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乙型肝炎@## 治疗步骤 ### 急性感染的治疗 急性HBV感染者通常只需要支持性治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "急性HBV感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持性治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
3.年龄别头围（head circumference-for-age） 头围主要用于筛查婴幼儿潜在脑发育或神经功能异常的常用指标。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "脑发育或神经功能异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头围"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
由于引起SSPE的并不是完整的麻疹病毒颗粒，所以一般不具有传染性。 第4期 由于大脑功能丧失及脑干、脊髓上段的广泛受累，出现严重的自主神经功能异常、全身重度弛缓或强直以及自主神经功能衰竭，最终死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "SSPE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第4期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "第4期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身重度弛缓"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "第4期",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自主神经功能衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性咽喉炎@检测阳性，但无特征性症状（发热、无咳嗽、扁桃体渗出液和压痛性颈部淋巴结肿大）很可能表示定植，无临床相关性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性咽喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肺结核@结核病主要是由肺部结核（很少由喉结核）来传播。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "结核病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
胰腺癌@ ### 无创影像学检查 任何临床表现提示为胰腺癌的患者的首选检查都是腹部超声。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胰腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
登革热@腹部超声可用以检测腹水和血浆渗漏或腹部器官等病理改变，包括肝，胆（例如，水肿可能先于血浆渗漏），和肾脏。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腹水",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@ 如果环境中存在烟草烟雾会使已有哮喘症状进一步恶化。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烟草烟雾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 口腔黏膜炎 | 短期 | 高 继发于癌症治疗的口腔黏膜炎是口腔黏膜的急性炎症，是口腔区域对全身化疗和/或放射治疗的反应。口咽癌@临床表现范围从一般的红斑性口炎到糜烂性病变及明显溃疡均有。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红斑性口炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糜烂性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口腔黏膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HIV 感染@ ### HIV 或 ART 相关的骨骼疾病 | 长期 | 低 HIV 阳性患者中，骨质疏松症和骨量减少的风险升高，且维生素 D 水平常常较低。HIV 感染@骨骼疾病可能与某些 ART 药物相关，例如富马酸替诺福韦酯。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨质疏松症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨量减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "HIV 感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
十三、上皮样肉瘤 上皮样肉瘤（epithelioid）是一种罕见的肉瘤，多发生于青少年，男性多于女性，本瘤约占全部软组织肿瘤的1%。肿瘤光滑或呈分叶状，坚实，边缘不清楚。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤光滑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呈分叶状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "坚实"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "边缘不清楚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epithelioid"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性多于女性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "上皮样肉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多发生于青少年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
IRSⅢ中，3年成活率达95%，5年存活率达91%，10岁以前确诊的患儿5年存活率97%，而超过10岁为84%（P = 0. 03）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "IRSⅢ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "95%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "IRSⅢ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "91%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "IRSⅢ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "97%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后生存率",
"subject": "IRSⅢ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "84%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
第二节 非传统性进行性脑病 与慢病毒感染不同，非传统性进行性脑病（unconventional progressive encephalopathy）的病因并非通常所说的病毒，而是比病毒更小、结构迥异的致病因子。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "非传统性进行性脑病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "unconventional progressive encephalopathy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 根据先天性白内障、青光眼、智能及生长发育障碍，Fanconi综合征的典型表现，确诊Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征并不困难，诊断困难往往是因为只发现眼部先天性改变，而脑部与肾脏表现轻微或不典型，此时需作详细的血、尿的生化分析来帮助诊断，必要时动态观察肾脏及脑部的变化，对确立诊断有较大作用。有高钙尿症者还需口服氢氯噻嗪，降低尿钙，以免形成肾脏钙化及肾结石。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氢氯噻嗪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Fanconi综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "智能及生长发育障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青光眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性白内障"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@ * 眼球运动检查可能显示异常，包括扫视和平滑追随受损及会聚受损。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼球运动检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@怀孕患者 – 附加 – 自助 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 还可选用自助治疗。广泛性焦虑障碍@通过汇集研究结果发现这类治疗比仅列在等待清单中或安慰剂组有更明显的疗效。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "安慰剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自助"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自助治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@对于反复发作需要应用皮质类固醇治疗的难治性患者，应给予能减少皮质类固醇使用的药物。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@### 疼痛的阶梯疗法 非药物治疗在缓解症状不充分时则需要进行药物治疗，尽管对于一些患者根据需要而使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛的阶梯疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@病情严重的患者应给予积极静脉抗疟治疗并转ICU重症监护和支持。 疟疾感染@静脉用药吸收较好，可尽快减少寄生虫数量。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静脉用药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@[ 强迫性障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/362) ### 躯体疾病（例如，甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病、HIV 感染、癌症、Lyme 病） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 特定疾病的临床表现有所不同，但可能会包括发热、消瘦、关节痛。 持续性抑郁症@检查 具体疾病的医学评估，包括血清代谢分布图、甲状腺功能检测、HIV 检测和 Lyme 病血清学滴度可能出现阳性/异常结果。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清代谢分布图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV 检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Lyme 病血清学滴度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强迫性障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺功能减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HIV 感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癌症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Lyme 病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "消瘦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "强迫性障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
十、恶性神经鞘瘤 恶性神经鞘瘤（malignant schwannoma）又称神经纤维肉瘤，占全部小儿软组织肉瘤的3%。本瘤为逐渐增大的体表肿块，伴不同程度的疼痛。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "恶性神经鞘瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "恶性神经鞘瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿块"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "恶性神经鞘瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "malignant schwannoma"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "恶性神经鞘瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经纤维肉瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
一、肺动脉瓣狭窄 肺动脉瓣狭窄占所有右室流出道梗阻性病变的80%～90%。 颈静脉有明显的搏动（a波）者提示狭窄严重，此种收缩期前的搏动在肝区亦可摸到；有心衰时a波则模糊不清，而有右心室收缩时三尖瓣反流的高耸V波。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颈静脉有明显的搏动（a波）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右室流出道梗阻性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@### 体格检查正常 确诊偏头痛，体格检查应为正常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
垂体功能减退@ ### 睾酮过度替代 | 存在差异 | 中 可能导致前列腺增生、高脂血症和高 红细胞压积。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "睾酮过度替代",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高脂血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "睾酮过度替代",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "前列腺增生"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "垂体功能减退",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睾酮过度替代"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
前置胎盘@### 吸烟 已有报告表明该病与吸烟具有相关性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "前置胎盘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
胃癌@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 局限性疾病：有手术指征 查看全部 首选 – 外科手术 对于早期局限性疾病，如果医疗上合适，手术切除应为主要的治疗。胃癌@多项随机对照研究正在比较腹腔镜胃切除术与开腹胃切除术的差异。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胃癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹腔镜胃切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
喉癌@ 胃食管反流性疾病在喉癌患者中多见， 可能与胃切除术后患者胃酸缺乏造成碱性胆汁反流有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "喉癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃食管反流性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@并发症包括导管移位、迷走神经反射、胆漏、腹膜炎以及出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "导管移位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "迷走神经反射"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆漏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
第六节 气道异物 气道异物是小儿常见危重急症。 根据异物吸入史、典型症状、体征，结合胸部X线检查，一般诊断不难。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "气道异物",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。 （三）超声心动图 剑突下扫查对诊断右室双出口非常有用（图9-9），诊断标准为两根大血管全部或大部分发自右心室，双圆锥常见但并不是诊断的必须条件。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出生近1月时"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "水肿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "右室双出口",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右心室"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
3.学龄儿及青少年流感 发病近似成人，急起畏寒高热，体温达39～41℃，面颊潮红，结膜充血，伴全身肌肉酸痛、头痛、乏力、食欲减退等全身症状及鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、干咳等呼吸道症状。偶有鼻出血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偶有鼻出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急起畏寒高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "面颊潮红"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体温达39～41℃"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结膜充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲减退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "流涕"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干咳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "学龄儿及青少年流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身肌肉酸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@如果血尿持续，那么泌尿科会诊医师应作进一步检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
小儿哮喘@年幼儿童中描绘了三类喘息性疾病： * 早期一过性喘息（3岁以内一次或多次下呼吸道疾病伴喘息发作，但是6岁后无喘息） * 晚发性喘息（3岁内无下呼吸道疾病伴喘息，6岁开始喘息） * 持续性哮喘（3岁内一次或多次下呼吸道疾病伴喘息发作，6岁时仍然出现喘息发作） 基因环境交互作用的关键时期似乎是在儿童早期，这一假说有纵向数据支持。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早期一过性喘息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "晚发性喘息"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "小儿哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "持续性哮喘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@她的右脚踝红肿发热，且背屈时疼痛剧烈。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右脚踝红肿发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "感染性心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "背屈时疼痛剧烈"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 环境因素 主要包括暴露于射线或环境毒素及污染物、吸烟、使用染发剂和从事电力相关的工作。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 恶性肿瘤病史 ALL患者可能有恶性肿瘤的病史。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "使用染发剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
心肌病@ 第一节 扩张性心肌病 【病因】 扩张性心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy，DCM）在各种类型心肌病中最为常见，在美国及欧洲，其年发病率约为2/10万～8/10万人口，据估计每10万人口中约有36人患有DCM。心肌病@在另外两个不同年龄儿童DCM的研究表明其中2%～15%有活体组织检查证实的心肌炎，其余85%～90%的患儿原因不明。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活体组织检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "dilated cardiomyopathy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "扩张性心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DCM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
曲霉菌病@特征性的临床过程是咳黏液栓性痰、咯血、间断性发热、胸痛、反复肺炎。曲霉菌病@X线表现为肺上野有短暂的浸润影，常伴有典型的黏液栓形成的分支状的阴影（指套征）和中心性支气管扩张征象。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "曲霉菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "间断性发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "曲霉菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "曲霉菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咯血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
先天性代谢缺陷有时是全身性的，有时是相对局部性的，这取决于底物分子的大小及理化性质。小分子物质（如苯丙氨酸、有机酸及单糖）因易扩散，故异常堆积后往往会弥漫至全身多种组织、细胞而引起全身性病变，这类遗传代谢病的特点是起病早，如在新生儿期起病者可表现为急性脑病的发作。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "先天性代谢缺陷",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
脑炎@造影后 CT 扫描（如可能）可见弥漫性脑膜强化，这通常是脑炎的表现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "造影后 CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【辅助检查】 血气分析 新生儿出生时应取脐动脉血行血气分析，pH减低可反映胎儿宫内缺氧和酸中毒程度;BE和PC02有助于识别酸中毒性质。 脑电生理检查 ①脑电图:HIE表现为脑电活动延迟（落后于实际胎龄）、异常放电，背景活动异常（以低电压和爆发抑制为主）等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血气分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "HIE",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑电图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。 4.倒“Y”野 包括髂总、髂外、腹股沟淋巴结。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "倒“Y”野"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Hodgkin disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Hodgkin disease",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （八）溶血尿毒综合征 （HUS） 避孕药、环孢霉素、FK506及奎宁等可导致继发HUS。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "药物性肾损害",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血尿毒综合征"
},
"object_type": {
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}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "溶血尿毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
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},
"object_type": {
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},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "溶血尿毒综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "继发HUS"
},
"object_type": {
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},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "继发HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "避孕药"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "继发HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "环孢霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "继发HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "FK506"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "继发HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "奎宁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@### 吉西他滨 虽然未批准使用吉西他滨进行膀胱灌注，但其膀胱灌注的耐受性好，而且单独和联合丝裂霉素和多柔比星使用均有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吉西他滨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@其他超声心动图的特征包括：室间隔直径＞12 mm、二尖瓣收缩期前向活动 (SAM)、左心室 (LV) 流出道压力梯度、舒张功能异常（80% 的患者无论是否存在流出道梗阻都存在舒张功能异常）以及二尖瓣关闭不全。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
③真菌性肠炎:多为白念珠菌所致，2岁以下婴儿多见。大便镜检有真菌孢子和菌丝，如芽胞数量不多，应进一步做真菌培养确诊。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "真菌性肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大便镜检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "真菌性肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白念珠菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "真菌性肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2岁以下婴儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@结果 过敏原阳性 ### 皮肤过敏原点刺试验 检查 结果 检查 对于确定过敏性哮喘的过敏原、指导免疫治疗有用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤过敏原点刺试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ * 排除胰腺癌 * 保留功能性胰腺组织 手术成功的常用预测因素包括： * 节段性纤维化（远端或近端） * 弥漫性胰管扩张（长度＞10 cm，直径＞5-7 mm） * 胰腺或胰周脏器并发症：例如胆管梗阻、十二指肠梗阻以及假性囊肿压迫。慢性胰腺炎@ 多变量分析表明，手术成功缓解慢性胰腺炎疼痛的新预测因素包括： * 症状出现短于3年 * 术前未使用阿片类镇痛剂 * 术前5次及以下的内镜治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆管梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "十二指肠梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肺结核@ 如果肌酐清除率＜30 mL/min，乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺应该每周给药 3 次（专家推荐，接受透析的患者在血透后给药）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吡嗪酰胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙胺丁醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
登革热@### 钩端螺旋体病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在泥泞积水处浸泡或工作史，或从事处理动物的工作。 登革热@血清胆红素：增高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "钩端螺旋体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清胆红素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "钩端螺旋体病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@### 进食家庭自制罐装食品 易感肉毒梭菌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "进食家庭自制罐装食品"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
2.喂养不当 新生儿喂养不当非常多见，主要原因有：喂奶次数过于频繁，喂奶量太多，浓度不适合，牛乳太热或太凉，配方乳多变；奶嘴孔过大或过小，乳母乳头下陷；喂奶后平卧，体位多动。喂养不当呕吐时，新生儿一般情况较好，改进喂养方法后呕吐可停止。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂养不当"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
肾细胞癌@[ 高钙血症评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/159) ### 红细胞增多症 | 存在差异 | 低 可作为副肿瘤综合征的一部分而出现，多达 30% 的患者会出现这一综合征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞增多症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@### 其他给药系统 新型挽救疗法正在研究之中，包括液体、吸入、 舌下含服等 剂型的左旋多巴和多巴胺受体激动剂。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "其他给药系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@许多骨外科医生建议在关节内注射皮质类固醇后，将关节置换术至少推迟 3 个月。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮质类固醇"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "骨性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节置换术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
肺结核@ 超过一半的病例 (56%) 来自以下五个国家：印度、印度尼西亚、中国、菲律宾和巴基斯坦，且大部分死亡病例（85% HIV 阴性和 HIV 阳性肺结核死亡）来自 WHO 的非洲区域和东南亚。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "印度"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
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},
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},
{
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"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "菲律宾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "巴基斯坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非洲区域"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "东南亚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
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] |
中枢神经系统浸润：白血病细胞侵犯脑实质和（或）脑膜时即引起中枢神经系统白血病 (central nervous system leukemia,CNSL)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑实质"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "外侵部位",
"subject": "白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
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"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "中枢神经系统白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "central nervous system leukemia,CNSL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
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},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统白血病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@结果 可能下降 ### 腹部超声 检查 结果 检查 在胆汁淤积性自身免疫性肝炎的患者中，用于诊断肝外胆道梗阻。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
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【实验室检查】 1.血象 由于Hb合成下降而呈小细胞低色素性贫血，外周血片可见红细胞大小不等，中央浅染区扩大，出现异形、靶形、碎片红细胞和有核红细胞、点彩红细胞、嗜多染性红细胞、豪-周小体等，网织红细胞正常或增多，通常≤10%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "小细胞低色素性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血象"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性白血病占90% ~95%,慢性白血病仅占3% ~5%。 理化因素 在曾经放射治疗胸腺肥大的儿童中，白血病发生率较正常儿童高10倍;妊娠妇女照射腹部后，其新生儿的白血病发病率比未经照射者高17.4倍。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "理化因素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
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癫痫（epilepsy )是一种以具有持久性的产生癫痫发作的倾向为特征的慢性脑疾病，可由遗传、代谢、结构、免疫等不同病因所导致。 失张力发作:全身或躯体某部分的肌肉张力突然短暂性丧失而引起姿势的改变,表现为头下垂、肩或肢体突然下垂、屈髋屈膝或跌倒。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "失张力发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "epilepsy"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
6.肾钙化与肾结石 肾结石常见于年长儿及成人，可与肾钙化同时或单独出现，并可伴有血尿、肾积水与泌尿道感染。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "肾结石",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "年长儿及成人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "肾结石",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "肾结石",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "肾结石",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "肾结石",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泌尿道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
破伤风@肌肉痉挛过程中腹内压升高可进一步导致呼吸窘迫，吞咽困难导致误吸风险增加。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肌肉痉挛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸窘迫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@结果 纵膈淋巴结侵犯 ### 电视胸腔镜手术（VATS） 检查 结果 检查 VATS可以评估主动脉肺窗淋巴结。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电视胸腔镜手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "电视胸腔镜手术",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "VATS"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
如为二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏时，N正常，B明显增加，N/B降低，B%可增高。因特异性酶的测定较为复杂困难，可进一步作BH4负荷试验以助诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BH4负荷试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "N正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B明显增加"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "N/B降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B%可增高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝癌@多囊肝患者有多个囊肿。 肝癌@### 上皮样血管内皮瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状不特异，包括体重下降或右上腹不适。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肝癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上皮样血管内皮瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@直接抗球蛋白试验（库姆斯试验）对鉴别免疫性溶血和非免疫性溶血十分重要。溶血性贫血@外周血涂片检查对确定基础病因很重要。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血涂片检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直接抗球蛋白试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "库姆斯试验",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "直接抗球蛋白试验"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "免疫性溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非免疫性溶血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 维生素A缺乏症的临床表现与其缺乏的阶段和程度有密切关系（图5-3)，在边缘型维生素A缺乏和亚临床缺乏阶段主要表现为非特异的临床表现,如感染增加和贫血等，在重度缺乏阶段才表现为维生素A缺乏的经典表现——干眼症。 1.眼部表现 眼部的症状和体征是维生素A缺乏症经典的或最早被认识到的表现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（症状）",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干眼症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "干眼症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维生素A缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "边缘型维生素A缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "亚临床缺乏阶段"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "维生素A缺乏症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "重度缺乏阶段"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
1995年，全国危重急救学学术会议（庐山）提出我国ARDS分期诊断标准。 （一）急性肺损伤期 （ALI） 可以有明显的突发致损伤因素，出现与原发于肺部的损伤相关的症状，或表现为早期ARDS的呼吸急促困难，经吸氧无法改善，也可能呼吸窘迫的症状并不明显，容易被临床医师所忽略。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "ARDS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性肺损伤期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
失眠症@已经证明能有效地长期治疗失眠症但需要患者承诺和从业医生培训。失眠症@ CBT 治疗 12 个月后症状显著改善，且在进行 CBT 和安眠药初始联合疗法时可能有益。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "失眠症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CBT 和安眠药初始联合疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
幼年型皮肌炎@约10%合并其他结缔组织病，如JRA、SLE及硬皮病等，少数合并恶性肿瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "JRA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SLE"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硬皮病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 不稳定性心绞痛 ](/topics/zh-cn/149) ### 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床表现可能没有不同。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@MRI引导的EMB是具有前景的新技术，似乎可显著提高EMB诊断心肌炎的敏感性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MRI引导的EMB"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
一、肺动脉瓣狭窄 肺动脉瓣狭窄占所有右室流出道梗阻性病变的80%～90%。 胸部X线检查可发现轻中度狭窄时心脏大小正常，重度狭窄时如心功能尚可，心脏仅轻度增大；如有心力衰竭，心脏则明显增大，甚至大到少见的程度，主要为右心室和右心房扩大。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "右室流出道梗阻性病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肾小球肾炎@## 诊断标准 ### 简化的临床严重程度分级 * 轻度：无症状的孤立性血尿或蛋白尿＜2g * 中到重度：有症状的蛋白尿、血尿、伴 GFR 下降（肾病综合征、肾炎综合征和急进性肾小球肾炎） 。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "孤立性血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GFR 下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
食管癌@### 非白种人（鳞癌） 黑人和其他有色人种男女均有相当高的食管鳞癌的发病率。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "食管鳞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑人和其他有色人种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "食管鳞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黑人和其他有色人种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
新生儿颅内出血（intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn)是新生儿、尤其早产儿常见疾病，也是严重脑损伤的常见形式。 降低颅内压 有颅内压力增高症状者用呋塞米,每次0.5〜1mg/kg,每日2~3次静脉注射。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新生儿颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呋塞米"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "新生儿颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "新生儿颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "新生儿颅内出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "严重脑损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿颅内出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
妊娠期高血压@如果BP>140/90mmHg，必须进行随访测量。妊娠期高血压@如仍然升高，就要行尿液分析。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "妊娠期高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿液分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第四章 遗传代谢病第十四篇 遗传性疾病第一节 遗传代谢病概述 【概述】 【遗传代谢病的分类】 【发病机制】 1.酶缺乏性疾病的发病机制 2.遗传代谢病的全身性与局部性 【遗传代谢病的实验室诊断】 【临床表现】 （一）急性代谢性脑病 （二）高氨血症 （三）代谢性酸中毒 （四）低血糖症 （五）黄疸和肝功能损害遗传代谢病（ inborn error of metabolism ）又称先天性代谢缺陷病，是遗传性生化代谢缺陷的总称。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性代谢性脑病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高氨血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血糖症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "黄疸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能损害遗传代谢病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肝功能损害遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "inborn error of metabolism"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肝功能损害遗传代谢病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "先天性代谢缺陷病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乳腺原位癌@乳腺导管原位癌发病风险增加的原因有遗传因素、共同暴露于其他危险因素，以及有家族史的女性更有可能定期做乳腺X线检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "乳腺原位癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乳腺X线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。 佝偻病 患儿有动作发育迟缓、生长落后等表现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "先天性甲低",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "佝偻病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部 ### 妊娠期急性脂肪肝(AFLP) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 也见于妊娠晚期或产后，可能难以与 HELLP 鉴别。 HELLP 综合征@凝血病（低纤维素原血症、PT延长、抗凝血酶低）通常见于疾病早期（与HELLP 综合征不同，后者经常在晚期出现凝血病）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "妊娠期急性脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "妊娠期急性脂肪肝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "妊娠期急性脂肪肝",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AFLP"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "凝血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低纤维素原血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "凝血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PT延长"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "凝血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗凝血酶低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@ 调节性治疗方案： * 移植前的调节性治疗方案基于高剂量烷化剂，例如马法兰，因为它们具有量效反应。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高剂量烷化剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "马法兰"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@结果 可为阳性 ### 脑脊液 (CSF) 分析 检查 结果 检查 无需常规检查，但可排除痴呆的感染性病因，特别是在年轻个体中。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "阿尔茨海默病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑脊液 (CSF) 分析"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
白喉@早期给予抗毒素是预防该病的全身症状的关键，其中包括呼吸和神经系统症状、心血管衰竭和死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "给予抗毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
新生儿狼疮综合征@此外，患儿常伴有心内膜弹力纤维增生症和其他先天性心脏病如动脉导管未闭以及大动脉转位等。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内膜弹力纤维增生症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动脉导管未闭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大动脉转位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@## 案例 ### 案例 一位 54 岁男性患者具有 10 年糖尿病史和高血压病史，并且存在糖尿病性视网膜病变和周围神经病变并发症，他前往初级医疗医生处就诊，主诉疲乏及在过去 3 个月期间体重增加 4.5 kg。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "周围神经病变并发症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "糖尿病性视网膜病变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
传染性单核细胞增多症（infectious mononucleosis,IM)是由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致的急性感染性疾病,主要侵犯儿童和青少年,临床上以发热、咽喉痛、肝脾和淋巴结肿大、外周血中淋巴细胞增多并出现异型淋巴细胞等为特征。抗病毒治疗可用阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦及伐昔洛韦等药物,但其确切疗效尚存争议。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "更昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伐昔洛韦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "infectious mononucleosis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "infectious mononucleosis",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咽喉痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾和淋巴结肿大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青少年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
痛风@ 痛风更常见于男性患者，绝经前妇女罕见。痛风@ 西方国家的患病率约为 1%，男性与女性比为 7:1-9:1；其中英国和德国的患病率为 1.4%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1.4%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "痛风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
表6-20 常见中毒症状体征与可能毒物 （一）消化系统 在急性中毒时，胃肠道症状通常最为显著。毒物进入消化道后，毒物对肠道的直接刺激以及破坏消化道局部组织，可引起腹痛、恶心、呕吐和腹泻等症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
帕金森病@如有可能，应该为青年患者提供基因检测寻找特定突变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "帕金森病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基因检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（3）特发性： 是儿童最常见的原发性尿崩症，即未发现原因的ADH缺乏。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "原发性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "未发现原因的ADH缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@其他的前肠肿瘤（如胰腺 NETs）可引起类癌综合征，但比较罕见 (1%)。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "前肠肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "类癌综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性淋巴细胞白血病@目前，除了成熟B- ALL外，其他ALL亚型的患者均推荐使用维持治疗。急性淋巴细胞白血病@酪氨酸激酶抑制剂等较新治疗药物使用于BCR-ABL阳性ALL的患者中。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酪氨酸激酶抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@结果 正常，除非出现肝脏转移 ### 胸部X线片 检查 结果 检查 对于高风险鳞状细胞癌（例如更大以及更具侵袭性的皮损），必须早期检测局部或者远处转移。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏转移"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部X线片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@### 呼吸短促 贫血的非特异性体征。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸短促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。 【实验室检查】 （一）血液学检查 血常规检查常无特异性异常，偶可见到嗜酸粒细胞或单核细胞增多。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血常规检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Hodgkin disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "霍奇金病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "Hodgkin disease",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@检查 腹部超声和CT：存在脾静脉血栓形成。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@研究显示ESWL可以缓解疼痛，然而并未提及患者的疼痛模式或患者是否曾接受手术治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ESWL"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 （一）光疗 如怀疑溶血病，首先给予积极光疗，同时进行各项检查，确定诊断，评价病情，做好换血疗法的准备工作。保持水电解质平衡，供给足够能量，维持体温正常，改善循环功能。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "保持水电解质平衡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "供给足够能量"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维持体温正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "光疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
普通感冒@ ### 社区获得性肺炎 | 存在差异 | 低 老年人和免疫力缺陷者可由上呼吸道感染发展而来，可危及生命。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "普通感冒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "社区获得性肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |