AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is TRUE about any two successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence: W) their product is a Fibonacci number X) they are either both odd or both even Y) they are relatively prime Z) their quotient is the golden ratio	Y) THEY ARE RELATIVELY PRIME
	TOSS-UP	5) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Most terrestrial plants grow best in soil with a pH range of: W) 4.5 to 5.5 X) 6.0 to 7.0 Y) 7.0 to 8.0 Z) 7.5 to 8.5 X) 6.0 TO 7.0
	TOSS-UP	6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best illustrates a limitation of a supercapacitor, or electric double-layer capacitor, versus an electrochemical battery: W) virtually unlimited cycle life X) rapid recharging Y) low impedance Z) high self-discharge rate Z) HIGH SELF-DISCHARGE RATE
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following would astronomers most likely consider emission nebula: W) Population III (read as: regions X) Population II (read as: regions Y) glowing H II (read as: H, regions Z) active regions	Y) GLOWING H II REGIONS
BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	In which of the following locations would there typically be more Population Two stars than Population One stars: W) in globular clusters X) in spiral arms of galaxies Y) in planetary nebula Z) in regions actively forming stars	W) IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2\({}^{\rm nd}\) order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M\({}^{-2}\)s\({}^{-1}\) X) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\) Y) Ms\({}^{-1}\) Z) M\({}^{-2}\)minutes\({}^{-1}\)	X) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\)
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	1.0 gram of an unknown organic molecule is dissolved in 50.0 grams of benzene. Determine the molecular mass of the unknown if this solution freezes at 4.5\({}^{\rm o}\)C. Assume the freezing point constant of benzene is 5.0\({}^{\rm o}\)C per molal, and the freezing point of benzene is 5.5\({}^{\rm o}\)C. Give your answer to the nearest whole number in grams per mole.	100
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the target tissue of the hormone leptin where it binds with LepRB (read as: L, E, P, R, B) receptors:	W) hypothalamus X) pancreas Y) adipose tissue Z) kidney W) HYPOTHALAMUS
	TOSS-UP	10) PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 3 sub-atomic particles that interact with all 4 of the fundamental forces: electron; quarks; neutrino QUARKS
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the equation for the tangent line for \(y=x^{4}\) at the point \((1,\,\): W) \(y=4x-3\) X) \(y=4x-1\) Y) \(y=4x+1\) Z) \(y=4x+3\)	W) \(y=4x-3\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What are the coordinates of the hole in the graph of the function, \(g(x)=\dfrac{(2x^{2}-}{(x-}\,\gamma\)	\((2,\,8)\)
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	According to the discontinuous side of Bowen's reaction series, which of the following is likely to first crystallize as basaltic magma cools: W) quartz X) olivine Y) pyroxene Z) hornblende	X) OLIVINE
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer	Of the 3 basic types of magma on Earth, which one generally has a chemical composition intermediate in iron, magnesium, and calcium?	ANDESITIC (ACCEPT: ANDESITE)
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following age groups would have the most brown fat per kilogram of body weight: W) infant X) adolescent Y) middle age Z) elderly	W) INFANT
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	What element makes up the innermost core of a type II (read as: type supernova just before core collapse?	IRON
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Consider the following equilibrium reaction, \(\mathrm{FeO{(solid)}+CO{(gas)}\leftrightarrow\ Fe{(solid)}+CO{2(gas)}}\), where \(\Delta\)H (read as: delta H) equals -10 kilojoules. Which of the following would have a similar effect on the equilibrium position as lowering the temperature: 1. adding iron 2. increasing pressure 3. removing carbon dioxide 4. removing carbon monoxide	Y) REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	From what specific biological molecule are Barbara McClintock's transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) made?	DNA
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following 4 organisms in which transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) are found: humans; maize; fruit fly; bacteria	ALL
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer	In the southern hemisphere, Ekman transport generated by trade winds over the equatorial Pacific Ocean is how many degrees to the left of the prevailing winds?	90
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST describes an air mass that originates in northern Mexico, moves into the Great Plains and stagnates, resulting in severe drought: W) continental tropical X) continental polar Y) maritime tropical Z) maritime polar	W) CONTINENTAL Tropical
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true regarding the burning of biodiesel versus gasoline in automobile engines: W) biodiesel combustion does not emit SO\({}{2}\) X) biodiesel contains more oxygen than gasoline Y) the CO\({}{2}\) released when biodiesel is burned is the same CO\({}{2}\) the plants removed from the atmosphere as they grew Z) the energy content per gallon of biodiesel is approximately 28% lower than that of ethanol	Z) THE ENERGY CONTENT PER GALLON OF BIODIESEL IS APPROXIMATELY 28% LOWER THAN THAT OF ETHANOL
BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	A physician orders 0.1 gram of a drug be administered to a patient. If it is only available as 20 milligrams per 5 milliliters, how many milliliters needs to be administered?	25
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	From the LEAST to the MOST, what are the 3 most abundant elements in a G-type star?	HYDROGEN; HELIUM; CARBON
BONUS ASTRONOMY Short Answer	If a supernova with an apparent magnitude of -2.0 was observed for the first time in the year 2,000 at 35.00 kiloparsecs from Earth, how many years before observation, rounded to the nearest whole number, did the supernova most likely occur?	114
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the specific intermediate informational molecule for human retrotransposons (read as: rhet-tro-trans-POE-zons):	RNA (ACCEPT: RIBONUCLEIC ACID or mRNA or MESSENGER RNA)
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Order the following 4 processes from the one to typically occur the EARLIEST to the one to occur the LATEST in the production of collagen: (read slowly) spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome); transcription; translation; golgi modification	TRANSCRIPTION; SPLICEOSOME; TRANSLATION; GOLGI MODIFICATION
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the overall reaction order for the following rate law: \(\rm rate=k[NH{4}^{+}][NO{2}^{-}]\) (read as: \(k\) times the concentration of \(\rm NH{4}^{+}\) times the concentration of \(\rm NO{2}^{-}\))	2 (ACCEPT: \(\rm 2^{nd}\) ORDER)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What boson is the only particle predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics that had not yet been observed as of June 2008?	HIGGS BOSON (ACCEPT: HIGGS)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	From what amino acid is the vasodilator histamine primarily synthesized?	HISTIDINE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the scientific term for the ratio between the density of a given substance to that of water when both are at the same temperature?	SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ACCEPT: RELATIVE DENSITY)
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following pure substances has the highest melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure: W) magnesium oxide X) diamond Y) sodium chloride Z) cesium chloride	X) DIAMOND
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the MOST common anatomical synonym for ventral, when locating a part of the human body in relation to another part?	ANTERIOR
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What are the names for the pyrimidine bases found in DNA?	CYTOSINE; THYMINE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	According to one of the most common color triangles, if blue and green are primary colors, what is the third primary color?	RED
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the smaller of two integers whose sum is 19 and whose product is 48?	3
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is best classified as a plutonic intrusive rock:	W) obsidian X) granite Y) basalt Z) pumice X) GRANITE
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	The principle constituent of most granites is:	W) feldspar X) muscovite Y) calcite Z) dolomite W) FELDSPAR
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	The related quantities charted on a line graph are most often called:	W) results X) lines Y) sets Z) variables Z) VARIABLES
	BONUS	6) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many grams of sodium chloride is in 2,000 milliliters of 0.9% NaCl solution? 18
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	From what chamber of the human heart does blood carried by the left pulmonary artery leave?	RIGHT VENTRICLE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A white-colored object illuminated by a green light will appear as what color to the human eye?	GREEN
TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice	One-fifth of 0.04% is equal to: W) \(8\times 10^{-2}\) X) \(8\times 10^{-3}\) Y) \(8\times 10^{-4}\) Z) \(8\times 10^{-5}\)	Z) \(8\times 10^{-5}\)
BONUS 11. MATH Short Answer	Find the prime factorization of 240:	\(2\times 2\times 2\times 2\times 3\times 5\) (ACCEPT: \(2^{4}\times 3\times 5\))
TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	When spreading centers reach above the ocean's surface, they typically form which of the following types of volcanoes: W) shield X) composite Y) stratovolcano Z) cinder cone	W) SHIELD
BONUS 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a typical: W) mud volcano X) caldera Y) cinder cone Z) composite volcano	Z) COMPOSITE VOLCANO
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	The fertilizer potash provides plants with what element necessary for healthy growth and which is also the seventh most abundant element on Earth?	POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: K)
BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	From what protein is gelatin, which is used as a food additive, most commonly derived?	COLAGEN
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	First proposed by Georges Lemaitre, what is the name, most likely coined by Fred Hoyle, for the theory that the universe originated at a finite time many eons ago from an extremely compressed hot state?	BIG BANG
BONUS ASTRONOMY Short Answer	In what constellation is the star Polaris found?	URSA MINOR (DO NOT ACCEPT: LITTLE DIPPER)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 6.8 at 25\({}^{\rm o}\)C?	7.2
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene	W) ETHANOL
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Yersinia, Drosophila and Homo are all what taxonomical category?	GENUS (ACCEPT: GENERA)
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	From what monosaccharide is cellulose primarily composed?	GLUCOSE (ACCEPT: B-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL or D-GLUCOSE)17) PHYSICS Short Answer Although in many respects difficult to define, what term is MOST often described as a push or a pull that can cause an object to accelerate?
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer	What is the oldest Eon on the Geological Time Scale within which the first organisms appeared between 550 million and 3.4 billion years ago?	PRECAMBRIAN
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Anthropogenic means: W) generated by humans X) created many years ago Y) carried in primate genes Z) harmful to elderly people	W) GENERATED BY HUMANS
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	What is the primary elemental product of stellar hydrogen fusion?	HELIUM
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the atomic number for the ground state element with the following electron configuration: 1s\({}^{2}\)2s\({}^{2}\)2p\({}^{5}\) (read as: 1, s, 2; 2, s, 2; 2, p,	9
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Giving your answer in standard form, what is the last term in the binomial expansion of the following: \(\left(x+y\right)^{6}\)	\(y^{6}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What specific law of motion most directly implies that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?	NEWTON'S THIRD LAW (ACCEPT: THIRD LAW)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	The sinoatrial (read as: sine-oh-AYE-tree-al) node is located in what human organ?	HEART
BONUS 1. MATH Short Answer	How many zeroes are at the end of 25! [25 factorial]?	6
BONUS 2. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	A new study has found that white spruce trees on the edge of the tundra in Alaska's far north have thrived in the past 100 years. Which of the following methodologies was most likely used to determine the age of the trees? W) Sclerochronology X) Dendrochronology Y) Radiometric dating Z) Acanthochronology	X) DENDROCHRONOLOGY
BONUS 7. MATH Short Answer	Find the coordinates of the center and the radius of the circle: \(x^{2}+y^{2}\) - \(8x+6y\) - \(11=0\)	CENTER = (4, -3); RADIUS = 6
BONUS 8. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Based on Bowen's reaction series, which feldspar forms last as a magma cools?	ORTHOCLASE (ACCEPT: POTASSUM FELDSPAR, K-SPAR)
BONUS 9. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following mechanisms would best explain how bisphenol A causes above average production of yellow agouti [uh-GOO-tee] mice? W) Decreased methylation [meth-uh-LAY-shuhn] of the agouti [uh-GOO-tee] gene X) Increased methylation of the agouti gene Y) Decreased phosphorylation [FOS-fer-uh-lay-shuhn] of the agouti gene Z) Increased phosphorylation of the agouti gene	W) DECREASED METHYLATION OF THE AGOUTI GENE
BONUS 10. PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 5.0 kilovolts. Which of the following is the kinetic energy in joules gained in the process? W) 8.0 x 10\({}^{22}\) X) 8.0 x 10\({}^{-16}\) Y) 1.6 x 10\({}^{-16}\) Z) 1.6 x 10\({}^{-22}\)	X) 8.0 x 10\({}^{-16}\)
BONUS 11. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Assuming complete dissociation and the absence of ion pairing, which of the following 1.00 molar aqueous solutions would have the lowest freezing point? W) Sucrose X) Sodium chloride Y) Calcium hydroxide Z) Potassium phosphate	Z) POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Short Answer	During DNA replication, what would be the complement of the template strand: 5[5 prime]-TAT CAG CCC-3' [3 prime], including strand polarity in your answer.	3'- ATA GTC GGG-5' (ACCEPT: 5'-GGG CTG ATA-3')
BONUS 15. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organisms is triploid? W) Aphid X) Escherichia coli [esh-uh-RIK-ee-uh] Y) Seedless watermelon Z) Wheat	Y) SEEDLESS WATERMELON
BONUS 16. PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Some scientists have predicted the melting of polar ice caps due to climate change. Which of the following changes would be caused by the melting? W) The moment of inertia of the Earth would increase X) The moment of inertia of the Earth would decrease Y) The angular momentum associated with the Earth's rotation would increase Z) The angular momentum associated with the Earth's rotation would decrease	W) THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE EARTH WOULD INCREASE
BONUS 17. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Modern smart grid technology predominantly improves which of the following components of the electricity system? W) Transmission and distribution X) Fuel extraction Y) Renewable energy generation Z) Fossil fuel energy generation	W) TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Providing your answers to the nearest integer, convert the following four pressures to atmospheres: 203 kilopascals, 2660 Torr, 2.2 bar, and 3700 millimeters of mercury.	1) 2, 2) 3, 3) 2, 4) 5
BONUS 21. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following foramina of the human skull houses the spinal cord? W) Foramen ovale [for-A-men oh-VAL-ay] X) Foramen incisivum Y) Foramen magnum Z) Foramen spinosum	Y) FORAMEN MAGNUM
BONUS 22. PHYSICS Multiple Choice	In a photoelectric experiment, if the intensity of the incident light beam is unchanged while the frequency of the light beam is increased, which of the following is true? W) The number of photoelectrons emitted per second increases X) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted increases Y) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted decreases Z) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted remains unchanged	X) THE MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PHOTOELECTRONS EMITTED INCREASES
BONUS 25. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Rank the following four substances according to increasing boiling point: helium, water, ammonia, carbon monoxide.	1, 4, 3, 2 (ACCEPT: HELIUM, CARBON MONOXIDE, AMMONIA, WATER)
BONUS 3. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the energy in joules of a photon with a frequency of 1.00 x 10\({}^{6}\) gigahertz? W) 6.63 x 10-19 X) 6.63 x 10-28 Y) 6.63 x 10-34 Z) 6.63 x 10-49	W) 6.63 X 10-19
BONUS 4. MATH Short Answer	If six geese in a gaggle produce 66 eggs in 6,666 days, what is the average number of days it takes a single goose to lay an egg?	606
BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following are three general categories of map projections? W) Cylindrical, conic, azimuthal [az-uh-MUTH-uh] X) Conformal, spherical, transverse Y) Equidistant, conic, stereographic Z) Cylindrical, oblique, grid	W) CYLINDRICAL, CONIC, AZIMUTHAL
BONUS 6. BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following four bones that are part of the human foot: stylohyoid [sty-loh-HY-oid], calcaneus [kal-KAY-nee-uhs], metacarpals, femur.	2
BONUS 7. PHYSICS Short Answer	A 200 microfarad parallel plate capacitor is connected to a 6 volt battery. Once the capacitor is fully charged, it is disconnected from the battery and a dielectric is inserted between the plates with a dielectric constant of 5. Expressed as a decimal, what is the new voltage across the capacitor?	1.2
BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many milliliters of 0.1 molar sulfuric acid must be titrated with 20 milliliters of 0.5 molar sodium hydroxide in order reach the equivalence point?	50
BONUS 11. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organisms is NOT matched to its anatomical structure for excreting salt? W) Fish and gill X) Shark and rectal gland Y) Whale and ocular salt gland Z) Seabird and nostril salt gland	Y) WHALE AND OCULAR SALT GLAND
BONUS 12. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Consider the complete combustion of propane in oxygen. Providing your answer to two significant figures, if 32 grams of oxygen are consumed in the reaction, how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced?	26
BONUS 15. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding and can act as a Lewis base? W) Ozone X) Ammonia Y) Cesium fluoride Z) Hydrogen fluoride	X) AMMONIA
BONUS 16. MATH Short Answer	Divide the polynomial \(x^{3}-x-6\) by \(x-2\).	\(x^{2}+2x+3\)
BONUS 17. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name of the metamorphic rock that is dominantly composed of hornblende?	AMPHIBOLITE
BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following groups consists only of strictly vegetarian marine mammals? W) Sirenians [sy-REE-nee-uhns] X) Pinnipeds [PIN-uh-peds] Y) Cetaceans [si-TAY-shuhns] Z) Fissipeds [FIS-uh-peds]	W) SIRENIANS
BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of lipid modification connects proteins to cytosolic membrane surfaces and is reversible? W) Palmitoylation [pal-mi-toi-LAY-shuhn] X) Prenylation [pre-NIL-ay-shuhn] Y) Myristoylation [may-ruh-stoi-LAY-shuhn] Z) Acylation [as-uh-LAY-shuhn]	W) PALMITOYLATION
BONUS 1. BIOLOGY Short Answer	Arrange the following four choices from proximal to distal of the trachea [truth-KE-uh]: bronchiole [BRONG-kee-ohl], alveolar [al-VEE-uh-ler] sac, primary bronchus, alveolar duct.	3, 1, 4, 2 (ACCEPT: PRIMARY BRONCHUS, BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCT, ALVEOLAR SAC)
BONUS 2. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Giving your answers to the nearest integers, identify the pressure in atmospheres of a gas that starts at 1 atmosphere and 23\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius at each of the following three temperatures: 52\({}^{\rm o}\), 317\({}^{\rm o}\), 2700\({}^{\rm o}\).	1) 1, 2) 2, 3) 10
BONUS 4. PHYSICS Short Answer	A 2 kilogram box is pushed forward with a 10 newton force while it experiences a 5 newton force of kinetic friction in the opposite direction. Providing your answer to the nearest meter, after 3 seconds, how far has the box moved?	11
BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following volcanoes erupted the most sulfuric acid into the atmosphere? W) Mount St. Helens X) Pinatubo Y) Tambora Z) Toba	Z) TOBA
BONUS 6. ENERGY Short Answer	If a million people leave their cell phone chargers plugged in unnecessarily for 16 hours per day and each charger consumes 1 watt when not in use, providing your answer to the nearest million, how many kilowatt-hours are consumed per year while the chargers are plugged in but not charging?	6,000,000
BONUS 7. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Long bristles are found around the bills of insectivorous [in-sex-TV-er-uhsl] birds. How might these bristles help birds when they catch prey? W) Bristles help birds snap up insects by improving the bird's aerial balance X) Bristles protect the bird's nares [NAIR-eez] from an insect's legs Y) Bristles function only for attracting a mate, not for catching prey Z) Bristles act as nets, catching insects that the bird misses with its bill	Z) BRISTLES ACT AS NETS, CATCHING INSECTS THAT THE BIRD MISSES WITH ITS BILL
BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Assuming that the transition of an electron in the hydrogen atom from the fourth to the second electron energy level is two electron volts, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, how many electronvolts is the transition between the first and third energy level?	9.5 (ACCEPT: 9.6)
BONUS 11. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following mountain ranges exhibits basin and range topography? W) Cascade Mountains X) Rocky Mountains Y) Appalachian Mountains Z) Wasatch Mountains	Z) WASTCH MOUNTAINS
BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Different species of hummingbirds have bills that vary in length and shape, matching the structure of the flowers on which they feed. Which of the following evolutionary scenarios best explains this diversity of hummingbird bill morphology? W) Coevolution of flowers and hummingbirds, leading to specialization of hummingbirds on particular flowers X) Random mutation of plants to develop varying flower shapes, and subsequent evolution of hummingbird bills to match these shapes Y) Evolutionary race between flowers and hummingbirds, in which flowers become more extreme in shape to prevent nectar feeding Z) Evolution of various bill shapes, since all hummingbirds opportunistically feed on many different species of flower, regardless of shape	W) COEVOLUTION OF FLOWERS AND HUMINGBIRDS, LEADING TO SPECIALIZATION OF HUMINGBIRDS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS
BONUS 17. ENERGY Short Answer	The half life of radium is 1600 years. What fraction of the original quantity of radium has decayed after 9600 years?	63/64
BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Compared to the Antarctic region, the Arctic region has which of the following? W) Fewer endemic species X) Fewer terrestrial mammal species Y) Less seasonality in pack ice Z) More flightless birds	Y) LESS SEASONALITY IN PACK ICE
BONUS 21. PHYSICS Short Answer	A wave pulse travels along a string with a speed of 20 meters per second. If the tension in the string is 100 newtons, providing your answer as a decimal, what is the linear density of the string in kilograms per meter?	0.25

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is TRUE about any two successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence: W) their product is a Fibonacci number X) they are either both odd or both even Y) they are relatively prime Z) their quotient is the golden ratio

Y) THEY ARE RELATIVELY PRIME

TOSS-UP

5) EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice Most terrestrial plants grow best in soil with a pH range of: W) 4.5 to 5.5 X) 6.0 to 7.0 Y) 7.0 to 8.0 Z) 7.5 to 8.5 X) 6.0 TO 7.0

TOSS-UP

6) GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice Which of the following best illustrates a limitation of a supercapacitor, or electric double-layer capacitor, versus an electrochemical battery: W) virtually unlimited cycle life X) rapid recharging Y) low impedance Z) high self-discharge rate Z) HIGH SELF-DISCHARGE RATE

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following would astronomers most likely consider emission nebula: W) Population III (read as: regions X) Population II (read as: regions Y) glowing H II (read as: H, regions Z) active regions

Y) GLOWING H II REGIONS

BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

In which of the following locations would there typically be more Population Two stars than Population One stars: W) in globular clusters X) in spiral arms of galaxies Y) in planetary nebula Z) in regions actively forming stars

W) IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2\({}^{\rm nd}\) order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M\({}^{-2}\)s\({}^{-1}\) X) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\) Y) Ms\({}^{-1}\) Z) M\({}^{-2}\)minutes\({}^{-1}\)

X) M\({}^{-1}\)s\({}^{-1}\)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

1.0 gram of an unknown organic molecule is dissolved in 50.0 grams of benzene. Determine the molecular mass of the unknown if this solution freezes at 4.5\({}^{\rm o}\)C. Assume the freezing point constant of benzene is 5.0\({}^{\rm o}\)C per molal, and the freezing point of benzene is 5.5\({}^{\rm o}\)C. Give your answer to the nearest whole number in grams per mole.

100

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the target tissue of the hormone leptin where it binds with LepRB (read as: L, E, P, R, B) receptors:

W) hypothalamus X) pancreas Y) adipose tissue Z) kidney W) HYPOTHALAMUS

TOSS-UP

10) PHYSICS Short Answer Name all of the following 3 sub-atomic particles that interact with all 4 of the fundamental forces: electron; quarks; neutrino QUARKS

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the equation for the tangent line for \(y=x^{4}\) at the point \((1,\,\): W) \(y=4x-3\) X) \(y=4x-1\) Y) \(y=4x+1\) Z) \(y=4x+3\)

W) \(y=4x-3\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What are the coordinates of the hole in the graph of the function, \(g(x)=\dfrac{(2x^{2}-}{(x-}\,\gamma\)

\((2,\,8)\)

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

According to the discontinuous side of Bowen's reaction series, which of the following is likely to first crystallize as basaltic magma cools: W) quartz X) olivine Y) pyroxene Z) hornblende

X) OLIVINE

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer

Of the 3 basic types of magma on Earth, which one generally has a chemical composition intermediate in iron, magnesium, and calcium?

ANDESITIC (ACCEPT: ANDESITE)

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following age groups would have the most brown fat per kilogram of body weight: W) infant X) adolescent Y) middle age Z) elderly

W) INFANT

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

What element makes up the innermost core of a type II (read as: type supernova just before core collapse?

IRON

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Consider the following equilibrium reaction, \(\mathrm{FeO{(solid)}+CO{(gas)}\leftrightarrow\ Fe{(solid)}+CO{2(gas)}}\), where \(\Delta\)H (read as: delta H) equals -10 kilojoules. Which of the following would have a similar effect on the equilibrium position as lowering the temperature: 1. adding iron 2. increasing pressure 3. removing carbon dioxide 4. removing carbon monoxide

Y) REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

From what specific biological molecule are Barbara McClintock's transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) made?

DNA

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following 4 organisms in which transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) are found: humans; maize; fruit fly; bacteria

ALL

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer

In the southern hemisphere, Ekman transport generated by trade winds over the equatorial Pacific Ocean is how many degrees to the left of the prevailing winds?

90

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST describes an air mass that originates in northern Mexico, moves into the Great Plains and stagnates, resulting in severe drought: W) continental tropical X) continental polar Y) maritime tropical Z) maritime polar

W) CONTINENTAL Tropical

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the burning of biodiesel versus gasoline in automobile engines: W) biodiesel combustion does not emit SO\({}{2}\) X) biodiesel contains more oxygen than gasoline Y) the CO\({}{2}\) released when biodiesel is burned is the same CO\({}{2}\) the plants removed from the atmosphere as they grew Z) the energy content per gallon of biodiesel is approximately 28% lower than that of ethanol

Z) THE ENERGY CONTENT PER GALLON OF BIODIESEL IS APPROXIMATELY 28% LOWER THAN THAT OF ETHANOL

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

A physician orders 0.1 gram of a drug be administered to a patient. If it is only available as 20 milligrams per 5 milliliters, how many milliliters needs to be administered?

25

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

From the LEAST to the MOST, what are the 3 most abundant elements in a G-type star?

HYDROGEN; HELIUM; CARBON

BONUS ASTRONOMY Short Answer

If a supernova with an apparent magnitude of -2.0 was observed for the first time in the year 2,000 at 35.00 kiloparsecs from Earth, how many years before observation, rounded to the nearest whole number, did the supernova most likely occur?

114

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the specific intermediate informational molecule for human retrotransposons (read as: rhet-tro-trans-POE-zons):

RNA (ACCEPT: RIBONUCLEIC ACID or mRNA or MESSENGER RNA)

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Order the following 4 processes from the one to typically occur the EARLIEST to the one to occur the LATEST in the production of collagen: (read slowly) spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome); transcription; translation; golgi modification

TRANSCRIPTION; SPLICEOSOME; TRANSLATION; GOLGI MODIFICATION

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the overall reaction order for the following rate law: \(\rm rate=k[NH{4}^{+}][NO{2}^{-}]\) (read as: \(k\) times the concentration of \(\rm NH{4}^{+}\) times the concentration of \(\rm NO{2}^{-}\))

2 (ACCEPT: \(\rm 2^{nd}\) ORDER)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What boson is the only particle predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics that had not yet been observed as of June 2008?

HIGGS BOSON (ACCEPT: HIGGS)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

From what amino acid is the vasodilator histamine primarily synthesized?

HISTIDINE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the scientific term for the ratio between the density of a given substance to that of water when both are at the same temperature?

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ACCEPT: RELATIVE DENSITY)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following pure substances has the highest melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure: W) magnesium oxide X) diamond Y) sodium chloride Z) cesium chloride

X) DIAMOND

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the MOST common anatomical synonym for ventral, when locating a part of the human body in relation to another part?

What are the names for the pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

CYTOSINE; THYMINE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

According to one of the most common color triangles, if blue and green are primary colors, what is the third primary color?

RED

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the smaller of two integers whose sum is 19 and whose product is 48?

3

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is best classified as a plutonic intrusive rock:

W) obsidian X) granite Y) basalt Z) pumice X) GRANITE

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

The principle constituent of most granites is:

W) feldspar X) muscovite Y) calcite Z) dolomite W) FELDSPAR

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

The related quantities charted on a line graph are most often called:

W) results X) lines Y) sets Z) variables Z) VARIABLES

BONUS

6) GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer How many grams of sodium chloride is in 2,000 milliliters of 0.9% NaCl solution? 18

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

From what chamber of the human heart does blood carried by the left pulmonary artery leave?

RIGHT VENTRICLE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A white-colored object illuminated by a green light will appear as what color to the human eye?

GREEN

TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice

One-fifth of 0.04% is equal to: W) \(8\times 10^{-2}\) X) \(8\times 10^{-3}\) Y) \(8\times 10^{-4}\) Z) \(8\times 10^{-5}\)

Z) \(8\times 10^{-5}\)

BONUS 11. MATH Short Answer

Find the prime factorization of 240:

\(2\times 2\times 2\times 2\times 3\times 5\) (ACCEPT: \(2^{4}\times 3\times 5\))

TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

When spreading centers reach above the ocean's surface, they typically form which of the following types of volcanoes: W) shield X) composite Y) stratovolcano Z) cinder cone

W) SHIELD

BONUS 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a typical: W) mud volcano X) caldera Y) cinder cone Z) composite volcano

Z) COMPOSITE VOLCANO

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

The fertilizer potash provides plants with what element necessary for healthy growth and which is also the seventh most abundant element on Earth?

POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: K)

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

From what protein is gelatin, which is used as a food additive, most commonly derived?

COLAGEN

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

First proposed by Georges Lemaitre, what is the name, most likely coined by Fred Hoyle, for the theory that the universe originated at a finite time many eons ago from an extremely compressed hot state?

BIG BANG

BONUS ASTRONOMY Short Answer

In what constellation is the star Polaris found?

URSA MINOR (DO NOT ACCEPT: LITTLE DIPPER)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 6.8 at 25\({}^{\rm o}\)C?

7.2

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene

W) ETHANOL

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Yersinia, Drosophila and Homo are all what taxonomical category?

GENUS (ACCEPT: GENERA)

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

From what monosaccharide is cellulose primarily composed?

GLUCOSE (ACCEPT: B-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL or D-GLUCOSE)17) PHYSICS Short Answer Although in many respects difficult to define, what term is MOST often described as a push or a pull that can cause an object to accelerate?

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer

What is the oldest Eon on the Geological Time Scale within which the first organisms appeared between 550 million and 3.4 billion years ago?

PRECAMBRIAN

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Anthropogenic means: W) generated by humans X) created many years ago Y) carried in primate genes Z) harmful to elderly people

W) GENERATED BY HUMANS

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

What is the primary elemental product of stellar hydrogen fusion?

HELIUM

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the atomic number for the ground state element with the following electron configuration: 1s\({}^{2}\)2s\({}^{2}\)2p\({}^{5}\) (read as: 1, s, 2; 2, s, 2; 2, p,

9

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Giving your answer in standard form, what is the last term in the binomial expansion of the following: \(\left(x+y\right)^{6}\)

\(y^{6}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What specific law of motion most directly implies that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW (ACCEPT: THIRD LAW)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

The sinoatrial (read as: sine-oh-AYE-tree-al) node is located in what human organ?

HEART

BONUS 1. MATH Short Answer

How many zeroes are at the end of 25! [25 factorial]?

6

BONUS 2. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

A new study has found that white spruce trees on the edge of the tundra in Alaska's far north have thrived in the past 100 years. Which of the following methodologies was most likely used to determine the age of the trees? W) Sclerochronology X) Dendrochronology Y) Radiometric dating Z) Acanthochronology

X) DENDROCHRONOLOGY

BONUS 7. MATH Short Answer

Find the coordinates of the center and the radius of the circle: \(x^{2}+y^{2}\) - \(8x+6y\) - \(11=0\)

CENTER = (4, -3); RADIUS = 6

BONUS 8. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Based on Bowen's reaction series, which feldspar forms last as a magma cools?

ORTHOCLASE (ACCEPT: POTASSUM FELDSPAR, K-SPAR)

BONUS 9. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following mechanisms would best explain how bisphenol A causes above average production of yellow agouti [uh-GOO-tee] mice? W) Decreased methylation [meth-uh-LAY-shuhn] of the agouti [uh-GOO-tee] gene X) Increased methylation of the agouti gene Y) Decreased phosphorylation [FOS-fer-uh-lay-shuhn] of the agouti gene Z) Increased phosphorylation of the agouti gene

W) DECREASED METHYLATION OF THE AGOUTI GENE

BONUS 10. PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 5.0 kilovolts. Which of the following is the kinetic energy in joules gained in the process? W) 8.0 x 10\({}^{22}\) X) 8.0 x 10\({}^{-16}\) Y) 1.6 x 10\({}^{-16}\) Z) 1.6 x 10\({}^{-22}\)

X) 8.0 x 10\({}^{-16}\)

BONUS 11. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Assuming complete dissociation and the absence of ion pairing, which of the following 1.00 molar aqueous solutions would have the lowest freezing point? W) Sucrose X) Sodium chloride Y) Calcium hydroxide Z) Potassium phosphate

Z) POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE

BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Short Answer

During DNA replication, what would be the complement of the template strand: 5[5 prime]-TAT CAG CCC-3' [3 prime], including strand polarity in your answer.

3'- ATA GTC GGG-5' (ACCEPT: 5'-GGG CTG ATA-3')

BONUS 15. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organisms is triploid? W) Aphid X) Escherichia coli [esh-uh-RIK-ee-uh] Y) Seedless watermelon Z) Wheat

Y) SEEDLESS WATERMELON

BONUS 16. PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Some scientists have predicted the melting of polar ice caps due to climate change. Which of the following changes would be caused by the melting? W) The moment of inertia of the Earth would increase X) The moment of inertia of the Earth would decrease Y) The angular momentum associated with the Earth's rotation would increase Z) The angular momentum associated with the Earth's rotation would decrease

W) THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE EARTH WOULD INCREASE

BONUS 17. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Modern smart grid technology predominantly improves which of the following components of the electricity system? W) Transmission and distribution X) Fuel extraction Y) Renewable energy generation Z) Fossil fuel energy generation

W) TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Providing your answers to the nearest integer, convert the following four pressures to atmospheres: 203 kilopascals, 2660 Torr, 2.2 bar, and 3700 millimeters of mercury.

1) 2, 2) 3, 3) 2, 4) 5

BONUS 21. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following foramina of the human skull houses the spinal cord? W) Foramen ovale [for-A-men oh-VAL-ay] X) Foramen incisivum Y) Foramen magnum Z) Foramen spinosum

Y) FORAMEN MAGNUM

BONUS 22. PHYSICS Multiple Choice

In a photoelectric experiment, if the intensity of the incident light beam is unchanged while the frequency of the light beam is increased, which of the following is true? W) The number of photoelectrons emitted per second increases X) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted increases Y) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted decreases Z) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted remains unchanged

X) THE MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PHOTOELECTRONS EMITTED INCREASES

BONUS 25. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Rank the following four substances according to increasing boiling point: helium, water, ammonia, carbon monoxide.

1, 4, 3, 2 (ACCEPT: HELIUM, CARBON MONOXIDE, AMMONIA, WATER)

BONUS 3. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the energy in joules of a photon with a frequency of 1.00 x 10\({}^{6}\) gigahertz? W) 6.63 x 10-19 X) 6.63 x 10-28 Y) 6.63 x 10-34 Z) 6.63 x 10-49

W) 6.63 X 10-19

BONUS 4. MATH Short Answer

If six geese in a gaggle produce 66 eggs in 6,666 days, what is the average number of days it takes a single goose to lay an egg?

606

BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following are three general categories of map projections? W) Cylindrical, conic, azimuthal [az-uh-MUTH-uh] X) Conformal, spherical, transverse Y) Equidistant, conic, stereographic Z) Cylindrical, oblique, grid

W) CYLINDRICAL, CONIC, AZIMUTHAL

BONUS 6. BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following four bones that are part of the human foot: stylohyoid [sty-loh-HY-oid], calcaneus [kal-KAY-nee-uhs], metacarpals, femur.

2

BONUS 7. PHYSICS Short Answer

A 200 microfarad parallel plate capacitor is connected to a 6 volt battery. Once the capacitor is fully charged, it is disconnected from the battery and a dielectric is inserted between the plates with a dielectric constant of 5. Expressed as a decimal, what is the new voltage across the capacitor?

1.2

BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many milliliters of 0.1 molar sulfuric acid must be titrated with 20 milliliters of 0.5 molar sodium hydroxide in order reach the equivalence point?

50

BONUS 11. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organisms is NOT matched to its anatomical structure for excreting salt? W) Fish and gill X) Shark and rectal gland Y) Whale and ocular salt gland Z) Seabird and nostril salt gland

Y) WHALE AND OCULAR SALT GLAND

BONUS 12. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Consider the complete combustion of propane in oxygen. Providing your answer to two significant figures, if 32 grams of oxygen are consumed in the reaction, how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced?

26

BONUS 15. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding and can act as a Lewis base? W) Ozone X) Ammonia Y) Cesium fluoride Z) Hydrogen fluoride

X) AMMONIA

BONUS 16. MATH Short Answer

Divide the polynomial \(x^{3}-x-6\) by \(x-2\).

\(x^{2}+2x+3\)

BONUS 17. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name of the metamorphic rock that is dominantly composed of hornblende?

AMPHIBOLITE

BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following groups consists only of strictly vegetarian marine mammals? W) Sirenians [sy-REE-nee-uhns] X) Pinnipeds [PIN-uh-peds] Y) Cetaceans [si-TAY-shuhns] Z) Fissipeds [FIS-uh-peds]

W) SIRENIANS

BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of lipid modification connects proteins to cytosolic membrane surfaces and is reversible? W) Palmitoylation [pal-mi-toi-LAY-shuhn] X) Prenylation [pre-NIL-ay-shuhn] Y) Myristoylation [may-ruh-stoi-LAY-shuhn] Z) Acylation [as-uh-LAY-shuhn]

W) PALMITOYLATION

BONUS 1. BIOLOGY Short Answer

Arrange the following four choices from proximal to distal of the trachea [truth-KE-uh]: bronchiole [BRONG-kee-ohl], alveolar [al-VEE-uh-ler] sac, primary bronchus, alveolar duct.

3, 1, 4, 2 (ACCEPT: PRIMARY BRONCHUS, BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCT, ALVEOLAR SAC)

BONUS 2. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Giving your answers to the nearest integers, identify the pressure in atmospheres of a gas that starts at 1 atmosphere and 23\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius at each of the following three temperatures: 52\({}^{\rm o}\), 317\({}^{\rm o}\), 2700\({}^{\rm o}\).

1) 1, 2) 2, 3) 10

BONUS 4. PHYSICS Short Answer

A 2 kilogram box is pushed forward with a 10 newton force while it experiences a 5 newton force of kinetic friction in the opposite direction. Providing your answer to the nearest meter, after 3 seconds, how far has the box moved?

11

BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following volcanoes erupted the most sulfuric acid into the atmosphere? W) Mount St. Helens X) Pinatubo Y) Tambora Z) Toba

Z) TOBA

BONUS 6. ENERGY Short Answer

If a million people leave their cell phone chargers plugged in unnecessarily for 16 hours per day and each charger consumes 1 watt when not in use, providing your answer to the nearest million, how many kilowatt-hours are consumed per year while the chargers are plugged in but not charging?

6,000,000

BONUS 7. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Long bristles are found around the bills of insectivorous [in-sex-TV-er-uhsl] birds. How might these bristles help birds when they catch prey? W) Bristles help birds snap up insects by improving the bird's aerial balance X) Bristles protect the bird's nares [NAIR-eez] from an insect's legs Y) Bristles function only for attracting a mate, not for catching prey Z) Bristles act as nets, catching insects that the bird misses with its bill

Z) BRISTLES ACT AS NETS, CATCHING INSECTS THAT THE BIRD MISSES WITH ITS BILL

BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Assuming that the transition of an electron in the hydrogen atom from the fourth to the second electron energy level is two electron volts, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, how many electronvolts is the transition between the first and third energy level?

9.5 (ACCEPT: 9.6)

BONUS 11. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following mountain ranges exhibits basin and range topography? W) Cascade Mountains X) Rocky Mountains Y) Appalachian Mountains Z) Wasatch Mountains

Z) WASTCH MOUNTAINS

BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Different species of hummingbirds have bills that vary in length and shape, matching the structure of the flowers on which they feed. Which of the following evolutionary scenarios best explains this diversity of hummingbird bill morphology? W) Coevolution of flowers and hummingbirds, leading to specialization of hummingbirds on particular flowers X) Random mutation of plants to develop varying flower shapes, and subsequent evolution of hummingbird bills to match these shapes Y) Evolutionary race between flowers and hummingbirds, in which flowers become more extreme in shape to prevent nectar feeding Z) Evolution of various bill shapes, since all hummingbirds opportunistically feed on many different species of flower, regardless of shape

W) COEVOLUTION OF FLOWERS AND HUMINGBIRDS, LEADING TO SPECIALIZATION OF HUMINGBIRDS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS

BONUS 17. ENERGY Short Answer

The half life of radium is 1600 years. What fraction of the original quantity of radium has decayed after 9600 years?

63/64

BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Compared to the Antarctic region, the Arctic region has which of the following? W) Fewer endemic species X) Fewer terrestrial mammal species Y) Less seasonality in pack ice Z) More flightless birds

Y) LESS SEASONALITY IN PACK ICE

BONUS 21. PHYSICS Short Answer

A wave pulse travels along a string with a speed of 20 meters per second. If the tension in the string is 100 newtons, providing your answer as a decimal, what is the linear density of the string in kilograms per meter?

0.25