AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Find the radius of a circle in which a \(30^{\circ}\) arc is \(2\pi\) units long. W) 12 X) 15 Y) 15 \(\pi\) Z) 60 \(\pi\)	W) 12
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	If my current annual heating bill of natural gas is $800 with a furnace that is 70% efficient, approximately what will be my new bill if I install a 95% efficient furnace? W) $500 X) $600 Y) $700 Z) $800	X) $600
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	A child who excretes black urine is born to two normal parents. The child has a recessive homozygous genotype. What is the most likely explanation for the genotype? W) Spontaneous mutations X) Consanguinity [kon-sang-GWIN-i-tee] Y) Anticipation Z) Environmental exposure	X) CONSANGUNITY
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following situations might cause disruptive selection to occur in a population of seed-eating finches on an island? W) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce medium-sized seeds X) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce small and large seeds Y) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce small seeds Z) A hurricane that reduces equally plants that produce all sizes of seeds	W) A HURRICANE THAT WIPES OUT PLANTS THAT PRODUCE MEDIUM-SIZEED SEEDS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	According to valence bond theory, we assume that in methane, each pair of electrons is confined to the region between the carbon and hydrogen nuclei, where the bond is strongest. What is the term used to describe this regional confinement?	LOCALIZED (ACCEPT: LOCALIZED BOND AND LOCALIZED BONDING)
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Steam cracking is one process used in the manufacture of lighter olefins. Which of the following is NOT true of steam cracking? W) Increasing temperature shifts cracking to the ends of molecules X) Short residence times cause more olefin formation Y) The reaction is favored by high pressure Z) To minimize coke formation, steam may be added	Y) THE REACTION IS FAVORED BY HIGH PRESSURE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true when light enters a denser medium and is refracted? W) Wavelength remains unchanged X) Wave speed increases Y) Wavelength increases Z) Frequency remains unchanged	Z) FREQUENCY REMAINS UNCHANGED
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Resonance in a musical instrument is MOST directly exemplified by: W) sympathetic harmonic vibration X) destructive interference Y) dissonance in the standing wave Z) diffraction	W) SYMPATHETIC HARMONIC VIBRATION
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	The specific heat of a certain metal is 0.750 joules per gram kelvin. How much heat, in joules to the nearest whole number, will it take to increase the temperature of 0.50 kilograms of the metal from 25\({}^{\rm o}\)C to 50\({}^{\rm o}\)C?	9,375
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Solvents, such as water, that can both donate and accept protons are typically described as: W) resonant X) metalloid Y) amphoteric Z) polyprotic	Y) AMPHOTERIC
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When going from left to right, elements in the same period of the Periodic Table have progressively smaller atomic radii because of: W) increased effective nuclear charge X) decreased effective nuclear charge Y) addition of electrons Z) addition of neutrons	W) INCREASED EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is missing in bryophytes and is an evolutionary advancement of higher plants: W) vascular tissue X) epidermal tissue Y) chloroplasts Z) plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah)	W) VASCULAR TISSUE
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	If the flower color red is dominant and white is recessive, what will be the expected phenotypic ratio of red to white flowers in the first generation of a cross between parent plants both heterozygous for flower color?	3 TO 1
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the domain and range for the function defined by the following set of three ordered pairs: {(-2, , (0, , (3, }	DOMAIN = -2, 0, 3; RANGE = 6, 9, 7
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Giving your answer in centimeters to the nearest whole number, what is the perimeter of a closed quarter-circle whose radius is 12 centimeters?	43
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	What type of stream only bears water during and immediately after a rainstorm: W) ephemeral X) intermittent Y) perennial Z) dendritic	W) EPHEMERAL
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true about ocean tides: W) the Moon's influence on Earth's tides is about 2-times greater than the Sun's influence X) a complete tidal day is about 24 hours 50 minutes long Y) some coastlines have 2 high tides and 2 low tides each lunar day whereas some have only have 1 high tide and 1 low tide each lunar day Z) spring high tides typically have greater ranges in the Northern Hemisphere during summer than during winter	Z) SPRING HIGH TIDES TYPICALLY HAVE GREATER RANGES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING SUMMER THAN DURING WINTER
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's disease?	DOPAMINE
BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the BEST reason why Parkinson's disease cannot be treated by simply administering dopamine into the blood stream: W) dopamine's blood half-life is too short X) dopamine will not cross the blood brain barrier Y) dopamine is the precursor to the real effective transmitter in Parkinson's disease Z) it is not known why dopamine will not work if administered directly into the blood	X) DOPAMINE WILL NOT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following was the primary instrument used to gather 5 to 35 micrometer spectra data from the Deep Impact mission: W) Chandra X-ray observatory X) Arecibo radio telescope Y) Hubble gamma-ray telescope Z) Spitzer infrared spectrograph	Z) SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH
	BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple choice By what multiple does the brightness of two stars differ with apparent magnitudes of \(-\)3 and \(+\)4: W) 2.5 X) 25 Y) 250 Z) 625	Z) 625
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the acceleration, in meters per second squared, of a 10-kilogram snow sled that is on a frictionless horizontal surface if a horizontal force of 500 newtons is applied to it?	50
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	What is the speed of light in meters per second for monochromatic light of 780 nanometers in glass with a refractive index of 1.55: W) \(1.5\times 10^{8}\) X) \(1.9\times 10^{8}\) Y) \(4.65\times 10^{7}\) Z) \(4.65\times 10^{8}\)	X) \(1.9\times 10^{8}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule: W) HCN X) HBr Y) CHCl\({}{3}\) Z) CO\({}{2}\)	Z) CO\({}{2}\)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	In photosystem one, when NADP\({}^{+}\) forms NADPH with the catalytic help of NADP\({}^{+}\) reductase, from what specific place in the chloroplast are the hydrogen ions derived?	STROMA
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the degree of the following monomial: \(-6x^{2}y^{4}z^{3}\)	9
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if each interior angle measures 176 degrees:	90
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding paleontology: W) endothermic mammals thrived during the Cenozoic Era X) the fossil records of birds is poor because of their thin bones and lack of teeth Y) the mastodon was a Proboscidian mammal of the Cenozoic Era Z) trilobites are an important index fossil of the Mesozoic Era	Z) TRIILOBITES ARE AN IMPORTANT INDEX FOSSIL OF THE MESOZOIC ERA
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Deposited by subglacial streams, ridges of sand and gravel that form beneath the ablation zone of a glacier are called: W) ciroques X) eskers Y) horns Z) kames	X) ESKERS
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is MOST commonly used for removing many organic compounds in water in municipal water treatment plants: W) activated charcoal X) precipitation reactions Y) reverse osmosis Z) dredging	W) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is LEAST accurate: W) recent evidence suggests a subsurface salty ocean is present on the Moon Europa X) spiral galaxies are actively forming stars Y) Earth's aphelion occurs on the summer solstice Z) Julian days are often used as the time reference on light curves of stars	Y) EARTH'S APHELION OCCURS ON THE SUMMER SOLSTICE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is generally NOT true regarding diffraction of light: W) when white light is passed through a diffraction grating, shorter wavelengths are diffracted the most X) diffraction is wavelength dependent Y) if laser light is passed through a diffraction grating it will produce an interference pattern as a series of dots on a screen Z) white light passing through a diffraction grating is spread into a rainbow of colors	W) WHEN WHITE LIGHT IS PASSED THROUGH A DIFFRACTION GRATING, SHORTER WAVELENGTHS ARE DIFFRACTED THE MOST
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Dalton's gas law applies primarily to: W) non-ideal gases X) gas mixtures Y) density of gases Z) molar mass of gas	X) GAS MIXTURES
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	According to the 3 domain system of classification with the 3 domains being, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, which of the following would be LEAST likely to belong to the domain Bacteria: W) chlamydia X) spirochetes (read as: spy-row-keets) Y) gram positive bacteria Z) non-nucleated thermophiles	Z) NON-NUCLEATED THERMOPHILES
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In which of the following does the RUBISCO enzyme play a central role: W) Photosystem One X) Electron Transport Y) Photosystem Two Z) Calvin Cycle	Z) CALVIN CYCLE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Giving your answer in simplest radical form, rationalize the denominator of the following expression: \(\dfrac{1}{(3-\sqrt{x})}\)	\(\dfrac{3+\sqrt{x}}{9-x}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Solve the following equation for \(x\) over the set of complex numbers, giving your answer in simplest form: \(x^{2}-10x+34=0\)	\(5\pm 3i\) (ACCEPT: \(5+3i\) AND \(5-3i\))
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	A hurricane originating in the Eastern tropical Atlantic is driven westward by: W): the intertropical convergence zone X): the prevailing Westerlies Y): the easterly trade winds Z): the doldrums	Y) THE EASTERLY TRADE WINDS
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	What technique, used by the U.S. Navy in military exercises and suspected of harming many marine species, is the focus of a recent agreement to not run these exercises within 40 kilometers of the new Hawaiian Islands Marine Reserve?	SONAR (ACCEPT: MIN-RANGE SONAR)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A molecule that contains 4 carbon-hydrogen single bonds and one carbon-carbon double bond contains how many sigma and pi bonds, respectively?	SIGMA = 5; PI = 1
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Animal tissues are generally divided into four main types. If three of them are, connective, nervous, and muscle, what is the fourth tissue?	EPITHELIAL (ACCEPT: EPITHELIUM)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	If a particle moves from a position of x = 5 meters out to x = 200 meters and back again to x = 5 meters, what is its displacement in meters?	0
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	What are the two features of displacement?	MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which trophic level has the most energy? W) Consumers X) Decomposers Y) Producers Z) Scavengers	Y) PRODUCERS
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which is the approximate percentage of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next? W) 10% X) 50% Y) 75% Z) 100%	W) 10%
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the greatest common factor of the terms in the expression \(3x^{5}y^{2}+6x^{3}y^{5}\) (read as: 3 \(x\) to the fifth \(y\) squared plus 6 \(x\) cubed \(y\) to the fifth)?	\(3x^{3}y^{2}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	If a 250 acre farm were leased for wind development with income of $50 per acre per year, how much income would be produced each year?	$12,500
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	A compressional tectonic environment can result in all of the following, except: W) Folded mountains X) Basin and range Y) Volcanoes Z) Reverse faults	X) BASIN AND RANGE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The source of energy that drives a tsunami wave onto a shore originated: W) From the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon X) Along the ocean floor Y) From tidal waves Z) In Earth's interior	Z) IN EARTH'S INTERIOR
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	When sound waves travelling through the air reach the human ear, the cochlea (read as: KOE-klee-ah) converts the sound wave into: W) A chemical response transmitted through the blood stream X) An electrical impulse sent to the brain Y) A lower frequency wave, which resonates within the ear Z) Many small wave vectors that are separately communicated to the brain	X) AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE SENT TO THE BRAIN
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	How does neural transmission across a synaptic gap occur? W) Neural impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gap X) Neural impulses open potassium-gated channels, allowing sodium to move across the gap Y) Neural impulses travel across the gap as unidirectional electrical currents Z) Neural impulses travel across the gap as multidirectional electrical currents	W) NEURAL IMPULSES CAUSE THE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Name a real number that does not have a multiplicative inverse.	0
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is true about the Andes mountains? W) They are folded mountains X) They are volcanic mountains Y) They are near a spreading center Z) They are found along a transform boundary	X) THEY ARE VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	As a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability of rolling 1 or 3 on a standard 6-sided die?	1/3
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following units can be used to express the volume of a liquid? W) Micrometers X) Milligrams Y) Grams per cubic centimeter Z) Nanoliters	Z) NANOLITERS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following choices is NOT an example of a rigid body? W) Slinky X) Wheel Y) Pool ball Z) CD	W) SLINKY
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Which of the following are transmitted by electromagnetic waves: radio, television, Rayleigh, or P-waves?	RADIO, TELEVISION (ACCEPT: 1, 2)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the best way to get a good view of a meteor shower? W) Watch it during a full moon X) Watch it from a city Y) Get as far away from urban light pollution as possible Z) Wear light clothing	Y) GET AS FAR AWAY FROM URBAN LIGHT POLLUUTION AS POSSIBLE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	When a meteoroid enters the earth's atmosphere, it glows. Sometimes, the earth meets a number of meteoroids, creating a meteor shower. Most streams and swarms of meteoroids are believed to be fragments of what celestial body?	COMET
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population is known as the: W) Allele (read as: ah-LEEL) frequency X) Genome Y) Directional selection Z) Gene pool	Z) GENE POOL
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The black fur allele B (read as: big b), is dominant over the white fur allele b (read as: little b). Two mice with black fur mate, producing four offspring: one is white and three are black. What are the likely genotypes of the two parents? W) Bb and Bb X) BB and Bb Y) BB and BB Z) BB and bb	W) Bb AND Bb
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, not requiring cellular energy?	DIFFUSION
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following substances is transported into cells via carrier-assisted transport? W) Water X) Carbon dioxide Y) Oxygen Z) Sodium ion	Z) SODIUM ION
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property? W) Heat of formation X) Entropy Y) Equilibrium constant Z) Reaction rate	W) HEAT OF FORMATION
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	What is the difference between heat and temperature? W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes	X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREM OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY,
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	If a car is accelerating along a road, the force acting on the car that causes it to move forward is the reaction force from the car pushing on the ground. What is this reaction force due to?	FRICION BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE GROUND (ACCEPT: FRICION)
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	If a car is accelerating along a road, what force due to the air does the frictional force have to oppose?	DRAG
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is a Robonaut?	ROBOTIC ASTRONAUT
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Given the equation \(2x-y+5=0\), find the slope and \(y\)-intercept of the line it represents.	SLOPE = 2; Y-INTERCEPT = 5 OR (0, 5)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Some plants spread their pollen via the wind while others use animals to spread their pollen. When a plant uses an animal to spread its pollen, this type of pollination is called: W) Vector pollination X) Seed dispersal Y) Evolutionary adaptation Z) Reproductive guarantee	W) VECTOR POLLINATION
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the most common term for the stage of photosynthesis (read as: foe-toe-SIN-teh-sis) during which carbon fixation occurs?	CALVIN CYCLE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in H\({}{2}\)?	0
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in LiAlH\({}{4}\)?	-1
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What are the two forms of electrical current?	ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT (ACCEPT: AC AND DC)
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the most common method of producing alternating current? W) Circuits varying from parallel to series X) Switches automatically turning on and off Y) Turbines rotating backwards and forwards Z) Magnets spinning in a coil of wire	Z) MAGNETS SPINNING IN A COIL OF WIRE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following relationships is true? W) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 kiljoules X) 1 joule is equal to 1 food calorie Y) 1 joule is equal to 4.18 food calories Z) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 joules	W) 1 FOOD CALORIE IS EQUAL TO 4.18 KILOJOULES
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In order to calculate the heat of fusion for a piece of ice placed in warm water, you must know: W) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the water X) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the ice Y) The energy released by the ice and the mass of the warm water Z) The energy released by the ice and the mass of ice	X) THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE WARM WATER AND THE MASS OF THE ICE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the distribution graph of a set of data has a positive skew, then which tail of the graph is longer?	RIGHT
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	A kilowatt-hour is a unit of: W) Charge X) Power Y) Energy Z) Electric potential	Y) ENERGY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Consider two beaches, both with source material from the same granitic mountains. The beach located further from the mountains would have: W) Dark, more angular particles X) Dark, rounder particles Y) Pink, more poorly sorted sediments Z) Lighter-colored, more well-rounded, finer particles	Z) LIGHTER-COLORED, MORE WELL-ROUNDED, FINER PARTICLES
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of physical and chemical weathering? W) Mass wasting X) Glaciation Y) Frost wedging Z) Groundwater	W) MASS WASTING
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Biodiesel generally outperforms regular petro diesel in all of the following categories, EXCEPT: W) Cetane rating X) Flash point Y) Calorific value Z) Sulfur content	Y) CALORIFIC VALUE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A 4-kilogram ball is tossed at 5 meters per second. How fast, in meters per second, must a 1-kilogram ball be thrown to have the same kinetic energy?	10
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the term for the pastelike substance, which is also the least soluble nitrogenous waste, excreted by birds, reptiles, and insects?	URIC ACID
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Consider the polar equation \(r=\sin(\) (read as: \(r\) equals the sine of 2 theta). Its graph looks like a rose. How many petals would there be on the "rose" in this graph?	4
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In which of the following compounds does nitrogen have an unpaired electron? W) Ammonia X) Nitrous oxide Y) Sodium nitrate Z) Nitric oxide	Z) NITRIC OXIDE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is titrated with aqueous hydrochloric acid. Using proper chemical nomenclature and indicating the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas, what is the balanced molecular equation for this reaction?	Ca(OH)\({}{2(\mathrm{aq})}\) + 2HCl\({}{(\mathrm{aq})}\)\(\rightarrow\) CaCl\({}{2(\mathrm{aq})}\) + 2H\({}{2}\)O\({}{(0)}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following times of day BEST corresponds to a decrease in ionization of particles in the ionosphere? W) Morning X) Noon Y) Afternoon Z) Night	Z) NIGHT
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Earth has a prograde rotation. Which two planets in our Solar System exhibit retrograde rotation?	VENUS AND URANUS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a colligative property of a solution? W) Freezing point depression X) Osmotic pressure Y) Percent by mass Z) Boiling point elevation	Y) PERCENT BY MASS
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many liters of 2 molar sulfuric acid are required to titrate three litters of 0.4 molar nitric acid?	0.3
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true about snowy plovers? W) When fighting, they may grab their enemy's tail with their bills X) They nest on sandy beaches Y) They are endemic to New Zealand Z) Males nurture their chicks	Y) THEY ARE ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What protein, released by cells in the ileum and colon, appears to inhibit appetite in humans?	PEPTIDE YY
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	When the equation \(\mathrm{O}{2}+\mathrm{C}{6}\mathrm{H}{14}\rightarrow\) (read as: yields) \(\mathrm{CO}{2}+\mathrm{H}{2}\mathrm{O}\) is balanced with the lowest whole-number coefficients, what is the coefficient of \(\mathrm{O}{2}\)?	19
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Evaluate \(\lim{\chi\rightarrow\mathrm{m}3}\frac{\sin\chi}{x}\frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{ \frac{n}{3}}\) (read as: the limit as \(x\) approaches pi over three of open parenthesis sine of \(x\) [pause] minus the square root of 3 over 2 close parenthesis over open parenthesis \(x\) minus pi over 3 close parenthesis).	1/2
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	If in a 2-piston hydraulic device, a 100-newton force is applied to a piston with an area of 0.01 square meters, what will be the resulting force, in newtons, on a piston with an area of 0.5 square meters?	5000
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the centripetal acceleration in meters per second squared of a point on a bicycle tire of radius 0.81 meters when the bike is moving at 9 meters per second?	100
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the general term for scientific research that looks for a useful application, process, or product in nature?	BIOPROSPECTING
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms for foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance?	ANERGY
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following species is NOT considered an electrolyte? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Hydrogen chloride Y) Aluminum nitrate Z) Diethyl ether	Z) DIETHYL ETHER

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Find the radius of a circle in which a $30^{\circ}$ arc is $2\pi$ units long. W) 12 X) 15 Y) 15 $\pi$ Z) 60 $\pi$

W) 12

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

If my current annual heating bill of natural gas is $800 with a furnace that is 70% efficient, approximately what will be my new bill if I install a 95% efficient furnace? W) $500 X) $600 Y) $700 Z) $800

X) $600

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

A child who excretes black urine is born to two normal parents. The child has a recessive homozygous genotype. What is the most likely explanation for the genotype? W) Spontaneous mutations X) Consanguinity [kon-sang-GWIN-i-tee] Y) Anticipation Z) Environmental exposure

X) CONSANGUNITY

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following situations might cause disruptive selection to occur in a population of seed-eating finches on an island? W) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce medium-sized seeds X) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce small and large seeds Y) A hurricane that wipes out plants that produce small seeds Z) A hurricane that reduces equally plants that produce all sizes of seeds

W) A HURRICANE THAT WIPES OUT PLANTS THAT PRODUCE MEDIUM-SIZEED SEEDS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

According to valence bond theory, we assume that in methane, each pair of electrons is confined to the region between the carbon and hydrogen nuclei, where the bond is strongest. What is the term used to describe this regional confinement?

LOCALIZED (ACCEPT: LOCALIZED BOND AND LOCALIZED BONDING)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Steam cracking is one process used in the manufacture of lighter olefins. Which of the following is NOT true of steam cracking? W) Increasing temperature shifts cracking to the ends of molecules X) Short residence times cause more olefin formation Y) The reaction is favored by high pressure Z) To minimize coke formation, steam may be added

Y) THE REACTION IS FAVORED BY HIGH PRESSURE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true when light enters a denser medium and is refracted? W) Wavelength remains unchanged X) Wave speed increases Y) Wavelength increases Z) Frequency remains unchanged

Z) FREQUENCY REMAINS UNCHANGED

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Resonance in a musical instrument is MOST directly exemplified by: W) sympathetic harmonic vibration X) destructive interference Y) dissonance in the standing wave Z) diffraction

W) SYMPATHETIC HARMONIC VIBRATION

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

The specific heat of a certain metal is 0.750 joules per gram kelvin. How much heat, in joules to the nearest whole number, will it take to increase the temperature of 0.50 kilograms of the metal from 25${}^{\rm o}$C to 50${}^{\rm o}$C?

9,375

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Solvents, such as water, that can both donate and accept protons are typically described as: W) resonant X) metalloid Y) amphoteric Z) polyprotic

Y) AMPHOTERIC

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When going from left to right, elements in the same period of the Periodic Table have progressively smaller atomic radii because of: W) increased effective nuclear charge X) decreased effective nuclear charge Y) addition of electrons Z) addition of neutrons

W) INCREASED EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is missing in bryophytes and is an evolutionary advancement of higher plants: W) vascular tissue X) epidermal tissue Y) chloroplasts Z) plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah)

W) VASCULAR TISSUE

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

If the flower color red is dominant and white is recessive, what will be the expected phenotypic ratio of red to white flowers in the first generation of a cross between parent plants both heterozygous for flower color?

3 TO 1

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the domain and range for the function defined by the following set of three ordered pairs: {(-2, , (0, , (3, }

DOMAIN = -2, 0, 3; RANGE = 6, 9, 7

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Giving your answer in centimeters to the nearest whole number, what is the perimeter of a closed quarter-circle whose radius is 12 centimeters?

43

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

What type of stream only bears water during and immediately after a rainstorm: W) ephemeral X) intermittent Y) perennial Z) dendritic

W) EPHEMERAL

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true about ocean tides: W) the Moon's influence on Earth's tides is about 2-times greater than the Sun's influence X) a complete tidal day is about 24 hours 50 minutes long Y) some coastlines have 2 high tides and 2 low tides each lunar day whereas some have only have 1 high tide and 1 low tide each lunar day Z) spring high tides typically have greater ranges in the Northern Hemisphere during summer than during winter

Z) SPRING HIGH TIDES TYPICALLY HAVE GREATER RANGES IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING SUMMER THAN DURING WINTER

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson's disease?

DOPAMINE

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the BEST reason why Parkinson's disease cannot be treated by simply administering dopamine into the blood stream: W) dopamine's blood half-life is too short X) dopamine will not cross the blood brain barrier Y) dopamine is the precursor to the real effective transmitter in Parkinson's disease Z) it is not known why dopamine will not work if administered directly into the blood

X) DOPAMINE WILL NOT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the primary instrument used to gather 5 to 35 micrometer spectra data from the Deep Impact mission: W) Chandra X-ray observatory X) Arecibo radio telescope Y) Hubble gamma-ray telescope Z) Spitzer infrared spectrograph

Z) SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH

BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple choice By what multiple does the brightness of two stars differ with apparent magnitudes of $-$3 and $+$4: W) 2.5 X) 25 Y) 250 Z) 625

Z) 625

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the acceleration, in meters per second squared, of a 10-kilogram snow sled that is on a frictionless horizontal surface if a horizontal force of 500 newtons is applied to it?

50

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

What is the speed of light in meters per second for monochromatic light of 780 nanometers in glass with a refractive index of 1.55: W) $1.5\times 10^{8}$ X) $1.9\times 10^{8}$ Y) $4.65\times 10^{7}$ Z) $4.65\times 10^{8}$

X) $1.9\times 10^{8}$

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule: W) HCN X) HBr Y) CHCl${}{3}$ Z) CO${}{2}$

Z) CO${}{2}$

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

In photosystem one, when NADP${}^{+}$ forms NADPH with the catalytic help of NADP${}^{+}$ reductase, from what specific place in the chloroplast are the hydrogen ions derived?

STROMA

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the degree of the following monomial: $-6x^{2}y^{4}z^{3}$

9

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if each interior angle measures 176 degrees:

90

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding paleontology: W) endothermic mammals thrived during the Cenozoic Era X) the fossil records of birds is poor because of their thin bones and lack of teeth Y) the mastodon was a Proboscidian mammal of the Cenozoic Era Z) trilobites are an important index fossil of the Mesozoic Era

Z) TRIILOBITES ARE AN IMPORTANT INDEX FOSSIL OF THE MESOZOIC ERA

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Deposited by subglacial streams, ridges of sand and gravel that form beneath the ablation zone of a glacier are called: W) ciroques X) eskers Y) horns Z) kames

X) ESKERS

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is MOST commonly used for removing many organic compounds in water in municipal water treatment plants: W) activated charcoal X) precipitation reactions Y) reverse osmosis Z) dredging

W) ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is LEAST accurate: W) recent evidence suggests a subsurface salty ocean is present on the Moon Europa X) spiral galaxies are actively forming stars Y) Earth's aphelion occurs on the summer solstice Z) Julian days are often used as the time reference on light curves of stars

Y) EARTH'S APHELION OCCURS ON THE SUMMER SOLSTICE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is generally NOT true regarding diffraction of light: W) when white light is passed through a diffraction grating, shorter wavelengths are diffracted the most X) diffraction is wavelength dependent Y) if laser light is passed through a diffraction grating it will produce an interference pattern as a series of dots on a screen Z) white light passing through a diffraction grating is spread into a rainbow of colors

W) WHEN WHITE LIGHT IS PASSED THROUGH A DIFFRACTION GRATING, SHORTER WAVELENGTHS ARE DIFFRACTED THE MOST

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Dalton's gas law applies primarily to: W) non-ideal gases X) gas mixtures Y) density of gases Z) molar mass of gas

X) GAS MIXTURES

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

According to the 3 domain system of classification with the 3 domains being, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, which of the following would be LEAST likely to belong to the domain Bacteria: W) chlamydia X) spirochetes (read as: spy-row-keets) Y) gram positive bacteria Z) non-nucleated thermophiles

Z) NON-NUCLEATED THERMOPHILES

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In which of the following does the RUBISCO enzyme play a central role: W) Photosystem One X) Electron Transport Y) Photosystem Two Z) Calvin Cycle

Z) CALVIN CYCLE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Giving your answer in simplest radical form, rationalize the denominator of the following expression: $\dfrac{1}{(3-\sqrt{x})}$

$\dfrac{3+\sqrt{x}}{9-x}$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Solve the following equation for $x$ over the set of complex numbers, giving your answer in simplest form: $x^{2}-10x+34=0$

$5\pm 3i$ (ACCEPT: $5+3i$ AND $5-3i$)

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

A hurricane originating in the Eastern tropical Atlantic is driven westward by: W): the intertropical convergence zone X): the prevailing Westerlies Y): the easterly trade winds Z): the doldrums

Y) THE EASTERLY TRADE WINDS

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

What technique, used by the U.S. Navy in military exercises and suspected of harming many marine species, is the focus of a recent agreement to not run these exercises within 40 kilometers of the new Hawaiian Islands Marine Reserve?

SONAR (ACCEPT: MIN-RANGE SONAR)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A molecule that contains 4 carbon-hydrogen single bonds and one carbon-carbon double bond contains how many sigma and pi bonds, respectively?

SIGMA = 5; PI = 1

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Animal tissues are generally divided into four main types. If three of them are, connective, nervous, and muscle, what is the fourth tissue?

EPITHELIAL (ACCEPT: EPITHELIUM)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

If a particle moves from a position of x = 5 meters out to x = 200 meters and back again to x = 5 meters, what is its displacement in meters?

0

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

What are the two features of displacement?

MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which trophic level has the most energy? W) Consumers X) Decomposers Y) Producers Z) Scavengers

Y) PRODUCERS

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which is the approximate percentage of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next? W) 10% X) 50% Y) 75% Z) 100%

W) 10%

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the greatest common factor of the terms in the expression $3x^{5}y^{2}+6x^{3}y^{5}$ (read as: 3 $x$ to the fifth $y$ squared plus 6 $x$ cubed $y$ to the fifth)?

$3x^{3}y^{2}$

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

If a 250 acre farm were leased for wind development with income of $50 per acre per year, how much income would be produced each year?

$12,500

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

A compressional tectonic environment can result in all of the following, except: W) Folded mountains X) Basin and range Y) Volcanoes Z) Reverse faults

X) BASIN AND RANGE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The source of energy that drives a tsunami wave onto a shore originated: W) From the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon X) Along the ocean floor Y) From tidal waves Z) In Earth's interior

Z) IN EARTH'S INTERIOR

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

When sound waves travelling through the air reach the human ear, the cochlea (read as: KOE-klee-ah) converts the sound wave into: W) A chemical response transmitted through the blood stream X) An electrical impulse sent to the brain Y) A lower frequency wave, which resonates within the ear Z) Many small wave vectors that are separately communicated to the brain

X) AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE SENT TO THE BRAIN

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

How does neural transmission across a synaptic gap occur? W) Neural impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gap X) Neural impulses open potassium-gated channels, allowing sodium to move across the gap Y) Neural impulses travel across the gap as unidirectional electrical currents Z) Neural impulses travel across the gap as multidirectional electrical currents

W) NEURAL IMPULSES CAUSE THE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Name a real number that does not have a multiplicative inverse.

0

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about the Andes mountains? W) They are folded mountains X) They are volcanic mountains Y) They are near a spreading center Z) They are found along a transform boundary

X) THEY ARE VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

As a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability of rolling 1 or 3 on a standard 6-sided die?

1/3

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following units can be used to express the volume of a liquid? W) Micrometers X) Milligrams Y) Grams per cubic centimeter Z) Nanoliters

Z) NANOLITERS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following choices is NOT an example of a rigid body? W) Slinky X) Wheel Y) Pool ball Z) CD

W) SLINKY

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Which of the following are transmitted by electromagnetic waves: radio, television, Rayleigh, or P-waves?

RADIO, TELEVISION (ACCEPT: 1, 2)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the best way to get a good view of a meteor shower? W) Watch it during a full moon X) Watch it from a city Y) Get as far away from urban light pollution as possible Z) Wear light clothing

Y) GET AS FAR AWAY FROM URBAN LIGHT POLLUUTION AS POSSIBLE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

When a meteoroid enters the earth's atmosphere, it glows. Sometimes, the earth meets a number of meteoroids, creating a meteor shower. Most streams and swarms of meteoroids are believed to be fragments of what celestial body?

COMET

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population is known as the: W) Allele (read as: ah-LEEL) frequency X) Genome Y) Directional selection Z) Gene pool

Z) GENE POOL

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The black fur allele B (read as: big b), is dominant over the white fur allele b (read as: little b). Two mice with black fur mate, producing four offspring: one is white and three are black. What are the likely genotypes of the two parents? W) Bb and Bb X) BB and Bb Y) BB and BB Z) BB and bb

W) Bb AND Bb

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, not requiring cellular energy?

DIFFUSION

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following substances is transported into cells via carrier-assisted transport? W) Water X) Carbon dioxide Y) Oxygen Z) Sodium ion

Z) SODIUM ION

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property? W) Heat of formation X) Entropy Y) Equilibrium constant Z) Reaction rate

W) HEAT OF FORMATION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

What is the difference between heat and temperature? W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes

X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREM OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY,

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

If a car is accelerating along a road, the force acting on the car that causes it to move forward is the reaction force from the car pushing on the ground. What is this reaction force due to?

FRICION BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE GROUND (ACCEPT: FRICION)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

If a car is accelerating along a road, what force due to the air does the frictional force have to oppose?

DRAG

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is a Robonaut?

ROBOTIC ASTRONAUT

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Given the equation $2x-y+5=0$, find the slope and $y$-intercept of the line it represents.

SLOPE = 2; Y-INTERCEPT = 5 OR (0, 5)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Some plants spread their pollen via the wind while others use animals to spread their pollen. When a plant uses an animal to spread its pollen, this type of pollination is called: W) Vector pollination X) Seed dispersal Y) Evolutionary adaptation Z) Reproductive guarantee

W) VECTOR POLLINATION

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the most common term for the stage of photosynthesis (read as: foe-toe-SIN-teh-sis) during which carbon fixation occurs?

CALVIN CYCLE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in H${}{2}$?

0

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in LiAlH${}{4}$?

-1

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What are the two forms of electrical current?

ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT (ACCEPT: AC AND DC)

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most common method of producing alternating current? W) Circuits varying from parallel to series X) Switches automatically turning on and off Y) Turbines rotating backwards and forwards Z) Magnets spinning in a coil of wire

Z) MAGNETS SPINNING IN A COIL OF WIRE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following relationships is true? W) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 kiljoules X) 1 joule is equal to 1 food calorie Y) 1 joule is equal to 4.18 food calories Z) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 joules

W) 1 FOOD CALORIE IS EQUAL TO 4.18 KILOJOULES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In order to calculate the heat of fusion for a piece of ice placed in warm water, you must know: W) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the water X) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the ice Y) The energy released by the ice and the mass of the warm water Z) The energy released by the ice and the mass of ice

X) THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE WARM WATER AND THE MASS OF THE ICE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the distribution graph of a set of data has a positive skew, then which tail of the graph is longer?

RIGHT

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

A kilowatt-hour is a unit of: W) Charge X) Power Y) Energy Z) Electric potential

Y) ENERGY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Consider two beaches, both with source material from the same granitic mountains. The beach located further from the mountains would have: W) Dark, more angular particles X) Dark, rounder particles Y) Pink, more poorly sorted sediments Z) Lighter-colored, more well-rounded, finer particles

Z) LIGHTER-COLORED, MORE WELL-ROUNDED, FINER PARTICLES

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of physical and chemical weathering? W) Mass wasting X) Glaciation Y) Frost wedging Z) Groundwater

W) MASS WASTING

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Biodiesel generally outperforms regular petro diesel in all of the following categories, EXCEPT: W) Cetane rating X) Flash point Y) Calorific value Z) Sulfur content

Y) CALORIFIC VALUE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A 4-kilogram ball is tossed at 5 meters per second. How fast, in meters per second, must a 1-kilogram ball be thrown to have the same kinetic energy?

10

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the term for the pastelike substance, which is also the least soluble nitrogenous waste, excreted by birds, reptiles, and insects?

URIC ACID

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Consider the polar equation $r=\sin($ (read as: $r$ equals the sine of 2 theta). Its graph looks like a rose. How many petals would there be on the "rose" in this graph?

4

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In which of the following compounds does nitrogen have an unpaired electron? W) Ammonia X) Nitrous oxide Y) Sodium nitrate Z) Nitric oxide

Z) NITRIC OXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is titrated with aqueous hydrochloric acid. Using proper chemical nomenclature and indicating the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas, what is the balanced molecular equation for this reaction?

Ca(OH)${}{2(\mathrm{aq})}$ + 2HCl${}{(\mathrm{aq})}$$\rightarrow$ CaCl${}{2(\mathrm{aq})}$ + 2H${}{2}$O${}{(0)}$

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following times of day BEST corresponds to a decrease in ionization of particles in the ionosphere? W) Morning X) Noon Y) Afternoon Z) Night

Z) NIGHT

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Earth has a prograde rotation. Which two planets in our Solar System exhibit retrograde rotation?

VENUS AND URANUS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a colligative property of a solution? W) Freezing point depression X) Osmotic pressure Y) Percent by mass Z) Boiling point elevation

Y) PERCENT BY MASS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many liters of 2 molar sulfuric acid are required to titrate three litters of 0.4 molar nitric acid?

0.3

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true about snowy plovers? W) When fighting, they may grab their enemy's tail with their bills X) They nest on sandy beaches Y) They are endemic to New Zealand Z) Males nurture their chicks

Y) THEY ARE ENDEMIC TO NEW ZEALAND

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What protein, released by cells in the ileum and colon, appears to inhibit appetite in humans?

PEPTIDE YY

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

When the equation $\mathrm{O}{2}+\mathrm{C}{6}\mathrm{H}{14}\rightarrow$ (read as: yields) $\mathrm{CO}{2}+\mathrm{H}{2}\mathrm{O}$ is balanced with the lowest whole-number coefficients, what is the coefficient of $\mathrm{O}{2}$?

19

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Evaluate $\lim{\chi\rightarrow\mathrm{m}3}\frac{\sin\chi}{x}\frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{ \frac{n}{3}}$ (read as: the limit as $x$ approaches pi over three of open parenthesis sine of $x$ [pause] minus the square root of 3 over 2 close parenthesis over open parenthesis $x$ minus pi over 3 close parenthesis).

1/2

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

If in a 2-piston hydraulic device, a 100-newton force is applied to a piston with an area of 0.01 square meters, what will be the resulting force, in newtons, on a piston with an area of 0.5 square meters?

5000

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the centripetal acceleration in meters per second squared of a point on a bicycle tire of radius 0.81 meters when the bike is moving at 9 meters per second?

100

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the general term for scientific research that looks for a useful application, process, or product in nature?

BIOPROSPECTING

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms for foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance?

ANERGY

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following species is NOT considered an electrolyte? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Hydrogen chloride Y) Aluminum nitrate Z) Diethyl ether

Z) DIETHYL ETHER