AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that would show a positive result in a Benedict's test: simple sugars, starches, proteins, lipids.	SIMPLE SUGARS (ACCEPT: 1)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	How many layers of doped silicon are needed to make a transistor?	3
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A thin copper rod 1 meter long has a mass of 0.05 kilograms and is in a magnetic field of 0.10 teslas. Given 10 meters per second squared for g, what is the minimum current in amperes needed in the rod for the magnetic force to cancel the weight of the rod?	5
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	About 3.9 billion years ago, evidence suggests that the Earth was undergoing a cataclysmic convulsion in which the surfaces of the Moon, the Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars were heavily impacted by fragments left over from formation of the planets. What was that period called?	LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT (ACCEPT: ERA OF HEAVY BOMBARDMENT, LHB, LUNAR CATACLYSM)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Conceptually, solar sail propulsion is based upon the transmission of the momentum of photons as they bounce off mirror-like aluminized Mylar sails. By number, identify all of the following four options that are advantages of solar sailing as compared to a conventional rocket: no need to carry fuel, quicker acceleration, constant acceleration, constant velocity.	1 AND 3
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	On a game show, contestants spin a large wheel to determine the prize associated with correct answers. How should a contestant apply force to spin the wheel as rapidly as possible? W) Tangential to the rim of the wheel X) At a 45 degree angle to the rim of the wheel Y) Away from the center of the wheel Z) Towards the center of the wheel	W) TANGENTIAL TO THE RIM OF THE WHEEL
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Nitrogen molecules of mass 4.65 x 10\({}^{.26}\) kilograms are contained in a cube with sides that have an area of 6 x 10\({}^{.4}\) square meters. If 5.0 x 10\({}^{.23}\) molecules collide head on elastically each second with one wall at a speed of 300 meters per second, what is the pressure exerted on the wall to the nearest kilopascal?	23
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	A 5-kilogram mass is moving along a frictionless surface with a velocity of 10 meters per second toward a horizontal spring with a spring constant of 500 newtons per meter. What is the maximum compression of the spring in meters?	1
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The last two digits, in order, of a positive integer \(n\) are 1 and 8. Which of the following statements about \(n\) can be TRUE? W) \(n\) is divisible by 7 X) \(n\) is divisible by 5 Y) \(n\) is divisible by 4 Z) \(n\) is a perfect square	W) \(n\) IS DIVISIBLE BY 7
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following happens to liquid water suspended in an air mass descending on the leeward side of a mountain range? W) It condenses X) It precipitates Y) It freezes Z) It evaporates	Z) IT EVAPORATES
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	By name or number, identify all of the following four factors that contribute to global wind patterns: solar radiation, friction, pressure gradient, Coriolis force.	SOLAR RADIATION, FRICTION, PRESSURE GRADIENT, AND CORIOLIS FORCE (ACCEPT: 1, 2, 3, 4, OR ALL)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If \(g{E}\) and \(g{M}\) are the accelerations due to gravity on the surfaces of Earth and the Moon respectively, and if Millikan's oil drop experiment could be performed on the two surfaces, the ratio of the electronic charge on the Moon to the electronic charge on the Earth would be which of the following? W) \(g{E}\)/\(g{M}\) X) 1 Y) \(g{M}\)/\(g{E}\) Z) (\(g{M}\)/\(g{E}\))\({}^{2}\)	X) 1
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Providing your answer in scientific notation with two significant digits, how much energy in joules is required to heat a clay pizza baking stone with mass of 4.8 kilograms and a specific heat of 860 joules per kilogram Kelvin from 25\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius to 235\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius?	8.7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following U.S. coastlines would change the LEAST as sea level rises? W) West coast X) Gulf coast Y) Northeast coast Z) Florida coast	W) WEST COAST
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	Which hydroelectric dam has the greatest power capacity in the world?	THREE GORGES DAM
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Of the seven species of sea turtles, six are found in U.S. waters. Which of the following species of sea turtles is NOT found in U.S. waters? W) Flatback X) Green Y) Kemp's ridley Z) Leatherback	W) FLATBACK
BONUS 1. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following substances is soluble in carbon tetrachloride? W) Formaldehyde [for-MAL-duh-hyd] X) Bromine Y) Ammonia Z) Sodium chloride	X) BROMINE
BONUS 2. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following human vitamin or mineral requirement is NOT matched correctly with its symptoms of deficiency? W) Vitamin B12 and beriberi [BER-ee-BER-ee] X) Vitamin C and scurvy Y) Vitamin A and blindness, impaired immunity, and skin disorders Z) Vitamin K and defective blood clotting	W) VITAMIN B12 AND BERIBERI
BONUS 3. ENERGY Multiple Choice	If my current annual heating bill is $900 and my old furnace has an efficiency rating of 75%, which of the following best approximates my new bill if I install a 95% efficient furnace?	W) $675 X) $690 Y) $710 Z) $840 Y) $710
BONUS 4. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The metallicity of globular clusters is generally which of the following? W) Less than that of the Sun X) Comparable to that of the Sun Y) Greater than that of the Sun Z) Too variable between globular clusters to make any definitive conclusions	W) LESS THAN THAT OF THE SUN
BONUS 5. PHYSICS Short Answer	A force displaces an object. The force vector is 3i plus 2j plus k newtons and the displacement vector is 2i plus 6j minus 5k meters. Find the work done in joules.	13
BONUS 6. MATH Short Answer	Giving your answer with \(r\) positive and theta in radians, what are the equivalent polar coordinates to the rectangular coordinates (-3\(\sqrt{3}\), -?	(6,7\(\pi\)/6)
BONUS 9. ENERGY Multiple Choice	At 120 volts, which of the following is the approximate emergence through a circuit that consists of resistors of 5 ohms, 10 ohms, and 20 ohms in series, followed by the same resistors in parallel? W) 3.16 X) 3.42 Y) 4.66 Z) 35	W) 3.16
BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the coolest spectral class of stars around which H II regions are generally seen?	B
BONUS 11. PHYSICS Short Answer	An ambulance is approaching the scene of an accident with a speed of 30 meters per second. Its siren has a frequency of 1500 hertz. Providing your answer with two significant figures, find the frequency in hertz of the siren heard by a stationary person waiting for the ambulance, given that the speed of sound is 340 meters per second.	1600
BONUS 12. MATH Short Answer	Solve the system of equations: \(x+y=1\), and \(x^{2}+3y^{2}=21\).	(-3/2, 5/2), (3, -2)
BONUS 13. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the electron configuration of an atom of gallium in the ground state?	1s\({}^{2}\)2s\({}^{2}\)2p\({}^{6}\)3s\({}^{2}\)3p\({}^{6}\)4s\({}^{2}\)3d\({}^{10}\)4p\({}^{1}\)(ACCEPT: THE LAST THREE IN ANY ORDER; [Ar] 4s\({}^{2}\)3d\({}^{10}\)4p\({}^{1}\))
BONUS 14. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ticks and transmitted diseases? W) Female black legged ticks are only slightly better at transmitting Lyme disease than their male counterparts X) The disease-causing agent in Lyme disease is the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi [buh-REL-ee-uh boorg-dor-FE-ree] Y) The dog tick serves as a vector for Ricketssia ricketssia, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Z) The Lone Star Tick serves as a vector for disease-causing Rickettsia	W) FEMALE BLACK LEGGED TICKS ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY BETTER AT
## 17 BONUS ### 17. MATH Short Answer	In square centimeters and in terms of pi, find the area of a circle with an inscribed triangle with side lengths of 10 centimeters, 24 centimeters, and 26 centimeters.	169\(\pi\)
BONUS 19. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	While looking through a microscope at a few drops of water squeezed out of a fist full of moss, you notice an eight-legged animal that has claws. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this organism? W) Daphnia X) Rotifer Y) Tardigrade Z) Collembola	Y) TARDIGRADE
BONUS 20. ENERGY Short Answer	By number, identify all of the following four statements that accurately describe the processes involved in aerobically producing ATP: Although prokaryotic [proh-KAR-ee-oh-tik] cells lack mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] and cristae [KRIS-tuh], they use a proton pump to produce ATP; Energy is liberated when the chemical bond between ATP and its phosphate subgroup is formed; Oxygen is used in the last step of aerobic respiration to produce water; Chemiosmosis produces more ATP molecules than oxidative phosphorylation [FOS-fer-uh-lay-shuhn].	1 AND 3
BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If you have an alien population and the green skin phenotype is always inherited with the menacing horns phenotype, the genes that code for these phenotypes would be classified as which of the following? W) Recombinant X) Hardy-Weinberg Y) Mendelian [men-DEE-lee-uhn] Z) Linked	Z) LINKED
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The Meissner effect is most directly associated with which of the following: W) superconductors X) rare earth magnets Y) very strong electromagnets Z) Tesla coils	W) SUPERCONDUCTORS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT generally true of activation energies in chemical reactions: W) activation energies vary from reaction to reaction X) the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction Y) the lower the activation energy is, the faster the reaction Z) increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the activation energy	Z) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A REACTION DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following was first proposed by Peter Mitchell as a potential energy ion gradient across a selectively permeable membrane that is responsible for the production of ATP: W) osmosis X) chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Y) electro-phosphorylation Z) photosynthesis	X) CHEMIOSMOSIS
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	What is the product of the following 2 values: (the greatest common divisor of 7 and 14; and (the least common multiple of 7 and 14: W) 21 X) 49 Y) 98 Z) 196	Y) 98
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST determines the maximum height of open ocean waves and is the point where breaking white caps form in a fully developed sea: W) the cohesive forces in water molecules are overcome and the waves break apart X) the waves are losing as much energy as breaking white caps as they are receiving from the wind Y) the trough moves a little bit faster than the crest and the wave becomes unstable Z) the waves have reached a maximum period	X) THE WAVES ARE LOSING AS MUCH ENERGY AS BREAKING WHITE CAPS AS THEY ARE RECEIVING FROM THE WIND
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of coelacanths (read as: SEE-laa-kanths): W) the coelacanth is considered a living fossil X) the coelacanth is a bottom dweller fish and uses its 4 limbs for walking Y) the coelacanth is essentially inedible to humans Z) the coelacanth gives birth to live young	X) THE COELACANTH IS A BOTTOM DWELLER FISH AND USES ITS 4 LIMBS FOR WALKING
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a space observatory, launched in 2004 through the combined effort of Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, for the detection and study of gamma-ray bursts: W) SOHO X) SWIFT Y) MOC Z) international GRB	X) SWIFT
BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	How were the rings of the planet Uranus discovered: W) astronomers in 1977 noticed stars were occulted by Uranus before the planet passed in front of them and reappeared afterwards X) the Magellan 1 space probe took pictures of them Y) the Hubble space telescope detected them with its infrared detector Z) the rings are made of gases with certain signatures revealed in absorption spectra	W) ASTRONOMERS IN 1977 NOTICED STARS WERE OCCULTED BY URANUS BEFORE THE PLANET PASSED IN FRONT OF THEM AND REAPPEARED AFTERWARDS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST describes Fermat's principle: W) light disperses in a specific medium depending on the medium's refractive index X) light follows the path of least time between two points Y) the angle of incidence can be greater than the angle of reflection Z) light always travels in the same medium at the same speed	X) LIGHT FOLLOWS THE PATH OF LEAST TIME BETWEEN TWO POINTS
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, if the diameter of the wheel is 500 centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2.5 centimeters?	100
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	A lead chromate solution is typically what color:	W) blue X) red Y) yellow Z) green Y) YELLOW
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	From which of the following does the seed coat of angiosperm seeds typically develop: W) integuments X) polar nuclei Y) nucleus Z) cotyledons	W) INTEGUMENTS
TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of matrices: W) a square matrix that has an inverse is called invertible X) a matrix does not have to have an inverse Y) a matrix that does not have an inverse is called non-singular Z) a matrix must be square in order to have an inverse	Y) A MATRIX THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN INVERSE IS CALLED NON-SINGULAR
TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following are thought to form the mantle of the Earth: W) ultramafic rocks X) felsic rocks Y) silicic rocks Z) mafic rocks	W) ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the p value for F = 0 in an ANOVA F test:	W) 0.00 X) 0.50 Y) 0.95 Z) 1.00 Z) 1.00
BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	Name all of the following 4 choices that are characteristic of scientific publications: scientific papers are peer reviewed scientific papers present more detailed data conclusions in scientific papers are supported by original data in the publication scientific papers have data that has been proven to be true	1; 2; 3
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true: W) an eclipse of the Moon only occurs during a full Moon X) Mercury will appear to be in its full phase when it is farthest from Earth Y) an event horizon is associated with black holes Z) no more than 50% of the Moon's surface can be seen over any one year	Z) NO MORE THAN 50% OF THE MOON'S SURFACE CAN BE SEEN OVER ANY ONE YEAR (Solution: libration will allow more than 55% to be seen over a year)
BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the most common location of young blue and white stars in a spiral galaxy: W) halo X) spiral arms Y) nucleus Z) throughout the entire galaxy	X) SPIRAL ARMS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What physical property of neutrinos, which was confirmed in the past decade, contradicts earlier assumptions that neutrinos travel at the speed of light?	MASS (ACCEPT: NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When dissociated in water, which of the following acids has its dissociation equilibrium shifted farthest to the right: W) HClO X) HClO\({}{2}\) Y) HClO\({}{3}\) Z) HClO\({}{4}\)	Z) HClO\({}{4}\)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Of which of the following is endosperm in wheat primarily composed: W) protein X) nucleic acid Y) carbohydrate Z) lipid	Y) CARBOHYDREATE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	By words or number, name all of the following 3 statements that are TRUE for the function, \(f(x)=-3x^{2}-2x-2=0\): there are no real zeros the graph is a parabola opening downward the graph has no \(x\)-intercepts	ALL
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Halos and rings around the Moon in the night sky are most often caused by which of the following: W) nucleation particles in the stratosphere X) small water droplets in nimbostratus clouds Y) temperature inversions Z) ice crystals in cirrus clouds	Z) ICE CRYSTALS IN CIRRUS CLOUDS
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following plastics is very tough, optically transparent, and often used in the manufacture of CD's: W) polypropylene X) polycarbonate Y) low density polyethylene Z) polyvinyl chloride	X) POLYCARBONATE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Name the LARGEST atom or ion in EACH of the following 3 pairs: an iron 3 plus ion or an iron 2 plus ion an oxygen atom or an oxygen 2 minus ion a gallium 3 plus ion or a gallium atom	1) IRON 2 PLUS ION; 2) OXYGEN 2 MINUS ION; 3) GALLIUM ATOM
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	From the FIRST to the LAST, what are the stages into which interphase is most commonly divided?	G-1; S; G-2 (ACCEPT: GAP ONE, DNA SYNTHESIS, GAP 2)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Giving your answer to the first decimal place and in liters, one mole of gas at 1.00 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 273.15 kelvin occupies what volume?	22.4
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A sample of gas occupies a volume of 300 cubic centimeters at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Calculate what the pressure would have to be, in atmospheres to the first decimal place, in order for the gas to have a volume of 500 cubic centimeters at constant temperature:	1.2
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the van 't Hoff factor for glucose?	1
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name for a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite?	GLOBULAR CLUSTER
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which period involved a major extinction event that included the dinosaurs? W) Between the Paleozoicic and Mesozoic eras X) Between the Phanerozoic and the Precambrian eras Y) Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras Z) Between the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras	Y) BETWEEN THE MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC ERAS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If a 24 hour clock was made to model the major events of the evolution of life on Earth, humans would appear: W) Close to the beginning of the 24 hour period X) About 12 hours through the 24 hour period Y) About 2 hours before the 24 hours were up Z) Less than a minute before the 24 hours were up	Z) LESS THAN A MINUTE BEFORE THE 24 HOURS WERE UP
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following does a Carnot engine convert? W) Energy to heat X) Pressure to volume Y) Heat to work Z) Work to pressure	Y) HEAT TO WORK
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A heat engine operates with 60 kilocalories of heat supplied, and exhausts 40 kilocalories of heat. How much work, in joules, did the engine do? Provide your answer to the nearest thousand.	84,000
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Flowers are actually miniature stems that produce four kinds of specialized: W) Roots X) Leaves Y) Vascular tissue Z) Cones	X) LEAVES
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Careful measurements have shown that the mass of a particular atom is always slightly less than the sum of the masses of the individual neutrons, protons, and electrons of which the atom consists. What is the difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts called?	MASS DEFECT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What are the most abundant cells in bones?	OSTEOCYTES (read as: OHS-tee-oh-syts)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the formula for sulfurous acid?	H\({}{2}\)SO\({}{3}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following explains why extremely high energy is needed for fusion to work? W) To break the nuclei into two parts X) To bind the protons and electrons Y) To overcome the electrical repulsion between two positively charged nuclei Z) To create the necessary supercold environment	Y) TO OVERCOME THE ELECTRICAL REPUSSION BETWEEN TWO
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following chemical bonds is not important in polymer formation? W) Glycosidic (read as: gly-koh-SYDIK) X) Hydrogen Y) Peptide Z) Phosphodiester (read as: FOHS-foh-DY-ehs-tehr)	X) HYDROGEN
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What relationship exists between bond length and bond order?	INVERSE RELATIONSHIP (ACCEPT: BONDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following radical expressions is in simplest form? W) \(\frac{\sqrt{31}}{3}\) (read as: the square root of 31 over X) -5 \(\sqrt{175}\) (read as: negative 5 times the square root of 175) Y) 6 \(\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{4}}\) (read as: 6 times the square root of the quantity \(x\) squared over Z) - \(\sqrt{153}\ x\) (read as: the negative square root of 153 \(x\))	W) \(\frac{\sqrt{31}}{3}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	If \(x\) is negative, simplify \(7\sqrt{5x}\ \times\sqrt{180\ x^{5}}\) (read as: 7 times the square root of 5x times the square root of, open parenthesis, 180x to the fifth, close parenthesis)	-210x\({}^{3}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term used to describe the total amount of energy used in the production of a product, including raw material extraction, manufacture, transportation, assembly, and all other aspects of production?	EMBODIED ENERGY
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	In 2009, demand for small wind systems for residential and small business use grew 15%, adding 20 megawatts of wind-generating capacity. What was the approximate capacity of small wind systems in 2008 in megawatts? W) 17 X) 35 Y) 115 Z) 133	Z) 133
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a metamorphic rock? W) Schist (read as: SHIST) X) Gneiss (read as: NYS) Y) Basalt Z) Marble	Y) BASALT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An electron-volt is the: W) Energy gained by 1 electron falling through a 1 meter vertical distance X) Energy of a visible light photon Y) Energy of 1 electron accelerated through a 1 volt potential difference Z) Energy of a typical electron orbiting a nucleus	Y) ENERGY OF 1 ELECTRON ACCELERATED THROUGH A 1 VOLT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient is used to drive which enzyme?	ATP SYNTHASE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What are the x-intercepts of \(y=x^{2}-15x+54\)?	6 AND 9
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	An engine yields 100 watts of power for every 1000 watts received. What is the efficiency of the engine?	10%
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Which of the following molecules is NOT known to destroy ozone molecules in our stratosphere? W) Chloroflurocarbons X) Chlorine Y) Bromine Z) Argon	Z) ARGON
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an example of the negative effects of bioaccumulation of toxins in the environment? W) The thinning of bird eggshells due to DDT X) Inedibility of oysters due to their filter feeding on naturally occurring red tide algae Y) Birth defects in babies exposed to Accutane in utero Z) Inedibility of fish due to mercury content	Y) BIRTH DEFECTS IN BABIES EXPOSED TO ACCUTANE IN UTERO
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If a deer population exceeds its carrying capacity, which of the following will likely happen? W) The birth rate will increase X) The death rate will increase Y) The death rate will decrease Z) Carrying capacity will increase	X) THE DEATH RATE WILL INCREASE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the reference angle for \(\frac{7\pi}{6}\)?	\(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Given coordinates A (1,, B (7,, C (3,, and D (4,, find the angle in degrees between \(\overline{\mbox{AB}}\) and \(\overline{\mbox{CD}}\).	\(90^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Flood basalts, such as the Cretaceous Deccan Traps in Siberia, may have had a major impact on which of the following past events? W) Climate change X) Formation of island arcs Y) Human development Z) Interruption in stratospheric circulation	W) CLIMATE CHANGE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The Deccan traps of 66 million years ago may have influenced Earth's climate through the release of which sulfur species common to volcanic gases?	SULFUR DIOXIDE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the smallest integer greater than 1 that is relatively prime with 210?	11
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following numbers is not a Mersenne prime? W) 7 X) 31 Y) 61 Z) 127	Y) 61
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the highest pH? W) Hydrochloric acid X) Nitrous acid Y) Sulfuric acid Z) Hydrobromic acid	X) NITROUS ACID
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the phrase that describes the process of producing an electron and a positron when a high-energy photon travels through matter, directly converting radiant energy into matter?	PAIR PRODUCTION
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A living room has floor dimensions of 3.5 meters by 4.2 meters and a height of 2.4 meters. Given air density of 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter, g of 10 meters per second squared, and providing your answer to the nearest ten, what does the air in the room weigh in newtons?	420
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following are NOT found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast? W) Carotenoids X) Rubisco Y) Water Z) ADP	X) RUBISCO
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	By name or number, order the following five cell layers in a eudicot (read as: yuh-DY-koht) root from most lateral to most medial: pericycle, epidermis, endodermis, phloem, cortex.	EPIDERMIS, CORTEX, ENDODERMIS, PERICYCLE, PHLOEM (ACCEPT: 2, 5, 3, 1, 4)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Give the specific name for the following functional group: a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon chains and a hydrogen atom?	SECONDARY AMIINE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	The period of revolution of a particle traveling in uniform circular motion is a function of what two variables?	VELOCITY (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL FORCE) AND RADIUS (ACCEPT: CIRUMERENCE, DIAMETER)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The freshwater and saltwater zones within coastal aquifers are separated by a transition zone, also called the zone of dispersion, within which there is mixing between freshwater and saltwater. Which state of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System has the shallowest depth to the top of the transition zone?	NORTH CAROLINA
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	In a stratified period of a lake, oxygen supplied directly by the atmosphere and photosynthetic organisms replenishes the dissolved oxygen of which of the following three choices: epilimnion (read as: eh-pi-LIM-nee-ohn), hypolimnion (read as: hy-p6e-LIM-nee-ohn), or thermocine?	EPILIMNION (ACCEPT: 2)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that would show a positive result in a Benedict's test: simple sugars, starches, proteins, lipids.

SIMPLE SUGARS (ACCEPT: 1)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

How many layers of doped silicon are needed to make a transistor?

3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A thin copper rod 1 meter long has a mass of 0.05 kilograms and is in a magnetic field of 0.10 teslas. Given 10 meters per second squared for g, what is the minimum current in amperes needed in the rod for the magnetic force to cancel the weight of the rod?

5

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

About 3.9 billion years ago, evidence suggests that the Earth was undergoing a cataclysmic convulsion in which the surfaces of the Moon, the Earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars were heavily impacted by fragments left over from formation of the planets. What was that period called?

LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT (ACCEPT: ERA OF HEAVY BOMBARDMENT, LHB, LUNAR CATACLYSM)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Conceptually, solar sail propulsion is based upon the transmission of the momentum of photons as they bounce off mirror-like aluminized Mylar sails. By number, identify all of the following four options that are advantages of solar sailing as compared to a conventional rocket: no need to carry fuel, quicker acceleration, constant acceleration, constant velocity.

1 AND 3

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

On a game show, contestants spin a large wheel to determine the prize associated with correct answers. How should a contestant apply force to spin the wheel as rapidly as possible? W) Tangential to the rim of the wheel X) At a 45 degree angle to the rim of the wheel Y) Away from the center of the wheel Z) Towards the center of the wheel

W) TANGENTIAL TO THE RIM OF THE WHEEL

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Nitrogen molecules of mass 4.65 x 10${}^{.26}$ kilograms are contained in a cube with sides that have an area of 6 x 10${}^{.4}$ square meters. If 5.0 x 10${}^{.23}$ molecules collide head on elastically each second with one wall at a speed of 300 meters per second, what is the pressure exerted on the wall to the nearest kilopascal?

23

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

A 5-kilogram mass is moving along a frictionless surface with a velocity of 10 meters per second toward a horizontal spring with a spring constant of 500 newtons per meter. What is the maximum compression of the spring in meters?

1

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The last two digits, in order, of a positive integer $n$ are 1 and 8. Which of the following statements about $n$ can be TRUE? W) $n$ is divisible by 7 X) $n$ is divisible by 5 Y) $n$ is divisible by 4 Z) $n$ is a perfect square

W) $n$ IS DIVISIBLE BY 7

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following happens to liquid water suspended in an air mass descending on the leeward side of a mountain range? W) It condenses X) It precipitates Y) It freezes Z) It evaporates

Z) IT EVAPORATES

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

By name or number, identify all of the following four factors that contribute to global wind patterns: solar radiation, friction, pressure gradient, Coriolis force.

SOLAR RADIATION, FRICTION, PRESSURE GRADIENT, AND CORIOLIS FORCE (ACCEPT: 1, 2, 3, 4, OR ALL)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If $g{E}$ and $g{M}$ are the accelerations due to gravity on the surfaces of Earth and the Moon respectively, and if Millikan's oil drop experiment could be performed on the two surfaces, the ratio of the electronic charge on the Moon to the electronic charge on the Earth would be which of the following? W) $g{E}$/$g{M}$ X) 1 Y) $g{M}$/$g{E}$ Z) ($g{M}$/$g{E}$)${}^{2}$

X) 1

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Providing your answer in scientific notation with two significant digits, how much energy in joules is required to heat a clay pizza baking stone with mass of 4.8 kilograms and a specific heat of 860 joules per kilogram Kelvin from 25${}^{\circ}$ Celsius to 235${}^{\circ}$ Celsius?

8.7 $\times$ 10${}^{5}$

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following U.S. coastlines would change the LEAST as sea level rises? W) West coast X) Gulf coast Y) Northeast coast Z) Florida coast

W) WEST COAST

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

Which hydroelectric dam has the greatest power capacity in the world?

THREE GORGES DAM

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Of the seven species of sea turtles, six are found in U.S. waters. Which of the following species of sea turtles is NOT found in U.S. waters? W) Flatback X) Green Y) Kemp's ridley Z) Leatherback

W) FLATBACK

BONUS 1. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following substances is soluble in carbon tetrachloride? W) Formaldehyde [for-MAL-duh-hyd] X) Bromine Y) Ammonia Z) Sodium chloride

X) BROMINE

BONUS 2. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following human vitamin or mineral requirement is NOT matched correctly with its symptoms of deficiency? W) Vitamin B12 and beriberi [BER-ee-BER-ee] X) Vitamin C and scurvy Y) Vitamin A and blindness, impaired immunity, and skin disorders Z) Vitamin K and defective blood clotting

W) VITAMIN B12 AND BERIBERI

BONUS 3. ENERGY Multiple Choice

If my current annual heating bill is $900 and my old furnace has an efficiency rating of 75%, which of the following best approximates my new bill if I install a 95% efficient furnace?

W) $675 X) $690 Y) $710 Z) $840 Y) $710

BONUS 4. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The metallicity of globular clusters is generally which of the following? W) Less than that of the Sun X) Comparable to that of the Sun Y) Greater than that of the Sun Z) Too variable between globular clusters to make any definitive conclusions

W) LESS THAN THAT OF THE SUN

BONUS 5. PHYSICS Short Answer

A force displaces an object. The force vector is 3i plus 2j plus k newtons and the displacement vector is 2i plus 6j minus 5k meters. Find the work done in joules.

13

BONUS 6. MATH Short Answer

Giving your answer with $r$ positive and theta in radians, what are the equivalent polar coordinates to the rectangular coordinates (-3$\sqrt{3}$, -?

(6,7$\pi$/6)

BONUS 9. ENERGY Multiple Choice

At 120 volts, which of the following is the approximate emergence through a circuit that consists of resistors of 5 ohms, 10 ohms, and 20 ohms in series, followed by the same resistors in parallel? W) 3.16 X) 3.42 Y) 4.66 Z) 35

W) 3.16

BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the coolest spectral class of stars around which H II regions are generally seen?

B

BONUS 11. PHYSICS Short Answer

An ambulance is approaching the scene of an accident with a speed of 30 meters per second. Its siren has a frequency of 1500 hertz. Providing your answer with two significant figures, find the frequency in hertz of the siren heard by a stationary person waiting for the ambulance, given that the speed of sound is 340 meters per second.

1600

BONUS 12. MATH Short Answer

Solve the system of equations: $x+y=1$, and $x^{2}+3y^{2}=21$.

(-3/2, 5/2), (3, -2)

BONUS 13. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the electron configuration of an atom of gallium in the ground state?

1s${}^{2}$2s${}^{2}$2p${}^{6}$3s${}^{2}$3p${}^{6}$4s${}^{2}$3d${}^{10}$4p${}^{1}$(ACCEPT: THE LAST THREE IN ANY ORDER; [Ar] 4s${}^{2}$3d${}^{10}$4p${}^{1}$)

BONUS 14. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ticks and transmitted diseases? W) Female black legged ticks are only slightly better at transmitting Lyme disease than their male counterparts X) The disease-causing agent in Lyme disease is the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi [buh-REL-ee-uh boorg-dor-FE-ree] Y) The dog tick serves as a vector for Ricketssia ricketssia, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Z) The Lone Star Tick serves as a vector for disease-causing Rickettsia

W) FEMALE BLACK LEGGED TICKS ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY BETTER AT

## 17 BONUS ### 17. MATH Short Answer

In square centimeters and in terms of pi, find the area of a circle with an inscribed triangle with side lengths of 10 centimeters, 24 centimeters, and 26 centimeters.

169$\pi$

BONUS 19. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

While looking through a microscope at a few drops of water squeezed out of a fist full of moss, you notice an eight-legged animal that has claws. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this organism? W) Daphnia X) Rotifer Y) Tardigrade Z) Collembola

Y) TARDIGRADE

BONUS 20. ENERGY Short Answer

By number, identify all of the following four statements that accurately describe the processes involved in aerobically producing ATP: Although prokaryotic [proh-KAR-ee-oh-tik] cells lack mitochondria [my-tuh-KON-dree-uh] and cristae [KRIS-tuh], they use a proton pump to produce ATP; Energy is liberated when the chemical bond between ATP and its phosphate subgroup is formed; Oxygen is used in the last step of aerobic respiration to produce water; Chemiosmosis produces more ATP molecules than oxidative phosphorylation [FOS-fer-uh-lay-shuhn].

1 AND 3

BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If you have an alien population and the green skin phenotype is always inherited with the menacing horns phenotype, the genes that code for these phenotypes would be classified as which of the following? W) Recombinant X) Hardy-Weinberg Y) Mendelian [men-DEE-lee-uhn] Z) Linked

Z) LINKED

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The Meissner effect is most directly associated with which of the following: W) superconductors X) rare earth magnets Y) very strong electromagnets Z) Tesla coils

W) SUPERCONDUCTORS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT generally true of activation energies in chemical reactions: W) activation energies vary from reaction to reaction X) the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction Y) the lower the activation energy is, the faster the reaction Z) increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the activation energy

Z) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A REACTION DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following was first proposed by Peter Mitchell as a potential energy ion gradient across a selectively permeable membrane that is responsible for the production of ATP: W) osmosis X) chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Y) electro-phosphorylation Z) photosynthesis

X) CHEMIOSMOSIS

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

What is the product of the following 2 values: (the greatest common divisor of 7 and 14; and (the least common multiple of 7 and 14: W) 21 X) 49 Y) 98 Z) 196

Y) 98

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST determines the maximum height of open ocean waves and is the point where breaking white caps form in a fully developed sea: W) the cohesive forces in water molecules are overcome and the waves break apart X) the waves are losing as much energy as breaking white caps as they are receiving from the wind Y) the trough moves a little bit faster than the crest and the wave becomes unstable Z) the waves have reached a maximum period

X) THE WAVES ARE LOSING AS MUCH ENERGY AS BREAKING WHITE CAPS AS THEY ARE RECEIVING FROM THE WIND

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of coelacanths (read as: SEE-laa-kanths): W) the coelacanth is considered a living fossil X) the coelacanth is a bottom dweller fish and uses its 4 limbs for walking Y) the coelacanth is essentially inedible to humans Z) the coelacanth gives birth to live young

X) THE COELACANTH IS A BOTTOM DWELLER FISH AND USES ITS 4 LIMBS FOR WALKING

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a space observatory, launched in 2004 through the combined effort of Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, for the detection and study of gamma-ray bursts: W) SOHO X) SWIFT Y) MOC Z) international GRB

X) SWIFT

BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

How were the rings of the planet Uranus discovered: W) astronomers in 1977 noticed stars were occulted by Uranus before the planet passed in front of them and reappeared afterwards X) the Magellan 1 space probe took pictures of them Y) the Hubble space telescope detected them with its infrared detector Z) the rings are made of gases with certain signatures revealed in absorption spectra

W) ASTRONOMERS IN 1977 NOTICED STARS WERE OCCULTED BY URANUS BEFORE THE PLANET PASSED IN FRONT OF THEM AND REAPPEARED AFTERWARDS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST describes Fermat's principle: W) light disperses in a specific medium depending on the medium's refractive index X) light follows the path of least time between two points Y) the angle of incidence can be greater than the angle of reflection Z) light always travels in the same medium at the same speed

X) LIGHT FOLLOWS THE PATH OF LEAST TIME BETWEEN TWO POINTS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, if the diameter of the wheel is 500 centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2.5 centimeters?

100

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

A lead chromate solution is typically what color:

W) blue X) red Y) yellow Z) green Y) YELLOW

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

From which of the following does the seed coat of angiosperm seeds typically develop: W) integuments X) polar nuclei Y) nucleus Z) cotyledons

W) INTEGUMENTS

TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of matrices: W) a square matrix that has an inverse is called invertible X) a matrix does not have to have an inverse Y) a matrix that does not have an inverse is called non-singular Z) a matrix must be square in order to have an inverse

Y) A MATRIX THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN INVERSE IS CALLED NON-SINGULAR

TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following are thought to form the mantle of the Earth: W) ultramafic rocks X) felsic rocks Y) silicic rocks Z) mafic rocks

W) ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the p value for F = 0 in an ANOVA F test:

W) 0.00 X) 0.50 Y) 0.95 Z) 1.00 Z) 1.00

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

Name all of the following 4 choices that are characteristic of scientific publications: scientific papers are peer reviewed scientific papers present more detailed data conclusions in scientific papers are supported by original data in the publication scientific papers have data that has been proven to be true

1; 2; 3

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true: W) an eclipse of the Moon only occurs during a full Moon X) Mercury will appear to be in its full phase when it is farthest from Earth Y) an event horizon is associated with black holes Z) no more than 50% of the Moon's surface can be seen over any one year

Z) NO MORE THAN 50% OF THE MOON'S SURFACE CAN BE SEEN OVER ANY ONE YEAR (Solution: libration will allow more than 55% to be seen over a year)

BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the most common location of young blue and white stars in a spiral galaxy: W) halo X) spiral arms Y) nucleus Z) throughout the entire galaxy

X) SPIRAL ARMS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What physical property of neutrinos, which was confirmed in the past decade, contradicts earlier assumptions that neutrinos travel at the speed of light?

MASS (ACCEPT: NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When dissociated in water, which of the following acids has its dissociation equilibrium shifted farthest to the right: W) HClO X) HClO${}{2}$ Y) HClO${}{3}$ Z) HClO${}{4}$

Z) HClO${}{4}$

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Of which of the following is endosperm in wheat primarily composed: W) protein X) nucleic acid Y) carbohydrate Z) lipid

Y) CARBOHYDREATE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

By words or number, name all of the following 3 statements that are TRUE for the function, $f(x)=-3x^{2}-2x-2=0$: there are no real zeros the graph is a parabola opening downward the graph has no $x$-intercepts

ALL

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Halos and rings around the Moon in the night sky are most often caused by which of the following: W) nucleation particles in the stratosphere X) small water droplets in nimbostratus clouds Y) temperature inversions Z) ice crystals in cirrus clouds

Z) ICE CRYSTALS IN CIRRUS CLOUDS

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following plastics is very tough, optically transparent, and often used in the manufacture of CD's: W) polypropylene X) polycarbonate Y) low density polyethylene Z) polyvinyl chloride

X) POLYCARBONATE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Name the LARGEST atom or ion in EACH of the following 3 pairs: an iron 3 plus ion or an iron 2 plus ion an oxygen atom or an oxygen 2 minus ion a gallium 3 plus ion or a gallium atom

1) IRON 2 PLUS ION; 2) OXYGEN 2 MINUS ION; 3) GALLIUM ATOM

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

From the FIRST to the LAST, what are the stages into which interphase is most commonly divided?

G-1; S; G-2 (ACCEPT: GAP ONE, DNA SYNTHESIS, GAP 2)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Giving your answer to the first decimal place and in liters, one mole of gas at 1.00 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 273.15 kelvin occupies what volume?

22.4

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A sample of gas occupies a volume of 300 cubic centimeters at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Calculate what the pressure would have to be, in atmospheres to the first decimal place, in order for the gas to have a volume of 500 cubic centimeters at constant temperature:

1.2

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the van 't Hoff factor for glucose?

1

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name for a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite?

GLOBULAR CLUSTER

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which period involved a major extinction event that included the dinosaurs? W) Between the Paleozoicic and Mesozoic eras X) Between the Phanerozoic and the Precambrian eras Y) Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras Z) Between the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras

Y) BETWEEN THE MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC ERAS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If a 24 hour clock was made to model the major events of the evolution of life on Earth, humans would appear: W) Close to the beginning of the 24 hour period X) About 12 hours through the 24 hour period Y) About 2 hours before the 24 hours were up Z) Less than a minute before the 24 hours were up

Z) LESS THAN A MINUTE BEFORE THE 24 HOURS WERE UP

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following does a Carnot engine convert? W) Energy to heat X) Pressure to volume Y) Heat to work Z) Work to pressure

Y) HEAT TO WORK

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A heat engine operates with 60 kilocalories of heat supplied, and exhausts 40 kilocalories of heat. How much work, in joules, did the engine do? Provide your answer to the nearest thousand.

84,000

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Flowers are actually miniature stems that produce four kinds of specialized: W) Roots X) Leaves Y) Vascular tissue Z) Cones

X) LEAVES

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Careful measurements have shown that the mass of a particular atom is always slightly less than the sum of the masses of the individual neutrons, protons, and electrons of which the atom consists. What is the difference between the mass of the atom and the sum of the masses of its parts called?

MASS DEFECT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What are the most abundant cells in bones?

OSTEOCYTES (read as: OHS-tee-oh-syts)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the formula for sulfurous acid?

H${}{2}$SO${}{3}$

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following explains why extremely high energy is needed for fusion to work? W) To break the nuclei into two parts X) To bind the protons and electrons Y) To overcome the electrical repulsion between two positively charged nuclei Z) To create the necessary supercold environment

Y) TO OVERCOME THE ELECTRICAL REPUSSION BETWEEN TWO

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following chemical bonds is not important in polymer formation? W) Glycosidic (read as: gly-koh-SYDIK) X) Hydrogen Y) Peptide Z) Phosphodiester (read as: FOHS-foh-DY-ehs-tehr)

X) HYDROGEN

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What relationship exists between bond length and bond order?

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP (ACCEPT: BONDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following radical expressions is in simplest form? W) $\frac{\sqrt{31}}{3}$ (read as: the square root of 31 over X) -5 $\sqrt{175}$ (read as: negative 5 times the square root of 175) Y) 6 $\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{4}}$ (read as: 6 times the square root of the quantity $x$ squared over Z) - $\sqrt{153}\ x$ (read as: the negative square root of 153 $x$)

W) $\frac{\sqrt{31}}{3}$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

If $x$ is negative, simplify $7\sqrt{5x}\ \times\sqrt{180\ x^{5}}$ (read as: 7 times the square root of 5x times the square root of, open parenthesis, 180x to the fifth, close parenthesis)

-210x${}^{3}$

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term used to describe the total amount of energy used in the production of a product, including raw material extraction, manufacture, transportation, assembly, and all other aspects of production?

EMBODIED ENERGY

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

In 2009, demand for small wind systems for residential and small business use grew 15%, adding 20 megawatts of wind-generating capacity. What was the approximate capacity of small wind systems in 2008 in megawatts? W) 17 X) 35 Y) 115 Z) 133

Z) 133

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a metamorphic rock? W) Schist (read as: SHIST) X) Gneiss (read as: NYS) Y) Basalt Z) Marble

Y) BASALT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An electron-volt is the: W) Energy gained by 1 electron falling through a 1 meter vertical distance X) Energy of a visible light photon Y) Energy of 1 electron accelerated through a 1 volt potential difference Z) Energy of a typical electron orbiting a nucleus

Y) ENERGY OF 1 ELECTRON ACCELERATED THROUGH A 1 VOLT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient is used to drive which enzyme?

ATP SYNTHASE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What are the x-intercepts of $y=x^{2}-15x+54$?

6 AND 9

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

An engine yields 100 watts of power for every 1000 watts received. What is the efficiency of the engine?

10%

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Which of the following molecules is NOT known to destroy ozone molecules in our stratosphere? W) Chloroflurocarbons X) Chlorine Y) Bromine Z) Argon

Z) ARGON

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of the negative effects of bioaccumulation of toxins in the environment? W) The thinning of bird eggshells due to DDT X) Inedibility of oysters due to their filter feeding on naturally occurring red tide algae Y) Birth defects in babies exposed to Accutane in utero Z) Inedibility of fish due to mercury content

Y) BIRTH DEFECTS IN BABIES EXPOSED TO ACCUTANE IN UTERO

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If a deer population exceeds its carrying capacity, which of the following will likely happen? W) The birth rate will increase X) The death rate will increase Y) The death rate will decrease Z) Carrying capacity will increase

X) THE DEATH RATE WILL INCREASE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the reference angle for $\frac{7\pi}{6}$?

$\frac{\pi}{6}$

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Given coordinates A (1,, B (7,, C (3,, and D (4,, find the angle in degrees between $\overline{\mbox{AB}}$ and $\overline{\mbox{CD}}$.

$90^{\circ}$

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Flood basalts, such as the Cretaceous Deccan Traps in Siberia, may have had a major impact on which of the following past events? W) Climate change X) Formation of island arcs Y) Human development Z) Interruption in stratospheric circulation

W) CLIMATE CHANGE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The Deccan traps of 66 million years ago may have influenced Earth's climate through the release of which sulfur species common to volcanic gases?

SULFUR DIOXIDE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the smallest integer greater than 1 that is relatively prime with 210?

11

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers is not a Mersenne prime? W) 7 X) 31 Y) 61 Z) 127

Y) 61

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the highest pH? W) Hydrochloric acid X) Nitrous acid Y) Sulfuric acid Z) Hydrobromic acid

X) NITROUS ACID

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the phrase that describes the process of producing an electron and a positron when a high-energy photon travels through matter, directly converting radiant energy into matter?

PAIR PRODUCTION

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A living room has floor dimensions of 3.5 meters by 4.2 meters and a height of 2.4 meters. Given air density of 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter, g of 10 meters per second squared, and providing your answer to the nearest ten, what does the air in the room weigh in newtons?

420

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following are NOT found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast? W) Carotenoids X) Rubisco Y) Water Z) ADP

X) RUBISCO

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

By name or number, order the following five cell layers in a eudicot (read as: yuh-DY-koht) root from most lateral to most medial: pericycle, epidermis, endodermis, phloem, cortex.

EPIDERMIS, CORTEX, ENDODERMIS, PERICYCLE, PHLOEM (ACCEPT: 2, 5, 3, 1, 4)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Give the specific name for the following functional group: a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon chains and a hydrogen atom?

SECONDARY AMIINE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

The period of revolution of a particle traveling in uniform circular motion is a function of what two variables?

VELOCITY (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL FORCE) AND RADIUS (ACCEPT: CIRUMERENCE, DIAMETER)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The freshwater and saltwater zones within coastal aquifers are separated by a transition zone, also called the zone of dispersion, within which there is mixing between freshwater and saltwater. Which state of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer System has the shallowest depth to the top of the transition zone?

NORTH CAROLINA

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

In a stratified period of a lake, oxygen supplied directly by the atmosphere and photosynthetic organisms replenishes the dissolved oxygen of which of the following three choices: epilimnion (read as: eh-pi-LIM-nee-ohn), hypolimnion (read as: hy-p6e-LIM-nee-ohn), or thermocine?

EPILIMNION (ACCEPT: 2)