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BH4缺乏症者单独用低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗可使血苯丙氨酸浓度下降，但神经系统的症状仍呈持续性进展。诊断主要依靠HPLC测定尿中新蝶呤（N）和生物蝶呤（B）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "BH4缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HPLC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "治疗后症状",
"subject": "BH4缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血苯丙氨酸浓度下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "BH4缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）复温 是治疗新生儿硬肿症低体温的重要措施。 （1）莨菪碱类药物能改善微循环，抑制血小板凝集，调节副交感神经功能。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "莨菪碱类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "新生儿硬肿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "复温"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
肛门癌@约 5% 的患者治疗的毒性反应可能进展为重度（4 度），因而可能需要住院以治疗脱水和脓毒症的风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肛门癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓毒症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小细胞肺癌@典型的特征包括：咳嗽、咯血、胸痛、呼吸困难和声嘶（若有喉返神经麻痹）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声嘶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@[ 失血造成的贫血 ](/topics/zh-cn/93) ### 再生不良性贫血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 由多种原因导致红细胞生成下降，例如骨髓衰竭（骨髓纤维化、骨髓增生异常综合征、骨髓抑制、再生障碍性贫血）、慢性病性贫血以及缺乏状态（铁、维生素 B12、叶酸）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "再生不良性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@## 治疗步骤 对于被视为足以耐受强化治疗方案的患者，化疗是一种首选治疗方案。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "急性髓性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
食管癌@ ### 贲门失弛缓 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 无胃灼热的的长期反流史。食管癌@临床上与食管癌不易鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贲门失弛缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "贲门失弛缓",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "长期反流史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@这种药物最常用于在使用 β 受体阻滞剂时出现持续性左室流出道梗阻症状的患者，或者作为梗阻性 HCM 患者的一线治疗药物。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β 受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@部分患者可发展为脑积水，放置永久性脑脊液引流管（例如脑室腹腔分流）可能会缓解症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@随后，患者应接受紧急超声心动图检查以确定心脏瓣膜病变的性质和范围。感染性心内膜炎@ 需要依据经验给予广谱抗微生物药物治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
白喉@[ 心肌炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/244) ### 心力衰竭 | 存在差异 | 中 如果心肌炎持续，最终会导致扩张和肥厚型心肌病，导致心脏衰竭。 白喉@[ 充血性心力衰竭急性加重 ](/topics/zh-cn/62) ### 视力模糊 | 存在差异 | 低 视力模糊可能是由于动眼神经和睫状神经麻痹。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肥厚型心肌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 肠套叠可致腹部绞痛，表现为原先安静的患儿突然出现明显烦躁不适，可有全身强直，双腿向腹部屈曲，表情痛苦，症状突发突止；无法表达的小婴儿则出现阵发性哭吵，发作间隙表现正常或安静入睡。肠套叠初期，结肠蠕动增加，肠腔内压升高，患儿排出少量正常粪便；后期粪便中出现血迹，随之因肠缺血坏死而排暗红色血块或果酱样大便。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠蠕动增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠腔内压升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "少量正常粪便"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粪便中出现血迹"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠缺血坏死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显烦躁不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双腿向腹部屈曲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "表情痛苦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突发突止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵发性哭吵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@ ### 风湿热 | 存在差异 | 低 风湿热表现为多发性关节炎、心肌炎、皮下结节、边缘性红斑和舞蹈症。急性咽喉炎@青霉素是二级预防的一线用药。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "风湿热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "风湿热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "风湿热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肌炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "风湿热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮下结节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "风湿热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "边缘性红斑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "风湿热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舞蹈症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@随着人口老龄化，70岁以上人口感染性心内膜炎的发病率更高， 且预后更差。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "70岁以上"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@[ Spinal cord compression ](/topics/zh-cn/1012) ### 便血和/或肠道梗阻 | 存在差异 | 低 胃肠道转移所致。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "便血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@在并发先兆子痫的妊娠中，2%至20%的病例存在HELLP的实验室表现；在并发子痫的妊娠中，10%至30%的病例存在HELLP。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先兆子痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第七节 特发性高钙尿症 特发性高钙尿症（idiopathic hypercalciuria，IH）是指病因不明尿钙排出增多而血钙正常的一组疾病。 【临床表现】 （一）血尿 主要为镜下血尿，肉眼血尿一般为反复发作性，有时可见血丝。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "特发性高钙尿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "特发性高钙尿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "idiopathic hypercalciuria"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "特发性高钙尿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "idiopathic hypercalciuria",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "特发性高钙尿症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿钙排出增多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（四）心导管检查 历史上，心导管检查在HCM的诊断及研究中起了重要作用。其他临床上应用的选择性β受体阻滞剂有阿替洛尔（atenolol）、美托洛尔（metoprolol）等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿替洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美托洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "HCM",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心导管检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "阿替洛尔",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "atenolol"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "美托洛尔",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "metoprolol"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@I期（局部侵犯）或II期（A/B） – 首选 – 睾丸癌术后体外放射治疗 对于局限性或低级别精原细胞瘤（I期-II B期），膈下放疗是一个经过仔细研究过的治疗方法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "低级别精原细胞瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "膈下放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@结果 抗甲型肝炎 IgM 抗体阳性 ### 抗戊型肝炎 IgM 抗体 检查 结果 检查 当既往史提示可能暴露于戊型肝炎或肝功能检查结果异常时，应进行此检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗戊型肝炎 IgM 抗体"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
IDA主要与小细胞低色素性贫血鉴别，包括铅中毒、β-地中海贫血、α-地中海贫血、慢性感染引起的贫血等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小细胞低色素性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "铅中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β-地中海贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "α-地中海贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "IDA",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性感染引起的贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@### 其他遗传学危险因素 已有一级亲属患病则发病风险略有增加的证据。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "其他遗传学危险因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
破伤风@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 药物诱发性肌张力障碍，如吩噻嗪类 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 表现可能包括斜颈、颈后仰、牙关紧闭、舌咽肌张力障碍、角弓反张，还经常有眼睛偏斜。破伤风@破伤风不会引起眼睛偏斜。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼睛偏斜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吩噻嗪类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "斜颈"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈后仰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "牙关紧闭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "舌咽肌张力障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "药物诱发性肌张力障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "角弓反张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ （4）氟胞嘧啶：对严重的皮肤念珠菌病，需要全身性抗真菌治疗时可采用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "皮肤念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟胞嘧啶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
支气管肺炎是儿童肺炎链球菌肺炎最常见的病理类型（详见本章第八节）。临床起病多急骤，可有寒战、高热可达401 ,呼吸急促、呼气呻吟、鼻翼扇动、发绀，可有胸痛，最初数日多咳嗽不重,无痰,后可有痰呈铁锈色。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "临床起病多急骤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "寒战"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼气呻吟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻翼扇动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽不重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无痰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "有痰呈铁锈色"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）常用哮喘维持治疗药物 吸入糖皮质激素 （ICS）种类 ICS治疗哮喘的高效性和局部选择性的主要化学基础是在于激素甾体核的16α和17α 或17β位置上有一个亲脂基团的置换。 （3）班布特罗（Bambec）1mg/ml，100ml/瓶。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "班布特罗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Bambec",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "班布特罗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@ 开腹手术 * 可能适合于存在胆囊肿块、同时进行上腹手术、怀疑恶性肿瘤或妊娠晚期的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "开腹手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 （一）X线表现 转移性骨肿瘤的X线表现多数为肿瘤发生的骨骼产生各种骨骼破坏性改变，病变多局限在骨骼内，边缘不清，有时与原发性骨肿瘤不易鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "转移性骨肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "转移性骨肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼内"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "转移性骨肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发性骨肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
放线菌病@ （二）手术疗法 所有浅部病灶及窦道脓肿均应切除或切开引流。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "放线菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "放线菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "切开引流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@重度先兆子痫和多系统器官衰竭（肝功能障碍、血清肌酐＞1.36mg/dL、难治性高血压、肺水肿）患者，应当在重症监护病房内，通过肺动脉导管引导，接受补液疗法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "重度先兆子痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补液疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多系统器官衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补液疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "多系统器官衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "多系统器官衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "难治性高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "多系统器官衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "多系统器官衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清肌酐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
JAS以年长儿居多，鉴于相当多的JAS病人伴有周围关节病变，因而也时常称为脊柱关节病综合征。有人用1 - 1羟化维生素D3治疗18例JAS ，发现该药可降低CD4 / CD8比例，血清IgG下降，骨质疏松减轻。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "JAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1 - 1羟化维生素D3"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "JAS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脊柱关节病综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@结果 副肿瘤综合征；血红蛋白降低或红细胞增加 ### LDH 检查 结果 检查 根据 Motzer 标准，晚期 RCC 预后不良的指标。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "LDH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
喉癌@患有反应性呼吸道疾病，按哮喘治疗。喉癌@近几周来出现呼吸困难，逐渐加重，伴有耳痛、吞咽困难及吞咽疼痛，体重下降9公斤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "反应性呼吸道疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第二节 淋巴管瘤 淋巴管瘤（lymphangioma）是由间叶组织的原始淋巴囊和淋巴管发育形成，是一种良性肿瘤，在小儿非常多见，其发病率仅次于血管瘤，位居第二。淋巴管瘤一般采用Wegner分类方法：①毛细淋巴管瘤；②海绵状淋巴管瘤；③囊状淋巴管瘤；④弥漫性淋巴管瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛细淋巴管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "海绵状淋巴管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "囊状淋巴管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性淋巴管瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "lymphangioma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "良性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "淋巴管瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "位居第二"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
原发性蛛网膜下腔出血（primary subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH ) 出血原发部位在蛛网膜下腔内，不包括硬膜下、脑室内或小脑等部位出血后向蛛网膜下腔扩展。主要的后遗症为交通性或阻塞性脑积水。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "交通性或阻塞性脑积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "primary subarachnoid hemorrhage"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SAH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "primary subarachnoid hemorrhage",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SAH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "原发性蛛网膜下腔出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛛网膜下腔内"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
淹溺后气道内无吸入液体称为“干溺”。有人推测干溺者在溺水时上呼吸道亦有水进入，但由于刺激了咽喉产生了咳嗽及吞咽反射，反射性地引起喉痉挛、声门关闭和窒息。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞咽反射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "声门关闭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "淹溺",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
毛细胞白血病@这些复合物目前正处于临床试验阶段。 毛细胞白血病@### B 细胞受体抑制剂 依鲁替尼，一种布鲁顿氏酪氨酸激酶的抑制剂，目前正作为针对复发性 HCL 的单药疗法接受评估。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "毛细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B 细胞受体抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@卡博替尼作为一种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，已在转移性甲状腺髓样癌的治疗中显示出一定效果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性甲状腺髓样癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卡博替尼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
血管炎综合征@ 【分类】 血管炎综合征可分为原发性和继发性两类： （一）原发性血管炎 1.影响大、中、小血管 大动脉炎、巨细胞动脉炎及脑脉管炎。 血管炎综合征@ 3.影响小血管 过敏性紫癜及白细胞碎裂性血管炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏性紫癜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白细胞碎裂性血管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血管炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发性血管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大动脉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巨细胞动脉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "原发性血管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脉管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 巨输尿管依其发生原因不同而各有特征性的表现。随着超声检查的广泛应用，胎儿巨输尿管的检出率逐渐升高，最高的报道占了超声发现的泌尿系畸形的20%左右。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "巨输尿管",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@### 窦性心动过速 作为增加心输出量的代偿方式，是心肌炎导致的CHF患者出现的初始体征之一。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窦性心动过速"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
成人型Bartter综合征又称Batter-Gietlman综合征，系由噻嗪敏感的Na+-K+通道基因（SCI12A3）突变所致，该基因定位于16q913，编码1021个氨基酸，已发现多达40种突变。 本病临床表现复杂多样，以低血钾症状为主。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Bartter综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血钾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Bartter综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Batter-Gietlman综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
另一些结合蛋白降低，可使结合型甲状腺素（T3、T4)、血清铁、锌和铜等微量元素降低，转铁蛋白减少则可发生小细胞低色素性贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小细胞低色素性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "转铁蛋白减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@检查 CT 尿路造影或静脉肾盂造影可显示上尿路肿瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "上尿路肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT 尿路造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "上尿路肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉肾盂造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@ 全血细胞计数及肝功能检查有时可提示癌症是否扩散至骨或肝脏，但在确定患者能否耐受化疗方面更有帮助。转移性乳腺癌@对脑、脊髓及骨的特异性部位进行评估时，一般 MRI 优于 CT。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "癌症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "癌症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "癌症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ 这使食管痉挛与心绞痛难以区分。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@检查 钡餐可能显示食道明显的非推进性收缩，螺旋形狭窄 食管测压可显示出反复，非蠕动的收缩。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "食管痉挛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钡餐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "食管痉挛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管测压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食管痉挛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（二）并发症的治疗 1.胆道蛔虫 治疗原则主要是镇痛、解痉、驱蛔和控制感染。 （1）中药： 乌梅丸，每次4. 5～9g，每天3次。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胆道蛔虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
其他病毒所致脑炎或脑膜炎由其他病毒,如单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、呼吸道病 毒等引起的脑炎或脑膜炎，临床表现与手足口病合并中枢神经系统损害的重症病例表现相似。②酌情应用糖皮质激素治疗:参考剂量:甲泼尼龙1 ~2mg/(kg • d);氢化可的松3 ~5mg/ (kg • d);地塞米松0. 2 ~0. 5mg/(kg · d)，病情稳定后，尽早减量或停用。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖皮质激素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲泼尼龙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氢化可的松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "地塞米松"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "手足口病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【实验室检查与诊断】 无菌性脑膜炎的脑脊液多有异常改变，通常表现为轻度细胞和/或蛋白增多，糖和氯化物一般正常。 脑电图检查常见弥漫性慢波增多，个别可见痫样放电，随病情好转脑电图异常也逐渐恢复，在并发癫痫的病例仍可见到痫样放电。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "无菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "无菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "轻度细胞和/或蛋白增多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "无菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@总体来说，鳞状细胞癌较之日光性角化，症状更显著，皮损更厚更大，更倾向于为硬结性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光性角化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
重型：又称Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征。胎儿常于30 ~40周时流产、死胎或娩出后半小时内死亡，胎儿呈重度贫血、黄疸、水肿、肝脾大、腹腔积液、胸腔积液。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔积液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腔积液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "重型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
真菌性脑膜炎@在HIV患者中，早期有效的抗逆转录病毒治疗可以预防真菌性脑膜炎的发生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗逆转录病毒治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
近端肾小管中毒（二型)@方法包括： （一）口服法 口服碳酸氢钠2～10mmol/（kg•d），每3天增加一次剂量，直到酸中毒纠正，测定血浆和尿及肌酐含量，用以下公式计算： 正常人为0，如＞15可诊断pRTA；＜5%为dRTA；5%～10%为Ⅲ型RTA。 近端肾小管中毒（二型)@ （二）钾盐 一般无需补钾，但继发性范可尼综合征者，一半以上碱制剂需用钾盐。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "近端肾小管中毒（二型)",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "碳酸氢钠"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "近端肾小管中毒（二型)",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钾盐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 危险因素 关键的风险因素包括吸烟，酒精滥用，暴露于HPV，无烟烟草，嚼槟榔。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精滥用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暴露于HPV"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无烟烟草"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嚼槟榔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肾穿刺活体组织检查只在考虑有急进性肾炎或临床、实验室检査不典型或病情迁延者才进行以确定诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "急进性肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾穿刺活体组织检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
加压素试验 禁水试验结束后,皮下注射垂体后叶素5U(或精氨酸加压素0.1U/kg)，然后2 小时内多次留尿,测渗透压。如尿渗透压峰值上升超过给药前的50%，则为完全性中枢性尿崩症;在9% ~ 50%者为部分性尿崩症;小于9%为肾性尿崩症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "部分性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加压素试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肾性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加压素试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "完全性中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "加压素试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
约有3%儿童由隐匿性细菌性肺炎发展为细菌性脑膜炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "隐匿性细菌性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌性脑膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 少数情况下，心电图可以发现心肌梗死导致的心动过速或心动过缓。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 病史和体格检查 对于因胸痛或不适前来就诊的患者，需要立即评估冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) 的现病史或既往史以及传统危险因素（例如年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压 [HTN]、可卡因的使用），以区分需要优先治疗的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "心动过缓",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HTN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "可卡因的使用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CAD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肺结核@结果 结核的典型表现；结核的非典型表现；或者完全正常的胸片 ### 痰抗酸杆菌染色涂片 检查 结果 检查 痰液可以自主排出，也可经诱导排出（采用适当的防护以免疾病传播），应采集 3 份痰样本（最少相距 8 小时，应包括晨痰；晨痰是结核分枝杆菌的最佳检测样本）。 肺结核@结果 抗酸杆菌 (AFB) 检测呈阳性 ### 痰培养 检查 结果 检查 痰培养是最敏感和最特异的检测手段。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "痰培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（七）结果 横纹肌肉瘤患者的存活率取决于诊断时肿瘤的临床分级、分期、原发部位。按治疗前分期，其存活率分别为Ⅰ期80%，Ⅱ期68%，Ⅲ期49%，Ⅳ期21%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "80%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "68%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "49%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "横纹肌肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "21%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 缩窄性心包炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 颈静脉压升高、心动过速、心房颤动。 肝硬化@多普勒超声：心室充盈异常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "缩窄性心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多普勒超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "缩窄性心包炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缩窄性心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈静脉压升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缩窄性心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过速"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "缩窄性心包炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心房颤动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
12.铅中毒 急性食入中毒者以1%硫酸钠溶液洗胃，并口服牛奶或蛋清；及早应用依地酸钙钠（EDTA）25～50mg/ kg，稀释至500ml葡萄糖液静滴，或二巯丁二钠20～30mg/kg静脉缓注。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服牛奶或蛋清"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
【诊断及分期】 组织病理学检查是NB诊断的最重要手段，有时需结合免疫组织化学、电镜以明确诊断。晚期大年龄患儿的长期无病生存率仅为5%～30%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "NB",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5%～30%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "NB",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织病理学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
三、抽动-秽语综合征 抽动-秽语综合征是由法国医生Tourette（1885年）对该病的起始和发展作了详细地描述，故又命名为Tourette综合征。国内也有不少关于此病的流行病学报道，高庆云（1984年）报道该病患病率为0. 242%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0. 242%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抽动-秽语综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Tourette综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
此类疾病因血管炎累及胰腺和其他脏器的血管，引起血管壁的炎症、坏死、血栓形成而致坏死性胰腺炎。 （六）药物和毒素 见表13-13。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "坏死性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "药物和毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
一、脑室周围-脑室内出血 脑室周围-脑室内出血（intraventricular hemorrhage，IVH）是早产儿最常见的颅内出血类型。急剧恶化型最为少见，但临床症状最严重，患儿可在数分钟至数小时内迅速恶化，出现意识障碍、呼吸困难或暂停、抽搐、瞳孔光反射消失、四肢肌张力低下、前囟紧张，伴失血性贫血、血压下降、心动过缓。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "意识障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难或暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抽搐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瞳孔光反射消失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "四肢肌张力低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前囟紧张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伴失血性贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血压下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "intraventricular hemorrhage"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脑室周围-脑室内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IVH"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@[ 肝硬化 ](/topics/zh-cn/278) ### 肝细胞癌 | 长期 | 中 目前，全球 HBV 相关肝细胞癌 (hepatocellular cancer, HCC) 的发病率上升，约占所有 HCC 的 50%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝细胞癌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
登革热@ 约90%的登革出血热(DHF)发生于5岁以下儿童。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "登革出血热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5岁以下儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "登革出血热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DHF"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * 全血细胞计数：血红蛋白和红细胞压积检查有助于评价非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的次要原因（如急性失血，贫血），并检查有无血小板减少症，评价出血风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "血小板减少症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "急性失血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【定义】 新生儿全血血清葡萄糖>7. 0mmol/L(125mg/dl),或血清葡萄糖水平>8. 40mmol/L(150mg/dl)为新生儿高血糖（neonatal hyperglycemia)的诊断标准。 【临床表现】 轻者可无症状;血糖增高显著或者持续时间长的患儿可发生高渗血症、高渗透性利尿、出现脱水、烦渴、多尿甚至发生颅内出血等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高渗血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高渗透性利尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦渴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅内出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "新生儿高血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "neonatal hyperglycemia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 支架内血栓形成或再狭窄 支架血栓形成或支架内再狭窄均有可能导致 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死、非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死或不稳定型心绞痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "支架血栓形成",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不稳定型心绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "支架内再狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不稳定型心绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（二）其他原发性肾小球疾患 1.膜增生性肾炎 起病似急性肾炎，但常有显著蛋白尿、血补体C3持续低下，病程呈慢性过程，必要时行肾活检鉴别。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "膜增生性肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "膜增生性肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "膜增生性肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血补体C3持续低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@### 围产期和产后期 围产期和产后期女性与患心肌炎有强相关性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "围产期和产后期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）卧床休息 动物实验显示卧床休息可预防急性期心肌内病毒复制的增加。处理原则与一般心力衰竭及心源性休克相似，包括洋地黄的应用、血管扩张剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、利尿剂及扩容纠正酸中毒等，但在洋地黄应用时应注意在病毒性心肌炎急性期，心肌对洋地黄敏感，易出现毒性反应，应避免快饱和，用药剂量也应适当减少。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "卧床休息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "洋地黄的应用"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血管扩张剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "磷酸二酯酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利尿剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "病毒性心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "扩容纠正酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
麻风病@最常见于界线类麻风 (BT)、中间-界线类麻风 (BB)、界线类偏瘤型麻风 (BL) 和瘤型麻风 (LL)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "界线类麻风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "中间-界线类麻风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BB"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "界线类偏瘤型麻风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "瘤型麻风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "LL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@### 氡气暴露 铀通常是在地壳中找到。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氡气暴露"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@开始的症状可能为干咳、胸闷、气急、喘息，自发或在暴露于刺激因素后出现。成人哮喘@当咳嗽有痰时，常是清痰或黏痰。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "清痰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干咳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸闷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气急"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喘息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@非洲裔美国妇女比白人妇女发病风险更大。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲裔美国妇女"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
高血压急症@ ### 心脏症状 心脏异常（如胸痛或胸部压迫感、气促、水肿）常与高血压急症密切相关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "高血压急症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（五）肠神经发育不良（IND） 与神经节细胞缺乏症和神经节细胞减少症相同，肠肌间丛神经节细胞发育不良既可并发于典型HD，亦可独立发生，导致肠梗阻，可分为以支配血管的肾上腺素能神经异常为特征的A型，以及以黏液下神经丛受累为主的B型。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肠神经发育不良",
"subject_type": "社会学",
"object": {
"@value": "IND"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@## 分类 ### 解剖学分类 完全性： * 胎盘覆盖整个子宫颈内口。 低置胎盘： * 胎盘边缘距离子宫颈内口2cm至3.5cm内。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低置胎盘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "完全性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
破伤风@一项研究指出，土耳其新生儿破伤风幸存儿童经常出现遗尿症、精神发育迟滞和生长迟缓。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗尿症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长迟缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精神发育迟滞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
结节性硬化症@ （二）神经系统损害 1.癫痫 80%～90%患儿有癫痫发作，多在2～3岁前发病。结节性硬化症@发作形式多样，多为难治性癫痫。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "结节性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2～3岁前"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "80%～90%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
食管癌@ 当存在过量饮酒时，两者似乎存在协同效应，它可以显著增加食管癌的发病风险。 食管癌@### 饮酒（鳞癌） 酗酒（≥3次/日）是诱发食管鳞癌最强的因素之一。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酗酒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@如果患者还未临产，则选择引产或剖宫产。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剖宫产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "引产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
急性胰腺炎@### 胸部 X 光片 检查 结果 检查 放射线检查并不被用于诊断急性胰腺炎，但是可以确定可能的致病因素，并排除其他诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部 X 光片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
胃炎@检查 消化性溃疡与 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染和使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 高度相关。 胃炎@大便潜血试验可能阳性，提示存在潜在的消化道出血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便潜血试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用非甾体抗炎药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "幽门螺杆菌_ 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用非甾体抗炎药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "_幽门螺杆菌_ 感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "消化性溃疡",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 危险因素 与哮喘相关：血清嗜酸粒细胞增高；过敏；哮喘家族史；环境烟草烟雾；非病毒，非过敏环境因素诱发喘息；正面伴有气道超敏反应的非功能异常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清嗜酸粒细胞增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过敏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环境烟草烟雾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@德尼单抗是一种与人 RANKL 结合的人源化IgG2单克隆抗体。转移性乳腺癌@它目前可用作高钙血症和骨转移治疗所用双膦酸盐的替代药物。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "德尼单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双膦酸盐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "高钙血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双膦酸盐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "德尼单抗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@手术减压的短期效果和长期预后均优于内镜减压术， 可能是由于外科手术切除胰腺感觉神经、降低胰腺组织压力（胰腺组织压力可以作为预测疼痛缓解程度的终点指标）等方法，可同时影响产生胰源性疼痛的其他假说机制。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内镜减压术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
QT间期延长综合征@LQTS的诊断主要基于心电图及临床标准。 QT间期延长综合征@ LQTS的治疗包括β受体阻滞剂，其剂量为能降低运动时的心率反应为度。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "QT间期延长综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "LQTS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
麻风病@在全世界范围内，麻风病是造成永久残疾的首要原因，主要影响热带地区的国家。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "热带地区的国家"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部 ### 子宫瘢痕形成（最常见的原因是由于既往剖宫产） 在美国，由于剖宫产增加，前置胎盘的发生率也在不断增加。前置胎盘@一次剖宫产可使下次妊娠的（前置胎盘）发生率增加约 0.6%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剖宫产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "子宫瘢痕形成"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 新生儿低血糖常缺乏症状，同样血糖水平对患儿的症状轻重差异很大，原因尚不明。主要表现为反应差、阵发性发绀、震颤、眼球不正常转动、惊厥、呼吸暂停、嗜睡、不吃等，有的出现多汗、苍白及反应低下等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反应差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵发性发绀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球不正常转动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不吃"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多汗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "苍白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿低血糖",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反应低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@粥样硬化斑块、血凝块形成或非严重狭窄斑块基础上出现的血管痉挛引起的血流受阻都可能是缺血性症状的原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粥样硬化斑块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "缺血性心脏疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血凝块形成"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 1.临床诊断 长期动物性食物摄入不足，有各种消化道疾病或慢性消耗性疾病史,急性传染病史等情况下应高度警惕维生素A缺乏症。 （5）暗适应检查:用暗适应计和视网膜电流变化检査，如发现暗光视觉异常，有助诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "暗适应检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性传染病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@[ 麻疹 ](/topics/zh-cn/217) ### Behcet 综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 咽部水泡，生殖器溃疡，皮肤破损和眼部病变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Behcet 综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Behcet 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽部水泡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生殖器溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Behcet 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤破损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "Behcet 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼部病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【头痛的病因】 引起小儿头痛的病因很多，一般可归纳为以下三大方面。 3.心血管疾病 高血压、高血压脑病、主动脉缩窄及法洛四联症等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "心血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉缩窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "心血管疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "法洛四联症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
表13-8 炎症性肠病致营养不良原因 CD活动指数（CDAI）可正确估计病情及评价疗效（表13-13）。 表13-9 简化CDAI记分法 注：＜4分为缓解期，5～8分为中度活动期，9分以上为重度活动期 【实验室检查及辅助检查】 （一）一般检查 1.血 血红蛋白、白细胞分类计数、血小板计数、凝血时间及血沉。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "CD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中度活动期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "CD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度活动期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "CD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
心房扑动@### 甲状腺功能亢进症 可能诱发心房颤动或心房扑动。 心房扑动@### COPD 根据基于人群的流行病学调查，12% 的心房扑动患者出现的心律失常的病因是 COPD。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "心房扑动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "COPD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |