AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	Your mother has a fluorescent light in her office, and you notice a hum coming from it. Which property, that governs the changing of a material's physical dimensions in response to a change in magnetization, causes this humming sound?	MAGNETOSTRICION
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairs would most likely undergo a Heck reaction? W) Styrene and iodobenzene X) Ethylbenzene and phenol [FEE-noI] Y) Vinyl bromide and benzene Z) Cyclohexane [sy-kluh-HEK-sayn] and allyl bromide	W) STYRENE AND IODOBENZENE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In semicrystalline polymers, the ordered regions will break up and become disordered at the melting temperature. However, amorphous regions soften over a wider range. What is the name of this range?	GLASS TRANSITION
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Restriction endonucleases [en-duh-noo-klee-AY-sis] are found in bacteria and are thought to provide protection from viruses by cutting viral DNA into small fragments. Molecular biologists have used these enzymes to do which of the following? W) Fight viral infections in eukaryotes [yoo-KAR-ee-ohts] X) Clone specific genes into plasmids for expression by bacteria Y) Restrict the production of telomeres in yeast Z) Amplify desired DNA molecules in a controlled reaction	X) CLONE SPECIFIC GENES INTO PLASMIDS FOR EXPRESSION BY BACTERIA
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	What component of the nephron establishes and maintains a salt gradient used to concentrate urine? W) Bowman's capsule X) Proximal convoluted tubule Y) Distal convoluted tubule Z) Loop of Henle	Z) LOOP OF HENLE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Given that \(f(x)=\frac{2x}{x-1}\)If of x equals the fraction with numerator 2x and denominator x minus 1] is a one-to-one function, find \(x\) so that \(f^{\mbox{-1}}(x)=5\)[f inverse of x equals 5].	5/2 (ACCEPT: 2.5 OR 2 1/2)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the region around a spinning black hole in which the frame dragging effect is so strong that all objects are forced to rotate around the black hole?	ERGOSPHERE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A 3 kilogram mass, a 4 kilogram mass, and a 5 kilogram mass are placed in a line at positions of 3 meters, 4 meters, and 5 meters, respectively, from the origin. Which of the following is nearest the location of the center of mass of this set of masses in meters from the origin? W) 0.24 X) 1.00 Y) 4.17 Z) 12.0	Y) 4.17
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A 10 ohm resistor, a 20 ohm resistor, and a 30 ohm resistor are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. How much energy in joules is dissipated in heat through the 30 ohm resistor in 60 seconds?	72
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In Barbara McClintock's famous experiments revealing the existence of transposable genes, she primarily used which of the following as her experimental organism: W) drosophila X) E. coli Y) lambda phage Z) corn plants	Z) CONN PLANTS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following would be the MOST soluble in water at room temperature: W) Aluminum sulfate X) Barium sulfate Y) Lead sulfate Z) Calcium sulfate	W) ALUMINUM SULFATE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Astrophysicists, when referring to interstellar gases, typically use the Roman numeral I to indicate that an atom is: W) singly ionized X) doubly ionized Y) contains one proton Z) neutral	Z) NEUTRAL
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If a 6-foot tall person who is standing next to a vertical pole casts a shadow of 8 feet and the pole casts a shadow of 40 feet, how many feet tall is the pole?	30
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a type of meteorite: W) chondrites X) achondrites Y) stoney-irons Z) andesites	Z) ANDESITES
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	As a close relative to the bacteria that cause botulism and gas gangrene, which of the following bacteria are a growing concern in hospitals, killing patients who have been treated with antibiotics: W) Bacillus anthracis (read as: an-THRAY-sis) X) Clostridium difficile Y) Treponema pallidium (read as: Trep-oh-KNEE-mah pal-LID-ee-um) Z) Vibrio cholera	X) CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following sets of constellations would be found nearest the ecliptic to an observer in mid-northern latitudes: W) Leo, Virgo, and Scorpius X) Pisces, Aries, and Draco Y) Cancer, Gemini, and Cassiopeia Z) Taurus, Ursa Minor, and Pisces	W) LEO, VIRGO, AND SCORPIUS
BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following will MOST likely occur if the Earth crosses the orbit of a comet: W) a meteor shower could be seen from Earth X) an asteroid will likely strike the Earth Y) red sprites and bolides will be seen both day and night Z) the Earth would temporarily lose its Van Allen belts	W) A METEOR SHOWER COULD BE SEEN FROM EARTH
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	During photosynthesis, from what substance does the oxygen that is liberated originate: W) glucose X) air Y) water Z) carbon dioxide	Y) WATER
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has what specific charge?	+1 (ACCEPT: 1 PLUS or ONE POSITIVE)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true of halogens: W) iodine is the least reactive of the stable halogens X) elemental halogens exist as diatomic molecules containing single covalent bonds Y) their outermost electron configuration is represented by ns\({}^{2}\)np\({}^{6}\) Z) halides of typical metals are ionic	Y) THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRON CONFIGATION IS REPRESENTED BY NS\({}^{2}\)NP\({}^{6}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	In the ray approximation in optics, which of the following is NOT true for a converging lens: W) a ray parallel to the optical axis passes through the focus X) a ray passing through the center of the lens is bent parallel to the optical axis Y) an object at infinity is imaged at the focus Z) a ray passing through the focus is bent parallel to the optical axis	X) A RAY PASSING THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE LENS IS BENT PARALLEL TO THE OPTICAL AXIS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Remove all negative exponents and simplify the following expression for all non-zero values of x, y, and z: \(\dfrac{(2x^{2}y^{-1}z^{3})^{0}}{(2x^{-3}y^{-4}z^{-5})}\)	\(\dfrac{x^{3}y^{4}z^{5}}{2}\) (ACCEPT: \(\dfrac{1}{2}x^{3}y^{4}z^{5}\))
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a brief yet destructive windstorm marked by cool moist air descending from a thunderstorm that is sometimes mistaken for a tornado because of the damage it produces: W) Chinook X) zephyr Y) dust devil Z) microburst	Z) MICRBURST
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice	In a recent breakthrough announcement by the CDC, which of the following diseases has been shown to have both a genetic and physiological component: W) malaria X) chronic fatigue syndrome Y) Tay Sach's disease Z) sleeping sickness	X) CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice	Which of the following BEST describes the location of the heliosphere: W) the region that extends a few thousand kilometers outside of the Sun's corona X) the region that extends from the Sun's corona to the end of the solar system Y) the region that extends from the Sun's core to the end of the solar system Z) the region of the expanding solar wind between the sun and the heliopause	Z) THE REGION OF THE EXPANDING SOLAR WIND BETWEEN THE SUN AND THE HELIOPAUSE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Bacterial transduction is primarily caused by the transference of what specific biological substance?	DNA
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	When iron becomes the ion Fe\({}^{2+}\), it W) loses two, 3\(d\) electrons X) loses two, 4\(s\) electrons Y) gains two, 3\(d\) electrons Z) gains two, 4\(s\) electrons	X) LOSES TWO, 4\(s\) ELECTRONS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Huygen's principle can be used to most directly derive which of the following: W) the speed of light X) the law of diffraction Y) the laws of reflection and refraction Z) Fermat's Principle	Y) THE LAWS OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Remove all negative exponents and simplify the following expression for all non-zero values of \(x\): \(\left(-32x^{5}\right)^{\frac{2}{5}}\)	\(\frac{1}{4x^{2}}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer	What type of volcano is made mostly of andesite and typically erupts violently and dangerously with pyroclastic flows, an example of which is Mount Fuji in Japan?	STRATOVOLCANO (ACCEPT: COMPOSITE VOLCANO)
TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer	How many carbon and hydrogen atoms are in an octane molecule?	CARBON = 8; HYDROGEN = 18
TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer	At how many parsecs is a star's absolute magnitude the same as its apparent magnitude?	10
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	In plants, water molecules are generally protected from water loss to the outside environment by what lipid-based structure covering the epidermis?	CUTICLE
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The principle quantum number '\(n\)' of an electron largely determines its: W) energy X) spin Y) shape Z) orientation	W) ENERGY
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Name all of the following compounds that exhibit ONLY London forces: CH\({}{4}\); N\({}{2}\); BaCl\({}{2}\); NH\({}{3}\)	CH\({}{4}\); N\({}{2}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	How many times as intense is 60 decibels than 30 decibels?	1,000
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the minimal force, in newtons to the first decimal place, that a mother must exert to vertically lift her 4 kilogram baby out of her play pen?	39.2
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What biological substance is the SECOND MOST abundant organic compound on Earth after cellulose, and is especially abundant in sclereids, xylem fibers and tracheids?	LIGNIN
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the system of linear equations: \(y-2x=\) - 2, \(y+x=4\) If minus two x equals negative two and y plus x equals four! W) Consistent, Dependent X) Consistent, Independent Y) Inconsistent, Dependent Z) Inconsistent, Independent	X) CONSISTENT, INDEPENDENT
BONUS MATH Short Answer	What is the largest possible sum of the digits on a 12-hour digital clock that displays the hours and minutes?	23
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following instruments would be used to sterilize glassware for use in a biology lab? W) Microtome X) Autoclave Y) Spectrometer Z) Thermocycler	X) AUTOCLAVE
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In dragons, the alleles [uh-LEELS] for yellow flame color and blue flame color are incompletely dominant. If a homozygous [hoh-muh-ZY-guhs] yellow-flame dragon mates with a homozygous blue-flame dragon, all of the brood will have green flame. Which of the following choices represents an expected probability for a brood produced by two green-flame dragons? W) 75% green flame X) 75% blue flame Y) 25% yellow flame Z) 25% green flame	Y) 25% YELLOW FLAME
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following molecules is NOT an exception to the octet rule? W) BF\({}{3}\)[B-F three] X) NH\({}{3}\)[N-H three] Y) SF\({}{4}\)[S-F four] Z) NO [N-O]	X) NH\({}{3}\)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Millikan's oil-drop experiment was used to calculate what physical value?	CHARGE OF THE ELECTRON (ACCEPT: CHARGE-TO-MASS RATIO)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The Sun's energy is generated from the fusion of what element to form what other element?	HYDROGEN TO FORM HELIUM
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus [glob-MER-yuh-luhs] compose what part of the mammalian kidney?	MALPIGHIAN BODY (ACCEPT: MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE, RENAL CORPUSCLE, RENAL CORTEX; DO NOT ACCEPT: MALPIGHIAN)
TOSS-UP Energy Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true regarding capacity factor for an electric power producer? W) Can be any number X) Always greater than 1 Y) Always between 1 and 0 Z) Always below 0	Y) ALWAY's BETWEEN 1 AND 0
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	If ( = 3, what are the minimum and maximum allowed values of the magnetic quantum number (m\({}{i}\)) [M-L], respectively? W) 1, infinity X) 0, 2 Y) -3, 3 Z) -%, %	Y) -3, 3
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An object is placed 20 centimeters in front of a thin convex lens of focal length 10 centimeters. What must be the image distance in centimeters? W) 2 X) 5 Y) 10 Z) 20	Z) 20
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Two people slide a 22 kilogram box across a frictionless floor a distance of 8 meters. Person 1 applies a force of 10 newtons to the box, while Person 2 applies a force of 12 newtons to the box in the same direction as Person 1. What is the velocity of the box, in meters per second, when it reaches the end of the 8 meters?	4
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	You are surfing at the beach and see a shark nearby, activating your vertebrate stress response. Levels of which of the following would decrease during this response? W) Cortisol X) Glucagon [GLOO-kuh-gon] Y) Insulin Z) Epinephrine [e-puh-NE-frin]	Y) INSULIN
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	If your parietal [puh-RAY-i-tl] cells were to stop functioning, which of the following would you need to stop consuming? W) Soda pop X) Steak Y) Bread Z) Salad greens	X) STEAK
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Carbon dioxide was released into the atmosphere by volcanic activity and the resulting increase in carbon dioxide levels raised world temperatures by 6 degrees Celsius. The resulting phenomenon, known as The Great Dying, occurred between what two eras?	PALEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The red shift in the spectral lines reaching us from other galaxies implies that these galaxies are which of the following? W) In rapid rotation X) Moving farther apart from one another Y) Predominantly of red giants Z) Moving closer to one another	X) MOVING FARTHER APART FROM ONE ANOTHER
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	With respect to magnesium and oxygen, respectively, how do the radii of the constituent ions compare to the corresponding neutral atoms? W) Larger and larger X) Larger and smaller Y) Smaller and larger Z) Smaller and smaller	Y) SMALLER AND LARGER
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Given that the pKa [P-K-A] of acetic acid is 4.8, find the pH to one decimal place of a solution of acetic acid that contains a 10:1 [ten to one] ratio of acetic acid to acetate.	3.8
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If \(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}=\frac{1}{z}\), [one over x minus one over y equals one over z] what does z equal in terms of \(x\) and \(y\)?	\(\frac{xy}{y-x}\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Find the inverse of the functionf(\(x)=2/(x-\)[If of x equals two divided by quantity x minus one].	\(f^{-1}(x)=(2+x)/x\) (ACCEPT: (2+x)/x, 1 + 2/x)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Carnot efficiency is limited by what physical quantity? W) Pressure X) Entropy Y) Flow rate Z) Temperature	Z) TEMPERATURE
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	What type of biofuel is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials, primarily producing methane and carbon dioxide?	BIOGAS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following fish groups is most likely to utilize tidal ventilation when feeding? W) Shark X) Tuna Y) Lamprey Z) Eel	Y) LAMPREY
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Duchenne [duh-SHEEN] muscular dystrophy is the result of a recessive disease allele [uh-LEEL] for a gene on the X-chromosome. Which of the following is true regarding inheritance of the disease? W) Females have twice the chance of developing it, because they have two X chromosomes X) Mothers with the disease allele can pass it with equal probability to sons or daughters Y) Inbreeding has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting this disease Z) An affected son is always produced if his father has the disease allele	X) MOTHERS WITH THE DISEASE ALLELE CAN PASS IT WITH EQUAL PROBABILITY TO SONS OR DAughtERS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In sulfur dioxide, what is the VSEPR [ves-per] theory prediction for the bond angle between sulfur-oxygen bonds?	120
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	A reaction is dependent upon the concentrations of L, M, and N. You find that keeping the other reactants constant and doubling L quadruples the reaction rate; halving M has no effect on the reaction rate; halving N reduces the reaction rate to 1/8 of its original value. Provide the reaction orders for L, M, and N, as well as the overall order for the reaction.	L: 2; M: 0; N: 3 Overall Order: 5
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	How many points of intersection do the lines \(2x-3y=5\) and \(x=1.5y+2\) [two x minus three y equals five and x equals one point five y plus two] have?	ZERO
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A horizontally polarized electromagnetic wave is travelling in the positive \(x\) direction. When the electric field is pointing in the negative \(z\) direction, what direction is the magnetic field pointing?	POSITIVE Y DIRECTION
TOSS-UP EARTH ANDE SPACE Multiple Choice	Present evidence suggests that, by mass, most of the matter in the universe is in the form of what material? W) Cosmic rays X) Dark matter Y) Luminous matter Z) Black holes	X) DARK MATTER
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves has been found by observing the orbital decay of the Hulse-Taylor binary. A pair of what object makes up the binary?	NEUTRON STARS (ACCEPT: PULSARS)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about Fischer projections is false? W) The structure may be rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees X) Four bonds to a chiral [KY-ruhl] carbon make a cross with the carbon at the intersection of horizontal and vertical lines Y) Two horizontal bonds are directed toward the viewer Z) Two vertical bonds are directed behind the stereogenic carbon	W) THE STRUCTURE MAY BE ROTATED BY 90 DEGREES OR 180 DEGREES
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Identify, respectively, the type of strain, if any, for both the antiperiplanar and synclinal [sin-KLYN-I] conformations of butane.	ANTIPERIPLANAR = NONE; SYNCLINAL = STERIC
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following trace nutrients is most important for proper function of cytochrome c [SY-tuh-krohm CJ? W) Magnesium X) Copper Y) Iron Z) Chromium	Y) IRON
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Assuming that one maintained a calorie deficit of 500 calories per day, approximately how long would it take to bum one pound of fat? W) 1 day X) 1 week Y) 1 month Z) 1 year	X) 1 WEEK
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is primarily responsible for the production of spectral absorption lines in the Sun? W) Cool gas in the photosphere X) Cool gas in the chromosphere Y) Hot gas in the photosphere Z) Hot gas in the chromosphere	W) COOL GAS IN THE PHOTOSPHERE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A 20 kilogram mass is suspended from the end of a spring with a spring constant of 5 newtons per meter. If the mass is displaced 10 centimeters from equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm], what is the maximum speed of the mass in meters per second? W) 0.05 X) 0.25 Y) 0.5 Z) 2	W) 0.05
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A distant planet has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance due to tidal influences from its nearby host star. If this planet's sidereal day is 50 Earth days, how long, respectively, in Earth days, are its year and its solar day?	YEAR=75, SOLAR DAY=150
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Which two spectral classes of main sequence stars have the smallest vertical velocity dispersion about the plane of the galaxy?	O AND B
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following two organisms that still exist today first appeared in the recovery period directly after the Permian-Triassic extinction? W) Marsupial wombats and wallabies X) Sea urchins and sea stars Y) Sharks and rays Z) Magnolias and grasses	X) SEA UROHINS AND SEA STARS
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the most common autosomal recessive lethal disease in the U.S. among Caucasians?	CYSTIC FIBROSIS
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	Air source heat pumps rely on an evaporative and condensing intermediate fluid. What is the general term for this fluid?	REFRIGERANT
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following light movement directions is NOT able to produce total reflection from a surface perpendicular to a light beam? W) From water to air X) From air to water Y) From glass to air Z) From oil to air	X) FROM AIR TO WATER
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Hurricanes are rated on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Tornadoes are rated on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. How are these ratings determined? W) Saffir-Simpson is based on central pressure and Enhanced Fujita is based on damage X) Saffir-Simpson is based on wind speed and Enhanced Fujita is based on damage Y) Both are based on damage Z) Both are based on vorticity	X) SAFFIR-SIMPSON IS BASED ON WIND SPEED AND ENHANCED FUJITA IS BASED ON DAMAGE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the unit in which the lengths of gene-coding DNA sequences are measured?	BASE PAIR (ACCEPT: BP)
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	While on holiday in Mexico, you note a local vendor selling arrow plant seed pods that jump due the presence of an immature insect that is violently throwing itself from side to side in the seed pod. The insect responsible for this would be a member of what insect order? W) Lepidoptera [Rep-i-DOP-ter-uh] X) Diptera Y) Coleoptera [koh-lee-OP-ter-uh] Z) Hymenoptera [hy-muh-NOP-ter-uh]	W) LEPIDOPTERA
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the term for a rate structure where the cost of electricity is based on the time of day you use it?	TIME OF USE (ACCEPT: REAL-TIME PRICING, PEAK USE)
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Enhanced Geothermal Systems, developed by the DOE, increased the availability of geothermal generated electricity in the U.S. by what multiple? W) 3 X) 5 Y) 10 Z) 40	Z) 4013) MATH Multiple Choice Given \(f(x)=\sqrt{7x^{2}-3}\) [f of x equals the square root of the quantity 7 x squared minus 3], which of the following are \(u(x)\) and \(g(u)\) such that \(f(x)=g(u(x))\) [f of x equals g of u of x]?
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Three unequal forces act on an object. If the forces have magnitudes of 30 newtons, 50 newtons, and 70 newtons, what is the minimum net force in newtons that can act on this object? W) 0 X) 10 Y) 50 Z) 90	W) 0
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	If we could capture one second of the total energy output of the Sun, store it, and use it with just 20% efficiency, how long, in years and to two significant digits, would this energy last based upon current global energy consumption? Assume the current global energy consumed per year is about 500,000,000 terajoules and the current luminosity of the Sun is 4 x 10\({}^{26}\) watts.	160,000
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	If a climate report shows the difference in surface air pressure between the Azores and Iceland, what phenomenon is it measuring? W) El Nino Southern Oscillation X) Pacific Decadal Oscillation Y) North Atlantic Oscillation Z) Arctic Oscillation	Y) NORTH ATLANIC OSCILLATION
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Detrital rocks are classified based on which of the following? W) Mineral composition X) Grain size only Y) The conditions in which they formed Z) Grain shape, grain size, and sorting	Z) GRAIN SHAPE, GRAIN SIZE, AND SORTING
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Barbara McClintock studied variation in maize kernel coloration. She found that different patterns of coloration were correlated with chromosome structural changes. She was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for her discovery. What were the genetic elements she discovered?	MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS (ACCEPT: TRANSPOSONS, JUMPING GENES OR MOBILE CONTROLLING ELEMENTS, TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS)
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following processes is NOT correctly matched with the role it plays in the global nitrogen cycle? W) Nitrogen fixation with the Haber-Bosch process X) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria with ammonia produced from nitrogen gas Y) Legume root nodules with nitrate produced from ammonia Z) Denitrification [dee-ny-truth-fi-KAY-shuhn] with nitrogen gas produced from nitrates	Y) LEGUME ROOT NODLES WITH NITRATE PRODUCED FROM AMMONIA
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A 2 kilogram piece of clay is moving with a velocity of 4 meters per second to the north when it collides perfectly inelastically with another 2 kilogram piece of clay that is moving with a speed of 3 meters per second to the east. Which of the following is nearest the angle in degrees that the combined clay's velocity will make with the east after the collision? W) 30\({}^{\circ}\) X) 37\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 53\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 60\({}^{\circ}\)	Y) 53\({}^{\circ}\)
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Given h = 6.6 x 10\({}^{\text{-}}\)34 joule seconds and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure, what is the energy of a photon in joules with a wavelength of 0.1 micrometers?	2 x 10\({}^{\text{-}}\)18
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	If X and Y are bounded sets, then which of the following is true? W) Both the union and the intersection of sets X and Y are bounded X) Both the union and the intersection of sets X and Y are unbounded Y) The union of sets X and Y is bounded and the intersection of sets X and Y is unbounded Z) The union of sets X and Y is unbounded and the intersection of sets X and Y is bounded	W) BOTH THE UNION AND THE INTERSECTION OF SETS X AND Y ARE BOUNDED
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	The Michaelis-Menten assumptions are integral to understanding the kinetics of enzyme-based reactions. Which of the following is NOT one of these assumptions? W) Substrate is present in slightly greater quantities than the enzyme X) In a steady state, the concentration of the intermediate is always constant Y) Rate is highest when enzyme catalytic sites are saturated with substrate Z) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is reversible	W) SUBSTRATE IS PRESENT IN SLIGHTLY GREATER QUANTITIES THAN THE ENZYME
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	If the proper energy of 15 grams of matter is 1.35 x 10\({}^{n}\) joules, what is the value of n? W) 9 X) 12 Y) 15 Z) 18	Y) 15
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Given that the elementary charge is 1.6 x 10\({}^{\text{-}19}\) coulombs and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant digit, how many excess electrons would be present in an object with a net negative charge of 2.5 coulombs?	2 x 10\({}^{19}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	What is the shape of the orbit of a long period comet that has exactly as much kinetic energy as the absolute value of its gravitational potential energy? W) Circle X) Parabola Y) Hyperbola Z) Ellipse	X) PARABOLA
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Order the following four index minerals according to increasing grade of metamorphism of shale: Sillimanite [SIL-uh-muh-nyt], Biotite, Chlorite, Garnet.	3, 2, 4, 1 (ACCEPT: CHLORITE, BIOTITE, GARNET, SILLIMANITE)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the name of the phenomenon whereby microorganisms detect and respond to the microbial population density in their immediate surroundings?	QUORUM SENSING

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

Your mother has a fluorescent light in her office, and you notice a hum coming from it. Which property, that governs the changing of a material's physical dimensions in response to a change in magnetization, causes this humming sound?

MAGNETOSTRICION

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs would most likely undergo a Heck reaction? W) Styrene and iodobenzene X) Ethylbenzene and phenol [FEE-noI] Y) Vinyl bromide and benzene Z) Cyclohexane [sy-kluh-HEK-sayn] and allyl bromide

W) STYRENE AND IODOBENZENE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In semicrystalline polymers, the ordered regions will break up and become disordered at the melting temperature. However, amorphous regions soften over a wider range. What is the name of this range?

GLASS TRANSITION

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Restriction endonucleases [en-duh-noo-klee-AY-sis] are found in bacteria and are thought to provide protection from viruses by cutting viral DNA into small fragments. Molecular biologists have used these enzymes to do which of the following? W) Fight viral infections in eukaryotes [yoo-KAR-ee-ohts] X) Clone specific genes into plasmids for expression by bacteria Y) Restrict the production of telomeres in yeast Z) Amplify desired DNA molecules in a controlled reaction

X) CLONE SPECIFIC GENES INTO PLASMIDS FOR EXPRESSION BY BACTERIA

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

What component of the nephron establishes and maintains a salt gradient used to concentrate urine? W) Bowman's capsule X) Proximal convoluted tubule Y) Distal convoluted tubule Z) Loop of Henle

Z) LOOP OF HENLE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Given that \(f(x)=\frac{2x}{x-1}\)If of x equals the fraction with numerator 2x and denominator x minus 1] is a one-to-one function, find \(x\) so that \(f^{\mbox{-1}}(x)=5\)[f inverse of x equals 5].

5/2 (ACCEPT: 2.5 OR 2 1/2)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the region around a spinning black hole in which the frame dragging effect is so strong that all objects are forced to rotate around the black hole?

ERGOSPHERE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A 3 kilogram mass, a 4 kilogram mass, and a 5 kilogram mass are placed in a line at positions of 3 meters, 4 meters, and 5 meters, respectively, from the origin. Which of the following is nearest the location of the center of mass of this set of masses in meters from the origin? W) 0.24 X) 1.00 Y) 4.17 Z) 12.0

Y) 4.17

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A 10 ohm resistor, a 20 ohm resistor, and a 30 ohm resistor are connected in series to a 12 volt battery. How much energy in joules is dissipated in heat through the 30 ohm resistor in 60 seconds?

72

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In Barbara McClintock's famous experiments revealing the existence of transposable genes, she primarily used which of the following as her experimental organism: W) drosophila X) E. coli Y) lambda phage Z) corn plants

Z) CONN PLANTS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following would be the MOST soluble in water at room temperature: W) Aluminum sulfate X) Barium sulfate Y) Lead sulfate Z) Calcium sulfate

W) ALUMINUM SULFATE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Astrophysicists, when referring to interstellar gases, typically use the Roman numeral I to indicate that an atom is: W) singly ionized X) doubly ionized Y) contains one proton Z) neutral

Z) NEUTRAL

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If a 6-foot tall person who is standing next to a vertical pole casts a shadow of 8 feet and the pole casts a shadow of 40 feet, how many feet tall is the pole?

30

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a type of meteorite: W) chondrites X) achondrites Y) stoney-irons Z) andesites

Z) ANDESITES

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

As a close relative to the bacteria that cause botulism and gas gangrene, which of the following bacteria are a growing concern in hospitals, killing patients who have been treated with antibiotics: W) Bacillus anthracis (read as: an-THRAY-sis) X) Clostridium difficile Y) Treponema pallidium (read as: Trep-oh-KNEE-mah pal-LID-ee-um) Z) Vibrio cholera

X) CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following sets of constellations would be found nearest the ecliptic to an observer in mid-northern latitudes: W) Leo, Virgo, and Scorpius X) Pisces, Aries, and Draco Y) Cancer, Gemini, and Cassiopeia Z) Taurus, Ursa Minor, and Pisces

W) LEO, VIRGO, AND SCORPIUS

BONUS ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following will MOST likely occur if the Earth crosses the orbit of a comet: W) a meteor shower could be seen from Earth X) an asteroid will likely strike the Earth Y) red sprites and bolides will be seen both day and night Z) the Earth would temporarily lose its Van Allen belts

W) A METEOR SHOWER COULD BE SEEN FROM EARTH

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

During photosynthesis, from what substance does the oxygen that is liberated originate: W) glucose X) air Y) water Z) carbon dioxide

Y) WATER

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has what specific charge?

+1 (ACCEPT: 1 PLUS or ONE POSITIVE)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true of halogens: W) iodine is the least reactive of the stable halogens X) elemental halogens exist as diatomic molecules containing single covalent bonds Y) their outermost electron configuration is represented by ns\({}^{2}\)np\({}^{6}\) Z) halides of typical metals are ionic

Y) THEIR OUTERMOST ELECTRON CONFIGATION IS REPRESENTED BY NS\({}^{2}\)NP\({}^{6}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

In the ray approximation in optics, which of the following is NOT true for a converging lens: W) a ray parallel to the optical axis passes through the focus X) a ray passing through the center of the lens is bent parallel to the optical axis Y) an object at infinity is imaged at the focus Z) a ray passing through the focus is bent parallel to the optical axis

X) A RAY PASSING THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE LENS IS BENT PARALLEL TO THE OPTICAL AXIS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Remove all negative exponents and simplify the following expression for all non-zero values of x, y, and z: \(\dfrac{(2x^{2}y^{-1}z^{3})^{0}}{(2x^{-3}y^{-4}z^{-5})}\)

\(\dfrac{x^{3}y^{4}z^{5}}{2}\) (ACCEPT: \(\dfrac{1}{2}x^{3}y^{4}z^{5}\))

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a brief yet destructive windstorm marked by cool moist air descending from a thunderstorm that is sometimes mistaken for a tornado because of the damage it produces: W) Chinook X) zephyr Y) dust devil Z) microburst

Z) MICRBURST

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Multiple Choice

In a recent breakthrough announcement by the CDC, which of the following diseases has been shown to have both a genetic and physiological component: W) malaria X) chronic fatigue syndrome Y) Tay Sach's disease Z) sleeping sickness

X) CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST describes the location of the heliosphere: W) the region that extends a few thousand kilometers outside of the Sun's corona X) the region that extends from the Sun's corona to the end of the solar system Y) the region that extends from the Sun's core to the end of the solar system Z) the region of the expanding solar wind between the sun and the heliopause

Z) THE REGION OF THE EXPANDING SOLAR WIND BETWEEN THE SUN AND THE HELIOPAUSE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Bacterial transduction is primarily caused by the transference of what specific biological substance?

DNA

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

When iron becomes the ion Fe\({}^{2+}\), it W) loses two, 3\(d\) electrons X) loses two, 4\(s\) electrons Y) gains two, 3\(d\) electrons Z) gains two, 4\(s\) electrons

X) LOSES TWO, 4\(s\) ELECTRONS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Huygen's principle can be used to most directly derive which of the following: W) the speed of light X) the law of diffraction Y) the laws of reflection and refraction Z) Fermat's Principle

Y) THE LAWS OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Remove all negative exponents and simplify the following expression for all non-zero values of \(x\): \(\left(-32x^{5}\right)^{\frac{2}{5}}\)

\(\frac{1}{4x^{2}}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH SCIENCE Short Answer

What type of volcano is made mostly of andesite and typically erupts violently and dangerously with pyroclastic flows, an example of which is Mount Fuji in Japan?

STRATOVOLCANO (ACCEPT: COMPOSITE VOLCANO)

TOSS-UP GENERAL SCIENCE Short Answer

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms are in an octane molecule?

CARBON = 8; HYDROGEN = 18

TOSS-UP ASTRONOMY Short Answer

At how many parsecs is a star's absolute magnitude the same as its apparent magnitude?

10

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

In plants, water molecules are generally protected from water loss to the outside environment by what lipid-based structure covering the epidermis?

CUTICLE

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The principle quantum number '\(n\)' of an electron largely determines its: W) energy X) spin Y) shape Z) orientation

W) ENERGY

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Name all of the following compounds that exhibit ONLY London forces: CH\({}{4}\); N\({}{2}\); BaCl\({}{2}\); NH\({}{3}\)

CH\({}{4}\); N\({}{2}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

How many times as intense is 60 decibels than 30 decibels?

1,000

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the minimal force, in newtons to the first decimal place, that a mother must exert to vertically lift her 4 kilogram baby out of her play pen?

39.2

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What biological substance is the SECOND MOST abundant organic compound on Earth after cellulose, and is especially abundant in sclereids, xylem fibers and tracheids?

LIGNIN

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the system of linear equations: \(y-2x=\) - 2, \(y+x=4\) If minus two x equals negative two and y plus x equals four! W) Consistent, Dependent X) Consistent, Independent Y) Inconsistent, Dependent Z) Inconsistent, Independent

X) CONSISTENT, INDEPENDENT

BONUS MATH Short Answer

What is the largest possible sum of the digits on a 12-hour digital clock that displays the hours and minutes?

23

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following instruments would be used to sterilize glassware for use in a biology lab? W) Microtome X) Autoclave Y) Spectrometer Z) Thermocycler

X) AUTOCLAVE

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In dragons, the alleles [uh-LEELS] for yellow flame color and blue flame color are incompletely dominant. If a homozygous [hoh-muh-ZY-guhs] yellow-flame dragon mates with a homozygous blue-flame dragon, all of the brood will have green flame. Which of the following choices represents an expected probability for a brood produced by two green-flame dragons? W) 75% green flame X) 75% blue flame Y) 25% yellow flame Z) 25% green flame

Y) 25% YELLOW FLAME

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules is NOT an exception to the octet rule? W) BF\({}{3}\)[B-F three] X) NH\({}{3}\)[N-H three] Y) SF\({}{4}\)[S-F four] Z) NO [N-O]

X) NH\({}{3}\)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Millikan's oil-drop experiment was used to calculate what physical value?

CHARGE OF THE ELECTRON (ACCEPT: CHARGE-TO-MASS RATIO)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The Sun's energy is generated from the fusion of what element to form what other element?

HYDROGEN TO FORM HELIUM

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus [glob-MER-yuh-luhs] compose what part of the mammalian kidney?

MALPIGHIAN BODY (ACCEPT: MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCLE, RENAL CORPUSCLE, RENAL CORTEX; DO NOT ACCEPT: MALPIGHIAN)

TOSS-UP Energy Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true regarding capacity factor for an electric power producer? W) Can be any number X) Always greater than 1 Y) Always between 1 and 0 Z) Always below 0

Y) ALWAY's BETWEEN 1 AND 0

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

If ( = 3, what are the minimum and maximum allowed values of the magnetic quantum number (m\({}{i}\)) [M-L], respectively? W) 1, infinity X) 0, 2 Y) -3, 3 Z) -%, %

Y) -3, 3

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An object is placed 20 centimeters in front of a thin convex lens of focal length 10 centimeters. What must be the image distance in centimeters? W) 2 X) 5 Y) 10 Z) 20

Z) 20

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Two people slide a 22 kilogram box across a frictionless floor a distance of 8 meters. Person 1 applies a force of 10 newtons to the box, while Person 2 applies a force of 12 newtons to the box in the same direction as Person 1. What is the velocity of the box, in meters per second, when it reaches the end of the 8 meters?

4

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

You are surfing at the beach and see a shark nearby, activating your vertebrate stress response. Levels of which of the following would decrease during this response? W) Cortisol X) Glucagon [GLOO-kuh-gon] Y) Insulin Z) Epinephrine [e-puh-NE-frin]

Y) INSULIN

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

If your parietal [puh-RAY-i-tl] cells were to stop functioning, which of the following would you need to stop consuming? W) Soda pop X) Steak Y) Bread Z) Salad greens

X) STEAK

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Carbon dioxide was released into the atmosphere by volcanic activity and the resulting increase in carbon dioxide levels raised world temperatures by 6 degrees Celsius. The resulting phenomenon, known as The Great Dying, occurred between what two eras?

PALEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The red shift in the spectral lines reaching us from other galaxies implies that these galaxies are which of the following? W) In rapid rotation X) Moving farther apart from one another Y) Predominantly of red giants Z) Moving closer to one another

X) MOVING FARTHER APART FROM ONE ANOTHER

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

With respect to magnesium and oxygen, respectively, how do the radii of the constituent ions compare to the corresponding neutral atoms? W) Larger and larger X) Larger and smaller Y) Smaller and larger Z) Smaller and smaller

Y) SMALLER AND LARGER

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Given that the pKa [P-K-A] of acetic acid is 4.8, find the pH to one decimal place of a solution of acetic acid that contains a 10:1 [ten to one] ratio of acetic acid to acetate.

3.8

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If \(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{y}=\frac{1}{z}\), [one over x minus one over y equals one over z] what does z equal in terms of \(x\) and \(y\)?

\(\frac{xy}{y-x}\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Find the inverse of the functionf(\(x)=2/(x-\)[If of x equals two divided by quantity x minus one].

\(f^{-1}(x)=(2+x)/x\) (ACCEPT: (2+x)/x, 1 + 2/x)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Carnot efficiency is limited by what physical quantity? W) Pressure X) Entropy Y) Flow rate Z) Temperature

Z) TEMPERATURE

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

What type of biofuel is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials, primarily producing methane and carbon dioxide?

BIOGAS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following fish groups is most likely to utilize tidal ventilation when feeding? W) Shark X) Tuna Y) Lamprey Z) Eel

Y) LAMPREY

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Duchenne [duh-SHEEN] muscular dystrophy is the result of a recessive disease allele [uh-LEEL] for a gene on the X-chromosome. Which of the following is true regarding inheritance of the disease? W) Females have twice the chance of developing it, because they have two X chromosomes X) Mothers with the disease allele can pass it with equal probability to sons or daughters Y) Inbreeding has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting this disease Z) An affected son is always produced if his father has the disease allele

X) MOTHERS WITH THE DISEASE ALLELE CAN PASS IT WITH EQUAL PROBABILITY TO SONS OR DAughtERS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In sulfur dioxide, what is the VSEPR [ves-per] theory prediction for the bond angle between sulfur-oxygen bonds?

120

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

A reaction is dependent upon the concentrations of L, M, and N. You find that keeping the other reactants constant and doubling L quadruples the reaction rate; halving M has no effect on the reaction rate; halving N reduces the reaction rate to 1/8 of its original value. Provide the reaction orders for L, M, and N, as well as the overall order for the reaction.

L: 2; M: 0; N: 3 Overall Order: 5

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

How many points of intersection do the lines \(2x-3y=5\) and \(x=1.5y+2\) [two x minus three y equals five and x equals one point five y plus two] have?

ZERO

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A horizontally polarized electromagnetic wave is travelling in the positive \(x\) direction. When the electric field is pointing in the negative \(z\) direction, what direction is the magnetic field pointing?

POSITIVE Y DIRECTION

TOSS-UP EARTH ANDE SPACE Multiple Choice

Present evidence suggests that, by mass, most of the matter in the universe is in the form of what material? W) Cosmic rays X) Dark matter Y) Luminous matter Z) Black holes

X) DARK MATTER

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves has been found by observing the orbital decay of the Hulse-Taylor binary. A pair of what object makes up the binary?

NEUTRON STARS (ACCEPT: PULSARS)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about Fischer projections is false? W) The structure may be rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees X) Four bonds to a chiral [KY-ruhl] carbon make a cross with the carbon at the intersection of horizontal and vertical lines Y) Two horizontal bonds are directed toward the viewer Z) Two vertical bonds are directed behind the stereogenic carbon

W) THE STRUCTURE MAY BE ROTATED BY 90 DEGREES OR 180 DEGREES

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Identify, respectively, the type of strain, if any, for both the antiperiplanar and synclinal [sin-KLYN-I] conformations of butane.

ANTIPERIPLANAR = NONE; SYNCLINAL = STERIC

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following trace nutrients is most important for proper function of cytochrome c [SY-tuh-krohm CJ? W) Magnesium X) Copper Y) Iron Z) Chromium

Y) IRON

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Assuming that one maintained a calorie deficit of 500 calories per day, approximately how long would it take to bum one pound of fat? W) 1 day X) 1 week Y) 1 month Z) 1 year

X) 1 WEEK

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the production of spectral absorption lines in the Sun? W) Cool gas in the photosphere X) Cool gas in the chromosphere Y) Hot gas in the photosphere Z) Hot gas in the chromosphere

W) COOL GAS IN THE PHOTOSPHERE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A 20 kilogram mass is suspended from the end of a spring with a spring constant of 5 newtons per meter. If the mass is displaced 10 centimeters from equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm], what is the maximum speed of the mass in meters per second? W) 0.05 X) 0.25 Y) 0.5 Z) 2

W) 0.05

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A distant planet has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance due to tidal influences from its nearby host star. If this planet's sidereal day is 50 Earth days, how long, respectively, in Earth days, are its year and its solar day?

YEAR=75, SOLAR DAY=150

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Which two spectral classes of main sequence stars have the smallest vertical velocity dispersion about the plane of the galaxy?

O AND B

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following two organisms that still exist today first appeared in the recovery period directly after the Permian-Triassic extinction? W) Marsupial wombats and wallabies X) Sea urchins and sea stars Y) Sharks and rays Z) Magnolias and grasses

X) SEA UROHINS AND SEA STARS

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the most common autosomal recessive lethal disease in the U.S. among Caucasians?

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

Air source heat pumps rely on an evaporative and condensing intermediate fluid. What is the general term for this fluid?

REFRIGERANT

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following light movement directions is NOT able to produce total reflection from a surface perpendicular to a light beam? W) From water to air X) From air to water Y) From glass to air Z) From oil to air

X) FROM AIR TO WATER

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Hurricanes are rated on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Tornadoes are rated on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. How are these ratings determined? W) Saffir-Simpson is based on central pressure and Enhanced Fujita is based on damage X) Saffir-Simpson is based on wind speed and Enhanced Fujita is based on damage Y) Both are based on damage Z) Both are based on vorticity

X) SAFFIR-SIMPSON IS BASED ON WIND SPEED AND ENHANCED FUJITA IS BASED ON DAMAGE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the unit in which the lengths of gene-coding DNA sequences are measured?

BASE PAIR (ACCEPT: BP)

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

While on holiday in Mexico, you note a local vendor selling arrow plant seed pods that jump due the presence of an immature insect that is violently throwing itself from side to side in the seed pod. The insect responsible for this would be a member of what insect order? W) Lepidoptera [Rep-i-DOP-ter-uh] X) Diptera Y) Coleoptera [koh-lee-OP-ter-uh] Z) Hymenoptera [hy-muh-NOP-ter-uh]

W) LEPIDOPTERA

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the term for a rate structure where the cost of electricity is based on the time of day you use it?

TIME OF USE (ACCEPT: REAL-TIME PRICING, PEAK USE)

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Enhanced Geothermal Systems, developed by the DOE, increased the availability of geothermal generated electricity in the U.S. by what multiple? W) 3 X) 5 Y) 10 Z) 40

Z) 4013) MATH Multiple Choice Given \(f(x)=\sqrt{7x^{2}-3}\) [f of x equals the square root of the quantity 7 x squared minus 3], which of the following are \(u(x)\) and \(g(u)\) such that \(f(x)=g(u(x))\) [f of x equals g of u of x]?

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Three unequal forces act on an object. If the forces have magnitudes of 30 newtons, 50 newtons, and 70 newtons, what is the minimum net force in newtons that can act on this object? W) 0 X) 10 Y) 50 Z) 90

W) 0

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

If we could capture one second of the total energy output of the Sun, store it, and use it with just 20% efficiency, how long, in years and to two significant digits, would this energy last based upon current global energy consumption? Assume the current global energy consumed per year is about 500,000,000 terajoules and the current luminosity of the Sun is 4 x 10\({}^{26}\) watts.

160,000

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

If a climate report shows the difference in surface air pressure between the Azores and Iceland, what phenomenon is it measuring? W) El Nino Southern Oscillation X) Pacific Decadal Oscillation Y) North Atlantic Oscillation Z) Arctic Oscillation

Y) NORTH ATLANIC OSCILLATION

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Detrital rocks are classified based on which of the following? W) Mineral composition X) Grain size only Y) The conditions in which they formed Z) Grain shape, grain size, and sorting

Z) GRAIN SHAPE, GRAIN SIZE, AND SORTING

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Barbara McClintock studied variation in maize kernel coloration. She found that different patterns of coloration were correlated with chromosome structural changes. She was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for her discovery. What were the genetic elements she discovered?

MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS (ACCEPT: TRANSPOSONS, JUMPING GENES OR MOBILE CONTROLLING ELEMENTS, TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS)

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes is NOT correctly matched with the role it plays in the global nitrogen cycle? W) Nitrogen fixation with the Haber-Bosch process X) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria with ammonia produced from nitrogen gas Y) Legume root nodules with nitrate produced from ammonia Z) Denitrification [dee-ny-truth-fi-KAY-shuhn] with nitrogen gas produced from nitrates

Y) LEGUME ROOT NODLES WITH NITRATE PRODUCED FROM AMMONIA

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A 2 kilogram piece of clay is moving with a velocity of 4 meters per second to the north when it collides perfectly inelastically with another 2 kilogram piece of clay that is moving with a speed of 3 meters per second to the east. Which of the following is nearest the angle in degrees that the combined clay's velocity will make with the east after the collision? W) 30\({}^{\circ}\) X) 37\({}^{\circ}\) Y) 53\({}^{\circ}\) Z) 60\({}^{\circ}\)

Y) 53\({}^{\circ}\)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Given h = 6.6 x 10\({}^{\text{-}}\)34 joule seconds and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant figure, what is the energy of a photon in joules with a wavelength of 0.1 micrometers?

2 x 10\({}^{\text{-}}\)18

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

If X and Y are bounded sets, then which of the following is true? W) Both the union and the intersection of sets X and Y are bounded X) Both the union and the intersection of sets X and Y are unbounded Y) The union of sets X and Y is bounded and the intersection of sets X and Y is unbounded Z) The union of sets X and Y is unbounded and the intersection of sets X and Y is bounded

W) BOTH THE UNION AND THE INTERSECTION OF SETS X AND Y ARE BOUNDED

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

The Michaelis-Menten assumptions are integral to understanding the kinetics of enzyme-based reactions. Which of the following is NOT one of these assumptions? W) Substrate is present in slightly greater quantities than the enzyme X) In a steady state, the concentration of the intermediate is always constant Y) Rate is highest when enzyme catalytic sites are saturated with substrate Z) The reaction between the substrate and the enzyme is reversible

W) SUBSTRATE IS PRESENT IN SLIGHTLY GREATER QUANTITIES THAN THE ENZYME

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

If the proper energy of 15 grams of matter is 1.35 x 10\({}^{n}\) joules, what is the value of n? W) 9 X) 12 Y) 15 Z) 18

Y) 15

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Given that the elementary charge is 1.6 x 10\({}^{\text{-}19}\) coulombs and providing your answer in scientific notation to one significant digit, how many excess electrons would be present in an object with a net negative charge of 2.5 coulombs?

2 x 10\({}^{19}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

What is the shape of the orbit of a long period comet that has exactly as much kinetic energy as the absolute value of its gravitational potential energy? W) Circle X) Parabola Y) Hyperbola Z) Ellipse

X) PARABOLA

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Order the following four index minerals according to increasing grade of metamorphism of shale: Sillimanite [SIL-uh-muh-nyt], Biotite, Chlorite, Garnet.

3, 2, 4, 1 (ACCEPT: CHLORITE, BIOTITE, GARNET, SILLIMANITE)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the name of the phenomenon whereby microorganisms detect and respond to the microbial population density in their immediate surroundings?

QUORUM SENSING