AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the name of the energy storage method where water is pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation during off-peak periods, then released through turbines to produce electric power during peak periods?	PUMPED-STORAGE HYDROELECTRICITY (ACCEPT: HYDRO-STORAGE, PUMPED HYDRO)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following sea turtle species is phylogenetically distinct from the others and can maintain body temperature elevated above ambient levels? Y) Kemp's Ridley X) Leatherback Y) Green Z) Loggerhead	X) LEATHERBACK
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	According to the Bronsted-Lowry system, a base is defined as which of the following: W) electron pair acceptor X) proton acceptor Y) proton donor Z) hydroxide donor	X) PROTON ACCEPTOR
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the molecular formula for the conjugate base of the following Bronsted-Lowry acid: H\({}{2}\)CO\({}{3}\)	HCO\({}{3}\)-
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	In response to the development of incandescent lights, gas lights were vastly improved by soaking the mantles in what substance to help convert heat and UV energy into visible light: W) thorium oxide X) titanium dioxide Y) uranium oxide Z) tungsten	W) THORIUM OXIDE
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A hunter uses a 30-gram arrow that is fired by a bowstring at a velocity of 56 meters per second. What is the impulse on the arrow, to the second decimal place in kilogram meters per second?	1.68
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What specific area of the human diencephalon is responsible for producing factors that regulate the release of hormones of the pituitary?	HYPOTHALAMUS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Given that tangent \(\theta=-\dfrac{3}{4}\), find the possible values of sine \(\theta\):	\(\dfrac{3}{5}\) AND \(-\dfrac{3}{5}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following was the evidence that Alfred Wegener did not have that would have convinced the scientific community that his theory of continental drift was correct: W) paleomagnetic studies X) apparent fit of the continents Y) locations of ancient glacial deposits Z) comparative fossil studies	W) PALEOMAGNETIC STUDIES
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the BEST description of an ecological niche: W) a situation in which a species is well adapted to a specific set of environmental conditions X) the biomass load of a given environment Y) a pollutant that becomes concentrated in organisms as it moves up through the food chain Z) all the environmental conditions, plants, and animals of an isolated area	W) A SITUATION IN WHICH A SPECIES IS WELL ADAPTED TO A SPECIFIC SET OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the MAIN advantage of space-based telescopes over typical ground-based telescopes: W) they are not affected by radiation X) their mirrors can be any size because of zero gravity Y) they are cheaper to maintain Z) they experience no atmospheric distortion	Z) THEY EXPERIENCE NO ATMOSPHERIC DISTORTION
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The reaction Ca(OH)\({}{2}+2\)HCl \(\rightarrow\)\(2\)H\({}{2}\)O + CaCl\({}{2}\), is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition	Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true: W): comb jellies or ctenophores (read as: ten-OH-fours) have radial symmetry X): lobsters have bilateral symmetry Y): protostomes have no true cooloms (read as: SEE-loams) Z): flatworms are acoelomates (read as: ah-SEA-low-mates)	Y) PROTOSTOMES HAVE NO TRUE COELOMS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following 4 choices that are compound fruits: tomato; raspberry; grape; pineapple	RASPBERRY AND PINEAPPLE
TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a regular polyhedron: W) regular tetrahedron X) cube Y) regular icosahedron Z) regular hexadecagon	Z) REGULAR HEXADECAGON
TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a terminal moraine that resulted at the climax of the Wisconsin ice sheet: W) Long Island, New York X) the northern Bahamas Islands Y) Death Valley, California Z) Hudson Bay, Canada	W) LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	The Schmidt telescope would BEST be considered: W) an advanced adaptive optics telescope with x-ray detection capabilities X) a wide field telescope Y) a radio telescope Z) an orbital x-ray telescope	X) A WIDE FIELD TEELSCOPE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true regarding general trends for the representative elements in the Periodic Table: W) simple positive ions are always smaller than the neutral atoms from which they are formed X) elements with low ionization energies lose electrons easily Y) the size of anions increases from left to right Z) electronegativities increase from left to right	Y) THE SIZE OF ANIONS INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The index of refraction for a medium is: W) the ratio of the angles of refraction of red light and blue light in the medium X) the angle of refraction for monochromatic light in the medium Y) the ratio of the speed of light in the medium to the speed of light in a vacuum Z) the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium	Z) THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN THE MEDIUM
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following 3 classes of biological molecules whose immediate breakdown product can generate energy by feeding into metabolism at the level of pyruvate or acetyl Co-A: lipids; proteins; carbohydrates	LIPIDS; PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATES (ACCEPT: ALL)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Solve the following logarithmic equation for \(x\): \(\log{4}x=4\) (read as: log base 4 of \(x\) equals	256
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Find the 9th term of the geometric sequence whose first 3 terms are 3, 6, and 12:	768
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	The catastrophic dust bowl of the 1930's was caused by which of the following processes: W) isostatic adjustment X) basal slip Y) desertification Z) mass wasting	Y) DESERTIFICATION
BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of a U-shaped valley that is partially submerged: W) fjord X) arete Y) paternoster lake Z) hanging valley	W) FJORD
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	What is the medical name for the disease caused by Clostridium bacteria that is prevalent in soils and commonly named lockjaw?	TETANUS (ACCEPT: TETANY)
BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	What is the common name for vitamin B3 that is a central component of coenzymes NAD and NADP\({}^{+}\)?	NIACIN (ACCEPT: NICOTINIC ACID)
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	Which one of the following 4 planets has the smallest orbital eccentricity: Mercury; Jupiter; Venus; Saturn	VENUS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the pH of a 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) molar HCl solution?	4
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	How many 20-ohm resistors connected in parallel will produce 5 ohms of equivalent resistance?	4
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared, how many total newtons of thrust are needed to accelerate a 5,000-kilogram rocket vertically at 6 meters per second squared?	80,000
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	The pincers of scorptions are a modification of what arachnid appendage?	PEDIPALPS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name all of the following 4 organisms that are cephalopods (read as: SEFF-al-low-pods): squid; mussel; chambered nautilus; slug	SQUID; CHAMBERED NAUTILUS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	How many watts are equivalent to 1 joule of energy expended per minute of time?	1/60 (ACCEPT: 0.016 or 0.017 or 0.0166 or 0.0167)
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Michael, who has a mass of 100 kilograms, tries to ski jump with a velocity of 15 meters per second. What is Michael's momentum, in proper SI units, as he leaves the ski jump?	1500 KILOGRAM METERS PER SECOND
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The velocity of particles in the solar wind is closest to which of the following? W) 300 meters per second X) 3 kilometers per second Y) 30 kilometers per second Z) 300 kilometers per second	Z) 300 KILOMETERS PER SECOND
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following has a shale protoolith? W) Quartzite X) Serpentinite [suhr-pen-TUH-nyd] Y) Gneiss [NYS] Z) Gabbro	Y) GNEISS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In a particular bird population, individuals that lay too many or too few eggs are less likely to survive and reproduce. Which of the following terms best describes this pattern of natural selection? W) Directional selection X) Stabilizing selection Y) Disruptive selection Z) Negative-frequency-dependent selection	X) STABILIZING SELECTION
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Spongiform encephalopathies [en-sef-uh-LOP-uh-thees], such as scrapie [SKKAY-pee], made cow disease, and kuru [KOO-roo], are produced after exposure to what general group of infectious agents?	PRIONS
	TOSS-UP	3) MATH Short Answer How many 4-digit numbers contain the same digits as 2014? 18
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	What would be the total kinetic energy of an object rolling down a ramp with no slippage? W) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\)[half M-V squared] X) \(\%\) I omega\({}^{2}\)[half I omega squared] Y) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\) + \(\%\) I omega\({}^{2}\)[half M-V- squared plus half I omega squared] Z) 0	Y) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\) + \(\%\) I OMEGA\({}^{2}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What values in quantum systems are used to describe conserved quantities that tend to take on integer or half-integer values, examples of which are spin, azimuthal, and parity?	QUANTUM NUMBERS
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A cannonball is shot vertically upward from ground level with an initial speed of 100 meters per second. Approximating \(g\) as 10 meters per second squared, and ignoring air resistance, what is the maximum height, in meters, that the cannonball reaches?	500
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following acts as a Lewis acid in the presence of water to form carbonic acid? W) Carbon dioxide X) Methane Y) Methanol Z) Formic acid	W) CARBON DIOXIDE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Identify all of the following four compounds that would function as soluble electrolytes when added to water: sodium chloride; decane; acetic acid; barium sulfate.	1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM CHLORIDE AND ACETIC ACID)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Spectroscopic binaries are easiest to detect when W) The stars are of the same spectral class X) The orbit is viewed edge-on Y) The orbit is wide Z) The orbit is viewed face-on	X) THE ORBIT IS VIEWED EDGE-ON
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an isotope that has attracted recent interest in terms of developing a new generation of cleaner, proliferation-resistant nuclear power? W) Uranium-235 X) Thorium-232 Y) Plutonium-239 Z) Uranium-238	X) THORIUM-232
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	A basketball player makes 6 baskets during a game, each worth 2 or 3 points. How many different possible values exist for the total points scored by the player?	SEVEN
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Venturi tubes measure the speed of gas flow via application of what rule or principle of fluid dynamics?	BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following would be least likely to be a life history trait of an r-selected organism? W) Strong competitive ability X) Rapid development Y) Early reproductive age Z) Found in disturbed habitats	W) STRONG COMPETITIVE ABILITY
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Rank, by name or number, the following three ionic compounds in terms of increasing lattice energy, from the lowest to the highest: Magnesium oxide; Sodium chloride; Sodium fluoride.	2, 3, 1 (ACCEPT: SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM FLUORIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the name of the type of curve that is formed when a piece of rope is hung between two points?	CATENARY CURVE (ACCEPT: FUNICULAR)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A truck moving at 50 meters per second begins to brake, which applies a constant force of 1000 newtons to the truck. The truck rolls 20 meters before stopping. In joules, what is the initial kinetic energy of the truck?	20,000
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is not a polymorph of silica? W) Cristobalite [ki-STOH-buh-lyt] X) Stishovite [STISH-uh-vyt] Y) Wadsleyite [washd-ZLEE-ahyt] Z) Quartz	Y) WADSLEYITE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Clays such as kaolinite [KAY-uh-luh-nyt] form when H+ [H plus] ions combine with which of the following? W) Sulfur compounds X) Pre-existing minerals, such as feldspars Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Primordial water emitted directly from volcanic eruptions	X) PRE-EXISTING MINERALS, SUCH AS FELDSPARS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The solubility of a gaseous solute in a liquid solvent is typically expressed in units of concentration. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid? W) Volume of the liquid X) Temperature of the liquid Y) Pressure of the gas Z) Polarity of solvent and solute molecules	W) VOLUME OF THE LIQUID
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	How many moles of O\({}{2}\)[O two] are required to completely combust 1 mole of pentane?	EIGHT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following animal respiratory pigments does not contain iron? W) Hemoglobin [HEE-muh-glob-bin] X) Hemoerythrin [bee-muh- ih-RITH-rin] Y) Myoglobin [my-uh-GLOH-bin] Z) Hemocyanin [bee-muh-SAHY-uh-neen]	Z) HEMOCYANIN
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following functions is least important in the open circulatory system of insects? W) Delivery of nutrients X) Delivery of oxygen Y) Circulation of immune cells Z) Movement of signaling molecules	X) DELIVERY OF OXYGEN
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	In general, there are three types of compensation agreements for electricity generated using distributed generation, such as solar photovoltaic. All of the following are examples, except: W) Rate allocation X) Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Y) Net metering Z) Power purchase agreement	W) RATE ALLOCATION
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Quartz clocks use a crystal oscillator that generates regularly timed electric pulses to keep track of time. What is the name of the effect through which crystals such as quartz can accumulate electric charges?	PIEZOELECTRICITY
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true about geothermal gradients? W) The gradient beneath continent crust is less steep than under oceanic crust X) They vary with tectonic environments Y) They are largely determined by the way that pressure and temperature vary in the Earth Z) The "normal" geothermal gradient in the upper part of Earth is 25'C/km [w twenty-five degrees Celisus per kilometer]	W) THE GRADIENT BENEATH CONTINENT CRUST IS LESS STEEP THAN
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The blue color found in a blue schist [SHIST] rock occurs due to what mineral?	GLAUCOPHANE (ACCEPT: SODIC AMPHIBOLITE OR CROSSITE)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the equations \(2x+8=4\) and \(ax-30=\) -22 [two x plus eight equals four and a x minus thirty equals negative twenty-two] have the same solution for \(x\), what is the value of \(a\)?	-4
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What value of \(x\) satisfies the equation \(27^{6\cdot x}=9^{x-1}\)[27 to the power of quantity six minus x equals nine to the power of quantity x minus one]?	4
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate and hydronium ions from CO\({}{2}\) and H\({}{2}\)O [C-O two and H two O]? W) Carbonic anhydrase [an-HY-days] X) Carbonic carboxyylase [Kahr-BOK-suh-layz] Y) Carbonic decarboxylase Z) Carbonic dehydrogenase [dee-HY-druh-juh-nays]	W) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The standard enthalpy and entropy of a hypothetical reaction are both positive. Assuming these values are constant with temperature, which of the following statements describes the temperature dependence of the spontaneity of the reaction? W) Spontaneous at all temperatures X) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures Y) Spontaneous at high temperatures but nonspontaneous at low temperatures Z) Spontaneous at low temperatures but nonspontaneous at high temperatures	Y) SPONTANEOUS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BUT NONSPONTANEOUS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A gold leaf electroscope is negatively charged by touching it with a negatively charged conductor. You then bring a positively charged glass rod close to, but not touching, the top of the electroscope. Which of the following occurs? W) The leaves do not move X) The leaves spread further apart Y) The leaves get closer together Z) The leaves first spread further apart, then move closer together	Y) THE LEAVES GET CLOSER TOGETHER
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Indicate, by number, all of the following four particles that are acted upon by gravity: electron; photon; neutrino; top quark.	1, 2, 3 AND 4 (ACCEPT: ALL OF THEM)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the spectral type of the Sun?	G (ACCEPT: G2, G2V)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	When a strong south wind occurs along the west coast of North America, Ekman transport causes water to move to which of the following? W) Onshore X) Offshore Y) Alongshore to the south Z) Alongshore to the north	W) ONSHORE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following marine microbe groups has a cell membrane mainly comprised of lipids? W) Foraminiferans [for-uh-MIN-uh-fer-uhns] X) Radiolarians [ray-dee-oh-LAIR-ee-uhns] Y) Ciliates [SIL-ee-ayts] Z) Titaxis	Y) CILIATES
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following habitat and life history combinations would select for the production of a large brood size? W) Arctic, precocial young [pri-KOH-shuh] X) Arctic, altricial young [al-TRISH-uh] Y) Tropics, precocial young Z) Tropics, altricial young	W) ARCTIC, PRECOCIAL YOUNG
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If f(x) = 3'[f of x equals 3 to the power of x], find the value of f(log\({}{3}\)[f of log base 3 of 7].	7
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	What percentage of the world's production of rare earth metals is produced by China? W) 57% X) 68% Y) 83% Z) 95%	Z) 95%
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In atomic orbital overlap, which of the following is true of destructive interference? W) It gives a bonding orbital and no nodes X) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node parallel to the internuclear axis Y) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node perpendicular to the internuclear axis Z) It gives an antibonding orbital and no nodes	Y) IT GIVES AN ANTIBONDING ORBITAL AND A NODE PERPENDICUULAR TO THE INTERNUCLEAR AXIS
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	In order to enhance the activity of the catalyst, a textural or chemical promoter may be used in ammonia synthesis. Which of the following is an example of a chemical promoter? W) Calcium oxide X) Potassium oxide Y) Aluminum oxide Z) Silicon dioxide	X) POTASSIUM OXIDE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	How many types of quarks are there in nature? W) 3 X) 5 Y) 6 Z) 10	Y) 6
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the approximate distance in kilometers covered by a photon in one year? W) 9 thousand X) 9 million Y) 9 billion Z) 9 trillion	Z) 9 TRILLION
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	On July 4, under modern conditions, the planet is at which of the following in relation to the Sun? W) Perihelion [per-uh-HEE-lee-uhn] X) Aphelion [a-FEE-lee-uhn] Y) Perigee [PER-i-jee] Z) Apogee [A-puh-jee]	X) APPLIION
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	During La Ni\(\tilde{\rm n}\)e events, which of the following is most likely? W) Drought in northeast Brazil X) Drought in most of Australia Y) Drought in the southwestern U.S. Z) Wetter than normal in Oregon and Washington	Y) DROUGHT IN THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	During meiosis [my-OH-sis], when a cell has lost both members of a homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] pair of chromosomes, which of the following types of aneuploidy [an-yoo-PLOI-deep] would apply to the cell? W) Tetrasomy X) Nullisomy Y) Monosomy Z) Trisomy	X) NULLISOMY
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	By number, place the following steps necessary for cloning a gene into bacteria from genomic DNA in order from first to last: Cut the target gene and the cloning vector with restriction enzymes; Transform bacteria with the plasmid; Ligate the target gene and the cloning vector with DNA ligase; Amplify the target gene using PCR.	4, 1, 3, 2
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	In how many ways can a committee of 7 be seated along one side of a table if the chair of the committee must sit in the middle? W) 49 X) 120 Y) 720 Z) 5040	Y) 720
BONUS MATH Short Answer	How many three-digit numbers can be made using digits 0 through 4, provided the first digit is not zero?	100
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	From 2001 to 2011, the installed wind power in the U.S. in megawatts has increased by approximately what factor? W) 3 X) 6 Y) 10 Z) 15	Y) 10
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	The characteristics of heating oil and diesel fuel are similar, except for which of the following? W) Evaporation X) Sulfur composition Y) Volatility Z) BTU	X) SULFUR COMPOSITION
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements is true of the compression of a system? W) Work is done on the system, and dV and dw are greater than 0 X) Work is done on the system, dV is less than 0, and dw is greater than 0 Y) Work is done by the system, dV is greater than 0, and dw is less than 0 Z) Work is done by the system, and dV and dw are less than 0	X) WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM, dV IS LESS THAN 0, AND dw IS GREATER THAN 0
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	You are traveling down a level highway in your car with mass 1000 kilograms at 30 meters per second when you see a deer and hit the brakes. How much time, in seconds, would it take to stop fully if the applied braking force is 5000 newtons?	6
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following rocks is most effective at neutralizing acid rain? W) Limestone X) Shale Y) Granite Z) Sandstone	W) LIMESTONE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If you have a white horse mate with a white horse that has many spots called leopard spots and half of their offspring have a little bit of leopard spotting, which of the following is your likely conclusion about the leopard-spotting allele? W) Co-dominant X) Low penetrance Y) Incompletely dominant Z) Low expressivity	Y) INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The power input in a perfectly efficient step-up transformer is which of the following? W) Larger than the power output X) Equal to the power output Y) Smaller than the power output Z) Not related to the power output	X) EQUAL TO THE POWER OUTPUT
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A high energy photon near a nucleus can produce an electron-positron pair. What is the minimum energy a photon must have for this to happen? W) Half of the proper energy of the electron X) The proper energy of the electron Y) Two times the proper energy of the electron Z) Ten times the proper energy of the electron	Y) TWO TIMES THE PROPER ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	What is the coefficient of the \(xy^{2}\) term in the expansion of \((x+2y)^{3}\)[open parenthesis x plus 2y close parenthesis to the power of 3]? W) 3 X) 8 Y) 12 Z) 18	Y) 12
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What is the area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius K?	\(2k^{2}\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of an A+1 isotope? W) Nitrogen X) Oxygen Y) Sulfur Z) Fluorine	W) NITROGEN
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	In neutron decay, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and what else?	AN ELECTRON ANTI-NEUTRINO (DO NOT ACCEPT: NEUTRINO, ELECTRON NEUTRINO, OR ANTI-NEUTRINO)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The absence of which of the following transcript components would decrease eukaryotic [Joo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] translational initiation? W) Poly(A) tail X) Intron Y) Stop codon Z) Internal exon	W) POLY(A) TAIL
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Leghemoglobin [leg-HEE-muh-gloh-bin] functions as an oxygen binding protein in which of the following? W) Plant roots X) Bacteria Y) Human legs Z) Lactating mothers	W) PLANT ROOTS
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following stream types best describes the Columbia River along the Columbia River Gorge? W) Meandering X) Braided Y) Ephemeral Z) Antecedent	Z) ANTECEDENT
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The Columbia River Gorge primarily cuts through what type of rock? W) Granite Y) Sandstone X) Basalt Z) Schist [SHIFT]	X) BASAL

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the name of the energy storage method where water is pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation during off-peak periods, then released through turbines to produce electric power during peak periods?

PUMPED-STORAGE HYDROELECTRICITY (ACCEPT: HYDRO-STORAGE, PUMPED HYDRO)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following sea turtle species is phylogenetically distinct from the others and can maintain body temperature elevated above ambient levels? Y) Kemp's Ridley X) Leatherback Y) Green Z) Loggerhead

X) LEATHERBACK

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

According to the Bronsted-Lowry system, a base is defined as which of the following: W) electron pair acceptor X) proton acceptor Y) proton donor Z) hydroxide donor

X) PROTON ACCEPTOR

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the molecular formula for the conjugate base of the following Bronsted-Lowry acid: H\({}{2}\)CO\({}{3}\)

HCO\({}{3}\)-

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

In response to the development of incandescent lights, gas lights were vastly improved by soaking the mantles in what substance to help convert heat and UV energy into visible light: W) thorium oxide X) titanium dioxide Y) uranium oxide Z) tungsten

W) THORIUM OXIDE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A hunter uses a 30-gram arrow that is fired by a bowstring at a velocity of 56 meters per second. What is the impulse on the arrow, to the second decimal place in kilogram meters per second?

1.68

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What specific area of the human diencephalon is responsible for producing factors that regulate the release of hormones of the pituitary?

HYPOTHALAMUS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Given that tangent \(\theta=-\dfrac{3}{4}\), find the possible values of sine \(\theta\):

\(\dfrac{3}{5}\) AND \(-\dfrac{3}{5}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the evidence that Alfred Wegener did not have that would have convinced the scientific community that his theory of continental drift was correct: W) paleomagnetic studies X) apparent fit of the continents Y) locations of ancient glacial deposits Z) comparative fossil studies

W) PALEOMAGNETIC STUDIES

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the BEST description of an ecological niche: W) a situation in which a species is well adapted to a specific set of environmental conditions X) the biomass load of a given environment Y) a pollutant that becomes concentrated in organisms as it moves up through the food chain Z) all the environmental conditions, plants, and animals of an isolated area

W) A SITUATION IN WHICH A SPECIES IS WELL ADAPTED TO A SPECIFIC SET OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the MAIN advantage of space-based telescopes over typical ground-based telescopes: W) they are not affected by radiation X) their mirrors can be any size because of zero gravity Y) they are cheaper to maintain Z) they experience no atmospheric distortion

Z) THEY EXPERIENCE NO ATMOSPHERIC DISTORTION

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The reaction Ca(OH)\({}{2}+2\)HCl \(\rightarrow\)\(2\)H\({}{2}\)O + CaCl\({}{2}\), is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition

Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true: W): comb jellies or ctenophores (read as: ten-OH-fours) have radial symmetry X): lobsters have bilateral symmetry Y): protostomes have no true cooloms (read as: SEE-loams) Z): flatworms are acoelomates (read as: ah-SEA-low-mates)

Y) PROTOSTOMES HAVE NO TRUE COELOMS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following 4 choices that are compound fruits: tomato; raspberry; grape; pineapple

RASPBERRY AND PINEAPPLE

TOSS-UP 11. MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a regular polyhedron: W) regular tetrahedron X) cube Y) regular icosahedron Z) regular hexadecagon

Z) REGULAR HEXADECAGON

TOSS-UP 12. EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a terminal moraine that resulted at the climax of the Wisconsin ice sheet: W) Long Island, New York X) the northern Bahamas Islands Y) Death Valley, California Z) Hudson Bay, Canada

W) LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

The Schmidt telescope would BEST be considered: W) an advanced adaptive optics telescope with x-ray detection capabilities X) a wide field telescope Y) a radio telescope Z) an orbital x-ray telescope

X) A WIDE FIELD TEELSCOPE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true regarding general trends for the representative elements in the Periodic Table: W) simple positive ions are always smaller than the neutral atoms from which they are formed X) elements with low ionization energies lose electrons easily Y) the size of anions increases from left to right Z) electronegativities increase from left to right

Y) THE SIZE OF ANIONS INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The index of refraction for a medium is: W) the ratio of the angles of refraction of red light and blue light in the medium X) the angle of refraction for monochromatic light in the medium Y) the ratio of the speed of light in the medium to the speed of light in a vacuum Z) the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium

Z) THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN THE MEDIUM

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following 3 classes of biological molecules whose immediate breakdown product can generate energy by feeding into metabolism at the level of pyruvate or acetyl Co-A: lipids; proteins; carbohydrates

LIPIDS; PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATES (ACCEPT: ALL)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Solve the following logarithmic equation for \(x\): \(\log{4}x=4\) (read as: log base 4 of \(x\) equals

256

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Find the 9th term of the geometric sequence whose first 3 terms are 3, 6, and 12:

768

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

The catastrophic dust bowl of the 1930's was caused by which of the following processes: W) isostatic adjustment X) basal slip Y) desertification Z) mass wasting

Y) DESERTIFICATION

BONUS EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a U-shaped valley that is partially submerged: W) fjord X) arete Y) paternoster lake Z) hanging valley

W) FJORD

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

What is the medical name for the disease caused by Clostridium bacteria that is prevalent in soils and commonly named lockjaw?

TETANUS (ACCEPT: TETANY)

BONUS GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

What is the common name for vitamin B3 that is a central component of coenzymes NAD and NADP\({}^{+}\)?

NIACIN (ACCEPT: NICOTINIC ACID)

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

Which one of the following 4 planets has the smallest orbital eccentricity: Mercury; Jupiter; Venus; Saturn

VENUS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the pH of a 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) molar HCl solution?

4

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

How many 20-ohm resistors connected in parallel will produce 5 ohms of equivalent resistance?

4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Assuming g = 10 meters per second squared, how many total newtons of thrust are needed to accelerate a 5,000-kilogram rocket vertically at 6 meters per second squared?

80,000

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

The pincers of scorptions are a modification of what arachnid appendage?

PEDIPALPS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name all of the following 4 organisms that are cephalopods (read as: SEFF-al-low-pods): squid; mussel; chambered nautilus; slug

SQUID; CHAMBERED NAUTILUS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

How many watts are equivalent to 1 joule of energy expended per minute of time?

1/60 (ACCEPT: 0.016 or 0.017 or 0.0166 or 0.0167)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Michael, who has a mass of 100 kilograms, tries to ski jump with a velocity of 15 meters per second. What is Michael's momentum, in proper SI units, as he leaves the ski jump?

1500 KILOGRAM METERS PER SECOND

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The velocity of particles in the solar wind is closest to which of the following? W) 300 meters per second X) 3 kilometers per second Y) 30 kilometers per second Z) 300 kilometers per second

Z) 300 KILOMETERS PER SECOND

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following has a shale protoolith? W) Quartzite X) Serpentinite [suhr-pen-TUH-nyd] Y) Gneiss [NYS] Z) Gabbro

Y) GNEISS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In a particular bird population, individuals that lay too many or too few eggs are less likely to survive and reproduce. Which of the following terms best describes this pattern of natural selection? W) Directional selection X) Stabilizing selection Y) Disruptive selection Z) Negative-frequency-dependent selection

X) STABILIZING SELECTION

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Spongiform encephalopathies [en-sef-uh-LOP-uh-thees], such as scrapie [SKKAY-pee], made cow disease, and kuru [KOO-roo], are produced after exposure to what general group of infectious agents?

PRIONS

TOSS-UP

3) MATH Short Answer How many 4-digit numbers contain the same digits as 2014? 18

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

What would be the total kinetic energy of an object rolling down a ramp with no slippage? W) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\)[half M-V squared] X) \(\%\) I omega\({}^{2}\)[half I omega squared] Y) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\) + \(\%\) I omega\({}^{2}\)[half M-V- squared plus half I omega squared] Z) 0

Y) \(\%\) MV\({}^{2}\) + \(\%\) I OMEGA\({}^{2}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What values in quantum systems are used to describe conserved quantities that tend to take on integer or half-integer values, examples of which are spin, azimuthal, and parity?

QUANTUM NUMBERS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A cannonball is shot vertically upward from ground level with an initial speed of 100 meters per second. Approximating \(g\) as 10 meters per second squared, and ignoring air resistance, what is the maximum height, in meters, that the cannonball reaches?

500

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following acts as a Lewis acid in the presence of water to form carbonic acid? W) Carbon dioxide X) Methane Y) Methanol Z) Formic acid

W) CARBON DIOXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Identify all of the following four compounds that would function as soluble electrolytes when added to water: sodium chloride; decane; acetic acid; barium sulfate.

1 AND 3 (ACCEPT: SODIUM CHLORIDE AND ACETIC ACID)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Spectroscopic binaries are easiest to detect when W) The stars are of the same spectral class X) The orbit is viewed edge-on Y) The orbit is wide Z) The orbit is viewed face-on

X) THE ORBIT IS VIEWED EDGE-ON

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an isotope that has attracted recent interest in terms of developing a new generation of cleaner, proliferation-resistant nuclear power? W) Uranium-235 X) Thorium-232 Y) Plutonium-239 Z) Uranium-238

X) THORIUM-232

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

A basketball player makes 6 baskets during a game, each worth 2 or 3 points. How many different possible values exist for the total points scored by the player?

SEVEN

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Venturi tubes measure the speed of gas flow via application of what rule or principle of fluid dynamics?

BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following would be least likely to be a life history trait of an r-selected organism? W) Strong competitive ability X) Rapid development Y) Early reproductive age Z) Found in disturbed habitats

W) STRONG COMPETITIVE ABILITY

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Rank, by name or number, the following three ionic compounds in terms of increasing lattice energy, from the lowest to the highest: Magnesium oxide; Sodium chloride; Sodium fluoride.

2, 3, 1 (ACCEPT: SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM FLUORIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the name of the type of curve that is formed when a piece of rope is hung between two points?

CATENARY CURVE (ACCEPT: FUNICULAR)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A truck moving at 50 meters per second begins to brake, which applies a constant force of 1000 newtons to the truck. The truck rolls 20 meters before stopping. In joules, what is the initial kinetic energy of the truck?

20,000

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a polymorph of silica? W) Cristobalite [ki-STOH-buh-lyt] X) Stishovite [STISH-uh-vyt] Y) Wadsleyite [washd-ZLEE-ahyt] Z) Quartz

Y) WADSLEYITE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Clays such as kaolinite [KAY-uh-luh-nyt] form when H+ [H plus] ions combine with which of the following? W) Sulfur compounds X) Pre-existing minerals, such as feldspars Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Primordial water emitted directly from volcanic eruptions

X) PRE-EXISTING MINERALS, SUCH AS FELDSPARS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The solubility of a gaseous solute in a liquid solvent is typically expressed in units of concentration. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid? W) Volume of the liquid X) Temperature of the liquid Y) Pressure of the gas Z) Polarity of solvent and solute molecules

W) VOLUME OF THE LIQUID

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

How many moles of O\({}{2}\)[O two] are required to completely combust 1 mole of pentane?

EIGHT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following animal respiratory pigments does not contain iron? W) Hemoglobin [HEE-muh-glob-bin] X) Hemoerythrin [bee-muh- ih-RITH-rin] Y) Myoglobin [my-uh-GLOH-bin] Z) Hemocyanin [bee-muh-SAHY-uh-neen]

Z) HEMOCYANIN

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following functions is least important in the open circulatory system of insects? W) Delivery of nutrients X) Delivery of oxygen Y) Circulation of immune cells Z) Movement of signaling molecules

X) DELIVERY OF OXYGEN

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

In general, there are three types of compensation agreements for electricity generated using distributed generation, such as solar photovoltaic. All of the following are examples, except: W) Rate allocation X) Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Y) Net metering Z) Power purchase agreement

W) RATE ALLOCATION

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Quartz clocks use a crystal oscillator that generates regularly timed electric pulses to keep track of time. What is the name of the effect through which crystals such as quartz can accumulate electric charges?

PIEZOELECTRICITY

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true about geothermal gradients? W) The gradient beneath continent crust is less steep than under oceanic crust X) They vary with tectonic environments Y) They are largely determined by the way that pressure and temperature vary in the Earth Z) The "normal" geothermal gradient in the upper part of Earth is 25'C/km [w twenty-five degrees Celisus per kilometer]

W) THE GRADIENT BENEATH CONTINENT CRUST IS LESS STEEP THAN

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The blue color found in a blue schist [SHIST] rock occurs due to what mineral?

GLAUCOPHANE (ACCEPT: SODIC AMPHIBOLITE OR CROSSITE)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the equations \(2x+8=4\) and \(ax-30=\) -22 [two x plus eight equals four and a x minus thirty equals negative twenty-two] have the same solution for \(x\), what is the value of \(a\)?

-4

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What value of \(x\) satisfies the equation \(27^{6\cdot x}=9^{x-1}\)[27 to the power of quantity six minus x equals nine to the power of quantity x minus one]?

4

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate and hydronium ions from CO\({}{2}\) and H\({}{2}\)O [C-O two and H two O]? W) Carbonic anhydrase [an-HY-days] X) Carbonic carboxyylase [Kahr-BOK-suh-layz] Y) Carbonic decarboxylase Z) Carbonic dehydrogenase [dee-HY-druh-juh-nays]

W) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The standard enthalpy and entropy of a hypothetical reaction are both positive. Assuming these values are constant with temperature, which of the following statements describes the temperature dependence of the spontaneity of the reaction? W) Spontaneous at all temperatures X) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures Y) Spontaneous at high temperatures but nonspontaneous at low temperatures Z) Spontaneous at low temperatures but nonspontaneous at high temperatures

Y) SPONTANEOUS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BUT NONSPONTANEOUS AT LOW TEMPERATURES

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A gold leaf electroscope is negatively charged by touching it with a negatively charged conductor. You then bring a positively charged glass rod close to, but not touching, the top of the electroscope. Which of the following occurs? W) The leaves do not move X) The leaves spread further apart Y) The leaves get closer together Z) The leaves first spread further apart, then move closer together

Y) THE LEAVES GET CLOSER TOGETHER

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Indicate, by number, all of the following four particles that are acted upon by gravity: electron; photon; neutrino; top quark.

1, 2, 3 AND 4 (ACCEPT: ALL OF THEM)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the spectral type of the Sun?

G (ACCEPT: G2, G2V)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

When a strong south wind occurs along the west coast of North America, Ekman transport causes water to move to which of the following? W) Onshore X) Offshore Y) Alongshore to the south Z) Alongshore to the north

W) ONSHORE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following marine microbe groups has a cell membrane mainly comprised of lipids? W) Foraminiferans [for-uh-MIN-uh-fer-uhns] X) Radiolarians [ray-dee-oh-LAIR-ee-uhns] Y) Ciliates [SIL-ee-ayts] Z) Titaxis

Y) CILIATES

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following habitat and life history combinations would select for the production of a large brood size? W) Arctic, precocial young [pri-KOH-shuh] X) Arctic, altricial young [al-TRISH-uh] Y) Tropics, precocial young Z) Tropics, altricial young

W) ARCTIC, PRECOCIAL YOUNG

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If f(x) = 3'[f of x equals 3 to the power of x], find the value of f(log\({}{3}\)[f of log base 3 of 7].

7

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

What percentage of the world's production of rare earth metals is produced by China? W) 57% X) 68% Y) 83% Z) 95%

Z) 95%

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In atomic orbital overlap, which of the following is true of destructive interference? W) It gives a bonding orbital and no nodes X) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node parallel to the internuclear axis Y) It gives an antibonding orbital and a node perpendicular to the internuclear axis Z) It gives an antibonding orbital and no nodes

Y) IT GIVES AN ANTIBONDING ORBITAL AND A NODE PERPENDICUULAR TO THE INTERNUCLEAR AXIS

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

In order to enhance the activity of the catalyst, a textural or chemical promoter may be used in ammonia synthesis. Which of the following is an example of a chemical promoter? W) Calcium oxide X) Potassium oxide Y) Aluminum oxide Z) Silicon dioxide

X) POTASSIUM OXIDE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

How many types of quarks are there in nature? W) 3 X) 5 Y) 6 Z) 10

Y) 6

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the approximate distance in kilometers covered by a photon in one year? W) 9 thousand X) 9 million Y) 9 billion Z) 9 trillion

Z) 9 TRILLION

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

On July 4, under modern conditions, the planet is at which of the following in relation to the Sun? W) Perihelion [per-uh-HEE-lee-uhn] X) Aphelion [a-FEE-lee-uhn] Y) Perigee [PER-i-jee] Z) Apogee [A-puh-jee]

X) APPLIION

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

During La Ni\(\tilde{\rm n}\)e events, which of the following is most likely? W) Drought in northeast Brazil X) Drought in most of Australia Y) Drought in the southwestern U.S. Z) Wetter than normal in Oregon and Washington

Y) DROUGHT IN THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

During meiosis [my-OH-sis], when a cell has lost both members of a homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] pair of chromosomes, which of the following types of aneuploidy [an-yoo-PLOI-deep] would apply to the cell? W) Tetrasomy X) Nullisomy Y) Monosomy Z) Trisomy

X) NULLISOMY

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

By number, place the following steps necessary for cloning a gene into bacteria from genomic DNA in order from first to last: Cut the target gene and the cloning vector with restriction enzymes; Transform bacteria with the plasmid; Ligate the target gene and the cloning vector with DNA ligase; Amplify the target gene using PCR.

4, 1, 3, 2

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

In how many ways can a committee of 7 be seated along one side of a table if the chair of the committee must sit in the middle? W) 49 X) 120 Y) 720 Z) 5040

Y) 720

BONUS MATH Short Answer

How many three-digit numbers can be made using digits 0 through 4, provided the first digit is not zero?

100

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

From 2001 to 2011, the installed wind power in the U.S. in megawatts has increased by approximately what factor? W) 3 X) 6 Y) 10 Z) 15

Y) 10

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

The characteristics of heating oil and diesel fuel are similar, except for which of the following? W) Evaporation X) Sulfur composition Y) Volatility Z) BTU

X) SULFUR COMPOSITION

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true of the compression of a system? W) Work is done on the system, and dV and dw are greater than 0 X) Work is done on the system, dV is less than 0, and dw is greater than 0 Y) Work is done by the system, dV is greater than 0, and dw is less than 0 Z) Work is done by the system, and dV and dw are less than 0

X) WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM, dV IS LESS THAN 0, AND dw IS GREATER THAN 0

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

You are traveling down a level highway in your car with mass 1000 kilograms at 30 meters per second when you see a deer and hit the brakes. How much time, in seconds, would it take to stop fully if the applied braking force is 5000 newtons?

6

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following rocks is most effective at neutralizing acid rain? W) Limestone X) Shale Y) Granite Z) Sandstone

W) LIMESTONE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If you have a white horse mate with a white horse that has many spots called leopard spots and half of their offspring have a little bit of leopard spotting, which of the following is your likely conclusion about the leopard-spotting allele? W) Co-dominant X) Low penetrance Y) Incompletely dominant Z) Low expressivity

Y) INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The power input in a perfectly efficient step-up transformer is which of the following? W) Larger than the power output X) Equal to the power output Y) Smaller than the power output Z) Not related to the power output

X) EQUAL TO THE POWER OUTPUT

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A high energy photon near a nucleus can produce an electron-positron pair. What is the minimum energy a photon must have for this to happen? W) Half of the proper energy of the electron X) The proper energy of the electron Y) Two times the proper energy of the electron Z) Ten times the proper energy of the electron

Y) TWO TIMES THE PROPER ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

What is the coefficient of the \(xy^{2}\) term in the expansion of \((x+2y)^{3}\)[open parenthesis x plus 2y close parenthesis to the power of 3]? W) 3 X) 8 Y) 12 Z) 18

Y) 12

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What is the area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius K?

\(2k^{2}\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of an A+1 isotope? W) Nitrogen X) Oxygen Y) Sulfur Z) Fluorine

W) NITROGEN

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

In neutron decay, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and what else?

AN ELECTRON ANTI-NEUTRINO (DO NOT ACCEPT: NEUTRINO, ELECTRON NEUTRINO, OR ANTI-NEUTRINO)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The absence of which of the following transcript components would decrease eukaryotic [Joo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] translational initiation? W) Poly(A) tail X) Intron Y) Stop codon Z) Internal exon

W) POLY(A) TAIL

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Leghemoglobin [leg-HEE-muh-gloh-bin] functions as an oxygen binding protein in which of the following? W) Plant roots X) Bacteria Y) Human legs Z) Lactating mothers

W) PLANT ROOTS

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following stream types best describes the Columbia River along the Columbia River Gorge? W) Meandering X) Braided Y) Ephemeral Z) Antecedent

Z) ANTECEDENT

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The Columbia River Gorge primarily cuts through what type of rock? W) Granite Y) Sandstone X) Basalt Z) Schist [SHIFT]

X) BASAL