AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	Fatty acid synthesis uses which of the following kinds of metabolic pathways? W) Spiral X) Branched Y) Linear Z) Cyclic	W) SPIRAL
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following bird species feeds their young crop milk for the first few days after hatching? W) Pigeons X) Gulls Y) Ostriches Z) Hawks	W) PIGEONS
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the common name of one mammal species that is not viviparous [vy-VIP-ayr-uhs]?	DUCK BILLED PLATYPUS OR SPINY ANTEATERS (ACCEPT: ECHIDNAS)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The North Star today is Polaris. In the time of the Babylonians, it was Thuban. What is the reason for this change?	PREECSSION OF THE EQUINOXES (ACCEPT: PRECCSSION OR AXIAL PRECCSSION)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What kind of telescope mount requires motion along only one axis to track a celestial object?	EQUATORIAL
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A 2 kilogram box is pushed starting from rest along a horizontal surface with a force of 10 newtons. If the frictional force is 4 newtons, how long in seconds will it take the box to reach a speed of 15 meters per second?	5
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Given triangle ABC with right angle A, angle B with a measure of 30\({}^{\circ}\), and AC equal to 3\(\sqrt{3}\), which of the following is the length of side AB? W) 9 X) 6\(\sqrt{3}\) Y) 9\(\sqrt{3}\) Z) 12\(\sqrt{3}\)	W) 9
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	What stress applied to an equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm] causes the equilibrium to shift to the side with fewer moles of gas? W) Increase in pressure X) Increase in volume Y) Increase in temperature Z) Addition of a catalyst	W) INCREASE IN PRESSURE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Who is credited with creating the bionomial system for naming species?	KARL VON LINNE OR CAROLUS LINNEAUS
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Surface temperature of the Earth is NOT dependent upon which of the following? W) Heat loss from the interior of the Earth X) Amount of incident sunlight Y) Planet's reflectivity Z) Greenhouse effect of the atmosphere	W) HEAT LOSS FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	In which of the following states are you most likely to find glacially transported sediment from North America's last major glacial maximum? W) Virginia X) Colorado Y) California Z) Michigan	Z) MICHIGAN
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots the relationship between its luminosity and what other characteristic?	SPECTRAL TYPE (ACCEPT: TEMPERATURE, COLOR)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the mechanism of action of most insecticides? W) Blocking oxygen intake X) Disrupting nerve function Y) Preventing digestion Z) Stopping DNA synthesis	X) DISRUPTING NERVE FUNCTION
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the general name for integral membrane proteins that directly couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient?	PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS (ALSO ACCEPT: DIRECT ACTIVE TRANSPORT; DO NOT ACCEPT: ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS, SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the name of the property that distinguishes L-alanine [AL-uh-neen] from D-alanine?	CHIRALITY (ACCEPT: ENANTIOMER, HANDEDNESS, ROTATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT)
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following would NOT be a good method to determine the molecular weight of a protein? W) Isoelectric focusing X) Electrophoresis [i-lek-trou-fuh-REE-sis] Y) Gel filtration Z) Ultracentrifugation	W) ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the sum of the infinite geometric series with a first term of \(1/3\) and a second term of \(1/9\)?	1/2 (ACCEPT: 0.5)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	How many real solutions does the following equation have: \((x^{2}+^{2}+2(x^{2}+\) - \(3=0\) [x squared plus 1 quantity squared plus 2 times open parenthesis x squared plus 1 close parenthesis minus 3 equals zero]?	ONE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Two identically sized conducting spheres, A, with a charge of +3.2 x 10\({}^{\text{-19}}\) coulombs, and B, with a charge of -6.4 x 10\({}^{\text{-19}}\) coulombs, are allowed to touch. While they are touching, sphere A does which of the following? W) Gains three protons X) Loses three protons Y) Gains three electrons Z) Gains four electrons	Y) GAINS THREE ELECTRONS
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A car's starter motor draws a current of 100 amperes at 12.0 volts when starting the engine. The mechanical power required to turn the engine is 960 watts. At what rate, in watts, is energy from the battery converted to heat?	240
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a sedimentary rock that forms as a result of precipitation during evaporation of seawater? W) Conglomerate X) Gypsum Y) Basalt Z) Shale	X) GYPSUM
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The gemstones ruby and sapphire are a part of which of the following mineral groups? W) Carbonates X) Oxides Y) Sulfates Z) Silicates	X) OXIDES
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name the protein that polymerizes [puh-LIM-uh-ryz-es] to form microtubules.	TUBULIN
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	Neutrons in fission reactors are categorized based on their origin. What term describes neutrons emitted directly from a fission event, rather than from a subsequent or unrelated decay event?	PROMPT
	TOSS-UP	9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer The molecule chlorine trifluoride has what molecular geometry? T-SHAPED
	TOSS-UP	10) MATH Short Answer If each side of a rectangle is increased by 10%, by what percentage is its area increased? 21 (ACCEPT: 21%)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	When a resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected in series to an AC generator, the current through the capacitor must be in phase with the voltage across which of the following? W) The capacitor X) The inductor Y) The entire circuit Z) The resistor	Z) THE RESISTOR
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	In a series resonant circuit, the circuit impedance at resonance is always which of the following? W) Equal to the resistance X) Equal to the capacitive reactance Y) Equal to the inductive reactance Z) Greater than the capacitive reactance	W) EQUAL TO THE RESISTANCE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following processes leads directly to the formation of topsoil and subsoil in the A and B horizons? W) Erosion and deposition X) Erosion and leaching Y) Weathering and leaching Z) Weathering and deposition	Y) WEATHERING AND LEACHING
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Taking the value of the Hubble constant to be 75 kilometers per second per megaparsec, if a galaxy is observed with a recessional velocity of 50 kilometers per second, what is its distance, in kiloparsecs, to two significant figures?	670
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following venomous snakes produces mostly neurotoxins? W) Black mamba X) Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Y) Cottonmouth Z) Copperhead	W) BLACK MAMBA
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the name of the plant hormone, produced in older leaves, root caps, and stems, which promotes bud and seed dormancy?	ABSCISIC ACID (ACCEPT: ABSCISIN II AND DORMIN)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following molecules can ionize in water? W) Ethyl acetate X) Diethyl ether Y) Acetic acid Z) Acetic anhydride	Y) ACETIC ACID
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best explains the relative acidity of carboxylic acids? W) Resonance-stabilized conjugate base X) Long O-H bond length Y) Polar covalent O-H bond Z) sp\({}^{2}\)-hybridized carbonyl carbon	W) RESONANCE-STABILIZED CONJUGATE BASE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The root mean square voltage of a sinusoidal AC coupled circuit is approximately equal to its maximum value multiplied by which of the following? W) 0.5 X) 0.7 Y) 1.4 Z) 1.7	X) 0.7
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	In one cycle, a heat engine exhausts 3000 joules of heat while performing 1500 joules of work. What is its percentage of efficiency to the tenths place?	33.3%
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If the graph of \(y=(x-^{2}-3\)If equals open parenthesis x minus 2close parenthesis squared minus three]is translated 5 units up and 2 units to the right, what is the vertex of the new parabola obtained?	(4, 2)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Solve \(3x-2ix=5\) for \(x\) in standard \(\alpha+bi\) form.	\(\frac{15}{13}+\frac{10}{13}\,i\)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the term that describes the temperature at which ferromagnetic materials no longer exhibit spontaneous magnetization?	CURIE (ACCEPT: CURIE POINT)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of smog in the boundary layer of the atmosphere contains sulfur dioxide? W) Oxidizing X) Photochemical Y) Reducing Z) Boundary layer	Y) REDUCING
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What is the common name of a living species in the order Probsocidea [pro-bos-SID-ee-uh]?	ELEPHANTS (ACCEPT: AFRICAN ELEPHANT OR ASIAN ELEPHANT)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	What does it mean when a wind generator has a cut-in speed of 3 meters per second? W) It won't produce any power unless the wind speed is lower than 3 meters per second X) It will stop producing power at 3 meters per second to protect itself from breaking Y) It will produce the maximum power at 3 meters per second Z) It won't produce any power unless the wind speed is higher than 3 meters per second	Z) IT WON't PRODUCE ANY POWER UNLESS THE WIND SPEED IS HIGHER THAN 3 METERS PER SECOND
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following, when added to an aqueous [ay-KWEE-uhs] sample containing calcium carbonate, would be most likely to produce bubbles? W) Hydrogen chloride X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Lithium hydroxide	W) HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	For f(x) = x\({}^{2}+2x+4\), which of the following statements is NOT true? W) f(x) has a maximum value X) The graph of \(f\) is not a line Y) The graph of \(f\) has no x-intercepts Z) The graph of \(f\) has a y-intercept	W) f(x) HAS A MAXIMUM VALUE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A wire of radius \(A\) carries a uniform current \(I\). The total magnetic energy per unit length contained within the wire is which of the following? W) Proportional to A\({}^{2}\) X) Proportional to \(A\) Y) Independent of \(A\) Z) Zero	Y) INDEPENDENT OF \(A\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is characteristic of a deep residual soil? W) Unaltered bedrock X) An immature soil Y) Soil that has been weathering for a long period of time Z) Soil derived from rocks exposed to the hydrosphere and atmosphere	Y) SOIL THAT HAS BEEN WEATHERING FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a seedless plant? W) St. John's word X) Hornwort Y) Whisk fern Z) Liverwort	W) ST. JOHN'S WORT
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	A Paramecium [par-uh-MEE-see-uhm] lives in fresh water and has a contractile vacuole [Kuhn-TRAK-tl VAK-yoo-ohl] that allows it to regularly expel excess water that enters its cell. Which of the following is correct? W) The inside of the cell is hypertonic compared to the outside of the cell, so water enters the cell through osmosis X) The inside of the cell is hypotonic to the outside of the cell, so water enters the cell through osmosis Y) The inside and outside of the cell are isotonic, but water enters the cell as the Paramecium swims around Z) The cellular processes of the Paramecium produce a lot of excess water, so it needs to get rid of the extra water	X) THE INSIDE OF THE CELL IS HYPOTONIC TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL, SO WATER ENTERS THE CELL THROUGH OSMOSIS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Providing your answer as a decimal, what is the bond order for the oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone?	1.5
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the absorption characteristics of dust in the interstellar medium? W) Its effects are strongest in radio wavelengths X) It absorbs light at all wavelengths with about the same efficiency Y) It preferentially absorbs optical light at redder wavelengths Z) It preferentially absorbs optical light at bluer wavelengths	Z) IT PREFERENTIALLY ABSORBS OPTICAL LIGHT AT BLUER WAVELENGTHS
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If \(\log{b}(=c\)[log base b of 5 equals c], then what does \(b\,^{\,\star\epsilon}\)[b to the power of 4 c] equal?	625
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	Gasoline is sold as "unleaded gas," which is a misnomer because gasoline does not naturally contain lead. Lead was added to gasoline from the 1940s to 1980s. What was the reason for adding lead to gasoline?	STOP ENGINE KNOCK (ACCEPT: KNOCKING, AUTOIGNITION, INCREASE OCTANE RATING)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Horseshoe crabs are most closely related to which of the following organisms? W) Spiders X) Millipedes Y) Centipedes Z) Insects	W) SPIDERS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Cloning a gene into a plasmid often requires you to amplify the target DNA sequence, then digest and paste the target sequence into the plasmid. Several purified enzymes are important in this process. Which of the following enzymes would act LAST in the cloning process? W) Polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays] X) Ligase [LY-gays] Y) Exonuclease [eks-uh-NOO-klee-ays] Z) Restriction endonuclease [en-duh-NOO-klee-ays]	X) LIGASE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A nubbin-on-a-spring keeps a door from hitting the wall. If the nubbin is flicked, such that the nubbin passes its rest point more than once before coming to rest, which of the following is true? W) It is undamped X) It is underdamped Y) It is criticially damped Z) It is overdamped	X) IT IS UNDERDAMPED
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A potential of 10 volts is applied to a parallel plate capacitor with capacitance of 1 microfarad and a plate separation of 10 micrometers. What is the electrical force in newtons between the plates?	10
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an aliphatic hydrocarbon? W) Benzene X) Propane Y) Cyclopropane Z) Cyclopentene	W) BENZENE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Determine the entropy, in calories per mole Kelvin, of a system that is at 27\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius and which has undergone a 1500 calorie per mole decrease in Gibbs free energy accompanied by a negligible change in enthalpy.	-5
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	In special relativity, Lorentz contraction states that for an object moving relative to an observer, the observer will measure the object's length to be which of the following? W) Longer X) Shorter Y) Exactly the same Z) Impossible to tell	X) SHORTER
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	With regard to Earth's axis, what are the two principal reasons that the Sun's position in the sky traces an analemma [an-I-EM-uh] from a fixed position at the same time each day?	EARTH IS TILTED AND EARTH HAS A ELLIPTICAL ORBIT
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is \(\lim{x\to 0}\frac{\|x\|}{x}\) [the limit as \(x\) approaches 0 of the absolute value of \(x\) over \(x\)]? W) -1 X) 0 Y) 1 Z) The limit does not exist	Z) THE LIMIT DOES NOT EXIST
BONUS MATH Short Answer	A square has a side of 8 millimeters. Providing your answer in terms of \(\pi\) and in square millimeters, what is the difference between the areas of its circumscribed circle and its inscribed circle?	16\(\pi\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	OTEC is which of the following? W) A method of producing hydrogen gas using solar energy X) A form of tidal energy that harnesses the ebb and flow of ocean water Y) An organization of oil-rich countries Z) A method of energy generation from the thermal gradient of ocean waters	Z) A METHOD OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM THE THERMAL GRADIENT OF OCEAN WATERS
BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice	There are several ways to store wind energy for non-windy days. Which of the following methods is NOT currently being used? W) Pumping air into underground storage X) Pumping water up to elevated storage and then releasing it to drive an electric generator Y) Pumping water into underground storage Z) Charging batteries	Y) PUMPING WATER INTO UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following does the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [uh-mee-noh-AS-il T-R-N-A SIN-thuh-tays] catalyze? W) Base-pairing between the tRNA and the mRNA X) Transfer of the amino acid from the tRNA to form a peptide bond Y) Charging of a tRNA with an amino acid Z) Synthesis of tRNA molecules	Y) CHARGING OF A tRNA WITH AN AMINO ACID
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	DNA replication involves many different steps. By number, arrange the following four steps in order from start to finish: DNA polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays] synthesizes a new DNA strand, DNA ligase [LY-gays] repairs nicks in the phosphodiester [fos-foh-dy-ES-tuhr] backbone, replication bubble opens at origin, primase builds the primer.	3, 4, 1, 2
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT true about the outer core of the Earth? W) It is composed of iron and nickel X) It is highly viscous and ductile Y) Its temperature is greater than 4000 degrees Celsius Z) It is the source of Earth's magnetic field	X) IT IS HIGHLY VISCOUS AND DUCTILE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The Himalayas are the result of the collision between which two tectonic plates?	INDIAN AND EURASIAN
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of a covalent bond or bonds? W) The bond between two adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain X) The bond between a tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon Y) The bonds between the large subunit and the small subunit of the ribosome [RY-buh-sohm] Z) The bonds between the small ribosomal subunit and the mRNA	W) THE BOND BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT AMINO ACIDS IN A POLYPEPITDE CHAIN
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	An F1 individual plant is heterozygous for each of four traits and is allowed to self-fertilize. The plant produces 128 offspring. How many of the offspring would you expect to have the genotype AaBBccDd [big A little a big B big B little c little c big D little d]?	2
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Work \(W\) is done to extend a spring beyond its natural length by a small distance \(x\). Assuming a spring constant of 1, which of the following is the magnitude of the maximum force done by the person stretching the spring? W) \(x\) X) x/2W Y) 2W/x Z) 2W/x	Y) 2W/x
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	If a spaceship moving at relativistic speed \(v\) appears to be shortened to 4/5 its original length, what is its speed as a fraction of the speed of light, \(c\), in lowest terms?	3c/5 OR (3/5)c
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following has the lowest freezing point? W) Water X) Chloroform Y) Acetic acid Z) Ethanol	Z) ETHANOL
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What protects Earth's atmosphere from being directly struck by solar wind?	EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD (ACCEPT: MAGNETOSPHERE)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Find the measure in degrees of the largest angle of a triangle with sides of 24 centimeters, 7 centimeters, and 25 centimeters.	90\({}^{\circ}\)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What is the common name of the process by which heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons?	CRACKING
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	How many points of intersection exist for the graphs of \(y=2^{x}\)If equals 2 to the power of xJ and \(y=\)-x\({}^{2}+2\)?	2
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What two word phrase describes an electromagnetic wave in which the electric field lies in a single plane along the direction of propagation?	LINEARLY POLARIZED
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Carbon nanotubes are potentially useful in applications such as nanotechnology, optics, and electronics. What allotrope of carbon makes up these cylinders?	FULLERENE (ACCEPT: BUCKMINSTERFULLERNE OR BUCKYTUBE)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	During the Earth's equinoxes, which of the following is NOT true? W) Daytime and nighttime are equal in length X) They occur at the perihelion and aphelion of Earth's orbit Y) They occur during fall and spring Z) The Sun is directly overhead at the equator	X) THEY OCCUR AT THE PERIHELION AND APPLIION OF EARTH'S ORBIT
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	On a phylogenetic [fy-LOJ-uh-neek] tree, two species are grouped in the same clade. What is represented by the branch point that joins these two species?	COMMON ANCESTOR
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	You're investigating guinea pig coat genetics, and you've found an interesting new phenotype: spiral guinea pig fur. If you take a purebred wavy-hair guinea pig and cross it with a purebred kinked-hair guinea pig, you get all spiral-hair progeny. If you mate spiral-hair guinea pigs with each other, the progeny have a phenotypic ratio of 9 spiral: 3 wavy: 3 kinked: 1 straight. Which of the following is most likely to be true given your experimental results? W) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and there is an epistatic interaction between them X) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and they are linked Y) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and they are independently assorting Z) There is only one gene with a number of different alleles	Y) THERE ARE TWO DIFFERENT GENES THAT RESULT IN THE WAVY AND KINKED PHENOTYPES, AND THEY ARE INDEPENDENTLY ASSORTING
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the electron configuration of bromine in noble gas notation?	[Ar] 4s\({}^{2}\) 3d\({}^{10}\) 4p\({}^{5}\) (ACCEPT: [Ar] 3d\({}^{10}\) 4s\({}^{2}\) 4p\({}^{5}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following changes has NOT contributed to the current warming trend for Earth's atmosphere? W) Greenhouse gas concentrations X) Global deforestation Y) Incoming solar energy Z) Farming practices	Y) INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The composition of what objects led to the inference that the core of the Earth is made of iron?	METEORITES OR CHONDRITES
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	Two charges, Q and -Q, are placed at \(x\) = -3 and \(x=+1\) on the \(x\)-axis. Where on the \(x\)-axis between +Q and -Q can another charge be placed so that it experiences no net force?	NOWHERE, DOES NOT EXIST
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Suppose that you support a meter stick horizontally by positioning one finger under one of the ends and the other finger about one-quarter of the way from the opposite end. Now suppose you move your fingers slowly together until they touch. By number, identify what will most likely happen to the meter stick: it will fall off the side with the finger under the end; it will fall off the side with the finger about one quarter of the way from the end; or it will stay balanced on your fingers.	3
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the determinant of the 2 by 2 matrix \(\begin{bmatrix}2&-3\\ -0&-4\end{bmatrix}\)[such that row one includes 2 and negative 3, and row 2 includes negative 8 and negative 4]?	-32
BONUS MATH Short Answer	A coin is tossed 10 times. Providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability that there are 3 heads and 7 tails?	15/128
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	An animal's respiratory tidal volume is 500 milliliters and its cardiac output is 250 milliliters per minute with a stroke volume of 5 milliliters. Which of the following is its heart rate in beats per minute? W) 10 X) 20 Y) 50 Z) 100	Y) 50
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	In humans, which of the following structures is NOT derived from myeloid [MY-uh-loid] stem cells? W) Lymphocytes [LIM-fuh-syts] X) Eosinophils [ee-uh-SIN-uh-fils] Y) Basophils [BAY-suh-fils] Z) Platelets [PLAYT-lits]	W) LYMPHOCYTES
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the limit of \(x^{x}\) as \(x\) approaches 0?	1
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Given the equation \(9x^{2}+4y^{2}+54x-8y+49=0\), what kind of shape is its graph, and what are the coordinates of its center?	ELLIPSE, (\(\cdot 3,1\))
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairings of quantum numbers \(n\), \(l\), and \(m\) CANNOT be correct? W) An electron in nickel's 3d orbital: 3, 2, 2 X) An electron in phosphorus's 2s orbital: 2, 0, 0 Y) An electron in potassium's 3p orbital: 3, 2, -1 Z) An electron in oxygen's 2p orbital: 2, 1, +1	Y) AN ELECTRON IN POTASSUUM'S 3P ORBITAL: 3, 2, -1
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of xenon oxytetrafluoride?	sp\({}^{3}\)d\({}^{2}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What type of event marks the end of major geologic eras such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic?	MASS EXTINCTION (ACCEPT: MAJOR EXTINCTION)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What seismologic feature led scientists to identify the Earth's liquid outer core?	S-WAVE SHADOW ZONE
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A source travelling towards us at (3/\(c\) emits photons in a direction perpendicular to its velocity. If the source emits photons with energy of 0.5 electron volts in its own rest frame, which of the following energies, in electron volts, do the photons have in our rest frame? W) 0.3 X) 0.4 Y) 0.5 Z) 0.6	X) 0.4
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	An unknown particle with rest energy of 1 mega-electron volt is traveling with a speed of \((3/c\) along the \(x\)-axis in our rest frame when it decays into two photons, also travelling along the \(x\)-axis. What are the energies of the photons in mega-electron volts?	0.25 (ACCEPT: \(\gamma{4}\)) AND 1
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about the mass of atoms in a nuclear fission reaction is true? W) The mass of the products is less than the original mass X) The mass of the products is equal to the original mass Y) There is no change in the original mass Z) The mass of the products is more than the original mass	W) THE MASS OF THE PRODUCTS IS LESS THAN THE ORIGINAL MASS

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

Fatty acid synthesis uses which of the following kinds of metabolic pathways? W) Spiral X) Branched Y) Linear Z) Cyclic

W) SPIRAL

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following bird species feeds their young crop milk for the first few days after hatching? W) Pigeons X) Gulls Y) Ostriches Z) Hawks

W) PIGEONS

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the common name of one mammal species that is not viviparous [vy-VIP-ayr-uhs]?

DUCK BILLED PLATYPUS OR SPINY ANTEATERS (ACCEPT: ECHIDNAS)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The North Star today is Polaris. In the time of the Babylonians, it was Thuban. What is the reason for this change?

PREECSSION OF THE EQUINOXES (ACCEPT: PRECCSSION OR AXIAL PRECCSSION)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What kind of telescope mount requires motion along only one axis to track a celestial object?

EQUATORIAL

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A 2 kilogram box is pushed starting from rest along a horizontal surface with a force of 10 newtons. If the frictional force is 4 newtons, how long in seconds will it take the box to reach a speed of 15 meters per second?

5

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Given triangle ABC with right angle A, angle B with a measure of 30\({}^{\circ}\), and AC equal to 3\(\sqrt{3}\), which of the following is the length of side AB? W) 9 X) 6\(\sqrt{3}\) Y) 9\(\sqrt{3}\) Z) 12\(\sqrt{3}\)

W) 9

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

What stress applied to an equilibrium [ee-kwuh-LIB-ree-uhm] causes the equilibrium to shift to the side with fewer moles of gas? W) Increase in pressure X) Increase in volume Y) Increase in temperature Z) Addition of a catalyst

W) INCREASE IN PRESSURE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Who is credited with creating the bionomial system for naming species?

KARL VON LINNE OR CAROLUS LINNEAUS

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Surface temperature of the Earth is NOT dependent upon which of the following? W) Heat loss from the interior of the Earth X) Amount of incident sunlight Y) Planet's reflectivity Z) Greenhouse effect of the atmosphere

W) HEAT LOSS FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

In which of the following states are you most likely to find glacially transported sediment from North America's last major glacial maximum? W) Virginia X) Colorado Y) California Z) Michigan

Z) MICHIGAN

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots the relationship between its luminosity and what other characteristic?

SPECTRAL TYPE (ACCEPT: TEMPERATURE, COLOR)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of most insecticides? W) Blocking oxygen intake X) Disrupting nerve function Y) Preventing digestion Z) Stopping DNA synthesis

X) DISRUPTING NERVE FUNCTION

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the general name for integral membrane proteins that directly couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient?

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS (ALSO ACCEPT: DIRECT ACTIVE TRANSPORT; DO NOT ACCEPT: ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS, SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORTERS)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the name of the property that distinguishes L-alanine [AL-uh-neen] from D-alanine?

CHIRALITY (ACCEPT: ENANTIOMER, HANDEDNESS, ROTATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT)

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following would NOT be a good method to determine the molecular weight of a protein? W) Isoelectric focusing X) Electrophoresis [i-lek-trou-fuh-REE-sis] Y) Gel filtration Z) Ultracentrifugation

W) ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the sum of the infinite geometric series with a first term of \(1/3\) and a second term of \(1/9\)?

1/2 (ACCEPT: 0.5)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

How many real solutions does the following equation have: \((x^{2}+^{2}+2(x^{2}+\) - \(3=0\) [x squared plus 1 quantity squared plus 2 times open parenthesis x squared plus 1 close parenthesis minus 3 equals zero]?

ONE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Two identically sized conducting spheres, A, with a charge of +3.2 x 10\({}^{\text{-19}}\) coulombs, and B, with a charge of -6.4 x 10\({}^{\text{-19}}\) coulombs, are allowed to touch. While they are touching, sphere A does which of the following? W) Gains three protons X) Loses three protons Y) Gains three electrons Z) Gains four electrons

Y) GAINS THREE ELECTRONS

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A car's starter motor draws a current of 100 amperes at 12.0 volts when starting the engine. The mechanical power required to turn the engine is 960 watts. At what rate, in watts, is energy from the battery converted to heat?

240

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a sedimentary rock that forms as a result of precipitation during evaporation of seawater? W) Conglomerate X) Gypsum Y) Basalt Z) Shale

X) GYPSUM

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The gemstones ruby and sapphire are a part of which of the following mineral groups? W) Carbonates X) Oxides Y) Sulfates Z) Silicates

X) OXIDES

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name the protein that polymerizes [puh-LIM-uh-ryz-es] to form microtubules.

TUBULIN

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

Neutrons in fission reactors are categorized based on their origin. What term describes neutrons emitted directly from a fission event, rather than from a subsequent or unrelated decay event?

PROMPT

TOSS-UP

9) CHEMISTRY Short Answer The molecule chlorine trifluoride has what molecular geometry? T-SHAPED

TOSS-UP

10) MATH Short Answer If each side of a rectangle is increased by 10%, by what percentage is its area increased? 21 (ACCEPT: 21%)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

When a resistor, inductor, and capacitor are connected in series to an AC generator, the current through the capacitor must be in phase with the voltage across which of the following? W) The capacitor X) The inductor Y) The entire circuit Z) The resistor

Z) THE RESISTOR

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

In a series resonant circuit, the circuit impedance at resonance is always which of the following? W) Equal to the resistance X) Equal to the capacitive reactance Y) Equal to the inductive reactance Z) Greater than the capacitive reactance

W) EQUAL TO THE RESISTANCE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes leads directly to the formation of topsoil and subsoil in the A and B horizons? W) Erosion and deposition X) Erosion and leaching Y) Weathering and leaching Z) Weathering and deposition

Y) WEATHERING AND LEACHING

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Taking the value of the Hubble constant to be 75 kilometers per second per megaparsec, if a galaxy is observed with a recessional velocity of 50 kilometers per second, what is its distance, in kiloparsecs, to two significant figures?

670

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following venomous snakes produces mostly neurotoxins? W) Black mamba X) Eastern diamondback rattlesnake Y) Cottonmouth Z) Copperhead

W) BLACK MAMBA

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the name of the plant hormone, produced in older leaves, root caps, and stems, which promotes bud and seed dormancy?

ABSCISIC ACID (ACCEPT: ABSCISIN II AND DORMIN)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules can ionize in water? W) Ethyl acetate X) Diethyl ether Y) Acetic acid Z) Acetic anhydride

Y) ACETIC ACID

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the relative acidity of carboxylic acids? W) Resonance-stabilized conjugate base X) Long O-H bond length Y) Polar covalent O-H bond Z) sp\({}^{2}\)-hybridized carbonyl carbon

W) RESONANCE-STABILIZED CONJUGATE BASE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The root mean square voltage of a sinusoidal AC coupled circuit is approximately equal to its maximum value multiplied by which of the following? W) 0.5 X) 0.7 Y) 1.4 Z) 1.7

X) 0.7

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

In one cycle, a heat engine exhausts 3000 joules of heat while performing 1500 joules of work. What is its percentage of efficiency to the tenths place?

33.3%

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If the graph of \(y=(x-^{2}-3\)If equals open parenthesis x minus 2close parenthesis squared minus three]is translated 5 units up and 2 units to the right, what is the vertex of the new parabola obtained?

(4, 2)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Solve \(3x-2ix=5\) for \(x\) in standard \(\alpha+bi\) form.

\(\frac{15}{13}+\frac{10}{13}\,i\)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the term that describes the temperature at which ferromagnetic materials no longer exhibit spontaneous magnetization?

CURIE (ACCEPT: CURIE POINT)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of smog in the boundary layer of the atmosphere contains sulfur dioxide? W) Oxidizing X) Photochemical Y) Reducing Z) Boundary layer

Y) REDUCING

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What is the common name of a living species in the order Probsocidea [pro-bos-SID-ee-uh]?

ELEPHANTS (ACCEPT: AFRICAN ELEPHANT OR ASIAN ELEPHANT)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

What does it mean when a wind generator has a cut-in speed of 3 meters per second? W) It won't produce any power unless the wind speed is lower than 3 meters per second X) It will stop producing power at 3 meters per second to protect itself from breaking Y) It will produce the maximum power at 3 meters per second Z) It won't produce any power unless the wind speed is higher than 3 meters per second

Z) IT WON't PRODUCE ANY POWER UNLESS THE WIND SPEED IS HIGHER THAN 3 METERS PER SECOND

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following, when added to an aqueous [ay-KWEE-uhs] sample containing calcium carbonate, would be most likely to produce bubbles? W) Hydrogen chloride X) Water Y) Ammonia Z) Lithium hydroxide

W) HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

For f(x) = x\({}^{2}+2x+4\), which of the following statements is NOT true? W) f(x) has a maximum value X) The graph of \(f\) is not a line Y) The graph of \(f\) has no x-intercepts Z) The graph of \(f\) has a y-intercept

W) f(x) HAS A MAXIMUM VALUE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A wire of radius \(A\) carries a uniform current \(I\). The total magnetic energy per unit length contained within the wire is which of the following? W) Proportional to A\({}^{2}\) X) Proportional to \(A\) Y) Independent of \(A\) Z) Zero

Y) INDEPENDENT OF \(A\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is characteristic of a deep residual soil? W) Unaltered bedrock X) An immature soil Y) Soil that has been weathering for a long period of time Z) Soil derived from rocks exposed to the hydrosphere and atmosphere

Y) SOIL THAT HAS BEEN WEATHERING FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a seedless plant? W) St. John's word X) Hornwort Y) Whisk fern Z) Liverwort

W) ST. JOHN'S WORT

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

A Paramecium [par-uh-MEE-see-uhm] lives in fresh water and has a contractile vacuole [Kuhn-TRAK-tl VAK-yoo-ohl] that allows it to regularly expel excess water that enters its cell. Which of the following is correct? W) The inside of the cell is hypertonic compared to the outside of the cell, so water enters the cell through osmosis X) The inside of the cell is hypotonic to the outside of the cell, so water enters the cell through osmosis Y) The inside and outside of the cell are isotonic, but water enters the cell as the Paramecium swims around Z) The cellular processes of the Paramecium produce a lot of excess water, so it needs to get rid of the extra water

X) THE INSIDE OF THE CELL IS HYPOTONIC TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE CELL, SO WATER ENTERS THE CELL THROUGH OSMOSIS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Providing your answer as a decimal, what is the bond order for the oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone?

1.5

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the absorption characteristics of dust in the interstellar medium? W) Its effects are strongest in radio wavelengths X) It absorbs light at all wavelengths with about the same efficiency Y) It preferentially absorbs optical light at redder wavelengths Z) It preferentially absorbs optical light at bluer wavelengths

Z) IT PREFERENTIALLY ABSORBS OPTICAL LIGHT AT BLUER WAVELENGTHS

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If \(\log{b}(=c\)[log base b of 5 equals c], then what does \(b\,^{\,\star\epsilon}\)[b to the power of 4 c] equal?

625

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

Gasoline is sold as "unleaded gas," which is a misnomer because gasoline does not naturally contain lead. Lead was added to gasoline from the 1940s to 1980s. What was the reason for adding lead to gasoline?

STOP ENGINE KNOCK (ACCEPT: KNOCKING, AUTOIGNITION, INCREASE OCTANE RATING)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Horseshoe crabs are most closely related to which of the following organisms? W) Spiders X) Millipedes Y) Centipedes Z) Insects

W) SPIDERS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Cloning a gene into a plasmid often requires you to amplify the target DNA sequence, then digest and paste the target sequence into the plasmid. Several purified enzymes are important in this process. Which of the following enzymes would act LAST in the cloning process? W) Polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays] X) Ligase [LY-gays] Y) Exonuclease [eks-uh-NOO-klee-ays] Z) Restriction endonuclease [en-duh-NOO-klee-ays]

X) LIGASE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A nubbin-on-a-spring keeps a door from hitting the wall. If the nubbin is flicked, such that the nubbin passes its rest point more than once before coming to rest, which of the following is true? W) It is undamped X) It is underdamped Y) It is criticially damped Z) It is overdamped

X) IT IS UNDERDAMPED

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A potential of 10 volts is applied to a parallel plate capacitor with capacitance of 1 microfarad and a plate separation of 10 micrometers. What is the electrical force in newtons between the plates?

10

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an aliphatic hydrocarbon? W) Benzene X) Propane Y) Cyclopropane Z) Cyclopentene

W) BENZENE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Determine the entropy, in calories per mole Kelvin, of a system that is at 27\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius and which has undergone a 1500 calorie per mole decrease in Gibbs free energy accompanied by a negligible change in enthalpy.

-5

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

In special relativity, Lorentz contraction states that for an object moving relative to an observer, the observer will measure the object's length to be which of the following? W) Longer X) Shorter Y) Exactly the same Z) Impossible to tell

X) SHORTER

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

With regard to Earth's axis, what are the two principal reasons that the Sun's position in the sky traces an analemma [an-I-EM-uh] from a fixed position at the same time each day?

EARTH IS TILTED AND EARTH HAS A ELLIPTICAL ORBIT

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is \(\lim{x\to 0}\frac{|x|}{x}\) [the limit as \(x\) approaches 0 of the absolute value of \(x\) over \(x\)]? W) -1 X) 0 Y) 1 Z) The limit does not exist

Z) THE LIMIT DOES NOT EXIST

BONUS MATH Short Answer

A square has a side of 8 millimeters. Providing your answer in terms of \(\pi\) and in square millimeters, what is the difference between the areas of its circumscribed circle and its inscribed circle?

16\(\pi\)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

OTEC is which of the following? W) A method of producing hydrogen gas using solar energy X) A form of tidal energy that harnesses the ebb and flow of ocean water Y) An organization of oil-rich countries Z) A method of energy generation from the thermal gradient of ocean waters

Z) A METHOD OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM THE THERMAL GRADIENT OF OCEAN WATERS

BONUS ENERGY Multiple Choice

There are several ways to store wind energy for non-windy days. Which of the following methods is NOT currently being used? W) Pumping air into underground storage X) Pumping water up to elevated storage and then releasing it to drive an electric generator Y) Pumping water into underground storage Z) Charging batteries

Y) PUMPING WATER INTO UNDERGROUND STORAGE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following does the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [uh-mee-noh-AS-il T-R-N-A SIN-thuh-tays] catalyze? W) Base-pairing between the tRNA and the mRNA X) Transfer of the amino acid from the tRNA to form a peptide bond Y) Charging of a tRNA with an amino acid Z) Synthesis of tRNA molecules

Y) CHARGING OF A tRNA WITH AN AMINO ACID

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

DNA replication involves many different steps. By number, arrange the following four steps in order from start to finish: DNA polymerase [POL-uh-muh-rays] synthesizes a new DNA strand, DNA ligase [LY-gays] repairs nicks in the phosphodiester [fos-foh-dy-ES-tuhr] backbone, replication bubble opens at origin, primase builds the primer.

3, 4, 1, 2

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT true about the outer core of the Earth? W) It is composed of iron and nickel X) It is highly viscous and ductile Y) Its temperature is greater than 4000 degrees Celsius Z) It is the source of Earth's magnetic field

X) IT IS HIGHLY VISCOUS AND DUCTILE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The Himalayas are the result of the collision between which two tectonic plates?

INDIAN AND EURASIAN

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a covalent bond or bonds? W) The bond between two adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain X) The bond between a tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon Y) The bonds between the large subunit and the small subunit of the ribosome [RY-buh-sohm] Z) The bonds between the small ribosomal subunit and the mRNA

W) THE BOND BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT AMINO ACIDS IN A POLYPEPITDE CHAIN

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

An F1 individual plant is heterozygous for each of four traits and is allowed to self-fertilize. The plant produces 128 offspring. How many of the offspring would you expect to have the genotype AaBBccDd [big A little a big B big B little c little c big D little d]?

2

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Work \(W\) is done to extend a spring beyond its natural length by a small distance \(x\). Assuming a spring constant of 1, which of the following is the magnitude of the maximum force done by the person stretching the spring? W) \(x\) X) x/2W Y) 2W/x Z) 2W/x

Y) 2W/x

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

If a spaceship moving at relativistic speed \(v\) appears to be shortened to 4/5 its original length, what is its speed as a fraction of the speed of light, \(c\), in lowest terms?

3c/5 OR (3/5)c

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following has the lowest freezing point? W) Water X) Chloroform Y) Acetic acid Z) Ethanol

Z) ETHANOL

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What protects Earth's atmosphere from being directly struck by solar wind?

EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD (ACCEPT: MAGNETOSPHERE)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Find the measure in degrees of the largest angle of a triangle with sides of 24 centimeters, 7 centimeters, and 25 centimeters.

90\({}^{\circ}\)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What is the common name of the process by which heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons?

CRACKING

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

How many points of intersection exist for the graphs of \(y=2^{x}\)If equals 2 to the power of xJ and \(y=\)-x\({}^{2}+2\)?

2

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What two word phrase describes an electromagnetic wave in which the electric field lies in a single plane along the direction of propagation?

LINEARLY POLARIZED

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Carbon nanotubes are potentially useful in applications such as nanotechnology, optics, and electronics. What allotrope of carbon makes up these cylinders?

FULLERENE (ACCEPT: BUCKMINSTERFULLERNE OR BUCKYTUBE)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

During the Earth's equinoxes, which of the following is NOT true? W) Daytime and nighttime are equal in length X) They occur at the perihelion and aphelion of Earth's orbit Y) They occur during fall and spring Z) The Sun is directly overhead at the equator

X) THEY OCCUR AT THE PERIHELION AND APPLIION OF EARTH'S ORBIT

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

On a phylogenetic [fy-LOJ-uh-neek] tree, two species are grouped in the same clade. What is represented by the branch point that joins these two species?

COMMON ANCESTOR

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

You're investigating guinea pig coat genetics, and you've found an interesting new phenotype: spiral guinea pig fur. If you take a purebred wavy-hair guinea pig and cross it with a purebred kinked-hair guinea pig, you get all spiral-hair progeny. If you mate spiral-hair guinea pigs with each other, the progeny have a phenotypic ratio of 9 spiral: 3 wavy: 3 kinked: 1 straight. Which of the following is most likely to be true given your experimental results? W) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and there is an epistatic interaction between them X) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and they are linked Y) There are two different genes that result in the wavy and kinked phenotypes, and they are independently assorting Z) There is only one gene with a number of different alleles

Y) THERE ARE TWO DIFFERENT GENES THAT RESULT IN THE WAVY AND KINKED PHENOTYPES, AND THEY ARE INDEPENDENTLY ASSORTING

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the electron configuration of bromine in noble gas notation?

[Ar] 4s\({}^{2}\) 3d\({}^{10}\) 4p\({}^{5}\) (ACCEPT: [Ar] 3d\({}^{10}\) 4s\({}^{2}\) 4p\({}^{5}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following changes has NOT contributed to the current warming trend for Earth's atmosphere? W) Greenhouse gas concentrations X) Global deforestation Y) Incoming solar energy Z) Farming practices

Y) INCOMING SOLAR ENERGY

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The composition of what objects led to the inference that the core of the Earth is made of iron?

METEORITES OR CHONDRITES

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

Two charges, Q and -Q, are placed at \(x\) = -3 and \(x=+1\) on the \(x\)-axis. Where on the \(x\)-axis between +Q and -Q can another charge be placed so that it experiences no net force?

NOWHERE, DOES NOT EXIST

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Suppose that you support a meter stick horizontally by positioning one finger under one of the ends and the other finger about one-quarter of the way from the opposite end. Now suppose you move your fingers slowly together until they touch. By number, identify what will most likely happen to the meter stick: it will fall off the side with the finger under the end; it will fall off the side with the finger about one quarter of the way from the end; or it will stay balanced on your fingers.

3

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the determinant of the 2 by 2 matrix \(\begin{bmatrix}2&-3\\ -0&-4\end{bmatrix}\)[such that row one includes 2 and negative 3, and row 2 includes negative 8 and negative 4]?

-32

BONUS MATH Short Answer

A coin is tossed 10 times. Providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability that there are 3 heads and 7 tails?

15/128

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

An animal's respiratory tidal volume is 500 milliliters and its cardiac output is 250 milliliters per minute with a stroke volume of 5 milliliters. Which of the following is its heart rate in beats per minute? W) 10 X) 20 Y) 50 Z) 100

Y) 50

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

In humans, which of the following structures is NOT derived from myeloid [MY-uh-loid] stem cells? W) Lymphocytes [LIM-fuh-syts] X) Eosinophils [ee-uh-SIN-uh-fils] Y) Basophils [BAY-suh-fils] Z) Platelets [PLAYT-lits]

W) LYMPHOCYTES

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the limit of \(x^{x}\) as \(x\) approaches 0?

1

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Given the equation \(9x^{2}+4y^{2}+54x-8y+49=0\), what kind of shape is its graph, and what are the coordinates of its center?

ELLIPSE, (\(\cdot 3,1\))

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairings of quantum numbers \(n\), \(l\), and \(m\) CANNOT be correct? W) An electron in nickel's 3d orbital: 3, 2, 2 X) An electron in phosphorus's 2s orbital: 2, 0, 0 Y) An electron in potassium's 3p orbital: 3, 2, -1 Z) An electron in oxygen's 2p orbital: 2, 1, +1

Y) AN ELECTRON IN POTASSUUM'S 3P ORBITAL: 3, 2, -1

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of xenon oxytetrafluoride?

sp\({}^{3}\)d\({}^{2}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What type of event marks the end of major geologic eras such as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic?

MASS EXTINCTION (ACCEPT: MAJOR EXTINCTION)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What seismologic feature led scientists to identify the Earth's liquid outer core?

S-WAVE SHADOW ZONE

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A source travelling towards us at (3/\(c\) emits photons in a direction perpendicular to its velocity. If the source emits photons with energy of 0.5 electron volts in its own rest frame, which of the following energies, in electron volts, do the photons have in our rest frame? W) 0.3 X) 0.4 Y) 0.5 Z) 0.6

X) 0.4

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

An unknown particle with rest energy of 1 mega-electron volt is traveling with a speed of \((3/c\) along the \(x\)-axis in our rest frame when it decays into two photons, also travelling along the \(x\)-axis. What are the energies of the photons in mega-electron volts?

0.25 (ACCEPT: \(\gamma{4}\)) AND 1

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about the mass of atoms in a nuclear fission reaction is true? W) The mass of the products is less than the original mass X) The mass of the products is equal to the original mass Y) There is no change in the original mass Z) The mass of the products is more than the original mass

W) THE MASS OF THE PRODUCTS IS LESS THAN THE ORIGINAL MASS