续进展型其次，症状在数小时至数天内断续进展，神志异常或呆滞或激惹，肌张力低下，动作减少，呼吸不规则。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神志异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呆滞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "激惹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动作减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸不规则"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "intraventricular hemorrhage"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IVH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第七章 心肌病 心肌病（cardiomyopathy）为发生于心肌的疾病。心肌病@②肥厚性心肌病：先前称之为特发性肥厚性心肌病，以左心室肥厚为特征，可不对称。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥厚性心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "cardiomyopathy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "特发性肥厚性心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肥厚性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室肥厚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 平滑肌肉瘤伴有EB病毒感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "HIV感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "平滑肌肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
产后抑郁症@一项复习了在8个非洲国家的产后心理健康相关研究的系统综述 报道加权平均发病率为18.3%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "产后抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "18.3%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@ 特征性斑丘疹或结膜炎也可见于麻疹。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "丘疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "结膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麻疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。胸片可显示心脏扩大、慢性肺静脉充血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏扩大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性肺静脉充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 GH缺乏症的部分患儿出生时有难产史、窒息史或者胎位不正，以臀位和足位产多见。 伴有垂体其他促激素不足者，多为促性腺激素缺乏，表现为青春发育延缓，男孩小阴茎、小睾丸，女孩乳房不发育，原发闭经；若伴有ACTH缺乏，则常有皮肤色素沉着和严重的低血糖表现；伴有促甲状腺激素不足，则表现为甲状腺功能低下。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "GH缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ACTH缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "GH缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "促性腺激素缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小阴茎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "促性腺激素缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳房不发育"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "ACTH缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤色素沉着"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "促甲状腺激素不足",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@评估急性胆道疾病时，腹部 CT 扫描不及超声，但在肥胖患者或气体较多限制超声检查时有用。胆囊炎@在评估疑似并发症（如脓肿）和并发的腹内其他疾病时同样需要进行腹部 CT 扫描。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
失眠症@### 非药物疗法 对可能导致持续性睡眠障碍的任何基础疾病（如慢性疼痛、潮热）或精神疾病（如抑郁）的识别和优化治疗是非常重要的。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非药物疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "精神疾病（如抑郁）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性睡眠障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@## 监测 每次产检期间常规测量血压并进行尿液分析。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
痛风@### 嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂 (BCX4208) 在一项双盲安慰剂对照研究中，BCX4208 在 3 周内显著降低血清尿酸（40 mg/d、80 mg/d 和 120 mg/d 剂量组的降幅分别为 -2.7 mg/dL、-3.3 mg/dL 和 -3.4 mg/dL，使用安慰剂的降幅为 -0.4 mg/dL）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BCX4208"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安慰剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@ 轻度持续 * 白天症状>2 次/周，但<1 次/天 * 发作可能影响活动 * 夜间症状>2 次/月 * FEV1≥80% 预计值 * PEFR 变异率 20%~30%。成人哮喘@ 中度持续 * 每天都有症状 * 每天都需要使用 SABA * 发作时活动受限 * 急性加重≥2 次/周且可持续数天 * 夜间症状>1 次/周 * FEV1>60% 预计值且<80% 预计值 * PEFR 变异率>30%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度持续"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度持续"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。 5.重组抗血友病因子 基因工程制备的重组因子Ⅷ效果好，反应少，不传播病毒性疾病，适用于血友病甲。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重组抗血友病因子"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hemophilia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "出血性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病乙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病丙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病甲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗血友病球蛋白",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AHG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因子Ⅸ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "因子Ⅸ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PTC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
脑炎@针对难治性癫痫/癫痫持续状态，应进行气管插管，静脉注射大剂量镇静剂（咪达唑仑、丙泊酚或戊巴比妥），直至脑电图显示出现抑制状态，同时静脉注射抗惊厥药（苯妥英、丙戊酸盐和/或较新的抗惊厥药物，如左乙拉西坦和拉克酰胺）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "镇静剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咪达唑仑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙泊酚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戊巴比妥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗惊厥药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙戊酸盐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗惊厥药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左乙拉西坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉克酰胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "难治性癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫持续状态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咪达唑仑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戊巴比妥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苯妥英"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙戊酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左乙拉西坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
虽然川崎病在全世界均有发病，但最多见于日本及具有日本血统的儿童。在美国，非亚裔小于5岁的儿童年发病率接近10/10万，亚裔儿童则约为44/10万。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "10/10万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "44/10万"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日本"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "具有日本血统的儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
90%以上的系统性硬化症患儿发生雷诺现象。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "系统性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "雷诺现象"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@因此，患者还可能出现以下体征（具体取决于感染的病灶部位）：关节发热、肿胀和压痛伴关节积液（化脓性关节炎）；呼吸窘迫、发绀、鼻翼煽动、肋间或肋下凹陷、呼吸音减弱、听诊有湿啰音或胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）；鼻黏膜红肿（鼻窦炎）；鼓膜膨胀或鼓膜炎（中耳炎）；或者腹部压痛僵硬、防卫征、反跳痛或肠鸣音减弱或消失（腹腔内感染）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节发热、肿胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻翼煽动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋间或肋下凹陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸音减弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "听诊有湿啰音"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻黏膜红肿（鼻窦炎）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼓膜膨胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼓膜炎（中耳炎）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 肝肺综合征 该并发症源于门脉高压，5%-10%等候肝移植的患者会出现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝肺综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "肝肺综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%-10%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。尿毒症前期可用生大黄0. 3～0. 5mg/（kg•d）口服或保留灌汤治疗，还可试用尿毒清5g/次，一天3次。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生大黄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "灌汤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿毒清"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RPGN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "急进性肾炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@### 进食未煮熟的肉 易感沙门氏菌、弯曲菌、产志贺样毒素大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌和戊型肝炎病毒。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "进食未煮熟的肉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@ ### 药物及给药途径 应根据损害的终末器官、患者并发症及总体临床情况，选择特定注射药物治疗高血压急症。高血压急症@ 如没有颅内压升高迹象，二线治疗药物为硝普钠。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硝普钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@[ 外周血管病 ](/topics/zh-cn/431) ### 慢性肾脏疾病 | 长期 | 中 高血压与肾脏疾病和晚期肾病（ESRD）密切相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性肾脏疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@## 病因学 炎症性肠病（IBD）和溃疡性结肠炎的病因机制不明确。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "炎症性肠病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IBD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病@除非用于需住院或需广谱覆盖的高危患者的重症感染，否则氟喹诺酮类药物是二线治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟喹诺酮类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床表现及诊断】 鹅口疮的特点是口腔黏膜上出现白色乳凝块样物，分布于颊黏膜、舌、齿龈和上腭表面。细菌涂片和培养可帮助诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "鹅口疮",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌涂片和培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。 饮食疗法 以稠厚饮食为主,少量多餐，婴儿增加喂奶次数，人工喂养儿可在奶中加入淀粉类食物或进食谷类食品。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GER",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮食疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GER",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "增加喂奶次数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
痛风@该研究的设计并未遵循典型的临床实践，一个治疗组的别嘌呤醇起始剂量为 300mg/d，而不是 100 mg/d，且未采用抑制疗法（例如秋水仙碱）；比较组中只有一个治疗组使用了抑制疗法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "别嘌呤醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "秋水仙碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抑制疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@多数患者无垂体激素功能障碍；但垂体功能减退可能由腺瘤的占位效应、手术、放射或肿瘤梗死引发。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腺瘤的占位效应"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤梗死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
慢性心房颤动@也可能因服用抗心律失常药物导致（例如氟卡尼或胺碘酮）。 慢性心房颤动@[ 心动过缓 ](/topics/zh-cn/832) ### 卒中 | 存在差异 | 中 对于非瓣膜性心房颤动患者，根据患者的合并症与CHADS评分情况，每年的校正卒中发生率为1.9%至18.2%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性心房颤动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卒中"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
幼年型皮肌炎@ （六）其他 生物制剂如TNF-α抑制剂以及CD20单抗的应用，为顽固难治的JDM提供了新的治疗手段。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "TNF-α抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CD20单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@钙化偶可见于其他疾病（例如神经内分泌瘤、导管内乳头状黏液瘤），然而其对慢性胰腺炎诊断的总体特异性仍较高，且特异性与胰腺内钙化的分布有关：胰腺实质（67%）、胰管内（88%）、胰腺实质弥漫性分布（91%）、胰管内和胰腺实质同时存在（100%）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "神经内分泌瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "导管内乳头状黏液瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。 卵巢炎 约5%~7%的青春期女性患者可并发卵巢炎，症状多较轻，可出现下腹疼痛及压痛、 月经不调等,一般不影响受孕。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卵巢炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "mumps"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epidemic parotitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "流行性腮腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下腹疼痛及压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "卵巢炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "月经不调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
病毒性脑炎（viral encephalitis)是指由多种病毒引起的颅内脑实质炎症。由于解剖上两者相邻近，若脑膜和脑实质同时受累，此时称为病毒性脑膜脑炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "病毒性脑膜脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "viral encephalitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "病毒性脑膜脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑实"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
心力衰竭@ （二）新生儿心力衰竭 足月新生儿充血性心力衰竭多因心肌功能障碍所致，常见于围生期窒息所致的一过性心肌缺血，表现为血清心肌酶增高、乳头肌功能障碍伴房室瓣严重反流。心力衰竭@心律失常同样可导致心力衰竭。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清心肌酶增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@### 前屈姿势 与强直相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前屈姿势"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@[ 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/374) 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性呼吸窘迫综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心肌梗死48 h内急诊血运重建与单独药物治疗比较能降低12个月时的病死率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血运重建"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结果 正常，贫血或血小板减少 ### 尿素和血清肌酐 检查 结果 检查 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者应当评估肌酐清除率，并且应适当调整经肾清除药物的剂量。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清肌酐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌酐清除率"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 FD发病十分普遍，美国东北部郊区507名社区青少年调查发现，5%～10%的受调查者具有典型的消化不良症状。一项在儿科消化专科门诊进行的研究表明，4～9岁功能性胃肠病患儿中，13. 5%被诊断为消化不良，10～18岁中有10. 2%有消化不良。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "FD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "10. 2%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "FD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "13. 5%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "FD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%～10%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@另一项研究显示，减荷鞋对内侧膝骨关节炎也没有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "减荷鞋"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |