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But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).
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Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity
"Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System" (PDF).
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More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges
This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).
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IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests
It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.
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The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.
This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
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The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.
Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.
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“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.
Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).
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As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."
Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.
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The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.
Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
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the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south).
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A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.
This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
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The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
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[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
"It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
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Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.
"MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array".
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Sea level rise is not going to happen.
If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
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Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”
Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.
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While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.
All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.
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Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.
"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".
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“There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.
rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
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Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
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“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.
acting as a carbon sink.
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“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“
The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
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The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.
This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.
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“At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.
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Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
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A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.
The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.
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Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.
Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.
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Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.
This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
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The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.
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The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.
Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.
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Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.
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Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.
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About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
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Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.
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Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.
The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
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It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”
Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.
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Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.
The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.
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President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".
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Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.
Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.
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Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.
Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.
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Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water).
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The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.
"Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry".
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The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.
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Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Atmospheric CO2has increased rapidly as a result of human activities. Although human-caused emissions of CO2are small relative to natural flows into and out of the atmosphere, the human contribution has caused an imbalance in the global carbon cycle that jeopardizes land and ocean ecosystems.
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Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.
They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl.
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The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
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Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
The Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1998 (MBH98) multiproxy study on "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" was submitted to the journal Nature on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998.
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Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.
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We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560 km) into the Strait.
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It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.
The committee criticised a "culture of non-disclosure at CRU" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.
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During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
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New photosynthesis study shows that Earth is not warming as predicted by climate models
New research shows increased photosynthesis potential of plants under global warming scenarios; it does not imply observed global warming 1) is not happening; 2) is not happening as much as predicted; or, 3) will not continue to happen.
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Peer-reviewed studies, geologic records, and all the studies have shown that we have actually cooled since the Roman Warming Period, and likely since the Medieval Warming Period.
Published research actually shows that the last century is the warmest of the last 2,000 years, globally.
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“In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …
It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
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I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.
187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).
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The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.
The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
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But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.
The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.
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Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.
Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
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"There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.
There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
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For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.
The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
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“suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.
"Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".
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Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.
"After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".
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Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.
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Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.
Neoliberal frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the free market economy, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy.
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Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.
These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.
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‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’
Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.
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In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.
In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
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Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
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Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.
It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.
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Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
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Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle
The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.
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"Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
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parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.
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Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
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"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.
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So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.
The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.
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A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”
In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection.
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If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from… 55% in July.
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The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.
Globally, the Pliocene was about 2–3 °C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8 °C warmer.
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The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."
The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.
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While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.
The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.
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according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.
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The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration.
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a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.
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The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.
This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun.
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Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.
In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
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Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.
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the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.
Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
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When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.
These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.
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as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
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Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.
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President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
"In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy".
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Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
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New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.
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It was the post war industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions, but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.
The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
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Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.
In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.
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more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.
Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.
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according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
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“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.
Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
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