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protobowl-11-13

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q1712_4

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be." Team captain Santonio Holmes was benched during its Week 17 loss to the Dolphins. This team's fans are known to boo its draft picks, which have included cornerback Darrelle Revis and quarterback Mark Sanchez. For 10 points, name this football team coached by Rex Ryan that shares a stadium with the Giants

q1712

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be." Team captain Santonio Holmes was benched during its Week 17 loss to the Dolphins. This team's fans are known to boo its draft picks, which have included cornerback Darrelle Revis and quarterback Mark Sanchez. For 10 points, name this football team coached by Rex Ryan that shares a stadium with the Giants

New York Jets [prompt on New York]

q4931_3

Gamma-tubulin (TOO-byoo-lin) is needed to activate centrosomes in this phase, which follows the G2 checkpoint. One of these phases in meiosis includes synapsis (sin-APP-sis) and the crossing over of homologous chromosomes. Asters form during this phase that sees the disappearance of the nucleolus (noo-klee-OH-luss) and the growth of spindle fibers.

q4931

Gamma-tubulin (TOO-byoo-lin) is needed to activate centrosomes in this phase, which follows the G2 checkpoint. One of these phases in meiosis includes synapsis (sin-APP-sis) and the crossing over of homologous chromosomes. Asters form during this phase that sees the disappearance of the nucleolus (noo-klee-OH-luss) and the growth of spindle fibers. For 10 points, name this phase of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into chromosomes prior to metaphase.

prophase [accept prophase I; prompt on meiosis until read; prompt on mitosis until "meiosis" is read but do not accept or prompt on it afterwards]

q1531_2

Several "pancake domes" mark the surface of this body, whose other features include the Gula Mons and Sif Mons mountains. The spacecraft Vega 1 and 2 landed on this body.

q1531

Several "pancake domes" mark the surface of this body, whose other features include the Gula Mons and Sif Mons mountains. The spacecraft Vega 1 and 2 landed on this body. Due to a runaway greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature on this body is over seven hundred degrees Kelvin. For 10 points, name this home of Ishtar Terra, the most similar planet to Earth.

Venus

q3785_2

The dot product of two vectors over the product of their lengths gives this function of the angle between them. A law named for this function generalizes the Pythagorean theorem to non-right triangles; it uses two sides of a triangle and the included angle to find the length of the third side.

q3785

The dot product of two vectors over the product of their lengths gives this function of the angle between them. A law named for this function generalizes the Pythagorean theorem to non-right triangles; it uses two sides of a triangle and the included angle to find the length of the third side. (*) For 10 points, name this trigonometric ratio commonly calculated as "adjacent over hypotenuse" in right triangles.

cosine [accept cosine of x, with x being any letter]

q236_5

This leader fought with co-emperor Licinius in battles at Cibalae (SEE-ball-AY) and Adrianople. It is said that he had a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge. He called for the Council of Nicaea and issued the Edict of Milan. He was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, and he established an eastern capital at Byzantium. For 10 points, name this Roman Emperor who lent his name to the city now called Istanbul.

q236

This leader fought with co-emperor Licinius in battles at Cibalae (SEE-ball-AY) and Adrianople. It is said that he had a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge. He called for the Council of Nicaea and issued the Edict of Milan. He was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, and he established an eastern capital at Byzantium. For 10 points, name this Roman Emperor who lent his name to the city now called Istanbul.

{Constantine I} [or {Constantine} the {Great;} or {Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus;} or Saint {Constantine}]

q7793_1

This man's secretary, Orville Babcock, and vice president, Schuyler (“SKOY-ler”) Colfax, were accused in the scandals of the Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier.

q7793

This man's secretary, Orville Babcock, and vice president, Schuyler (“SKOY-ler”) Colfax, were accused in the scandals of the Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier. He captured Fort Donelson and opened the Mississippi River at Vicksburg before he was promoted to command all the Union armies and accepted the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox. For 10 points, name this Union general and eighteenth President.

Ulysses Simpson {Grant} [prompt on Ulysses]

q832_4

This text was written down by Sahabas (sah-HAH-bahs) after the death of the leader that received it. The clarification of the meaning and significance of this document is the practice of tafsir (TAHFSEER). Its hundred and fourteen chapters are called suras (soor-AHS). It literally means "the recitation" and is said to have been revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad.

q832

This text was written down by Sahabas (sah-HAH-bahs) after the death of the leader that received it. The clarification of the meaning and significance of this document is the practice of tafsir (TAHFSEER). Its hundred and fourteen chapters are called suras (soor-AHS). It literally means "the recitation" and is said to have been revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad. For 10 points, what "divinely ordained" religious text is sacred to Muslims?

Qur'an [or Koran]

q4926_4

Cushion plants are found in the alpine form of this biome, which is also home to marmots, pikas, and chinchillas. The point at which this biome meets taiga is known as the treeline. Flora in this biome consists of lichens (LYE-kens) and mosses. Non-alpine forms of it have little vegetation due to permafrost.

q4926

Cushion plants are found in the alpine form of this biome, which is also home to marmots, pikas, and chinchillas. The point at which this biome meets taiga is known as the treeline. Flora in this biome consists of lichens (LYE-kens) and mosses. Non-alpine forms of it have little vegetation due to permafrost. For 10 points, name this biome that lacks tree growth, which can be found in Alaska and is home to caribou and reindeer.

tundra

q331_3

Hampstead Heath and Kensington Gardens are parks in this city which is served by the "Jubilee Line," "Piccadilly Line," and "Victoria Line" of its subway system, the Underground. A Norman castle built by William the Conqueror is this city's "Tower." Its other landmarks include Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, and the houses of Parliament.

q331

Hampstead Heath and Kensington Gardens are parks in this city which is served by the "Jubilee Line," "Piccadilly Line," and "Victoria Line" of its subway system, the Underground. A Norman castle built by William the Conqueror is this city's "Tower." Its other landmarks include Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, and the houses of Parliament. For 10 points, name this city on the River Thames, the capital of Britain.

London

q1433_2

One mission in this program docked with the spacecraft used by Soyuz (soy-"OOZE") 19. The numerically first mission in this program was retroactively named after a fire burst out during a test run.

q1433

One mission in this program docked with the spacecraft used by Soyuz (soy-"OOZE") 19. The numerically first mission in this program was retroactively named after a fire burst out during a test run. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was part of its last mission, number 17. One mission in this program spawned the line, "Houston, we've had a problem." For 10 points, name this NASA program whose mission 11 saw man first walk on the moon.

{Apollo} Program [accept {Apollo Extension Series} or {Apollo Applications Program} before "first"]

q1837_2

In one poem by this writer, the speaker says that the title idea "perches in the soul." In addition to "Hope is the thing with feathers," this author wrote a poem that proclaims "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" and a poem that describes a "blue, uncertain, stumbling (*) buzz".

q1837

In one poem by this writer, the speaker says that the title idea "perches in the soul." In addition to "Hope is the thing with feathers," this author wrote a poem that proclaims "I'm Nobody! Who are you?" and a poem that describes a "blue, uncertain, stumbling (*) buzz". A poem about a carriage ride with Death and Immortality was written by, for 10 points, what poet of "Because I could not stop for death," and "I heard a fly buzz when I died"?

Emily Dickinson

q370_2

This man came to power through the coup of 18 Brumaire (broo-MAIR). His forces defeated the Prussians at Jena (YAY-nah) and the combined Russian and Austrian forces at Austerlitz.

q370

This man came to power through the coup of 18 Brumaire (broo-MAIR). His forces defeated the Prussians at Jena (YAY-nah) and the combined Russian and Austrian forces at Austerlitz. His invasion of Russia was a failure because of the harsh winter. He spent the last years of his life exiled on St. Helena, and he sold the Louisiana Territory to America. For 10 points, name this French emperor from Corsica who ruled after the French revolution

{Napoleon Bonaparte} [or Napoleon I]

q199_2

The Atbarah (“ott-BAR-uh”) is an arm of this river that starts at Lake Tana (“TAWN-uh”). The Aswan (“AHS-wahn”) High Dam, an attempt to control this river's flow, resulted in the creation of Lake Nasser, a massive reservoir shared by two nations.

q199

The Atbarah (“ott-BAR-uh”) is an arm of this river that starts at Lake Tana (“TAWN-uh”). The Aswan (“AHS-wahn”) High Dam, an attempt to control this river's flow, resulted in the creation of Lake Nasser, a massive reservoir shared by two nations. This river splits into two different sections near Khartoum (“CAR-toom”), the Blue and the White. For 10 points, identify this river considered the lifeblood of civilizations in Sudan and Egypt, the longest river in the world.

{Nile} River

q2068_3

One trilogy by this author deals with the rise and fall of the Snopes family. Most of his stories take place in Yoknapatawpha (YOKE-nah-pah-TAH-fah) County, including one in which Shreve is told the story of Thomas Sutpen. That novel, Absalom, Absalom!, is narrated by Quentin.

q2068

One trilogy by this author deals with the rise and fall of the Snopes family. Most of his stories take place in Yoknapatawpha (YOKE-nah-pah-TAH-fah) County, including one in which Shreve is told the story of Thomas Sutpen. That novel, Absalom, Absalom!, is narrated by Quentin. In this man's most famous novel, Benjy Compson reminisces about his childhood with Caddy. For 10 points, name this Southern author of The Sound and the Fury.

William Cuthbert Faulkner

q1801_3

A dog barks at a drummer in the lower left of this painting. One of the two central figures is dressed in bright yellow, matching the girl with the chicken in her belt. The other is in black with a white collar a red sash across his chest.

q1801

A dog barks at a drummer in the lower left of this painting. One of the two central figures is dressed in bright yellow, matching the girl with the chicken in her belt. The other is in black with a white collar a red sash across his chest. After restoration, it was revealed that this painting did not actually depict an evening scene. For 10 points, name this work depicting a Dutch militia by Rembrandt.

The {Nightwatch} [or De {Nachtwacht} ; or The {Shooting Company} of Captain Franz Banning

q4459_3

Prince Calaf (cah-LAHF) sings "Nessun dorma" in this composer's unfinished final work. Another opera by this composer sees Lieutenant Pinkerton marry the title character, Cio-Cio San (CHO CHO sahn), before returning to America. This composer of the unfinished Turandot also composed an opera about the poet Rodolfo's love for the seamstress Mimi, who dies of tuberculosis.

q4459

Prince Calaf (cah-LAHF) sings "Nessun dorma" in this composer's unfinished final work. Another opera by this composer sees Lieutenant Pinkerton marry the title character, Cio-Cio San (CHO CHO sahn), before returning to America. This composer of the unfinished Turandot also composed an opera about the poet Rodolfo's love for the seamstress Mimi, who dies of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this Italian who created Madame Butterfly and La Boheme [boh-EMM].

Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria {Puccini} [accept {Turandot} before "this composer"]

q209_1

The head of the third largest bank in this country announced he had hidden 87 million Euros in loans from that bank.

q209

The head of the third largest bank in this country announced he had hidden 87 million Euros in loans from that bank. That announcement led to his arrest and the nationalization of that bank. In late November 2010, this country received an 85 billion Euro bailout from the EU. For 10 points, identify this nation that controls five-sixths of an island, the northern sixth of which is part of the United Kingdom.

Republic of {Ireland}

q1808_4

This structure experiences only compression, with no shear, and is therefore an inverted catenary curve. It is made from a series of tapering equilateral triangles, and visitors can ride a sloping tram system to its top. This largest building in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial was designed by Eero Saarinen (“AIR-oh SAHR-in-en”). For 10 points, name this large curved structure located in St. Louis, Missouri.

q1808

This structure experiences only compression, with no shear, and is therefore an inverted catenary curve. It is made from a series of tapering equilateral triangles, and visitors can ride a sloping tram system to its top. This largest building in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial was designed by Eero Saarinen (“AIR-oh SAHR-in-en”). For 10 points, name this large curved structure located in St. Louis, Missouri.

The {Gateway Arch} [prompt on {St. Louis Arch} or equivalents before “St. Louis”]

q648_2

This nation's Bay of Plenty is the home of a sphenodont (SFEE-noh-dahnt) reptile called the tuatara. Its regions include Otago and Canterbury, whose chief city, Christchurch, was the site of a 2011 earthquake.

q648

This nation's Bay of Plenty is the home of a sphenodont (SFEE-noh-dahnt) reptile called the tuatara. Its regions include Otago and Canterbury, whose chief city, Christchurch, was the site of a 2011 earthquake. The Cook Strait, which divides its North and South Islands, is the site of its capital, Wellington. For 10 points, the Maori people are the native inhabitants of what Pacific island nation east of Australia?

{New Zealand}

q4248_3

This man was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging the castle Charlus-Chabrol. After the departure of Philip Augustus of France, this man led the Christian armies in the Third Crusade, during which he achieved peace with Saladin. He was succeeded by his brother John.

q4248

This man was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging the castle Charlus-Chabrol. After the departure of Philip Augustus of France, this man led the Christian armies in the Third Crusade, during which he achieved peace with Saladin. He was succeeded by his brother John. For 10 points, name this 12th-century King of England known by an epithet signifying his bravery.

Richard I of England [or Richard the Lionhearted; or Richard Coeur de Lion; prompt on Richard]

q1712_1

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be."

q1712

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be." Team captain Santonio Holmes was benched during its Week 17 loss to the Dolphins. This team's fans are known to boo its draft picks, which have included cornerback Darrelle Revis and quarterback Mark Sanchez. For 10 points, name this football team coached by Rex Ryan that shares a stadium with the Giants

New York Jets [prompt on New York]

q1384_4

This man sits between Liberty and Victory in a fresco by Constantino Brumidi on the inside of the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. The iconic portrait of this man was painted by Gilbert Stuart. In a painting by Emmanuel Leutze, he faces left and holds his hand over his heart as he stands up on a boat. For 10 points, name this U.S. President painted crossing the Delaware River, whose portrait appears on the one dollar bill.

q1384

This man sits between Liberty and Victory in a fresco by Constantino Brumidi on the inside of the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. The iconic portrait of this man was painted by Gilbert Stuart. In a painting by Emmanuel Leutze, he faces left and holds his hand over his heart as he stands up on a boat. For 10 points, name this U.S. President painted crossing the Delaware River, whose portrait appears on the one dollar bill.

George Washington

q3076_2

The announcement of this object's existence was hinted at by a shadow on invitations to an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. Disputes over strict quality control demands threatened production at the Foxconn facility that manufactures it.

q3076

The announcement of this object's existence was hinted at by a shadow on invitations to an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. Disputes over strict quality control demands threatened production at the Foxconn facility that manufactures it. This device comes with EarPods and introduced the (*) Lightning connector, as well as a longer screen than its predecessor, the 4S. For 10 points, name this latest version of Apple's cell phone product.

{iPhone}

q293_4

The island of Bornholm is in this body of water, which is connected by the Kiel (“KEEL”) Canal to the North Sea. One arm of this sea is the Gulf of Bothnia, and the large island of Saaremaa (“SAH-reh- MAH”) guards its Gulf of Riga (“REE-guh”). Five national capitals lie on this body of water, including Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Stockholm. For 10 points, name this sea south of Scandinavia.

q293

The island of Bornholm is in this body of water, which is connected by the Kiel (“KEEL”) Canal to the North Sea. One arm of this sea is the Gulf of Bothnia, and the large island of Saaremaa (“SAH-reh- MAH”) guards its Gulf of Riga (“REE-guh”). Five national capitals lie on this body of water, including Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Stockholm. For 10 points, name this sea south of Scandinavia.

{Baltic} Sea

q1980_4

This deity was forced to serve Admetus (add-MEE-tuss) after killing the Cyclops that killed his son. This deity killed the sons of a certain women who boasted to this god's mother about having 14 children; that woman is Niobe (nye-OH-bee). He pursued Daphne until she was turned into a laurel tree and played a lyre created for him by Hermes. For 10 points, name this Greek god of music and poetry, the twin brother of Artemis.

q1980

This deity was forced to serve Admetus (add-MEE-tuss) after killing the Cyclops that killed his son. This deity killed the sons of a certain women who boasted to this god's mother about having 14 children; that woman is Niobe (nye-OH-bee). He pursued Daphne until she was turned into a laurel tree and played a lyre created for him by Hermes. For 10 points, name this Greek god of music and poetry, the twin brother of Artemis.

Apollo

q43_3

This state contains the Tongass National Forest and the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes." The Alexander Archipelago is on one side of its "Inside Passage;" on the other side is this state's panhandle. The Brooks Range is an extension of the Rocky Mountains into this state.

q43

This state contains the Tongass National Forest and the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes." The Alexander Archipelago is on one side of its "Inside Passage;" on the other side is this state's panhandle. The Brooks Range is an extension of the Rocky Mountains into this state. This state's city of Wasilla (wuh-SILL-uh) is a suburb of its largest city, Anchorage. For 10 points, name this largest and northernmost U.S. state.

Alaska

q6615_2

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas.

q6615

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones. A lack of this element causes goiter, which appears as a swollen neck. For 10 points, name this element represented by the symbol I.

iodine [prompt on \"I\" before the end; do not accept iodide]

q3430_2

This substance, along with milk, is a symbol of fertility in Hinduism. It's not fire, but it has a namesake temple in Zoroastrianism, and Shintoism describes an island that is made from this substance.

q3430

This substance, along with milk, is a symbol of fertility in Hinduism. It's not fire, but it has a namesake temple in Zoroastrianism, and Shintoism describes an island that is made from this substance. In Roman Catholicism, this substance is paired with chrism in its most famous use, and Jesus used it to (*) wash the Apostles' feet. For ten points, name this substance that John the Baptist used for baptism in the Jordan River.

water

q5857_2

Hilbert's Grand Hotel paradox is a thought experiment concerning this concept in sets, and taking the limit to it is used to find a function's horizontal asymptote. Irrational numbers are defined to have this quantity of digits, and Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers.

q5857

Hilbert's Grand Hotel paradox is a thought experiment concerning this concept in sets, and taking the limit to it is used to find a function's horizontal asymptote. Irrational numbers are defined to have this quantity of digits, and Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers. For 10 points, name this concept in math which is defined as the largest, boundless quantity.

infinity

q662_3

A rebellion in this state for electoral rights was led by Thomas Dorr. The HMS Gaspee was burned off its coast. Metacomet's death and the Great Swamp Fight took place in this state, and Samuel Slater established the first American textile mill in its city of Pawtucket.

q662

A rebellion in this state for electoral rights was led by Thomas Dorr. The HMS Gaspee was burned off its coast. Metacomet's death and the Great Swamp Fight took place in this state, and Samuel Slater established the first American textile mill in its city of Pawtucket. Home to the Narragansett tribe and founded by Roger Williams at (*) Providence, for 10 points, name this state that first declared independence from Britain.

State of {Rhode Island} and {Providence} Plantations

q4480_4

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot.

q4480

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot. Its largest moon, which has a retrograde orbit, is Triton. For 10 points, name this gas giant, the farthest from the Sun in the solar system.

Neptune

q2049_4

One novel by this writer is about a man who enters an extinct volcano in Iceland and emerges in Italy. In another novel by him, a detective named Fix is suspicious of the protagonist, Phileas Fogg. In another work, Pierre Arronax narrates on the (*) Nautilus about Captain Nemo. For 10 points, name this author of A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

q2049

One novel by this writer is about a man who enters an extinct volcano in Iceland and emerges in Italy. In another novel by him, a detective named Fix is suspicious of the protagonist, Phileas Fogg. In another work, Pierre Arronax narrates on the (*) Nautilus about Captain Nemo. For 10 points, name this author of A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Jules {Verne}

q2405_1

In publishing, this six-letter term describes a set of journal issues published in the same year.

q2405

In publishing, this six-letter term describes a set of journal issues published in the same year. It also describes the sound level output from a computer or television. Density equals mass divided by a quantity with this name. For 10 points, give this term for the amount of space an object occupies, which for a cube equals side length cubed.

volume

q1407_2

Two brothers of this surname discovered piezoelectricity and a namesake point at which ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. One of those brothers explored the properties of the ore pitchblende with his wife.

q1407

Two brothers of this surname discovered piezoelectricity and a namesake point at which ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. One of those brothers explored the properties of the ore pitchblende with his wife. That wife later won a second Nobel Prize for her work isolating radium, and named the element polonium after her native country. For 10 points, give the last name of physicist Pierre and his wife Marie.

Curie [accept Pierre Curie; accept Marie Skłodowska Curie; accept (Paul-) Jacques Curie]

q321_2

In Boolean algebra, this property holds that a value multiplied by its inverse is equal to zero. For matrices under addition, a function of this name is given by a matrix with all zeros.

q321

In Boolean algebra, this property holds that a value multiplied by its inverse is equal to zero. For matrices under addition, a function of this name is given by a matrix with all zeros. This term applies to functions that take a number to the first power, multiply it by one, or do any other operation that returns the input. For 10 points, any number plus zero equals itself according to what kind of property of addition?

identity function [or identity property]

q450_3

Paul Whiteman's band premiered this work at "An Experiment in Modern Music," after which its composer wrote out the solo piano part he'd improvised. This piece features syncopation inspired by a train ride from New York to Boston, and its opening theme is introduced with a (*) clarinet glissando. United Airlines advertising features, for 10 points, what 1924 work that fused jazz and classical music, composed by George Gershwin?

q450

Paul Whiteman's band premiered this work at "An Experiment in Modern Music," after which its composer wrote out the solo piano part he'd improvised. This piece features syncopation inspired by a train ride from New York to Boston, and its opening theme is introduced with a (*) clarinet glissando. United Airlines advertising features, for 10 points, what 1924 work that fused jazz and classical music, composed by George Gershwin?

\"Rhapsody in Blue\"

q374_1

Some of this empire's ruins were found in 1911 by Hiram Bingham.

q374

Some of this empire's ruins were found in 1911 by Hiram Bingham. One ruler of this empire fought a civil war with his half-brother Huascar (whas-car). That ruler was captured at the battle of Cajamarca (ka-ha-mar-ka), and he was named Atahualpa (Ata·hual·pa). This empire had its capital at (*) Cuzco, and famous ruins from this empire can be found at Machu Picchu in Peru. For 10 points, name this South American empire that was conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

{Inca} Empire [or {Tawantinsuyu}]

q1804_4

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters. It was uncovered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with the help of Deep Throat. For 10 points, what scandal caused President Nixon to resign following his reelection?

q1804

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters. It was uncovered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with the help of Deep Throat. For 10 points, what scandal caused President Nixon to resign following his reelection?

{Watergate} scandal

q1342_4

Near the end of this novel, Marya Bolkonskaya (“MAR-yuh BOWL-con-SKY-uh”) marries a cavalry officer named Nikolay. Nikolay's sister later marries the former husband of the most fascinating woman in Petersburg, Helene Kuragina (“eh-LEN kur-AH-jin-ah”). By the end of this novel, Natasha Rostova (“ross-TOE-vah”) marries Pierre Bezukhov (“BEZ-oo-kov”). For 10 points, name this Leo Tolstoy novel that is notoriously long.

q1342

Near the end of this novel, Marya Bolkonskaya (“MAR-yuh BOWL-con-SKY-uh”) marries a cavalry officer named Nikolay. Nikolay's sister later marries the former husband of the most fascinating woman in Petersburg, Helene Kuragina (“eh-LEN kur-AH-jin-ah”). By the end of this novel, Natasha Rostova (“ross-TOE-vah”) marries Pierre Bezukhov (“BEZ-oo-kov”). For 10 points, name this Leo Tolstoy novel that is notoriously long.

{War and Peace}

q186_1

This macromolecule (“MACK-row-MOLL-eh-kyool”) can be artificially copied using the polymerase (“puh-LIM-er-ase”) chain reaction.

q186

This macromolecule (“MACK-row-MOLL-eh-kyool”) can be artificially copied using the polymerase (“puh-LIM-er-ase”) chain reaction. Okazaki fragments can form on its lagging strand during its replication. Chargaff proposed rules governing the pairing of this macromolecule's bases, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Watson and Crick discovered its double helix shape. For 10 points, name this nucleic acid, the human genetic material.

{DNA} [or {deoxyribonucleic} (“ dee-OX-ee-RYE-bo-nu-CLAY-ic ”) {acid}]

q2475_1

This state of matter is the initial and final phase in regelation, and it is to the left of the triple point on phase diagrams.

q2475

This state of matter is the initial and final phase in regelation, and it is to the left of the triple point on phase diagrams. This starting point for sublimation is the most common state for elements at room temperature and pressure. One type of it is amorphous, though it generally is characterized by an orderly pattern on molecules. For 10 points, name this state that includes crystals, the endpoint of freezing.

solids

q363_3

This city is protected from floods by a dam centered on the island of Kotlin. A bronze equestrian statue of this city's namesake stands in Senate Square, the site of the Decembrist revolt. This city lies on the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Neva River, a few hundred miles northwest of (*) Moscow.

q363

This city is protected from floods by a dam centered on the island of Kotlin. A bronze equestrian statue of this city's namesake stands in Senate Square, the site of the Decembrist revolt. This city lies on the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Neva River, a few hundred miles northwest of (*) Moscow. For 10 points, name this Russian city, formerly known as Leningrad and Petrograd, considered the most Westernized Russian city.

{St. Petersburg} [prompt on {\"Leningrad\"} or {\"Petrograd\"} before they are mentioned]

q2206_2

The title figure looks "a little like a military man" in this group's song about a meter maid, "Lovely Rita." Peter Frampton starred in a movie based on this group's album Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

q2206

The title figure looks "a little like a military man" in this group's song about a meter maid, "Lovely Rita." Peter Frampton starred in a movie based on this group's album Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. They recorded the album Abbey Road shortly before breaking up in 1970. For 10 points, name this band from Liverpool, England whose hit “Eleanor Rigby” was written by Paul McCartney.

The {Beatles} [accept {Lovely Rita} before "{this group}"]

q743_1

This country underwent the 14 July Revolution in 1958 to eliminate its monarchy.

q743

This country underwent the 14 July Revolution in 1958 to eliminate its monarchy. A border dispute with Iran near the Shatt al-Arab led to hundreds of thousands of casualties in a 1980s war. In 1990, this country tried to annex (*) Kuwait but was stopped by a coalition headed by the United States. For 10 points, name this country now headed by Nouri al-Maliki and Jalal Talabani that was recently led by Saddam Hussein.

Iraq

q1836_1

One of these organic compounds is required for proteins to form blood clots, and sunlight is necessary for the body to produce another.

q1836

One of these organic compounds is required for proteins to form blood clots, and sunlight is necessary for the body to produce another. The lack of one fat-soluble type results in night blindness, while beriberi (BARE-ee-BARE-ee) is caused by a diet deficient in one called thiamine. The ascorbic acid one in citrus fruit brought an end to scurvy. For 10 points, name these organic nutrients like A, C, and B1 (B-"ONE") that are only needed in small amounts.

{vitamins} [accept more specific answers of {Vitamin K, Vitamin D,} or {Vitamin A} until "thiamine" is read]

q32_3

When one of this state's senators, Mel Martinez, did not seek reelection, George LeMieux (leh-MEW) was appointed to that position. In 2010, a three-way race for that seat involved former Republican governor Charlie Crist, who ran as an Independent, and eventual winner Marco Rubio. For 10 points, name this state whose vote-counting procedures created controversy during the 2000 presidential election.

q32

When one of this state's senators, Mel Martinez, did not seek reelection, George LeMieux (leh-MEW) was appointed to that position. In 2010, a three-way race for that seat involved former Republican governor Charlie Crist, who ran as an Independent, and eventual winner Marco Rubio. For 10 points, name this state whose vote-counting procedures created controversy during the 2000 presidential election.

Florida

q5300_3

This figure ordered the Goliad Massacre, and he was severely injured by French cannon fire at Veracruz during the Pastry War. The Treaties of Velasco were signed following this leader's capture after the Battle of San Jacinto, and he was responsible for the deaths of Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. For 10 points, name this self-styled "Napoleon of the West," a Mexican general infamous for his attempt to seize the Alamo.

q5300

This figure ordered the Goliad Massacre, and he was severely injured by French cannon fire at Veracruz during the Pastry War. The Treaties of Velasco were signed following this leader's capture after the Battle of San Jacinto, and he was responsible for the deaths of Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. For 10 points, name this self-styled "Napoleon of the West," a Mexican general infamous for his attempt to seize the Alamo.

Antonio López de {Santa Anna} [prompt on Napoleon of the West before it is read]

q260_3

A museum branch located in this city's Fort Tryon Park containing medieval art is known as The Cloisters. One of its straits, which includes Roosevelt Island and Rikers Island, is the East River. Some of its neighborhoods are Bensonhurst and Flatbush, and its Turtle Bay neighborhood includes the headquarters of the (*) United Nations.

q260

A museum branch located in this city's Fort Tryon Park containing medieval art is known as The Cloisters. One of its straits, which includes Roosevelt Island and Rikers Island, is the East River. Some of its neighborhoods are Bensonhurst and Flatbush, and its Turtle Bay neighborhood includes the headquarters of the (*) United Nations. For 10 points, name this city whose boroughs include Queens, Staten Island, and Manhattan.

New York City

q2154_4

In this work, Unferth boasts about beating the protagonist in a swimming contest. As his dying action, the protagonist gives Wiglaf a royal gold collar. Partly taking place in the mead hall Heorot, this work presents Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, as helpless in battling a (*) monster who comes nightly to eat warriors. For 10 points, name this Old English epic poem in which the title hero kills Grendel and Grendel's mother.

q2154

In this work, Unferth boasts about beating the protagonist in a swimming contest. As his dying action, the protagonist gives Wiglaf a royal gold collar. Partly taking place in the mead hall Heorot, this work presents Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, as helpless in battling a (*) monster who comes nightly to eat warriors. For 10 points, name this Old English epic poem in which the title hero kills Grendel and Grendel's mother.

Beowulf

q2122_1

The wife of one character in this novel is named Teresa Cascajo (“cas-CAH-ho”).

q2122

The wife of one character in this novel is named Teresa Cascajo (“cas-CAH-ho”). That character's donkey is named Dapple and accompanies Rocinante (“ro-sin-AHN-tay”), the nag of this novel's protagonist. A long-legged paunchy rustic named Sancho Panza is the squire of the title character. For 10 points, name this novel by Miguel de Cervantes (“ser-VAHN-tayss”) in which a chivalry-obsessed title character tilts at windmills.

{Don Quixote} de la Mancha

q192_5

This city was named after the Pottawatomie (POT-ah-WAH-tah-mee) for either "smelly onion place" or "skunk." An early road in this city crossed the "Nine-Mile Swamp" and Des Plaines (day PLAINS) River. Its Statistical Metropolitan Area includes Kenosha and Gary. This seat of Cook County is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. For 10 points, name this third largest city in the United States known as the "Windy City."

q192

This city was named after the Pottawatomie (POT-ah-WAH-tah-mee) for either "smelly onion place" or "skunk." An early road in this city crossed the "Nine-Mile Swamp" and Des Plaines (day PLAINS) River. Its Statistical Metropolitan Area includes Kenosha and Gary. This seat of Cook County is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. For 10 points, name this third largest city in the United States known as the "Windy City."

Chicago

q5857_3

Hilbert's Grand Hotel paradox is a thought experiment concerning this concept in sets, and taking the limit to it is used to find a function's horizontal asymptote. Irrational numbers are defined to have this quantity of digits, and Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers. For 10 points, name this concept in math which is defined as the largest, boundless quantity.

q5857

Hilbert's Grand Hotel paradox is a thought experiment concerning this concept in sets, and taking the limit to it is used to find a function's horizontal asymptote. Irrational numbers are defined to have this quantity of digits, and Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers. For 10 points, name this concept in math which is defined as the largest, boundless quantity.

infinity

q1804_2

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters.

q1804

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters. It was uncovered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with the help of Deep Throat. For 10 points, what scandal caused President Nixon to resign following his reelection?

{Watergate} scandal

q3525_1

This person negotiated a treaty that ceded Florida to the United States with Luis de Onis (loo-EES day oh-"NIECE") while serving as James Monroe's Secretary of State.

q3525

This person negotiated a treaty that ceded Florida to the United States with Luis de Onis (loo-EES day oh-"NIECE") while serving as James Monroe's Secretary of State. This man agreed to name Henry Clay Secretary of State in order to break a deadlock in the House of Representatives; that decision was the first "corrupt bargain." For 10 points, name this winner of the Election of 1824 over Andrew Jackson, the sixth U.S. President.

{John Quincy Adams} [prompt on {Adams;} do not prompt on or accept "John Adams"]

q1752_5

These objects explained the Vine-Matthews hypothesis about the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries between these objects. These objects were first proposed in Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. They slide past each other at transform faults. For 10 points, what masses of crust float along the mantle and include the Eurasian, Arabian, and Pacific?

q1752

These objects explained the Vine-Matthews hypothesis about the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries between these objects. These objects were first proposed in Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. They slide past each other at transform faults. For 10 points, what masses of crust float along the mantle and include the Eurasian, Arabian, and Pacific?

{tectonic plates} [or {plate tectonics}]

q4924_1

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was an early attempt to address this event, which resulted in the formation of the SEC.

q4924

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was an early attempt to address this event, which resulted in the formation of the SEC. Dorothea Lange (LANG) took a famous photograph of Florence Owens Thompson during it, and it was exacerbated by drought in the Midwest leading to the Dust Bowl. For 10 points, Migrant Mother was taken during what economic downturn in the 1930s that Franklin Roosevelt tried to solve with his New Deal?

{Great Depression} [accept {banking crisis} before "SEC" is read]

q717_3

This man wrote a 1729 satirical essay suggesting that poor people in Ireland should sell their children as food. The protagonist in one of his novels goes to the flying island of Laputa. That character also goes to a land of (*) giants called Brobdingnag and a land of very small people called Lilliput.

q717

This man wrote a 1729 satirical essay suggesting that poor people in Ireland should sell their children as food. The protagonist in one of his novels goes to the flying island of Laputa. That character also goes to a land of (*) giants called Brobdingnag and a land of very small people called Lilliput. For 10 points, name this author of A Modest Proposal and Gulliver's Travels.

Jonathan {Swift}

q6615_3

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones.

q6615

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones. A lack of this element causes goiter, which appears as a swollen neck. For 10 points, name this element represented by the symbol I.

iodine [prompt on \"I\" before the end; do not accept iodide]

q370_1

This man came to power through the coup of 18 Brumaire (broo-MAIR).

q370

This man came to power through the coup of 18 Brumaire (broo-MAIR). His forces defeated the Prussians at Jena (YAY-nah) and the combined Russian and Austrian forces at Austerlitz. His invasion of Russia was a failure because of the harsh winter. He spent the last years of his life exiled on St. Helena, and he sold the Louisiana Territory to America. For 10 points, name this French emperor from Corsica who ruled after the French revolution

{Napoleon Bonaparte} [or Napoleon I]

q1746_3

In this novel, Lord Godalming courts Lucy, who eventually succumbs to the title character. Mina's visit to her friend Lucy is interrupted when a ship runs aground in this novel. Later in this novel, a Dutch doctor draws a circle in the snow with a crucifix for protection; that man is Abraham Van Helsing.

q1746

In this novel, Lord Godalming courts Lucy, who eventually succumbs to the title character. Mina's visit to her friend Lucy is interrupted when a ship runs aground in this novel. Later in this novel, a Dutch doctor draws a circle in the snow with a crucifix for protection; that man is Abraham Van Helsing. For 10 points, identify this Bram Stoker novel about Jonathan Harker's fight against the undead Vlad the Impaler.

Dracula

q2541_4

When this substance is used, it often leaves behind a liquid with naphthalene and various phenols. The lowest rank of this type of substance, formed from peat, is lignite, while higher grades are classified as anthracite or the bituminous type. Plant remains over a long period of time transform into this sedimentary rock. For 10 points, name this substance which is used to generate electricity after it is mined out of the ground.

q2541

When this substance is used, it often leaves behind a liquid with naphthalene and various phenols. The lowest rank of this type of substance, formed from peat, is lignite, while higher grades are classified as anthracite or the bituminous type. Plant remains over a long period of time transform into this sedimentary rock. For 10 points, name this substance which is used to generate electricity after it is mined out of the ground.

{coal}

q2801_2

This figure was nearly killed by his own father when Medea tricked the father into giving this figure a poisoned cup of wine. That cup was knocked away when this figure revealed a sword his father had hidden under a boulder with a pair of sandals.

q2801

This figure was nearly killed by his own father when Medea tricked the father into giving this figure a poisoned cup of wine. That cup was knocked away when this figure revealed a sword his father had hidden under a boulder with a pair of sandals. When this hero returned home with black sails, his father, Aegeus, jumped into the sea. For 10 points, name this first king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur.

Theseus

q2822_4

Composers from this nation include the minimalist creator of Imaginary Landscape No. 4 and Four Minutes Thirty-Three Seconds. Adagio for Strings is an orchestral work from this country. This home of composers John Cage and Samuel Barber is the setting for the ballets Rodeo (roh-DAY-oh) and Billy the Kid by Aaron Copland. For 10 points, name this country whose Marine band was led by John Philip Sousa.

q2822

Composers from this nation include the minimalist creator of Imaginary Landscape No. 4 and Four Minutes Thirty-Three Seconds. Adagio for Strings is an orchestral work from this country. This home of composers John Cage and Samuel Barber is the setting for the ballets Rodeo (roh-DAY-oh) and Billy the Kid by Aaron Copland. For 10 points, name this country whose Marine band was led by John Philip Sousa.

{United States of America} [or {U.S.A.;} or {America;} or other answers that obviously refer to the country in which this tournament is taking place]

q2801_4

This figure was nearly killed by his own father when Medea tricked the father into giving this figure a poisoned cup of wine. That cup was knocked away when this figure revealed a sword his father had hidden under a boulder with a pair of sandals. When this hero returned home with black sails, his father, Aegeus, jumped into the sea. For 10 points, name this first king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur.

q2801

This figure was nearly killed by his own father when Medea tricked the father into giving this figure a poisoned cup of wine. That cup was knocked away when this figure revealed a sword his father had hidden under a boulder with a pair of sandals. When this hero returned home with black sails, his father, Aegeus, jumped into the sea. For 10 points, name this first king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur.

Theseus

q4292_1

One form of this concept is equal to the product of charge and voltage.

q4292

One form of this concept is equal to the product of charge and voltage. For a spring, this quantity is given by one-half times the spring constant times the square of the distance from equilibrium. The gravitational form of this quantity is equal to an object's weight times its height. For 10 points, give this “stored” energy that is converted into kinetic energy.

{potential energy} [or {potential} energy after “energy”; prompt on energy]

q2386_3

This nation overthrew Albania's King Zog. A major event in the unification of this nation was the Expedition of the Thousand, and its first king after unification was Victor Emanuel II. In 1935 this nation invaded Ethiopia.

q2386

This nation overthrew Albania's King Zog. A major event in the unification of this nation was the Expedition of the Thousand, and its first king after unification was Victor Emanuel II. In 1935 this nation invaded Ethiopia. One of its leaders was called Il Duce, and along with Germany, it was one of Europe's major Axis powers. For 10 points, name this European country that was ruled by fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

{Italy} [or {Italia}]

q2464_3

In this novel, the protagonist lies about what happened to an amethyst brooch so she can go to a picnic. That protagonist makes up names like Willowmere for locales around her village and inadvertently gets her friend Diana Barry drunk on "raspberry cordial." (*) For 10 points, name this novel about a redheaded orphan adopted by Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island, a novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery.

q2464

In this novel, the protagonist lies about what happened to an amethyst brooch so she can go to a picnic. That protagonist makes up names like Willowmere for locales around her village and inadvertently gets her friend Diana Barry drunk on "raspberry cordial." (*) For 10 points, name this novel about a redheaded orphan adopted by Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island, a novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery.

Anne of Green Gables

q2030_5

All solutions of Diophantine (DYE-oh-FAN-teen) equations are in this set. This set is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but not division, and is denoted by a boldface Z. The absolute value of any number in this set except 0 is a natural number. Rational numbers can be expressed as the quotient of two of these kinds of numbers. For 10 points, give the term that applies to the set of whole numbers and their negatives.

q2030

All solutions of Diophantine (DYE-oh-FAN-teen) equations are in this set. This set is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but not division, and is denoted by a boldface Z. The absolute value of any number in this set except 0 is a natural number. Rational numbers can be expressed as the quotient of two of these kinds of numbers. For 10 points, give the term that applies to the set of whole numbers and their negatives.

integers

q4459_1

Prince Calaf (cah-LAHF) sings "Nessun dorma" in this composer's unfinished final work.

q4459

Prince Calaf (cah-LAHF) sings "Nessun dorma" in this composer's unfinished final work. Another opera by this composer sees Lieutenant Pinkerton marry the title character, Cio-Cio San (CHO CHO sahn), before returning to America. This composer of the unfinished Turandot also composed an opera about the poet Rodolfo's love for the seamstress Mimi, who dies of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this Italian who created Madame Butterfly and La Boheme [boh-EMM].

Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria {Puccini} [accept {Turandot} before "this composer"]

q746_1

This man's reign began with the Streltsy (SHTRELT-zee) Revolt instigated by his half-sister, Sophia.

q746

This man's reign began with the Streltsy (SHTRELT-zee) Revolt instigated by his half-sister, Sophia. He passed a law which required all men to either cut their beards or pay a tax. This leader created the Table of Ranks to organize the government and limit the power of the Boyars (boh-YAHRS). He defeated Charles XII of Sweden in the Great Northern War. For 10 points, name this tsar who established Russia as a dominant European power.

{Peter I} [accept {Peter the Great;} prompt on {Peter}]

q245_4

This river divides Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 1927, this river's flood was the worst in US history, causing a system of levees to be built that was the world's longest. Nicknamed the "Big Muddy", this river serves as part of the border between (*) Louisiana and its namesake state. For 10 points, name this river that, with the Missouri, makes up the longest river system in the United States.

q245

This river divides Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 1927, this river's flood was the worst in US history, causing a system of levees to be built that was the world's longest. Nicknamed the "Big Muddy", this river serves as part of the border between (*) Louisiana and its namesake state. For 10 points, name this river that, with the Missouri, makes up the longest river system in the United States.

{Mississippi} River

q4841_4

This deity caused Hodr (HOE-dur) to kill another god with mistletoe, and then failed to weep for that god in the guise of Thokk. He prevented a wall from being built around Asgard on time by taking the form of a mare and laying with Svadilfari (SVAHD-ill-FAR-ee); that union created Sleipnir (SLEEPnear). He is better known for fathering the Midgard Serpent and Hel. For 10 points, identify this Norse trickster god.

q4841

This deity caused Hodr (HOE-dur) to kill another god with mistletoe, and then failed to weep for that god in the guise of Thokk. He prevented a wall from being built around Asgard on time by taking the form of a mare and laying with Svadilfari (SVAHD-ill-FAR-ee); that union created Sleipnir (SLEEPnear). He is better known for fathering the Midgard Serpent and Hel. For 10 points, identify this Norse trickster god.

Loki

q6496_1

This man almost lost his Senate seat in the 1998, surviving a challenge from future colleague John Ensign, and he is expected to have a tough re-election in 2010 against Sue Lowden or Danny Tarkanian.

q6496

This man almost lost his Senate seat in the 1998, surviving a challenge from future colleague John Ensign, and he is expected to have a tough re-election in 2010 against Sue Lowden or Danny Tarkanian. He commented that Barack Obama was “light-skinned” and “spoke with no Negro dialect, unless he wanted one.” For 10 points, name this senior Senator from Nevada, the current Senate Majority Leader.

Harry Mason {Reid}

q1280_3

This element is the most malleable and ductile metal. Like platinum, this metal cannot be dissolved by either hydrochloric or nitric acid alone, but can be dissolved by a mixture known as aqua regia (AH-quah REE-jee-ah). Relativistic effects on its outermost electrons explain its color, which is similar to pyrite.

q1280

This element is the most malleable and ductile metal. Like platinum, this metal cannot be dissolved by either hydrochloric or nitric acid alone, but can be dissolved by a mixture known as aqua regia (AH-quah REE-jee-ah). Relativistic effects on its outermost electrons explain its color, which is similar to pyrite. For 10 points, name this precious metal whose Latin name, aurum, gives its atomic symbol, Au.

gold [or Au until mentioned]

q2575_2

This man's assertion that the world is made of pure, transcendent ideas accessible to us only through images of them is known as his Theory of Forms. He suggested that the city-state should be ruled by philosopher-kings in a work that also includes the "Allegory of the Cave."

q2575

This man's assertion that the world is made of pure, transcendent ideas accessible to us only through images of them is known as his Theory of Forms. He suggested that the city-state should be ruled by philosopher-kings in a work that also includes the "Allegory of the Cave." For 10 points, name this teacher of Aristotle who wrote The Republic and several other dialogues featuring his mentor, Socrates.

{Plato}

q3863_4

By definition, this type of object does not clear the neighborhood around its orbit. Haumea (how- MAY-uh), found in 2003, and Makemake (MAH-keh-MAH-keh), found in 2005, are two examples found in the Kuiper (KYE-per) Belt. An object similar to those two was "downgraded" to this status in 2006. For 10 points, Eris and, since 2006, Pluto are what type of celestial body that is smaller than a true planet?

q3863

By definition, this type of object does not clear the neighborhood around its orbit. Haumea (how- MAY-uh), found in 2003, and Makemake (MAH-keh-MAH-keh), found in 2005, are two examples found in the Kuiper (KYE-per) Belt. An object similar to those two was "downgraded" to this status in 2006. For 10 points, Eris and, since 2006, Pluto are what type of celestial body that is smaller than a true planet?

dwarf planet [accept dwarf after "planet" is read but prompt before; do not accept "planet" by itself]

q337_3

This country had its Jews move to the Pale of Settlement. Prince Bagration died during an invasion of this country at the Battle of Borodino. Prince Potemkin had a close relationship with its Catherine the Great.

q337

This country had its Jews move to the Pale of Settlement. Prince Bagration died during an invasion of this country at the Battle of Borodino. Prince Potemkin had a close relationship with its Catherine the Great. The largest member of the Commonwealth of Independent States is this country, which was led during the 1990s by (*) Boris Yeltsin. For 10 points, name this country ruled by Romanov tsars before becoming part of the Soviet Union.

Russian Empire

q51_3

Landmarks on this island include the El Yunque (“YOON-kay”) rainforest and Fort San Felipe del Moro. Humacao (“HOO-muh-COW”), Caguas (“CAW-gwahs”), Bayamon (“BYE-uh-moan”), and Ponce (“PAWN-say”) are some of its municipalities. The largest municipality shares the name given to the island by Columbus, San Juan.

q51

Landmarks on this island include the El Yunque (“YOON-kay”) rainforest and Fort San Felipe del Moro. Humacao (“HOO-muh-COW”), Caguas (“CAW-gwahs”), Bayamon (“BYE-uh-moan”), and Ponce (“PAWN-say”) are some of its municipalities. The largest municipality shares the name given to the island by Columbus, San Juan. For 10 points, identify this island, a United States commonwealth in the Caribbean.

Puerto Rico

q3469_3

A series of descending examples of this scale opens Rimsky-Korsakov's famous Flight of the Bumblebee. On a guitar, one can play one of these by fingering every fret on a given string, and on the piano, one can play one of these by striking every black and white key in a row. Playing this scale involves moving only by half-steps.

q3469

A series of descending examples of this scale opens Rimsky-Korsakov's famous Flight of the Bumblebee. On a guitar, one can play one of these by fingering every fret on a given string, and on the piano, one can play one of these by striking every black and white key in a row. Playing this scale involves moving only by half-steps. For 10 points, name this type of scale that includes every note on an instrument.

{chromatic} scale

q670_1

This function's namesake law relates the side length to the opposite angle in any triangle.

q670

This function's namesake law relates the side length to the opposite angle in any triangle. Its value is one at 90 degrees but negative one at 270 degrees. Its reciprocal is the cosecant function. In a right triangle, it is defined as the ratio of opposite divided by hypotenuse. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function that is not the tangent or cosine.

{sine}

q7479_1

This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams.

q7479

This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams. "Anna O.," "Little Hans," and the "Wolf Man" were some of the patients who sought advice from his Vienna clinic. "Jokes and their Relation to the (*) Unconscious" is an essay by this man, whose "structural theory" proposed that the mind is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.

(Sigismund Schlomo) Sigmund {Freud}

q1628_1

The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice.

q1628

The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice. Appropriations bills are not subject to it, and Strom Thurmond once did this for 24 hours and 37 minutes. The cloture rule requires a three-fifths majority to stop it. For 10 points, what is this practice found exclusively in the Senate, often used by minority parties to block legislation from passing?

{filibuster} [accept word forms]

q630_5

In 2012 an unknown disk-shaped object was found on the floor of this sea. Arms of this sea include the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Bothnia. The Kiel (KEEL) Canal bypasses Kattegat (KAH-teh-gaht) Bay and Skagerrak (SKAH-geh-rahk) Strait to connect this sea to the North Sea. Germany and Poland are on its southern shore. For 10 points, name this sea bordered by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, its namesake "States," as well as Finland and Sweden.

q630

In 2012 an unknown disk-shaped object was found on the floor of this sea. Arms of this sea include the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Bothnia. The Kiel (KEEL) Canal bypasses Kattegat (KAH-teh-gaht) Bay and Skagerrak (SKAH-geh-rahk) Strait to connect this sea to the North Sea. Germany and Poland are on its southern shore. For 10 points, name this sea bordered by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, its namesake "States," as well as Finland and Sweden.

Baltic Sea

q2053_2

This non-Italian artist included a bare-chested torso in the background of his The Sacrament of the Last Supper. He included many cubes in the "disintegration" of his best-known painting, and also created a Lobster Telephone.

q2053

This non-Italian artist included a bare-chested torso in the background of his The Sacrament of the Last Supper. He included many cubes in the "disintegration" of his best-known painting, and also created a Lobster Telephone. His best-known painting includes several ants on a (*) timepiece, as well as clocks which have the appearance of melting. For 10 points, name this Spanish surrealist who painted The Persistence of Memory.

Salvador (Felipe Jacinto) Dalí (i Domènech)

q1041_1

This man chaired the 40 Committee that authorized the CIA backed coup of Salvador Allende (Ah-YEN-day) in Chile.

q1041

This man chaired the 40 Committee that authorized the CIA backed coup of Salvador Allende (Ah-YEN-day) in Chile. He negotiated with Zhou Enlai during Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. As National Security Advisor, he applied the term "détente" [day-TAHNT] to relaxation of tensions with the Soviet Union. (*) For 10 points, name this Nobel Peace Prize winner and realpolitik advocate who served as Secretary of State at the end of the Vietnam War.

(Heinz Alfred) \"Henry\" Kissinger

q3307_3

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Using these numbers as exponents is defined in terms of a reciprocal. The absolute value function changes them.

q3307

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Using these numbers as exponents is defined in terms of a reciprocal. The absolute value function changes them. Defining their square roots requires (*) imaginary numbers. Integers that are not natural numbers are either zero or one of these. For 10 points, name these numbers that are less than zero.

negative numbers

q4945_5

Ribosome subunits pass through pores in this structure's namesake envelope and are produced in one part of it. In one kind of cloning, this organelle is transferred into an egg that lacks one. The presence of this organelle distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This organelle divides in two during mitosis because DNA is found here. For 10 points, name this information processing area of the cell.

q4945

Ribosome subunits pass through pores in this structure's namesake envelope and are produced in one part of it. In one kind of cloning, this organelle is transferred into an egg that lacks one. The presence of this organelle distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This organelle divides in two during mitosis because DNA is found here. For 10 points, name this information processing area of the cell.

nucleus

q3251_2

Biot-Savart's Law gives the field of this type for a current carrying wire; the strength of that field is measured in Gausses and Teslas. There are para-, dia-, and ferro- forms of this phenomenon, the latter of which is expressed by metals such as nickel and iron.

q3251

Biot-Savart's Law gives the field of this type for a current carrying wire; the strength of that field is measured in Gausses and Teslas. There are para-, dia-, and ferro- forms of this phenomenon, the latter of which is expressed by metals such as nickel and iron. For 10 points, name this phenomenon whose field has both north and south poles, and which is often paired with electricity.

magnetism [or magnetic field]

q4910_2

The harmonic one of n numbers in a data set is n divided by the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers. The geometric one is the nth root of the product of the numbers.

q4910

The harmonic one of n numbers in a data set is n divided by the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers. The geometric one is the nth root of the product of the numbers. The geometric one is always less than or equal to the arithmetic ("air-ith-MET-ick") one. For 10 points, what is this term in mathematics—the arithmetic one being the sum of the numbers divided by n?

{Mean} [do not accept “average”]

q845_1

This poet commented on a literary assignment in "Theme for English B."

q845

This poet commented on a literary assignment in "Theme for English B." Another of his poems asks if "a dream deferred" "dr[ies] up like a raisin in the sun." He wrote about the Euphrates, Congo, and Nile in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers." In his most famous poem, he mentions the "droning" of "a drowsy syncopated tune." For 10 points, name this African-American poet of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote "The Weary Blues."

James {Langston Hughes}

q1203_3

The Darien Scheme was an attempt by Scotland to create another structure similar to this entity. The Hay-Bunau Varilla (HAY BOO-now vah-REE-yuh) Treaty allowed the United States to begin constructing this entity. A zone around it was returned from the U.S. to its namesake country by a treaty signed by Jimmy Carter.

q1203

The Darien Scheme was an attempt by Scotland to create another structure similar to this entity. The Hay-Bunau Varilla (HAY BOO-now vah-REE-yuh) Treaty allowed the United States to begin constructing this entity. A zone around it was returned from the U.S. to its namesake country by a treaty signed by Jimmy Carter. For 10 points, name this waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through a Central American country.

{Panama} Canal [or {Canal} de {Panama}]

q1094_3

Iron-56 dominates the spectra of absorption lines for one class of these phenomena, which are caused by white dwarves exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit. An inert nickel-iron core in a star leads to one on account of a lack of degeneracy pressure. One with official designation 2003fg reached two solar masses before exploding, and was given the nickname "Champagne."

q1094

Iron-56 dominates the spectra of absorption lines for one class of these phenomena, which are caused by white dwarves exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit. An inert nickel-iron core in a star leads to one on account of a lack of degeneracy pressure. One with official designation 2003fg reached two solar masses before exploding, and was given the nickname "Champagne." For 10 points, name these gigantic stellar explosions.

{supernovae} [or {supernovas;} prompt on {stellar collapse;} do not accept or prompt on \"nova\"]

q1628_4

The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice. Appropriations bills are not subject to it, and Strom Thurmond once did this for 24 hours and 37 minutes. The cloture rule requires a three-fifths majority to stop it. For 10 points, what is this practice found exclusively in the Senate, often used by minority parties to block legislation from passing?

q1628

The two-tiered tracking system during the Civil Rights era was one attempt to avoid this practice. Appropriations bills are not subject to it, and Strom Thurmond once did this for 24 hours and 37 minutes. The cloture rule requires a three-fifths majority to stop it. For 10 points, what is this practice found exclusively in the Senate, often used by minority parties to block legislation from passing?

{filibuster} [accept word forms]

q1492_1

One leader of this country forcibly annexed the Sudetenland (“soo-DAY-ten-land”).

q1492

One leader of this country forcibly annexed the Sudetenland (“soo-DAY-ten-land”). During a movement to reunite this country, the leader of one half operated under the policy of ostpolitik (“OST-pol- it-ick”). Following World War I, the Weimar (“VIE-mar”) Republic was established in this nation. It was united after an 1871 war and led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and chancellor Otto von Bismarck. For 10 points, name this European country formerly led by Adolf Hitler.

Federal Republic of {Germany} [or {Bundesrepublik Deutschland}]

q436_4

This team won the NFL championship in 1957, but is the only NFC team to never play in a Super Bowl since the start of the Super Bowl era. Former stars for this team are Doak Walker, Billy Sims, and Barry Sanders. Its current quarterback is Matt Stafford. In 2008 it became the first team to lose all sixteen regular season games.

q436

This team won the NFL championship in 1957, but is the only NFC team to never play in a Super Bowl since the start of the Super Bowl era. Former stars for this team are Doak Walker, Billy Sims, and Barry Sanders. Its current quarterback is Matt Stafford. In 2008 it became the first team to lose all sixteen regular season games. For 10 points, name this team that plays in the NFC North with the Packers, Vikings, and Bears.

Detroit {Lions} [or Detroit Lions]

q5741_2

One member of this band narrowly survived a plane crash along with DJ AM. In one song they sang "say it ain't so, I will not go, turn the lights off, carry me home" and in another they sang about how "your smile fades in the summer."

q5741

One member of this band narrowly survived a plane crash along with DJ AM. In one song they sang "say it ain't so, I will not go, turn the lights off, carry me home" and in another they sang about how "your smile fades in the summer." For 10 points, name this punk band, who in addition to "All the Small Things" and "Feeling This" recorded "Stay Together for the Kids" and "I Miss You."

Blink-182

q861_2

One folk hero from this nation killed policemen at Stringybark Creek; that man is "Ned" Kelly. One insurrection in this nation stripped William Bligh of his governorship; that insurrection is the Rum Rebellion.

q861

One folk hero from this nation killed policemen at Stringybark Creek; that man is "Ned" Kelly. One insurrection in this nation stripped William Bligh of his governorship; that insurrection is the Rum Rebellion. The "Stolen Generations" are children taken by the government of this nation from the Aborigines. For 10 points, identify this nation where Arthur Phillip established a penal colony for the British Empire.

Commonwealth of Australia

q3618_2

The protagonists of this song's music video throw magazines, clothes and an empty fishbowl out an open window. This song notes that "maybe I was stupid for telling you goodbye" regarding a boy who the singer supposes is sorry because "you're (*) standing at my door."

q3618

The protagonists of this song's music video throw magazines, clothes and an empty fishbowl out an open window. This song notes that "maybe I was stupid for telling you goodbye" regarding a boy who the singer supposes is sorry because "you're (*) standing at my door." This song's chorus notes that "you've got a piece of me and honestly" before expressing the title sentiment. For 10 points, name this Kelly Clarkson song about how terrible life would be without its addressee.

\"My Life Would Suck Without You\"

q1043_4

These entities can be found by using the Sieve of Eratosthenes (AIR-uh-TOSS-the-neez). According to Goldbach's conjecture, every integer greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two of them. Every positive integer can be expressed as a factorization of these numbers. For 10 points, identify these natural numbers whose only divisors are themselves and one.

q1043

These entities can be found by using the Sieve of Eratosthenes (AIR-uh-TOSS-the-neez). According to Goldbach's conjecture, every integer greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two of them. Every positive integer can be expressed as a factorization of these numbers. For 10 points, identify these natural numbers whose only divisors are themselves and one.

prime numbers [or primes]

q717_2

This man wrote a 1729 satirical essay suggesting that poor people in Ireland should sell their children as food. The protagonist in one of his novels goes to the flying island of Laputa.

q717

This man wrote a 1729 satirical essay suggesting that poor people in Ireland should sell their children as food. The protagonist in one of his novels goes to the flying island of Laputa. That character also goes to a land of (*) giants called Brobdingnag and a land of very small people called Lilliput. For 10 points, name this author of A Modest Proposal and Gulliver's Travels.

Jonathan {Swift}