AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS 22. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Imagine that you've just spent a long, hot summer day at the beach. The water was cool and refreshing after being out in the hot sun. As the Sun sets and night falls, you start to get chilled by the drop in air temperature. You decide to get back into the water, and you notice that its temperature doesn't seem to have changed much. In fact, it is warmer than the air. Which property of water best explains your observation?	SPECIFIC HEAT
BONUS 23. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following has the most kinetic energy? W) A 1 kilogram mass moving at 10 meters per second X) A 2 kilogram mass moving at 7 meters per second Y) A 0.5 kilogram mass moving at 14 meters per second Z) A 0.25 kilogram mass moving at 18 meters per second	W) A 1 KILOGRAM MASS MOVING AT 10 METERS PER SECOND
BONUS 24. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following groups consists only of organisms incapable of photosynthesizing without the aid of symbiotic organisms? W) Dinoflagellates [dim-uh-FLAJ-uh-layts] X) Radiolarians [ray-dee-oh-LAIR-ee-uhns] Y) Diatoms Z) Bacteria	X) RADIOLARIANS
BONUS 1. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	The pressure of a mixture of three gases in a fixed volume container is 300 kilopascals. If the number of nitrogen molecules is three times the number of hydrogen molecules and the number of oxygen molecules is two times the number of hydrogen molecules, what are the partial pressures of the three gases?	N\({}{2}\) = 150; H\({}{2}\) = 50; O\({}{2}\) = 100
BONUS 2. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	How might fertilizer runoff from a farm affect a nearby lake? W) The lake will become depleted of oxygen X) Secchi [SEK-ee] depth will increase Y) Algae will become less abundant Z) Organic matter will decrease	W) THE LAKE WILL BECOME DEPLETED OF OXYGEN
BONUS 3. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following are the two primary products of combustion of methane gas in increasing order of molar amount? W) Water vapor and carbon dioxide X) Carbon monoxide and water vapor Y) Carbon dioxide and water vapor Z) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide	Y) CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR
BONUS 4. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	If a Kuiper [KY-per] belt object has an orbit with a semi-major axis of 64 AU, what is its orbital period in years?	512
BONUS 9. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following elements has the greatest number of stable isotopes? W) Lead X) Plutonium Y) Uranium Z) Hydrogen	W) LEAD
BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	When a strong convective cell forms and there is a sufficient amount of supercooled water and ice crystals, what phenomenon can occur?	HAILSTORM (ACCEPT: HAIL)
BONUS 11. PHYSICS Short Answer	A wheel spinning at a rate of 20 revolutions per minute slows steadily to a stop in a time of 30 seconds. If the wheel has a radius of 0.5 meters, through what distance to the nearest meter does a point on the rim travel during this time?	16
BONUS 12. MATH Short Answer	Evaluate arctan (tan \(3\pi/4\)) [arctangent of the tangent of the quantity 3 pi over 4].	-\(\pi/4\)
BONUS 13. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When an aqueous solution of copper (II) bromide is electrolyzed, which of the following colors will occur at the anode? W) Red brown X) Greenish red Y) Dark blue Z) No color change	W) RED BROWN
BONUS 14. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a specific adaptation to reduce desiccation in intertidal organisms? W) Presence of a holdfast X) Covering with shell fragments Y) Living in a dense group Z) Highly ridged shell coverings	W) PRESENCE OF A HOLDFAST
BONUS 15. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following was the moment magnitude of the 2010 Chilean earthquake that was caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate? W) 6.8 X) 7.8 Y) 8.8 Z) 9.8	Y) 8.8
BONUS 16. PHYSICS Short Answer	Vectors F and R are given by, respectively, 2 i minus 3 j and i plus 4 j. What is the cross product R X F [R cross F]?	-11k17. MATH Short Answer If \(\int{0}^{5}f(x)dx=10\) [the integral from 0 to 5 of f of x dx equals 10] and \(\int{0}^{2}f(x)dx=12\)[the integral from 0 to 2 of f of x dx equals 12], then what is the value of \(\int{2}^{5}f(x)dx\)[the integral from 2 to 5 of f of x dx]?
BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	At a constant temperature, a syringe containing 20.0 milliliters of air at 1 atmosphere of pressure is pulled out so that the volume inside the syringe is increased to 40.0 milliliters. The total pressure of the gases inside the syringe decreases to approximately 0.5 atmospheres. Which of the following best explains this observation? W) Gay-Lussac's Law X) Charles's Law Y) Boyle's Law Z) Avogadro's Law	Y) BOYLE'S LAW
BONUS 19. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an advantage for the coral in the coral-zooxanthellae [zoh-uh-zan-THEL-ee] symbiosis? W) Increased growth X) Increasing calcification Y) Protection from predators Z) Relatively constant supply of reduced carbon	Y) PROTECTION FROM PREDATORS
BONUS 20. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Elements from which of the following sections of the periodic table have the highest ionization energies? W) Periods 2 and 3 of Group 1 X) Periods 2 and 3 of Group 17 Y) Periods 5 and 6 of Group 17 Z) Periods 6 and 7 of Group 1	X) PERIODS 2 AND 3 OF GROUP 17
BONUS 3. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following would be the most direct product of meiosis [my-OH-sis] in a typical plant? W) Gametophyte [guh-MEE-tuh-fyt] X) Spore Y) Egg Z) Sporophyte	X) SPORE
BONUS 4. PHYSICS Short Answer	If it takes 12 seconds total for a ball to travel straight up from the ground and fall back to earth, neglecting air resistance and given g as 10 meters per second squared, what was the maximum height it reached in meters?	180
BONUS 11. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about hydroboration-oxidation is false? W) It is a syn addition X) The borane acts as the electrophile Y) Overall, the reaction converts an alkene to an alcohol Z) The common oxidizing agent used is sodium borohydride	Z) THE COMMON OXIDIZING AGENT USED IS SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following populations would be most likely to exhibit logarithmic population growth? W) Elephants protected from hunting in a national park X) Sparrows that breed on a small island in northern Canada, with alternating mild and very harsh winters Y) Yeast growing under controlled laboratory conditions Z) Deer living in Yellowstone National Park with wolf predators present	Y) YEAST GROWING IN CONTROLLED LABORATORY CONDITIONS
BONUS 13. MATH Multiple Choice	For a recursive sequence \(a{n}\) defined as follows: \(a{1}=7,a{2}=3\), and \(a{n}=a{n-1}-a{n-2}\) for \(n\geq 3\), find \(a{1205}\)[a sub 1205]. W) -4 X) -3 Y) 3 Z) 4	X) -3
BONUS 14. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Of the following four factors, by number, identify those that will increase the rate of light attenuation in a natural water body: decreased particulate turbidity, increased concentrations of plankton, decreased chromophoric compounds, increased dissolved organic carbon.	2, 4
BONUS 15. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	A new species of fruit fly has been discovered that has wings of two colors, brown or white. Brown-winged females are allowed to mate with white-winged males. In the F1 generation, half of the females are brown and half of the males are brown. Which of the following is the best explanation for these results? W) White wing color is a recessive X-linked trait X) Brown wing color is a recessive X-linked trait Y) White wing color is a recessive autosomal trait Z) White wing color is a lethal mutation	W) WHITE WING COLOR IS A RECRESSIVE X-LINKED TRAIT
BONUS 16. PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the kinetic energy in joules to two significant figures of a car with a mass of 2000 kilograms moving with a speed 100 kilometers per hour?	770,000
BONUS 17. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Approximately how many horsepower are generated by a horse pulling with a force of 180 pounds and turning a 24 foot diameter wheel 72 times in one hour? W) 1/2 X) 3/4 Y) 1 Z) 5/4	W) 1/2
BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a characteristic of an adiabatic gas expansion? W) Internal energy increases X) Temperature of the working gas decreases Y) Kinetic energy increases with average molecular speed Z) Work done is inversely proportional to temperature difference between initial and final states	X) TEMPERATURE OF THE WORKING GAS DECREASES
BONUS 23. ENERGY Short Answer	Rank the four following forms of coal in order of energy per pound from least to greatest: bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs], anthracite [AN-thruh-syt], lignite, sub-bituminous.	3, 4, 1, 2 (ACCEPT: LIGNITE, SUB-BITUMINOUS, BITUMINOUS, ANTHRACITE)
BONUS 24. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	An element's most stable ion forms an ionic compound with iodine having the formula, XI\({}{2}\). If the ion of element X has a mass of 89 amu and has 36 electrons, which of the following correctly matches the identity of the element and how many neutrons it has? W) Strontium and 51 X) Krypton and 55 Y) Selenium and 55 Z) Krypton and 53	W) STRONTIUM AND 51
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	A molecule having a chemical formula of CH\({}{3}\)CCCH\({}{3}\) would be classified by which of the following? W) Alkyne X) Alkene Y) Alkane Z) Aldehyde (read as: AHL-deh-hyd)	W) ALKYNE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The rare earth elements are primarily composed of elements from which groups of the periodic table? W) Transition metals and main group X) Alkali and alkaline Y) Lanthanides (read as: LAHN-thah-nyds) and actinides Z) Alkaline and transition metals	Y) Lanthanides and Actinides
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What substance primarily determines the viscosity of magma?	SILICA
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a property of pyroclastic (read as: py-r0e-KLAHS-tik) flows? W) They can flow uphill X) They move slowly Y) Hot rock and ash flow like a turbulent blanket over the ground Z) They glow red at night but appear grey in the daytime	X) THEY MOVE SLOWLY
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	During meiosis, haploid cells are created from diploid parent cells. In animals, this process only takes place in: W) Gametes X) Reproductive organs Y) Somatic cells Z) Plasma cells	X) REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Certain species of fungi are self-fertile, in which a sexual spore can result from the fusion of nuclei that are genetically distinct but derived from the same body. What do we call these kinds of organisms?	HOMOTHALIC
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a 24 inch lever if the fulcrum is located 6 inches from the resistance, which is at one end of the lever?	3
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the mechanical advantage of a screw with a radius of 1 centimeter and a thread of 0.25 centimeters? Provide your answer to the nearest integer.	25
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organisms is NOT an autotroph? W) Pigmented sulfur bacteria X) Palm tree Y) Nitrifying bacteria Z) Mosquito	Z) MOSQUITO
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which one of the following statements concerning permanent bar magnets is NOT true? W) The north pole of a permanent magnet is attracted to a south pole of another magnet X) The direction of a magnetic field is indicated by the north pole of a compass Y) All permanent magnets are surrounded by a magnetic field Z) When a permanent magnet is cut in half, one piece will be a north pole and one a south pole	Z) WHEN A PERMANENT MAGNET IS CUT IN HALF, ONE PIECE WILL BE A NORTH POLE AND ONE PIECE WILL BE A SOUTH POLE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The surface of Titan is so cold that water is only stable in ice form. However, Titan still has clouds, rain, and lakes composed of which category of substances that includes oil and gasoline.	HYDROCARBONS
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	A mineral with the chemical formula Ca\({}{2}\)Mg\({}{5}\)Si\({}{6}\)O\({}{2}\)2(OH)\({}{2}\) belongs to which of the following mineral groups? W) Serpentines X) Amphiboles Y) Olivines (read as: OH-li-veens) Z) Pyroxenes (read as: py-ROHK-seens)	X) AMPHIBOLES
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	How would you classify a reaction in which solid potassium and chlorine gas react to form the ionic compound potassium chloride? W) Decomposition X) Combustion Y) Synthesis Z) Disproportionation	Y) SYNTHESIS
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Generally, what type of reaction is an acid base reaction?	DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (ACCEPT: DOUBLE REPLACEMENT)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The Spotted Owl is considered an endangered species in the western United States, largely due to competition from the introduced Barred Owl. These two species are genetically similar and are believed to have speciated from a common ancestor after separation of the two populations on opposite coasts of the United States. This is an example of: W) Allopatric speciation X) Sympathetic speciation Y) Symatric speciation Z) Genetic drift	W) ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Spotted Owls and Barred Owls are examples of ecotypes that can interbreed to produce Sparred Owls - a hybrid species. Which of the following is NOT true about the sparred owls? W) They are protected under the Endangered Species Act since they are offspring of spotted owls X) They may interbreed with spotted owls, reducing future numbers of pure spotted owls Y) They may interbreed among themselves, creating a new subspecies Z) They could trigger the extinction of the Spotted Owl	W) THEY ARE PROTECTED UNDER THE ENDANGERD SPECIES ACT SINCE THEY ARE OFFSPRING OF SPOTTED OWLS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Most atoms combine to form molecules in such a way that they have how many electrons in a valence shell?	8
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In which of the following groups does the elemental form have a completed valence shell? W) Group 8 X) Group 10 Y) Group 18 Z) Group 28	Y) GROUP 18
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A truck starts from rest. After 4 seconds of constant acceleration, its instantaneous speed is 8 meters per second. What is the average speed in meters per second over the first four seconds?	4
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	If \(x=4\) and \(y=2\), which of the following expressions is undefined? W) \(3x+\frac{7}{4\cdot 2y}\) X) \(2y+4x\) Y) \(xy-x^{2}\) Z) \(x+\frac{y\cdot 4}{2}\)	W) \(3x+\frac{7}{4\cdot 2y}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	The typical efficiency of an automobile engine is approximately which of the following percentages? W) 95 X) 65 Y) 25 Z) 5	Y) 25
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	The area of a square is 36 square centimeters. What is the length of its diagonal in centimeters in simplest radical form?	6\(\sqrt{2}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Eccentricity of an orbit describes: W) Its deviation from a circular orbit X) Its deviation from the ecliptic Y) Its time difference from a standard day Z) Its tumble ratio	W) ITS DEVIATION FROM A CIRULAR ORBIT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If a soldier wants to shoot a projectile as far into enemy territory as possible over level ground, at what angle from the ground should the projectile be shot? W) 0\({}^{\circ}\) X) 30\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 45\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 60\({}^{\circ}\)	Y) 45\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of coal is of high quality and has the highest energy content? W) Subbituminous (read as: subb-bi-tuh-MI-nehs) X) Bituminous (read as: bi-TUH-mi-nehs) Y) Lignite (read as: LIG-nyt) Z) Peat	X) BITUMINOUS
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	The radius of a bicycle tire is 10 inches. How far does the wheel travel in inches in 6 revolutions? W) 45 m X) 60 m Y) 90 m Z) 120 m	Z) 120 m
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	When a ball rolls on a pool table, it eventually stops moving because of friction between the ball and the table. In this case, the kinetic energy of the ball has been converted to what other form of energy?	HEAT
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What type of water condition is created by differing water densities resulting from melting ice caps and glaciers?	STRATIFIED
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, from generation to generation, gene frequencies and genotype frequency in a randomly-breeding population are: W) Constant X) Increasing Y) Decreasing Z) Variable, depending upon habitat limitations	W) CONSTANT
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Some transposons in bacteria carry genes for proteins as well as the gene for transposase. These proteins often benefit the bacteria by imparting: W) Antibiotic resistance X) Growth factors Y) gamete formation Z) New organelles	W) ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Given two parallel lines in a plane, the set of points that lie in that plane and are equidistant from the given lines forms a: W) Point X) Segment perpendicular to the lines Y) Circle Z) Line	Z) LINE
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	In a plane, the set of points equidistant from a point and a line form a: W) Ellipse X) Parabola Y) Triangle Z) Tip of a cone	X) PARABOLA
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Found on Mars, what is the name of the largest volcano in the Solar System?	OLYMPUS MONS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	A fair 6-sided die is rolled 2 times. As a fraction in lowest terms, what is probability of rolling a 5 both times?	\(\frac{1}{36}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Determine the oxidation state of each of the elements in the polyatomic ion C\({}{2}\)O\({}{4}\)\({}^{2}\):	CARBON = 3+; OXYGEN = 2-
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the largest change in boiling point from that of pure water? W) Sodium bromide X) Magnesium iodide Y) Sucrose Z) Potassium phosphate	Z) POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
BONUS 3. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	For a given reaction, \(\Delta\)H [delta H] is positive and \(\Delta\)S [delta S] is negative. In which of the following temperature limits is the reaction spontaneous? W) Not spontaneous at any temperature X) Spontaneous at only high temperatures Y) Spontaneous at only low temperatures Z) Spontaneous at all temperatures	W) NOT SPONTANEOUS AT ANY TEMPERATURE
BONUS 4. MATH Short Answer	Each exterior angle of a regular polygon has a measure of 10\({}^{\circ}\). What is the sum, in degrees, of the measures of the interior angles of the polygon?	6120\({}^{\circ}\)
BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the Hubble classification for disk galaxies with very little gas and poorly defined spiral arms?	S0 (ACCEPT: SB0)
BONUS 6. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Following a stroke that affects the left cerebral hemisphere in an elderly female patient, the patient has halting speech, poor articulation and loss of the ability to write. The patient can still read and understand speech. A PET scan would reveal damage to which of the following parts of the brain? W) Wernicke's area X) Amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-luh] Y) Broca's area Z) Thalamus [THAL-uh-muhs]	Y) BROCA'S AREA
BONUS 7. PHYSICS Short Answer	A 1000 kilogram car moving with a speed of 6 meters per second collides perfectly inelastically with 2000 kilogram truck that is at rest. What is the change in kinetic energy in joules during this collision?	12,000
BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	According to the VSEPR model, what is the molecular geometry of xenon [ZEE-non] tetrafluoride?	SQUARE PLANAR
BONUS 9. MATH Short Answer	A regular decagon with a perimeter of 40 units has an area of \(40k\) square units. Find its apothem.	\(2k\)
BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the name of the classification system used to rate a hurricane's intensity?	SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE (ACCEPT: SAFFIR-SIMPSON)
BONUS 13. PHYSICS Short Answer	Three 300-microfarads capacitors are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. What is the energy stored in one of these capacitors in microjoules after the circuit has reached steady state?	2400
BONUS 14. ENERGY Multiple Choice	As more zero variable cost generators are added to an electric power market, how would you expect the average cost of power in the entire market to change? W) It would increase X) It would decrease Y) There would be no change Z) It would fluctuate	X) IT WOULD DECREASE
BONUS 15. CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A buffer solution is 0.05 molar in lactic acid and 0.5 molar in sodium lactate. If the pKa of lactic acid is 3.85, what is the pH of this solution?	4.85
BONUS 16. MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following represents the solution in degrees of the equation \(4\sin^{2}\!x=1\) in the open interval from \(0^{\circ}\) to \(180^{\circ}\)? W) \(30^{\circ}\) X) \(30^{\circ}\), \(60^{\circ}\) Y) \(30^{\circ}\), \(150^{\circ}\) Z) \(60^{\circ}\), \(120^{\circ}\)	Y) \(30^{\circ}\), \(150^{\circ}\)
BONUS 17. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the polymorph of graphite that is formed in Earth's mantle?	DIAMOND
BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the name of the gland in insects that produces juvenile hormone?	CORPUS ALLATUM (ACCEPT: CORPORA ALLATA)
BONUS 19. PHYSICS Short Answer	A 5 microcoulomb charge is uniformly distributed in a 1-meter diameter sphere. Given that the coulomb constant is 9 x 10\({}^{9}\) newton meters squared per coulomb squared, what is the electric field in newtons per coulomb at a radius of 0.25 from the center of the sphere?	0
BONUS 20. ENERGY Multiple Choice	Assuming similar wind velocity and turbine swept area, of the following places, where would you anticipate the largest power output from a wind turbine? W) Denver X) Nebraska Y) Rhode Island Z) West Texas	Y) RHODE ISLAND
BONUS 23. MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following represents a simplified form of: \(sin\,x+\frac{cos^{2}x}{sinx}\) [sine of x plus the fraction with numerator cosine squared of x and denominator sine of x] W) csc x [cosecant of x] X) sec x [secant of x] Y) cos^2x [cosine squared of x] Z) 1	W) csc \(x\)
BONUS 24. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following best approximates the percentage of solar-type binary stellar systems? W) 0.1% X) 1% Y) 10% Z) 50%	Z) 50%
BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following four amino acids that would have a net positive charge in Tris glycine buffer at pH 8.6: glycine [GLY-seen], alanine [AL-uh-nin], lysine [LY-seen], arginine [AHR-juh-neen].	3, 4 (ACCEPT: LYSINE, ARGININE)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following processes results in a net reduction in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide? W) Photosynthesis [foh-tuh-SIN-thuh-sis] X) Fossil fuel use Y) Respiration Z) Decomposition	W) PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Photosynthesis requires water as a reactant. Oxygen atoms from the water end up in which of the following product molecules? W) Molecular oxygen X) Water Y) Glucose Z) ATP	W) MOLECULAR OXYGEN
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an example of a native element? W) Platinum X) Ruby Y) Gold Z) Diamond	X) RUBY
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What celestial phenomenon results from the movement of charged particles interacting with the Earth's magnetosphere?	AUORA BOREALIS (ACCEPT: AUORA AUSTRALIS, NORTHERN LIGHTS, SOUTHERN LIGHTS, AURORA)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If an ideal gas performs work on its surroundings, then which of the following must be true? W) Its pressure increases X) Its volume increases Y) Its temperature increases Z) Its internal energy decreases	X) ITS VOLUME INCREASES
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A 90 kilogram fullback running north at 10 meters per second is tackled by a 120 kilogram linebacker running south at 4 meters per second in a perfectly inelastic collision. Which of the following is the velocity in meters per second of the players after the collision? W) 3 south X) 3 north Y) 2 south Z) 2 north	Z) 2 NORTH
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	For all real numbers, the expression \(\sqrt[x^{2}-4x-4]\) [the square root of the quantity x squared minus 4 x plus 4] equals which of the following? W) \(x-2\) X) \(x-2x+2\) Y) \(\|x-2\|\)[the absolute value of the quantity x minus 2] Z) \(x+2\)	Y) \(\|x-2\|\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of \(y=2x^{2}+8x-3\)?	(-2,-11)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of structures describes a beta sheet? W) Primary X) Secondary Y) Tertiary [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) Quaternary [KWOT-er-ner-ree]	X) SECONDARY
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the oxidation state of bromine in the compound bromous acid?	+3
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	When traveling at the same speed, which of the following fission products has the greatest kinetic energy? W) A neutron X) An alpha particle Y) A beta particle Z) A positron	X) AN ALPHA PARTICLE
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Name all of the following four choices that are types of coal: lignite, bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs], dolomite, anthrac [AN-thruh-syt].	1, 2, 4 (ACCEPT: LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, ANTHRACITE)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the commercially important gelatinous [ju-LAT-n-uhs] substance that is produced by Geldium amansil?	AGAR
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What are the two most abundant dissolved gases released by magma?	WATER VAPOR (ACCEPT: WATER) AND CARBON DIOXIDE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following will double the power dissipated by a resistor? W) Doubling the voltage across the resistor X) Decreasing the voltage to one half of the original value Y) Increasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2 Z) Decreasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2	Y) INCREASING THE VOLTAGE BY A FACTOR OF THE SQUARE ROOT OF 2

BONUS 22. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Imagine that you've just spent a long, hot summer day at the beach. The water was cool and refreshing after being out in the hot sun. As the Sun sets and night falls, you start to get chilled by the drop in air temperature. You decide to get back into the water, and you notice that its temperature doesn't seem to have changed much. In fact, it is warmer than the air. Which property of water best explains your observation?

SPECIFIC HEAT

BONUS 23. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following has the most kinetic energy? W) A 1 kilogram mass moving at 10 meters per second X) A 2 kilogram mass moving at 7 meters per second Y) A 0.5 kilogram mass moving at 14 meters per second Z) A 0.25 kilogram mass moving at 18 meters per second

W) A 1 KILOGRAM MASS MOVING AT 10 METERS PER SECOND

BONUS 24. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following groups consists only of organisms incapable of photosynthesizing without the aid of symbiotic organisms? W) Dinoflagellates [dim-uh-FLAJ-uh-layts] X) Radiolarians [ray-dee-oh-LAIR-ee-uhns] Y) Diatoms Z) Bacteria

X) RADIOLARIANS

BONUS 1. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

The pressure of a mixture of three gases in a fixed volume container is 300 kilopascals. If the number of nitrogen molecules is three times the number of hydrogen molecules and the number of oxygen molecules is two times the number of hydrogen molecules, what are the partial pressures of the three gases?

N\({}{2}\) = 150; H\({}{2}\) = 50; O\({}{2}\) = 100

BONUS 2. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

How might fertilizer runoff from a farm affect a nearby lake? W) The lake will become depleted of oxygen X) Secchi [SEK-ee] depth will increase Y) Algae will become less abundant Z) Organic matter will decrease

W) THE LAKE WILL BECOME DEPLETED OF OXYGEN

BONUS 3. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following are the two primary products of combustion of methane gas in increasing order of molar amount? W) Water vapor and carbon dioxide X) Carbon monoxide and water vapor Y) Carbon dioxide and water vapor Z) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Y) CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR

BONUS 4. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

If a Kuiper [KY-per] belt object has an orbit with a semi-major axis of 64 AU, what is its orbital period in years?

512

BONUS 9. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following elements has the greatest number of stable isotopes? W) Lead X) Plutonium Y) Uranium Z) Hydrogen

W) LEAD

BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

When a strong convective cell forms and there is a sufficient amount of supercooled water and ice crystals, what phenomenon can occur?

HAILSTORM (ACCEPT: HAIL)

BONUS 11. PHYSICS Short Answer

A wheel spinning at a rate of 20 revolutions per minute slows steadily to a stop in a time of 30 seconds. If the wheel has a radius of 0.5 meters, through what distance to the nearest meter does a point on the rim travel during this time?

16

BONUS 12. MATH Short Answer

Evaluate arctan (tan \(3\pi/4\)) [arctangent of the tangent of the quantity 3 pi over 4].

-\(\pi/4\)

BONUS 13. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When an aqueous solution of copper (II) bromide is electrolyzed, which of the following colors will occur at the anode? W) Red brown X) Greenish red Y) Dark blue Z) No color change

W) RED BROWN

BONUS 14. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a specific adaptation to reduce desiccation in intertidal organisms? W) Presence of a holdfast X) Covering with shell fragments Y) Living in a dense group Z) Highly ridged shell coverings

W) PRESENCE OF A HOLDFAST

BONUS 15. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the moment magnitude of the 2010 Chilean earthquake that was caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate? W) 6.8 X) 7.8 Y) 8.8 Z) 9.8

Y) 8.8

BONUS 16. PHYSICS Short Answer

Vectors F and R are given by, respectively, 2 i minus 3 j and i plus 4 j. What is the cross product R X F [R cross F]?

-11k17. MATH Short Answer If \(\int{0}^{5}f(x)dx=10\) [the integral from 0 to 5 of f of x dx equals 10] and \(\int{0}^{2}f(x)dx=12\)[the integral from 0 to 2 of f of x dx equals 12], then what is the value of \(\int{2}^{5}f(x)dx\)[the integral from 2 to 5 of f of x dx]?

BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

At a constant temperature, a syringe containing 20.0 milliliters of air at 1 atmosphere of pressure is pulled out so that the volume inside the syringe is increased to 40.0 milliliters. The total pressure of the gases inside the syringe decreases to approximately 0.5 atmospheres. Which of the following best explains this observation? W) Gay-Lussac's Law X) Charles's Law Y) Boyle's Law Z) Avogadro's Law

Y) BOYLE'S LAW

BONUS 19. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an advantage for the coral in the coral-zooxanthellae [zoh-uh-zan-THEL-ee] symbiosis? W) Increased growth X) Increasing calcification Y) Protection from predators Z) Relatively constant supply of reduced carbon

Y) PROTECTION FROM PREDATORS

BONUS 20. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Elements from which of the following sections of the periodic table have the highest ionization energies? W) Periods 2 and 3 of Group 1 X) Periods 2 and 3 of Group 17 Y) Periods 5 and 6 of Group 17 Z) Periods 6 and 7 of Group 1

X) PERIODS 2 AND 3 OF GROUP 17

BONUS 3. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following would be the most direct product of meiosis [my-OH-sis] in a typical plant? W) Gametophyte [guh-MEE-tuh-fyt] X) Spore Y) Egg Z) Sporophyte

X) SPORE

BONUS 4. PHYSICS Short Answer

If it takes 12 seconds total for a ball to travel straight up from the ground and fall back to earth, neglecting air resistance and given g as 10 meters per second squared, what was the maximum height it reached in meters?

180

BONUS 11. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about hydroboration-oxidation is false? W) It is a syn addition X) The borane acts as the electrophile Y) Overall, the reaction converts an alkene to an alcohol Z) The common oxidizing agent used is sodium borohydride

Z) THE COMMON OXIDIZING AGENT USED IS SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE

BONUS 12. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following populations would be most likely to exhibit logarithmic population growth? W) Elephants protected from hunting in a national park X) Sparrows that breed on a small island in northern Canada, with alternating mild and very harsh winters Y) Yeast growing under controlled laboratory conditions Z) Deer living in Yellowstone National Park with wolf predators present

Y) YEAST GROWING IN CONTROLLED LABORATORY CONDITIONS

BONUS 13. MATH Multiple Choice

For a recursive sequence \(a{n}\) defined as follows: \(a{1}=7,a{2}=3\), and \(a{n}=a{n-1}-a{n-2}\) for \(n\geq 3\), find \(a{1205}\)[a sub 1205]. W) -4 X) -3 Y) 3 Z) 4

X) -3

BONUS 14. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Of the following four factors, by number, identify those that will increase the rate of light attenuation in a natural water body: decreased particulate turbidity, increased concentrations of plankton, decreased chromophoric compounds, increased dissolved organic carbon.

2, 4

BONUS 15. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

A new species of fruit fly has been discovered that has wings of two colors, brown or white. Brown-winged females are allowed to mate with white-winged males. In the F1 generation, half of the females are brown and half of the males are brown. Which of the following is the best explanation for these results? W) White wing color is a recessive X-linked trait X) Brown wing color is a recessive X-linked trait Y) White wing color is a recessive autosomal trait Z) White wing color is a lethal mutation

W) WHITE WING COLOR IS A RECRESSIVE X-LINKED TRAIT

BONUS 16. PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the kinetic energy in joules to two significant figures of a car with a mass of 2000 kilograms moving with a speed 100 kilometers per hour?

770,000

BONUS 17. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Approximately how many horsepower are generated by a horse pulling with a force of 180 pounds and turning a 24 foot diameter wheel 72 times in one hour? W) 1/2 X) 3/4 Y) 1 Z) 5/4

W) 1/2

BONUS 18. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of an adiabatic gas expansion? W) Internal energy increases X) Temperature of the working gas decreases Y) Kinetic energy increases with average molecular speed Z) Work done is inversely proportional to temperature difference between initial and final states

X) TEMPERATURE OF THE WORKING GAS DECREASES

BONUS 23. ENERGY Short Answer

Rank the four following forms of coal in order of energy per pound from least to greatest: bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs], anthracite [AN-thruh-syt], lignite, sub-bituminous.

3, 4, 1, 2 (ACCEPT: LIGNITE, SUB-BITUMINOUS, BITUMINOUS, ANTHRACITE)

BONUS 24. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

An element's most stable ion forms an ionic compound with iodine having the formula, XI\({}{2}\). If the ion of element X has a mass of 89 amu and has 36 electrons, which of the following correctly matches the identity of the element and how many neutrons it has? W) Strontium and 51 X) Krypton and 55 Y) Selenium and 55 Z) Krypton and 53

W) STRONTIUM AND 51

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

A molecule having a chemical formula of CH\({}{3}\)CCCH\({}{3}\) would be classified by which of the following? W) Alkyne X) Alkene Y) Alkane Z) Aldehyde (read as: AHL-deh-hyd)

W) ALKYNE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The rare earth elements are primarily composed of elements from which groups of the periodic table? W) Transition metals and main group X) Alkali and alkaline Y) Lanthanides (read as: LAHN-thah-nyds) and actinides Z) Alkaline and transition metals

Y) Lanthanides and Actinides

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What substance primarily determines the viscosity of magma?

SILICA

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a property of pyroclastic (read as: py-r0e-KLAHS-tik) flows? W) They can flow uphill X) They move slowly Y) Hot rock and ash flow like a turbulent blanket over the ground Z) They glow red at night but appear grey in the daytime

X) THEY MOVE SLOWLY

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

During meiosis, haploid cells are created from diploid parent cells. In animals, this process only takes place in: W) Gametes X) Reproductive organs Y) Somatic cells Z) Plasma cells

X) REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Certain species of fungi are self-fertile, in which a sexual spore can result from the fusion of nuclei that are genetically distinct but derived from the same body. What do we call these kinds of organisms?

HOMOTHALIC

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a 24 inch lever if the fulcrum is located 6 inches from the resistance, which is at one end of the lever?

3

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the mechanical advantage of a screw with a radius of 1 centimeter and a thread of 0.25 centimeters? Provide your answer to the nearest integer.

25

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organisms is NOT an autotroph? W) Pigmented sulfur bacteria X) Palm tree Y) Nitrifying bacteria Z) Mosquito

Z) MOSQUITO

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which one of the following statements concerning permanent bar magnets is NOT true? W) The north pole of a permanent magnet is attracted to a south pole of another magnet X) The direction of a magnetic field is indicated by the north pole of a compass Y) All permanent magnets are surrounded by a magnetic field Z) When a permanent magnet is cut in half, one piece will be a north pole and one a south pole

Z) WHEN A PERMANENT MAGNET IS CUT IN HALF, ONE PIECE WILL BE A NORTH POLE AND ONE PIECE WILL BE A SOUTH POLE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The surface of Titan is so cold that water is only stable in ice form. However, Titan still has clouds, rain, and lakes composed of which category of substances that includes oil and gasoline.

HYDROCARBONS

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

A mineral with the chemical formula Ca\({}{2}\)Mg\({}{5}\)Si\({}{6}\)O\({}{2}\)2(OH)\({}{2}\) belongs to which of the following mineral groups? W) Serpentines X) Amphiboles Y) Olivines (read as: OH-li-veens) Z) Pyroxenes (read as: py-ROHK-seens)

X) AMPHIBOLES

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

How would you classify a reaction in which solid potassium and chlorine gas react to form the ionic compound potassium chloride? W) Decomposition X) Combustion Y) Synthesis Z) Disproportionation

Y) SYNTHESIS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Generally, what type of reaction is an acid base reaction?

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (ACCEPT: DOUBLE REPLACEMENT)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The Spotted Owl is considered an endangered species in the western United States, largely due to competition from the introduced Barred Owl. These two species are genetically similar and are believed to have speciated from a common ancestor after separation of the two populations on opposite coasts of the United States. This is an example of: W) Allopatric speciation X) Sympathetic speciation Y) Symatric speciation Z) Genetic drift

W) ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Spotted Owls and Barred Owls are examples of ecotypes that can interbreed to produce Sparred Owls - a hybrid species. Which of the following is NOT true about the sparred owls? W) They are protected under the Endangered Species Act since they are offspring of spotted owls X) They may interbreed with spotted owls, reducing future numbers of pure spotted owls Y) They may interbreed among themselves, creating a new subspecies Z) They could trigger the extinction of the Spotted Owl

W) THEY ARE PROTECTED UNDER THE ENDANGERD SPECIES ACT SINCE THEY ARE OFFSPRING OF SPOTTED OWLS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Most atoms combine to form molecules in such a way that they have how many electrons in a valence shell?

8

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In which of the following groups does the elemental form have a completed valence shell? W) Group 8 X) Group 10 Y) Group 18 Z) Group 28

Y) GROUP 18

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A truck starts from rest. After 4 seconds of constant acceleration, its instantaneous speed is 8 meters per second. What is the average speed in meters per second over the first four seconds?

4

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

If \(x=4\) and \(y=2\), which of the following expressions is undefined? W) \(3x+\frac{7}{4\cdot 2y}\) X) \(2y+4x\) Y) \(xy-x^{2}\) Z) \(x+\frac{y\cdot 4}{2}\)

W) \(3x+\frac{7}{4\cdot 2y}\)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

The typical efficiency of an automobile engine is approximately which of the following percentages? W) 95 X) 65 Y) 25 Z) 5

Y) 25

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

The area of a square is 36 square centimeters. What is the length of its diagonal in centimeters in simplest radical form?

6\(\sqrt{2}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Eccentricity of an orbit describes: W) Its deviation from a circular orbit X) Its deviation from the ecliptic Y) Its time difference from a standard day Z) Its tumble ratio

W) ITS DEVIATION FROM A CIRULAR ORBIT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If a soldier wants to shoot a projectile as far into enemy territory as possible over level ground, at what angle from the ground should the projectile be shot? W) 0\({}^{\circ}\) X) 30\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 45\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 60\({}^{\circ}\)

Y) 45\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of coal is of high quality and has the highest energy content? W) Subbituminous (read as: subb-bi-tuh-MI-nehs) X) Bituminous (read as: bi-TUH-mi-nehs) Y) Lignite (read as: LIG-nyt) Z) Peat

X) BITUMINOUS

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

The radius of a bicycle tire is 10 inches. How far does the wheel travel in inches in 6 revolutions? W) 45 m X) 60 m Y) 90 m Z) 120 m

Z) 120 m

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

When a ball rolls on a pool table, it eventually stops moving because of friction between the ball and the table. In this case, the kinetic energy of the ball has been converted to what other form of energy?

HEAT

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What type of water condition is created by differing water densities resulting from melting ice caps and glaciers?

STRATIFIED

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, from generation to generation, gene frequencies and genotype frequency in a randomly-breeding population are: W) Constant X) Increasing Y) Decreasing Z) Variable, depending upon habitat limitations

W) CONSTANT

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Some transposons in bacteria carry genes for proteins as well as the gene for transposase. These proteins often benefit the bacteria by imparting: W) Antibiotic resistance X) Growth factors Y) gamete formation Z) New organelles

W) ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Given two parallel lines in a plane, the set of points that lie in that plane and are equidistant from the given lines forms a: W) Point X) Segment perpendicular to the lines Y) Circle Z) Line

Z) LINE

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

In a plane, the set of points equidistant from a point and a line form a: W) Ellipse X) Parabola Y) Triangle Z) Tip of a cone

X) PARABOLA

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Found on Mars, what is the name of the largest volcano in the Solar System?

OLYMPUS MONS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

A fair 6-sided die is rolled 2 times. As a fraction in lowest terms, what is probability of rolling a 5 both times?

\(\frac{1}{36}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Determine the oxidation state of each of the elements in the polyatomic ion C\({}{2}\)O\({}{4}\)\({}^{2}\):

CARBON = 3+; OXYGEN = 2-

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the largest change in boiling point from that of pure water? W) Sodium bromide X) Magnesium iodide Y) Sucrose Z) Potassium phosphate

Z) POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE

BONUS 3. CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

For a given reaction, \(\Delta\)H [delta H] is positive and \(\Delta\)S [delta S] is negative. In which of the following temperature limits is the reaction spontaneous? W) Not spontaneous at any temperature X) Spontaneous at only high temperatures Y) Spontaneous at only low temperatures Z) Spontaneous at all temperatures

W) NOT SPONTANEOUS AT ANY TEMPERATURE

BONUS 4. MATH Short Answer

Each exterior angle of a regular polygon has a measure of 10\({}^{\circ}\). What is the sum, in degrees, of the measures of the interior angles of the polygon?

6120\({}^{\circ}\)

BONUS 5. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the Hubble classification for disk galaxies with very little gas and poorly defined spiral arms?

S0 (ACCEPT: SB0)

BONUS 6. BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Following a stroke that affects the left cerebral hemisphere in an elderly female patient, the patient has halting speech, poor articulation and loss of the ability to write. The patient can still read and understand speech. A PET scan would reveal damage to which of the following parts of the brain? W) Wernicke's area X) Amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-luh] Y) Broca's area Z) Thalamus [THAL-uh-muhs]

Y) BROCA'S AREA

BONUS 7. PHYSICS Short Answer

A 1000 kilogram car moving with a speed of 6 meters per second collides perfectly inelastically with 2000 kilogram truck that is at rest. What is the change in kinetic energy in joules during this collision?

12,000

BONUS 8. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

According to the VSEPR model, what is the molecular geometry of xenon [ZEE-non] tetrafluoride?

SQUARE PLANAR

BONUS 9. MATH Short Answer

A regular decagon with a perimeter of 40 units has an area of \(40k\) square units. Find its apothem.

\(2k\)

BONUS 10. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the name of the classification system used to rate a hurricane's intensity?

SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE (ACCEPT: SAFFIR-SIMPSON)

BONUS 13. PHYSICS Short Answer

Three 300-microfarads capacitors are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. What is the energy stored in one of these capacitors in microjoules after the circuit has reached steady state?

2400

BONUS 14. ENERGY Multiple Choice

As more zero variable cost generators are added to an electric power market, how would you expect the average cost of power in the entire market to change? W) It would increase X) It would decrease Y) There would be no change Z) It would fluctuate

X) IT WOULD DECREASE

BONUS 15. CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A buffer solution is 0.05 molar in lactic acid and 0.5 molar in sodium lactate. If the pKa of lactic acid is 3.85, what is the pH of this solution?

4.85

BONUS 16. MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents the solution in degrees of the equation \(4\sin^{2}\!x=1\) in the open interval from \(0^{\circ}\) to \(180^{\circ}\)? W) \(30^{\circ}\) X) \(30^{\circ}\), \(60^{\circ}\) Y) \(30^{\circ}\), \(150^{\circ}\) Z) \(60^{\circ}\), \(120^{\circ}\)

Y) \(30^{\circ}\), \(150^{\circ}\)

BONUS 17. EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the polymorph of graphite that is formed in Earth's mantle?

DIAMOND

BONUS 18. BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the name of the gland in insects that produces juvenile hormone?

CORPUS ALLATUM (ACCEPT: CORPORA ALLATA)

BONUS 19. PHYSICS Short Answer

A 5 microcoulomb charge is uniformly distributed in a 1-meter diameter sphere. Given that the coulomb constant is 9 x 10\({}^{9}\) newton meters squared per coulomb squared, what is the electric field in newtons per coulomb at a radius of 0.25 from the center of the sphere?

0

BONUS 20. ENERGY Multiple Choice

Assuming similar wind velocity and turbine swept area, of the following places, where would you anticipate the largest power output from a wind turbine? W) Denver X) Nebraska Y) Rhode Island Z) West Texas

Y) RHODE ISLAND

BONUS 23. MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents a simplified form of: \(sin\,x+\frac{cos^{2}x}{sinx}\) [sine of x plus the fraction with numerator cosine squared of x and denominator sine of x] W) csc x [cosecant of x] X) sec x [secant of x] Y) cos^2x [cosine squared of x] Z) 1

W) csc \(x\)

BONUS 24. EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following best approximates the percentage of solar-type binary stellar systems? W) 0.1% X) 1% Y) 10% Z) 50%

Z) 50%

BONUS 25. BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following four amino acids that would have a net positive charge in Tris glycine buffer at pH 8.6: glycine [GLY-seen], alanine [AL-uh-nin], lysine [LY-seen], arginine [AHR-juh-neen].

3, 4 (ACCEPT: LYSINE, ARGININE)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes results in a net reduction in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide? W) Photosynthesis [foh-tuh-SIN-thuh-sis] X) Fossil fuel use Y) Respiration Z) Decomposition

W) PHOTOSYNTHESIS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Photosynthesis requires water as a reactant. Oxygen atoms from the water end up in which of the following product molecules? W) Molecular oxygen X) Water Y) Glucose Z) ATP

W) MOLECULAR OXYGEN

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of a native element? W) Platinum X) Ruby Y) Gold Z) Diamond

X) RUBY

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What celestial phenomenon results from the movement of charged particles interacting with the Earth's magnetosphere?

AUORA BOREALIS (ACCEPT: AUORA AUSTRALIS, NORTHERN LIGHTS, SOUTHERN LIGHTS, AURORA)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If an ideal gas performs work on its surroundings, then which of the following must be true? W) Its pressure increases X) Its volume increases Y) Its temperature increases Z) Its internal energy decreases

X) ITS VOLUME INCREASES

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A 90 kilogram fullback running north at 10 meters per second is tackled by a 120 kilogram linebacker running south at 4 meters per second in a perfectly inelastic collision. Which of the following is the velocity in meters per second of the players after the collision? W) 3 south X) 3 north Y) 2 south Z) 2 north

Z) 2 NORTH

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

For all real numbers, the expression \(\sqrt[x^{2}-4x-4]\) [the square root of the quantity x squared minus 4 x plus 4] equals which of the following? W) \(x-2\) X) \(x-2x+2\) Y) \(|x-2|\)[the absolute value of the quantity x minus 2] Z) \(x+2\)

Y) \(|x-2|\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What are the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of \(y=2x^{2}+8x-3\)?

(-2,-11)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of structures describes a beta sheet? W) Primary X) Secondary Y) Tertiary [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) Quaternary [KWOT-er-ner-ree]

X) SECONDARY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the oxidation state of bromine in the compound bromous acid?

+3

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

When traveling at the same speed, which of the following fission products has the greatest kinetic energy? W) A neutron X) An alpha particle Y) A beta particle Z) A positron

X) AN ALPHA PARTICLE

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Name all of the following four choices that are types of coal: lignite, bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs], dolomite, anthrac [AN-thruh-syt].

1, 2, 4 (ACCEPT: LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, ANTHRACITE)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the commercially important gelatinous [ju-LAT-n-uhs] substance that is produced by Geldium amansil?

AGAR

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What are the two most abundant dissolved gases released by magma?

WATER VAPOR (ACCEPT: WATER) AND CARBON DIOXIDE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following will double the power dissipated by a resistor? W) Doubling the voltage across the resistor X) Decreasing the voltage to one half of the original value Y) Increasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2 Z) Decreasing the voltage by a factor of the square root of 2

Y) INCREASING THE VOLTAGE BY A FACTOR OF THE SQUARE ROOT OF 2