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q154_4

This leader was denounced by his successor in the "Secret Speech." His country agreed to a nonaggression pact with Germany, but Hitler invaded his nation in Operation Barbarossa. He won a power struggle against Leon Trotsky after Vladimir Lenin's death. For 10 points, name this Soviet Premier during the Second World War.

q154

This leader was denounced by his successor in the "Secret Speech." His country agreed to a nonaggression pact with Germany, but Hitler invaded his nation in Operation Barbarossa. He won a power struggle against Leon Trotsky after Vladimir Lenin's death. For 10 points, name this Soviet Premier during the Second World War.

Joseph {Stalin} [or Joseph {Dzughashvili}]

q1969_3

This man used powers granted by the Taft-Hartley Act during a confrontation with air traffic controllers, and his Defense Secretary resigned after violations of the Boland Amendment were revealed. Before those events during his presidency, he served as Governor of California from 1967 until 1975. Prior to entering politics, this man was a famous (*) Hollywood actor.

q1969

This man used powers granted by the Taft-Hartley Act during a confrontation with air traffic controllers, and his Defense Secretary resigned after violations of the Boland Amendment were revealed. Before those events during his presidency, he served as Governor of California from 1967 until 1975. Prior to entering politics, this man was a famous (*) Hollywood actor. For 10 points, name this Republican president from 1981 to 1989.

Ronald (Wilson) Reagan

q3696_5

In one quest, this figure is directed to the ferryman Urshanabi (UR-shah-NAH-bee) by Siduri. After his companion dies, this figure visits Utnapishtim (OOT-nah-PEESH-tim), who tells him where to find a plant capable of restoring youth. That plant is later stolen by a serpent. This figure slew the guardian of the cedar forest, Humbaba, and the Bull of Heaven, with Enkidu. For 10 points, name this king of Uruk and hero of a Mesopotamian epic.

q3696

In one quest, this figure is directed to the ferryman Urshanabi (UR-shah-NAH-bee) by Siduri. After his companion dies, this figure visits Utnapishtim (OOT-nah-PEESH-tim), who tells him where to find a plant capable of restoring youth. That plant is later stolen by a serpent. This figure slew the guardian of the cedar forest, Humbaba, and the Bull of Heaven, with Enkidu. For 10 points, name this king of Uruk and hero of a Mesopotamian epic.

Gilgamesh

q1036_4

This piece follows the tenor Air "Thou shalt break them" and, after a break, precedes "I know that my Redeemer liveth." King George II supposedly stood during its 1743 London premiere. It includes the line "King of Kings and Lord of Lords," and notes "He shall reign forever and ever." For 10 points, name this choral excerpt from Handel's oratorio Messiah, named for its opening word of praise.

q1036

This piece follows the tenor Air "Thou shalt break them" and, after a break, precedes "I know that my Redeemer liveth." King George II supposedly stood during its 1743 London premiere. It includes the line "King of Kings and Lord of Lords," and notes "He shall reign forever and ever." For 10 points, name this choral excerpt from Handel's oratorio Messiah, named for its opening word of praise.

{Hallelujah} Chorus [prompt on {Messiah} before mentioned]

q4838_4

Other than James and John, this is the only man to witness the Transfiguration of Jesus. He cut off the guard Malchus's ear during a showdown in the Garden of Gethsemane. His symbol is a pair of crossed (*) keys, and this man is said to have been crucified upside down. For 10 points, name this apostle of Jesus and brother of Andrew, who denied Jesus three times and was the first pope.

q4838

Other than James and John, this is the only man to witness the Transfiguration of Jesus. He cut off the guard Malchus's ear during a showdown in the Garden of Gethsemane. His symbol is a pair of crossed (*) keys, and this man is said to have been crucified upside down. For 10 points, name this apostle of Jesus and brother of Andrew, who denied Jesus three times and was the first pope.

{Simon Peter} [accept {Saint Peter} the Apostle; do not accept just Simon]

q2788_5

This man elucidated Heron's formula before Heron proved it. He supposedly created a death ray out of mirrors in order to defeat an invading Roman army. A task given to him by Hiero ("HIGH"-er-oh) of Syracuse led to his discovery that the buoyancy of an object is equal to the fluid displaced. For 10 points, who supposedly ran into the streets shouting "Eureka!" after discovering how to test whether Hiero's crown was made of pure gold?

q2788

This man elucidated Heron's formula before Heron proved it. He supposedly created a death ray out of mirrors in order to defeat an invading Roman army. A task given to him by Hiero ("HIGH"-er-oh) of Syracuse led to his discovery that the buoyancy of an object is equal to the fluid displaced. For 10 points, who supposedly ran into the streets shouting "Eureka!" after discovering how to test whether Hiero's crown was made of pure gold?

Archimedes of Syracuse

q313_2

This city contains the neo-gothic Votive Church, and its Karlskirche (KARLS-keer-kuh) is the largest Baroque Cathedral north of the Alps. It is the capital of a country with such states as Burgenland, Tyrol, and Styria.

q313

This city contains the neo-gothic Votive Church, and its Karlskirche (KARLS-keer-kuh) is the largest Baroque Cathedral north of the Alps. It is the capital of a country with such states as Burgenland, Tyrol, and Styria. This city's Ring Boulevard was ordered to be restructured by Franz Joseph I, and it lies on the Danube just upriver from Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. For 10 points, name this capital of Austria.

{Vienna,} Austria [or {Wien}]

q3307_2

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Using these numbers as exponents is defined in terms of a reciprocal.

q3307

The tangent function gives these numbers when its input is in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Using these numbers as exponents is defined in terms of a reciprocal. The absolute value function changes them. Defining their square roots requires (*) imaginary numbers. Integers that are not natural numbers are either zero or one of these. For 10 points, name these numbers that are less than zero.

negative numbers

q1654_4

This character interrupts a round of storytelling by attacking a stash of wine-skins. He wears a washbasin as a helmet while calling himself the Knight of the Sorry Face. He owns the horse Rocinante (ROHsin- AHN-tay) and frequently speaks of his love for Dulcinea (dull-sin-AY-ah) to his friend Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this self-proclaimed knight from La Mancha who fights against windmills in a book by Miguel de Cervantes.

q1654

This character interrupts a round of storytelling by attacking a stash of wine-skins. He wears a washbasin as a helmet while calling himself the Knight of the Sorry Face. He owns the horse Rocinante (ROHsin- AHN-tay) and frequently speaks of his love for Dulcinea (dull-sin-AY-ah) to his friend Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this self-proclaimed knight from La Mancha who fights against windmills in a book by Miguel de Cervantes.

{Don Quixote} de la Mancha

q6926_2

This world leader ordered that people who hide cell phones should be shot, and in February 2013 it was discovered that he uses a Taiwanese HTC phone. A speech he recorded in early 2013 surprised listeners by not calling for US troop withdrawals, though in 2012 he claimed his (*) nuclear missiles could reach the US mainland.

q6926

This world leader ordered that people who hide cell phones should be shot, and in February 2013 it was discovered that he uses a Taiwanese HTC phone. A speech he recorded in early 2013 surprised listeners by not calling for US troop withdrawals, though in 2012 he claimed his (*) nuclear missiles could reach the US mainland. For 10 points, name this son of the recently deceased Kim Jong-il, the current Supreme Leader of North Korea.

{Kim Jong}-{un} [prompt on partial answer]

q1590_1

Two characters in this book later appear as the main characters of Many Waters.

q1590

Two characters in this book later appear as the main characters of Many Waters. Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who, and Mrs.Which start this journey in this book. Some characters in this novel can kythe (“KITHE”), while others can tesseract. On Camazotz (“CAM-uh-zots”), the characters in this novel fight IT, who has imprisoned Dr. Murray, although Charles Wallace is able to defeat him after Meg loves him. For 10 points, name this novel by Madeleine L'Engle.

A Wrinkle in Time

q4832_3

This father of Kebechet had a cult centered at Cynopolis. This Egyptian god was associated with the Greek deity Hermes because of their similar roles. His mother is given as either Bast or Nephthys, and he predates one of his potential fathers, Osiris, as god of the underworld.

q4832

This father of Kebechet had a cult centered at Cynopolis. This Egyptian god was associated with the Greek deity Hermes because of their similar roles. His mother is given as either Bast or Nephthys, and he predates one of his potential fathers, Osiris, as god of the underworld. This god weighs the heart of the dead against Ma'at's (MAHT's) feather. For 10 points, identify this jackal-headed Egyptian god of mummification.

{Anubis} [or {Inpu;} or {Anpu;} or {Anup;} or {Ienpw}]

q1795_3

One senator from this state was the only one not to cast a vote on the December 24th Senate Health Care Bill. That man, George Voinovich (“VOY-no-vitch”), earned his first major political post by defeating Dennis Kucinich (“koo-SIN-itch”). Other political figures from this state include retired Senator John Glenn and current Governor Ted Strickland.

q1795

One senator from this state was the only one not to cast a vote on the December 24th Senate Health Care Bill. That man, George Voinovich (“VOY-no-vitch”), earned his first major political post by defeating Dennis Kucinich (“koo-SIN-itch”). Other political figures from this state include retired Senator John Glenn and current Governor Ted Strickland. For 10 points, what swing state of the 2004 election has its capital at Columbus?

Ohio

q167_3

This island was home to the settlement of Brattahlid beginning in the 10th century. In 2005, an island now called "Warming Island" was found off the coast of this island. Off the west coast of this island are Davis Strait and Baffin Bay.

q167

This island was home to the settlement of Brattahlid beginning in the 10th century. In 2005, an island now called "Warming Island" was found off the coast of this island. Off the west coast of this island are Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. Its largest cities are Sisimiut and Nuuk, and it is an autonomous country within (*) Denmark. For 10 points, name this huge island that lies between Iceland and Canada.

Greenland [or Kalaallit Nunaat]

q1440_4

Two of these entities are responsible for the Great Rift Valley located in East Africa. Subduction zones are found along them. Several of them are responsible for the area of volcanic activity known as the Ring of Fire, though movement along them more famously causes earthquakes. For 10 points, identify these gaps in the Earth's crust, which include one in California called the San Andreas.

q1440

Two of these entities are responsible for the Great Rift Valley located in East Africa. Subduction zones are found along them. Several of them are responsible for the area of volcanic activity known as the Ring of Fire, though movement along them more famously causes earthquakes. For 10 points, identify these gaps in the Earth's crust, which include one in California called the San Andreas.

{fault}

q1392_5

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela. After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee). In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011. For 10 points, name this former leader of Libya.

q1392

In 1969, this man seized power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing King Idris (EE-dreese). This author of The Green Book handed over the Lockerbie bombers after being visited by Nelson Mandela. After protests against this man's rule began, a rebel government was established in the city of Benghazi (ben-GAH-zee). In the town of Sirte (SEERT), this man was killed alongside his son Mutassim in 2011. For 10 points, name this former leader of Libya.

Muammar al-{Gaddafi} [or Muammar al-Qaddafi; or various other transliterations (accept anything pronounced close to "gah-DAH-fee" or "kah-DAH-fee")]

q2150_3

Vast amounts of data concerning this body were gathered by the Clementine mission. Rilles are faults found on the surface of this body. The Tycho Crater and Montes Pyrenaeus (MON-tays pee-reh-NAYuss) are found here.

q2150

Vast amounts of data concerning this body were gathered by the Clementine mission. Rilles are faults found on the surface of this body. The Tycho Crater and Montes Pyrenaeus (MON-tays pee-reh-NAYuss) are found here. Its movement is calculated using sidereal and synodic periods. This body's surface contains several maria (MAH-ree-ah), including the Sea of Tranquility. For 10 points, name this celestial body that revolves around Earth.

the {moon}

q68_2

A sports team from this city defeated the Calgary Stampeders in the 2012 Grey Cup. This city is the current home of major leaguers Adam Lind, Brett Lawrie, and Jose Bautista.

q68

A sports team from this city defeated the Calgary Stampeders in the 2012 Grey Cup. This city is the current home of major leaguers Adam Lind, Brett Lawrie, and Jose Bautista. Another sports team for this city features Landry Fields and (*) Andrea Bargnani, but is probably better known for being the former team of Chris Bosh. For 10 points, name this Canadian city, home of the Raptors, Maple Leafs, and Blue Jays.

Toronto

q724_3

At the beginning of this novel, the explorer Robert Walton watches a huge figure ride a sledge pulled by dogs across the Arctic Circle. The protagonist's brother William, friend Henry Clerval and wife Elizabeth Lavenza are all strangled to death by a creature that protagonist vows to destroy. For 10 points, name this Mary Shelley novel about the mad scientist Victor and the monster he creates.

q724

At the beginning of this novel, the explorer Robert Walton watches a huge figure ride a sledge pulled by dogs across the Arctic Circle. The protagonist's brother William, friend Henry Clerval and wife Elizabeth Lavenza are all strangled to death by a creature that protagonist vows to destroy. For 10 points, name this Mary Shelley novel about the mad scientist Victor and the monster he creates.

Frankenstein

q1880_3

One provision in a treaty of this name called for Congress to "eagerly recommend" that state legislatures provide for the rights and properties of certain citizens to be returned. One treaty by this name ended the French and Indian War, and another treaty by this name would give one of the countries involved Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. For 10 points, name these treaties signed in the capital city of France.

q1880

One provision in a treaty of this name called for Congress to "eagerly recommend" that state legislatures provide for the rights and properties of certain citizens to be returned. One treaty by this name ended the French and Indian War, and another treaty by this name would give one of the countries involved Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. For 10 points, name these treaties signed in the capital city of France.

Treaty of {Paris}

q6615_5

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones. A lack of this element causes goiter, which appears as a swollen neck. For 10 points, name this element represented by the symbol I.

q6615

This element turns a dark color when combined with starches, which is one reason it is used in Lugol's solution. At room temperature it is a solid that sublimes into a purple gas. This element or barium is used in most contrast solutions for CT scans, and this element is used naturally by the body to make (*) thyroid hormones. A lack of this element causes goiter, which appears as a swollen neck. For 10 points, name this element represented by the symbol I.

iodine [prompt on \"I\" before the end; do not accept iodide]

q1633_1

During the seventh of these events, King Louis IX of France was captured in the Nile Delta.

q1633

During the seventh of these events, King Louis IX of France was captured in the Nile Delta. The fourth one was diverted to Constantinople with the help of the Doge of Venice. At the Council of Clermont (“Claremont”), Pope Urban II called for the first one, which recaptured Jerusalem in 1099. For 10 points, what medieval military campaigns saw Christian knights try to conquer the Holy Land?

{Crusades}

q345_1

In this book, Admiral Drake sends the title character a surprise, and Greta and Captain Cook have ten children who are soon trained to be a traveling circus act.

q345

In this book, Admiral Drake sends the title character a surprise, and Greta and Captain Cook have ten children who are soon trained to be a traveling circus act. This book by Richard Atwater geographically incorrectly sends a group of animals to the North Pole. For 10 points, name this novel about a man with a bunch of flightless, aquatic birds.

Mr. Popper's Penguins

q5721_1

Variations in this organism's foraging gene results in rover and sitter behavior types, while homeotic gene mutations can cause legs to grow from its head.

q5721

Variations in this organism's foraging gene results in rover and sitter behavior types, while homeotic gene mutations can cause legs to grow from its head. Salivary gland chromosomes are often extracted from its larvae, and T. H. Morgan first discovered sex-linked traits by studying its white-eyed mutant. (*) For 10 points, name this insect model organism of genetics with recessive traits like vestigial wings and ebony body.

{Drosophila melanogaster} [or {fruit fly/ies;} or {Drosophila melanogaster;} prompt on \"fly/ies\"]

q209_4

The head of the third largest bank in this country announced he had hidden 87 million Euros in loans from that bank. That announcement led to his arrest and the nationalization of that bank. In late November 2010, this country received an 85 billion Euro bailout from the EU. For 10 points, identify this nation that controls five-sixths of an island, the northern sixth of which is part of the United Kingdom.

q209

The head of the third largest bank in this country announced he had hidden 87 million Euros in loans from that bank. That announcement led to his arrest and the nationalization of that bank. In late November 2010, this country received an 85 billion Euro bailout from the EU. For 10 points, identify this nation that controls five-sixths of an island, the northern sixth of which is part of the United Kingdom.

Republic of {Ireland}

q1455_3

After initiation into the Khalsa (KAHL-sah) in this religion, adherents must wear a wooden comb, known as the "kanga"(KAHN-gah), and a steel bracelet, known as the "kara" (KAH-rah), which are two of the five K's. Arjun (AR-joon) Dev compiled this religion's holy text, the Adi Granth, which contains many of the sayings of the first leader, or guru, of this religion. For 10 points, identify this religion founded by Nanak, whose adherents are mostly found in the Punjab region.

q1455

After initiation into the Khalsa (KAHL-sah) in this religion, adherents must wear a wooden comb, known as the "kanga"(KAHN-gah), and a steel bracelet, known as the "kara" (KAH-rah), which are two of the five K's. Arjun (AR-joon) Dev compiled this religion's holy text, the Adi Granth, which contains many of the sayings of the first leader, or guru, of this religion. For 10 points, identify this religion founded by Nanak, whose adherents are mostly found in the Punjab region.

Sikhism

q2555_1

In this war, a group of primarily immigrant soldiers defected to the opposing army and became known as the St. Patrick's Battalion.

q2555

In this war, a group of primarily immigrant soldiers defected to the opposing army and became known as the St. Patrick's Battalion. During the war, Winfield Scott led the capture of Veracruz (ver-uh-KROOZ) after forces under Zachary Taylor won battles at Monterrey and Buena Vista (BWAY-nah VEES-tah). For 10 points, name this war fought during the presidency of James Polk, which concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwahd-ah-LOO-pay hi-DAHL-goh).

{Mexican}-{American} War

q1416_2

This term describes a type of friction whose coefficient is usually larger than that of kinetic friction. It describes a type of equilibrium in which the net torque and net force both equal zero, resulting in a motionless object.

q1416

This term describes a type of friction whose coefficient is usually larger than that of kinetic friction. It describes a type of equilibrium in which the net torque and net force both equal zero, resulting in a motionless object. A buildup of charge on the surface of an object creates this type of electricity. For 10 points, give this six-letter term also denoting the noise emitted by a mistuned radio or television.

static

q2710_2

Genes related to this condition include the c-sis and p53 genes. The human papillomavirus (pahp-uh- LOH-muh-veye-ruhs), HPV, can cause one form of this disease, which is known as a sarcoma when it affects connective tissue and a melanoma if affects the skin.

q2710

Genes related to this condition include the c-sis and p53 genes. The human papillomavirus (pahp-uh- LOH-muh-veye-ruhs), HPV, can cause one form of this disease, which is known as a sarcoma when it affects connective tissue and a melanoma if affects the skin. Metastasis (muh-TAS-tuh-sis) refers to the spread of this disease to other organs. It is caused by malignant tumors. For 10 points, name this uncontrolled growth of cells often treated with chemotherapy.

cancer

q233_2

The Tibesti Mountains are a prominent feature of this desert that also contains sand seas called ergs. The Tuareg people are nomadic inhabitants of this desert, which was crossed in medieval times by a caravan route to Timbuktu.

q233

The Tibesti Mountains are a prominent feature of this desert that also contains sand seas called ergs. The Tuareg people are nomadic inhabitants of this desert, which was crossed in medieval times by a caravan route to Timbuktu. The Sahel is the southern border of this desert that covers much of Mauritania, Niger, and Libya. For 10 points, name this desert that covers most of North Africa.

Sahara Desert

q2584_3

In 1994, thieves that stole this painting left a note reading “Thanks for the poor security.” This painting may be a self-portrait depicting an attack of agoraphobia (“uh-GORE-uh-FOE-bee-uh”). Blue land reflects a bright orange sky in this work.

q2584

In 1994, thieves that stole this painting left a note reading “Thanks for the poor security.” This painting may be a self-portrait depicting an attack of agoraphobia (“uh-GORE-uh-FOE-bee-uh”). Blue land reflects a bright orange sky in this work. For 10 points, name this Edvard Munch (“MOONK”) painting of a distorted figure holding his hands to his head and making the title loud, distressed noise.

The {Scream} [or {Skrik}; accept The {Cry}]

q5031_2

RAID arrays are combinations of these objects that often connect via IDE or Serial ATA. They are sometimes replaced by SSDs and can be structured using NTFS or FAT.

q5031

RAID arrays are combinations of these objects that often connect via IDE or Serial ATA. They are sometimes replaced by SSDs and can be structured using NTFS or FAT. These objects contain spinning platters that use magnetism to (*) store data, so the data is retained even when they are powered off. For 10 points, name these devices with capacities often in the terabytes, used to store computer data.

{hard} disk {drives} [prompt on ({hard}) {\"disk}(s)\"]

q2221_4

Spiders possess a book form of this organ in their abdomens. The intake of these organs is measured as tidal volume. Emphysema is caused by obstruction of these organs, which expand when the diaphragm generates negative pressure. Bronchi are main tubes entering these organs whose alveoli are surrounded by capillaries.

q2221

Spiders possess a book form of this organ in their abdomens. The intake of these organs is measured as tidal volume. Emphysema is caused by obstruction of these organs, which expand when the diaphragm generates negative pressure. Bronchi are main tubes entering these organs whose alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. For 10 points, name these organs of the respiratory system that supply oxygen to the blood.

lungs

q530_3

This city, home to the War Memorial Opera House, has such suburbs as Daly City. In it can be found Russian Hill and Lake Merced as well as Nob Hill. This city's district of Haight-Ashbury was a center of hippie culture.

q530

This city, home to the War Memorial Opera House, has such suburbs as Daly City. In it can be found Russian Hill and Lake Merced as well as Nob Hill. This city's district of Haight-Ashbury was a center of hippie culture. Its namesake body of water contains Treasure Island and Angel Island; across that bay lies Oakland. For 10 points, name this city at the south end of the Golden Gate Bridge.

{San Francisco,} California

q1931_2

The practice of kapparot associated with this holiday sees a donation to the poor, while the Tetragrammaton or Ha-Shem was pronounced by the High Priest of the Great Temple on this day. The last of the five services occurring on this day is the Neilah.

q1931

The practice of kapparot associated with this holiday sees a donation to the poor, while the Tetragrammaton or Ha-Shem was pronounced by the High Priest of the Great Temple on this day. The last of the five services occurring on this day is the Neilah. People try to transfer their sins away and recite the Kol Nidre prayer before its beginning. Occurring on the 10th of Tishrei, it concludes the (*) High Holy Days. For 10 points, name this Jewish Day of Atonement.

{Yom Kippur} [or {Yom ha}-{Kipurim;} prompt on Jewish \"Day of Atonement\" before mention]

q746_3

This man's reign began with the Streltsy (SHTRELT-zee) Revolt instigated by his half-sister, Sophia. He passed a law which required all men to either cut their beards or pay a tax. This leader created the Table of Ranks to organize the government and limit the power of the Boyars (boh-YAHRS).

q746

This man's reign began with the Streltsy (SHTRELT-zee) Revolt instigated by his half-sister, Sophia. He passed a law which required all men to either cut their beards or pay a tax. This leader created the Table of Ranks to organize the government and limit the power of the Boyars (boh-YAHRS). He defeated Charles XII of Sweden in the Great Northern War. For 10 points, name this tsar who established Russia as a dominant European power.

{Peter I} [accept {Peter the Great;} prompt on {Peter}]

q1146_2

This man composed a ballet called The Creatures of Prometheus (“pro-MEE-thee-us”), and Leonato is a major character in his opera Fidelio (“fih-DAY-lee-oh”). His third symphony was originally written to honor Napoleon and was called Eroica (“air-OH-ih-kuh”).

q1146

This man composed a ballet called The Creatures of Prometheus (“pro-MEE-thee-us”), and Leonato is a major character in his opera Fidelio (“fih-DAY-lee-oh”). His third symphony was originally written to honor Napoleon and was called Eroica (“air-OH-ih-kuh”). A later symphony by this man borrows from Schiller's "Ode to Joy" for its choral final movement. For 10 points, name this composer whose fifth symphony begins with a fate knocking at the door theme and who went deaf.

Ludwig von {Beethoven}

q2565_4

During this battle, Senlac Hill was the site of a defensive position set up by housecarls. The losing side's forces had been weakened in a previous battle against Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. The winning side's commander claimed to be the rightful successor to Edward the Confessor. King (*) Harold Godwinson was killed during this battle.

q2565

During this battle, Senlac Hill was the site of a defensive position set up by housecarls. The losing side's forces had been weakened in a previous battle against Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge. The winning side's commander claimed to be the rightful successor to Edward the Confessor. King (*) Harold Godwinson was killed during this battle. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle in which William of Normandy conquered England.

Battle of Hastings

q1804_1

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre.

q1804

During this event, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus (RUCK-als-HOUSE) resigned in the Saturday Night Massacre. It attempted to cover up C.R.E.E.P.'s (CREEP's) attempt to bug the Democratic Party headquarters. It was uncovered by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with the help of Deep Throat. For 10 points, what scandal caused President Nixon to resign following his reelection?

{Watergate} scandal

q1833_2

The hormone ethylene causes the abscission of these structures, which have palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. Stomata allow these structures to obtain carbon dioxide, and in monocots, they generally have parallel veins.

q1833

The hormone ethylene causes the abscission of these structures, which have palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. Stomata allow these structures to obtain carbon dioxide, and in monocots, they generally have parallel veins. Tendrils and spines are modified types of these structures that usually consist of a petiole and blade. For 10 points, name these flat, green plant structures, the major site of photosynthesis.

leaf [or leaves]

q1992_1

During World War II, this country was run by Josef Terboven, though its official Minister President was Vidkun Quisling.

q1992

During World War II, this country was run by Josef Terboven, though its official Minister President was Vidkun Quisling. It used to be the western part of the Kalmar Union. More recently, in 2011 it suffered from a mass (*) murder at a youth league camp carried out by Anders Breivik. For many years, its capital was named for King Christian IV ["the fourth"]. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is now called Oslo.

Kingdom of {Norway} [accept {Kongeriket Norge}]

q1519_3

This planet and Earth are the only ones whose atmospheres are mostly nitrogen. Pictures of it were taken during a search for the hypothetical Planet O. Perceval Lowell predicted the presence of this planet discovered by Clyde Tombaugh (“TOM-baw”). Charon has long been considered its satellite, though that classification is now ambiguous.

q1519

This planet and Earth are the only ones whose atmospheres are mostly nitrogen. Pictures of it were taken during a search for the hypothetical Planet O. Perceval Lowell predicted the presence of this planet discovered by Clyde Tombaugh (“TOM-baw”). Charon has long been considered its satellite, though that classification is now ambiguous. For 10 points, name this celestial object, recently relegated to the category of "dwarf planet."

{Pluto}