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q1824_1

This constellation is often interpreted as fighting Taurus with his dogs Canis Minor and Canis Major.

q1824

This constellation is often interpreted as fighting Taurus with his dogs Canis Minor and Canis Major. Stars within this constellation include the “amazon star” Bellatrix (“BELL-uh-tricks”), the red giant Betelgeuse (“beetle juice”), and Rigel (“RYE-gull”). It is most easily recognizable by the three stars making up the belt of the figure in this constellation. For 10 points, name this constellation also known as "the Hunter."

{Orion} [prompt on “the {Hunter} before mentioned]

q1040_1

During this battle, a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine, led by Joshua Chamberlain, helped defend one important hill.

q1040

During this battle, a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine, led by Joshua Chamberlain, helped defend one important hill. Besides Little Round Top, other areas of contest included Devil's Den and the Peach Orchard. The decisive action in this battle was a failed assault on Cemetery Ridge known as Pickett's Charge. For 10 points, name this Union victory after which Abraham Lincoln gave a namesake "address."

Battle of Gettysburg

q5011_2

Some species in this group of animals have heat-sensitive pits in their heads, and most have only one working lung. The invasive brown tree type has caused many bird extinctions on Guam, and they use their tongues to gather scent molecules.

q5011

Some species in this group of animals have heat-sensitive pits in their heads, and most have only one working lung. The invasive brown tree type has caused many bird extinctions on Guam, and they use their tongues to gather scent molecules. Some kill prey by (*) constriction or use fangs to inject venom, and the largest ever to exist was the titanoboa. For 10 points, name these limbless reptiles that include the python and cobra.

snakes [or serpents; accept vipers before \"brown tree\"]

q1659_1

In one novel, this writer depicted Ratcliffe's impressment of a character who is accused by John Claggart of fomenting a mutiny before being hanged by Edward Fairfax Vere.

q1659

In one novel, this writer depicted Ratcliffe's impressment of a character who is accused by John Claggart of fomenting a mutiny before being hanged by Edward Fairfax Vere. This writer also wrote about Starbuck, Queequeg (“KWEE-kwaig”), and Ishmael, shipmates on the Pequod dragged into Ahab's obsession with pursuing a white whale. For 10 points, name this American writer who wrote Billy Budd and Moby Dick.

Herman Melville

q1493_5

During the Civil War, this city was defended by Fort St. Philip and controversially occupied by Union general Benjamin Butler. The Sieur de Bienville led a group of French settlers here in 1718. This city's suburb of Metairie contains the southern end of the Lake (*) Pontchartrain Causeway. Its Lower Ninth Ward was damaged when levees were weakened by a 2005 storm. For 10 points, what Louisiana city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina?

q1493

During the Civil War, this city was defended by Fort St. Philip and controversially occupied by Union general Benjamin Butler. The Sieur de Bienville led a group of French settlers here in 1718. This city's suburb of Metairie contains the southern end of the Lake (*) Pontchartrain Causeway. Its Lower Ninth Ward was damaged when levees were weakened by a 2005 storm. For 10 points, what Louisiana city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina?

New Orleans, Louisiana

q3525_3

This person negotiated a treaty that ceded Florida to the United States with Luis de Onis (loo-EES day oh-"NIECE") while serving as James Monroe's Secretary of State. This man agreed to name Henry Clay Secretary of State in order to break a deadlock in the House of Representatives; that decision was the first "corrupt bargain." For 10 points, name this winner of the Election of 1824 over Andrew Jackson, the sixth U.S. President.

q3525

This person negotiated a treaty that ceded Florida to the United States with Luis de Onis (loo-EES day oh-"NIECE") while serving as James Monroe's Secretary of State. This man agreed to name Henry Clay Secretary of State in order to break a deadlock in the House of Representatives; that decision was the first "corrupt bargain." For 10 points, name this winner of the Election of 1824 over Andrew Jackson, the sixth U.S. President.

{John Quincy Adams} [prompt on {Adams;} do not prompt on or accept "John Adams"]

q582_3

Works of this type include "The Library of Babel" and "The Garden of Forking Paths," both by Jorge Luis Borges. A Japanese master of these works is Ryunosuke Akutagawa, a French master is Guy de Maupassant, and a Russian master is Anton Chekhov. Novellas are long examples of this type of writing, which typically focuses on a single event.

q582

Works of this type include "The Library of Babel" and "The Garden of Forking Paths," both by Jorge Luis Borges. A Japanese master of these works is Ryunosuke Akutagawa, a French master is Guy de Maupassant, and a Russian master is Anton Chekhov. Novellas are long examples of this type of writing, which typically focuses on a single event. For 10 points, name this concise type of fiction named for its length.

{short story} [accept short stories by Jorge Luis Borges before it is read; prompt on fiction; prompt on story; prompt on prose; do not accept "novel"]

q926_1

Examples of these in plants include gibberellins and cytokinins in addition to chemicals that cause tropisms by enlarging cells, auxins.

q926

Examples of these in plants include gibberellins and cytokinins in addition to chemicals that cause tropisms by enlarging cells, auxins. Many human examples are classified as peptides, including gastrin, which aids digestion. Another example, which increases the heart rate, is (*) adrenaline, while other examples are steroids that promote sexual development. For 10 points, name these chemicals that transmit information between cells.

hormones

q1410_2

This conflict saw a battle for Kunduz (“CUN-dooz”), which saw cooperation between U.S. and German forces. The British “Operation Herrick” and American “Operation Enduring Freedom” led to a quick ousting of the Taliban regime, but Stanley McChrystal recently stated an increase of 500,000 troops would be needed to continue this war.

q1410

This conflict saw a battle for Kunduz (“CUN-dooz”), which saw cooperation between U.S. and German forces. The British “Operation Herrick” and American “Operation Enduring Freedom” led to a quick ousting of the Taliban regime, but Stanley McChrystal recently stated an increase of 500,000 troops would be needed to continue this war. For 10 points, name this current war fought in a country bordering Pakistan.

War in {Afghanistan} [accept {War} against the {Taliban} before mentioned; accept other obvious

q1334_3

The AM-GM inequality compares two types of this measure for a set of n non-negative numbers. One type of this is the nth root of the product of n numbers; that is the geometric type of this measure. The usual type of this measure is called the (*) arithmetic type, which equals the sum of n numbers divided by n and is often contrasted with the median and mode.

q1334

The AM-GM inequality compares two types of this measure for a set of n non-negative numbers. One type of this is the nth root of the product of n numbers; that is the geometric type of this measure. The usual type of this measure is called the (*) arithmetic type, which equals the sum of n numbers divided by n and is often contrasted with the median and mode. For 10 points, name this measure, the average value of a set of numbers.

mean [accept average before it is mentioned]

q3307_1

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant.

q3307

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Using these numbers as exponents is defined in terms of a reciprocal. The absolute value function changes them. Defining their square roots requires (*) imaginary numbers. Integers that are not natural numbers are either zero or one of these. For 10 points, name these numbers that are less than zero.

negative numbers

q2345_3

Matthew, Chapter 28 notes that Jesus commanded his followers to "go therefore and make disciples of all nations" by performing this action. Seventh-day Adventists reserve this practice for adults, though in most Christian denominations it is primarily for infants. For 10 points, identify this Christian initiation sacrament in which participants are sprinkled with or immersed in water.

q2345

Matthew, Chapter 28 notes that Jesus commanded his followers to "go therefore and make disciples of all nations" by performing this action. Seventh-day Adventists reserve this practice for adults, though in most Christian denominations it is primarily for infants. For 10 points, identify this Christian initiation sacrament in which participants are sprinkled with or immersed in water.

{baptism} [or word forms such as {baptize;} prompt on descriptions of {baptism}]

q194_3

After this god's son brought Hippolytus back to life, Asclepius was killed by Zeus. Along with his sister, he killed Niobe's seven sons. He slew the dragon Python and established the Oracle of Delphi at the place where it died.

q194

After this god's son brought Hippolytus back to life, Asclepius was killed by Zeus. Along with his sister, he killed Niobe's seven sons. He slew the dragon Python and established the Oracle of Delphi at the place where it died. This son of Leto pursued the nymph (*) Daphne, only for her to turn into a laurel tree. For 10 points, name this Greek god of archery, music, and light whose twin sister was Artemis.

Apollo

q1819_3

In this story, a boy boards a train "wrapped in an apron of steam," and, nearing his destination, sees the lights of the city as "lights of an ocean liner sailing on a frozen sea." Upon arrival, he receives a gift of his choosing, which he later loses through a hole in his pocket. For 10 points, name this story in which the boy's lost bell, which his parents cannot hear, is returned to him by Santa on Christmas.

q1819

In this story, a boy boards a train "wrapped in an apron of steam," and, nearing his destination, sees the lights of the city as "lights of an ocean liner sailing on a frozen sea." Upon arrival, he receives a gift of his choosing, which he later loses through a hole in his pocket. For 10 points, name this story in which the boy's lost bell, which his parents cannot hear, is returned to him by Santa on Christmas.

The Polar Express

q132_4

Pablo Neruda wrote several "Elementary" poems of this type to common objects. One type of this poetic form contains three stanzas, the first two of which are the strophe (STRO-fee) and antistrophe (ann-TISS-tro-fee). That type was invented by Pindar, who along with Horace is a namesake of a type of this poem. For 10 points, name this poem of praise, examples of which include John Keats's "to a Nightingale" and Friedrich Schiller's "to Joy."

q132

Pablo Neruda wrote several "Elementary" poems of this type to common objects. One type of this poetic form contains three stanzas, the first two of which are the strophe (STRO-fee) and antistrophe (ann-TISS-tro-fee). That type was invented by Pindar, who along with Horace is a namesake of a type of this poem. For 10 points, name this poem of praise, examples of which include John Keats's "to a Nightingale" and Friedrich Schiller's "to Joy."

ode

q951_4

This office is symbolized by gold and silver keys. The time during which this office is vacant is termed sede vacante (SEE-day vah-KAHN-tay). The holder of this office is elected in a conclave of the College of Cardinals and wears the Ring of the Fisherman, which depicts St. Peter, the first holder of this office. For 10 points, identify this head of the Roman Catholic Church, whose current holder is Benedict XVI.

q951

This office is symbolized by gold and silver keys. The time during which this office is vacant is termed sede vacante (SEE-day vah-KAHN-tay). The holder of this office is elected in a conclave of the College of Cardinals and wears the Ring of the Fisherman, which depicts St. Peter, the first holder of this office. For 10 points, identify this head of the Roman Catholic Church, whose current holder is Benedict XVI.

The {Pope} [or {Bishop of Rome;} or {Vicar of Jesus Christ;} or {Successor of the Prince of the Apostles;} or {Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church;} or {Primate of Italy;} or {Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province;} or {Sovereign of the State of Vatican City;} or {Servant of the Servants of God;} or {Pontifex Maximus;} or {Patriarch of the West;} prompt on His Holiness]

q1126_2

Blaise Pascal names a theorem about these shapes inscribed in conic sections. Benzene's shape is a regular one of these polygons, and graphene consists of carbon atoms arranged in this shape.

q1126

Blaise Pascal names a theorem about these shapes inscribed in conic sections. Benzene's shape is a regular one of these polygons, and graphene consists of carbon atoms arranged in this shape. It has more sides than any other regular polygon that tessellates a plane. Internal angles of (*) 120 degrees are found in the regular type of, for 10 points, what shape found in honeycombs that has six sides?

hexagons

q512_1

Observers of this holiday often eat jelly-filled doughnuts called sufganiyot (soof-GAH-nee-yoat) and potato pancakes called latkes.

q512

Observers of this holiday often eat jelly-filled doughnuts called sufganiyot (soof-GAH-nee-yoat) and potato pancakes called latkes. They may play a game with a spinning top whose sides are marked nun, gimel, hey, and shin on this holiday; that object is called a dreidel (DRAY-duhl). It commemorates the successful revolt against Antiochus (an-tee-OH-kuss) led by Judah Maccabee. For 10 points, name this wintertime Jewish holiday that includes the lighting of a Menorah.

Chanukah [or {Hanukkah}]

q1850_1

One story in this work tells of the rooster Chauntecleer outsmarting a fox.

q1850

One story in this work tells of the rooster Chauntecleer outsmarting a fox. Another story is about three rogues killing each other under an oak tree in a quest to find Death. In another story, a knight is forced to find out what women most desire; that story is told by the Wife of Bath. (*) Pilgrims on their way to visit an English cathedral city swap stories in, for 10 points, what collection by Geoffrey Chaucer?

The Canterbury Tales

q670_2

This function's namesake law relates the side length to the opposite angle in any triangle. Its value is one at 90 degrees but negative one at 270 degrees.

q670

This function's namesake law relates the side length to the opposite angle in any triangle. Its value is one at 90 degrees but negative one at 270 degrees. Its reciprocal is the cosecant function. In a right triangle, it is defined as the ratio of opposite divided by hypotenuse. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function that is not the tangent or cosine.

{sine}

q191_4

Cyrus the Great allowed this structure to be built to replace a similar building destroyed during Nebuchadnezzar II's reign. Judas Maccabaeus cleansed and rededicated this structure in events celebrated during Hanukkah. This building served as the Sanhedrin's meeting place and was mostly destroyed in 70 AD. For 10 points, the West, or Wailing, Wall is the only remaining part of the latter of what Jewish holy site?

q191

Cyrus the Great allowed this structure to be built to replace a similar building destroyed during Nebuchadnezzar II's reign. Judas Maccabaeus cleansed and rededicated this structure in events celebrated during Hanukkah. This building served as the Sanhedrin's meeting place and was mostly destroyed in 70 AD. For 10 points, the West, or Wailing, Wall is the only remaining part of the latter of what Jewish holy site?

{Second Temple} of {Jerusalem} [prompt on {Temple} of {Jerusalem;} do not accept {"First Temple} of {Jerusalem"}]

q1392_2

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela.

q1392

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela. After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee). In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011. For 10 points, name this former leader of Libya.

Muammar al-{Gaddafi} [or Muammar al-Qaddafi; or various other transliterations (accept anything pronounced close to "gah-DAH-fee" or "kah-DAH-fee")]

q1712_3

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be." Team captain Santonio Holmes was benched during its Week 17 loss to the Dolphins. This team's fans are known to boo its draft picks, which have included cornerback Darrelle Revis and quarterback Mark Sanchez.

q1712

In 2012 this team's third-string quarterback, Greg McElroy, claimed that its locker room was "not a fun place to be." Team captain Santonio Holmes was benched during its Week 17 loss to the Dolphins. This team's fans are known to boo its draft picks, which have included cornerback Darrelle Revis and quarterback Mark Sanchez. For 10 points, name this football team coached by Rex Ryan that shares a stadium with the Giants

New York Jets [prompt on New York]

q641_2

This work includes a production of Don Juan Triumphant, a work written by the title character. The song "Think of Me" proves that one character can replace Carlotta as soprano; that character becomes engaged to Raoul, with whom he sings "All I Ask of You."

q641

This work includes a production of Don Juan Triumphant, a work written by the title character. The song "Think of Me" proves that one character can replace Carlotta as soprano; that character becomes engaged to Raoul, with whom he sings "All I Ask of You." "The (*) Music of the Night" is sung by the title character of, for 10 points, what Andrew Lloyd Webber musical about a deformed man who lives under an opera house?

The Phantom of the Opera

q2178_3

In one story from this collection, Palamon and Arcite fight over the hand of Emelye [EMILY], while in another story, an old hag notes that what women want most is to be in charge of their husbands. Those stories are told by, respectively, the Knight and the Wife of Bath, two of a group of pilgrims journeying to the shrine of Thomas à Becket in the title town. For 10 points, name this collection of tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

q2178

In one story from this collection, Palamon and Arcite fight over the hand of Emelye [EMILY], while in another story, an old hag notes that what women want most is to be in charge of their husbands. Those stories are told by, respectively, the Knight and the Wife of Bath, two of a group of pilgrims journeying to the shrine of Thomas à Becket in the title town. For 10 points, name this collection of tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

The {Canterbury} Tales [prompt on {"The Wife} of {Bath's Tale;"} prompt on "The {Knight's Tale"}]

q1446_1

One of this work's title characters crashes a party in an attempt to win the love of Rosaline.

q1446

One of this work's title characters crashes a party in an attempt to win the love of Rosaline. At that party he meets the other title character, who is the cousin of Tybalt. At the end of this play, Prince Escalus pronounces peace in Verona between the two central families. For 10 points, name this play about the feud between the Montagues and Capulets, written by William Shakespeare.

Romeo and Juliet

q4036_3

This term originated from shapes that had non-integer dimensions. One of them is composed of repeating cardioids and circles. Other examples include the Sierpinski Triangle, which consists of repeating equilateral triangles within a larger triangle, and the Koch snowflake, which has an infinite perimeter but a finite area.

q4036

This term originated from shapes that had non-integer dimensions. One of them is composed of repeating cardioids and circles. Other examples include the Sierpinski Triangle, which consists of repeating equilateral triangles within a larger triangle, and the Koch snowflake, which has an infinite perimeter but a finite area. For 10 points, name these self-similar mathematical constructs that include the Mandelbrot one.

fractals

q1609_3

Apollonius' Theorem can be used to find the length of this construct given the side lengths of a triangle. Three of them divide a triangle into six triangles with equal areas, and they intersect at the centroid, or center of mass. For 10 points, identify this term that in geometry refers to a line drawn from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side and in statistics refers to the middle number in a list.

q1609

Apollonius' Theorem can be used to find the length of this construct given the side lengths of a triangle. Three of them divide a triangle into six triangles with equal areas, and they intersect at the centroid, or center of mass. For 10 points, identify this term that in geometry refers to a line drawn from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side and in statistics refers to the middle number in a list.

medians

q2436_3

One work by this composer includes the sections "O Death, where is thy sting?" and "I know that my Redeemer liveth." He included two bourrées in a collection of three suites first played on barges on the River Thames for George I. This composer of Water Music composed a fugue on the line "and he shall reign for ever and ever" in a chorus named (*) "Hallelujah." For 10 points, name this composer of Messiah.

q2436

One work by this composer includes the sections "O Death, where is thy sting?" and "I know that my Redeemer liveth." He included two bourrées in a collection of three suites first played on barges on the River Thames for George I. This composer of Water Music composed a fugue on the line "and he shall reign for ever and ever" in a chorus named (*) "Hallelujah." For 10 points, name this composer of Messiah.

George Frideric Händel

q141_1

One novel by this man sees a recurring protagonist help to rescue his friend Chingachgook's betrothed Wah-ta!-wah from the Hurons.

q141

One novel by this man sees a recurring protagonist help to rescue his friend Chingachgook's betrothed Wah-ta!-wah from the Hurons. This man wrote another novel in which the angry Magua (MAHG-wah) tries to kill Cora Munro, and the title person is not the protagonist Hawkeye, but rather Uncas (UN-kass) . For ten points, name this author whose Leatherstocking Tales include The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans.

James Fenimore {Cooper}

q1659_3

In one novel, this writer depicted Ratcliffe's impressment of a character who is accused by John Claggart of fomenting a mutiny before being hanged by Edward Fairfax Vere. This writer also wrote about Starbuck, Queequeg (“KWEE-kwaig”), and Ishmael, shipmates on the Pequod dragged into Ahab's obsession with pursuing a white whale. For 10 points, name this American writer who wrote Billy Budd and Moby Dick.

q1659

In one novel, this writer depicted Ratcliffe's impressment of a character who is accused by John Claggart of fomenting a mutiny before being hanged by Edward Fairfax Vere. This writer also wrote about Starbuck, Queequeg (“KWEE-kwaig”), and Ishmael, shipmates on the Pequod dragged into Ahab's obsession with pursuing a white whale. For 10 points, name this American writer who wrote Billy Budd and Moby Dick.

Herman Melville

q2603_4

In this work, Quimbo and Sambo violently beat the protagonist and Eliza escapes over the Ohio River with her baby. This work's title character meets Augustine after he saves little Eva St. Clare from drowning. He is sold to Master Haley and to (*) Simon Legree. For 10 points, name this book about a slave whose death sets the Shelbys' slaves free, a book by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

q2603

In this work, Quimbo and Sambo violently beat the protagonist and Eliza escapes over the Ohio River with her baby. This work's title character meets Augustine after he saves little Eva St. Clare from drowning. He is sold to Master Haley and to (*) Simon Legree. For 10 points, name this book about a slave whose death sets the Shelbys' slaves free, a book by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

{Uncle Tom\'s Cabin;} or, {Life among} the {Lowly}

q1958_4

One of these entities "of variation" equals the standard deviation divided by the mean. Spearman and Pearson name two of these entities that measure correlation. "Binomial" ones give the number of ways k unordered outcomes can be chosen from n possible and are given by Pascal's Triangle. For 10 points, give this term for numbers that multiply a variable in a mathematical expression.

q1958

One of these entities "of variation" equals the standard deviation divided by the mean. Spearman and Pearson name two of these entities that measure correlation. "Binomial" ones give the number of ways k unordered outcomes can be chosen from n possible and are given by Pascal's Triangle. For 10 points, give this term for numbers that multiply a variable in a mathematical expression.

coefficients

q225_1

At the beginning of this country's fight for independence, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his slaves, and they fought together in the Ten Years' War.

q225

At the beginning of this country's fight for independence, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his slaves, and they fought together in the Ten Years' War. Its Revolt of the Sergeants was reversed by the 26th of July Movement, which ended the rule of Fulgencio Batista. Che Guevara helped move this Caribbean country to (*) Communism in 1959. For 10 points, name this nation that has been led by Raul and Fidel Castro.

Cuba

q1503_1

In this play, one character sends Reynoldo to spy on his son.

q1503

In this play, one character sends Reynoldo to spy on his son. The title character of this play mourns a "fellow of infinite jest," Yorick, in this play's "graveyard scene." The protagonist tells one character to "get thee to a nunnery" before he kills her father, (*) Polonius. That character later drowns and is named Ophelia. One famous scene from this play contains the line "To be or not to be." For 10 points, name this Shakespeare tragedy about the title Prince of Denmark.

Hamlet

q1446_2

One of this work's title characters crashes a party in an attempt to win the love of Rosaline. At that party he meets the other title character, who is the cousin of Tybalt.

q1446

One of this work's title characters crashes a party in an attempt to win the love of Rosaline. At that party he meets the other title character, who is the cousin of Tybalt. At the end of this play, Prince Escalus pronounces peace in Verona between the two central families. For 10 points, name this play about the feud between the Montagues and Capulets, written by William Shakespeare.

Romeo and Juliet

q858_2

One leader of this country organized the Blue Division, and this was led by Miguel Primo de Rivera and Juan Negrin. The Abraham Lincoln Brigades and the Condor Legion fought in this country.

q858

One leader of this country organized the Blue Division, and this was led by Miguel Primo de Rivera and Juan Negrin. The Abraham Lincoln Brigades and the Condor Legion fought in this country. A civil war in this country saw the Carlists side the with the Phalange, and one leader of this country suppressed minority languages like Galician and (*) Basque. For 10 points, name this Iberian country long led by Francisco Franco.

Kingdom of {Spain} [or {Republic} of {Spain} or {España}]

q776_4

Some of the most important teachings of this religion include the Four Noble Truths and the Middle Way. One of the main branches of this religion is also known as the "School of Elders," while another is known as the "Great Vehicle." Those are the Theravada and Mahayana branches of this religion. (*) Siddhartha Gautama founded, for 10 points, what religion that also comes in Zen and Tibetan forms?

q776

Some of the most important teachings of this religion include the Four Noble Truths and the Middle Way. One of the main branches of this religion is also known as the "School of Elders," while another is known as the "Great Vehicle." Those are the Theravada and Mahayana branches of this religion. (*) Siddhartha Gautama founded, for 10 points, what religion that also comes in Zen and Tibetan forms?

Buddhism

q2087_4

Obsidian, olivine, and this mineral commonly exhibit conchoidal (con-COID-ahl) fracture. The interior of geodes almost always contains this mineral. Its crystals generate electricity when mechanically stressed. Herkimer diamonds do not contain diamonds but instead this mineral with Mohs hardness of 7.

q2087

Obsidian, olivine, and this mineral commonly exhibit conchoidal (con-COID-ahl) fracture. The interior of geodes almost always contains this mineral. Its crystals generate electricity when mechanically stressed. Herkimer diamonds do not contain diamonds but instead this mineral with Mohs hardness of 7. Citrine and amethyst are varieties of, for 10 points, what silicate mineral that is the most common on the Earth's surface?

quartz

q1113_4

This character feels nauseous at the sight of blue oatmeal and befriends Yard Ape. She ends a book report with the line, "I can't believe I ate the whole thing." In one appearance, she makes a gravestone for the cat Picky-Picky and recovers Aunt Bea's wedding ring. For 10 points, name this pest of Klickitat Street and friend of Howie Kemp, the younger sister of Beezus Quimby in a series of books by Beverly Cleary.

q1113

This character feels nauseous at the sight of blue oatmeal and befriends Yard Ape. She ends a book report with the line, "I can't believe I ate the whole thing." In one appearance, she makes a gravestone for the cat Picky-Picky and recovers Aunt Bea's wedding ring. For 10 points, name this pest of Klickitat Street and friend of Howie Kemp, the younger sister of Beezus Quimby in a series of books by Beverly Cleary.

{Ramona Quimby} [or Ramona Quimby; prompt on Quimby]

q131_1

In January 2012, in this nation, a French TV reporter was killed while reporting from a progovernment rally in this nation's city of Homs.

q131

In January 2012, in this nation, a French TV reporter was killed while reporting from a progovernment rally in this nation's city of Homs. Unrest there was triggered by the arrest and torture of students in Dara'a, which was not quelled by offers of political reform by its president. For 10 points, name this nation where the government of Bashar Al-Assad is struggling with protests.

Syrian Arab Republic [or Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah]

q1057_1

In one episode in this work, the narrator tries to convince adults that he is drawing a snake digesting an elephant, which they confuse with a hat.

q1057

In one episode in this work, the narrator tries to convince adults that he is drawing a snake digesting an elephant, which they confuse with a hat. The title character of this novella lived on an asteroid the size of a house before catching a rose in a lie and becoming lonely. Its title character visits seven planets, the last of which is Earth. For 10 points, name this novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (sahnt ex-oo-pair-EE).

The Little Prince [or Le Petit Prince]

q7838_1

Arias by this composer include Va, penseiro (VAH PENN-see-AIR-oh) and La donna e mobile (MOHbee-LAY), This composer of an opera about the Duke of Mantua's court jester included a "Drinking Song" in an opera about Violetta Valéry (VAL-ay-ree), La Traviata.

q7838

Arias by this composer include Va, penseiro (VAH PENN-see-AIR-oh) and La donna e mobile (MOHbee-LAY), This composer of an opera about the Duke of Mantua's court jester included a "Drinking Song" in an opera about Violetta Valéry (VAL-ay-ree), La Traviata. He also depicted Radames's (RAHdah-meez's) dilemma in choosing between the titular Ethiopian slave girl and his loyalty to Egypt. For 10 points, name this composer of Rigoletto and Aida ("eye"-EE-duh).

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi

q1392_4

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela. After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee). In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011.

q1392

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela. After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee). In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011. For 10 points, name this former leader of Libya.

Muammar al-{Gaddafi} [or Muammar al-Qaddafi; or various other transliterations (accept anything pronounced close to "gah-DAH-fee" or "kah-DAH-fee")]

q5362_5

This newspaper was sued by Alabama public safety officer Louis B. Sullivan. Its long-time publisher, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, died in 2012. It won one of its 108 Pulitzer prizes for printing The Pentagon Papers. One nickname of this newspaper is "the Old (*) Gray Lady." "All the News That's Fit to Print" is the motto of, for 10 points, what daily newspaper published in the "Big Apple"?

q5362

This newspaper was sued by Alabama public safety officer Louis B. Sullivan. Its long-time publisher, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, died in 2012. It won one of its 108 Pulitzer prizes for printing The Pentagon Papers. One nickname of this newspaper is "the Old (*) Gray Lady." "All the News That's Fit to Print" is the motto of, for 10 points, what daily newspaper published in the "Big Apple"?

The {New York Times} [accept {NYT;} prompt on {\"Times\"}]

q112_3

In this novel, Charlotte Lucas marries William Collins. At the end of this novel, Lydia ends up marrying the villainous Mr. Wickham and Jane ends up marrying the very rich Mr. Bingley. Also at the end of this novel, a second marriage proposal by Fitzwilliam Darcy is finally accepted by Elizabeth Bennett.

q112

In this novel, Charlotte Lucas marries William Collins. At the end of this novel, Lydia ends up marrying the villainous Mr. Wickham and Jane ends up marrying the very rich Mr. Bingley. Also at the end of this novel, a second marriage proposal by Fitzwilliam Darcy is finally accepted by Elizabeth Bennett. For 10 points, name this Jane Austen novel in which Darcy and Elizabeth embody the two titular vices.

{Pride} and {Prejudice}

q2643_1

This man was traded by the Reds for Edinson Volquez after his rookie season.

q2643

This man was traded by the Reds for Edinson Volquez after his rookie season. In July 2011, Shannon Stone fell to his death while reaching for a ball that this player threw into the stands of Rangers Ballpark. The 2010 American League MVP was for 10 points, what left-handed hitting outfielder for the Texas Rangers who hit a go-ahead homer in the top of the 10th inning of game 6 in the 2011 World Series?

Josh Hamilton

q2004_2

This brother of Chrysaor (“CRY-say-or”) created the Hippocrene (“HIP-oh-creen”) fountain. This figure was credited with helping a hero slay the Chimera and was tamed with a special girdle given by Athena to that hero, Bellerophon (“bell-AIR-oh-fon”), in a dream.

q2004

This brother of Chrysaor (“CRY-say-or”) created the Hippocrene (“HIP-oh-creen”) fountain. This figure was credited with helping a hero slay the Chimera and was tamed with a special girdle given by Athena to that hero, Bellerophon (“bell-AIR-oh-fon”), in a dream. Eventually employed as Zeus' bolt- carrier, this figure sprang from the neck of Medusa after she was decapitated by Perseus. For 10 points, name this winged horse from Greek myth.

{Pegasus}

q2065_1

This book's main character pays a debt to his landlord by rescuing the seamstress Constance.

q2065

This book's main character pays a debt to his landlord by rescuing the seamstress Constance. Earlier in this book, set in the time of Louis XIII (13), the same character challenges his friends to duels but later helps them fend off the troops of Cardinal Richelieu (REE-shee-loo). The motto "One for all and all for one," is spoken by Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in, for 10 points, what book about D'Artagnan (dar-TANyan)] written by Alexandre Dumas (doo-MAH)?

The Three Musketeers [or Les Trois Mousquetaires]

q2123_1

As punishment for not worshipping a golden statue, this man's friends were ordered thrown into a furnace, but they were not burned.

q2123

As punishment for not worshipping a golden statue, this man's friends were ordered thrown into a furnace, but they were not burned. While training to be a scribe, this man was given the Babylonian name Belteshazzar (“BEL-tuh-SHAH-zar”). He interpreted the writing on the wall during Belshazzar's (“BEL- shuh-zar's”) Feast. For 10 points, identify this Hebrew prophet and namesake of an Old Testament book who survived being chucked into a lion's den.

{Daniel}

q4894_2

Written by Joseph Brackett, this song mentions "the valley of love and delight." Its melody is borrowed by the clarinet in a scene depicting daily life for newlyweds; that scene is the seventh section of a 1944 ballet choreographed by Martha Graham.

q4894

Written by Joseph Brackett, this song mentions "the valley of love and delight." Its melody is borrowed by the clarinet in a scene depicting daily life for newlyweds; that scene is the seventh section of a 1944 ballet choreographed by Martha Graham. For 10 points, name this song from Aaron Copland's Appalachian Spring, a Shaker tune that notes "'tis the gift to be free."

{"Simple Gifts"} [prompt on {Appalachian Spring} before mentioned; prompt on anything mentioning {Shakers} before mentioned]

q2850_4

One figure in this religion wears three wedding bands to symbolize her marriages to Agwe, Dumballah, and Ogoun. In addition to Erzulie, one figure in this religion is represented by a cross over a tomb and is named Ghede. Gods in this religion are called "loa" and this religion's god of the Earth is named Papa Legba.(*) For 10 points, name this religion that originated in Haiti, famous for its namesake dolls.

q2850

One figure in this religion wears three wedding bands to symbolize her marriages to Agwe, Dumballah, and Ogoun. In addition to Erzulie, one figure in this religion is represented by a cross over a tomb and is named Ghede. Gods in this religion are called "loa" and this religion's god of the Earth is named Papa Legba.(*) For 10 points, name this religion that originated in Haiti, famous for its namesake dolls.

{Voodoo} [accept {Vodun} or {Vodou} or {Vodoun} or {Vaudou} or {Vaudoux}]

q624_2

This instrument was played by Cannonball Adderley on Kind of Blue, as well as by a musician whose own albums include Giant Steps and A Love Supreme. Another player of this instrument released Ornithology and Yardbird Suite.

q624

This instrument was played by Cannonball Adderley on Kind of Blue, as well as by a musician whose own albums include Giant Steps and A Love Supreme. Another player of this instrument released Ornithology and Yardbird Suite. It was played by John Coltrane and Charlie Parker. For 10 points, name this instrument whose alto and tenor varieties have a U-bend and tilted bell and are common in jazz ensembles.

{saxophone} [accept alto saxophone]

q494_4

This man's associates included Red Hawley, Bud Kangley, and Shot Gunderson. His wife is variously given as either Carrie McIntie or Lucette Kensack. One of this man's pets, Benny, died after swallowing a stove that had been used to make oversized pancakes. On a detour from Fargo to Seattle, this man created the Grand Canyon.

q494

This man's associates included Red Hawley, Bud Kangley, and Shot Gunderson. His wife is variously given as either Carrie McIntie or Lucette Kensack. One of this man's pets, Benny, died after swallowing a stove that had been used to make oversized pancakes. On a detour from Fargo to Seattle, this man created the Grand Canyon. For 10 points, Babe the Big Blue Ox accompanied what giant lumberjack of American folklore?

Paul Bunyan

q529_3

At one point in this musical, Dr. Dillamond sings "Something Bad." At another point, Madame Morrible announces that the main character is now an enemy of the town, and that character then sings "Defying Gravity." The two heroines in it were originally played by Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel.

q529

At one point in this musical, Dr. Dillamond sings "Something Bad." At another point, Madame Morrible announces that the main character is now an enemy of the town, and that character then sings "Defying Gravity." The two heroines in it were originally played by Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel. For 10 points, the relationship between Elphaba and Glinda is documented in what musical based on The Wizard of Oz?

Wicked

q963_2

While travelling back to his hometown, this man solves a riddle with the answer of “man.” He kills his own father over the right-of-way at a crossroads.

q963

While travelling back to his hometown, this man solves a riddle with the answer of “man.” He kills his own father over the right-of-way at a crossroads. This man fathers his daughter Antigone (“ann-TIH-go- nee”) by his own mother Jocasta (“joe-CASS-tuh”), fulfilling a prophecy made at his birth. For 10 points, name this title character of plays by Sophocles (“SOFF-oh-clees”), including one in which he is at Colonus (“CALL-oh-nuss”) and one in which he is Rex, or The King.

{Oedipus}

q4969_3

This structure is divided into Brodmann areas, and develops from the telencephalon ("TEAL"-en- SEFF-ah-"lawn"). The corpus callosum ("CORE"-puss kuh-LOE-sum) connects the two hemispheres of this structure, which is divided into temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes. For 10 points, name this largest area of the brain, which controls voluntary thoughts and actions.

q4969

This structure is divided into Brodmann areas, and develops from the telencephalon ("TEAL"-en- SEFF-ah-"lawn"). The corpus callosum ("CORE"-puss kuh-LOE-sum) connects the two hemispheres of this structure, which is divided into temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes. For 10 points, name this largest area of the brain, which controls voluntary thoughts and actions.

{cerebrum} [accept {cerebral cortex;} accept {neocortex;} accept {forebrain;} prompt on brain]

q1081_2

Its mascot is named Mandeville, and it will begin with a show titled "Isles of Wonder," to be directed by Danny Boyle. Some of the venues to be used for it include Lord's Cricket Ground, Dorney Lake, Old Trafford, and Wembley Stadium.

q1081

Its mascot is named Mandeville, and it will begin with a show titled "Isles of Wonder," to be directed by Danny Boyle. Some of the venues to be used for it include Lord's Cricket Ground, Dorney Lake, Old Trafford, and Wembley Stadium. The Royal Mail will issue commemorative stamps for any British athlete who wins a gold medal at, for 10 points, what quadrennial athletic event, which begins July 27 in London, England?

2012 Summer {Olympics} [accept {London Olympics} before "London" is read; prompt on Olympics]

q1913_4

Wang Mang briefly replaced this dynasty with his Xin (SHIN) dynasty, separating this dynasty into "Western" and "Eastern" periods. It was founded by Liu Bang and succeeded the Qin (CHIN) dynasty. During this dynasty, Confucianism became prominent and the first census was taken. For 10 points, identify this dynasty once ruled by Wudi (WOO-DEE), which shares a name with the primary ethnic group of China.

q1913

Wang Mang briefly replaced this dynasty with his Xin (SHIN) dynasty, separating this dynasty into "Western" and "Eastern" periods. It was founded by Liu Bang and succeeded the Qin (CHIN) dynasty. During this dynasty, Confucianism became prominent and the first census was taken. For 10 points, identify this dynasty once ruled by Wudi (WOO-DEE), which shares a name with the primary ethnic group of China.

{Han} Dynasty

q630_3

In 2012 an unknown disk-shaped object was found on the floor of this sea. Arms of this sea include the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Bothnia. The Kiel (KEEL) Canal bypasses Kattegat (KAH-teh-gaht) Bay and Skagerrak (SKAH-geh-rahk) Strait to connect this sea to the North Sea.

q630

In 2012 an unknown disk-shaped object was found on the floor of this sea. Arms of this sea include the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Bothnia. The Kiel (KEEL) Canal bypasses Kattegat (KAH-teh-gaht) Bay and Skagerrak (SKAH-geh-rahk) Strait to connect this sea to the North Sea. Germany and Poland are on its southern shore. For 10 points, name this sea bordered by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, its namesake "States," as well as Finland and Sweden.

Baltic Sea

q2579_3

One of these objects is named after Cocos Island and is next to one named after a region of Peru, Nazca. The spaces between them are usually classified as divergent or convergent transform faults. The theory of these objects has become connected to theories of mantle plumes, and the original theory came out of the continental drift ideas of Alfred Wegener.

q2579

One of these objects is named after Cocos Island and is next to one named after a region of Peru, Nazca. The spaces between them are usually classified as divergent or convergent transform faults. The theory of these objects has become connected to theories of mantle plumes, and the original theory came out of the continental drift ideas of Alfred Wegener. For 10 points, name these shifting sections of the Earth's surface.

{tectonic plates} [accept anything reasonable containing the word tectonic]

q4855_3

He fulfilled a prophecy by accidentally killing his grandfather Acrisius (“uh-CRIZZ-ee-us”) with a discus. Acrisius had imprisoned his mother, Danae (“duh-NAY-ee”), but Zeus visited her as a golden shower. This man borrowed the invisibility cap of Hades, the reflective shield of Athena, and the winged sandals of Hermes.

q4855

He fulfilled a prophecy by accidentally killing his grandfather Acrisius (“uh-CRIZZ-ee-us”) with a discus. Acrisius had imprisoned his mother, Danae (“duh-NAY-ee”), but Zeus visited her as a golden shower. This man borrowed the invisibility cap of Hades, the reflective shield of Athena, and the winged sandals of Hermes. He slew a sea monster that was about to consume Andromeda, whom he made his wife. For 10 points, name this figure who beheaded Medusa.

{Perseus}

q1415_2

According to the Koran, all angels, except Satan, prostrated themselves before this figure due to his knowledge. He was cursed to "eat bread until he returned to the ground."

q1415

According to the Koran, all angels, except Satan, prostrated themselves before this figure due to his knowledge. He was cursed to "eat bread until he returned to the ground." In the New Testament, he is seen as the source of death for all men. His transgression is revealed to God when he is seen wearing a fig leaf. His rib was used to make his wife, Eve. For 10 points, name this Biblical figure, the first man.

Adam

q7032_3

Franz Schubert's three symphonies in this key are nicknamed Tragic, Little, and Great. Mozart's Jupiter Symphony and Bach's first Prelude from The Well Tempered Clavier are in this major key, whose relative minor is A minor. Instruments pitched in this key include the bassoon, oboe, and flute.

q7032

Franz Schubert's three symphonies in this key are nicknamed Tragic, Little, and Great. Mozart's Jupiter Symphony and Bach's first Prelude from The Well Tempered Clavier are in this major key, whose relative minor is A minor. Instruments pitched in this key include the bassoon, oboe, and flute. A scale in this key played on piano only hits (*) white keys. For 10 points, name this musical key that contains no sharps or flats.

{C major} [prompt on \"C\" before \"major key\" is mentioned; do not prompt on or accept \"c minor\"]

q2164_4

The sum of the infinite sequence whose terms are the reciprocals of these numbers equals pi squared over 6. The sum of the first n of these is n times n+1 times 2n+1 over 6, while the sum of the first n positive odd numbers is the nth of these. The difference between two of these numbers can be factored as (*) a+b times a–b. For 10 points, name these numbers equal to the an integer times itself.

q2164

The sum of the infinite sequence whose terms are the reciprocals of these numbers equals pi squared over 6. The sum of the first n of these is n times n+1 times 2n+1 over 6, while the sum of the first n positive odd numbers is the nth of these. The difference between two of these numbers can be factored as (*) a+b times a–b. For 10 points, name these numbers equal to the an integer times itself.

({perfect}) {square numbers} or {perfect squares} [accept {n squared} or similar answers; accept {n} to the {second power} or {n} to the {power} of {2}]

q903_3

In this war, naval forces under John Jellicoe (JELL-ih-koe) engaged forces under Reinhard Scheer (RINE-hard SHEER) during the Battle of Jutland. In another battle, Phillipe Petain (fill-EEP peh-TAN) stopped German forces at the namesake fortress in the Battle of Verdun. For 10 points, identify this 1914- 1918 conflict that saw the Allied forces defeat the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary that is also known as the Great War.

q903

In this war, naval forces under John Jellicoe (JELL-ih-koe) engaged forces under Reinhard Scheer (RINE-hard SHEER) during the Battle of Jutland. In another battle, Phillipe Petain (fill-EEP peh-TAN) stopped German forces at the namesake fortress in the Battle of Verdun. For 10 points, identify this 1914- 1918 conflict that saw the Allied forces defeat the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary that is also known as the Great War.

{World War I} [or {First} World War; accept {Great War} before mentioned; prompt on World War]

q1504_4

This shape is traced out by the set of all points that are equidistant from a focus and a directrix (“dir- ECK-tricks”). It is the only conic section that can be graphed as a function. It is the shape of the height versus time graph of a ball tossed straight in the air. For 10 points, identify this shape that is traced out by the graph of any quadratic function.

q1504

This shape is traced out by the set of all points that are equidistant from a focus and a directrix (“dir- ECK-tricks”). It is the only conic section that can be graphed as a function. It is the shape of the height versus time graph of a ball tossed straight in the air. For 10 points, identify this shape that is traced out by the graph of any quadratic function.

{parabola}

q635_3

Richard Dawkins described an "extended" form of this term, which becomes blended in incomplete dominance. The human skin color one is controlled by three genes, and crossing two heterozygous individuals usually results in a 3-to-1 ratio of this. In Mendel's pea plants, these included (*) dwarf, yellow, and wrinkled.

q635

Richard Dawkins described an "extended" form of this term, which becomes blended in incomplete dominance. The human skin color one is controlled by three genes, and crossing two heterozygous individuals usually results in a 3-to-1 ratio of this. In Mendel's pea plants, these included (*) dwarf, yellow, and wrinkled. For 10 points, name this term for an organism's physical traits that are determined by its genotype.

phenotypes [prompt on \"trait(s)\"]

q1727_3

The most winning woman he ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance-money. Irene Adler, always THE woman to this man, outwitted him during his investigation of “A Scandal in Bohemia.” This man returned in “The Adventure of the Empty House” after battling Professor Moriarty to the death.

q1727

The most winning woman he ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance-money. Irene Adler, always THE woman to this man, outwitted him during his investigation of “A Scandal in Bohemia.” This man returned in “The Adventure of the Empty House” after battling Professor Moriarty to the death. For 10 points, name this detective faithfully accompanied by John Watson.

{Sherlock Holmes} [accept either]

q4480_5

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot. Its largest moon, which has a retrograde orbit, is Triton.

q4480

A triangular patch of clouds that circulates this planet quickly is known as The Scooter. Its atmosphere contains the fastest winds in the solar system. Its existence was predicted by Alexis Bouvard, and it was discovered by Johann Galle. It often contains the Great Dark Spot. Its largest moon, which has a retrograde orbit, is Triton. For 10 points, name this gas giant, the farthest from the Sun in the solar system.

Neptune

q1870_2

During his final command, he planned the amphibious assault at Inchon. Nearly a decade before that, he took command of American troops in the Pacific, but lost the Philippine Islands to the Japanese in 1942.For 10 points, name this American general who accepted the surrender of Japan in 1945 and vowed, "I shall return."

q1870

During his final command, he planned the amphibious assault at Inchon. Nearly a decade before that, he took command of American troops in the Pacific, but lost the Philippine Islands to the Japanese in 1942.For 10 points, name this American general who accepted the surrender of Japan in 1945 and vowed, "I shall return."

Douglas {MacArthur}

q1108_4

This leader defeated General Arnegisclus (ar-neh-GISS-kluss) at the Battle of the Utus shortly before destroying the city of Marcianopolis. He withdrew after the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains against armies under the command of Flavius Aetius (FLAY-vee-us AY-tee-us) and Theodoric (THEE-oh-DORick) I of the Visigoths. This man shared power with his brother Bleda (BLAY-duh) until Bleda's death around 445. For 10 points, identify this man nicknamed the Scourge of God, leader of the Huns.

q1108

This leader defeated General Arnegisclus (ar-neh-GISS-kluss) at the Battle of the Utus shortly before destroying the city of Marcianopolis. He withdrew after the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains against armies under the command of Flavius Aetius (FLAY-vee-us AY-tee-us) and Theodoric (THEE-oh-DORick) I of the Visigoths. This man shared power with his brother Bleda (BLAY-duh) until Bleda's death around 445. For 10 points, identify this man nicknamed the Scourge of God, leader of the Huns.

{Attila} the Hun

q963_4

While travelling back to his hometown, this man solves a riddle with the answer of “man.” He kills his own father over the right-of-way at a crossroads. This man fathers his daughter Antigone (“ann-TIH-go- nee”) by his own mother Jocasta (“joe-CASS-tuh”), fulfilling a prophecy made at his birth. For 10 points, name this title character of plays by Sophocles (“SOFF-oh-clees”), including one in which he is at Colonus (“CALL-oh-nuss”) and one in which he is Rex, or The King.

q963

While travelling back to his hometown, this man solves a riddle with the answer of “man.” He kills his own father over the right-of-way at a crossroads. This man fathers his daughter Antigone (“ann-TIH-go- nee”) by his own mother Jocasta (“joe-CASS-tuh”), fulfilling a prophecy made at his birth. For 10 points, name this title character of plays by Sophocles (“SOFF-oh-clees”), including one in which he is at Colonus (“CALL-oh-nuss”) and one in which he is Rex, or The King.

{Oedipus}

q3365_4

This man's popularity plummeted following the disastrous rescue attempt of Operation Eagle Claw. He claimed that the United States faced a "crisis of confidence" in his "malaise" speech. Although he failed to solve the Iran Hostage Crisis, he helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this Georgia-born president succeeded by Ronald Reagan.

q3365

This man's popularity plummeted following the disastrous rescue attempt of Operation Eagle Claw. He claimed that the United States faced a "crisis of confidence" in his "malaise" speech. Although he failed to solve the Iran Hostage Crisis, he helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this Georgia-born president succeeded by Ronald Reagan.

James Earl "Jimmy" {Carter,} Jr.

q1548_2

In one work by this composer, the title character slices an anvil in half and kills the dragon Fafner with the sword Nothung (NO-tung); in another opera, Brunnhilde rides into a funeral pyre that burns Valhalla. Those two operas by this composer join another that includes "The Ride of the Valkyries" in a four-opera work.

q1548

In one work by this composer, the title character slices an anvil in half and kills the dragon Fafner with the sword Nothung (NO-tung); in another opera, Brunnhilde rides into a funeral pyre that burns Valhalla. Those two operas by this composer join another that includes "The Ride of the Valkyries" in a four-opera work. For 10 points, name this German composer of Siegfried and Gotterdamerung (GOTT-err-DAM-errung), part of the Ring of the Nibelung (NEE-buh-lung) cycle.

Richard {Wagner} (ree-kart VAHG-ner)

q2555_2

In this war, a group of primarily immigrant soldiers defected to the opposing army and became known as the St. Patrick's Battalion. During the war, Winfield Scott led the capture of Veracruz (ver-uh-KROOZ) after forces under Zachary Taylor won battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista (BWAY-nah VEES-tah).

q2555

In this war, a group of primarily immigrant soldiers defected to the opposing army and became known as the St. Patrick's Battalion. During the war, Winfield Scott led the capture of Veracruz (ver-uh-KROOZ) after forces under Zachary Taylor won battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista (BWAY-nah VEES-tah). For 10 points, name this war fought during the presidency of James Polk, which concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwahd-ah-LOO-pay hi-DAHL-goh).

{Mexican}-{American} War

q694_1

In book one of this work, the word Pandemonium is first used to describe Satan's palace.

q694

In book one of this work, the word Pandemonium is first used to describe Satan's palace. Satan eventually tricks Uriel into letting him escape, and he makes his way to earth to tempt mankind. The archangel Michael leads mankind out of the (*) garden in, for 10 points, what John Milton epic poem that chronicles the fall of Adam and Eve?

Paradise Lost

q6615_1

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution.

q6615

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones. A lack of this element causes goiter, which appears as a swollen neck. For 10 points, name this element represented by the symbol I.

iodine [prompt on \"I\" before the end; do not accept iodide]

q220_1

This constellation's alpha star is the brightest in the Hyades ("HIGH"-uh-deez) cluster.

q220

This constellation's alpha star is the brightest in the Hyades ("HIGH"-uh-deez) cluster. One object in this constellation is the remnant of a supernova observed in 1054 AD. In addition to the Crab Nebula, this constellation also contains the Pleiades (PLEE-uh-deez). Its beta star, Al Nath, is found next to Auriga, while its alpha star is Aldebaran (all-DEB-uh-ron). For 10 points, name this constellation that depicts a bull.

{Taurus}

q1886_3

This man became sole emperor of the Western Roman Empire following Maxentius' death at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This man would later gain control of the Eastern Roman Empire following his victory over Licinius (lih-SIN-ee-uss) at the Battle of Adrianople. This man issued the Edict of Milan, which established religious toleration throughout the Roman Empire.

q1886

This man became sole emperor of the Western Roman Empire following Maxentius' death at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. This man would later gain control of the Eastern Roman Empire following his victory over Licinius (lih-SIN-ee-uss) at the Battle of Adrianople. This man issued the Edict of Milan, which established religious toleration throughout the Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this first Christian emperor.

{Constantine} the {Great} [{or Constantine I; prompt on} Constantine]

q1440_2

Two of these entities are responsible for the Great Rift Valley located in East Africa. Subduction zones are found along them.

q1440

Two of these entities are responsible for the Great Rift Valley located in East Africa. Subduction zones are found along them. Several of them are responsible for the area of volcanic activity known as the Ring of Fire, though movement along them more famously causes earthquakes. For 10 points, identify these gaps in the Earth's crust, which include one in California called the San Andreas.

{fault}

q4197_3

In one myth, these creatures rose from the blood spilled by Uranus when his son Cronus castrated him. They chased Oedipus (ED-uh-puhs) for wedding his mother and are believed to punish those who swear false oaths. Their members include Alecto (uh-LEK-toh), Megaera (muh-JEER-uh), and Tisiphone (ti-SIF-uh-nee).

q4197

In one myth, these creatures rose from the blood spilled by Uranus when his son Cronus castrated him. They chased Oedipus (ED-uh-puhs) for wedding his mother and are believed to punish those who swear false oaths. Their members include Alecto (uh-LEK-toh), Megaera (muh-JEER-uh), and Tisiphone (ti-SIF-uh-nee). For 10 points, name these fearsome female winged deities of vengeance from Greco- Roman mythology.

{Erinnyes} [{accept} Eumenídes; accept {Furies;} accept Dirae (dahy-ree)]

q345_2

In this book, Admiral Drake sends the title character a surprise, and Greta and Captain Cook have ten children who are soon trained to be a traveling circus act. This book by Richard Atwater geographically incorrectly sends a group of animals to the North Pole.

q345

In this book, Admiral Drake sends the title character a surprise, and Greta and Captain Cook have ten children who are soon trained to be a traveling circus act. This book by Richard Atwater geographically incorrectly sends a group of animals to the North Pole. For 10 points, name this novel about a man with a bunch of flightless, aquatic birds.

Mr. Popper's Penguins

q2391_1

One character in this novel wins a ride in a biplane after her gooseberry pie beats that of Rupert Pennypacker.

q2391

One character in this novel wins a ride in a biplane after her gooseberry pie beats that of Rupert Pennypacker. This book sees that same character throw a mouse into the Cowgill boys' milk because they blew up her outhouse. After a newsman tries to bring more people to her town, Grandma puts on a show with a corpse and a shotgun to make him leave. For 10 points, name this book about Joey and Mary Alice by Richard Peck.

A {Long Way} from {Chicago}

q494_5

This man's associates included Red Hawley, Bud Kangley, and Shot Gunderson. His wife is variously given as either Carrie McIntie or Lucette Kensack. One of this man's pets, Benny, died after swallowing a stove that had been used to make oversized pancakes. On a detour from Fargo to Seattle, this man created the Grand Canyon. For 10 points, Babe the Big Blue Ox accompanied what giant lumberjack of American folklore?

q494

This man's associates included Red Hawley, Bud Kangley, and Shot Gunderson. His wife is variously given as either Carrie McIntie or Lucette Kensack. One of this man's pets, Benny, died after swallowing a stove that had been used to make oversized pancakes. On a detour from Fargo to Seattle, this man created the Grand Canyon. For 10 points, Babe the Big Blue Ox accompanied what giant lumberjack of American folklore?

Paul Bunyan

q6073_4

On the right side of this painting, a large gray rectangle is cut off by the edge of the canvas. In the back of the painting, a body of water is seen; to the right of that water, the Cliffs of Cadaques (“kuh- DACK”) are yellow. Its center depicts a white “monster,” and another object in this painting is upside down and covered in ants. For 10 points, name this painting that features melting clocks, a work by Salvador Dali.

q6073

On the right side of this painting, a large gray rectangle is cut off by the edge of the canvas. In the back of the painting, a body of water is seen; to the right of that water, the Cliffs of Cadaques (“kuh- DACK”) are yellow. Its center depicts a white “monster,” and another object in this painting is upside down and covered in ants. For 10 points, name this painting that features melting clocks, a work by Salvador Dali.

The {Persistence of Memory}

q374_3

Some of this empire's ruins were found in 1911 by Hiram Bingham. One ruler of this empire fought a civil war with his half-brother Huascar (whas-car). That ruler was captured at the battle of Cajamarca (ka-ha-mar-ka), and he was named Atahualpa (Ata·hual·pa).

q374

Some of this empire's ruins were found in 1911 by Hiram Bingham. One ruler of this empire fought a civil war with his half-brother Huascar (whas-car). That ruler was captured at the battle of Cajamarca (ka-ha-mar-ka), and he was named Atahualpa (Ata·hual·pa). This empire had its capital at (*) Cuzco, and famous ruins from this empire can be found at Machu Picchu in Peru. For 10 points, name this South American empire that was conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

{Inca} Empire [or {Tawantinsuyu}]

q4913_4

Metallic bonds can be modeled as "seas" of these particles. In another model, the repulsion between pairs of them leads to molecular shapes like trigonal planar and octahedral. The fundamental charge is the charge of one of these particles, which can be found in s, p, d, and f orbitals. J.J. Thomson discovered, for 10 points, which negatively-charged components of the atom that orbit the nucleus?

q4913

Metallic bonds can be modeled as "seas" of these particles. In another model, the repulsion between pairs of them leads to molecular shapes like trigonal planar and octahedral. The fundamental charge is the charge of one of these particles, which can be found in s, p, d, and f orbitals. J.J. Thomson discovered, for 10 points, which negatively-charged components of the atom that orbit the nucleus?

electrons

q7479_4

This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams. "Anna O.," "Little Hans," and the "Wolf Man" were some of the patients who sought advice from his Vienna clinic. "Jokes and their Relation to the (*) Unconscious" is an essay by this man, whose "structural theory" proposed that the mind is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.

q7479

This author wrote about "Irma's Injection" in his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams. "Anna O.," "Little Hans," and the "Wolf Man" were some of the patients who sought advice from his Vienna clinic. "Jokes and their Relation to the (*) Unconscious" is an essay by this man, whose "structural theory" proposed that the mind is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.

(Sigismund Schlomo) Sigmund {Freud}

q1676_2

One type of this weapon would have been defended against by President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Another type of these developed by the Soviet Union and used by Iraq was the Scud.

q1676

One type of this weapon would have been defended against by President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Another type of these developed by the Soviet Union and used by Iraq was the Scud. Nazi Germany wanted to replace anti-aircraft guns with the (*) surface-to-air type of these weapons. For 10 points, what projected weapons that carry explosive devices name a 1962 crisis in Cuba?

{missiles} [prompt on {\"nuclear bomb\"} until \"surface-to-air\" is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on rocket(s)]

q1900_1

This man's wife Jiang Qing (“JANG CHING”) was a member of the Gang of Four.

q1900

This man's wife Jiang Qing (“JANG CHING”) was a member of the Gang of Four. He escaped a Kuomintang (“KWO-min-TANG”) offensive led by Chiang Kai-shek (“CHANG kye-SHECK”) and went on the Long March in 1934. After he took power in 1949, his government adopted such policies as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. For 10 points, the Little Red Book was written by what Chairman of China's Communist Party?

{Mao} Zedong [or Mao Tse-tung; accept Chairman Mao before “Chairman”]

q202_2

National parks in this state preserve the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, the Kenai Fjords, and Mount St. Elias. Its Bristol Bay is a center of the salmon-fishing industry.

q202

National parks in this state preserve the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, the Kenai Fjords, and Mount St. Elias. Its Bristol Bay is a center of the salmon-fishing industry. The highway that connects this state to the rest of the union crosses British Columbia and the Yukon before it reaches Fairbanks. For 10 points, name this 49th state, the only one that adjoins the Bering Sea and contains part of the Arctic Circle.

Alaska

q678_1

This character was named after the wife of King Leontes in The Winter's Tale.

q678

This character was named after the wife of King Leontes in The Winter's Tale. This character forms an organization called S.P.E.W., and purchases a half-cat, half-kneazle (“NEE-zul”) known as Crookshanks. Though she is called a “mudblood” because of her dentist parents, she is smart enough to have memorized “Hogwarts: A History.” For 10 points, name this female companion to Harry and Ron in the “Harry Potter” series.

{Hermione Granger} [accept either]

q4875_2

This force is produced by moving charges, and its namesake field is measured in henrys. Its most common form breaks down at a point at which domains lose their alignment.

q4875

This force is produced by moving charges, and its namesake field is measured in henrys. Its most common form breaks down at a point at which domains lose their alignment. This phenomenon's "electro" type may be caused by wrapping wire around a nail and running current through it. For 10 points, name this force whose "ferro" type is exhibited by cobalt, nickel, and iron and may be used to stick items to fridges.

{magnetism} [accept word forms such as {magnetic;} accept {electromagnetism} until "electro"]

q653_1

Scipione Borghese commissioned a contorted and muscular depiction of this figure, which was created by Lorenzo Bernini.

q653

Scipione Borghese commissioned a contorted and muscular depiction of this figure, which was created by Lorenzo Bernini. A sculpture of this figure which exemplifies contrapposto shows his toes within the hair of his slain enemy; that bronze sculpture was created by Donatello. (*) For 10 points, identify this figure who is sometimes shown with a slingshot, after he has killed Goliath.

{David} [or {Dawood}]

q347_1

It reportedly began with the false accusations of a wigmaker's apprentice, which supposedly led a crowd to throw snowballs.

q347

It reportedly began with the false accusations of a wigmaker's apprentice, which supposedly led a crowd to throw snowballs. The first person to die in this incident was Crispus Attucks, and in total five people died out of the three hundred estimated to be in the crowd surrounding Captain Thomas Preston's British troops. For 10 points, identify this 1770 incident named for the New England city where it occurred.

{Boston Massacre} [accept reasonable equivalents]

q5834_2

Four people were killed in this city's St. John's Regional Medical Center, which is now closed and scheduled for demolition. The Red Cross estimated 25% of this town was destroyed that same day, including about 7,000 houses.

q5834

Four people were killed in this city's St. John's Regional Medical Center, which is now closed and scheduled for demolition. The Red Cross estimated 25% of this town was destroyed that same day, including about 7,000 houses. For 10 points, identify this Missouri city devastated by a tornado rated as an EF-5, the highest on the Enhanced Fujita scale, in May 2011.

{Joplin} Tornado Outbreak [prompt on {tornado} until mentioned]

q270_4

Spin-Spin splitting can occur in NMR spectroscopy of these entities. Free examples of these particles make up ninety percent of cosmic rays. These particles are made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark, and were discovered by Earnest Rutherford. The atomic number designates the number of, for 10 points, what positively charged subatomic particles that, with neutrons, make up the nucleus of an atom.

q270

Spin-Spin splitting can occur in NMR spectroscopy of these entities. Free examples of these particles make up ninety percent of cosmic rays. These particles are made up of 2 up quarks and 1 down quark, and were discovered by Earnest Rutherford. The atomic number designates the number of, for 10 points, what positively charged subatomic particles that, with neutrons, make up the nucleus of an atom.

proton [or hydrogen ion; or H+; accept hydrogen before "cosmic rays"]

q3840_4

Amazonstone (“AM-uh-zon-STONE”) and cleavelandite (“Cleveland ite”) are members of this group of minerals. Samples of it which show a high opalescence (“OH-puh-LESS-ence”) are traded as moonstone, and some with a yellow or orange tint are sold as sunstone. The plagioclase (“PLAY-jee-oh- CLASE”) and alkali (“AL-kuh-lye”) forms of this mineral are prevalent in granite. Made of aluminum, silicon, and either calcium, sodium, or potassium, for 10 points, name this mineral, number 6 on the Mohs scale of hardness.

q3840

Amazonstone (“AM-uh-zon-STONE”) and cleavelandite (“Cleveland ite”) are members of this group of minerals. Samples of it which show a high opalescence (“OH-puh-LESS-ence”) are traded as moonstone, and some with a yellow or orange tint are sold as sunstone. The plagioclase (“PLAY-jee-oh- CLASE”) and alkali (“AL-kuh-lye”) forms of this mineral are prevalent in granite. Made of aluminum, silicon, and either calcium, sodium, or potassium, for 10 points, name this mineral, number 6 on the Mohs scale of hardness.

feldspar

q1298_4

For any odd number greater than one, there exists one of these types of sets where that number is the smallest of the three elements. By definition, all numbers in these kinds of sets are integers. Common example of this type of set are (8, 15, 17); (5, 12, 13); and (3, 4, 5). For 10 points, name these sets of three integers a, b, and c which satisfy the equation a squared plus b squared equals c squared.

q1298

For any odd number greater than one, there exists one of these types of sets where that number is the smallest of the three elements. By definition, all numbers in these kinds of sets are integers. Common example of this type of set are (8, 15, 17); (5, 12, 13); and (3, 4, 5). For 10 points, name these sets of three integers a, b, and c which satisfy the equation a squared plus b squared equals c squared.

{Pythagorean triples} [accept clear-knowledge equivalents; prompt on {Pythagorean theorem}]