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Troodos_Mountains | Troodos ( sometimes spelled Troödos ; Τρόοδος -LSB- ˈtɾooðos -RSB- Trodos Dağları ) is the largest mountain range in Cyprus , located in roughly the center of the island . Troodos ' highest peak is Mount Olympus at 1,952 meters , which hosts four ski slopes . The Troodos mountain range stretches across most of the western side of Cyprus . There are many famous mountain resorts , Byzantine monasteries and churches on mountain peaks , and nestling in its valleys and picturesque mountains are villages clinging to terraced hill slopes . The area has been known since antiquity for its mines , which for centuries supplied copper to the entire Mediterranean . In the Byzantine period it became a great centre of Byzantine art , as churches and monasteries were built in the mountains , away from the threatened coastline . The mountains are also home to RAF Troodos , a listening post for the NSA and GCHQ . |
Timeline_of_the_1990_Pacific_hurricane_season | The 1990 Pacific hurricane season saw a then-record 16 hurricanes form . Throughout the year , 21 tropical cyclones became named storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean . Hurricane Alma formed on May 12 , 1990 , three days before the season 's official start on May 15 . The Central Pacific hurricane season began on June 1 , covering tropical cyclone formation in the region between 140 ° W and International Dateline . Hurricane Trudy was the last storm to dissipate , doing so on November 1 , nearly a month before the Pacific hurricane season officially ended on November 30 . The season produced twenty-seven tropical depressions , of which twenty-one became named storms , and sixteen strengthened into hurricanes . Six out of the sixteen hurricanes strengthened into major hurricanes . Despite high levels of activity , Rachel was the only system to make landfall , bringing floods to Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern United States . Thousands were left homeless , and there were 18 confirmed fatalities . Additionally , the remnants of Hurricane Boris brought light showers to California . At that time , Hurricane Hernan was the strongest Pacific hurricane to have its intensity estimated via satellite imagery ; this record was matched by Hurricane Trudy months later . One tropical storm formed in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's warning zone and eventually crossed the International Dateline before dissipating . This timeline includes information that was not operationally released , meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center , such as a storm that was not operationally warned upon , has been included . This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , and dissipations during the season . |
Tropical_Asia | Through a crop-based biodiversity , natural resources and animals ( birds , fruits , and forests ) , Tropical Asia is economically and physiogeographically rich . There are 16 countries of Tropical Asia ranging in size from around 610 km ² ( Singapore ) to 3,000,000 km ² ( India ) . Its population , is dominantly rural -- however , in 1995 , a census showed that a region with 6 out of 25 of the large cities . The population is 1.6 billion , likely to reach 2.4 billion in 2025 . Climate in Tropical Asia is subject to seasonal weather patterns with the two monsoons and the amount of tropical cyclones in the three core areas of cyclogenesis ( the Bay of Bengal , north Pacific Ocean and South China Sea ) . The climate varies over several environmental factors such as : growing urbanization , land industrialization and economic development or the opposite land degradation , environmental issues , and increased pollution . |
Thunderstorm | A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction . Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm , moist air , sometimes along a front . As the warm , moist air moves upward , it cools , condenses , and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 km . As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature , water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice , reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell . Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth 's surface . As the droplets fall , they collide with other droplets and become larger . The falling droplets create a downdraft as it pulls cold air with it , and this cold air spreads out at the Earth 's surface , occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms . Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts . There are four types of thunderstorms : single-cell , multi-cell cluster , multi-cell lines , and supercells . Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and the most associated with severe weather phenomena . Mesoscale convective systems formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes . Dry thunderstorms , with no precipitation , can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the cloud-to-ground lightning that accompanies them . Several means are used to study thunderstorms : weather radar , weather stations , and video photography . Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century . Beyond the Earth 's atmosphere , thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and , probably , Venus . |
Tropical_Storm_Lee_(2011) | Tropical Storm Lee was the twelfth named storm and thirteenth system overall of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season , developing from a broad tropical disturbance over the Gulf on September 1 . It was designated as Tropical Storm Lee the next day . The system was rather large , and due to drifting , Lee brought flash flooding to the Gulf Coast . Flooding associated with the rains caused significant property damage in the areas , with drowning deaths reported in both Mississippi and Georgia . Elsewhere , the storm helped spread wildfires that destroyed homes and killed two people in Texas , and a traffic accident in Alabama resulted in one death . Rough surf offshore drowned one person in each of these states . Lee spawned 30 confirmed tornadoes in the United States . After becoming extratropical , Lee caused historic flooding in Pennsylvania , New York , and Canada , mainly Quebec and Ontario . Lee was the first subtropical or tropical storm to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Gustav in 2008 . Damage total is estimated to be around $ 1.6 billion . |
Tipping_point_(climatology) | A climate tipping point is a somewhat ill-defined concept of a point when global climate changes from one stable state to another stable state , in a similar manner to a wine glass tipping over . After the tipping point has been passed , a transition to a new state occurs . The tipping event may be irreversible , comparable to wine spilling from the glass : standing up the glass will not put the wine back . |
Tropical_agriculture | Worldwide more human beings gain their livelihood from agriculture than any other endeavor ; the majority are self-employed subsistence farmers living in the tropics . While growing food for local consumption is the core of tropical agriculture , cash crops ( normally crops grown for export ) are also included in the definition . When people discuss the tropics , it is normal to use generalized labels to group together similar tropical areas . Common terms would include the humid-tropics ( rainforests ) ; the arid-tropics ( deserts and dry areas ) ; or monsoon zones ( those areas that have well defined wet/dry seasons and experience monsoons ) . Such labeling is very useful when discussing agriculture , because what works in one area of the world will normally work in a similar area somewhere else , even if that area is on the opposite side of the globe . Most temperate zone agricultural techniques are inappropriate for tropical areas . The second half of the 20th century saw many attempts to duplicate in the tropics farming practices that had been successful in temperate climates . Due to differences in climate , soils , and patterns of land ownership , these largely failed . When they did succeed they tended to heavily favor farmers with substantial land holdings , as a high percentage of temperate agricultural practices are economically `` scale-based '' and favor large scale production . This in turn pushed many small-scale farmers on to ever more marginal land , as the better quality land was consolidated into larger farms . |
Topographic_map | In modern mapping , a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief , usually using contour lines , but historically using a variety of methods . Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features . A topographic map is typically published as a map series , made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map . A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation . Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps : Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with another type of map ; they are distinguished from smaller-scale `` chorographic maps '' that cover large regions , `` planimetric maps '' that do not show elevations , and `` thematic maps '' that focus on specific topics . However , in the vernacular and day to day world , the representation of relief ( contours ) is popularly held to define the genre , such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly ( and erroneously , in the technical sense ) called `` topographic '' . The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study , which takes into account all natural and man-made features of terrain . |
Timeline_of_the_2004_Pacific_hurricane_season | The 2004 Pacific hurricane season had 17 tropical cyclones , of which 12 became named storms , 6 became hurricanes , and 3 became major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher ) . This timeline documents all the storm formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , extratropical transitions , as well as dissipation . It also includes information which was not operationally released , meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center , such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on , have been included . The season officially began on May 15 , 2004 in the eastern Pacific proper ( June 1 , 2004 in the central Pacific ) and lasted until November 30 that same year . Areas east of 140 ° W are under the purview of the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) ; the area between the International Date Line and 140 ° W , or the central Pacific , is under the purview of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) . The 2004 season got off to an early start with Tropical Storm Agatha , which formed a week after the season began . No tropical cyclones were active in June , the first such occurrence since 1969 . July was more active , producing four tropical cyclones . Three of these ( Blas , Celia , and Darby ) became named storms , two ( Celia and Darby ) became hurricanes , and Hurricane Darby became the first major hurricane of the season . Additionally , a tropical depression in the central Pacific became the only tropical cyclone to form within the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility during the year . August was the most active month , producing six tropical cyclones , four named storms , and two hurricanes ( Frank and Howard ) . September saw a decline in activity , although all three storms that existed during the month were hurricanes , two of which ( Howard and Javier ) were major hurricanes . Hurricane Howard , which had formed in August , only became a major hurricane in September . Hurricane Javier -- the final storm during the month -- was the strongest storm of the season . October saw the final three tropical cyclones of the year ; two developed into named storms ( Kay and Lester ) . Neither of these storms became hurricanes . |
Total_Carbon_Column_Observing_Network | The Total Carbon Column Observing Network ( TCCON ) is a global network of instruments that measure the amount of carbon dioxide , methane , carbon monoxide , nitrous oxide and other trace gases in the Earth 's atmosphere . The TCCON ( -LSB- ˈtiːkɒn -RSB- ) began in 2004 with the installation of the first instrument in Park Falls , Wisconsin , USA , and has since grown to 23 operational instruments worldwide , with 7 former sites . The TCCON is designed to investigate several things , including the flow ( or flux ) of carbon between the atmosphere , land , and ocean ( the so-called carbon budget or carbon cycle ) . This is achieved by measuring the atmospheric mass of carbon ( the airborne fraction ) . The TCCON measurements have improved the scientific community 's understanding of the carbon cycle , and urban greenhouse gas emissions . The TCCON supports several satellite instruments by providing an independent measurement to compare ( or validate ) the satellite measurements of the atmosphere over the TCCON site locations . The TCCON provides the primary measurement validation dataset for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory ( OCO-2 ) mission , and has been used to validate other space-based measurements of carbon dioxide . |
Transformation_in_economics | Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals . Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the `` normal '' state , trend or development . Among them are Disturbance ( short-term disruption , temporary disorder ) , Perturbation ( persistent or repeated divergence , predicament , decline or crisis ) , Deformation ( damage , regime change , loss of self-sustainability , distortion ) , Transformation ( long-term change , restructuring , conversion , new `` normal '' ) and Renewal ( rebirth , transmutation , corso-ricorso , renaissance , new beginning ) . Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity ( economic sector ) . Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate . Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology , inflow of useful innovations , accumulated practical knowledge and experience , levels of education , viability of institutions , quality of decision making and organized human effort . Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution . Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations : From nomadic hunting and gathering ( H/G ) to localized agriculture From localized agriculture ( A ) to internationalized industry From international industry ( I ) to global services From global services ( S ) to public sector ( including government , welfare and unemployment , GWU ) This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food , through producing useful things , to providing helpful services , both private and public ( See H/G → A → I → S → GWU sequence in Fig. 1 ) . Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations , from millennia , through centuries , to decades of the recent era . It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today , more fundamental in its impact than any recession , crisis or depression . The evolution of four forms of capital ( Indicated in Fig. 1 ) accompanies all economic transformations . Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises , despite the similarity of manifested phenomena ( unemployment , technology shifts , socio-political discontent , bankruptcies , etc. ) . However , the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations . The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation ( globalization → relocalization ) . |
Total_inorganic_carbon | The total inorganic carbon ( CT , or TIC ) or dissolved inorganic carbon ( DIC ) is the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution . The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide , carbonic acid , bicarbonate anion , and carbonate . It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO2 * . CT is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems , and carbon dioxide flux estimates . CT = -LSB- CO2 * -RSB- + -LSB- HCO3 − -RSB- + -LSB- CO32 − -RSB- where , CT is the total inorganic carbon -LSB- CO2 * -RSB- is the sum of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations ( -LSB- CO2 * -RSB- = -LSB- CO2 -RSB- + -LSB- H2CO3 -RSB- ) -LSB- HCO3 − -RSB- is the bicarbonate concentration -LSB- CO32 − -RSB- is the carbonate concentration Each of these species are related by the following pH-driven chemical equilibria : CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H + + HCO3 − 2H + + CO32 − The concentrations of the different species of DIC ( and which species is dominant ) depends on the pH of the solution , as shown by a Bjerrum plot . Total inorganic carbon is typically measured by the acidification of the sample which drives the equilibria to CO2 . This gas is then sparged from solution and trapped , and the quantity trapped is then measured , usually by infrared spectroscopy . |
Tourism_in_the_United_States | Tourism in the United States is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly . Tourists visit the US to see natural wonders , cities , historic landmarks , and entertainment venues . Americans seek similar attractions , as well as recreation and vacation areas . Tourism in the United States grew rapidly in the form of urban tourism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . By the 1850s , tourism in the United States was well established both as a cultural activity and as an industry . New York , Chicago , Boston , Philadelphia , Washington , D.C. , and San Francisco , all major US cities , attracted a large number of tourists by the 1890s . By 1915 , city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived , organized , and moved . Democratization of travel occurred during the early twentieth century when the automobile revolutionized travel . Similarly air travel revolutionized travel during 1945 -- 1969 , contributing greatly to tourism in the United States . Purchases of travel and tourism-related goods and services by international visitors traveling in the United States totaled $ 10.9 billion during February 2013 . The travel and tourism industry in the United States were among the first commercial casualties of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , a series of terrorist attacks on the US . Terrorists used four commercial airliners as weapons of destruction , all of which were destroyed in the attacks . In the US , tourism is either the first , second , or third largest employer in 29 states , employing 7.3 million in 2004 , to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the US in 2005 . As of 2007 , there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks ( NHL ) recognized by the United States government . As of 2016 , Orlando is the most visited destination in the United States . Tourists spend more money in the United States than any other country , while attracting the second-highest number of tourists after France . The discrepancy may be explained by longer stays in the US . |
Trend_stationary | In the statistical analysis of time series , a stochastic process is trend stationary if an underlying trend ( function solely of time ) can be removed , leaving a stationary process . The trend does not have to be linear . Contrarily , if the process requires one or more differencing to be made stationary , then it is called difference stationary and possesses one or more unit roots . Those two concepts may sometimes be confused , but while they share many properties , they are different in many aspects . It is possible for a time series to be non-stationary , have no unit root yet be trend-stationary . In both unit root and trend-stationary processes , the mean can be growing or decreasing over time ; however , in the presence of a shock , trend-stationary processes are mean-reverting ( i.e. transitory , the time serie will converge again towards the growing mean , which was not affected by the shock ) while unit-root processes have a permanent impact on the mean ( i.e. no convergence over time ) . |
Tornadoes_of_2017 | This page documents notable tornadoes and tornado outbreaks worldwide in 2017 . Strong and destructive tornadoes form most frequently in the United States , Bangladesh , and Eastern India , but they can occur almost anywhere under the right conditions . Tornadoes also develop occasionally in southern Canada during the Northern Hemisphere 's summer and somewhat regularly at other times of the year across Europe , Asia , and Australia . Tornadic events are often accompanied with other forms of severe weather , including strong thunderstorms , strong winds , and hail . There have been 935 reports of tornadoes in the United States in 2017 so far , of which at least 830 have been confirmed . A total of 40 tornado-related deaths have occurred worldwide as of May 31 : 38 in the United States , one in Brazil and Russia . 2017 got off to an exceptionally early start , having the second most active January since records began in 1950 , and one of the most active first quarters in recorded history . 2017 has also had four high risks issued by the Storm Prediction Center so far this year . This is the most active in the sense of high risks since 2011 , which had five high risks issued throughout the entire year . |
Triple_divide | A triple divide or triple watershed is a point on the Earth 's surface where three drainage basins meet . If two river basins come together at a drainage divide , the meeting of three basins always occurs at the meeting of two drainage divides . Some triple divides are prominent mountain peaks , but often they are minor side peaks , or even simple slope changes on a ridge which are otherwise unremarkable . Topographic triple divides do not necessarily respect the underground path of water . Thus , depending on the infiltration and the different geological layers , the hydrologic triple divide is often offset from the topographic triple divide . The term hydrological apex refers to a triple divide considered the dominant one of a whole continent , because its waters flow into three different oceans . Snow Dome and Triple Divide Peak both have a claim to be `` hydrological apex '' of North America , depending on how the Arctic and Atlantic oceans are defined . |
Timeline_of_the_2006_Pacific_hurricane_season | The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the most active since the 2000 season , producing produced 21 tropical depressions ; 19 of which became tropical storms or hurricanes . The season officially started on May 15 , 2006 in the eastern Pacific , designated as the area east of 140 ° W , and on June 1 , 2006 in the central Pacific , which is between the International Date Line and 140 ° W , and lasted until November 30 , 2006 . These dates typically limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin . This timeline documents all the storm formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , extratropical transitions , as well as dissipation . The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released , meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center , such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on , have been included . The first storm of the season , Tropical Storm Aletta , formed off the southwest coast of Mexico . After no storms formed in June , the season became active again in July when five named storms developed , including Hurricane Daniel , which was the second strongest storm of the season . Six storms formed during August , including Hurricane Ioke and Hurricane John . September was a relatively inactive month , producing only two storms , of which one was Hurricane Lane . Three storms developed in October and two formed in November ; this marked the first time on record when more than one tropical storm developed in the basin during the month of November . |
Trans-Canada_Highway | The Trans-Canada Highway ( French : Route Transcanadienne ) is a transcontinental federal-provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada from the Pacific Ocean on the west to the Atlantic on the east . The main route spans 8030 km across the country , one of the longest routes of its type in the world . The system was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949 , with construction commencing in 1950 . The highway officially opened in 1962 , and was completed in 1971 . Upon its original completion , the Trans-Canada Highway was the most lengthy uninterrupted highway in the world . The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers . Throughout much of Canada , there are at least two routes designated as part of the Trans-Canada Highway ( TCH ) . For example , in the western provinces , both the main Trans-Canada route and the Yellowhead Highway are part of the Trans-Canada system . Although the TCH does not enter any of Canada 's three northern territories , the Trans-Canada Highway forms part of Canada 's overall National Highway System , providing connections to the Northwest Territories , Yukon and the Canada -- US border . In 2012 , a series of free public electric vehicle charging stations were installed along the main route of the highway by a private company , Sun Country Highway , permitting electric vehicle travel across the entire length , as demonstrated by the company 's president , Kent Rathwell , in a publicity trip in a Tesla Roadster . , this made it the longest electric vehicle ready highway in the world . |
Tropospheric_ozone | Ozone ( O3 ) is a constituent of the troposphere ( it is also an important constituent of some regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the ozone layer ) . The troposphere extends from the Earth 's surface to between 12 and 20 kilometers above sea level and consists of many layers . Ozone is more concentrated above the mixing layer , or ground layer . Ground-level ozone , though less concentrated than ozone aloft , is more of a problem because of its health effects . Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night . At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities ( largely incomplete combustion of fossil fuels , such as gasoline , diesel , etc. ) , it is a pollutant , and a constituent of smog . Many highly energetic reactions produce it , ranging from combustion to photocopying . Often laser printers will have a smell of ozone , which in high concentrations is toxic . Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent readily reacting with other chemical compounds to make many possibly toxic oxides . Tropospheric ozone is a greenhouse gas and initiates the chemical removal of methane and other hydrocarbons from the atmosphere . Thus , its concentration affects how long these compounds remain in the air . |
Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina | Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for `` Land of Fire '' ; -LSB- ˈtjera ðel ˈfweɣo -RSB- ; officially Provincia de Tierra del Fuego , Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur ) is an Argentine province . The province had been inhabited by indigenous people for more than 12,000 years , since they migrated south of the mainland . It was first discovered by a European in 1520 when spotted by Ferdinand Magellan . Even after Argentina achieved independence , this territory remained under indigenous control until the nation 's campaign known as the Conquest of the Desert in the 1870s . After destroying most of the native population in the desert part of Patagonia , Argentina organized this section in 1885 as a territory . European immigration followed due to a gold rush and rapid expansion of sheep farming on large ranches in the area . Tierra del Fuego is the most recent Argentine territory to gain provincial status , which occurred in 1990 . |
Transboundary_Watershed_Region | The Transboundary Watershed Region is a region of northwest British Columbia and southeast Alaska that includes the Tatshenshini-Alsek , Chilkat , Chilkoot , Skagway , Taiya , Taku , Iskut-Stikine , Unuk , and Whiting watersheds . The region extends from high alpine tundra , through boreal landscapes and coastal rainforests , to the island marine environment of southeast Alaska , covering over 130000 km2 . The land and rivers within these watersheds support populations of wildlife including : grizzly and black bears , moose , caribou , mountain goats , sheep , wolves , and rare migratory birds . The major rivers of the region are abundant with wild Pacific salmon . The `` Transboundary Watershed Region '' remains home to the Tlingit , Tahltan , Haida , Champagne-Aishihik and Carcross-Tagish First Nations , among others . |
Trifluoromethyl_sulphur_pentafluoride | Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride , CF3SF5 , is a rare industrial greenhouse gas , first published in 2000 by a group of researchers from Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States . Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride is considered to be one of the several super greenhouse gases . On a per molecule basis , it is considered to be the most potent greenhouse gas present in Earth 's atmosphere . However , the current concentration of Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride remains at a level that is unlikely to measurably contribute to earth 's warming . The source of the gas is attributed to anthropogenic sources , possibly a by-product of the manufacture of fluorochemicals , originating from reactions of SF6 with fluoropolymers used in electronic devices and in microchips , or the formation can be associated with high voltage equipment created from SF6 ( a breakdown product of high voltage equipment ) reacting with CF3 to form the CF3SF5 molecule . |
Tornadoes_in_the_United_States | Tornadoes are more common in the United States than in any other country . The United States receives more than 1,200 tornadoes annually -- four times the amount seen in Europe . Violent tornadoes -- those rated EF4 or EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale -- occur more often in the United States than in any other country . Most tornadoes in the United States occur east of the Rocky Mountains . The Great Plains , the Midwest , the Mississippi Valley and the southern United States are all areas that are vulnerable to tornadoes . They are relatively rare west of the Rockies and are also less frequent in the northeastern states . Tornado Alley is a colloquial term for an area particularly prone to tornadoes . There is no officially defined ` Tornado Alley ' - at its broadest this area stretches from North Texas to Canada with its core centered on Oklahoma , Kansas and northern Texas . Another highly significant region - colloquially known as Dixie Alley - is the southern United States and particularly the northern and central parts of Alabama and Mississippi . Florida is one of the most tornado prone states . However , Florida tornadoes only rarely approach the strength of those that occur elsewhere . Although favorable conditions for tornadoes in the United States can occur at any time , they are most common in spring and least common in winter . Because spring is a transitional period for the climate , there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air , resulting in more thunderstorms . Tornadoes can also be spawned by landfalling tropical cyclones , which usually occur in late summer and autumn . In the United States , thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes usually form when the temperature is at its highest , typically from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Although the period in which most tornadoes strike ( `` tornado season '' ) is March through June , tornadoes - including violent tornadoes and major tornado outbreaks - have been documented in the United States during every month of the year . Two examples of this are when a series of tornadoes hit the state of Indiana on November 22 , 1992 , and injured at least nine people . Another notable non-season tornado was where a tornado struck the area of McLean County , Illinois . Even though the tornado was during a winter month , it blew 20 railroad cars off their tracks , and hauled a camper over 100 yards ( 91 m ) . During the winter months of the year , tornadoes have been known to hit the Southern United States and Southeastern United States the most , but have hit other areas as well . One notable recent example of a winter tornado outbreak was the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak on February 5 and February 6 , 2008 . 84 tornadoes occurred over the course of the outbreak . The storm system produced several destructive tornadoes in heavily populated areas , most notably in the Memphis metropolitan area , in Jackson , Tennessee , and the northeastern end of the Nashville metropolitan area . At least 57 people were killed across four states and 18 counties , with hundreds of others injured . The outbreak was the deadliest of the modern NEXRAD doppler radar era , until the 2011 Super Outbreak killed over 348 people ( 324 of which were tornado-related ) . It was the deadliest single outbreak since the May 31 , 1985 outbreak , which killed 76 across Ohio and Pennsylvania , as well claiming 12 victims in Ontario , Canada . It was also the deadliest outbreak in both Tennessee and Kentucky since the 1974 Super Outbreak . Usually , tornadoes hit specific areas of the United States in specific seasons . During the winter months , tornadoes are usually spotted in the Southern area of the country , as well as states near the Gulf of Mexico . This is due to cold air moving southward reaching its southern limit of expansion , and stopping over the Gulf Coast . As spring comes , hot air progressively moves back into the Gulf Coast . This pushes the mass of colder air forward out of the Gulf States and into the Southeastern states , where tornado frequency is highest in April . As spring passes and summer begins , the mass of warm moist air moves northwest into the Great Plains and Midwestern states . During the months of May and June , tornado activity is as its peak in the southern Great Plains . The air mass then moves northward into the Northern Great Plains and the Great Lakes area , causing a tornado activity peak in these areas during the summer months . During the late summer and early fall months , tornado activity in the United States tapers off . This is due to the relatively small difference between the temperature at the boundary of the hot air mass and the cool air mass at that time and an extension of the Bermuda High sitting over parts of the United States . Though there may be some thunderstorms , they do n't often become severe enough to spawn tornadoes . Tornadoes may be formed out of season , especially during the months of hurricane season in the Gulf Coast states and Southeastern states . Because these areas are prone to hurricanes , they may be struck with tornadoes that are spawned from hurricanes . Tornadoes are most likely to form in the right-front quadrant of the hurricane , but can also form in rain bands associated with the storm . This is caused by the large amount of vertical wind shear to the right of the storm . Tornadoes are also spawned from U.S. hurricanes due to the moistness of the air at the landfall of the storm , which makes conditions favorable for a supercell storm to develop within the hurricane . |
Traverse_Bay | Traverse Bay may refer to either of two bays off Lake Michigan in the U.S. state of Michigan : Grand Traverse Bay in Leelanau County , Michigan and Little Traverse Bay in Emmet County , Michigan . Or those two bays may be considered to be arms of a larger Traverse Bay that extends out further and includes some of the lake area of Charlevoix County between them as well . It may be used as a term more frequently to refer to places around Charlevoix , Michigan , which is located on the shore between Grand Traverse and Little Traverse bays . One usage of the `` Traverse Bay '' term was as a planned railroad terminus . The Amboy , Lansing and Traverse Bay Railroad , incorporated in 1857 , was planned to run from `` Amboy by Hillsdale and Lansing , and from Grand Rapids to some point on or near Traverse Bay . '' That railroad eventually became part of the Michigan Central Railroad whose network in fact extended to the Traverse Bay area at East Jordan , by 1918 . ( East Jordan is located at the head of the south arm of Lake Charlevoix , which connects to Lake Michigan at Charlevoix . ) |
Tide | Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth . The times and amplitude of tides at any given locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon , by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean , by the amphidromic systems of the oceans , and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry ( see Timing ) . Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide -- two nearly equal high and low tides each day . Other locations experience a diurnal tide -- only one high and low tide each day . A `` mixed tide '' -- two uneven tides a day , or one high and one low -- is also possible . Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors . To make accurate records , tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time . Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes . These data are compared to the reference ( or datum ) level usually called mean sea level . While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations , sea levels are also subject to forces such as wind and barometric pressure changes , resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts . Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans , but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present . For example , the solid part of the Earth is affected by tides , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements . |
Tropical_Storm_Arlene_(1993) | Tropical Storm Arlene brought torrential rainfall to the western United States Gulf Coast , particularly to the U.S. state of Texas , in June 1993 . The first named storm of the annual hurricane season , Arlene developed from an area of low pressure in the Bay of Campeche on June 18 . The depression slowly strengthened as it tracked west-northwestward and later north-northwestward across the western Gulf of Mexico . Arlene was subsequently upgraded to a tropical storm on June 19 , but failed to intensify further due to its proximity to land . The cyclone then made landfall on Padre Island , Texas , with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km/h ) and degenerated into a remnant disturbance on June 21 . The precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Arlene dropped heavy rainfall over Central America . As a result , 20 fatalities occurred , all of which were from a mudslide in El Salvador . Heavy rainfall also produced heavy rainfall on the Yucatán Peninsula . After Arlene became a tropical cyclone , rainfall in Mexico inundated areas of Campeche , where damage totaled US$ 33 million . In total , five people were killed in Mexico . Flood damage in South Texas was extensive , with widespread urban flooding and road closures . Entire plots of farmland were inundated by torrential rains brought by Arlene . The landfalling Arlene interacted with a passing cold front which helped to produce showers further northeast , though damage in those locales was comparatively less severe . In total , Arlene caused 26 deaths and at least US$ 60.8 million in damage . |
Thought_experiment | A thought experiment ( Gedankenexperiment , Gedanken experiment or Gedankenerfahrung ) considers some hypothesis , theory , or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences . Given the structure of the experiment , it may not be possible to perform it , and even if it could be performed , there need not be an intention to perform it . The common goal of a thought experiment is to explore the potential consequences of the principle in question : `` A thought experiment is a device with which one performs an intentional , structured process of intellectual deliberation in order to speculate , within a specifiable problem domain , about potential consequents ( or antecedents ) for a designated antecedent ( or consequent ) '' ( Yeates , 2004 , p. 150 ) . Examples of thought experiments include Schrödinger 's cat , illustrating quantum indeterminacy through the manipulation of a perfectly sealed environment and a tiny bit of radioactive substance , and Maxwell 's demon , which attempts to demonstrate the ability of a hypothetical finite being to violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics . |
Tree_squirrel | Tree squirrels are the members of the squirrel family ( Sciuridae ) commonly just referred to as `` squirrels '' . They include over a hundred arboreal species native to all continents except Antarctica and Australia . They do not form a single natural , or monophyletic group ; they are related to others in the squirrel family , including ground squirrels , flying squirrels , marmots , and chipmunks . The defining characteristic used to determine which species of Sciuridae are tree squirrels is dependent on their habitat rather than their physiology . Tree squirrels live mostly among trees , as opposed to those that live in burrows in the ground or among rocks . An exception is the flying squirrel that also makes its home in trees , but has a physiological distinction separating it from its tree squirrel cousins : special flaps of skin called patagia , acting as glider wings , which allows gliding flight . The best known genus of tree squirrels is Sciurus , which includes the Eastern gray squirrel of North America ( introduced to Great Britain in 1876 ) , the red squirrel of Eurasia , and the North American fox squirrel , among many others . Many tree squirrel species have adapted to human-altered environments such as rural farms , suburban backyards and urban parks ; and because they are diurnal ( active during the daytime ) they have become perhaps the most familiar wildlife to most humans . |
Topography_of_Paris | The topography , or physical lay of the land , of Paris , the capital of France , is relatively flat , with an elevation of 35 m above sea level , but it contains a number of hills : Montmartre : 130 m above sea level ( ASL ) . It was leveled in the 18th century . Belleville : 148 m ASL Menilmontant : 108 m ASL Buttes-Chaumont : 80 m ASL Passy : 71 m ASL Chaillot : 67 m ASL Montagne Sainte-Geneviève : 61 m ASL Butte-aux-Cailles : 62 m ASL Montparnasse : 66 m ASL The highest elevation in the City of Paris is not , as often thought , on the hill of Montmartre , where the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur is located , but on the hill of Belleville on the , which reaches 148 m . In the greater urban area , the highest point is in the Forest of Montmorency ( Val-d'Oise département ) , 19.5 km north-northwest of the center of Paris as the crow flies , at 195 m above sea level . The lowest elevation is 24 m , indicated on the river Seine at the western city limits . Paris lies in the so-called `` Paris Basin , '' a low-lying continental shelf region that is occasionally submerged by ocean waters over geologic time , which leaves marine sedimentary deposits behind ( e.g. , limestone , which was used to construct many of the buildings of the city ; this was excavated from an underground quarry called the `` Quarries of Paris '' ) . When the region is above sea-level , as at the present time , rivers draining water from the land form , and these cut channels into the landscape . The rivers therefore strongly influence the topography of Paris . The Seine river cuts through Paris , but has apparently meandered in the past within a larger valley whose edges lie on the outskirts of the metropolitan area ( the edges of this larger valley are visible from tall buildings in Paris ) . Many of the `` hills '' in Paris , appear to be formed as the result of cutoffs from previous meanders in the Seine river , which is now largely channelized to maintain its stability . |
Tropical_Atlantic | The Tropical Atlantic realm is one of twelve marine realms that cover the world 's coastal seas and continental shelves . The Tropical Atlantic covers both sides of the Atlantic . In the western Atlantic , it extends from Bermuda , southern Florida , and the southern Gulf of Mexico through the Caribbean and along South America 's Atlantic coast to Cape Frio in Brazil 's Rio de Janeiro state . In the Eastern Atlantic , it extends along the African coast from Cape Blanco in Mauritania to the Tigres Peninsula on the coast of Angola . It also includes the seas around St. Helena and Ascension islands . The Tropical Atlantic is bounded on the north and south by temperate ocean realms . The Temperate Northern Atlantic realm lies to the north on both the North American and African-European shores of the Atlantic . To the south , the ocean realms conform to the continental margins , not the ocean basins ; the Temperate South America realm lies to the south along the South American coast , and the Temperate Southern Africa realm lies to the south along the African coast . |
Tropical_cyclogenesis | Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere . The mechanisms through which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those through which mid-latitude cyclogenesis occurs . Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone , due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment . There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis : sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures , atmospheric instability , high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere , enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center , a preexisting low level focus or disturbance , and low vertical wind shear . Tropical cyclones tend to develop during the summer , but have been noted in nearly every month in most basins . Climate cycles such as ENSO and the Madden -- Julian oscillation modulate the timing and frequency of tropical cyclone development . There is a limit on tropical cyclone intensity which is strongly related to the water temperatures along its path . An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide . Of those , 47 reach hurricane/typhoon strength , and 20 become intense tropical cyclones ( at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale ) . |
Tropical_Storm_Harvey_(2011) | Tropical Storm Harvey was the final tropical cyclone in a record-breaking string of eight consecutive storms that failed to attain hurricane intensity . The eighth tropical cyclone and eighth named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season , Harvey developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on August 19 . It moved over warm waters in the vicinity of Central America . Later on August 19 , the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey while just offshore Honduras . Additional organization occurred and Harvey attained its peak intensity of 65 mph ( 100 km/h ) prior to coming ashore Belize on August 20 . Harvey weakened to a tropical depression on August 21 , but re-intensified to a tropical storm after emerging into the Bay of Campeche . Early on August 22 , it made landfall in Veracruz , then weakened and dissipated several hours later . The precursor disturbance caused thunderstorms throughout the Lesser Antilles , producing squally weather and gusty winds . On Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands , gusty winds downed trees , which struck power lines , leaving minor electrical outages . Along its path , Harvey dropped heavy rainfall across much of Central America . Strong winds and heavy precipitation were reported in the country of Belize . Heavy rains in Mexico triggered numerous landslides , one of which killed 3 people . Landslides in damaged 36 homes and 334 homes in the states of Chiapas and Veracruz , respectively . Heavy rainfall also caused rivers to overflow , damaging homes and businesses . Two additional people died in Mexico from unknown causes . |
Timeline_of_the_2015_Pacific_hurricane_season | The 2015 Pacific hurricane season was the second-most active year on record , and featured the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed in the Western Hemisphere : Hurricane Patricia . The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific -- east of 140 ° W -- and on June 1 in the central Pacific -- between the International Date Line and 140 ° W -- and lasted until November 30 . These dates typically cover the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin . The season 's first storm , Hurricane Andres , developed on May 28 ; the season 's final storm , Hurricane Sandra , degenerated on November 28 . Throughout the season , 31 tropical depressions developed , 26 of which became tropical storms , a record-tying 16 of them reached hurricane strength , and a record-breaking 11 achieved major hurricane intensity . Of the 11 major hurricanes , a record 9 formed within the Eastern Pacific proper . Activity in the Central Pacific shattered records , with 15 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin ; the previous highest was 11 during the 1992 and 1994 seasons . On October 23 , Hurricane Patricia became the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere , with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 872 millibars and maximum sustained winds of 215 mph ( 345 km/h ) . Four time zones are utilized in the basin : Central for storms east of 106 ° W , Mountain between 114.9 ° W and 106 ° W , Pacific between 140 ° W and 115 ° W , and Hawaii -- Aleutian for storms between the International Date Line and 140 ° W. However , for convenience , all information is listed by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) first with the respective local time included in parentheses . This timeline includes information that was not operationally released , meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center is included . This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , extratropical transitions , and dissipations during the season . |
Trewartha_climate_classification | The Trewartha climate classification is a climate classification system published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966 , and updated in 1980 . It is a modified version of the 1899 Köppen system , created to answer some of the deficiencies of the Köppen system . The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems . It was considered a more true or `` real world '' reflection of the global climate . The changes were seen as most effective on the large landmasses in Asia and North America , where many areas fall into a single group ( C ) in the Köppen system . For example , under the standard Köppen system , Washington and Oregon are classed into the same climate zone as Southern California , even though the two regions have strikingly different weather and vegetation . Another example was classifying cities like London in the same climate group as Brisbane or New Orleans , despite great differences in seasonal temperatures and native plant life . |
Tide_gauge | A tide gauge ( also known as mareograph or marigraph , as well as sea-level recorder ) is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a datum . Sensors continuously record the height of the water level with respect to a height reference surface close to the geoid . Water enters the device by the bottom pipe ( far end of the tube , see picture ) , and electronic sensors measure its height and send the data to a tiny computer . Historical data are available for about 1,450 stations worldwide , of which about 950 provided updates to the global data center since January 2010 . At some places records cover centuries , for example in Amsterdam where data dating back to 1700 is available . When it comes to estimating the greater ocean picture , new modern tide gauges can often be improved upon by using satellite data . Tide gauges are used to measure tides and quantify the size of tsunamis . The measurements make it possible to derive the mean sea level . Using this method , sea level slopes up to several 0.1 m/1000 km and more have been detected . A tsunami can be detected when the sea level begins to rise , although warnings from seismic activity can be more useful . |
Tropical_year | A tropical year ( also known as a solar year ) , for general purposes , is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons , as seen from Earth ; for example , the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox , or from summer solstice to summer solstice . Because of the precession of the equinoxes , the seasonal cycle does not remain exactly synchronized with the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun . As a consequence , the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars ( the sidereal year ) . Since antiquity , astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year . The entry for `` year , tropical '' in the Astronomical Almanac Online Glossary 2015 states : the period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360 degrees . Since the Sun 's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the equinox , the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of seasons , and its length is approximated in the long term by the civil ( Gregorian ) calendar . The mean tropical year is approximately 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . An equivalent , more descriptive , definition is `` The natural basis for computing passing tropical years is the mean longitude of the Sun reckoned from the precessionally moving equinox ( the dynamical equinox or equinox of date ) . Whenever the longitude reaches a multiple of 360 degrees the mean Sun crosses the vernal equinox and a new tropical year begins '' . ( Borkowski 1991 , p. 122 ) The mean tropical year in 2000 was 365.24219 ephemeris days ; each ephemeris day lasting 86,400 SI seconds . This is 365.24217 mean solar days . ( Richards , 2013 , p. 587 ) |
Tulare,_California | Tulare ( -LSB- tʊˈlɛəri -RSB- ) is a city in Tulare County , California . The population was 59,278 at the 2010 census . Tulare is located in the heart of the Central Valley , eight miles south of Visalia and sixty miles north of Bakersfield . The city is named for the currently dry Tulare Lake , once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes . The city 's mission statement is : `` To promote a quality of life making Tulare the most desirable community in which to live , learn , play , work , worship and prosper . '' The Stockton seaport is 170 mi away , and the Sacramento port is 207 mi away . The Los Angeles and San Francisco ports are each approximately 200 mi away , making Tulare a hub or central location for product movement . |
Tidal_prism | A tidal prism is the volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide , or the volume of water leaving an estuary at Ebb tide . The inter-tidal prism volume can be expressed by the relationship : P = H A , where H is the average tidal range and A is the average surface area of the basin . It can also be thought of as the volume of the incoming tide plus the river discharge . Simple tidal prism models stated the relationship of river discharge and inflowing ocean water as Prism = Volume of ocean water coming into an estuary on the flood tide + Volume of river discharge mixing with that ocean water ; however , there is some controversy as to whether traditional prism models are accurate . The size of an estuary 's tidal prism is dependent on the basin of that estuary , the tidal range and other frictional forces . |
Troposphere | The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth 's atmosphere , and is also where nearly all weather takes place . It contains approximately 75 % of the atmosphere 's mass and 99 % of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols . The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km in the tropics , 17 km in the mid latitudes , and 7 km in the polar regions in winter . The lowest part of the troposphere , where friction with the Earth 's surface influences air flow , is the planetary boundary layer . This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km deep depending on the landform and time of day . Atop the troposphere is the tropopause , which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere . The tropopause is an inversion layer , where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness . The word troposphere derives from the for `` turn , turn toward , trope '' and '' - sphere '' ( as in , the Earth ) , reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere 's structure and behaviour . Most of the phenomena associated with day-to-day weather occur in the troposphere . |
TransCanada_Corporation | TransCanada Corporation is a major North American energy company , based in Calgary , Alberta , Canada , developing and operating energy infrastructure in North America . Its pipeline network includes approximately 3,460 km of oil pipeline , plus approximately 57,000 km of wholly owned and 11,500 km of partially owned gas pipeline that connects with virtually all major gas supply basins in North America . TransCanada is one of the continent 's largest providers of gas storage and related services with approximately 407 Gcuft of storage capacity . TransCanada also owns , or has interests in , approximately 11,800 megawatts of power generation . TransCanada is the largest shareholder in , and owns the general partner of , TC PipeLines . The company was founded in 1951 in Calgary . In January 2014 , 46 % of the ownership of TransCanada was by institutional shareholders . |
Thule | Thule ( -LSB- ˈθ ( j ) uːl ( iː ) -RSB- Θούλη , Thoúlē Thule , Tile ) was a far-northern location in classical European literature and cartography . Though often considered to be an island in antiquity , modern interpretations of what was meant by Thule often identify it as Norway , an identification supported by modern calculations . Other interpretations include Orkney , Shetland , and Scandinavia . In the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance , Thule was often identified as Iceland or Greenland . The term ultima Thule in medieval geographies denotes any distant place located beyond the `` borders of the known world '' . Sometimes it is used as a proper noun ( Ultima Thule ) as the Latin name for Greenland when Thule is used for Iceland . The British surveyor Charles Vallancey was one of many antiquarians who argued that Ireland was Thule , as he does in his book An essay on the antiquity of the Irish language . The theory is found repeatedly in Irish literature , with Brendan narratives published widely in Renaissance Europe , with poems about Hy Brasil the namesake of Brazil , and an early epic on Cocaigne written in ancient Irish Englisc , as found in the Kildare Poems . |
Truth | Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality , or fidelity to an original or standard . Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of `` truth to self , '' or authenticity . The commonly understood opposite of truth is falsehood , which , correspondingly , can also take on a logical , factual , or ethical meaning . The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts , including philosophy , art , and religion . Many human activities depend upon the concept , where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion ; these include most ( but not all ) of the sciences , law , journalism , and everyday life . Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic , and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself . Commonly , truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to an independent reality , in what is sometimes called the correspondence theory of truth . Other philosophers take this common meaning to be secondary and derivative . According to Martin Heidegger , the original meaning and essence of `` Truth '' in Ancient Greece was unconcealment , or the revealing or bringing of what was previously hidden into the open , as indicated by the original Greek term for truth , `` Aletheia . '' On this view , the conception of truth as correctness is a later derivation from the concept 's original essence , a development Heidegger traces to the Latin term `` Veritas . '' Pragmatists like C.S. Peirce take Truth to have some manner of essential relation to human practices for inquiring into and discovering Truth , with Peirce himself holding that Truth is what human inquiry would find out on a matter , if our practice of inquiry were taken as far as it could profitably go : `` The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate , is what we mean by the truth ... '' Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars , philosophers , and theologians . Language and words are a means by which humans convey information to one another and the method used to determine what is a `` truth '' is termed a criterion of truth . There are differing claims on such questions as what constitutes truth : what things are truthbearers capable of being true or false ; how to define and identify truth ; the roles that faith-based and empirically based knowledge play ; and whether truth is subjective or objective , relative or absolute . Friedrich Nietzsche famously suggested that an ancient , metaphysical belief in the divinity of Truth lies at the heart of and has served as the foundation for the entire subsequent Western intellectual tradition : `` But you will have gathered what I am getting at , namely , that it is still a metaphysical faith on which our faith in science rests -- that even we knowers of today , we godless anti-metaphysicians still take our fire too , from the flame lit by the thousand-year old faith , the Christian faith which was also Plato 's faith , that God is Truth ; that Truth is ` Divine ' ... '' |
Tuguegarao | Tuguegarao , officially Tuguegarao City ( Ibanag : Siudad nat Tuguegarao ; Ciudad ti Tuguegarao Lungsod ng Tuguegarao ) , is a 3rd-class component city in the Philippines . It is the capital of the province of Cagayan and the regional and institutional center of Cagayan Valley Region . A major urban center in the Northeastern Luzon and a primary growth center , it is also one of the fastest growing cities in the Philippines . The city , on the southern border of the province , is located where the Pinacanauan River empties into the Cagayan River and is surrounded by the Sierra Madre Mountains to the east , Cordillera Mountains to the west , and the Caraballo Mountains to the south . The population of the city as of the 2015 census is 153,502 people , making it the most populous city in the Cagayan Valley region . Most of the inhabitants are Ilocanos , Ibanags and Itawes . Some are of Chinese and Indian descent . The highest temperature ever recorded in the Philippines -- 42.2 C -- was recorded in Tuguegarao on April 29 , 1912 and again on May 11 , 1969 . Average temperature during March and April is 38 C , one of the highest in the country . |
Timeline_of_the_2010_Pacific_hurricane_season | The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was one of the least active seasons on record , featuring the fewest number of named storms since 1977 . The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific -- east of 140 ° W -- and on June 1 in the central Pacific -- between the International Date Line and 140 ° W -- and lasted until November 30 . These dates typically cover the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin . The season 's first storm , Tropical Storm Agatha , developed on May 29 ; the season 's final storm , Tropical Storm Omeka , degenerated on December 21 . The season began with record-breaking activity with four named storms , including two major hurricanes , developing by the end of June . Accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) Accumulated Cyclone Energy , broadly speaking , is a measure of the power of a hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . values exceeded 300 percent of the average for the month of June . Activity abruptly diminished thereafter , with July , August , and September seeing record low storm development . The Eastern Pacific season proper ended with Tropical Storm Georgette 's dissipation on September 23 , a month before the climatological mean . The year 's final cyclone , Omeka , developed in the off-season on December 18 , marking a record-late formation date in the satellite-era . Although there were relatively few storms , the season proved exceptionally deadly and destructive . Torrential rains associated with Agatha and Eleven-E killed well over 200 people in Central America and Mexico and left more than $ 1.5 billion in damage . Four time zones are utilized in the basin : Central for storms east of 106 ° W , Mountain between 114.9 ° W and 106 ° W , Pacific between 140 ° W and 115 ° W , and Hawaii -- Aleutian for storms between the International Date Line and 140 ° W. However , for convenience , all information is listed by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) first with the respective local time included in parentheses . This timeline includes information that was not operationally released , meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center , such as the subtropical phase of Omeka , is included . This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations , strengthening , weakening , landfalls , extratropical transitions , and dissipations during the season . |
Tropic_of_Cancer | The Tropic of Cancer , also referred to as the Northern Tropic , is currently north of the Equator . It is the most northerly circle of latitude on the Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead . This occurs on the June solstice , when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent . Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart , marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead , is the Tropic of Capricorn . These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth , besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator . The positions of these two circles of latitude ( relative to the Equator ) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth 's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit . |
Time_series | A time series is a series of data points indexed ( or listed or graphed ) in time order . Most commonly , a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time . Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data . Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides , counts of sunspots , and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Time series are very frequently plotted via line charts . Time series are used in statistics , signal processing , pattern recognition , econometrics , mathematical finance , weather forecasting , intelligent transport and trajectory forecasting , earthquake prediction , electroencephalography , control engineering , astronomy , communications engineering , and largely in any domain of applied science and engineering which involves temporal measurements . Time series analysis comprises methods for analyzing time series data in order to extract meaningful statistics and other characteristics of the data . Time series forecasting is the use of a model to predict future values based on previously observed values . While regression analysis is often employed in such a way as to test theories that the current values of one or more independent time series affect the current value of another time series , this type of analysis of time series is not called `` time series analysis '' , which focuses on comparing values of a single time series or multiple dependent time series at different points in time . Time series data have a natural temporal ordering . This makes time series analysis distinct from cross-sectional studies , in which there is no natural ordering of the observations ( e.g. explaining people 's wages by reference to their respective education levels , where the individuals ' data could be entered in any order ) . Time series analysis is also distinct from spatial data analysis where the observations typically relate to geographical locations ( e.g. accounting for house prices by the location as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the houses ) . A stochastic model for a time series will generally reflect the fact that observations close together in time will be more closely related than observations further apart . In addition , time series models will often make use of the natural one-way ordering of time so that values for a given period will be expressed as deriving in some way from past values , rather than from future values ( see time reversibility . ) Time series analysis can be applied to real-valued , continuous data , discrete numeric data , or discrete symbolic data ( i.e. sequences of characters , such as letters and words in the English language ) . |
Timeline_of_the_2016_Pacific_typhoon_season | This timeline documents all of the events of the 2016 Pacific typhoon season . Most of the tropical cyclones forming between May and November . The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator between 100 ° E and the International Date Line . Tropical storms that form in the entire Western Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Japan Meteorological Agency . Tropical depressions that form in this basin are given a number with a `` W '' suffix by the United States ' Joint Typhoon Warning Center . In addition , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) assigns names to tropical cyclones ( including tropical depressions ) that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility . These names , however , are not in common use outside of the Philippines . During the season , 50 systems were designated as Tropical Depressions by either , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , or other National Meteorological and Hydrological Services such as the China Meteorological Administration and the Hong Kong Observatory . As they run the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for the Western Pacific , the JMA assigns names to Tropical Depressions should they intensify into a tropical storm . PAGASA also assign local names to tropical depressions which form within their area of responsibility ; however , these names are not in common use outside of PAGASA 's area of responsibility . In this season , 14 systems entered or formed in the Philippine area of responsibility , which 7 of them directly made landfall over the Philippines . |
Tibet | Tibet ( -LSB- tɪˈbɛt -RSB- , Tibetan Pinyin : boew , -LSB- pøː˩˧˨ -RSB- ; / ɕi ⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ ⁵¹ / ) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia , spanning about 2.4 million km2 and nearly a quarter of China 's territory . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Qiang , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 4900 m . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , Earth 's highest mountain , rising 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories . The bulk of western and central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa , Shigatse , or nearby locations ; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship . The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai . The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century . Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area ( Ü-Tsang ) . The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government . Later , Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang , China . The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when , following the Battle of Chamdo , Tibet became incorporated into the People 's Republic of China , and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising . Today , China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan , Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces . There are tensions regarding Tibet 's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile . It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured . The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture , though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades . The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism ; in addition there is Bön , which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism , and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities . Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art , music , and festivals of the region . Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences . Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley , yak meat , and butter tea . |
Total_dissolved_solids | Total dissolved solids ( TDS ) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular , ionized or micro-granular ( colloidal sol ) suspended form . Generally the operational definition is that the solids must be small enough to survive filtration through a filter with two-micrometer ( nominal size , or smaller ) pores . Total dissolved solids are normally discussed only for freshwater systems , as salinity includes some of the ions constituting the definition of TDS . The principal application of TDS is in the study of water quality for streams , rivers and lakes , although TDS is not generally considered a primary pollutant ( e.g. it is not deemed to be associated with health effects ) it is used as an indication of aesthetic characteristics of drinking water and as an aggregate indicator of the presence of a broad array of chemical contaminants . Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural and residential runoff , clay rich mountain waters , leaching of soil contamination and point source water pollution discharge from industrial or sewage treatment plants . The most common chemical constituents are calcium , phosphates , nitrates , sodium , potassium and chloride , which are found in nutrient runoff , general stormwater runoff and runoff from snowy climates where road de-icing salts are applied . The chemicals may be cations , anions , molecules or agglomerations on the order of one thousand or fewer molecules , so long as a soluble micro-granule is formed . More exotic and harmful elements of TDS are pesticides arising from surface runoff . Certain naturally occurring total dissolved solids arise from the weathering and dissolution of rocks and soils . The United States has established a secondary water quality standard of 500 mg/l to provide for palatability of drinking water . Total dissolved solids are differentiated from total suspended solids ( TSS ) , in that the latter can not pass through a sieve of two micrometers and yet are indefinitely suspended in solution . The term `` settleable solids '' refers to material of any size that will not remain suspended or dissolved in a holding tank not subject to motion , and excludes both TDS and TSS . Settleable solids may include larger particulate matter or insoluble molecules . |
Thwaites_Glacier | Thwaites Glacier is an unusually broad and fast Antarctic glacier flowing into Pine Island Bay , part of the Amundsen Sea , east of Mount Murphy , on the Walgreen Coast of Marie Byrd Land . Its surface speeds exceed 2 km/yr near its grounding line , and its fastest flowing grounded ice is centred between 50 and 100 km east of Mount Murphy . It was named by ACAN after Fredrik T. Thwaites , a glacial geologist , geomorphologist and professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Thwaites Glacier drains into West Antarctica 's Amundsen Sea and is closely watched for its potential to raise sea levels . Along with Pine Island Glacier , Thwaites Glacier has been described as part of the `` weak underbelly '' of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet , due to its apparent vulnerability to significant retreat . This hypothesis is based on both theoretical studies of the stability of marine ice sheets and recent observations of large changes on both of these glaciers . In recent years , the flow of both of these glaciers have accelerated , their surfaces lowered , and the grounding lines retreated . |
Transatlantic_Climate_Bridge | The Transatlantic Climate Bridge is a climate partnership between Germany and the United States . The partnership was first proposed by German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier in an April 2008 lecture at Harvard University . He believed that climate policy was the core of transatlantic matters . On 29 September 2008 , he and German Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , `` Together with the United States , we can make the technological breakthroughs required and successfully negotiate a follow-up treaty to the Kyoto Protocol . Only if we work closely with our partners on the other side of the Atlantic will we succeed in convincing emerging countries such as China , India and Brazil , as well as Russia , to opt for a sustainable growth model that spares the climate . '' The next day , the climate bridge was launched by Germany at a conference at the German Foreign Office in Berlin , where about 300 American , Canadian , and German representatives invited by Steinmeier and Gabriel convened . There , they `` sought to identify innovative solutions for tackling climate change '' . In the US , the initiative was launched on 16 December in Washington , D.C. , at the invitation of German Ambassador to the US Klaus Scharioth . The partnership entails cooperation between US and German officials in matters of confronting climate change . It aims to develop novel ways to reduce emissions and to improve energy efficiency . |
Trade_winds | The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . |
Tree | In botany , a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem , or trunk , supporting branches and leaves in most species . In some usages , the definition of a tree may be narrower , including only woody plants with secondary growth , plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height . Trees are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight . In looser senses , the taller palms , the tree ferns , bananas and bamboos are also trees . Trees tend to be long-lived , some reaching several thousand years old . The tallest known tree , a coast redwood named Hyperion , stands 115.6 m high . Trees have been in existence for 370 million years . It is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world . A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk . This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength , and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another . For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier . Below the ground , the roots branch and spread out widely ; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil . Above ground , the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots . The shoots typically bear leaves , which capture light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis , providing the food for the tree 's growth and development . Flowers and fruit may also be present , but some trees , such as conifers , instead have pollen cones and seed cones ; others , such as tree ferns , produce spores instead . Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate . They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues . Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants . Tropical rainforests are one of the most biodiverse habitats in the world . Trees provide shade and shelter , timber for construction , fuel for cooking and heating , and fruit for food as well as having many other uses . In parts of the world , forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture . Because of their longevity and usefulness , trees have always been revered , with sacred groves in various cultures , and they play a role in many of the world 's mythologies . |
Truthiness | Truthiness is the belief or assertion that a particular statement is true based on the intuition or perceptions of some individual or individuals , without regard to evidence , logic , intellectual examination , or facts . Truthiness can range from ignorant assertions of falsehoods to deliberate duplicity or propaganda intended to sway opinions . The concept of truthiness has emerged as a major subject of discussion surrounding U.S. politics during the 1990s and 2000s because of the perception among some observers of a rise in propaganda and a growing hostility toward factual reporting and fact-based discussion . American television comedian Stephen Colbert coined the term truthiness in this meaning as the subject of a segment called `` The Wørd '' during the pilot episode of his political satire program The Colbert Report on October 17 , 2005 . By using this as part of his routine , Colbert satirized the misuse of appeal to emotion and `` gut feeling '' as a rhetorical device in contemporaneous socio-political discourse . He particularly applied it to U.S. President George W. Bush 's nomination of Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court and the decision to invade Iraq in 2003 . Colbert later ascribed truthiness to other institutions and organizations , including Wikipedia . Colbert has sometimes used a Dog Latin version of the term , `` Veritasiness '' . For example , in Colbert 's `` Operation Iraqi Stephen : Going Commando '' the word `` Veritasiness '' can be seen on the banner above the eagle on the operation 's seal . truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster . Linguist and OED consultant Benjamin Zimmer pointed out that the word truthiness already had a history in literature and appears in the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , as a derivation of truthy , and The Century Dictionary , both of which indicate it as rare or dialectal , and to be defined more straightforwardly as `` truthfulness , faithfulness '' . Responding to claims by Michael Adams that the word already existed with a different meaning , Colbert explained the origin of his word as : `` Truthiness is a word I pulled right out of my keister '' . |
Tillage | Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation #Noun of various types , such as digging , stirring , and overturning . Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling , picking , mattock work , hoeing , and raking . Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing ( overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks ) , rototilling , rolling with cultipackers or other rollers , harrowing , and cultivating with cultivator shanks ( teeth ) . Small-scale gardening and farming , for household food production or small business production , tends to use the smaller-scale methods , whereas medium - to large-scale farming tends to use the larger-scale methods . There is a fluid continuum , however . Any type of gardening or farming , but especially larger-scale commercial types , may also use low-till or no-till methods as well . Tillage is often classified into two types , primary and secondary . There is no strict boundary between them so much as a loose distinction between tillage that is deeper and more thorough ( primary ) and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location ( secondary ) . Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish , whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish , such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops . Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation . `` Tillage '' can also mean the land that is tilled . The word `` cultivation '' has several senses that overlap substantially with those of `` tillage '' . In a general context , both can refer to agriculture . Within agriculture , both can refer to any kind of soil agitation . Additionally , `` cultivation '' or `` cultivating '' may refer to an even narrower sense of shallow , selective secondary tillage of row crop fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants . |
Transpolar_Sea_Route | The Transpolar Sea Route ( TSR ) is a future Arctic shipping route running from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean across the center of the Arctic Ocean . The route is also sometimes called Trans-Arctic Route . In contrast to the Northeast Passage ( including the Northern Sea Route ) and the North-West Passage it largely avoids the territorial waters of Arctic states and lies in international high seas . The route is currently only navigable by heavy icebreakers . However , due to the increasing decline of Arctic sea ice extent , the route is slated to emerge as the predominant Arctic shipping route by 2030 . The TSR is about 2100 nmi long and offers significant distance savings between Europe and Asia . It is the shortest of the Arctic shipping routes . In contrast to the Northern Sea Route and the North-West Passage , which are both coastal routes , the TSR is a mid-ocean route and passes close to the North Pole . Due to high seasonal variability of ice conditions throughout the entire Arctic basin , the TSR will not exist as one fixed shipping lane , but will follow a number of navigational routes . The TSR passes outside the exclusive economic zones of Arctic coastal states making it of special geopolitical importance to countries looking towards to Arctic as a future trade route . While a number of legal disagreement and uncertainties revolve around both the North-West Passage and the Northern Sea Route , the TSR lies outside the territorial jurisdiction of any state . The Chinese icebreaker Snow Dragon was one of the first major vessels to utilize the route during its 2012 journey through the Arctic Ocean . |
Timeline_of_glaciation | There have been five known ice ages in the Earth 's history , with the Earth experiencing the Quaternary Ice Age during the present time . Within ice ages , there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods , respectively . The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary Ice Age , with the last glacial period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago with the start of the Holocene epoch . Based on climate proxies , paleoclimatologists study the different climate states originating from glaciation . |
Three-age_system | The three-age system in history , archaeology and physical anthropology is a methodological concept adopted during the 19th century by which artifacts and events of late prehistory and early history could be ordered into a recognizable chronology . Initially developed by C. J. Thomsen , director of the Royal Museum of Nordic Antiquities , Copenhagen as a means to classify the museum 's collections according to whether the artifacts were made of stone , bronze or iron . The system first appealed to British researchers working in the science of ethnology who adopted it to establish race sequences for Britain 's past based on cranial types . Although the craniological ethnology that formed its first scholarly context holds no scientific value , the relative chronology of the Stone Age , the Bronze Age and the Iron Age is still in use in a general public context , and the three ages remain the underpinning of prehistoric chronology for Europe , the Mediterranean world and the Near East . The structure reflects the cultural and historical background of Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East and soon underwent further subdivisions , including the 1865 partitioning of the Stone Age into Paleolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic periods by John Lubbock . It is , however of little or no use for the establishment of chronological frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa , much of Asia , the Americas and some other areas and has little importance in contemporary archaeological or anthropological discussion for these regions . |
Three_Furnaces | The term Three Furnaces refers to the especially hot and oppressively humid summer weather in several major cities in the Yangtze River Valley , within China . It was coined during the Republican period of China , and refers to the following cities : Chongqing Wuhan Nanjing Sometimes , Changsha or Nanchang are added , making the Four Furnaces . In addition to the above 5 cities , Hangzhou and Shanghai are added to form the Seven Furnaces . Yet the above names originate mainly from popular opinion , not necessarily on the basis of data . Meteorologists only give the title `` Three Furnaces '' to Fuzhou , Hangzhou , and Chongqing . The next seven hottest cities ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , are Changsha , Wuhan , Haikou , Nanchang , Guangzhou , Xi'an , and Nanning . Unlike the other cities , Xi'an , the capital of Shaanxi province , lies within the northwest . |
Transparency_(behavior) | Transparency , as used in science , engineering , business , the humanities and in other social contexts , implies openness , communication , and accountability . Transparency is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed . It has been defined simply as `` the perceived quality of intentionally shared information from a sender '' . Transparency is practiced in companies , organizations , administrations , and communities . It guides an organization 's decisions and policies on the disclosure of information to its employees and the public , or simply the intended recipient of the information . For example , a cashier making change after a point of sale transaction by offering a record of the items purchased ( e.g. , a receipt ) as well as counting out the customer 's change on the counter demonstrates one type of transparency . |
Three_Mile_Island_accident | The Three Mile Island accident was caused by a nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28 , 1979 , in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station ( TMI-2 ) in Dauphin County , Pennsylvania , United States . It was the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history . The incident was rated a five on the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale : Accident With Wider Consequences . The accident began with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system , followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve in the primary system , which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape . The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss-of-coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors , such as human-computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant 's user interface . In particular , a hidden indicator light led to an operator manually overriding the automatic emergency cooling system of the reactor because the operator mistakenly believed that there was too much coolant water present in the reactor and causing the steam pressure release . The accident crystallized anti-nuclear safety concerns among activists and the general public , resulted in new regulations for the nuclear industry , and has been cited as a contributor to the decline of a new reactor construction program that was already underway in the 1970s . The partial meltdown resulted in the release of radioactive gases and radioactive iodine into the environment . Worries were expressed by anti-nuclear movement activists ; however , epidemiological studies analyzing the rate of cancer in and around the area since the accident , determined there was a small statistically non-significant increase in the rate and thus no causal connection linking the accident with these cancers has been substantiated . Cleanup started in August 1979 , and officially ended in December 1993 , with a total cleanup cost of about $ 1 billion . |
Tidal_power | Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power , mainly electricity . Although not yet widely used , tidal power has potential for future electricity generation . Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun . Among sources of renewable energy , tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities , thus constricting its total availability . However , many recent technological developments and improvements , both in design ( e.g. dynamic tidal power , tidal lagoons ) and turbine technology ( e.g. new axial turbines , cross flow turbines ) , indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed , and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels . Historically , tide mills have been used both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of North America . The incoming water was contained in large storage ponds , and as the tide went out , it turned waterwheels that used the mechanical power it produced to mill grain . The earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages , or even from Roman times . The process of using falling water and spinning turbines to create electricity was introduced in the U.S. and Europe in the 19th century . The world 's first large-scale tidal power plant was the Rance Tidal Power Station in France , which became operational in 1966 . It was the largest tidal power station in terms of output until Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station opened in South Korea in August 2011 . The Sihwa station uses sea wall defense barriers complete with 10 turbines generating 254 MW . |
Tourism_in_Canada | Canada has a large domestic and foreign tourism industry . The second largest country in the world , Canada 's incredible geographical variety is a significant tourist attractor . Much of the country 's tourism is centred on Canada 's five largest metropolitan areas , Toronto , Montreal , Vancouver , Calgary , and Ottawa , well known for their culture , diversity , as well as the many national parks and historic sites . In 2012 , over 16 million tourists arrived in Canada , bringing US$ 17.4 billion in international tourism receipts to the economy . Domestic and international tourism combined directly contributes 1 % of Canada 's total GDP and supports 309,000 jobs in the country . |
Tundra | In physical geography , tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons . The term tundra comes through Russian тундра ( tûndra ) from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr `` uplands '' , `` treeless mountain tract '' . There are three types of tundra : Arctic tundra , alpine tundra , and Antarctic tundra . In tundra , the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs , sedges and grasses , mosses , and lichens . Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions . The ecotone ( or ecological boundary region ) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline . |
Urban_heat_island | An urban heat island ( UHI ) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities . The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day , and is most apparent when winds are weak . UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter . The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces . Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor . As a population center grows , it tends to expand its area and increase its average temperature . The less-used term heat island refers to any area , populated or not , which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area . Monthly rainfall is greater downwind of cities , partially due to the UHI . Increases in heat within urban centers increases the length of growing seasons , and decreases the occurrence of weak tornadoes . The UHI decreases air quality by increasing the production of pollutants such as ozone , and decreases water quality as warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems . Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island . Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas , which reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat . There are concerns raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming . Research on China and India indicates that urban heat island effect contributes to climate warming by about 30 % . On the other hand , one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends . Many studies reveal increases in the severity of the effect with the progress of climate change . |
Value_of_life | The value of life is an economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality . It is also referred to as the cost of life , value of preventing a fatality ( VPF ) and implied cost of averting a fatality ( ICAF ) . In social and political sciences , it is the marginal cost of death prevention in a certain class of circumstances . In many studies the value also includes the quality of life , the expected life time remaining , as well as the earning potential of a given person especially for an after the fact payment in lawsuits for wrongful death . As such , it is a statistical term , the cost of reducing the average number of deaths by one . It is an important issue in a wide range of disciplines including economics , health care , adoption , political economy , insurance , worker safety , environmental impact assessment , and globalization . In industrial nations , the justice system considers a human life `` priceless '' , thus illegalizing any form of slavery ; i.e. , humans can not be bought at any price . However , with a limited supply of resources or infrastructural capital ( e.g. ambulances ) , or skill at hand , it is impossible to save every life , so some trade-off must be made . Also , this argumentation neglects the statistical context of the term . It is not commonly attached to lives of individuals or used to compare the value of one person 's life relative to another person 's . It is mainly used in circumstances of saving lives as opposed to taking lives or `` producing '' lives . |
United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak | The United States diplomatic cables leak , widely known as Cablegate , began on Sunday , 28 November 2010 when WikiLeaks -- a non-profit organization that publishes submissions from anonymous whistleblowers -- began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates , embassies , and diplomatic missions around the world . Dated between December 1966 and February 2010 , the cables contain diplomatic analysis from world leaders , and the diplomats ' assessment of host countries and their officials . According to WikiLeaks , the 251,287 cables consist of 261,276,536 words , making Cablegate `` the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain . '' Today , more recent leaks have surpassed that amount . The first document , the so-called Reykjavik 13 cable , was released by WikiLeaks on 18 February 2010 , and was followed by the release of State Department profiles of Icelandic politicians a month later . Later that year , Julian Assange , WikiLeaks ' editor-in-chief , reached an agreement with media partners in Europe and the United States to publish the rest of the cables in redacted form , removing the names of sources and others in vulnerable positions . On 28 November , the first 220 cables were published under this agreement by El País ( Spain ) , Der Spiegel ( Germany ) , Le Monde ( France ) , The Guardian ( United Kingdom ) and The New York Times ( United States ) . WikiLeaks had planned to release the rest over several months , and as of 11 January 2011 , 2,017 had been published . The remaining cables were published in September 2011 after a series of events compromised the security of a WikiLeaks file containing the cables . This included WikiLeaks volunteers placing an encrypted file containing all WikiLeaks data online as `` insurance '' in July 2010 , in case something happened to the organization . In February 2011 David Leigh of The Guardian published the encryption passphrase in a book ; he had received it from Assange so he could access a copy of the Cablegate file , and believed the passphrase was a temporary one , unique to that file . In August 2011 , a German magazine , Der Freitag , published some of these details , enabling others to piece the information together and decrypt the Cablegate files . The cables were then available online , fully unredacted . In response , WikiLeaks decided on 1 September 2011 to publish all 251,287 unedited documents . The publication of the cables was the third in a series of U.S. classified document `` mega-leaks '' distributed by WikiLeaks in 2010 , following the Afghan War documents leak in July , and the Iraq War documents leak in October . Over 130,000 of the cables are unclassified , some 100,000 are labeled `` confidential '' , around 15,000 have the higher classification `` secret '' , and none are classified as `` top secret '' on the classification scale . Reactions to the leak in 2010 varied . Western governments expressed strong disapproval , while the material generated intense interest from the public and journalists . Some political leaders referred to Assange as a criminal , while blaming the U.S. Department of Defense for security lapses . Supporters of Assange referred to him in November 2010 as a key defender of free speech and freedom of the press . Reaction to the release in September 2011 of the unredacted cables attracted stronger criticism , and was condemned by the five newspapers that had first published the cables in redacted form in November 2010 . |
Tunisia | Tunisia ( تونس ; ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ Tunisie ) , officially the Tunisian Republic is a country in North Africa , covering 165,000 km2 . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is the northernmost point on the African continent . It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis , which is located on Tunisia 's northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 km of coastline includes the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , features the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States . In addition , Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation , privatisation and industrial modernization . In ancient times , Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers . Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC ; these immigrants founded Carthage . A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic , Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC . The Romans , who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years , introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater . After several attempts starting in 647 , the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697 , followed by the Ottomans between 1534 and 1574 . The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years . The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881 . Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957 . In 2011 , the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , followed by parliamentary elections . The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014 , and for President on 23 November 2014 . |
United_States_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology | The United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology concerns the amount of precipitation , primarily in the form of rain , which occurs during tropical cyclones and their extratropical cyclone remnants across the United States . Typically , five tropical cyclones and their remnants impact the country each year , contributing between a tenth and a quarter of the annual rainfall across the southern tier of the country . The highest rainfall amounts appear close to the coast , with lesser amounts falling farther inland . Obstructions to the precipitation pattern , such as the Appalachian mountains , focus higher amounts from northern Georgia through New England . While most impacts occur with systems moving in from the Atlantic ocean or Gulf of Mexico , some emanate from the eastern Pacific ocean , with a few crossing Mexico before impacting the Southwest . Those making landfall within the Southeast portion of the country tend to have the greatest potential for heavy rains . |
Tyrannosaurus | Tyrannosaurus ( -LSB- tᵻˌrænəˈsɔːrəs , _ taɪ - -RSB- , meaning `` tyrant lizard '' , from the Ancient Greek tyrannos , `` tyrant '' , and sauros , `` lizard '' ) is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur . The species Tyrannosaurus rex ( rex meaning `` king '' in Latin ) , is one of the most well-represented of the large theropods . Tyrannosaurus lived throughout what is now western North America , on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia . Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids . Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period , 68 to 66 million years ago . It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids , and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction . Like other tyrannosaurids , Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long , heavy tail . Relative to its large and powerful hind limbs , Tyrannosaurus fore limbs were short but unusually powerful for their size and had two clawed digits . The most complete specimen measures up to 12.3 m in length , up to 3.66 m tall at the hips , and according to most modern estimates 8.4 MT to 14 MT in weight . Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size , it is still among the largest known land predators and is estimated to have exerted the largest bite force among all terrestrial animals . By far the largest carnivore in its environment , Tyrannosaurus rex was most likely an apex predator , preying upon hadrosaurs , armoured herbivores like ceratopsians and ankylosaurs , and possibly sauropods . Some experts , however , have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger . The question of whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or a pure scavenger was among the longest ongoing debates in paleontology . It is accepted now that Tyrannosaurus rex acted as a predator , and opportunistically scavenged as modern mammalian and avian predators do . More than 50 specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex have been identified , some of which are nearly complete skeletons . Soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens . The abundance of fossil material has allowed significant research into many aspects of its biology , including its life history and biomechanics . The feeding habits , physiology and potential speed of Tyrannosaurus rex are a few subjects of debate . Its taxonomy is also controversial , as some scientists consider Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia to be a second Tyrannosaurus species while others maintain Tarbosaurus is a separate genus . Several other genera of North American tyrannosaurids have also been synonymized with Tyrannosaurus . As the archetypal therapod , Tyrannosaurus is one of the best-known dinosaurs , and has been featured in film , advertising , and postal stamps , as well as many other types of media . |
Underconsumption | In underconsumption theory in economics , recessions and stagnation arise due to inadequate consumer demand relative to the amount produced . The theory formed the basis for the development of Keynesian economics and the theory of aggregate demand after the 1930s . Underconsumption theory narrowly refers to heterodox economists in Britain in the 19th century , particularly 1815 onwards , who advanced the theory of underconsumption and rejected classical economics in the form of Ricardian economics . These economists did not form a unified school , and their theories were rejected by mainstream economics of the time . Underconsumption is an old concept in economics , going back to the 1598 French mercantilist text Les Trésors et richesses pour mettre l'Estat en Splendeur ( The Treasures and riches to put the State in Splendor ) by Barthélemy de Laffemas , if not earlier . The concept of underconsumption had been used repeatedly as part of the criticism of Say 's Law until underconsumption theory was largely replaced by Keynesian economics which points to a more complete explanation of the failure of aggregate demand to attain potential output , i.e. , the level of production corresponding to full employment . One of the early underconsumption theories says that because workers are paid a wage less than they produce , they can not buy back as much as they produce . Thus , there will always be inadequate demand for the product . |
Turnover_(employment) | In human resources context , turnover is the act of replacing an employee with a new employee . Partings between organizations and employees may consist of termination , retirement , death , interagency transfers , and resignations . An organization 's turnover is measured as a percentage rate , which is referred to as its turnover rate . Turnover rate is the percentage of employees in a workforce that leave during a certain period of time . Organizations and industries as a whole measure their turnover rate during a fiscal or calendar year . If an employer is said to have a high turnover rate relative to its competitors , it means that employees of that company have a shorter average tenure than those of other companies in the same industry . High turnover may be harmful to a company 's productivity if skilled workers are often leaving and the worker population contains a high percentage of novices . Companies will often track turnover internally across departments , divisions , or other demographic groups , such as turnover of women versus men . Most companies allow managers to terminate employees at any time , for any reason , or for no reason at all , even if the employee is in good standing . Additionally , companies track voluntary turnover more accurately by presenting parting employees with surveys , thus identifying specific reasons as to why they may be choosing to resign . Many organizations have discovered that turnover is reduced significantly when issues affecting employees are addressed immediately and professionally . Companies try to reduce employee turnover rates by offering benefits such as paid sick days , paid holidays and flexible schedules . In the United States , the average total of non-farm seasonally adjusted monthly turnover was 3.3 % for the period from December , 2000 to November , 2008 . However , rates vary widely when compared over different periods of time and with different job sectors . For example , during the 2001-2006 period , the annual turnover rate for all industry sectors averaged 39.6 % prior to seasonal adjustments , while the Leisure and Hospitality sector experienced an average annual rate of 74.6 % during this same period . |
Tōkai_earthquakes | The Tōkai earthquakes are major earthquakes that have occurred regularly with a return period of 100 to 150 years in the Tōkai region of Japan . The Tōkai segment has been struck by earthquakes in 1498 , 1605 , 1707 and 1854 . Given the historic regularity of these earthquakes , Kiyoo Mogi in 1969 pointed out that another great shallow earthquake was possible in the `` near future '' ( i.e. , in the next few decades ) . Given the magnitude of the last two earthquakes , the next is expected to have at least a moment magnitude of 8.0 ( Mw ) , with large areas shaken at the highest level in the Japanese intensity scale , 7 . Emergency planners are anticipating and preparing for potential scenarios after such an earthquake , including the possibility of thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of injuries , millions of damaged buildings , and cities that include Nagoya and Shizuoka devastated . Concern has been expressed over the presence of the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant , close to the expected epicentre of a Tōkai earthquake . The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant was severely damaged after a large earthquake followed by a tsunami in 2011 , causing a nuclear event of level 7 , the highest on the scale . Shortly after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , new reports were released which indicated the significant likelihood of another magnitude 9 earthquake occurring elsewhere in Japan , this time on the Nankai Trough . The reports stated that if a 9.0 earthquake occurred on the Nankai Trough , the effects would be very serious . The quake itself would likely kill thousands , and a series of 34-meter ( 112-foot ) tall tsunamis would impact areas from the Kantō region to Kyūshū , adding thousands to the death toll , and destroying Shizuoka , Shikoku , and other areas with large populations . |
Typhoon_Cimaron_(2006) | Typhoon Cimaron , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Paeng , was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the Philippine island of Luzon since Typhoon Zeb in 1998 . Originating from a tropical depression on October 25 , Cimaron developed within an environment strongly favoring tropical cyclogenesis east of the Philippines . On October 28 , the system underwent rapid intensification , culminating in attaining its peak strength with winds of 185 km/h ( 115 mph ) . Estimates from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ranked the system as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h ( 160 mph ) , though this is argued to have underrepresented the typhoon 's strength . The system moved ashore near Casiguran , Aurora in northern Luzon at peak strength . Crossing the island , Cimaron emerged over the South China Sea where conditions allowed for temporary reorganization . After becoming nearly stationary on November 1 , the typhoon executed a tight anti-cyclonic loop and rapidly weakened . The storm degraded to a tropical depression on November 4 before dissipating three days later off the coast of Vietnam . Prior to impacting the Philippines , Public Storm Warning Signals # 3 and # 4 , the two highest levels , were raised for several provinces in Luzon . Thousands of residents were urged to evacuate while local authorities prepared services for quick recovery efforts . With Cimaron initially expected to strike Vietnam , officials planned to evacuate 218,000 people ; however , Cimaron 's slow motion and demise over open waters resulted in these plans being suspended . Officials in Thailand and southern China also advised residents of possible effects from the storm . In contrast to the typhoon 's extreme intensity , damage was somewhat limited in the Philippines due to the lower population density of the affected areas . Widespread flooding and landslides caused substantial disruptions to travel and isolated some communities . Thirty-four people were killed in various incidents , mostly from flooding . Nearly 365,000 people were affected by the storm and losses amounted to 1.21 billion PHP ( US$ 31 million ) . Winds along the periphery of Cimaron fanned a large wildfire near Hong Kong , and moisture from it fueled record-breaking rains in British Columbia , Canada . Relief efforts in the Philippines began soon after the storm 's passage ; however , two other storms struck the country in November , with one resulting in far greater damage . Following a request for international assistance in early December , more than US$ 10 million was provided in relief aid to the Philippines . |
Van_Allen_radiation_belt | A radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles , most of which originate from the solar wind that is captured by and held around a planet by that planet 's magnetic field . The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created . The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen , and as a result the Earth 's belts are known as the Van Allen belts . Earth 's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary . Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays . By trapping the solar wind , the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the Earth 's atmosphere from destruction . The belts are located in the inner region of the Earth 's magnetosphere . The belts trap energetic electrons and protons . Other nuclei , such as alpha particles , are less prevalent . The belts endanger satellites , which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time in that zone . In 2013 , NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient , third radiation belt , which was observed for four weeks until it was destroyed by a powerful , interplanetary shock wave from the Sun . |
Typhoon_Francisco_(2013) | Typhoon Francisco , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Urduja , was a powerful typhoon that strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale , according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . The 25th named storm and the 10th typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Francisco formed on October 16 east of Guam from a pre-existing area of convection . With favorable conditions , it quickly intensified into a tropical storm before passing south of Guam . After stalling to the southwest of the island , Francisco turned to the northwest into an environment of warm waters and low wind shear , becoming a typhoon . The JTWC upgraded it to super typhoon status on October 18 , while the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) estimated peak 10‑minute sustained winds of 195 km/h ( 120 mph ) . Gradual weakening ensued , and after the typhoon turned to the northeast , Francisco deteriorated into a tropical storm on October 24 . Passing southeast of Okinawa and mainland Japan , the storm accelerated and became extratropical on October 26 , dissipating later that day . On Guam and in the Northern Marianas Islands , Francisco produced tropical storm force wind gusts , strong enough to knock over some trees and cause $ 150,000 ( 2013 USD ) in damage . The typhoon also dropped heavy rainfall on Guam , peaking at 201 mm ( 7.90 in ) at Inarajan . Later , Francisco brought gusty winds and some rainfall to Okinawa . In Kagoshima Prefecture , 3,800 homes lost power , while an island-wide evacuation advisory was issued for Izu Ōshima after Typhoon Wipha spawned a deadly mudslide a week prior . Rains in Japan peaked at 600 mm in Niyodogawa , Kōchi on Shikoku . |
Typhoon_Gay_(1992) | Typhoon Gay , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Seniang , was the strongest and longest-lasting storm of the 1992 Pacific typhoon season . It formed on November 14 near the International Date Line from a monsoon trough , which also spawned two other systems . Typhoon Gay later moved through the Marshall Islands as an intensifying typhoon , and after passing through the country it reached its peak intensity over open waters . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) estimated peak winds of 295 km/h ( 185 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 872 mb . However , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) , which is the official warning center in the western Pacific , estimated winds of 205 km/h ( 125 mph ) , with a pressure of 900 mbar . Gay weakened rapidly after peaking because of interaction with another typhoon , and it struck Guam with winds of 160 km/h ( 100 mph ) on November 23 . The typhoon briefly re-intensified before weakening and becoming extratropical south of Japan on November 30 . The typhoon first affected the Marshall Islands , where 5,000 people became homeless and heavy crop damage was reported . The nation 's capital of Majuro experienced power and water outages during the storm . There were no fatalities among Marshall Islands citizens , although the typhoon killed a sailor traveling around the world . When Gay struck Guam , it became the sixth typhoon of the year to affect the island . Most of the weaker structures had been destroyed during Typhoon Omar earlier in the year , resulting in little additional damage from Gay . Because of its substantial weakening , the typhoon had a disrupted inner-core and produced minimal rainfall . However , strong winds scorched the plants on Guam with saltwater , causing extensive defoliation . Further north , high waves from the typhoon destroyed a house on Saipan , and heavy rainfall in Okinawa , Japan , caused flooding and power outages . |
U.S._Route_101_in_Oregon | U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) , is a major north -- south U.S. Highway in Oregon that runs through the state along the coastline near the Pacific Ocean . It runs from the California border , south of Brookings , to the Washington state line on the Columbia River , between Astoria , Oregon , and Megler , Washington . US 101 is designated as the Oregon Coast Highway No. 9 ( see Oregon highways and routes ) , as it serves the Oregon Coast region . Much of the highway runs between the Pacific Ocean and the Oregon Coast Range , thus US 101 is frequently mountainous in character . For most of its length it is a two-lane undivided highway . Many parts of the highway are subject to closure due to landslides caused by excessive rainfall , and in many parts of the coast , US 101 is the only viable route connecting certain coastal communities . Thus , in many cases when landslides block US 101 , the detour requires traveling inland over the Coast Range to alternative north-south routes in the Willamette Valley and then back west over the Coast Range again . US 101 is often the main street through coastal towns in Oregon , which can cause significant traffic delays . This is especially true in Lincoln City , where geography and tourism combine to create traffic problems . |
US_West | U S WEST , Inc. was one of seven Regional Bell Operating Companies ( RBOC 's , also referred to as `` Baby Bells '' ) , created in 1983 under the Modification of Final Judgement ( United States v. Western Electric Co. , Inc. 552 Fed . Supp . 131 ) , a case related to the antitrust breakup of AT&T . U S WEST provided local telephone and intraLATA long distance services , data transmission services , cable television services , wireless communications services and related telecommunications products to defined areas in Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Iowa , Minnesota , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming . U S WEST was a public company traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol `` USW '' with headquarters at 1801 California Street in Denver , Colorado . Until 1990 , U S WEST was a holding company with three Bell Operating Companies : Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph ( or Mountain Bell , headquartered in Denver , Colorado ) ; Northwestern Bell , then headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska ; and Pacific Northwest Bell , the headquartered in Seattle , Washington . In 1988 , the three companies began doing business under the U S WEST Communications name . On January 1 , 1991 , Northwestern Bell and Pacific Northwest Bell were legally merged into Mountain Bell which was renamed U S WEST Communications , Inc. . U S WEST was the first RBOC to consolidate its Bell Operating Companies ( the other was BellSouth ) . U S WEST merged with Qwest Communications International Inc. on June 30 , 2000 and over time the U S WEST brand was replaced by the Qwest brand . Qwest Communications International Inc. merged with CenturyLink on April 1 , 2011 and the Qwest brand was replaced by the CenturyLink brand . |
U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program | The United States Global Change Research Program ( USGCRP ) coordinates and integrates federal research on changes in the global environment and their implications for society . The program began as a presidential initiative in 1989 and was codified by Congress through the Global Change Research Act of 1990 ( P.L. 101-606 ) , which called for `` a comprehensive and integrated United States research program which will assist the Nation and the world to understand , assess , predict , and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change . '' Thirteen departments and agencies participate in the USGCRP , which was known as the U.S. Climate Change Science Program from 2002 through 2008 . The program is steered by the Subcommittee on Global Change Research under the Committee on Environment , Natural Resources and Sustainability , overseen by the Executive Office of the President , and facilitated by a National Coordination Office . During the past two decades , the United States , through the USGCRP , has made the world 's largest scientific investment in the areas of climate change and global change research . Since its inception , the USGCRP has supported research and observational activities in collaboration with several other national and international science programs . These activities led to major advances in several key areas including : Observing and understanding short - and long-term changes in climate , the ozone layer , and land cover ; Identifying the impacts of these changes on ecosystems and society ; Estimating future changes in the physical environment , and vulnerabilities and risks associated with those changes ; and Providing scientific information to enable effective decision making to address the threats and opportunities posed by climate and global change . These advances have been documented in numerous assessments commissioned by the program and have played prominent roles in international assessments such as those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Program results and plans are documented in the program 's annual report , Our Changing Planet . |
Typhoon_Irma_(1985) | Typhoon Irma , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Daling , affected the Philippines in late June 1985 . Typhoon Irma originated from a monsoon trough situated near Guam in the Western Pacific Ocean . It slowly developed , with insufficient organization delaying classification as a tropical cyclone . By June 24 , organization improved as the system encountered favorable conditions aloft and the disturbance attained tropical storm intensity the next day . Moving west , Irma gradually deepened , and on June 28 , it was believed to have attained typhoon intensity . On the morning of June 27 , Irma was upgraded into a typhoon . After passing northeast of the Philippines , Typhoon Irma attained its peak intensity on June 29 . Accelerating to the north and then the northeast , Irma steadily weakened as it encountered significantly less favorable conditions . The typhoon made landfall in central Japan on June 30 . Irma weakened below typhoon intensity the next day , and later on July 1 , Irma transition into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of the cyclone were tracked until July 7 , when it merged with an extratropical low south of the Kamchatka Peninsula . Although Irma stayed offshore the Philippines , moisture associated with the storm inundated areas already affected by Typhoon Hal earlier in the week . The capital city of Manila was 60 % flooded , resulting in the evacuation of 40,000 . Six drownings were reported in the nearby suburb of Quezon City , where 1,000 families were evacuated . City-wide , eight people were killed . In Olongapo City , seven people were buried because of a landslide . Overall , more than 500,000 people were directly affected by the typhoon throughout the country . A total of 253 homes were destroyed , with 1,854 others partially damaged . Nation-wide , 65 people were killed due to the typhoon and damage totaled $ 16 million ( 1985 USD ) . Across Japan , Irma brought widespread flooded that resulted in 1,475 mudslides , which damaged 625 residencies . The storm left 650,000 customers without power . In the Chiba Prefecture , seven people were injured . In the capital city of Tokyo , 119 trees were toppled , 40 homes were flooded , 20 flights were cancelled , 26 railway lines were suspended , and 25 roads were flooded , all combining to leave more than 240,000 stranded . In Izu Ōshima , 17 boats were swept away and 20 houses were damaged . Nation-wide , 19 people were killed and 49 others were injured . A total of 811 dwellings were destroyed and 10,000 others were damage . Throughout the country , the storm inflicted $ 545 million in damage . |
US_Weather_Bureau_Station_(Block_Island) | The U.S. Weather Bureau Station is an historic former weather station on Beach Avenue on Block Island , Rhode Island . It is a two story wood frame structure , three bays wide , with a flat roof surrounded by a low balustrade . There is a full-width porch across the front , supported by grouped columns . The Classical Revival building was designed by Harding & Upman , and constructed in 1903 , replacing a station destroyed by fire the previous year . It originally had meteorological instruments mounted on the roof and the grounds , and was used as a weather station until 1950 . It was then converted for use as a summer tourist residence . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . |
Urban_area | An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment . Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities , towns , conurbations or suburbs . In urbanism , the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment . The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning , which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment . The world 's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since . In 2009 , the number of people living in urban areas ( 3.42 billion ) surpassed the number living in rural areas ( 3.41 billion ) and since then the world has become more urban than rural . This was the first time that the majority of the world 's population lived in a city . In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet , of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion . The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that time predicted the urban population would grow to 6.4 billion by 2050 , with 37 % of that growth to come from three countries : China , India and Nigeria . Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization . Urban areas are measured for various purposes , including analyzing population density and urban sprawl . Unlike an urban area , a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area , but also satellite cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the urban core city , typically by employment ties through commuting , with the urban core city being the primary labor market . |
Tyrrell_Sea | The Tyrrell Sea , named for Canadian geologist Joseph Tyrrell , is another name for prehistoric Hudson Bay , namely as it existed during the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . Roughly 8,000 years BP , the Laurentide Ice Sheet thinned and split into two lobes , one centred over Quebec-Labrador , the other over Keewatin . This drained Glacial Lake Ojibway , a massive proglacial lake south of the ice sheet , leading to the formation of the early Tyrrell Sea . The weight of the ice had isostatically depressed the surface as much as 270-280 m below its current level , making the Tyrrell Sea much larger than modern Hudson Bay . Indeed , in some places the shoreline was 100 to 250 km farther inland than at present . It was at its largest at roughly 7,000 years BP . Isostatic uplift proceeded rapidly after the retreat of the ice , as much as .09 m per year , causing the margins of the sea to regress quickly towards its present margins . The rate of uplift decreased with time however , and in any event was nearly matched by sea-level rise from the melting ice sheets . When the Tyrrell Sea `` became '' Hudson Bay is difficult to define , as Hudson Bay is still shrinking from isostatic rebound . |
Typhoon_Pongsona | Typhoon Pongsona was the last typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season , and was the second costliest United States disaster in 2002 , only behind Hurricane Lili . The name `` Pongsona '' was contributed by North Korea for the Pacific tropical cyclone list and is the Korean name for the garden balsam . Pongsona developed out of an area of disturbed weather on December 2 , and steadily intensified to reach typhoon status on December 5 . On December 8 it passed through Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands while near its peak winds of 175 km/h ( 110 mph 10-min ) . It ultimately turned to the northeast , weakened , and became extratropical on December 11 . Typhoon Pongsona produced strong wind gusts peaking at 278 km/h ( 173 mph 1-min ) , which left the entire island of Guam without power and destroyed about 1,300 houses . With strong building standards and experience from repeated typhoon strikes , there were no fatalities directly related to Pongsona , although there was one indirect death from flying glass . Damage on the island totaled over $ 700 million ( 2002 USD , $ USD ) , making Pongsona among the five costliest typhoons on the island . The typhoon also caused heavy damage on Rota and elsewhere in the Northern Mariana Islands , and as a result of its impact the name was retired . |
Utah | Utah ( -LSB- ˈjuːtɔː -RSB- or -LSB- ˈjuːtɑː -RSB- ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 31st-most-populous , and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million ( Census estimate for July 1 , 2016 ) , approximately 80 % of whom live along the Wasatch Front , centering on the state capital Salt Lake City . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62 % of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS ( Mormons ) , which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life ( although only 41.6 % are active members of the faith ) . The LDS Church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , mining , and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state . St. George was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005 . Utah also has the 14th highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state . A 2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the `` best state to live in '' based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic , lifestyle , and health-related outlook metrics . |
Typhoon_Koppu | Typhoon Koppu , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Lando , was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone that struck Luzon in October 2015 . It was the twenty-fourth named storm and the fifteenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season . Similar to Goni earlier in the year , Koppu originated from a tropical disturbance east of the Mariana Islands on October 10 . Moving briskly west , the system consolidated into a tropical depression the following day and further into a tropical storm on October 13 . Situated over the warm waters of the Philippine Sea , Koppu quickly deepened . The storm reached its peak intensity on October 17 with ten-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h ( 115 mph ) according to the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed Koppu to have been a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h ( 150 mph ) . The storm subsequently made landfall at this strength near Casiguran , Philippines . Rapid weakening ensued due to interaction with the mountainous terrain of Luzon and the disheveled core of Koppu emerged over the West Philippine Sea on October 19 . Unfavorable environmental conditions inhibited reorganization and the system diminished to a tropical depression on October 21 . Prior to Koppu 's landfall , PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signals for numerous provinces ; nearly 24,000 people evacuated accordingly . The storm caused tremendous structural damage in coastal provinces , with thousands of structures damaged or destroyed . Prolonged , heavy rains -- peaking at 1,077.8 mm in Baguio -- exacerbated the storm 's effects and resulted in widespread flooding . At least 58 people were killed across the country and more than 100,000 others were displaced . Preliminary damage totals , primarily from agriculture , amount to 11 billion pesos ( US$ 235.8 million ) . |
Typhoon_Bart_(1999) | Super Typhoon Bart , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Oniang , was a powerful and destructive typhoon that occurred during the 1999 Pacific typhoon season . It was the only super typhoon of that year . The natural phenomenon reached `` super typhoon '' status on September 22 , when it grew to comprise winds containing a force of 260 km/h . Super Typhoon Bart claimed at least two lives on the island of Okinawa and brought over 710 mm of rain to the island . Kadena Air Base was badly damaged by the typhoon , with over $ 5 million of damage sustained by the base . Heavy flooding and landslides led to a death toll of 30 and over 1,000 injuries in Japan . Over 800,000 homes lost power , whilst 80 000 were damaged in the aftermath of the storm . The worst damage occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū , where 16 people died and over 45,000 homes were damaged . |
Uptick_rule | The uptick rule is a trading restriction that states that short selling a stock is only allowed on an uptick . For the rule to be satisfied , the short must be either at a price above the last traded price of the security , or at the last traded price when the most recent movement between traded prices was upward ( i.e. the security has traded below the last-traded price more recently than above that price ) . The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) defined the rule , and summarized it : `` Rule 10a-1 ( a ) ( 1 ) provided that , subject to certain exceptions , a listed security may be sold short ( A ) at a price above the price at which the immediately preceding sale was effected ( plus tick ) , or ( B ) at the last sale price if it is higher than the last different price ( zero-plus tick ) . Short sales were not permitted on minus ticks or zero-minus ticks , subject to narrow exceptions . '' The rule went into effect in 1938 and was removed when Rule 201 Regulation SHO became effective in 2007 . In 2009 , the reintroduction of the uptick rule was widely debated , and proposals for a form of its reintroduction by the SEC went into a public comment period on 2009-04-08 . A modified form of the rule was adopted on 2010-02-24 . |
Uranus | Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System . Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn . For this reason , scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as `` ice giants '' to distinguish them from the gas giants . Uranus 's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter 's and Saturn 's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium , but it contains more `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane , along with traces of other hydrocarbons . It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System , with a minimum temperature of 49 K , and has a complex , layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds . The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock . Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos . Like the other giant planets , Uranus has a ring system , a magnetosphere , and numerous moons . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways , nearly into the plane of its solar orbit . Its north and south poles , therefore , lie where most other planets have their equators . In 1986 , images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light , without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets . Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007 . Wind speeds can reach 250 m/s . |
Ungulate | Ungulates ( pronounced -LSB- ˈʌŋgjəleɪts -RSB- ) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses , and even-toed ungulates such as cattle , pigs , giraffes , camels , deer , and hippopotamuses . Most terrestrial ungulates use the tips of their toes , usually hoofed , to sustain their whole body weight while moving . The term means , roughly , `` being hoofed '' or `` hoofed animal '' . As a descriptive term , `` ungulate '' normally excludes cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) , as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of ungulates , but recent discoveries indicate that they are descended from early artiodactyls . Ungulates are typically herbivorous ( though some species are omnivorous , such as pigs ) , and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose , as in the case of ruminants . They inhabit a wide range of habitats , including jungles , plains and rivers . |
Usage_share_of_operating_systems | The usage share of operating systems is the percentage of the operating systems used in computing devices ( approximately market share , also discussed in the article ) . There are `` three big personal computing platforms '' , two of which claim over 1.4 billion users , Android and Windows . The third `` platform '' or strictly two ( or three ) platformsApple 's iOS and macOS combined , have over 1 billion users . Historically Windows running on desktop computers was dominant ( Macintosh computers were previously the more popular desktop computers , and those followed the mainframe computer-era ) , for a 25 year period from the early 1990s to 2016 . From late 2016 the mobile era took over , with the desktop computers ' market share ( measured by web usage ; including macOS ) was down to 45.22 % in January 2017 , an `` end of an era '' was declared by StatCounter for Windows ( and the desktop in general ) as no longer most popular , since smartphones alone , ( excluding tablets ) , because of Android , have majority use globally . Different categories of computers use a wide variety of operating systems ( OS ) . Windows gained majority usage share in the 1990s , on desktops ( the computer platform then taking over ) , eventually described as `` dominant '' ( and still has a majority as a `` desktop OS '' ) but is not dominant across all platforms ( while latest version runs on all platforms ) . On smartphones , Android is dominant by any metric ; its installed base is 1.8 billion , which tops Windows on PCs . No operating system has a clear majority across all platforms or all regions ; as judged by web usea proxy for all useAndroid has surpassed Windows , when counted across all platforms and regions . Android is the highest ranked OS in most countries of the world ( even a few in Europe , such as Poland with majority use ) ; leading to it ( with some help from other mobile operating systems such as Apple 's ) eventually , in late 2016 , making the world smartphone-majority . Android alone explains that to a large degree , smartphones alone have majority use , where Android is dominant . Android has over half the usage share across platforms ( even with it not used much on desktops ) in the two biggest continents ( and most populous with 76 % combined ) , Africa and Asia . For brief periods , countries on other continents , such as the United States , have lost desktops-majority share ; that has also happened for South America . Since 2013 , devices running Android have been selling more than Windows , iOS and macOS devices combined . That made Android the most popular operating system that runs on smartphones , while iOS is more used on tablets . Most desktop and laptop computers use Microsoft Windows , while virtually all supercomputers ( and for over a decade back ) use Linux . In the servers category , there is more diversity , with Linux and Windows Server most popular , and many fewer mainframes . Data about operating system share is difficult to obtain , since in most categories there are few reliable primary sources or agreed methodologies for its collection . |
USA-195 | USA-195 , or Wideband Global Satcom 1 ( WGS-1 ) is an American military communications satellite operated by the United States Air Force as part of the Wideband Global Satcom programme . Launched in 2007 , it was the first WGS satellite to reach orbit . It is stationed at a longitude of 174.8 ° east . Built by Boeing , USA-195 is based on the BSS-702 satellite bus . It had a mass at launch of 5987 kg , and was expected to operate for fourteen years . The spacecraft is equipped with two solar arrays to generate power for its communications payload , which consists of cross-band X and Ka band transponders . Propulsion is provided by an R-4D-15 apogee motor , with four XIPS-25 ion engines for stationkeeping . USA-195 was launched by United Launch Alliance , who placed it into orbit using an Atlas V rocket flying in the 421 configuration . The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , with liftoff occurring at 00:22 UTC on 11 October 2007 . The launch was successful , placing the satellite into a geosynchronous transfer orbit , from which the spacecraft raised itself into geostationary orbit using its onboard propulsion systems . The satellite was designated USA-195 under the US military 's designation system , and received the International Designator 2007-046A and Satellite Catalog Number 32258 . |
Tyros,_Greece | Tyros is a tourist and old naval town in Arcadia , Peloponnese , Greece . It is located 19 km north of Leonidio , 26 km southeast of Astros and 71 km southeast of Tripoli , lying in the heart of Kynouria , between the Parnon mountains and the Myrtoan Sea . It is considered a traditional settlement . Since the 2011 Greek government reform it is part of the municipality South Kynouria , of which it forms the municipal unit of Tyros . The municipal unit has an area of 88.567 km2 . At the 2011 census , the population of the municipal unit was 2,063 . The municipal unit consists of the communities Tyros , Sapounakaiika and Pera Melana . In the region , the Tsakonian language used to be spoken . It originates from the ancient Doric dialect and is nowadays in danger of becoming extinct . In Tyros , every Easter one of the most famous Greek traditions takes place . On Good Friday a procession of the Epitaph is held on the coastal road of the town . On Easter Saturday evening a ceremonial burning of an effigy of Judas by the sea is organized and the bay of the town is filled with thousands of candles that symbolize the souls of lost sailors and fishermen of Tyros . |
Vacuum | Vacuum is space void of matter . The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for `` vacant '' or `` void '' . An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure . Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum , which they sometimes simply call `` vacuum '' or free space , and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space . In engineering and applied physics on the other hand , vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure . The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object that is surrounded by a vacuum . The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum . Other things equal , lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum . For example , a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20 % . Much higher-quality vacuums are possible . Ultra-high vacuum chambers , common in chemistry , physics , and engineering , operate below one trillionth ( 10 − 12 ) of atmospheric pressure ( 100 nPa ) , and can reach around 100 particles/cm3 . Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum , with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average . According to modern understanding , even if all matter could be removed from a volume , it would still not be `` empty '' due to vacuum fluctuations , dark energy , transiting gamma rays , cosmic rays , neutrinos , and other phenomena in quantum physics . In the study of electromagnetism in the 19th century , vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether . In modern particle physics , the vacuum state is considered the ground state of a field . Vacuum has been a frequent topic of philosophical debate since ancient Greek times , but was not studied empirically until the 17th century . Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643 , and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure . A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury , and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury . Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes , and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available . The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health , and on life forms in general . |
U.S._News_&_World_Report | U.S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news , opinion , consumer advice , rankings , and analysis . Founded as a newsweekly magazine in 1933 , U.S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010 . U.S. News is best known today for its influential Best Colleges and Best Hospitals rankings , but it has expanded its content and product offerings in education , health , money , careers , travel , and cars . The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn widespread criticism from colleges , administrations , and students for their dubious , disparate , and arbitrary nature . The ranking system by U.S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly and Forbes rankings . |
Uncertainty_quantification | Uncertainty quantification ( UQ ) is the science of quantitative characterization and reduction of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications . It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known . An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car : even if we exactly knew the speed , small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars , how tightly every bolt has been tightened , etc. , will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense . Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty . Computer experiments on computer simulations are the most common approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification . |
Tumid_lupus_erythematosus | Tumid lupus erythematosus ( also known as `` lupus erythematosus tumidus '' ) is a rare , but distinctive entity in which patients present with edematous erythematous plaques , usually on the trunk . Lupus erythematosus tumidus ( LET ) was reported by Henri Gougerot and Burnier R. in 1930 . It is a photosensitive skin disorder , a different subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus ( CLE ) from discoid lupus erythematosus ( DLE ) or subacute CLE ( SCLE ) . LET is usually found on sun-exposed areas of the body . Skin lesions are edematous , urticarialike annular papules and plaques . Topical corticosteroids are not effective as treatment for LET , but many will respond to chloroquine . LET resolves with normal skin , no residual scarring , no hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation . Cigarette smokers who have LET may not respond very well to chloroquine . It has been suggested that it is equivalent to Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin . |
Upper_Paleolithic | The Upper Paleolithic ( or Upper Palaeolithic , Late Stone Age ) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age . Very broadly , it dates to between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago , roughly coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity and before the advent of agriculture . Modern humans ( i.e. Homo sapiens ) are believed to have emerged about 195,000 years ago in Africa . Although these humans were modern in anatomy , their lifestyle changed very little from their contemporaries , such as Homo erectus and the Neanderthals . About 50,000 years ago , there was a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts . In Africa , bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archeological record . Between 45,000 and 43,000 years ago , this new tool technology spread with human migration to Europe . The new technology generated a population explosion of modern humans which is believed to have contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals . The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized settlements , in the form of campsites , some with storage pits . Artistic work blossomed , with cave painting , petroglyphs , carvings and engravings on bone or ivory . The first evidence of human fishing is also noted , from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . More complex social groupings emerged , supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types . This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity . By 50,000 -- 40,000 BP , the first humans set foot in Australia . By 45,000 BP , humans lived at 61 ° north latitude in Europe . By 30,000 BP , Japan was reached , and by 27,000 BP humans were present in Siberia above the Arctic Circle . At the end of the Upper Paleolithic , a group of humans crossed the Bering land bridge and quickly expanded throughout North and South America . |
UK_Emissions_Trading_Scheme | The UK Emissions Trading Scheme was a voluntary emissions trading system created as a pilot prior to the mandatory European Union Emissions Trading Scheme which it now runs in parallel with . It ran from 2002 and it closed to new entrants in 2009 . Management of the scheme transferred to the Department of Energy and Climate Change in 2008 . At the time , the scheme was a novel economic approach , being the first multi-industry carbon trading system in the world . ( Denmark ran a pilot greenhouse gas trading scheme between 2001 and 2003 but this only involved eight electricity companies ) . It took note of the emerging international consensus on the benefits of carbon trading that were being proposed in the mandatory Kyoto Protocol , which had not been ratified at that time , and allowed government and corporate early movers and to gain experience in the auction process and the trading system that the later schemes have entailed . It ran in parallel to a tax on energy use , the Climate Change Levy , introduced in April 2001 , but companies could get a discount on the tax if they elected to make reductions through participation in the trading scheme . The voluntary trading scheme recruited 34 participants from UK industries and organisations who promised to make reductions in their carbon emissions , this has since expanded to 54 sectors of the UK economy . In return they received a share of a # 215 million `` incentive fund '' from the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) . Each agreed to hold sufficient allowances to cover its actual emissions for that year , and participate in a cap and trade system , with an annually reducing cap . Each participant could then decide to take action to manage its emissions to exactly meet its target , or reduce its actual emissions below its target ( thereby releasing allowances that it could sell on , or save for use in future years ) , or buy allowances from other participants to cover any excess . From March 2002 , DEFRA ran an auction of emission allowances to perform allocations to participants , after the start of the mandatory EU scheme . |