text
stringlengths 8
300
| spo_list
list |
|---|---|
【病理解剖】 室间隔缺损种类很多,通常根据缺损在室间隔的部位及其与房室瓣、主动脉瓣的关系分类。 肌部型占10%~20% ,缺损边缘均为肌部,而膜部完整，可位于肌小梁部、流入道肌部或流 出道肌部。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "室间隔缺损",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌部型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "肌部型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌小梁部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "肌部型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流入道肌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@治疗采用静脉输注头孢噻肟或喹诺酮类药物，以及输注白蛋白。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输注白蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。 1.早期（前驱期） 约1~2周，主要症状为小儿性格改变,如少言、懒动、易倦、烦躁、易怒等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早期（前驱期）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "少言"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "懒动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易倦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦躁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "易怒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@未接种者：咬伤暴露、破损皮肤或黏膜被舔，或暴露于蝙蝠 – 首选 – 清洗伤口 如果是单处或多处透皮咬伤或抓伤、破损皮肤被舔、黏膜被动物的唾液污染，或暴露于蝙蝠，则存在高感染风险，需要进行暴露后预防治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "清洗伤口"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "破损皮肤被舔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黏膜被动物的唾液污染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暴露于蝙蝠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@ ### 冠状动脉疾病增加 | 长期 | 高 除了传统心血管危险因素外，RA本身就是一个危险因素。类风湿关节炎@ ### 死亡率增加 | 长期 | 高 未经治疗的RA平均可减少8-10年的寿命。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
七、百日咳肺炎 百日咳肺炎（pertussis pneumonia）由百日咳杆菌引起，多为间质性肺炎，亦可因继发细菌感染而引起支气管肺炎。患儿在百日咳病程中突然发热、气急，呼吸增快与体温不成比例，严重者可出现呼吸困难、发绀。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气急"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "pertussis pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "百日咳杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "百日咳肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
机会感染（隐球菌病和曲菌病）和恶性肿瘤（Kaposi肉瘤）均可引起儿童和成人AIDS的心脏疾患。亦可出现肾炎和肾病表现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "AIDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@依据该标准，慢性胰腺炎的诊断基于对胰腺形态和功能改变的评分，4分或以上者可诊断为慢性胰腺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@口服皮质类固醇使用的激增可以引起减少骨矿物质的累积，增加罹患骨质疏松的风险。小儿哮喘@ 与使用≤14 天的口服皮质类固醇相关的常见不良急性事件是呕吐、行为改变和睡眠障碍（发生率分别为 5.4%、4.7% 和 4.3%）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "行为改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睡眠障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨质疏松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
根据临床表现，急性上感不难诊断，但需与流行性感冒鉴别。青霉素过敏，或青霉素治疗无效者可应用含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合β-内酰胺类，或头孢霉素、大环内酯类抗生素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性上感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流行性感冒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@### 其他表现 约一半的患者在感染 HIV 之后发生急性逆转录病毒综合征。HIV 感染@在后一种情况中，它可以表现为无菌性脑膜炎或脑膜脑炎、斑丘疹、肌痛、关节痛、发热、肝脾肿大、腹泻病（胃肠炎或结肠炎）以及其他神经系统发现（例如周围神经病变、Guillain- Barre 综合征或面瘫）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无菌性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "周围神经病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "斑丘疹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性逆转录病毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
2.胃食管反流 （GER） 是新生儿呕吐的常见原因，尤其是早产儿。如生后数天排便很少，或胎粪排空时间延迟，患儿可出现呕吐，呕吐物为黄绿色，常伴有腹胀，腹壁可见肠型，用生理盐水灌肠排出胎粪后，呕吐即可缓解。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐物为黄绿色"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹壁可见肠型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃食管反流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "胃食管反流",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "GER"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
（三）睾丸炎 、附睾炎 10岁后男性患者约有20%～35%发生，多为单侧。患者突起发热、寒战、头痛、恶心、呕吐和下腹痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突起发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突起发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "睾丸炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单侧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "附睾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单侧"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@在病情稳定的患者中，病史和体格检查结果模棱两可时，CT 血管造影术可能有助于进行快速诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT 血管造影术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@她曾因肾脏移植而服用4年环孢素因而处于免疫抑制状态。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制状态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
二、尿道上裂 尿道上裂多与膀胱外翻并存，单纯尿道上裂在膀胱外翻尿道上裂系列中约占30%左右。男性发病为女性的4～8倍。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "尿道上裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
α地中海贫血 静止型:患者无症状,也可呈现正常血红蛋白量;红细胞形态正常，甚至没有红细胞体积的变小，出生时脐带血中Hb Bart含量为0.01 -0. 02,但3个月后即消失，故容易漏诊。 轻型:患者无症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "α地中海贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "α地中海贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静止型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
细菌性肺炎常表现为两肺弥漫性模糊影,密度不均；金黄色葡萄球菌合并脓胸、气胸或肺大疱时可见相应的X线改变;病毒性肺炎以间质病变、两肺膨胀过度、肺气肿为主。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "间质病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "两肺膨胀过度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺气肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "两肺弥漫性模糊影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "密度不均"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【病因和发病机制】 （一）基因突变 以往认为80%～100%的TBMN患者有阳性血尿家族史，而且部分家系调查表明TBMN的遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传，但近期研究示TBMN中仅有43%的患者证实有阳性血尿家族史，提示除遗传因素外还有其他原因。 （二）获得性 GBM变薄 GBM主要由肾小球脏层上皮细胞合成，当脏层上皮细胞功能受损时可引起Ⅳ型胶原合成和分布异常而影响GBM厚度。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "获得性 GBM变薄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阳性血尿家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "TBMN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基因突变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@肾前性氮质血症、急性肾功能不全、慢性肾功能不全或肝肾综合征可导致尿素升高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@ 美国疾病预防控制中心 (CDC) 的指南推荐，使用替诺福韦和恩曲他滨进行 PrEP，作为以下 HIV 获得感染风险极高人群的一种预防选择：性活跃的成年男男性行为者 (MSM)、性活跃的异性恋成年男性和女性以及成年毒品注射者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "成年毒品注射者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
川崎病@ 1.阿司匹林 阿司匹林有消炎及抑制血栓形成的作用。川崎病@如果在起病后6～8周没有发现冠状动脉瘤，血小板计数及血沉正常，阿司匹林可停药。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "没有发现冠状动脉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板计数及血沉正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 消化性溃疡病 ](/topics/zh-cn/80) ### 胰腺炎，急性 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胰腺炎的疼痛位于上腹部，常放射至后背中部。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@诱因多为饮酒或胆结石病史。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "饮酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆结石病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰腺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上腹部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "后背中部"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@胰腺外分泌功能的最新定量检测方法尚处于研究阶段，这些方法包括内镜下胰腺功能检测、分泌素刺激MRCP（SS-MRCP）以及弥散加权MRCP（DW- MRCP）等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分泌素刺激MRCP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥散加权MRCP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
2.病毒性脑炎 起病急，但其临床表现因脑实质部位的病理改变、范围和严重程度而有所不同。患儿可有嗜睡、昏睡、昏迷、深度昏迷，甚至去皮质状态等不同程度的意识改变。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "深度昏迷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "去皮质状态"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 各型急性白血病的临床表现基本相同,主要表现如下。 出血以皮肤和黏膜出血多见,表现为紫癜、癖斑、鼻出血、齿龈出血、消化道出血和血尿。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癖斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "齿龈出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
2/3患儿有轻微的神经系统体征，如肌张力增高、腱反射亢进及小头畸形等，严重者可有脑性瘫痪。PKU患者除了影响智能发育外，可出现一些行为、性格的异常，如忧郁、多动、自卑及孤僻等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腱反射亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小头畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑性瘫痪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "忧郁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自卑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "孤僻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
以上四种并发症多见于金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎、耐药肺炎链球菌肺炎和某些革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎 (Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia，GNBP ) 0 支气管扩张（bronchiectasis)肺炎部位支气管阻塞，腔内淤滞的分泌物造成对支气管壁的压力，日久造成远端扩张。感染和支气管阻塞是支气管扩张的两个基本致病因素，而且呈恶性循环。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "支气管扩张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "支气管扩张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管阻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "支气管扩张",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "bronchiectasis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "革兰氏阴性杆菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GNBP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@ ### 非激素敏感型（ER/PR阴性）、HER2-阴性转移性乳腺癌 一线选择 * 此患者群体的一线治疗是化疗。转移性乳腺癌@年龄较大的患者可以接受单药化疗，而较年轻的患者可以接受联合化疗，尤其是有内脏危象、快速病情进展或需要迅速控制症状和/或疾病时。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "联合化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
5.控制感染 尽早使用抗生素是全身性感染和感染性休克的重要治疗措施。 6.血液滤过（hemofiltration） 通过体外循环装置中的细菌筛和炭吸附作用，清除大量致炎介质和抗炎介质，以降低炎症反应强度，同时可促进肺部水分清除，清除心脏抑制因子，可有效稳定心血管系统和呼吸系统改善循环功能，大部分文献研究认为可降低病死率和改善预后。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "感染性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液滤过"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "全身性感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "感染性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
1.原发性梗阻性巨输尿管 由于近膀胱3～4cm的远端输尿管的一段失去蠕动能力，导致尿液无法以正常速率排入膀胱所致。先天性输尿管远端狭窄以及输尿管瓣膜也是原发性梗阻性巨输尿管原因之一。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病机制",
"subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性输尿管远端狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病机制",
"subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输尿管瓣膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
真菌性脑膜炎@## 一级预防 总体而言，避免真菌性病原体暴露并不现实，但是避免可能产生长期严重暴露（如接触到鸽子排泄物[ _新型隐球菌_ ]或疾病高度流行地区的受污染土壤[ _粗隐球菌_ 、 _荚膜组织胞浆菌_ ]）的环境是合理的，对于免疫抑制患者而言这一情况尤其适用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长期严重暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接触到鸽子排泄物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "接触到鸽子排泄物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
脑炎@超过半数的幸存者会出现重度残疾。脑炎@包括疲劳、认知障碍、注意力缺陷障碍、语言障碍、运动障碍、共济失调、癫痫发作和人格改变。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲劳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "认知障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注意力缺陷障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "语言障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共济失调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人格改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度残疾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度残疾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@### 黄疸和瘙痒 失代偿期肝硬化患者肝脏排泄结合胆红素进入胆管系统的能力下降引起黄疸，瘙痒继发于胆汁分泌障碍。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘙痒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@### 子痫 一线治疗用药为肼苯哒嗪、 拉贝洛尔。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肼苯哒嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉贝洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
三度房室传导阻滞部分小儿并无主诉,重者因心排血量减少而自觉乏力、眩晕、活动时气短。x线检查发现的不伴有其他心脏疾患的三度房室传导阻滞中，60%亦有心脏增大。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "x线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏增大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眩晕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活动时气短"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@结果 升高 ### 血清白蛋白 检查 结果 检查 血清白蛋白水平降低是肝脏合成功能受损的标志。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清白蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 目的是保证通换气功能正常,待自身PS产生增加,RDS得以恢复。 (―)一般治疗 ①保温:将婴儿置于暖箱或辐射式抢救台上,保持皮肤温度在36. 5℃ ;②监测:体温、呼吸、心率、血压和动脉血气;③保证液体和营养供应:第1天液体量为70 ~80ml/(kg • d)，以后逐渐增加，液体量不宜过多，否则易导致动脉导管开放，甚至发生肺水肿;④抗生素:RDS患儿在败血症被排除前，建议常规使用抗生素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "RDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "保证液体和营养供应"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "RDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@### 腹痛 见于链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎和过敏性紫癜。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
心肌病@ 3.利尿剂 改善液体内环境平衡在扩张性心肌病的治疗中至关重要。心肌病@其他可应用的利尿剂包括依他尼酸、布美他尼。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利尿剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "依他尼酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "布美他尼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
失眠症@已经考虑将间歇性给药方案用于失眠症的长期治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "间歇性给药方案"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
早产@## 分类 ### 临床分类 根据早产开始时间做出的临床分类 * 早产：妊娠34至37周 * 极早产儿：妊娠28周至33周+6 * 极小早产儿：妊娠＜28周。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "极早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "极小早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@ 有较轻微认知障碍和中度激越的患者更可能对西酞普兰有反应。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "西酞普兰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
狂犬病@如果未接受免疫接种的患者被咬伤（由ACIP 标准定义）或 II、III 级暴露（由WHO 标准定义），则必须开展暴露后预防，主要包括以下步骤： * 应立即使用肥皂和水（或仅使用水）彻底清洗和冲洗开放伤口 15 分钟，并使用清洁剂、碘酒或乙醇进行消毒。狂犬病@ * 咬伤（ACIP标准）或III级（WHO标准）暴露者，一期缝合之前在伤口处注射人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白 (human rabies immunoglobulin, hRIG)。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "清洁剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "狂犬病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碘酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "human rabies immunoglobulin",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "hRIG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@### 药物使用 包括滥用特定限制或非法药品，比如可卡因、麦角酸二乙基酰胺 (LSD) 和一些安非他命。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物使用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可卡因"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "麦角酸二乙基酰胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
因此，如维生素B6缺乏，抗体生成减少，容易发生感染。 2.血浆总维生素B6浓度测定（包括游离维生素B6及吡哆醇磷酸盐） 本方法较为简单，是了解体内维生素B6营养状况的敏感指标，但是测定值的波动较大，因此限制了它的使用价值。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "维生素B6缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆总维生素B6浓度测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
保持脑血流量和足够的平均动脉压；⑥治疗并发症。 化脑的疗程根据病原菌而异。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "化脑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "治疗并发症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
第十二章 幼年型皮肌炎 【概述】 幼年型皮肌炎（juvenile dermatomyositis，JDM）是一种多系统疾病，特点是横纹肌和皮肤的急性或慢性的非化脓性炎症，早期存在不同程度的闭塞性血管病，晚期发生钙化。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "juvenile dermatomyositis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JDM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@ * _曼氏血吸虫_ 感染发生在撒哈拉以南非洲，非洲北部部分地区，中东，南美洲国家如巴西，委内瑞拉，苏里南和几个加勒比地区国家。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加勒比地区国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苏里南"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "委内瑞拉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴西"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "南美洲国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中东"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "曼氏血吸虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "撒哈拉以南非洲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@### 关节痛 累及小关节的关节痛属于常见症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "累及小关节的关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。常出现水、电解质代谢紊乱。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水、电解质代谢紊乱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis) ：1个或更多的关节炎合并银屑病,或关节炎合并以下任何2项:①指（趾)炎;②指甲凹陷或指甲脱离;③家族史中一级亲属有银屑病。发病以女性占多数。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "银屑病性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "女性占多数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "银屑病性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "psoriatic arthritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "银屑病性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指甲凹陷或指甲脱离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "银屑病性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指（趾)炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "指（趾)炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指甲凹陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "指（趾)炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指甲脱离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@## 二级预防 性接触 * 应问询患者的性接触者，以及可能已知的 HIV 状态。HIV 感染@ 后代 * 医生应该问询患者是否有子女以及子女年龄。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "后代"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "性接触"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@研究表明，在治疗中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎时，英夫利昔单抗在诱导缓解方面优于安慰剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "英夫利昔单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安慰剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
白内障@散瞳检查发现，左眼晶状体前部发白，呈轮辐状改变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "散瞳检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@### 基孔肯雅热病毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 居住在/来自基孔肯雅热疫区。 疟疾感染@关节症状明显（例如：多关节炎和腕管综合征很常见）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多关节炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "基孔肯雅热病毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腕管综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基孔肯雅热病毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@如果超声发现可疑病灶或者患者存在难以解释的腹痛，推荐进一步行CT或MRI检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。如这些方法行不通时，可结扎异常的左冠状动脉，这样不仅能消除分流，还可通过侧支血管更好地供应存活心肌。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结扎异常的左冠状动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@ ### Balthazar CT分级 根据胰腺炎症的严重程度，以及增强 CT 扫描是否存在表示坏死的积液或积气作出分级。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "增强 CT 扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
此外成人健康志愿者口服幽门螺杆菌证实可引发胃黏膜的慢性炎症，并出现上腹部痛、恶心及呕吐等症状；用幽门螺杆菌感染动物的动物模型也获得了成功，因此幽门螺杆菌是慢性胃炎的一个重要病因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上腹部痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胃黏膜的慢性炎症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "慢性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
TPO和TPO受体激动剂 目前主要用于治疗难治性ITP。血小板生成素拟肽（romiplostim),首次应用从1μg/kg，每周1次皮下注射开始，根据血小板计数每周增加1μg/kg，最大剂量10μg/kg。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性ITP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板生成素拟肽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "难治性ITP",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "TPO和TPO受体激动剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血小板生成素拟肽",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "romiplostim"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
卵巢癌@ [ 子宫内膜异位症 ](/topics/zh-cn/355) ### 憩室病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能没有症状，也可能在结肠镜检查或钡剂灌肠检查时被偶然发现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "憩室病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "没有症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "憩室病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "憩室病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钡剂灌肠检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@[HELLP 综合征] ### 急性妊娠期脂肪肝 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者感觉不适，常见表现为全身乏力、恶心，很多具有先兆子痫、凝血功能异常和肾脏损伤的典型症状。妊娠胆汁淤积@CT或MRI可见肝脏脂肪浸润。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HELLP 综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先兆子痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血功能异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾脏损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 共病抑郁 | 长期 | 高 至少有50%的患者合并抑郁，由于该类患者自杀风险较高，建议谨慎使用三环类及镇静类药物。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三环类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "抑郁",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "镇静类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共病抑郁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
我国近年来已开展了儿童言语和语言障碍的临床诊治。 （二）嗓音问题 嗓音问题可以是功能性的，也可以是器质性的，表现为音调、响度、音质共鸣的异常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童言语和语言障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗓音问题"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
如果怀疑葡萄球菌（如头颅穿透伤、脑室腹膜分流术以及瓣膜修复术并发心内膜炎引起的脑脓肿），主张选用万古霉素加第三代头孢菌素（也可用甲硝唑）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "万古霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "脑脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲硝唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@一些随机对照试验表明常规应用防晒霜的人群鳞状细胞癌发病率呈持续下降。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "应用防晒霜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
十一、恶性间叶瘤 恶性间叶瘤（malignant mesenchymoma）是一种来自间叶成分软组织肉瘤，儿童少见。男性多于女性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "恶性间叶瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性多于女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "恶性间叶瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "malignant mesenchymoma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "恶性间叶瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童少见"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@## 诊断标准 ### 美国风湿病学会标准对膝关节骨性关节炎的分类和报告 临床和实验室诊断标准 * 膝关节疼痛并符合以下9条标准中至少5项：年龄大于50岁；僵硬时间小于30分钟；捻发感；压痛；骨肿大；无明显的发热；血沉小于40mm/1h；类风湿因子小于1.40；骨关节炎滑液体征。骨性关节炎@ 临床和影像学诊断标准 * 膝关节痛伴有骨赘，在以下3项标准中至少1项呈阳性：年龄大于50岁；僵硬小于30分钟；捻发感。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "僵硬时间小于30分钟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "捻发感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无明显的发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血沉小于40mm/1h"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "类风湿因子小于1.40"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@骨髓穿刺和活组织检查通常不是诊断所必需的。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓穿刺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活组织检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
白内障@在白内障手术中，驱逐性脉络膜出血是最可怕的术中并发症。白内障@脉络膜上腔内压力增加会抬高视网膜，并且由于血液继续泵送到脉络膜上腔中，所以可以导致玻璃体和视网膜经由白内障切口从眼内驱逐，从而导致失明。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "驱逐性脉络膜出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "失明"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "驱逐性脉络膜出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@## 二级预防 二级预防是治疗的一个重要部分。儿童偏头痛@许多形式的行为干预，例如放松疗法、生物反馈和避免触发因素等都认为有明显的效果。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放松疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生物反馈"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "避免触发因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二级预防"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
溶血急性溶血表现为发热、黄疸、苍白、乏力、腰背酸痛、血红蛋白尿等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腰背酸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血急性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血红蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
CF患儿的治疗应着重于对呼吸道感染的防治。有黏液气道阻塞者可进行气管支气管吸引，或在纤维支气管镜下用生理盐水或黏液溶解剂进行灌洗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "CF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管支气管吸引"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
类风湿关节炎@滑膜衬里细胞明显增生，伴随单个核细胞包括T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞以及浆细胞的浸润。类风湿关节炎@在RA中，滑膜组织中局部浸润的形成是特征性表现并导致侵蚀。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "特征性表现并导致侵蚀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞明显增生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "T细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨噬细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "类风湿关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "浆细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
（三）化疗 目前，对肾母细胞瘤疗效最佳，可显著控制局部复发和转移的药物为放线菌素D、长春新碱和阿霉素等。 1.放线菌素D（AMD）术后当日开始应用，每日静脉注射15μg/kg，连续5日，总剂量75μg/kg，为1疗程。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肾母细胞瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放线菌素D"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
八、松果体区肿瘤 松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的0. 4%～2%，包括生殖细胞肿瘤（40%～65%）、松果体实质细胞瘤（17%）和星形细胞瘤（15%）；其中生殖细胞肿瘤又可分为生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤和混合型生殖细胞肿瘤。大的、高度恶性的或有下丘脑浸润或转移的肿瘤预后极差，生存期不到1年。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不到1年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "极差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "松果体实质细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "星形细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "畸胎瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "混合型生殖细胞肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "松果体区肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "松果体区肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@血清肌酐在 48 小时内翻倍，提示进展为双侧肾皮质坏死，需要透析。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "双侧肾皮质坏死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清肌酐在 48 小时内翻倍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 急性应激性心肌病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床特征与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死相似，可能包括胸痛、呼吸急促和左心室壁运动异常。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@检查 患者通常表现出心电图改变、心脏标志物升高和心脏影像显示左心室功能不全，与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死无法区分。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性应激性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性应激性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性应激性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性应激性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左心室壁运动异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
2.葡萄酒色斑 呈暗紫色，出生时即有，很少扩展，面部葡萄酒色斑可能伴有颅内血管瘤，即Sturge-Weber综合征。近年来，国外多采用手术治疗，如面积大，可分期手术，并可植皮。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "葡萄酒色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "葡萄酒色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "植皮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "葡萄酒色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呈暗紫色"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "葡萄酒色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生时即有"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "葡萄酒色斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "很少扩展"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
凡符合HLH的临床诊断标准，或髙度怀疑HLH而未完全达到诊断标准且病情进展迅速者，应立即开始治疗。CsA: 口服,6mg/ ( kg • d)，分2 次,应定期监测CsA血药浓度(谷浓度应在200μg/L左右），根据血药浓度酌情调整剂量。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CsA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@当经典症状（黄疸，体重减轻，食欲减低和右上腹痛）出现时，疾病已往往处于晚期。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重减轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲减低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右上腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
超声波检查可分辨腹腔内肝脓肿、膈下脓肿、盆腔脓肿和脾脏脓肿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腹腔内肝脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声波检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "膈下脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声波检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "盆腔脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声波检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脾脏脓肿",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声波检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
破伤风@ ### 横纹肌溶解（导致急性肾功能衰竭） | 短期 | 高 肌肉痉挛可导致横纹肌溶解，进而导致急性肾功能衰竭。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "横纹肌溶解"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肌肉痉挛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "横纹肌溶解"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "横纹肌溶解",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肾功能衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）发病的高危因素 确定新生儿败血症发病的相对危险因素比较困难，因而资料不尽相同。报告比较一致的相对危险因素包括：新生儿产时有呼吸抑制而经过复苏干预，羊膜破水时间过长（＞24小时），母亲有产时感染或发热，男婴和低出身体重儿等相对容易获得感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "新生儿败血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "母亲有产时感染或发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
缺血性卒中@[ 成人抑郁 ](/topics/zh-cn/55) ### 吸入性肺炎 | 存在差异 | 低 与卒中相关的吞咽障碍可导致吸入性和继发性肺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "缺血性卒中",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "吸入性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸入性和继发性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@对于早发型痴呆，或者当存在强烈家族史时，可进行基因检测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基因检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@伴随症状有头痛同侧的结膜充血、流泪、鼻塞、流涕、前额和面部出汗、瞳孔缩小、上睑下垂和眼睑水肿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流泪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前额和面部出汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛同侧的结膜充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瞳孔缩小"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上睑下垂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼睑水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
慢性淋巴细胞白血病@### 案例 #2 一名 60 岁男性出现颈部和腹股沟区淋巴结肿大 2 个月，并且大小逐渐增大。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@新的放射治疗技术，如调强放射治疗（IMRT），由于其对正常组织影响小，使患者的生活质量有潜在提高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "调强放射治疗（IMRT）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@ 在美国进行的大多数研究表明，所有年龄组黑人的发病率均较高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@ ### 艾滋病 (AIDS) | 长期 | 高 艾滋病是由于 HIV 感染导致的，通常在感染大约 6 到 9 年之后发病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "艾滋病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AIDS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "艾滋病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "艾滋病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@当子女表达关心时，她变得有些烦躁，并抵制他们的帮助。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦躁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
表13-14 儿童中高淀粉酶血症的非胰腺性原因 （2）血清脂肪酶测定：急性胰腺炎时血清脂肪酶也增高。 （2）B型超声： 检查超声检查由于其直观性及无创性，已成为儿科诊断胰腺炎的常用手段。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B型超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清脂肪酶测定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
婴儿胆汁淤积症(infantile cholestasis)是指1岁以内婴儿（包括新生儿）由各种原因引起的肝细胞和（或）毛细胆管分泌功能障碍，或胆管病变导致胆汁排泄减少或缺乏。②考来烯胺: 一种阴离子结合树脂，口服后在肠道中能与胆汁酸结合,增加胆汁酸的排泄，剂量为0. 25 -0. 50g/ (kg • d)，在早餐前后顿服或分次口服。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "考来烯胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "婴儿胆汁淤积症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "infantile cholestasis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@ 虽然尚未证实该治疗有益于中等风险和高风险疾病患者，对于这些患者，除了延迟免疫治疗或膀胱灌注化疗以外，常常术后立即行膀胱灌注化疗。膀胱癌@ 高风险 * 定义为原位癌、高分级 Ta 期或 T1 期尿路上皮癌（Ta = 非浸润性乳头状癌；T1 = 肿瘤侵及皮下结缔组织，即黏膜固有层）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膀胱灌注化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "延迟免疫治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
此外，年长儿右下叶肺炎常由于刺激横膈引起腹痛，需与急性阑尾炎鉴别。对青霉素敏感株仍可选用青霉素G 10万U/（kg•d）治疗，但青霉素低度耐药株（MIC 2. 0～4. 0μg/ml）应加大青霉素剂量至10万～30 万U/（kg•d），以上治疗无效、病情危重或高度耐药者（MIC＞4. 0μg/ml）应选用第三代头孢霉素，如头孢噻肟、头孢曲松或万古霉素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第三代头孢霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。如多巴胺受体拮抗剂:多潘立酮 (domperidone，吗叮啉），常用剂量为每次0. 2 ~0. 3mg/kg，每日3次，饭前半小时及睡前口服。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GER",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多潘立酮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "多潘立酮",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "domperidone"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "多潘立酮",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "吗叮啉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
一、类脂性肺炎 类脂性肺炎（lipoid pneumonia）系鱼肝油、石蜡油、油性滴鼻剂等油脂性物质吸入造成的一种肺炎，病理特征为慢性间质性肺炎。 急性期应进行体位引流及气管吸引，排出油剂。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "类脂性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体位引流及气管吸引"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "类脂性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "lipoid pneumonia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "类脂性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性间质性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@硝普钠在降低脑血流量的同时增加颅内压，对高血压性脑病或卒中后患者尤为不利。 高血压急症@三线治疗药物为非诺多泮， 为选择性外周多巴胺 -1- 受体激动剂，可扩张动脉。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非诺多泮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |