AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Neglecting friction, a 33-kilogram cart rolls down a slope that is 20 meters high and 60 meters long. Using 10 meters per second squared for g, what is the velocity in meters per second at the base of the slope?	20
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A long straight wire carries a 10 ampere current north. Give the magnitude in teslas and the direction of the magnetic field induced at a point 10 centimeters directly under the wire?	2 x 10.5 WEST
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Approximately how much energy does the Sun generate in joules per hour if it converts about 4 billion kilograms of mass into pure energy every second? W) 10\({}^{9}\) X) 10\({}^{18}\) Y) 10\({}^{30}\) Z) 10\({}^{33}\)	Y) 10\({}^{30}\)
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	In the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase, the rate of reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol increases as you increase the concentration of acetaldehyde. Eventually, the rate of reaction reaches a maximum, where further increases in the concentration of acetaldehyde have no effect. Which of the following BEST explains this result? W) All of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecules are bound to acetaldehyde molecules X) At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the activation energy of the reaction decreases Y) The enzyme is no longer specific for acetaldehyde Z) At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the change in free energy of the reaction decreases	W) ALL OF THE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE MOLECULES ARE BOUND TO ACETALDEHYDE MOLECULES
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Populations P1 and P2 are normally distributed and have identical means; however, the standard deviation of P1 is twice the standard deviation of P2. Which of the following is TRUE about the percentage of observations falling within two standard deviations of the mean for each population? W) The percentage for P1 is twice the percentage for P2 X) The percentage for P1 is greater, but not twice as great, as the percentage for P2 Y) The percentage for P2 is twice the percentage for P1 Z) The percentages are identical	Z) THE PERCENTAGES ARE IDENTICAL
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Find the second derivative of the function \(f(x)=(3+2x)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\).	\(3(6x+5)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\) [ACCEPT: (18x + 15)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\)]
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following compounds is NOT a common cement in sedimentary rocks? W) SiO\({}{2}\) X) Fe\({}{2}\)O\({}{3}\) Y) Mg\({}{2}\)SiO\({}{3}\) Z) CaCO\({}{3}\)	Y) Mg\({}{2}\)SiO\({}{3}\)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The Ghyben-Herzberg relation characterizes the relationship between the depth of freshwater occurring above and below sea level in the presence of a saltwater intrusion. What physical property determines this relationship?	DENSITY
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If the coulomb constant is 9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) newton meters squared per coulomb squared, what force, in newtons, will two particles with charges of +2 and -2 coulombs kept 2 meters apart exert on each other? W) 4.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) away from each other X) 4.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) toward each other Y) 9.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) toward each other Z) 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) toward each other	Y) 9.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) TOWARD EACH OTHER
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Pam buys a pendulum clock at a discount store and discovers when she gets home that it loses 6 minutes each day. If the pendulum has a period of 2 seconds, by how much must the length be changed, to the nearest centimeter, so that the clock keeps accurate time?	1
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is TRUE about Population I stars and II stars? W) Population I stars tend to be older than Population II stars X) Population I stars of a given mass tend to be more luminous than Population II stars of the same mass Y) Population I stars tend to be found in the spiral arms of galaxies, while Population II stars tend to be found in globular clusters Z) Population I stars tend to have fewer heavy elements than Population II stars	Y) POPULATION I STARS TEND TO BE FOUND IN THE SPIRAL ARMS OF GALAXIES, WHILE POPULATION II STARS TEND TO BE FOUND IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for a kind of landfill technology, currently in research and development, that accelerates the biological decomposition of organic wastes in a landfill by promoting the conditions necessary for the microorganisms that degrade the waste?	BIOREACTOR
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Cowbirds, common cuckoos, and African honeyguides lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. As a result, what term is typically used to describe these birds?	BROOD PARASITE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If \(x^{2}+y^{2}=5^{2}\), find \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) in terms of \(x\) and \(y\) in simplest form.	\(\frac{-x}{y}\)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organelles would you expect to be MOST active during apoptosis of the cells that contain them? W) Endoplasmic reticulum X) Golgi bodies Y) Lysosomes Z) Ribosomes	Y) LYSOSOMES
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the scientific name for a type of skin growth that looks different than a common mole? It is usually larger, with borders that are not easy to see, uneven colors, and is partially raised above the skin surface.	DYSPLASTIC NEVUS (ACCEPT: DYSPLASTIC MELANOCYTIC NEVUS)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Roughly, which of the following BEST represents the solar energy intensity in watts per square meter incident on the Earth? W) 200 X) 1,400 Y) 3,000 Z) 10,000	X) 1,400
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Companies A, B, and C are forced to pay one dollar of tax per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. If Company A emits 100 tons of carbon dioxide and 4 tons of nitrous oxide, Company B emits 10 tons of carbon dioxide and 5 tons of nitrous oxide, and Company C emits 200 tons of carbon dioxide and no nitrous oxide, which company has to pay the largest tax?	COMPANY B
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	By number, identify all of the following four situations in which an object is NOT in equilibrium: when moving to the right with a constant velocity; when slowing to a stop; when moving with a constant speed in a circle; when in free fall.	2, 3, AND 4
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A brass ball with a mass of 200 grams at 20\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius is placed in boiling water until it reaches equilibrium. Given that the specific heat of brass is 0.094 kilocalories per kilogram degree Celsius, and providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, how much thermal energy in kilocalories is absorbed by the ball?	1.5
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the name of a highly contagious, infectious viral disease in cows that causes symptoms such as respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, and brain infections?	INFECTIONUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (ACCEPT: IBR) (DO NOT ACCEPT: MAD COW DISEASE)
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	By name or number, identify all of the following five choices that are NOT arthropods: trilobites, chelicerates (read as: ki-LI-keh-rah-tehs), crustaceans, icterids (read as: ik-TEHR-ids), polyplacophores (read as: poh-lee-PLAH-koh-fors).	ICTERIDS AND POLYPLACOPHORES (ACCEPT: 4 AND 5)
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following series converges? W) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{0.5}}\) X) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n+1}\) Y) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{\mathrm{e}^{n}}\) Z) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{e}^{n}}{n}\)	Y) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{\mathrm{e}^{n}}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that are substitutional alloys: brass, steel, sterling silver, pewter.	BRASS, STERLING SILVER, AND PEWTER (ACCEPT: 1, 3, AND 4)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the closest to the maximum solar altitude for Barrow, Alaska in the course of a year? W) 90\({}^{\circ}\) X) 45\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 20\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 0\({}^{\circ}\)	X) 45\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	A well near the beach is suspected to be contaminated with chloride ions from sea water. If chloride is present, which of the following will produce a cloudy suspension when mixed with the water? W) Silver nitrate X) Sodium nitrate Y) Potassium acetate Z) Calcium bromide	W) SILVER NITRATE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Amebocytes from Limulus organisms are currently used in the medical field to test for the presence of what substances?	BACTERIAL TOXINS (ACCEPT: TOXINS)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	When a 10 kilogram object is lifted 10 meters, in a gravitational field of 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the change in potential energy of the object in joules?	980
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the name of the compound HClO\({}{4}\)? W) Hydrogen perchlorite X) Chloric acid Y) Perchloric acid Z) Hypochloric acid	Y) PERCHLORIC ACID
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Express \(\sum{x=1}^{n}\log x\) (read as: the summation of \(x\) equals 1 to n of log of \(x\)) with a factorial.	log \(n!\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	How many different letter arrangements can be formed using the six letters in the word "energy"?	360
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	If Tajon applies 100 newtons of force on a 2-meter wrench at a right angle to the wrench and parallel to the plane of rotation, how much torque, in newton meters, is he applying to the bolt?	200
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	What makes arches and domes more stable than flat roofed structures? W) They transmit compressive forces along their length to the ground, uniformly bearing the load of gravity X) Each section is under great tension, using the stronger dimension of the components Y) Torsional resistance to sideways swaying ensures that such structures are stable, even in high winds Z) The surface tension of the arched shape allows the building components to be hollowed out, saving weight.	W) THEY TRANSMIT COMPRESSIVE FORCES ALONG THEIR LENGTH TO THE GROUND, UNIFORMLY BEARING THE LOAD OF GRAVITY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a common mineral that is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? W) Pyrite X) Quartz Y) Bauxite (read as: BOHK-syt) Z) Feldspar	X) QUARTZ
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following minerals is a mafic silicate? W) Fluorite X) Diamond Y) Muscovite Z) Pyroxene (read as: py-ROHK-seen)	Z) PYROXENE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following functions is one-to-one? W) f(x) = \|x\| + 3 (read as: f of \(x\) equals the absolute value of \(x\) plus X) f(x) = \(x^{2}-6x+11\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals \(x\) squared minus 6 \(x\) plus Y) f(x) = \(5x^{3}+9\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals 5 \(x\) cubed plus Z) f(x) = \(\frac{1}{x^{2}}\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals 1 over \(x\) squared)	Y) f(x) = \(5x^{3}+9\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	A triangle has sides of length 5, 7, and 8 meters. In simplest form and in meters squared, what is the area of the triangle?	10\(\sqrt{3}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Why is riding a bicycle on a well-maintained road more energy efficient than walking or running? W) Bipedal motion is highly inefficient X) The coefficient of sliding friction between tires and the ground is less than that between shoes and the ground Y) Gravity does very little work on a bicyclist relative to a walker or runner Z) Bicycling requires more calories than walking	Y) GRAVITY DOES VERY LITTLE WORK ON A BICYCLIST RELATIVE TO A WALKER OR RUNNER
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way to test string theory? W) Cosmic ray experiments X) High energy particle collisions Y) Electron mapping Z) Precision tests of short-range gravitational forces	Y) ELECTRON MAPPING
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	On a football team, there is a defensive lineman who weighs 350 pounds and can run at 10 miles per hour. On the same team, the wide receiver weighs 175 pounds and can run 20 miles per hour. At top speed, which player has more kinetic energy?	WIDE RECEIVER
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	A race car initially moving with a velocity of 50 meters per second produces a skid mark on the road while braking. Using g as 10 meters per second squared, and providing your answer to the nearest integer, how long is the skid mark in meters if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 1.0?	125
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Transpolar drift is responsible for the net transport of water and ice in what direction in the Arctic Basin?	WEST TO EAST
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Most sea ice exiting the Arctic Basin passes through what large strait between Greenland and Svalbard (read as: SVAHL-bahr)?	THE FRAM STRAIT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A car of mass 700 kilograms travels at 20 meters per second and collides with a stationary truck of mass 1400 kilograms. The two vehicles interlock as a result of the collision and slide along an icy road. Which of the following is the approximate velocity in meters per second of the combined system? W) 5.6 X) 6.6 Y) 7.6 Z) 8.6	X) 6.6
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Given that the specific heat of iron is 0.12 calories per gram degree Celsius, what will be the final temperature in degrees Celsius of 100 grams of 20 degree Celsius water when 100 grams of 40 degree Celsius iron nails are submerged in it? Provide your answer to the nearest whole number.	22
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Find the derivative of \(12x^{3}\) - \(6x^{2}+\frac{3}{x^{3}}-25\) (read as: 12 \(x\) cubed minus 6 \(x\) squared plus 3 over \(x\) to the fifth minus	\(36x^{2}-12x\) - \(\frac{15}{x^{6}}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	A particle's displacement in meters can be described by the function f(x) = \(2x^{3}+3x^{2}\) - \(10x\) + 30. At \(x\) = 5 seconds, what is the acceleration in meters per second squared? Provide your answer to the nearest integer.	66
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Besides Earth, what is the only other planet in our solar system known to have water ice on its surface?	MARS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is \(\tan\frac{5\pi}{4}+\sin\frac{\pi}{6}\)?	\(\frac{3}{2}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the pH of 1.0 mole of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 10 liters of water?	13
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the way in which the summation of action potentials from a motor neuron can bring a muscle fiber to the maximal level of contraction? W) Summation of contractions X) Superstimulus Y) Maximal twitch rate Z) Tetany (read as: TEHT-nee)	Z) TETANY
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces is due to which of the following? W) Hydrogen bonding X) Van der Waals forces Y) Ion-dipole forces Z) Intramolecular forces	X) VAN DER WAALS FORCES
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Nanotechnologists are creating butterfly scale patterns on paper money to foil counterfeiters using which of the following substances? W) Calcium oxide X) Zinc oxide Y) Magnesium oxide Z) Aluminum oxide	Z) ALUMINUM OXIDE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Tay Sachs is a fatal genetic disease. Individuals with Tay Sachs are homozygous for the recessive disease allele. If a husband and wife are both heterozygous for the gene, what is the percent chance that they will have a child with the disease?	25%
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	A diploid cell has 32 chromatids in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. If you examine the cell in Propphase II you would find 2 cells each containing which of the following? W) 16 molecules of DNA X) 16 chromosomes made of DNA Y) 32 molecules of DNA Z) 32 chromosomes made of DNA	W) 16 MOLECULES OF DNA
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following bonds should have the longest length? W) C-C (read as: C single bond C) X) C=C (read as: C double bond C) Y) C-H (read as: C single bond H) Z) C=C (read as: C triple bond C)	W) C-C
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following contains polar covalent bonds? W) F\({}{2}\) X) HF Y) NaH Z) O\({}{2}\)	X) HF
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Darwin's theory of evolution stated all of the following except: W) Those organisms best fit for their environment survive and reproduce most successfully X) Acquired characteristics can be inherited Y) Species change over time through the process of natural selection Z) More organisms are produced than can survive, so living things compete for resources	X) ACOUIRED CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE INHERITED
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following in which the embryonic blastopore becomes the anus, and the mouth originates after the anus: leopard frog, cockroach, bull shark, earthworm, and/or human.	1) LEOPARD FROG, 3) BULL SHARK AND 5) HUMAN
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	What is one way in which power can be calculated? W) Subtracting the relative vectors \(F\) and \( u\) X) The time derivative of work performed Y) The strength of the force times \(g\) Z) The second derivative of acceleration	X) THE TIME DERIVATIVE OF WORK PERFORMED
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	If the moon is in a crescent phase and appears in the eastern sky at sunrise, what phase will be next?	NEW MOON
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If someone has 1 red shirt, 2 blue shirts, 4 red pants, and 3 green pants from which to choose, what is the probability that a randomly selected shirt and pant combination has at least one red item? Provide your answer as a fraction in simplest form.	5/7
BONUS MATH Short Answer	If the mean of a certain sample is 8 and the standard deviation is 0.25, what value has a z-score of 12?	11
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	An apple flower is hermaphroditic, it has both a pistil and a stamen, which means it is a type of: W) Monoecious plant X) Diecious plant (read as: dy-EE-shehs) Y) Diatomaceous plant (read as: dy-ah-toh-MAY-shehs) Z) Monostomate plant	W) MONOECIOUS PLANT
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Many monoecious plant species avoid self pollination, reducing their likelihood of expressing deleterious recessive alleles in future generations. One strategy used by monoecious plants is to produce pollen long after the carpel of the same flower becomes able to receive it. Give the name for this strategy.	PROTOGYNOUS FLOWERING (ACCEPT: PROTOGYNY)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	During which of the following two days is the maximum solar altitude less than 90\({}^{\circ}\) at the equator? W) Winter solstice and vernal equinox X) Vemal and autumnal equinoxes Y) Winter and summer solstices Z) Summer solstice and autumnal equinox	Y) Winter and SUMMER SOLSTICES
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Put the formation of the following in chronological order from oldest to youngest: Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes, Colorado River, Appalachian Mountains.	APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, COLORADO RIVER, GREAT LAKES
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In which of the following wavelengths does DNA absorb the best:	W) 3,900 angstroms X) 260 nanometers Y) 340 nanometers Z) 540 nanometers X) 260 NANOMETERS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is closest to the diameter of a plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah):	W) 2 angstroms X) 60 nanometers Y) 80 microns Z) 180 microns X) 60 NANOMETERS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Name the 2 different bond angles present in a molecule with octahedral geometry, such as in SF\({}{6}\):	90; 180
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In a titration experiment, it takes 20.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)\({}{2}\), solution to neutralize 40 milliliters of a nitric acid, or HNO\({}{3}\), solution to the equivalence point. Calculate the molarity of HNO\({}{3}\), rounded to the second decimal place:	0.05
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a coarse-grained igneous rock primarily containing plagioclase feldspar, amphibole and biotite: W) gabbro X) basalt Y) diorite Z) granite	Y) DIORITE
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the source of alpha radiation most often used in household ionization smoke detectors: W) americium-241 X) uranium-238 Y) radium-226 Z) iron-59	W) AMERICIUM-241
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	Order the following 3 stages from the EARLIEST to the LATEST in the evolution of a G-type star of 2 solar masses: red giant; T-tauri; white dwarf	T-TAURI; RED GIANT; WHITE DWARF
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What reduced coenzyme donates its electrons to complex-one in the electron transport system?	NADH
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the bond order for each oxygen-oxygen bond in the ozone or O\({}{3}\) molecule?	\(\frac{3}{2}\) (ACCEPT: 1.5)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes why the optical spectrum of an atom exists as discrete lines and not as a continuous spectrum: W) atoms have electrons with unit charge X) all atoms when excited emit light Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized Z) all electrons have spin	Y) ALL ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS ARE QUANTIZED
TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice	At \(x=-\dfrac{1}{2}\), the graph of \(y=x^{3}\) is: W) increasing and concave up X) increasing and concave down Y) decreasing and concave up Z) decreasing and concave down	X) INCREASING AND CONCAVE DOWN
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	According to EPA nationwide emission trends for common air pollutants and excluding fires and dust, which of the following accounted for the least amount of emissions in the past 5 years: W) volatile organic compounds X) carbon monoxide Y) sulfur dioxide Z) particulate matter	Z) PARTICULATE MATTER
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer	In what layer of Earth's atmosphere do most meteors experience the most heating?	MESOSPHERE
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when viewed from mid-northern latitudes in the month of August: W) Venus passing within 2\({}^{\rm o}\) of Saturn X) Neptune at opposition Y) the Moon at apogee on the 1\({}^{\rm st}\) of the month and perigee at the 29\({}^{\rm th}\) of the month Z) the Moon passing within 5\({}^{\rm o}\) of Uranus	Y) THE MOON AT APOGEE ON THE 1\({}^{\rm ST}\) OF THE MONTH AND PERIGEE AT THE 29\({}^{\rm TH}\) OF THE MONTH
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the RNA complementary sequence of the following sequence: 5'CCGCGA 3' (read as: 5-prime, CCGCGS, 3-prime) W) 5' UCGCGG 3' (read as: 5-prime, UCGCGG, 3-prime) X) 5' GGCGCU 3' Y) 5' GGCGCT 3' Z) 5' TCGCGG 3'	W) 5' UCGCG 3'
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	For the following 3 processes, predict whether the change in enthalpy, or \(\Delta\)S\({}^{\rm o}\) (read as: delta S naught), is positive or negative, respectively: decomposition of ammonium nitrate sublimation of dry ice condensation of gaseous iodine to liquid iodine	1) +; 2) +; 3) -
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Consider the following equilibrium reaction, \({\rm PCL{5(gas)}}\leftrightarrow{\rm PCL{3(gas)}}+{\rm Cl{2(gas)}}\). If a 1-liter flask contains 0.02 moles of \({\rm PCL{3}}\) and 0.02 moles of \({\rm Cl{2}}\) at equilibrium, how many moles of \({\rm PCL{5}}\) are in the flask. Assume the equilibrium constant is \(5\times 10^{-2}\).	\(8\times 10^{-3}\) (ACCEPT: 0.008)
TOSS-UP 17 PHYSICS Short Answer	During beta minus decay, what nucleon type is reduced by one?	NEUTRON
BONUS 17 PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of the Hall effect: W: it can be used to measure the strength of a magnetic field X: it is a consequence of a current carrying wire in a magnetic field Y: it was one of the first direct indications that negative charges are what move in conductors Z: it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles	Z) IT CANNOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PARTICLES
TOSS-UP 18 GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	What are the Ice Cube observatory under construction at the South Pole and the ANTARES telescope off the coast of France primarily designed to detect?	NEUTRINOS
BONUS 18 GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	During the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, which of the following northern latitude positions will have a day length of 10.1 hours: W: 30\({}^{\circ}\) X: 40\({}^{\circ}\) Y: 50\({}^{\circ}\) Z: 60\({}^{\circ}\)	W) 30\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	During the past 500,000 years, there have been how many periods of major glaciation on Earth: W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 5	Z) 5
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Of the following 5 functions identify all that are NOT differentiable for all real numbers: \(\mid x\mid\) (read as: absolute value of \(x\)); cosine(\(x\)); tangent(\(x\)); \(e^{x}\); the greatest integer function	\(\mid x\mid\); TAN(\(x\)); THE GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION
	TOSS-UP	21)ASTRONOMY Short Answer What 3 elements are most prominent in the carbon fusion cycle? CARBON; NITROGEN; OXYGEN
	BONUS	21)ASTRONOMY Short Answer If the surface of a star is 15,000 kelvin, at what wavelength, in nanometers rounded to the nearest whole number, does it emit its maximum energy? 200
	TOSS-UP	22)BIOLOGY Short Answer What cell type is MOST directly responsible for secreting the bone matrix in developing humans? OSTEOBLASTS (DO NOT ACCEPT: OSTEOCYTE)
	BONUS	22)BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific human bone cell is antagonistic to osteoblasts and is known to cause apoptosis (read as: A-pop-TOE-sis) of osteoblasts in vitro? OSTEOCLASTS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Intestinal absorption of what vitamin is most directly dependent on intrinsic factor?	B\({}{12}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical	Z) OPTICAL
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: [read slowly] CH\({}{3}\)CHCHCH\({}{2}\)CH\({}{3}\)	SIGMA 14; PI = 1
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST explains how cyclic AMP can cause so many different intracellular responses in a mammalian cell: W) it is produced in large quantities X) it migrates to the DNA where it binds to a variety of histones Y) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinases Z) it prevents the activation of other hormonal signals	Y) IT ACTIVATES A WIDE VARIETY OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN KINASES
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST describes the function of a spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome): W) splicing DNA together during replication X) splicing out mutations Y) joining multiple copies of structural genes Z) removing introns	Z) REMOVING INTRONS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST explains how a radium isotope with a half-life of about 1,600 years can be found in the crust of the Earth that was formed millions of years ago: W) its decay is slowed by the pressure of the Earth X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements Y) the radium was replenished by meteors and asteroids over the millennia Z) the radium is recycled from the Earth's core where magnetic fields slow the decay	X) THE RADIUM IS REPLENISHED BY DECAY OF LONGEY LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Neglecting friction, a 33-kilogram cart rolls down a slope that is 20 meters high and 60 meters long. Using 10 meters per second squared for g, what is the velocity in meters per second at the base of the slope?

20

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A long straight wire carries a 10 ampere current north. Give the magnitude in teslas and the direction of the magnetic field induced at a point 10 centimeters directly under the wire?

2 x 10.5 WEST

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Approximately how much energy does the Sun generate in joules per hour if it converts about 4 billion kilograms of mass into pure energy every second? W) 10\({}^{9}\) X) 10\({}^{18}\) Y) 10\({}^{30}\) Z) 10\({}^{33}\)

Y) 10\({}^{30}\)

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

In the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase, the rate of reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol increases as you increase the concentration of acetaldehyde. Eventually, the rate of reaction reaches a maximum, where further increases in the concentration of acetaldehyde have no effect. Which of the following BEST explains this result? W) All of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecules are bound to acetaldehyde molecules X) At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the activation energy of the reaction decreases Y) The enzyme is no longer specific for acetaldehyde Z) At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the change in free energy of the reaction decreases

W) ALL OF THE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE MOLECULES ARE BOUND TO ACETALDEHYDE MOLECULES

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Populations P1 and P2 are normally distributed and have identical means; however, the standard deviation of P1 is twice the standard deviation of P2. Which of the following is TRUE about the percentage of observations falling within two standard deviations of the mean for each population? W) The percentage for P1 is twice the percentage for P2 X) The percentage for P1 is greater, but not twice as great, as the percentage for P2 Y) The percentage for P2 is twice the percentage for P1 Z) The percentages are identical

Z) THE PERCENTAGES ARE IDENTICAL

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Find the second derivative of the function \(f(x)=(3+2x)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\).

\(3(6x+5)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\) [ACCEPT: (18x + 15)\mbox{e}^{\,3x}\)]

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following compounds is NOT a common cement in sedimentary rocks? W) SiO\({}{2}\) X) Fe\({}{2}\)O\({}{3}\) Y) Mg\({}{2}\)SiO\({}{3}\) Z) CaCO\({}{3}\)

Y) Mg\({}{2}\)SiO\({}{3}\)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The Ghyben-Herzberg relation characterizes the relationship between the depth of freshwater occurring above and below sea level in the presence of a saltwater intrusion. What physical property determines this relationship?

DENSITY

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If the coulomb constant is 9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) newton meters squared per coulomb squared, what force, in newtons, will two particles with charges of +2 and -2 coulombs kept 2 meters apart exert on each other? W) 4.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) away from each other X) 4.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) toward each other Y) 9.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) toward each other Z) 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) toward each other

Y) 9.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) TOWARD EACH OTHER

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Pam buys a pendulum clock at a discount store and discovers when she gets home that it loses 6 minutes each day. If the pendulum has a period of 2 seconds, by how much must the length be changed, to the nearest centimeter, so that the clock keeps accurate time?

1

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is TRUE about Population I stars and II stars? W) Population I stars tend to be older than Population II stars X) Population I stars of a given mass tend to be more luminous than Population II stars of the same mass Y) Population I stars tend to be found in the spiral arms of galaxies, while Population II stars tend to be found in globular clusters Z) Population I stars tend to have fewer heavy elements than Population II stars

Y) POPULATION I STARS TEND TO BE FOUND IN THE SPIRAL ARMS OF GALAXIES, WHILE POPULATION II STARS TEND TO BE FOUND IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for a kind of landfill technology, currently in research and development, that accelerates the biological decomposition of organic wastes in a landfill by promoting the conditions necessary for the microorganisms that degrade the waste?

BIOREACTOR

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Cowbirds, common cuckoos, and African honeyguides lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. As a result, what term is typically used to describe these birds?

BROOD PARASITE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If \(x^{2}+y^{2}=5^{2}\), find \(\frac{dy}{dx}\) in terms of \(x\) and \(y\) in simplest form.

\(\frac{-x}{y}\)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organelles would you expect to be MOST active during apoptosis of the cells that contain them? W) Endoplasmic reticulum X) Golgi bodies Y) Lysosomes Z) Ribosomes

Y) LYSOSOMES

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the scientific name for a type of skin growth that looks different than a common mole? It is usually larger, with borders that are not easy to see, uneven colors, and is partially raised above the skin surface.

DYSPLASTIC NEVUS (ACCEPT: DYSPLASTIC MELANOCYTIC NEVUS)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Roughly, which of the following BEST represents the solar energy intensity in watts per square meter incident on the Earth? W) 200 X) 1,400 Y) 3,000 Z) 10,000

X) 1,400

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Companies A, B, and C are forced to pay one dollar of tax per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. If Company A emits 100 tons of carbon dioxide and 4 tons of nitrous oxide, Company B emits 10 tons of carbon dioxide and 5 tons of nitrous oxide, and Company C emits 200 tons of carbon dioxide and no nitrous oxide, which company has to pay the largest tax?

COMPANY B

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

By number, identify all of the following four situations in which an object is NOT in equilibrium: when moving to the right with a constant velocity; when slowing to a stop; when moving with a constant speed in a circle; when in free fall.

2, 3, AND 4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A brass ball with a mass of 200 grams at 20\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius is placed in boiling water until it reaches equilibrium. Given that the specific heat of brass is 0.094 kilocalories per kilogram degree Celsius, and providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, how much thermal energy in kilocalories is absorbed by the ball?

1.5

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the name of a highly contagious, infectious viral disease in cows that causes symptoms such as respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, and brain infections?

INFECTIONUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (ACCEPT: IBR) (DO NOT ACCEPT: MAD COW DISEASE)

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

By name or number, identify all of the following five choices that are NOT arthropods: trilobites, chelicerates (read as: ki-LI-keh-rah-tehs), crustaceans, icterids (read as: ik-TEHR-ids), polyplacophores (read as: poh-lee-PLAH-koh-fors).

ICTERIDS AND POLYPLACOPHORES (ACCEPT: 4 AND 5)

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following series converges? W) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{0.5}}\) X) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n+1}\) Y) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{\mathrm{e}^{n}}\) Z) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{e}^{n}}{n}\)

Y) \(\sum{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n}{\mathrm{e}^{n}}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that are substitutional alloys: brass, steel, sterling silver, pewter.

BRASS, STERLING SILVER, AND PEWTER (ACCEPT: 1, 3, AND 4)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the closest to the maximum solar altitude for Barrow, Alaska in the course of a year? W) 90\({}^{\circ}\) X) 45\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 20\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 0\({}^{\circ}\)

X) 45\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

A well near the beach is suspected to be contaminated with chloride ions from sea water. If chloride is present, which of the following will produce a cloudy suspension when mixed with the water? W) Silver nitrate X) Sodium nitrate Y) Potassium acetate Z) Calcium bromide

W) SILVER NITRATE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Amebocytes from Limulus organisms are currently used in the medical field to test for the presence of what substances?

BACTERIAL TOXINS (ACCEPT: TOXINS)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

When a 10 kilogram object is lifted 10 meters, in a gravitational field of 9.8 meters per second squared, what is the change in potential energy of the object in joules?

980

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the name of the compound HClO\({}{4}\)? W) Hydrogen perchlorite X) Chloric acid Y) Perchloric acid Z) Hypochloric acid

Y) PERCHLORIC ACID

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Express \(\sum{x=1}^{n}\log x\) (read as: the summation of \(x\) equals 1 to n of log of \(x\)) with a factorial.

log \(n!\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

How many different letter arrangements can be formed using the six letters in the word "energy"?

360

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

If Tajon applies 100 newtons of force on a 2-meter wrench at a right angle to the wrench and parallel to the plane of rotation, how much torque, in newton meters, is he applying to the bolt?

200

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

What makes arches and domes more stable than flat roofed structures? W) They transmit compressive forces along their length to the ground, uniformly bearing the load of gravity X) Each section is under great tension, using the stronger dimension of the components Y) Torsional resistance to sideways swaying ensures that such structures are stable, even in high winds Z) The surface tension of the arched shape allows the building components to be hollowed out, saving weight.

W) THEY TRANSMIT COMPRESSIVE FORCES ALONG THEIR LENGTH TO THE GROUND, UNIFORMLY BEARING THE LOAD OF GRAVITY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a common mineral that is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? W) Pyrite X) Quartz Y) Bauxite (read as: BOHK-syt) Z) Feldspar

X) QUARTZ

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following minerals is a mafic silicate? W) Fluorite X) Diamond Y) Muscovite Z) Pyroxene (read as: py-ROHK-seen)

Z) PYROXENE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following functions is one-to-one? W) f(x) = |x| + 3 (read as: f of \(x\) equals the absolute value of \(x\) plus X) f(x) = \(x^{2}-6x+11\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals \(x\) squared minus 6 \(x\) plus Y) f(x) = \(5x^{3}+9\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals 5 \(x\) cubed plus Z) f(x) = \(\frac{1}{x^{2}}\) (read as: f of \(x\) equals 1 over \(x\) squared)

Y) f(x) = \(5x^{3}+9\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

A triangle has sides of length 5, 7, and 8 meters. In simplest form and in meters squared, what is the area of the triangle?

10\(\sqrt{3}\)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Why is riding a bicycle on a well-maintained road more energy efficient than walking or running? W) Bipedal motion is highly inefficient X) The coefficient of sliding friction between tires and the ground is less than that between shoes and the ground Y) Gravity does very little work on a bicyclist relative to a walker or runner Z) Bicycling requires more calories than walking

Y) GRAVITY DOES VERY LITTLE WORK ON A BICYCLIST RELATIVE TO A WALKER OR RUNNER

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way to test string theory? W) Cosmic ray experiments X) High energy particle collisions Y) Electron mapping Z) Precision tests of short-range gravitational forces

Y) ELECTRON MAPPING

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

On a football team, there is a defensive lineman who weighs 350 pounds and can run at 10 miles per hour. On the same team, the wide receiver weighs 175 pounds and can run 20 miles per hour. At top speed, which player has more kinetic energy?

WIDE RECEIVER

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

A race car initially moving with a velocity of 50 meters per second produces a skid mark on the road while braking. Using g as 10 meters per second squared, and providing your answer to the nearest integer, how long is the skid mark in meters if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 1.0?

125

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Transpolar drift is responsible for the net transport of water and ice in what direction in the Arctic Basin?

WEST TO EAST

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Most sea ice exiting the Arctic Basin passes through what large strait between Greenland and Svalbard (read as: SVAHL-bahr)?

THE FRAM STRAIT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A car of mass 700 kilograms travels at 20 meters per second and collides with a stationary truck of mass 1400 kilograms. The two vehicles interlock as a result of the collision and slide along an icy road. Which of the following is the approximate velocity in meters per second of the combined system? W) 5.6 X) 6.6 Y) 7.6 Z) 8.6

X) 6.6

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Given that the specific heat of iron is 0.12 calories per gram degree Celsius, what will be the final temperature in degrees Celsius of 100 grams of 20 degree Celsius water when 100 grams of 40 degree Celsius iron nails are submerged in it? Provide your answer to the nearest whole number.

22

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Find the derivative of \(12x^{3}\) - \(6x^{2}+\frac{3}{x^{3}}-25\) (read as: 12 \(x\) cubed minus 6 \(x\) squared plus 3 over \(x\) to the fifth minus

\(36x^{2}-12x\) - \(\frac{15}{x^{6}}\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

A particle's displacement in meters can be described by the function f(x) = \(2x^{3}+3x^{2}\) - \(10x\) + 30. At \(x\) = 5 seconds, what is the acceleration in meters per second squared? Provide your answer to the nearest integer.

66

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Besides Earth, what is the only other planet in our solar system known to have water ice on its surface?

MARS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is \(\tan\frac{5\pi}{4}+\sin\frac{\pi}{6}\)?

\(\frac{3}{2}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the pH of 1.0 mole of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 10 liters of water?

13

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the way in which the summation of action potentials from a motor neuron can bring a muscle fiber to the maximal level of contraction? W) Summation of contractions X) Superstimulus Y) Maximal twitch rate Z) Tetany (read as: TEHT-nee)

Z) TETANY

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces is due to which of the following? W) Hydrogen bonding X) Van der Waals forces Y) Ion-dipole forces Z) Intramolecular forces

X) VAN DER WAALS FORCES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Nanotechnologists are creating butterfly scale patterns on paper money to foil counterfeiters using which of the following substances? W) Calcium oxide X) Zinc oxide Y) Magnesium oxide Z) Aluminum oxide

Z) ALUMINUM OXIDE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Tay Sachs is a fatal genetic disease. Individuals with Tay Sachs are homozygous for the recessive disease allele. If a husband and wife are both heterozygous for the gene, what is the percent chance that they will have a child with the disease?

25%

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

A diploid cell has 32 chromatids in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. If you examine the cell in Propphase II you would find 2 cells each containing which of the following? W) 16 molecules of DNA X) 16 chromosomes made of DNA Y) 32 molecules of DNA Z) 32 chromosomes made of DNA

W) 16 MOLECULES OF DNA

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following bonds should have the longest length? W) C-C (read as: C single bond C) X) C=C (read as: C double bond C) Y) C-H (read as: C single bond H) Z) C=C (read as: C triple bond C)

W) C-C

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following contains polar covalent bonds? W) F\({}{2}\) X) HF Y) NaH Z) O\({}{2}\)

X) HF

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Darwin's theory of evolution stated all of the following except: W) Those organisms best fit for their environment survive and reproduce most successfully X) Acquired characteristics can be inherited Y) Species change over time through the process of natural selection Z) More organisms are produced than can survive, so living things compete for resources

X) ACOUIRED CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE INHERITED

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following in which the embryonic blastopore becomes the anus, and the mouth originates after the anus: leopard frog, cockroach, bull shark, earthworm, and/or human.

1) LEOPARD FROG, 3) BULL SHARK AND 5) HUMAN

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

What is one way in which power can be calculated? W) Subtracting the relative vectors \(F\) and \( u\) X) The time derivative of work performed Y) The strength of the force times \(g\) Z) The second derivative of acceleration

X) THE TIME DERIVATIVE OF WORK PERFORMED

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

If the moon is in a crescent phase and appears in the eastern sky at sunrise, what phase will be next?

NEW MOON

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If someone has 1 red shirt, 2 blue shirts, 4 red pants, and 3 green pants from which to choose, what is the probability that a randomly selected shirt and pant combination has at least one red item? Provide your answer as a fraction in simplest form.

5/7

BONUS MATH Short Answer

If the mean of a certain sample is 8 and the standard deviation is 0.25, what value has a z-score of 12?

11

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

An apple flower is hermaphroditic, it has both a pistil and a stamen, which means it is a type of: W) Monoecious plant X) Diecious plant (read as: dy-EE-shehs) Y) Diatomaceous plant (read as: dy-ah-toh-MAY-shehs) Z) Monostomate plant

W) MONOECIOUS PLANT

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Many monoecious plant species avoid self pollination, reducing their likelihood of expressing deleterious recessive alleles in future generations. One strategy used by monoecious plants is to produce pollen long after the carpel of the same flower becomes able to receive it. Give the name for this strategy.

PROTOGYNOUS FLOWERING (ACCEPT: PROTOGYNY)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

During which of the following two days is the maximum solar altitude less than 90\({}^{\circ}\) at the equator? W) Winter solstice and vernal equinox X) Vemal and autumnal equinoxes Y) Winter and summer solstices Z) Summer solstice and autumnal equinox

Y) Winter and SUMMER SOLSTICES

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Put the formation of the following in chronological order from oldest to youngest: Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes, Colorado River, Appalachian Mountains.

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, COLORADO RIVER, GREAT LAKES

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In which of the following wavelengths does DNA absorb the best:

W) 3,900 angstroms X) 260 nanometers Y) 340 nanometers Z) 540 nanometers X) 260 NANOMETERS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is closest to the diameter of a plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah):

W) 2 angstroms X) 60 nanometers Y) 80 microns Z) 180 microns X) 60 NANOMETERS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Name the 2 different bond angles present in a molecule with octahedral geometry, such as in SF\({}{6}\):

90; 180

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In a titration experiment, it takes 20.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)\({}{2}\), solution to neutralize 40 milliliters of a nitric acid, or HNO\({}{3}\), solution to the equivalence point. Calculate the molarity of HNO\({}{3}\), rounded to the second decimal place:

0.05

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a coarse-grained igneous rock primarily containing plagioclase feldspar, amphibole and biotite: W) gabbro X) basalt Y) diorite Z) granite

Y) DIORITE

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the source of alpha radiation most often used in household ionization smoke detectors: W) americium-241 X) uranium-238 Y) radium-226 Z) iron-59

W) AMERICIUM-241

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

Order the following 3 stages from the EARLIEST to the LATEST in the evolution of a G-type star of 2 solar masses: red giant; T-tauri; white dwarf

T-TAURI; RED GIANT; WHITE DWARF

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What reduced coenzyme donates its electrons to complex-one in the electron transport system?

NADH

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the bond order for each oxygen-oxygen bond in the ozone or O\({}{3}\) molecule?

\(\frac{3}{2}\) (ACCEPT: 1.5)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes why the optical spectrum of an atom exists as discrete lines and not as a continuous spectrum: W) atoms have electrons with unit charge X) all atoms when excited emit light Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized Z) all electrons have spin

Y) ALL ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS ARE QUANTIZED

TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice

At \(x=-\dfrac{1}{2}\), the graph of \(y=x^{3}\) is: W) increasing and concave up X) increasing and concave down Y) decreasing and concave up Z) decreasing and concave down

X) INCREASING AND CONCAVE DOWN

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

According to EPA nationwide emission trends for common air pollutants and excluding fires and dust, which of the following accounted for the least amount of emissions in the past 5 years: W) volatile organic compounds X) carbon monoxide Y) sulfur dioxide Z) particulate matter

Z) PARTICULATE MATTER

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer

In what layer of Earth's atmosphere do most meteors experience the most heating?

MESOSPHERE

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when viewed from mid-northern latitudes in the month of August: W) Venus passing within 2\({}^{\rm o}\) of Saturn X) Neptune at opposition Y) the Moon at apogee on the 1\({}^{\rm st}\) of the month and perigee at the 29\({}^{\rm th}\) of the month Z) the Moon passing within 5\({}^{\rm o}\) of Uranus

Y) THE MOON AT APOGEE ON THE 1\({}^{\rm ST}\) OF THE MONTH AND PERIGEE AT THE 29\({}^{\rm TH}\) OF THE MONTH

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the RNA complementary sequence of the following sequence: 5'CCGCGA 3' (read as: 5-prime, CCGCGS, 3-prime) W) 5' UCGCGG 3' (read as: 5-prime, UCGCGG, 3-prime) X) 5' GGCGCU 3' Y) 5' GGCGCT 3' Z) 5' TCGCGG 3'

W) 5' UCGCG 3'

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

For the following 3 processes, predict whether the change in enthalpy, or \(\Delta\)S\({}^{\rm o}\) (read as: delta S naught), is positive or negative, respectively: decomposition of ammonium nitrate sublimation of dry ice condensation of gaseous iodine to liquid iodine

1) +; 2) +; 3) -

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Consider the following equilibrium reaction, \({\rm PCL{5(gas)}}\leftrightarrow{\rm PCL{3(gas)}}+{\rm Cl{2(gas)}}\). If a 1-liter flask contains 0.02 moles of \({\rm PCL{3}}\) and 0.02 moles of \({\rm Cl{2}}\) at equilibrium, how many moles of \({\rm PCL{5}}\) are in the flask. Assume the equilibrium constant is \(5\times 10^{-2}\).

\(8\times 10^{-3}\) (ACCEPT: 0.008)

TOSS-UP 17 PHYSICS Short Answer

During beta minus decay, what nucleon type is reduced by one?

NEUTRON

BONUS 17 PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of the Hall effect: W: it can be used to measure the strength of a magnetic field X: it is a consequence of a current carrying wire in a magnetic field Y: it was one of the first direct indications that negative charges are what move in conductors Z: it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles

Z) IT CANNOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PARTICLES

TOSS-UP 18 GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

What are the Ice Cube observatory under construction at the South Pole and the ANTARES telescope off the coast of France primarily designed to detect?

NEUTRINOS

BONUS 18 GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

During the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, which of the following northern latitude positions will have a day length of 10.1 hours: W: 30\({}^{\circ}\) X: 40\({}^{\circ}\) Y: 50\({}^{\circ}\) Z: 60\({}^{\circ}\)

W) 30\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

During the past 500,000 years, there have been how many periods of major glaciation on Earth: W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 5

Z) 5

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Of the following 5 functions identify all that are NOT differentiable for all real numbers: \(\mid x\mid\) (read as: absolute value of \(x\)); cosine(\(x\)); tangent(\(x\)); \(e^{x}\); the greatest integer function

\(\mid x\mid\); TAN(\(x\)); THE GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

TOSS-UP

21)ASTRONOMY Short Answer What 3 elements are most prominent in the carbon fusion cycle? CARBON; NITROGEN; OXYGEN

BONUS

21)ASTRONOMY Short Answer If the surface of a star is 15,000 kelvin, at what wavelength, in nanometers rounded to the nearest whole number, does it emit its maximum energy? 200

TOSS-UP

22)BIOLOGY Short Answer What cell type is MOST directly responsible for secreting the bone matrix in developing humans? OSTEOBLASTS (DO NOT ACCEPT: OSTEOCYTE)

BONUS

22)BIOLOGY Short Answer What specific human bone cell is antagonistic to osteoblasts and is known to cause apoptosis (read as: A-pop-TOE-sis) of osteoblasts in vitro? OSTEOCLASTS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Intestinal absorption of what vitamin is most directly dependent on intrinsic factor?

B\({}{12}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical

Z) OPTICAL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: [read slowly] CH\({}{3}\)CHCHCH\({}{2}\)CH\({}{3}\)

SIGMA 14; PI = 1

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST explains how cyclic AMP can cause so many different intracellular responses in a mammalian cell: W) it is produced in large quantities X) it migrates to the DNA where it binds to a variety of histones Y) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinases Z) it prevents the activation of other hormonal signals

Y) IT ACTIVATES A WIDE VARIETY OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN KINASES

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST describes the function of a spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome): W) splicing DNA together during replication X) splicing out mutations Y) joining multiple copies of structural genes Z) removing introns

Z) REMOVING INTRONS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST explains how a radium isotope with a half-life of about 1,600 years can be found in the crust of the Earth that was formed millions of years ago: W) its decay is slowed by the pressure of the Earth X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements Y) the radium was replenished by meteors and asteroids over the millennia Z) the radium is recycled from the Earth's core where magnetic fields slow the decay

X) THE RADIUM IS REPLENISHED BY DECAY OF LONGEY LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS