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https://def.net/teragon-labs-turinabol.html

2022-05-27T03:25:14Z

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https://fr.coursera.org/learn/agriculture-economics-nature

2022-05-27T04:03:01Z

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DIMMER SWITCH - The dimmer light feature can be used to program VEG and BLOOM brightness individually. The light can be started with low power and gradually increased making it very energy efficient.The advanced high speed fans and upgraded aluminium cooling heat syncs allow for heat to dissipate easily. · 1 x Senelux TC Series Light. · 1 x Hanging Kit. · 2 x Adjustable Rope Hangers. · 1 x User Instructions. · 1 x Power Cord. Dimensions: 25.4 x 8.5 x 3 inches. Item Weight: 12.5 lbs.Used for all stages - growth and flowering. Vegetative Coverage at 32: 91 x 91 cm. Flowering Coverage at 20: 76 x 76 cm. Power Draw: 250W ± 3%. (120pcs) High Intensity 5W Bridgelux/Epileds LEDs. Use for all stages of plant growth. Vegetative Coverage at 32: 137x137 cm. Flowering Coverage at 24: 106x106 cm.(240pcs) High Intensity 5W Bridgelux/Epileds LED Chips. Based in Liverpool, United Kingdom - Tech Genome is a market-leading authority on growth technology, lighting, and hydroponics. From our years of experience in both the horticulture and technology sectors, we provide a wide range of products from high-quality manufacturers. Please note that the collection of items from this address is only allowed by prior appointment. This means that we partner with award-winning couriers to be able to dispatch our catalogue of items to customers throughout the country. And it is certainly the most advisable option to take if you are ordering items or gifts of a certain value or nature. We will be able to provide you with a tracking code so that you may follow your order online from the moment you complete checkout. We currently operate with many different couriers for this service.As it means you get your goods within an extremely speedy delay! This option is the best avenue to take if you need an item for a short-notice gift, for example. All orders are posted out within 24 hours. Any order made after 1pm will generally be posted the following day. In some instances we can post our later. We aim to ensure that all our items arrive with you in the condition you expect and within the timescales you pay for. However, there may be circumstances, rarely, whereby you do not receive such items as you may have reasonably expected. This means that, if you have not received your items within a certain deay? We will liaise with you and our couriers as far as we possibly can. The product must be in its original undamaged packaging, with all tags intact and in the same condition as how you received it. You have a statutory duty to take reasonable care of our goods whilst they are in your possession and during transit. In the unlikely event of an item being received damaged or faulty, you have 30 days from the date of despatch to report this to us for return. How do I return an item? We want to ensure you are totally satisfied when shopping with us so, if you change your mind for any reason, you are able to report an unopened item to us for return within 30 days of it being despatched to you.All you need to tell us is which item you wish to return and the reason why. We pride ourselves on a quality service and we are happy to address any concerns. 300w 200w 45w CFL Dual Spectrum Grow & Flower Lamp Bulb + E40 Light Pendant. Lumii Black Digital Kit 600w Grow Light Hydroponic Lamp Ballast Reflector. Senelux LED Grow Light, Veg and Bloom Switch Full Spectrum 300w 450w, 600w 1200w. Senelux LED Grow Light Dimmable Full Spectrum Samsung Diode XS2000 XS4000. This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. The item "Senelux LED Grow Light Timed Dimmer Control Series Veg/Bloom Timer TC600 TC1200" is in sale since Thursday, January 21, 2021.This item is in the category "Garden & Patio\Hydroponics\Grow Lighting & Accessories\Grow Light Kits". The seller is "techgenome" and is located in Liverpool. This item can be shipped to all countries in Europe, United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, Antigua and barbuda, Bahrain, Brazil, New Zealand, China, Israel, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Barbados, Brunei darussalam, Cayman islands, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Guadeloupe, Grenada, French guiana, Jordan, Cambodia, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Sri lanka, Macao, Maldives, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Paraguay, Reunion, Turks and caicos islands, Aruba, Saudi arabia, South africa, United arab emirates, Chile, Bahamas, Colombia, Costa rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kuwait, Panama, Philippines, Qatar, Trinidad and tobago, Uruguay, Viet nam.

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2022-05-27T03:50:49Z

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Fill requisitions, work orders, or requests for materials, tools, or other stock items. Maintain and document equipment, security, and safety information. Jawatan Kosong Terkini. Daily Update Absolute IT Enterprise Hiring 2022 - Absolute IT Enterprise is looking for a new worker to fill Sales Representative U Mobile Dealer, that will be placed in Johor Bahru. You will definitely get a better potential customer as well as safer dwell in the future. Joining to this firm makes a person able to reach the aim simpler in addition to aid the current dream be realized. To produce the corporation vision and mission arrives on legitimate Absolute IT Enterprise will be wide open of fresh placement as Jun 2022. All people who are considering answering this specific vacant, please take a part in this Sales Representative U Mobile Dealer recruitment. If you will be one which can certainly load requirements, you can try to see further info about Jawatan Kosong Sales Representative U Mobile Dealer below. As one of the leading companies in Malaysia, Absolute IT Enterprise opens variety of opportunities for employees to grow and make them as future leaders of the professional and disciplined. Absolute IT Enterprise also gives a dynamic work environment in order to encourage employees to give optimally, and at the same time, you are able to escalate new experience and knowing through the company programs. If You are fascinated to submit an application for Jawatan Kosong Sales Representative U Mobile Dealer Johor Bahru Jun 2022 by Absolute IT Enterprise, please prepare requirements files and documents immediately. To apply by online, please click the "Apply" button below. If you still do not satisfy with a job above, you can try to read more jobs list in Johor Bahru region from another company below.

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2022-05-27T02:57:48Z

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Over 2 years of experience in product development, project management, event promotion, corporate relations, sales and/or marketing. Jawatan Kosong Terkini. Daily Update Philip Morris International Vacancies 2022 - Philip Morris International needs the best people to fill Manager Regulatory Fiscal Itp Strategy, that will be placed in Petaling Jaya. You will definitely get a better potential customer as well as less dangerous life later on. Becoming a member of this firm makes a person can meet the goal easier and create the aim come true. To help the organization vision and mission happens on legitimate Philip Morris International is usually open on brand-new place seeing that Jun 2022. Everybody who are interested filling this particular vacant, please take a part in this Manager Regulatory Fiscal Itp Strategy recruitment. If you are one that may fill up qualifications, you can look at further information about Jawatan Kosong Manager Regulatory Fiscal Itp Strategy below. As one of the leading companies in Malaysia, Philip Morris International opens variety of opportunities for employees to grow and make them as future leaders of the professional and disciplined. Philip Morris International also gives a dynamic work environment in order to encourage employees to give optimally, and at the same time, you are able to escalate new experience and knowing through the company programs. If You are interested to send an application for Jawatan Kosong Manager Regulatory Fiscal Itp Strategy Petaling Jaya Jun 2022 by Philip Morris International, please prepare requirements files and documents as soon as possible. To apply by online, please click the "Apply" button below. If you still do not satisfy with a kerja kosong above, you can try to read more jobs list in Petaling Jaya region from another company below.

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https://my.jawatan-kerja.com/job-desc/9f0390ee8ccd51e4/jawatan-kosong-manager-regulatory-fiscal-itp-strategy-philip-morris-international-petaling-jaya.html

2022-05-27T02:33:55Z

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SEEKING PARTNERS ABROAD BINA METAL WAY (P) LTD welcomes proposals from established parties in the trade for collaboration for mutual benefit. Intending parties may consider the strengths of BMW in the following respects: - BMW is an established Firm with over two decades of experience in the manufacture and supply of Switches and Crossings to Indian Railways, which is the Second Largest system in the world. - India is a country with stable responsible governments, sound economic base, well-established legal systems and responsible work force. - BMW's products enjoy a reputation for quality spelt with capital Q. - BMW are accredited under ISO 9001:2000 for Design, Manufacture and Sale of Railway Switches, Crossings and other Special Assemblies. - We have established ourselves as a supplier of such products to Railways of other countries in the region such as Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand. - BMW has locational advantage viz-a-viz producers from the Western hemisphere. - We have ready access to a saturated pool of well-qualified engineers, supervisors, skilled and unskilled workers. - We have access to such capable manpower at wages ruling well below the established norms in the Western hemisphere.

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https://www.binametalway.com/railway/partners.php

2022-05-27T02:47:50Z

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Tablets still occupy a vital niche with their large displays offering a viable way for content consumption on the go and Samsung’s new Galaxy TabA8 fulfills that task nicely with a price tag of RM999. Better yet, if you get it before the end of February, you’ll get RM209 in free gifts to go with it too. From now until 28th February 2022, every purchase of the Galaxy Tab A8 gets you a free Clear Edge cover worth RM99 and RM110 worth of Samsung Care+ support which is about a year’s worth of protection for your new tablet. What is the Samsung Galaxy Tab A8 In terms of hardware, Samsung’s latest slate has a 10.5-inch 60Hz display up front with 1,200 x 1,920 pixels resolution and a 16:10 aspect ratio, runs on a Unisoc Tiger T618 octacore display paired with 3GB RAM and 32GB of expandable storage via microSD card in Malaysia and also features a large 7,040mAh battery. The rear has an 8MP camera with autofocus while the front hosts a 5MP camera for video calls. Other mod-cons include stereo speakers, Samsung’s vaunted Knox security platform for security and your choice of either a Dark Gray or Pink Gold colourway.

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https://www.hitechcentury.com/samsung-galaxy-tab-a8-malaysia/

2022-05-27T02:43:02Z

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2022-05-27T02:28:13Z

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en

Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) Hire employees in Malaysia. No entity needed. Usually, to hire in Malaysia, your business needs an entity. That means a local office, an address registered as a subsidiary, and an account with a local bank. All of this, plus navigating regional benefits, payroll, tax, and HR laws, can take months. Malaysia also treats contractors differently than full-time employees, so misclassifying a contractor could lead to fines. Deel lets you hire employees in Malaysia quickly, easily, and compliantly. We even automate tax document collection, payroll, benefits, and more. All the necessary benefits for Malaysia built right in Deel allows you to provide localized benefits for employees in Malaysia within minutes. All in one manageable online dashboard. - Employees Provident Fund Contribution - Training Fund - Unemployment Insurance Our quickstart guide to hiring in Malaysia Navigate the tabs below to learn everything you need to know about hiring an employee in Malaysia Minimum Wage Requirements Individual Income Tax The individual income tax ranges from 0% to 30%. Income tax is calculated according to progressive rates. Multiple additional factors may impact overall rates such as the household status and the number of children. |Gross Annual Income||Tax Rate (%)| |Up to MYR 5,000||0| |Up to MYR 20,000||1%| |Up to MYR 35,000||3%| |Up to MYR 50,000||8%| |Up to MYR 70,000||14%| |Up to MYR 100,000||21%| |Up to MYR 250,000||24%| |Up to MYR 400,000||24.5%| |Up to MYR 600,000||25%| |Up to MYR 1,000,000||26%| |Up to MYR 2,000,000||28%| - EPF - 12-13% - SOCSO - 1.75-1.25% - EIS - 0.2-0% - HRDF Levy - 0.01-0% Overtime Pay & Maximum Hours For employees earning over MYR 2,000 per month, overtime is not required and must be agreed upon between the employer and employee. Employees can work a maximum of 104 hours of overtime a month. For all additional hours, employees are paid 150% of their hourly rate. Weekends employees are paid at 200% of their hourly rate and for public holidays employees are paid at 300% of their hourly rate. Standard working hours are eight hours per day, 40 hours per week. The standard workweek is from Monday to Friday. - Less than two years of employment - 14 days of sick leave - Between two and five years of employment - 18 days of sick leave - More than five years of employment - 22 days of sick leave Compliant terminations include: - Voluntarily by the employee - By mutual agreement - By the expiration of the contract - Unilaterally by the employer based on: - Probation period - Objective grounds - Disciplinary dismissal - Performance due to unsuitability for the job - If the length of service is less than two years, four weeks - If the length of service is two years or more, but less than five years, six weeks notice - If the length of service is five years or more, eight weeks notice Severance for Employees - 10 days of salary for service up to 2. - 15 days of salary for service over 2 but less than 5 years. - 20 days of salary for service over 5 years of service. Paid Time Off Malaysia celebrates both 12 national and regional holidays based on the location of the employee. - Prophet Muhammad's Birthday - Hari Merdeka - Chinese New Year - Wesak Day - The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Birthday (King's Birthday) - Hari Raya Puasa - Hari Raya Qurban - Labour Day - Awal Muharram - Malaysia Day Employment Contract Details A contract must include: - Position offered - Duration of the contract - Place of work - Basic wage & pay date - Working hours and days - Other benefits (if any) - Overtime (if any) - Annual leave - Termination clause - Sick leave and hospitalization leave - Rest day - Probationary period - Notice period - Duties and responsibilities - Termination clause - Statutory deductions and income tax Probation periods help an employer and the employee ensure they're a hiring match, allowing a company to quickly decide if it's a fit or the employee to see if the job aligns with their career goals. Hiring in Malaysia, hassle-free With Deel, your business can easily hire employees in Malaysia. No more worrying about local laws, complex tax systems, or managing international payroll. Deel takes care of everything in 150+ countries. Estimate Employer Cost *of employee salary We have a 4.9 out of 5 rating on Trustpilot We're trusted by over 6,000 businesses all over the world. Read our reviews on Trustpilot.com. Deel is the best!! “Deel is an amazing platform! It's super intuitive and user friendly, plus it runs suuuuper smoothly!! It has great options for paying and withdrawing money, plus it helps you keep super organized with your spending. They also have great support and are super friendly with all the questions you might have :D I would definitely recommend it!!” A contracting life-changer! "This has by far the singular tool that made my contracting work amazing. It used to be that contract management and payouts was a nightmare — Deel makes everything so easy especially with its Transferwise integration. Everyone gets paid on time and kept happy. I also contacted their support a couple of times for some small questions and they’ve been nothing short of amazing. If you’re a contractor or someone who hires contractors then definitely give Deel a go." Great service offering!! "The Deel platform has been super effective for my team and I and has enabled us to bring on workers globally. The platform allows us to onboard individuals seamlessly and with no issues at all. Highly recommend." "Great service, amazing customer care, terrific platform, both for the company and for the contractors/employees. Saving everyone's time and money" Deel is a game-changer for distributed teams "Deel has been instrumental in helping us both open and operate our EU operations. It's super simple to set up and implement and the support team has been world-class. I can't recommend them enough!" Great app with great customer service "Great app with great customer service, with great attention to details and legal requirements. Looking forward to keep using it!"

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.letsdeel.com/employees/malaysia

2022-05-27T03:10:16Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00666.warc.gz

en

A month after "Encanto" debuted in theatres, Lin-Manuel Miranda, who wrote the movie's Colombia-inflected songs, took a long vacation. By the time he returned, something almost as extraordinary as the enchanted home of the movie had transpired. "Encanto" became the first movie soundtrack since 2019 to reach No 1 on the Billboard charts earlier this month. The film's most popular song, "We Don't Talk About Bruno", became the highest-charting song from a Disney animated film in more than 26 years, ranking higher than even "Let It Go". The music of "Encanto" was suddenly everywhere. Everyone was talking about Bruno. "By the time I got back, 'We Don't Talk About Bruno' had kind of taken over the world along with the rest of the 'Encanto' soundtrack,'" Miranda says, laughing. "It helps you have the perspective of the opening weekend is not the life of the movie, it's just the very roughest draft. Two months out, people are talking about Bruno, and his whole family." It's not unusual for songs by Miranda, the composer of "Hamilton" and "In the Heights", to capture the zeitgeist. But what the soundtrack to "Encanto" is doing, long after it arrived in theatres on November 24, is almost unheard of — particularly during a pandemic that has muted the ability of movies to make a lasting impression. "Encanto," a warm celebration of family centered on the Madrigals, a Colombian clan with magical powers, has been the most successful animated film at the box office during the pandemic, taking $223 million in ticket sales worldwide. But the soundtrack explosion — prompted by its Christmas debut on Disney+ — has propelled a rare kind of pop-culture sensation. "Encanto" didn't displace just anybody from the top spot. It overtook Adele. Six songs from the film have charted on the Billboard 100, including "Surface Pressure", "The Family Madrigal", "What Else Can I Do?", "Waiting on a Miracle" and "Dos Oruguitas". All also rank among the most streamed songs on Spotify. There, "We Don't Talk About Bruno" has been streamed more than 100 million times. On YouTube, you can not talk about Bruno in Hungarian and Bahasa Malaysia. Miranda took in the phenomenon of the "Encanto" soundtrack for the first time in an interview, speaking by phone on his way to a night of theatre. ("Very on brand for me," he said from the back of a car.) He's mostly been experiencing "Encanto" mania through a text thread with directors Byron Howard and Jared Bush, co-director Charise Castro Smith and Tom MacDougall, head of music at Disney. They share things like clips of choreography or TikTok videos of people singing along. (The #Encanto hashtag has been viewed more than 11.5 billion times on TikTok.) "I just got a text 10 minutes ago of someone tweeting 'If you don't speak Spanish and you put on the closed captioning for 'Dos Oruguitas,' you're really going to cry," says Miranda, chuckling. To Miranda, what's most rewarding is how people are connecting to the songs and its characters as expressions of their own family roles and dynamics. For example: "Surface Pressure", sung by Jessica Darrow, taps into the weight of responsibility felt by an older sibling. Miranda wrote it with his older sister, Luz Miranda-Crespo, in mind. In one of the most popular "Encanto" TikToks, a young woman named Maribel Martinez says she not only looks like the muscular sister Luisa, but that "Surface Pressure" "tells my story." "The thing we were chasing was: Can we get the complexity of family, a multi-generational Latin family, into a Disney film?" says Miranda. "That's what people seem to be responding to: 'I'm bopping my head to this but it's kind of deep and there's layers to it.'" But Miranda never saw the massive popularity of "We Don't Talk About Bruno" coming. The song now ranks historically with anthems like "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from "The Lion King" and "A Whole New World" from "Aladdin". But "Bruno" is a song you can dance to. It's a quirkier tune lifted by its infectious groove and a medley of voices that splinter and meld in a gossipy song about family secrets. "I was saying to a friend: I think this is my 'Send in the Clowns,'" says Miranda. "'Send in the Clowns' was Stephen Sondheim's only chart-topper. Who would have guessed out of the millions of songs he wrote that it would be 'Send in the Clowns'? It feels random in one sense. "But on the other hand, we've all been locked up for two years," he continued. "The notion of a bunch of voices happening within one home feels very resonant, with hindsight. There's kind of a part for everyone to play in singing along with the song. If you're not bopping to this melody, another melody is coming along in two seconds because almost every character gets a little feature in it." "We Don't Talk About Bruno" came to Miranda quickly. In an early demo track, Miranda sang all 10 parts in a feat of choral schizophrenia. He hasn't released the demo, but that hasn't stopped one impersonator from trying out his best imitation. "That's always the process with me. There's lots of terrible demos. Often those are sung at 3 or 4am, so they don't sound great," says Miranda, laughing. "I think TikTok has had a field day with the demos I've released because I'm warbling and my voice is cracking." "Movies take a long time," he adds. "There was a lot of just singing these songs around your house for years, and trying to make them better and better." As much as "Bruno" has broken out, it won't be competing at the Oscars. ("No, no, no," as the song goes.) The Oscar-submission from "Encanto" is the moving, allegorical ballad "Dos Oruguitas" (which translates as "Two Caterpillars"), sung by Colombian singer-songwriter Sebastián Yatra. Miranda composed it striving for the simplicity and metaphor of an old folk song. "Dos Oruguitas" has already been shortlisted for the Academy Awards; if it were to be nominated and ultimately win, it would give Miranda his first Oscar — and since he's already won Tonys, Grammys and Emmys — EGOT status. "It's not a thing you consciously chase," he says. "I'm thrilled to be even within spitting distance of it." The phenomenon of "Encanto" has capped a whirlwind two years for Miranda that has included documentaries tracing his origins, the release of a filmed "Hamilton," the long-awaited and much-debated big-screen spectacular "In the Heights" and his feature filmmaking debut in the Jonathan Larson musical "Tick, Tick ... BOOM." "I have a weirdly empty desk for the first time in maybe 13 years," Miranda says. "I was working on everything, and it all came out last year." Lin-Manuel Miranda breaks down the songs of 'Encanto' Lin-Manuel Miranda went song by song through some of the hits of "Encanto" in a recent interview, from the breakout smash "We Don't Talk About Bruno" to his self-described "'90s Rock en Español throwback" "What Else Can I Do?" "We Don't Talk About Bruno" What I was trying to do — it's much more commonplace in musical theatre than it is in musical films. You have those great moments where everyone gets a little showpiece and then you smash them altogether. I think of "One Day More" from "Les Miserables" or "Non-Stop" in "Hamilton". It's always such a delightful moment when you get to crash all the themes into each other. I wanted it to feel like an old folk song that had always existed, complete with a nature metaphor that hopefully tells us a little something about ourselves. It's one of the only songs where a character is not singing it. You're not seeing a character sing it, and I think it's all the more powerful because of it. I took my sister (who inspired the song) and her kids, my nephews, to the New York premiere. I sat next to her and I sort of watched her during the whole movie. She's an easy crier. It's really fun to make your older sister cry for a good reason. This is my favourite thing about the movie. I turned to my nephews and was like, "You know, I thought of your mom as Luisa, the older sister who has a lot of responsibilities." Without missing a beat they were like, "No way. She's Abuela. She runs our lives." That's really one of the best outcomes of a family film. It gives you a vocabulary to talk about things in a different way. I remember seeing "Inside Out" with my kids and suddenly we could talk about joy and when anger was at the controls or when sadness was at the controls. It became an easy way to talk about these complex things. It's been exciting to see that "Surface Pressure" has allowed people to really talk about sibling burdens. "What Else Can I Do?" "What Else Can I Do?" was one of my favorite songs to write. The whole time, you're trying to show off the diversity of Latin American music and Colombia music, specifically. A lot of my favorite rock songs in the '90s were Spanish rock songs. I was thinking of Shakira and Robby Rosa. It's weirdly a '90s throwback for me, kind of the way that "Lost in the Woods" is like a great Peter Sitara throwback for ("Frozen 2" composer Jonathan) Groff. That was my '90s Rock en Español throwback, it just happens to be in English. "All of You" "All of You" was me talking a big game throughout the production process and then having to back it up. We were all so excited by the notion of telling a story with a lot of characters within a family and holding all the complexity of that. Then I said, "At the end, if we've established enough themes with the different characters, I can kind of smash them together at the ending in interesting and surprising ways." They were like, 'Alright, Lin. Here you go." Then I actually had to do it, which is a much taller order. You hear a bit of Luisa's song, a bit of Isabela's song, you hear a bit of "We Don't Talk About Bruno." It contains all the songs in it while still propelling the story forward. The original draft of that was like seven minutes long. They were like: 'We're just out of time. You have to cut this."

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/lin-manuel-miranda-talks-about-bruno-and-the-encanto-phenomenon/ORFRTVM5BSI5NFAU3HNDPEC6RQ/

2022-05-27T02:13:00Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00666.warc.gz

en

Hello,dear PostCrossers, I am Cynthia Kee from Malaysia,a country which is wet and humid 365 days and doesn't have four seasons and it's quite boring.However,my country is a multi-cultural country and have a variety of food to savour.My hobbies are Muay Thai,reading,listening to music,art,traveling and going to the orchestra.I live in a small town about forty minutes drive away from the Kuala Lumpur,the bustling city of Kuala Lumpur. My favourite movies are Alien and John Wick 2.My favourite books are Alice in Wonderland,Lord of the Rings,Harry Potter,Disney's movies and The Time Traveler's wife.I like Snoopy,DoraemonHarry Potter,Manga,Anime and K-Pop.I also like Beatles,Elvis Presley and Korean dramas and songs. I learned to play drums a few years ago but quit because it was too difficult for me.My greatest achievement so far is traveling to different countries alone.I aim to travel to more countries in time to come.My role models are Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe.They inspire me to be different and stand out from the crowd and to believe in what they can achieve. I hope to receive postcards from different parts of the world and to learn about the different ethnicities,cultures and festivities from around the world.I would be very happy to receive any postcards for my collection.I love collecting postcards since I was a little girl as I would like to know more about the different cities,countries,culture and people around the world.You can send me anything you like about your city,heritage sites,culture,people,scenery,festival,food,sports,buildings,mountain,beaches,lakes,dances,costumes,food,flowers,museums,fruits,sports, markets,towers,castles,seasons in your countries,etc that you would like to share with me.It is up to you. Postcards on pandas,birds,penguins,fish,horses and butterflies are ok. Postcards that I DON'T LIKE are reptiles-snakes,insects,furry crawly and ugly animals. Please send me a message if you are interested in Direct Swap.Thanks a lot😇 I will send you a nice postcard from my country.

<urn:uuid:3253ad86-78a4-4c04-a8a0-782b2aeaa124>

CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.postcrossing.com/user/Kingyo800

2022-05-27T03:56:39Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00666.warc.gz

en

Access unlimited pre-designed templates and create your webstore in minutes. 1000+ free templates Simply choose from over 1,000 free templates that are mobile-responsive and can be customized to fit your brand. Suitable for any biz type Stunning modern webstore theme, perfect for any type of business to showcase products in optimized web navigation. Work with one of Malaysia’s leading eCommerce service providers. Flexible & transparent pricing plans, free training and step-by-step onboarding services. E-orders sync & organized to one place. No special care & great time savings! List your products on popular marketplaces in just one click. System automates daily orders, stock updates, and bulk products upload. Eliminate the hassle of selling on multi channels. Lazada direct link Link your products to Lazada store with a click. With the Lazada direct link, you can link order and stock data too! Shopee seamless sync Lets you instantly sync your products, orders, and stocks between your Shopee store and webstore. Start taking advantage of social media to get more potential customers. No more creation of the same product, and no more managing multiple accounts. Simply sync all data with one click! Must have tools for every successful Facebook and Instagram business. Make life easy with Facebook/ Instagram Shopping, Facebook Messenger Shop, Facebook Smart Responder, Facebook Messenger Bot & more. Clear order forms automate buying & fasten checkout. No more workload on payment verifications too! Reach more people, get all that live orders into system with no more manual records. Super clear inventory status & know what sell best. Conveniently view and manage all your chats from Lazada, Shopee, Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp within one platform. Centralized chats will improve respond rate. Awesome! Get the peace of mind that comes with knowing that your customers can checkout quickly and securely. So, you'll be able to focus on your most important job — grow your business. Tie with renown gateway that features all popular e-wallets under its umbrella. Simple pricing with no hidden fees. Free application with any system purchase. We got you. Customers can conveniently pay for online purchases with eWallets, credit card, debit card, and FPX online banking. Console & manage your entire financials in one place. Easy to check & verify payments for accuracy & without hassle to logon so many e-wallets portals. We take the complicated out of selling products online with centralized orders, synchronized products, consolidated payments and information. It doesn't get any easier than this. Orders centralized O2O Automatically sync all orders, stock quantity & price across all of your online and offline stores. Effortlessly manage them in one place. One time product info uploading. All products could be automatically synced to your webstore, Lazada, Shopee and other channels in a few minutes. Consolidate all payments into one system. See your business's financial situation with a single source of information in clear detail. Quickly generate customer invoices and knock-off customer receipts. View your profit and loss statement and gross profit at a glance. Rapidly identify any variances in your reconciliation. Know how many orders you have received, what your total sales are, which items are selling best, and more at a glance. Seamlessly links with eCommerce, software, or application to streamline business processes and maximize your business potential. Ready APIs for retailers to sync data from eCommerce sites or apps to existing system. Link with delivery app Link with the delivery app to create a seamless process for delivery order processing and tracking. Pool of partners Work with our partners to build an online store tailored to your specific needs.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.smart-acc.com/ecommerce

2022-05-27T02:08:14Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00666.warc.gz

en

Proton has filed for several new trademarks.The trademarks that Proton has filed for include “iN-Touch Touch ‘n Go has reiterated yet again that it will soon remove all parking surcharges. mated to a 6-speed Lineartronic CVT gearbox.The STi Sport # gains a lot more in visual additions like a dark B-segment sedan fighter can return a fuel efficiency figure of 5.4-litres/100 km and in turn, travel up Honda Malaysia today announced a new interior colour addition to the Honda HR-V RS – a classy dark tail lamps, and twin exhaust pipes.Customers can choose between five colours - this Precious Black, Dark A couple of months after the Dark Green Metallic colour option was discontinued for the Toyota Rush, tucks.The front grille gains a massive trapezoidal shape that makes it look more like a Toyota pick-up only two markets, Malaysia and Thailand.The XV 2.0i-P is available in six colours – Pure White, Dark More Honda cars on the road translates to higher Body and Paint (BP) service intakes.As of October 2019 tailpipes.Singaporean customers have a choice of 6 colours to choose from, which are Precious Black, Dark powered by the former.The 2.0-litre 1TR-FE is carried over from the pre-facelift Innova, producing up Up front, it gets a brand new front bumper (with silver trims), and a gloss black grille.The Sportech Rounding up the exterior is a set of dark grey alloy wheels.The same yellow theme continues inside &ndash Dark grey-coloured alloy wheels complete the exterior.Inside, the Saga Anniversary Edition gains yellow As the name suggest, the Hilux 2.8 Black Edition gets glossy black paint applied to the door handles, BMW Malaysia today unveiled a new variant to their 5 Series line up in Malaysia with this, the 2021 BMW For the Crosstrek Sport, it gets an updated design featuring a more prominent wheel arch moldings, dark Thailand , the Forester GT Edition was finally launched in Malaysia, adding to the Subaru Forester line-up the Perodua Aruz, we noticed that the Amazon Green colour has been discontinued.That leaves Granite Grey aggressive front bumper with redesigned air intakes.Towards the rear-end of the new M5 LCI, it gets the same dark-finish Perodua has successfully held its first-ever Body & Paint (B&P) Skill Contest in a move to step The standard Koleos now comes with an elegant black Riviera leather upholstery with dark striped wood How about an Aston Martin Vantage Dark Knight Edition? are virtually unchanged from the pre-facelift.Six colour choices are available: Platinum White Pearl, Dark Proton Saga armoured up a new infotainment system in the mid-life facelift. The regular car’s chrome bits around the car’s exterior have also been replaced with dark the photos, the camouflaged Staria was decked out in black cladding but we did see glimpses of the dark donielleWe’ve all been there, squeezing through a tighter-than-usual spot in a car park and ending up have the newer, round Proton logo.Starting with the exterior, the Tengku’s X70 gains a new blue paint Progress on the 222's - I hate painting tyres. "my house is p dark, can't be helped it's got external shades on the windows; the walls r white, just a little dirty so they'll come good if i touch up the paint a bit">paints Actual White on the walls>......m*therfπ¢kerWHY WOULD U PAINT WALLS GREY!!!!!! FOOLS !!! ARGJ #Subaru #OEM T/U #Paint #Dark #Gray #61k: Price: Genuine OEM Subaru Touch Up Paint Dark Grey Metallic Paint Code:… https://goo.gl/bP68Fz Turned out good. Might go over all of it with the white grout. Lexus IS300 ScratchWizard Touch Up Paint Kit Dark Grey Mica Pearl Metallic 1C6 $34.95 #Service #Cars touch up scratch repair support paint pen For Hyundai Dark Grey - YDG #Car http://ift.tt/OmKZaf It’s the rims that make them awkward. But, black on first, dry brush dark grey, add a light grey highlight, then touch up the wheel. Takes time but looks ok. You can always cover mistakes up with road grime and mud. Of course, you must paint DUNLOP on the sidewall! #car4sale #civic Toyota touch up paint scratch repair 1E2 Dark grey: To... #usedcar #forsale @Nuke_Proof just bought a scout in grey and the inevitable has happened and I’ve chipped the paint I thought no bother I have touch up paint that come with it but it looks to be the wrong shade of gray so know I have a couple of dark grey patches on my frame please help !! retrocurt and I cheesin in front of the new house! As soon as it's warm out, we're going to paint the bricks and the shutters a dark grey and touch up the white siding! A yellow door is…

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.wapcar.my/customized-news/1622565261332

2022-05-27T03:57:43Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662631064.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527015812-20220527045812-00666.warc.gz

en

14:30 31/8/2012 The scorching heat of mid noon sun was the warmest welcome greeted us the moment we set foot in Hatyai. The dry weather might be tolerable but our weary body and frazzle mind was aptly looking of that cold shower to freshen up. Our brain dictated us to hurry up and locate our hotel as quickly as possible or else we’ll be turning into a roasted pork and duck. We scan the print out hotel reservation and double checked the address to make sure we’re going to the right spot. We knew that our hotel was just near to Hatyai Train Station and it took us only less than 10 minutes of walking before we arrived in Niphat Uthit 2 Road, where Tune Hotel in Hatyai is located. The red bright coloured facade that we saw from a distance is unmistakably from Tune Hotel. Wherever you go, be it in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, UK and Thailand the red and white colour is a known trademark of this hotel. So how we end up choosing this hotel? As our usual criteria: decent, affordable, free wifi and outstanding reviews online. Tune Hotels Hatyai had surpassed our expectation and made our stay beyond at our comfort needs. We got so lucky to avail the promotion from Agoda, our preferred online booking site for accommodation. They give 50% discount for selected hotels and Tune Hotels Hatyai is one of them. So we grab the opportunity and book ahead for two days stay. You might be curious how much we paid? We got the double room type for only 50RM a night in 3 star Hotel Accommodation. Tune Hotel – Hat Yai 152-156 Niphat Uthit 2 Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla Province They’re located at the heart of Hatyai town and walking distance to retail stores, shopping malls, and entertainment areas. As mentioned it’s near to Hatyai Railway station, so it’s a nice venue for an overnight layover when you travel in between Bangkok -Kuala Lumpur. The time we step forward to the reception area, the angelic voice of the staffs greeted us “Sawadee Kap” I was instantly sent to heaven trying to recall what to respond but Summer acknowledged them with “Sawadee Ka” with almost perfect Thai hand gesture. When we handed over the printout reservation they politely informed us that we’re an hour ahead of check in time. Sheez! How can we missed that? We just realized that Thailand is one hour behind from Malaysian time. So we turned back and just check the lounge and the corridor of the hotel instead to burn the time. To our surprise, we met our online friend from KL whom we bump in the Free Wi-Fi kiosk at the lobby area. He was busy updating his whereabouts on Facebook. They have 3 dedicated desktops with internet for Hotel guests and it’s free of charge. So we had spend some time checking some updates and messages in FB. Since our friend had checked in his baggage so we include our backpacks as well. Then we left the hotel to look for authentic Thai food since we haven’t eat any real food yet since morning. We still have 30 minutes before check in time, when we get back to the hotel. With a little persuasion they allowed us to check in early without an additional charge. Normally if you intend to check in early or check out late, you have to shell out 120 Baht. But we got it for free, How Cool is that? Maybe they realized how badly we need to hit the showers and use the loo. Check in Time: 2:00 PM (Thailand Time, +7 GMT) Check out Time: 11:00 AM (Thailand Time, +7 GMT) Documents Need: Print out Copy (If book online) and Original Passport. (They will photocopy your passport, I believe this is for security reasons) After the Check In formalities they gave the standard hotel stuff. 2 Towels + Toiletries ( Shampoo and Soap)+ Remote Control for Flat Screen TV+ Access Card+ Exclusive Wi-Fi password. If you’re not familiar with Tune Hotels, they have that optional add-ons. Which you pay the basic standard of the room and make an add-on of your preference. Like 12 or 24 hours AC for rooms and In room wifi, Cable for a day, Towel and Toiletries. This kind of scheme is perfect for travellers who prefers good value for money and only need the essentials. Since we book online we got the Cozy Package: Air Conditioning (12 hours), Towel & Toiletries (1 set), Entertainment Package and Internet Connection (24 hours) Then we proceed to 8th floor, which will be staying for 2 nights. We got so lucky as available rooms were at the peak of this hotel. Number 8 also plays important role in our life, date of we become together and promise to be forever as it symbolizes infinity. Our Double Room So much for cheesiness, when we opened the room, this surprises us. A very spacious room with a comfy double bed, a wooden tile floor, and big windows for that ambient light. The room was really huge for standard double room which makes more breathable. This room is perfect for honeymooners who loves to play catch me if you can or do some shades of grey games. Feeling Naughty eh? Hotel Room Amenities We love the soft pillows provided by the hotel, this would help the snorers to ease their sleep. The beddings and pillow case doesn’t have that chlorinated stench, just a neutral odor which is good for olfactory freak like us. The glass side tables were unique and strong enough to support our bulky stuffs. Tune Hotel rooms had built in wardrobe rod and hangers for your clothing. It also comes with Hair dryer mounted on the wall, and free to use. There is also a safety deposit box, in case you don’t want to bring your valuables and have it safeguard in the hotel room. If you came from Malaysia and Singapore and have those 3 pin plugs and forget that converter, then no worry all of there sockets are universal, which mean you can use either 2 or 3 pins type. In case you got bored waiting for someone or just want to kill the time, a cable TV is available. Though it’s not free but good enough to make you entertain while watching their local TV shows and premium channels. Tune hotels provided a very clean fresh towels together free toiletries as come with our package. I love the smoke glass window of shower room, just a silhouette what you can peek inside. Their shower room had continuous supply of warm water which we gave a two thumbs up. The most important aspect that we consider about accommodation is the cleanliness of the Loo. And Tune Hotels Hatyai was the perfect example of how tidy a Comfort Room should be. It was well maintained and could not find any dirt on the wall or floor tiles, toilet and in the sink. The water faucet on the sink had also unlimited supply of warm water which is very essential for people who preferred washing there face with tepid water. There is nothing that we can complained about their amenities. The best about staying in Tune Hotels Hatyai for two days aside from their amenities, was the view of hotel’s window. Since we’re on 8th floor, we can clearly see Hatyai town from sunrise till dawn. It’s perfect spot to capture a time lapse as you can see the simple daily life of Hatyai from this vantage point. I’ll try to experiment it next time when we visit Hatyai. |Gwang and Phan (with glasses) To Experience is to believe Our pleasant experience we had in Tune Hotels Hatyai would not be possible if not with these two Thai ladies. Gwang, the sweet and amiable receptionist who assist us when our In-Room Wi-Fi password wasn’t working. And her colleague Phan both had entertained us during the early check in. We’re so grateful of Phan’s initiative in arranging a VIP car service for us. The driver that she commended was very friendly and made our tour in Hatyai and Songkhla more memorable. The two girls deserves a raise for their exemplary and admirable customer service. We highly recommend Tune Hotels Hatyai if you’re looking for a value of money and descent place to stay in Hatyai, Thailand. If you need more information check their official website. Tune Hotels Hatyai Book through Agoda and avail awesome discounts like we enjoyed, click below. This is not a sponsored post but our way of appreciation with our good stay in this hotel Tune Hotel Fan, Sky and Summer

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Mark van Rijmenam is Founder of Datafloq. Datafloq is the one-stop source for emerging tech, offering C-level Executives information, insights, knowledge and opportunities to drive innovation with data. He has a Bachelor in hospitality management, a Master of Science in Marketing Management and he is currently pursuing a PhD in Management on how Big Data, Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence are changing organisations. He is a highly sought-after international keynote speaker on big data, blockchain, AI, IoT and disruptive innovation. He has given lectures at the Business University Nyenrode, University of Technology Sydney and has spoken in Australia, Canada, France, China, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Russia, Malaysia, Croatia, South Africa, Colombia, United States, Dubai and The Netherlands among others. Van Rijmenam’s keynotes and workshops are inspirational and provide the audience with a deep understanding of the accelerated change that we are currently experiencing. He is named a global top 10 Big Data influencer and one of the most influential Blockchain people. He is the author of the book Think Bigger – Developing a Successful Big Data Strategy for Your Business, which was published globally in April 2014 and published in Chinese in 2017. He is also co-author of the book: Blockchain: Transforming Your Business and Our World, which was published in English in August 2018 and Chinese in late 2018. This book discusses how blockchain can be used for social good and help solve some of the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals. He is also a faculty member of the Blockchain Research Institute in Toronto, Canada and a strategic advisor to Cryptelo, Senno and Big Data Block. He is an entrepreneur with a drive for (disruptive) innovation and to make a difference and inspire others. His objective is to be a catalyst for global innovation and to enable organisations and societies to tackle some of the world’s biggest challenges. He is named a global top 10 Big Data influencer. Van Rijmenam believes in sustainable, social and economic responsibility when doing business or creating companies. Let’s use the latest trends such as Big Data, Robotics, Virtual reality, Artificial Intelligence, Nanotechnology or 3D printing to change and improve the world and create a better place for all. He is aware of the latest trends in the world that impact organisations.

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Is Malaysia visa easy to get? The Malaysia eVisa is fast and simple to obtain. Unlike a conventional visa, there is no need to go to an embassy or consulate to complete the application. … The Malaysia visa is valid for 3 months and citizens from eligible countries can enter Malaysia for periods of up to 30 days. Is Malaysia visa available now? Is there a Malaysia visa on arrival for Indian citizens? Yes, Indian Citizens may obtain a Visa on Arrival (VOA) at select locations for a fee. For all other locations Indians may apply for a eNTRI Visa online which is good for stays up to 15 days in Total. How much is Malaysia visa cost? Indian Citizens can expect to pay USD 56.50 (USD 56.50) for a Malaysia eNTRI visa, USD 80.00 (USD 80.00) for a Malaysia 90 day Tourist e-Visa with multiple entry, USD 80.00 (USD 80.00) for a Malaysia 90 day Tourist e-Visa with single entry, and USD 77.00 (USD 77.00) for a Malaysia 30 day single entry medical visa. How do I know if my visa is approved? Check the Status of a Visa Application To check on the status of your U.S. Visa application: United States: Contact the National Visa Center (NVC) at 1-603-334-0700 for immigrant visas. For nonimmigrant visas, call 1-603-334-0888. Or use the Consular Electronic Application Center (CEAC). How do I know if my UK visa is approved 2021? If you are applying from the UK, then you should receive a letter or email that confirms that your application is approved. Once approved, your Biometric Residence Permit should arrive with you by courier within 7 – 10 days of receiving your decision letter. How long does it take to get a visa to Malaysia? Malaysia Visa Application Processing Time If you to apply through eNTRI, your visa should be processed within 48 to 72 hours. If you are applying manually, the processing time depends on the office which is handling your application. Still, in most cases, the Malaysia visa is processed within 7-8 working days. How much bank balance is required for Malaysia tourist visa? It is also mandatory to have a minimum balance of Rs 30,000 individually or Rs 60,000, in case the applicant is incurring expenses on behalf of the group. This will be testified with the one-month bank statement attested by the bank official. What are the requirements for Malaysia visa? Documents required for Malaysia Tourist Visa - Original passport. - Two (2) photocopies of the applicant’s passport. - Two (2) photocopies of the visa application form (Form IMM. … - Two (2) passport size photographs of the applicant. - Original and two (2) photocopies of the ticket (confirmed and returned ticket) When Visa will open in Malaysia? The Malaysia visa application Centre in Hyderabad will resume operations from 31st May 2021. Can foreigners enter Malaysia now? Foreigners must hold valid MYTravel Pass (MTP) before entering Malaysia. Passengers are advised to refer to https://www.imi.gov.my/ immigration for detailed information. … Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated passengers must observe a 10-day quarantine upon entry into Malaysia. Is Malaysia open for tourists now? Malaysia has not allowed international arrivals for tourism since March 2020, when the country discovered its first COVID-19 infection. It has since logged more than 2.4 million cases and 28,000 deaths. … Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines are all beginning to welcome back foreign tourists in phases.

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Leaving the Duke of New York, the group spies an old drunk man singing on the sidewalk. They beat him, but he continues to sing. “Go on, do me in, you bastard cowards, I don’t want to live anyway, not in a stinking world like this one,” he says. This lawless world is not safe for old men like him, he goes on to say, so he’d be happier dead. They kick and beat the man until he vomits and coughs up blood. Next the droogs head to the Municipal Power Plant where they encounter a rival, Billyboy, with his gang of five droogs, who are getting ready to rape a young girl. They let the girl loose, and she runs away crying while the two gangs begin a brawl. Dim wields a chain, while Alex uses a knife to slice off Billyboy’s clothing and carve up his cheeks. Just then the police come and everyone flees, Alex issuing threats of what will happen next time. The gang escapes through an alley where they see the blue dancing light of televisions in every apartment window. Everyone is watching the “worldcast,” or worldwide broadcast of some program via satellite. Dim stares up at the moon, stars, and planets with his “rot” (mouth), open wide, wondering what’s up there. Alex tells him not to think about such things, commenting that there’s probably just knifing going on up there just as it is on earth. The others laugh. Near the movie theater, the group steals a car called a Durango 95, said to be “newish,” and they take off cruising around the streets, scaring pedestrians. Next, they head out into the countryside, planning to stage a “surprise visit,” or break-in, at some lonely house. Along the way, they run over an animal and laugh, then taunt and beat a romantic couple they see under a tree. Finally they arrive at a small cottage with the word “HOME” on the gate. They knock at the door, and Alex, using a phony polite voice, explains that his friend is ill and he needs to use the phone. The woman says they have no phone, but then agrees to get a glass of water. While she goes for the water, Alex and his pals put on their masks and burst in. They find the woman and her husband, a writer seated at his typewriter, writing a book called A Clockwork Orange. Alex reads aloud part of the manuscript, and he and his friends laugh; then, they tear up the pages and scatter them while Dim beats the writer bloody. Georgie and Pete come from the kitchen with mouthfuls of food, and Alex tells them to stop eating, as he gave no permission. They take turns rapingthe writer’s wife, then smash everything in the house and roar off back to town, “running over odd squealing things on the way.” Analysis of Part 1, Chapter 2 In this chapter, the violence is heightened to an even more shocking level of “ultra-violence” and brutal rape, showing that there are few limits to what Alex and his friends will do for fun. The state of the world is expressed quite eloquently by the drunk in the street, who says, “Men on the moon and men spinning round the earth like it might be midges round a lamp, and there’s not no attention paid to earthly law nor order no more.” The world is technologically advanced, but morally backward. The gang’s attack on the country cottage called “HOME” shows them desecrating the most sacred and beloved place for human beings, the safe security of home and hearth. No person, anywhere, is safe from their destructive impulse. The writer in the country cottage is apparently an anti-government activist, wielding a “sword-pen.” The words from his manuscript, A Clockwork Orange, help to explain the title and a major theme of this novel. As Anthony Burgess explained in his introduction to the novel in 1986, the idea for the title came from the Cockney expression “queer as a clockwork orange,” applied to something truly bizarre. In the novel, Burgess uses the image of a clockwork orange to stand for, as he put it, “the application of a mechanistic morality to a living organism oozing with juice and sweetness.” In his opinion, people are natural creations of God capable of growth and sweetness, so it is bizarre and unnatural for a government to restrict their free will, to control and manipulate their thoughts as if they were only wind-up toys in service to the State. Deprived of self-determination by a repressive government, humans become like clockwork oranges, natural on the outside but with the souls and hearts of machines. Incidentally, as Burgess was also aware, orang is Malay for “man,” so “a clockwork orange” literally can be taken to mean a clockwork, or mechanized, human being. At this point in the novel, the reader may question whether this is true of Alex and his friends. Are they capable of growth and sweetness? Is there any humanity in them, or are they truly nothing more than automated machines of violence? How should the law deal with criminals such as Alex? Should he be free to do as he likes, even if what he likes to do is evil? Amid the chaos of the “surprise visit,” Alex attempts to impose order and discipline. He disapproves of the others eating and laughing, as he finds it “dirty and slobbery,” and as they leave, he prevents Dim from defecating on the carpet. Alex views violence as a work of art, and takes pride in seeing it done well. His view of violence as art is seen in his description of his britva, or razor, which he says he can “flash and shine artistic.” And when describing how Dim beats the writer, Alex says that the wife “started letting out little malenky creeches, like in time to the music of old Dim’s fisty work.” In other words, Alex sees the beating like a piece of music. Indeed, grisly violence seems to be Alex’s preferred mode of self-expression. The specter of mind control through government-managed mass media is a theme that runs through many novels of the Cold War era. For instance, Orwell depicted Big Brother dispensing propaganda to the masses (and watching them) from their telescreens in his 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. And in Ray Bradbury’s short story The Pedestrian, published in 1951, a man is arrested by police and sent to the Psychiatric Center for Research on Regressive Tendencies when he is caught out walking instead of being at home in front of his viewing screen like the rest of the zombified citizenry.Here in this chapter, everyone except for the hoodlums appears to be inside their apartments watching the government-sponsored “worldcast.” Eerily, the only ones who seem to escape government control and indoctrination are the criminals, drug addicts, and drunks, which pose no threat to the establishment at any rate, as they are consumed in their own petty fights. In fact, as mentioned before, the hoodlums actually serve the state’s interests, as they keep the citizens living in fear. Critic Stanley Edgar Hyman, in his afterword to the novel in 1963, noted the surreal imagery of hell in this chapter. As the gang rides out of the country, they hit a big snarling toothy beast that screams and squelches, and on the way back, they hit odd squealing things in the road. Given the infernal world Alex inhabits, Hyman suggests, these beasts might literally be devils or other creatures of hell.

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The World Federation of Hemophilia has called off its World Congress in Malaysia as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. It has also been announced that the European Haemophilia Consortium has cancelled all of its events until the end of June. The WFH World Congress had been due to take place from June 14-17 in Kuala Lumpur. In a statement the WFH said the decision had been taken with “great sadness and heavy hearts”, following an order from the Malaysian government to postpone all conferences until the end of June 2020. The WFH World Congress is held every two years and is a unique opportunity to meet and exchange knowledge with people with bleeding disorders and clinicians from around the globe. The last World Congress was held in Glasgow, hosted by The Haemophilia Society UK. Liz Carroll, The Haemophilia Society’s chief executive, said: “We are so disappointed not to be able to meet our friends and colleagues from the around the world to exchange ideas and best practice on how to improve life for people with bleeding disorders. As the previous host nation, we understand the huge importance of World Congress on the ability to deliver the WFH’s humanitarian mission of improving care for all people with inherited bleeding disorders worldwide. “However, the priority must be the wellbeing of members and the safety of the general population, so we support this decision and that of the EHC to cancel its events. I know the global bleeding disorder community will continue to look after each other in whatever way is possible throughout this difficult time.” The Haemophilia Society had planned to send a delegation of representatives including members, staff, trustees, youth ambassadors and ambassadors for specific issues – such as women’s bleeding disorders. Many clinicians and bleeding disorder specialists from across the UK were also hoping to attend. The WFH has said it will be in touch with people directly about issues such as registration fees and hotel bookings. Anyone with an urgent question should contact them at [email protected]. Read the WFH’s statement here.

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Can foreigners buy hotels in Cambodia? The same as it goes in most other Southeast Asian countries, with an exception for Singapore and Malaysia, you cannot buy hotels as a foreign individual in Cambodia. Foreigners can only get hold of strata-titled units which are typically located in condominiums. Can foreigners buy property in Cambodia? Yes, they can. Although Cambodian law prohibits foreigners from owning land, they can legally own properties, be it condominiums, apartments, or offices, as long as it is not located on the ground floor of a building (and at least 30% of the other properties in the building are Cambodian owned). Can a foreigner start a business in Cambodia? Foreigners can set up a representative office to gain presence in the Cambodian market and promote the products and services of the foreign parent company. The representative office cannot engage in trade or provide services, sell, purchase, manufacture, process or construct in Cambodia. How much does it cost to build a hotel in Cambodia? As for construction costs, the report indicates that a resort hotel may cost around $1,303 per square meter to build. A 3-star budget hotel is slightly more expensive at $1,592, while a 5-star budget hotel costs $2,007 per square meter to build. Is it safe to invest in Cambodia? Hence, Cambodia is a safe country for investment. It is ideal for investment in businesses as well as real estate. With the rising land prices, investing in the Cambodia property market can help you get better returns. Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh are top Cambodia cities in the property market. How can I get Cambodian citizenship? Cambodian citizenship is granted to those born to at least one Khmer parent regardless of the place of birth. Alternatively, individuals will need to have lived in the country for at least seven years with a residence card in order to obtain Cambodian citizenship by naturalisation. Can a foreigner own a car in Cambodia? Also, foreigners have to bring along a valid passport and certificate of occupancy. The owners of the vehicle must have an invoice certifying the payment of tax for it, and the sale and purchase document acknowledged by administrative police, the ministry said. How much does it cost to start a business in Cambodia? Cambodia LLC incorporation costs amount to US$7,960 and total setup costs amounts to US$16,135 on average per engagement, including Cambodia company incorporation, capital and corporate bank accounts setup, legal registered office and all government registration fees. What business is good in Cambodia? Cambodia offers potential investment opportunities in various sectors including: tourism in both natural and recreational areas; education; construction; household products; agriculture and agribusiness; automotives; energy; retail stores and restaurants; and health care. How can I open a shop in Cambodia? How can you own a Business in Cambodia? - Step 1 – Secure a Business Location. … - Step 2 – Get a Lease or Sell Purchase Agreement on your office or business location of your choice. … - Step 3 – Open a Cambodian Bank Account. … - Step 4 – Find a Lawyer or Accountant to secure the Ministry documents. … - Step 5 – Hire your staff. How much do I need per day in Cambodia? Overall Cost Travel in Cambodia Except for Angkor Wat, I could get away with spending around $10 – $12 per day on average. If you do plenty of activities and drink, your cost of travel in Cambodia may be anywhere from $15 – $30 per day. How much does it cost to build a house in Cambodia? It depends on how big your house is. If it’s just a small one, you may need, like someone mentioned, 5,000$. If it’s a kind of flats (2–3 floors), you will need 30,000–40,000$. And if you want a big house, or a kind of villas, you will need 5 or 6 times more expensive than building your flat. What is the best investment in Cambodia? The most popular sectors among foreign investors are the light industry, agricultural production, the purchase and construction of real estate, the tourism industry, mining, timber, rubber and rubber, and other areas of the economy. Real estate investment in Cambodia is a very profitable investment option. What factors attract foreign direct investment to Cambodia? Physical infrastructure projects, including commercial and residential real estate developments, continue to attract the bulk of FDI. However, there has been some increase in investment in manufacturing, including garment and travel goods factories, as well as agro-processing. What do you know about investment? An investment is essentially an asset that is created with the intention of allowing money to grow. … One, if you invest in a saleable asset, you may earn income by way of profit. Second, if Investment is made in a return generating plan, then you will earn an income via accumulation of gains.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://stepupdivein.com/voyager/can-a-foreigner-buy-a-hotel-in-cambodia.html

2022-05-28T09:41:41Z

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en

Wheelchair fencing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics will be held at Makuhari Messe, the same place where goalball, taekwondo and volleyball will take place. It will consist of sixteen events including two team events. The Tokyo Paralympic Games, scheduled to be held between August 24 and September 5, will be the first time Eurosport broadcasts a global multi-sport event. A full schedule of Paralympic TV listings is available here. Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing 2020 Complete Schedule Date: 25 August to 29 August Venues: Makuhari Messe Hall B Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing Live Stream NBC/Peacock You can watch live coverage across NBC, NBCSN, and the Olympic Channel, which plans to broadcast more than 1,200 hours of programming, according to the International Paralympic Committee. NBC is home to the Paralympic Games, so tune into your local NBC station for primetime coverage. You can also watch the games streaming on NBC Paralympic Games.com, NBC Sports, and Peacock. Peacock’s Olympic coverage will be on the service’s Tokyo NOW channel and begin streaming on July 24, with live competition’s from 6-11 a.m. ET on Tokyo LIVE, followed by Tokyo Gold from 11 a.m. – 12 p.m. PT, featuring big moments from the days’ competitions. Two more programs will also stream On Her Turf at the Paralympic Games — which focuses on female athletes — will stream from 7-7:30 p.m. ET, and Tokyo Tonight will bring all the highlights of the day from 7:30 p.m. to midnight ET. You can subscribe to Peacock, which has a free tier, to get Olympic coverage, and NBC is available on several live TV streaming services How to watch Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing in the US The same US broadcaster that had the Olympics has the rights to the Paralympics as well. This is NBC, which is available on all cable TV packages. You can also catch coverage on NBCSN and the dedicated NBC Olympics channel. NBC did broadcast the Olympics in 4K for Xfinity, Dish Network and DirecTV customers, so this also may be the case for the Paralympics. How to watch Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing in the UK The BBC always goes all out with its coverage of the Paralympic Games – and best of all that means you can tune in for FREE. If you’re not in front of a TV, BBC iPlayer is the best way to live stream Tokyo 2020. As a national broadcaster, it doesn’t cost a penny to stream if you’re located in the UK (though you should possess a valid TV license). How to watch Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing Live Stream in Canada Sportsnet, TSN and CBC will let you watch the action from Tokyo online, too – either by registering with details of your pay TV provider, or by signing up for a standalone streaming package. How to watch Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing Live stream in Australia It’s great news for Aussie sports fans, as you can watch the 2020 Paralympic Games for FREE Down Under, thanks to Channel 7. And if you’d like to stream the action from Tokyo online instead, Channel 7’s coverage is also available to watch via the network’s 7Plus streaming service. How to watch Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing Live Stream in New Zealand You can also stream the action online via the free TVNZ OnDemand streaming service, and through Sky Go. The Sky Sport Now streaming-only platform is another option, with a weekly pass costing $19.99. If you’re away from New Zealand right now, use a VPN and you’ll be streaming the Paralympic Games in no time at all. Tokyo Paralympics Wheelchair fencing 2020 TV Guide Australia: Seven Network Bosnia and Herzegovina: BHRT Brazil: Grupo Globo Canada: CBC/Radio-Canada Sportsnet TSN TLN Caribbean: International Media Content Ltd. SportsMax Czech Republic: ČT Estonia: Eesti Meedia Europe: Discovery Communications Eurosport France: France Télévisions Canal+ Germany: ARD ZDF Indian subcontinent: Sony Pictures Networks Japan: Japan Consortium Latin America: América Móvil MENA: beIN Sports Malaysia : Astro, RTM New Zealand: Sky Television North Korea: SBS Oceania[iii]: Sky Television South Africa: SABC SuperSport South Korea: SBS Sub-Saharan Africa: Kwesé Sports Sweden: Kanal 5 Switzerland: SRG SSR Ukraine UA: PBC United Kingdom: BBC/Eurosport United States: NBCUniversal

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https://wnu365.com/wheelchair-fencing-at-the-2020-summer-paralympics-live-stream-from-anywhere/

2022-05-28T10:03:12Z

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Click on the titles below to expand the information about each abstract. Viewing 1 results ... Alinaitwe, H, Nyamutale, W and Tindiwensi, D (2014) Design phase constructability improvement strategies for highway projects in Uganda. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 19(1), 127-40. - Type: Journal Article - Keywords: constructability; design phase; developing countries; highways; strategies - ISBN/ISSN: 1823-6499 - URL: http://web.usm.my/jcdc/vol19_1_2014/JCDC%2019(1)%202014-Art.%208%20(127-140).pdf There is great concern regarding the escalation of project costs and delayed completion of road work in Uganda. This has been partly associated with a lack of constructability. Studies have demonstrated that improved constructability leads to significant improvements in project cost savings and reduced completion times. The main aim of this study was to establish design phase constructability improvement strategies for highway projects in Uganda. A pragmatic approach of both qualitative and quantitative research methods was used for this study. Concepts of constructability were identified and rated. Using factor analysis, major design phase constructability improvement recommendations were identified. These factors include conducting formal constructability reviews; ensuring adequate materials design, communication, coordination and scheduling; analysing jobsite accessibility and storage requirements; engaging experienced personnel and adopting Computer Aided Design (CAD); ensuring thorough site investigation and clear design information; and developing designs that are sensitive to safety and weather conditions. The primary recommendation is to include constructability reviews to form part of the formal design process, using a separate team of construction experts (consultants) that are distinct from the design consultant before the construction stage of the project. © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.arcom.ac.uk/abstracts-results.php?s=&v=0&i=&b=b&p=19411

2022-05-28T10:19:23Z

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en

- Free shipping at €50 - Everything you need - Exceptional service - Order number: ARI-003000 Kratom is indigenous to the rain forests of South East Asia, mainly Thailand and Malaysia. It is a large tree that can reach 15 meters. Over 25 alkaloids have been isolated from kratom, the most important being mitragynine. In Thailand it was used in many dishes, before it was banned by the government. These are 100% top quality leaves, not a blend. You only need a small quantity. The quality of this product is the same as the kratom powder on our website. Effects come on within five to ten minutes after use, and last for several hours. Kratom has both stimulating and depressant qualities. Some sources say that it is a stimulant in lower doses, becoming sedative in higher doses. The feeling has been described as happy and active, with a strong desire to do work. Sometimes when using kratom for the first time, your brain is not sure how to react to the new substance and is not sure what to do with it. Therefore the first few times you use kratom it may not work or will have a light effect, until the brain receptors have figured out how to process it. The leaves of kratom are ground and eaten, usually followed by drinking warm water, tea or coffee. Leaves can also be made into a tea, or a crude resin extraction can be made. This resin extract is made by preparing a water extract of the leaves, boiling it down, and then shaping it into a small ball. Usually 5-10 grams of dried leaves should be enough for a normal experience. We advise not to participate in traffic or other activities that demand your concentration. Usage of kratom in high dosages may be mildly habit-forming. Acute side effects include dry mouth, loss of appetite and constipation. Side effects from long term use include weight loss, insomnia, and a darkening of the skin, particularly on the cheeks. Do not combine wit MAO-inhibitors. Self-treatment is never recommended especially if you are suffering from serious conditions such as depression or anxiety. They should never be treated without a checkup from a medical professional. For more information about this interesting plant, please visit www.mitragyna.com

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.azarius.net/detail/index/sArticle/544

2022-05-28T11:34:37Z

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FILE Picture: Chinese and U.S. flags flutter outside the house the making of an American enterprise in Beijing, China January 21, 2021. REUTERS/Tingshu Wang/File Photo July 20, 2021 By Steve Holland and Doina Chiacu WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The United States and its allies accused China on Monday of a worldwide cyberespionage campaign, mustering an unusually broad coalition of nations for an initiative angrily turned down by Beijing. The United States was joined by NATO, the European Union, Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan and New Zealand in condemning the spying, which U.S. Secretary of Condition Antony Blinken stated posed “a major menace to our economic and countrywide security”. Concurrently, the U.S. Office of Justice billed 4 Chinese nationals – a few security officials and a single deal hacker – with concentrating on dozens of providers, universities and govt companies in the United States and overseas. China’s international ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian mentioned the accusation was “fabricated out of slender air” for political goals. “China will completely not acknowledge this,” he instructed a normal information conference in Beijing on Tuesday. China does not have interaction in cyberattacks, and the technical information Washington has supplied “do not constitute a complete chain of evidence”, he mentioned. A spokesperson for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, Liu Pengyu, called the accusations versus China “irresponsible.” At an event about the administration’s infrastructure system, U.S. President Joe Biden told reporters: “My understanding is that the Chinese federal government, not as opposed to the Russian authorities, is not accomplishing this themselves, but are safeguarding these who are doing it. And it’s possible even accommodating them getting in a position to do it.” White Household spokeswoman Jen Psaki was afterwards requested at her everyday briefing why Biden did not directly blame the Chinese governing administration in his reaction to a reporter’s dilemma. “That was not the intention he was making an attempt to undertaking. He can take destructive cyber action unbelievably critically,” she said, introducing that the White House did not differentiate among Russia and China when it comes to cyber assaults. “We are not holding back, we are not enabling any economic circumstance or thing to consider to protect against us from taking steps … Also we reserve the solution to acquire added action,” she claimed. When a flurry of statements from Western powers represents a wide alliance, cyber professionals said the absence of penalties for China over and above the U.S. indictment was conspicuous. Just a month ago, summit statements by G7 and NATO warned China and reported it posed threats to the international purchase. Adam Segal, a cybersecurity professional at the Council on International Relations in New York, identified as Monday’s announcement a “successful effort and hard work to get good friends and allies to attribute the action to Beijing, but not pretty valuable without any concrete observe-up”. SOME CIRCUMSPECT STATEMENTS Some of Monday’s statements even appeared to pull punches. Whilst Washington and its shut allies these types of as Britain and Canada held the Chinese condition specifically responsible for the hacking, other individuals have been extra circumspect. NATO basically said its members “acknowledge” the allegations becoming leveled towards Beijing by the U.S., Canada, and Britain. The EU reported it was urging Chinese officers to rein in “malicious cyber routines carried out from its territory” – a assertion that still left open up the chance that the Chinese governing administration was by itself harmless of directing the espionage. The United States was a lot a lot more unique, formally attributing intrusions these kinds of as the a single that afflicted servers functioning Microsoft Exchange earlier this year to hackers affiliated with China’s Ministry of Condition Security. Microsoft experienced presently blamed China. U.S. officials said the scope and scale of hacking attributed to China had astonished them, together with Beijing’s use of “criminal deal hackers” who Blinken reported have out both of those state-sponsored activities and cybercrime for their possess financial obtain. U.S. safety and intelligence companies outlined a lot more than 50 tactics and strategies that “China condition-sponsored actors” use from U.S. networks, a senior administration official mentioned. Washington in latest months have accused Russian hackers of a string of ransomware attacks in the United States. The senior administration official claimed U.S. issues about Chinese cyber actions have been lifted with senior Chinese officers, and further more action to keep China accountable was not becoming ruled out. The United States and China have by now been at loggerheads more than trade, China’s navy buildup, disputes about the South China Sea, a crackdown on democracy activists in Hong Kong and therapy of the Uyghurs in the Xinjiang location. Blinken cited the Justice Section indictments as an instance of how the United States will impose effects. The defendants and officers in the Hainan State Protection Division, a regional condition safety office, tried out to hide the Chinese government’s position in the details theft by applying a front firm, in accordance to the indictment. The marketing campaign targeted trade secrets in industries including aviation, defense, education, govt, health care, biopharmaceutical and maritime industries, the Justice Section mentioned. Victims were being in Austria, Cambodia, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. “These legal costs once once more spotlight that China proceeds to use cyber-enabled attacks to steal what other nations make, in flagrant disregard of its bilateral and multilateral commitments,” Deputy U.S. Lawyer Basic Lisa Monaco stated in the assertion. (Reporting by Steve Holland, Doina Chiacu, Nandita Bose, David Shepardson, Lisa Lambert and Gabriel Crossley Enhancing by Chizu Nomiyama, Grant McCool and Gareth Jones)

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.billboardadvertisingca.com/u-s-and-allies-accuse-china-of-global-hacking-spree/

2022-05-28T11:05:34Z

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Name-and-Shame Approach Puts More Women on Singapore Boards (Bloomberg) -- Singapore lags most financial hubs when it comes to gender diversity on corporate boards, so much so that a government-backed group has started calling out companies with no female directors. The strategy is working. Two years ago, after discovering 38 of Singapore’s 100 biggest companies had entirely male boards, the Diversity Action Committee began a well-publicized biannual ranking of firms based on gender representation. The result: the number of corporations with no women on their boards fell to 27 by the end of June. Meanwhile, the percentage of board seats held by women at Singapore’s top 100 companies has risen to 14.7 percent from 9.5 percent in December 2015, the DAC said Tuesday. It’s not just about naming and shaming. The list -- which details how many women each firm has on its board, who they are and the percentage of female representation -- also highlights companies that outperform regarding gender. Singapore companies are playing catch-up amid an international push for diversity that has seen mutual-fund giants including BlackRock Inc. and State Street Corp. put pressure on firms to embrace greater female representation. The island nation still trails the U.K., Australia, Germany, Malaysia and India in terms of women on boards, yet is ahead of Hong Kong and Japan, according to a study by the committee. Moving to Action “There’s nothing like a good league table that is regularly reported that moves people to action,” Diaan-Yi Lin, a senior partner at McKinsey & Co. said in an email. The collective annual gross domestic product in Asia Pacific could rise by 12 percent, or $4.5 trillion, in 2025 if countries worked to further gender equality, she said in an April report. The list, which is based on publicly available information, is just one of many activities the DAC has taken to address the gender gap on boards, the committee said, adding it isn’t possible to pinpoint the exact reasons for the improvement in numbers. The 18-member group, which includes corporate leaders and business professionals, targets companies by regularly speaking with board decision makers, keeping a list of potential female candidates recommended by executives and showcasing through data that broader gender representation tends to improve corporate performance. In 2016, the DAC suggested to Singapore’s regulator that the code of corporate governance should require companies to disclose board diversity policies. In 2017, it proposed setting a term limit for independent directors to create impetus for change. The code is currently being reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. “At the end of the day it must make sense for business, it must make sense for companies,” Singapore Exchange Ltd. Chief Executive Officer and chairman of the DAC Loh Boon Chye said in an interview. “It may be a process, it may be step-by-step but what’s more important is what is sustainable.” The typical board director in Singapore is male, older than 50 and has at least one university degree, according to the committee. While the top 100 companies have accelerated progress in gender equity in recent years, the broader market has been slower. Since 2014, about 55 percent and 49 percent of companies remain without female board directors. “Gender discrimination in Asia is mostly unconscious,” according to a March report by Insead Emerging Markets Institute and Deutsche Bank AG. Many Asian cultures have traditional societal roles for men and women and there still is pressure for women to give up or disrupt their careers to raise a family, the report said. Thirty companies, including casino operator Genting Singapore Ltd. and technology firm Venture Corp., added female directors to their all-male boards earlier this year. Among the most diverse boards regarding gender are Mapletree Commercial Trust and Singapore Post Ltd., with 40 percent female representation on their boards at the end of June. The lack of gender diversity on boards is particularly stark in financial centers like Singapore, where more than half of university graduates are female and women account for almost 30 percent of employers. According to Marleen Dieleman, an associate professor at the National University of Singapore, the disparity could stem from cultural expectations. “There is still a tendency to source new board members from personal and family networks, and to look for people with similar backgrounds, thereby overlooking qualified others, including women,” Dieleman said. “This is particularly true in family firms, which constitute the majority of listed companies in Southeast Asia, India, Korea and Hong Kong.” Some, including DBS Group Holdings Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Piyush Gupta, say more drastic measures need to be taken. The bank, which is Southeast Asia’s largest lender, has two women on its 10-member board. “Gender quotas are controversial and can be polarizing,” Gupta said by email. “If the pace of change in having greater women representation on boards remains glacial, then quotas should be seriously considered.” To contact the reporter on this story: Livia Yap in Singapore at [email protected] To contact the editors responsible for this story: Divya Balji at [email protected], Jodi Schneider, Sebastian Tong ©2018 Bloomberg L.P.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.bqprime.com/markets/2018/07/31/name-and-shame-approach-puts-more-women-on-singapore-boards

2022-05-28T11:09:39Z

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Δ Product Description |Product Name||1.2mm RAL9016 prepainted metal roof price philippines| |Base Material||HDGI, Aluzinc, CR, Aluminium| |Length||≤12000mm for sheet| |Grade||SGCC, DX51D, ASTM A653 EN10142 S350GD| |Design||Wood, Marble, Brick, Flower, Hairline, Camoufage etc| |Coil ID||508mm, 610mm| Δ Product Show Δ Product Size |Length of plate| |Inner diameter of coil| Δ Production Workshop Δ Zinc Mass |Base plate||Available Coated Mass| |Galvanized Steel||80, 100, 120, 160, 180||7/5,40/7/15/10| |Galvalume Steel||50, 70, 150| Δ Production Process Δ Available Grade |Standard||Q/BQB 440-2003||JIS G3312-1994||EN 10326-2004| |Grade||TDC51D||CGCC||DX51D+Z/AZ||CS Type A/B/C| |TSt01,TSt02,TSt03||CGCD1||FS Type A, Type B| |TDC52D /TDC53D||----||DX52D+Z/AZ||DDS TYPE A/C| Δ Quality Control Δ Available Painting |Type of Painting||Painting| |Color System||Painting Structure| |PE (Polyester)||Top: 10~25um| |RAL Color System| or As buyer's color sample |3 coating and 3 baking| |HDP (High-durability polyester)| |SMP (Silicon modified polyesters)| |PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride)| Δ Product Certificate Δ Trading information |EXW, FOB, CIF, CRF, DAP| 1).30% deposit, the balance before loading by T/T 2).30% deposit, the balance against copy of B/L by T/T 3).30% deposit by T/T, the balance by L/C at sight 4).100% L/C at sight |15~20 days after get deposit or origin L/C document| Δ Product Package Δ About Us Tianjin Yichengtong Steel Trade Co., Ltd was founded in Jan. 2008,it's a large scale and comprehensive company, which is professional in iron & steel products. Our company located in Steel City Tianjin, which is quite near Tianjin Xingang Port. Our ultimate goal is to build up a respectable and great company with global standing. As an excellent international company in Tianjin, we are working together with many famous iron and steel manufacturers with steel pipe, steel plate, steel coil, steel rod, channel, beam steel and our products sells well all of the world, such like Korea, Russia, USA, Italy, Germany, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, etc. Our products always receive a wide range of social praise and acclaim. Q1. When can I get the quotation ? A:We usually quote within 24 hours after we get your inquiry. If you are very urgent to get the price, please call us(+8618722202455) or tell us in your email to us. so that we will regard your inquiry priority. Q2. How is the quality of your products? A:Our products are manufactured strictly according to national and international standard, and we take a test on every pipe before delivered out. If you want see our quality certifications and all kinds of testing report, please just ask us for it. Q3. How about price? A:We are a factory and be able to give you lowest price. Please trust the quotation we would give you, it is professional one. Q4. Why should I chose you? A:Chose happens because of quality, then price, We can give you both. Additionally, we can also offer professional products inquiry, products knowledge train(for agents), smooth goods delivery, excellent customer solution proposals.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.fvleec.com/products/1-2mm-ral9016-prepainted-metal-roof-price-philippines/

2022-05-28T10:40:46Z

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The new regulation for work permits for Asian cooks is publised. Only speciality restaurants of the following kitchens can apply for these work permits: Chinese, Indian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese. According the new regulation, snackbars, catering companies and take-aways are in general not considered as speciality restaurants. This group of companies can apply for a work permit, but must show that a Asian speciality cook with job level 4 to 6 is a necessity. A restaurant that intends to apply for a work permit for an Asian cook must first publish the job vacancy at the Labour Office (UWV) for at least 3 weeks. After this period a work permit can be applied for. Only speciality cooks with job level 4 to 6 can qualify for a work permit. A diploma or certificate must be submitted with the application to show that the cook has the required qualifications. The work permit (GVVA) can be issued for a maximum of two years. A renewal is possible. The work permit is issued to the restaurant under the condition that another employee of the restaurant that can work without restrictions will follow a course, or an internship is offered to a student of the ROC to become a cook. When applying for a new work permit for a cook, or a renewal the restaurant must show that one of these conditions are met.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.kroesadvocaten.nl/en/new-regulation-for-asian-cooks-per-1-october-2019/

2022-05-28T11:02:01Z

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en

An Island to be Discovered – Pulau Lang Tengah Pulau Lang Tengah is one of the islands under the Redang Marine Park in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia – Terengganu. It is a small and tiny island situated between the well-known Pulau Redang and Pulau Perhentian. Though being overshadowed by these two islands, it is no doubt another gemstone to be discovered by tourists. And you will be amazed by what you see in this tiny island! One of the speed boats used to go to the island from the mainland. To get to this island, you will have to take a speed boat from Merang Jetty, which is approximately 24 km away from the island. The boat service is usually provided by the resorts through advanced booking. However, the service is also available by requesting the local agent in the jetty. The ride takes about 30 to 40 minutes and it can be an exciting journey for those who are adventurous as waves will continuously hit the boat and making the ride bumpy. Thus, it is advisable for those who might experience seasick to take some pills before boarding in order to avoid throwing up in the middle of the sea. There are 3 resorts on this island, offering various facilities and room in different prices. The 3 resorts available are D’ Coconut Lagoon, Redang Lang Tengah Resort and Lang Sari Resort. Due to the scarcity of accommodation in this tiny island, making reservation in advanced is advisable in order to ensure a hassle free vacation. See the scuba diving video of Lang Tengah Island and you will be amazed at the abundance of marine life here. Things To Do This beautiful island is one of the islands of Redang Marine Park that has the most well-preserved marine ecosystem. It is surrounded by protected coral reef and it is also a haven for endangered species of fishes. There are more than 100 species of reef and fishes living in this area. Even the rare green turtle and hawksbill turtle can be found in certain diving spots. You can discover this island through several activities. Scuba diving is the best ways to discover the amazing sea creatures under the emerald-like water. There are about 15 diving spots around the island – Batu Kuching, Terembu Kuning and Tanjung Nibong Laut are some of the famous spots where whale sharks and turtle can be spotted if you are lucky enough. Those spots are adjacent to each other where they can be reached by a 10-minute boat ride. Diving sessions can be arranged by the resorts where professional divers and diving equipments will be provided. Apart from scuba diving, you can also opt to go for a simpler snorkeling activity as the calm water of South China Sea has made Pulau Lang Tengah a good place for snorkeling. The crystal clear water provides perfect visibility where you can see every single creature under the water. Swim with numerous fishes in an intimate manner is definitely an unforgettable experience. If you do not bring along your own snorkeling equipment, you can rent them from the resort at a reasonable price. Fishing is also another interesting alternative in experiencing Pulau Lang Tengah. For those who love fishing, you can consider renting a boat and head to some of the fishing spots around the island. Some resorts in the island (for instance the Redang Lang Tengah Resort) do offer arrangement for fishing activity. As this is a relatively small island, walking is another perfect way to experience every single detail of the wonderful Pulau Lang Tengah. The best time to visit this island is from March to October. Most resorts are closed from November to February due to the north-east monsoon season. Though it might not be as famous as other more commercialised islands in Malaysia, it is undeniable a perfect choice for those who would like to have a quiet and secluded vacation.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.malaysiavacationguide.com/pulau-lang-tengah.html

2022-05-28T11:05:52Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00666.warc.gz

en

Doosan Fuel Cell, Shell, and Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering (KSOE) on Monday (7 February) signed a Letter of Intent (LOI) to build a consortium for developing and testing marine fuel cells. They intend to include ship owners, ship builders and maritime classification societies in the consortium moving forward. Doosan Fuel Cell will apply its knowledge on low temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) to: Additionally, Shell will be in charge of: KSOE will be responsible for: The three companies are planning to operate a vessel powered by 600kW marine SOFC as an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) over a year in shipping routes so that they can develop an optimal system. Doosan Fuel Cell will complete its marine fuel cell systems and get the systems marine certified by 2024, with commercialisation of the systems scheduled for 2025. The move is in line with the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s GHG strategy which calls for total annual GHG emissions from international shipping to be reduced by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. “Shell is a global leading leader in the marine industry,” says Jeff Jeong, Doosan Fuel Cell CEO. “The consortium with Shell will lay the foundation for Doosan to expedite our marine fuel cell business, thereby dominating the market. In response to call for deep cuts in greenhouse emissions from international shipping, we will remain committed to commercialising marine fuel cells in 2025. “In addition, Doosan is determined to achieve results swiftly in our new businesses, such as mobility and hydrogen refueling stations, not to mention the SOFC development.” “This cooperation is expected to boost maritime applications of fuel cells which will play an important role as an alternative green energy source,” says an official from KSOE. “Moving forward, we will continue to develop green marine technologies to advance further in the green shipping industry.” Photo credit: Doosan Fuel Cell Published: 8 February, 2022 Cash of SGD 4.43 million and USD 243,100, and one piece of 100-gram gold-coloured bar recovered in safe belonging to Abdul Latif Bin Ibrahim kept at Extra Space warehouse storage facility, show court documents. Program introduces periodic assessments, mass flow metering data analysis, and regular training for relevant key personnel to better handle the MFMS to ensure a high level of continuous operational competency. U.S. Claims Register Summary recorded a total USD 833 million claim from a total 180 creditors against O.W. Bunker USA, according to the creditor list seen by Singapore bunkering publication Manifold Times. Glencore purchased fuel through Straits Pinnacle which contracted supply from Unicious Energy. Contaminated HSFO was loaded at Khor Fakkan port and shipped to a FSU in Tanjong Pelepas, Malaysia to be further blended. Individuals were employees of surveying companies engaged by Shell to inspect the volume of oil loaded onto the vessels which Shell supplied oil to; they allegedly accepted bribes totalling at least USD 213,000. MPA preliminary investigations revealed that the affected marine fuel was supplied by Glencore Singapore Pte Ltd who later sold part of the same cargo to PetroChina International (Singapore) Pte Ltd.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.manifoldtimes.com/news/doosan-shell-ksoe-to-start-commercial-marine-fuel-cell-systems-production-by-2025/

2022-05-28T10:39:01Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00666.warc.gz

en

Nepal crossed another milestone in the ICC Twenty20 Qualifier B tournament! After a resounding victory against Bhutan on October 09, 2018, Nepali cricket team battled down the Chinese cricket team in a match part of the ICC World Twenty-20 Qualifiers Asia (Eastern Region) held in Malaysia the same day. Though Nepal won the toss, China chose to bat first! However, the Chinese batting line-up could not withstand the ire of Nepali bowlers, who bowled all the Chinese team in 13 overs giving them just 26 runs. Surprisingly, eight of the Chinese batsmen were duck-out! Then, Nepali batting order stepped in to finish the set target in just two overs. Openers Binod Bhandari and Pradeep Airee drove the team to success with 24 and 4 respective scores. Bhandari exhibited his outstanding batting performance by hitting three fours and one six in eight balls. With regard to bowling performance, Sandeep Lamichhane, Lalit Narayan Rajbanshi and Basanta Regmi bagged three wickets each. Lamichhane stood ‘Man of the Match’ for his winning performance. He has so far won 20 wickets in the tournament.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.nepalisansar.com/sports/icc-twenty20-qualifier-b-another-milestone-for-nepal/

2022-05-28T09:48:05Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00666.warc.gz

en

|ParkCity Heights @ Desa Park City| |Perdana Park City sdn Bhd| |RM 550 - RM 1,174| # of Floors Park City Heights @ Desa Park City Park City Heights @ Desa Park City is designed as a neighbourhood with elegantly shaped high-end housing include a terrace house, bungalow house and semi-detached house. It is a freehold landed housing estate situated at Desa Park City, Kepong. This project is developed by Perdana Park City Sdn Bhd which is a big property development company. Perdana Park City Sdn Bhd is based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and had completed about 23 property projects in Malaysia. This project is comprised of residences. The residential that developed in the town are Casaman, The Mansions and The Ridgewood. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City concept Park City Heights @ Desa Park City considered as a neighbourhood landed properties, the environment over there is exclusively privacy, peace and quiet. The built-up of the houses are mainly focused on the family-themed concept, with the elegantly-shaped for the high-end housing and lifestyle. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City Accessibility and Amenities Park City Heights @ Desa Park City situated strategically in the border between Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. It is easily accessible via a few major expressways. The transportation that can be used are buses, taxi and KTM. There are two options of the existing bus stop and KTM station such as Bus Stop Jalan 3/62b and Bus Stop at SK Sinar Bintang, Jalan 34/38A, KTM Taman Kepong and KTM Kepong (KA06) that can be used by residents. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City established with options of amenities that bring convenience to residents. For example, there are few choices of educational institution around Park City Heights @ Desa Park City includes Little Inventor Pre School at Kepong, SJK (C) Kepong 3, The International School at Park City, Dream Art Academy, Kolej Reach and more. The medical institution can be found are Farmasi Shin, Scotts Newton Pharmacy, Farmasi Tigas Alliance and Watson. Other amenities that nearby the area include restaurants, petrol station, banking service, convenience store or supermarket such as Tesco Kepong, Tesco HQ, 99SpeedMart and Plaza Arkadia. All of the amenities is just a few minutes driving distance or walking distance from Park City Heights @ Desa Park City. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City Facilities and Project Details As mentioned, Park City Heights @ Desa Park City is developed with few residential such as Casaman, The Mansions and The Ridgewood. Casaman is a signature of modern park home with a total of 143 units of 2 or 3 storey terrace house and built up from 3,082 sq ft to 5,448 sq ft. The Mansions is a high-end hilltop enclave surrounded by natural beauty honour as Kuala Lumpur r ultimate hilltop retreat. It is a highly modified terrace house with a total of 127 units built up from 4,376 sq ft to 7,000 sq ft. The Ridgewood is a collection of semi-detached and bungalow lots that provide residents a rare combination of comfort, pleasure and prestige. It offers a total of 48 bungalow lots and 30 units semi-detached house built up from 4,260 sq ft to 8,000 sq ft. The facilities provided by Park City Heights @ Desa Park City are all meet the requirement of the market. For example, all of the residential provided car park where resident cars can be more protected and secured from any kind of external threats. Facilities that are also important are 24 house security to guarantee residents privacy and safeness. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City also provided a barbecue area that brings ease for residents when organizing an event or party. Moreover, the lounge also can be found in Park City Heights @ Desa Park City for residents. Developer also seeks to offer a healthy lifestyle for the resident by the built-up swimming pool, wading pool, children playground, playground, landscaped garden, precinct pavilion and jogging track for a different generation of residents to have some exercises via sports, swimming, playing, walk or jogging. Park City Heights @ Desa Park City Launching Details Park City Heights @ Desa Park City is developed by Perdana Park City Sdn Bhd and completed in the year 2012. Developer seeks to provide residents with an exclusive privacy, peace and quiet residential that away from the hectic city. With this innovative idea and qualities, Park City has been recognized with numerous awards and accolades. As a reference, the current market price for Park City Heights @ Desa Park City are from RM 2, 990,000 to RM 3, 600,000 for houses and the monthly rental are from RM 8,000 to RM 14,000 for houses. Other prestigious projects developed by other developer includes Adiva Courtyard at Desa Park City, Westside III, The Westside II and The Breeze Way Garden Condo and etc. Another prestigious project developed by other developer includes Westside III, One Central Park @ Desa ParkCity, The Westside One, The Northshore Gardens, The Westside II and Adiva Courtyard. Facilities & Amenities - Barbeque Area - Car Park - Children's Playground - Existing Bus Stop - Jogging track - Landscaped Garden - Precinct Pavilion - 24 hours security - Swimming pool - Wading pool |Building||# Floors||# Units| |Building @ ParkCity Heights @ Desa Park City||3||174|

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://www.propertyguru.com.my/condo/parkcity-heights-desa-park-city-11896

2022-05-28T10:21:24Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00666.warc.gz

en

Chinese Coast Guard (CCG) vessels maintain a near-constant presence at Luconia Shoals off the coast of Malaysia’s Sarawak State. That uncomfortable fact does not garner much attention, either in the Malaysian or international press, but it speaks to Beijing’s determination to establish administrative control throughout the nine-dash line. The reefs, which are divided into the North and South Luconia Shoals, are located between the hotly contested Spratly Islands to the north and James Shoal, which China often calls its southernmost territory, to the south. Like James Shoal, the Luconia Shoals are underwater at high-tide, meaning they cannot be claimed as territory and constitute part of Malaysia’s continental shelf. In September 2013, a CCG vessel dropped anchor at South Luconia Shoals and reportedly did not leave until late November 2015, just before Malaysia hosted that year’s ASEAN and East Asia Summits. During that time, the CCG presence at the shoals provoked hearings in the Malaysian Parliament and repeated complaints from government officials—a minister in the Prime Minister’s Department even posted aerial photos of the ship to Facebook in June 2015, sparking outrage. But with the CCG’s withdrawal ahead of the Kuala Lumpur ASEAN Summit and Prime Minister Najib Razak’s subsequent outreach to Beijing, the issue largely disappeared from public discourse in Malaysia. Unfortunately, the CCG withdrawal at the end of 2015 was short-lived. In collaboration with the Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS), AMTI has monitored the movement of ships around Luconia Shoals using C4ADS’ unique data and analytics. The map below shows the movement of CCG and Malaysian government vessels at the shoals over a 60-day period, from the end of December 2016 to late February 2017. The playback can be paused and the slider manually manipulated to explore ship locations on any given date. The map can also be zoomed in or out and individual objects can be hovered over for more information. In some cases, the same ship may appear more than once on the map, indicating that its transponder signal was received more than once during the period shown. These 60 days saw a near-constant presence of CCG vessels at Luconia Shoals. The Zhongguo Haijing 3306 was on patrol until at least January 6 and was replaced by the Zhongguo Haijing 3501 on January 12. That ship patrolled until about February 3 and was replaced by the Zhongguo Haijing 3402 on February 15. During that time, only one Malaysian government vessel, the Royal Malaysian Navy’s KD Selangor, patrolled the shoals from January 22 to January 29. During that time, it operated as close as 4 nautical miles from the Zhongguo Haijing 3501, indicating that its purpose was likely to monitor the CCG presence. These two months were not unusual; they are consistent with a regular rotation of CCG ships at Luconia Shoals that CSIS and C4ADS traced back to January 2016. Assuming the CCG really did withdraw ahead of the 2015 ASEAN and East Asia Summits, it appears that Chinese ships returned almost immediately. Since that time, at least 11 CCG vessels have patrolled the shoals. Most of these have been of China’s Shucha II-class, which has a displacement of 3,980 tons—more than twice that of Malaysia’s new Kedah-class offshore patrol vessels, including the KD Selangor. Even the smallest of the CCG vessels patrolling Luconia Shoals, the Shuwu-class, are roughly equivalent to the Kedah-class in displacement. The largest, at 5,000 tons, are the Shuoshi II-class ships, including the Zhongguo Haijing 3501. That vessel outweighed the Selangor nearly three-to-one when they were operating just a few miles from each other in late January.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://amti.csis.org/tracking-chinas-coast-guard-off-borneo/

2022-05-16T17:53:31Z

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en

EDIT: You can now watch Queen City Cypher #2 on YouTube or listen to it on your favorite music service. ... For the second Queen City Cypher, we are honored to feature Maine hip-hop OG Boss! Bangor-areas music fans are invited to watch the live filming, while the global fam can tune in on the [...] We've got a fresh video for you today featuring 5 artists from 3 countries spitting bars in 4 languages! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkO0855LTk8 Assasi teamed up with Smö (Finland), Fhive Helmi (Malaysia), Mic Son (Syria), and Marleena Arianna (Finland) for an international cypher, recorded live at Reggae Bar in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Have a listen and leave a comment telling us what you think!

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://assasimusic.com/tag/cypher/

2022-05-16T18:34:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00066.warc.gz

en

Instead of a year in review focusing on overall achievements, I thought this time I’d do a countdown of the top 30 money list leaders from the WTA and LPGA. For the WTA, singles, doubles and mixed are combined for this top 30. Number 12 on the money list from each tour are Caroline Wozniacki (WTA) and Angela Stanford (LPGA). CAROLINE WOZNIACKI (Denmark) Official 2013 WTA Prizemoney: $1,779,418 Best Results: WINNER BGL Luxembourg Open, RUNNER-UP BNP Paribas Open at Indian Wells, SF Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championship, SF AEGON International, SF New Haven Open at Yale, SF Toray Pan Pacific Open, QF China Open, QF Western & Southern Open, QF Qatar Total Open, QF Family Circle Cup Facebook: Caroline Wozniacki (click) Website: carolinewozniacki.com (click) When reviewing Caroline Wozniacki’s 2013 results, it feels as though she is a victim of her own considerable success from when she was the world’s top ranked player. She might not currently be at those heights, but let’s be fair to Sunshine. She was a winner in Luxembourg and a runner-up in Indian Wells, a tournament considered to be one of the top non-Majors. If a player is in the semifinals in Dubai, Eastbourne, New Haven and Tokyo, along with the quarterfinals in Cincinnati, Doha and Charleston…well, that’s pretty darn good. There are a lot of WTA players, good players, that would gladly have the kind of year Sunshine had in 2013. I admit that I’d love to see Caroline win at least one Major, preferably more. Right now, it’s tough to do that on the women’s tour. Serena Williams and Victoria Azarenka are playing at a very high level, as is Maria Sharapova when she isn’t injured (well, Vika too for that matter). So when there is a chance, like at Wimbledon when Vika and Masha were clearly not 100% and Serena suffered a shock upset, it’s up to the rest of the ladies to take advantage. But even then, the competition is tough with the likes of Petra Kvitova, Li Na, and a handful of other great contenders. However, keep in mind that Sunshine is only 23 years old. She has plenty of game and hopefully plenty of time. I still believe Caroline Wozniacki will be a Major champion in singles. ANGELA STANFORD (United States) Official 2013 LPGA Prizemoney: $778,234 Best Results: T4 US Women’s Open, T6 Evian Championship, 2nd Manulife Financial LPGA Classic, 3rd RR Donnelley LPGA Founders Cup, T5 Kingsmill Championship, T5 Marathon Classic presented by Owens Corning & O-I Facebook: Angela Stanford (click) Website: Angela Stanford Foundation (click) Twitter: Angela Stanford (click) In her 13th year on the LPGA tour, Angela Stanford keeps going strong. The Texas native earned 6 top 10s, including a tie for fourth at the US Women’s Open and a tie for 6th at the Evian Championship. Beyond that, she had 15 finishes in the top 25. It’s rare to see Angela have off weeks, although everybody does. She capitalizes when she has scoring chances, finishing 8th in putts per GIR. Her finish on the money list would likely have been considerably higher even than 12th had she not skipped the late season Asian swing, missing events in China, Malaysia, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan. But it’s perfectly within her right to do as she said she would, which is cut down on overseas events. 13 years of dealing with the grind of travel on tour and being away from family for long stretches has earned her the right to cut back. Solheim Cup. Gotta talk about it. But I’ll keep this brief. It wasn’t her best week. She knows it, as does everybody. However, as an American, I am very proud of the effort put forth by all the ladies on the American team, including Angela. I don’t care what her record was this year, I would happily take Angela on any team representing the United States playing against anybody, anywhere in the world. She’s one of our aces. She had a bad week at an inopportune time. It happens. Move on. I hope to see her on the 2015 Solheim Cup team showing why she is one of the best players in the world. SELECTED 2013 PICS OF CAROLINE WOZNIACKI and ANGELA STANFORD ALL PICS CLICK TO ENLARGE

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://bangkokbobbysports.wordpress.com/2013/12/15/fairways-and-forehands-2013-top-30-wta-and-lpga-year-in-review-12-caroline-wozniacki-and-angela-stanford/

2022-05-16T19:24:50Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00066.warc.gz

en

2020 marks the year where Asia’s GDP will overtake the combined GDP of the rest of the world. Forecasts project that the region is will contribute nearly 60% of global growth by 2030. While Asia has always been heavily focused on technology, housing many of the world’s leading tech and hardware firms. More recently, attention has also been turning towards the application of technology in the emerging regional sports industry. US $31 billion. That is what the overall sports technology market is estimated to be worth by 2024! Football was the largest segment in the global sports technology market in 2018, while basketball was the fastest growing segment. 9 out of 19 major global players in the sports technology market are from Asia. The leading companies in the sports technology market includes IBM, Cisco, Garmin, Fitbit, Apple, Oracle, and Activision Blizzard from the US, Ericsson, SAP, and Modern Times Group from Europe, and Fujitsu, LG, NEC, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, Tencent, and CJ Corporation from Asia. Increased tech innovation The sports industry has undergone a rapid transformation in recent years and the rising sports tech industry in Asia is now attracting international interest. As sport at the professional level grows in stature, the use of technological innovation in sport is being increasingly integrated to level out the playing field and close the proverbial gap. According to market forecasts for the period of 2019-2023, the APAC region will register the highest sports technology market growth. Sport is very much a results-driven business, and where technological investments are concerned, a particular area of emphasis is placed on performance data monitoring and evaluation. Professional sports clubs and associations are now also very keen on using and testing technologies to minimise athlete and player injuries, while maximising their performance. Sophisticated athlete management data systems like Fusion Sport’s Smartabase platform help to gain a deeper understanding of your athletes, with all their data consolidated and analysed in one place. This helps to make better informed decisions on their health, safety, and performance. Governments are now recognising the importance of research and development as well as scientific learnings based on artificial intelligence to facilitate the growth in professionalism. Talent identification is still a key initial component in the development pathway, but the advancement in technology is shifting the focus towards achieving above and beyond existing potential. Accelerating this process are a wide range of stakeholders that ensure continual technological improvements aid world class provision and build future sporting infrastructure. Increasing demand for the latest trends On the ground, sports is becoming ever more popular across Asia as well, with both sports consumption and participation steadily on the rise. The sports and active recreation market across the APAC region was worth and estimated US $83 billion in 2019, with a 30% rate of participation and a US $66 per year average participant spend. With this development resulting in an ever-increasing demand for the latest trends, innovative sports products from more mature sports markets, particularly the US and around Europe have begun to find their way into countries across Asia. There are various, innovative sports tech products that have recently expanded their business to Asia by partnering with Dejavu, ranging from smart training equipment used for football and hockey like Smartgoals, to revolutionary digitalised and fully customisable sports flooring systems like ASB Glassfloor. Attractive market opportunities From a consumer purchasing perspective, as participation in sports and fitness grows, more sports enthusiasts are now investing in smart tech wearable products to become healthier, enhance their conditioning and track their activities to ultimately seek progress in individual performance statistics. There an estimated 300 Million smart tech sports wearable users in Asia in 2020, with the total user penetration ratio for Asia expected to hit above 5% by 2024. Within South-East Asia particularly, this growth is being fuelled by increasing disposable incomes, where consumer spending on the latest sporting innovations is escalating considerably. The massively expanding middle class throughout South-East Asia will reach 350 million people by 2022, with a disposable total middle-class income of US $300 billion. The core markets of Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines are full of young, energetic and tech savvy consumers, which have a strong appetite for the latest gadgets and applications with a rapidly growing interest in sports and lifestyle. Over the last few years, the role of technology in sports has progressed and expanded faster than anyone could anticipate. We have entered a new phase in the world of sports, as technological innovations have transformed the ways sports can be played, analysed, and improved. These technological advancements have also considerably changed the way people experience, consume and engage with sports. Sports tech has developed into one of the fastest growing industries, both worldwide and specifically in Asia. The sport technology revolution is here to stay. Brands that are willing to join this transformation have more opportunities than ever to succeed. Now is the perfect time to introduce your sports tech brands to Asia to benefit from entering less competitive markets with a potential first mover advantage, and to capitalise on immense market growth potential. Are you interested in expanding your business and entering Asia’s fastest growing markets? Dejavu works together with innovative sports technology companies from around the world to establish long-term relationships with them. With exceptional industry knowledge and strong connections across South-East Asia, we are the perfect partner to help market and grow your brands and products across the region. Your journey to success starts here. Get in touch now to find out how we can help your business grow!

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://dejavu-agency.com/sports-tech-in-asia-how-has-the-sports-industry-been-transformed-and-reshaped-by-technology

2022-05-16T18:40:56Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00066.warc.gz

en

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Disputes in Asia-Pacific construction and infrastructure projects In this article we discuss two major developments that we think will be significant drivers of Asia-Pacific construction disputes over the next decade. First, and perhaps inevitably, we address covid-19, which has disrupted (and will continue to disrupt) a very substantial number of emerging market projects. Second, we discuss the energy transition that will continue to provide the impetus for the development of green infrastructure in the region. Most of these disputes will not crystallise until after the projects are complete; however, in this article we explain that astute contractors and project owners can take some steps – unique to these types of disputes – at an early stage to mitigate risk and ensure that the best outcome possible is obtained in any future settlement or arbitration. - Covid-19 has had a material impact on many construction projects in the Asia-Pacific and this will lead to a rise in disputes, as project owners and contractors attempt to allocate the resulting cost implications. - Contractors and project owners should take steps to position themselves to achieve the best outcome in any future covid-19-related dispute, including by ensuring that the contemporaneous project record will support the position taken in any future arbitration. - Often contractors focus on force majeure as the only avenue for obtaining relief; however, often other (and sometimes more appropriate) avenues exist under the contract or general law. - The energy transition and Asia-Pacific countries’ commitments under the Paris Agreement will provide the impetus for the development of green infrastructure in the region. - Too often parties fail to appreciate that renewable energy projects are heavily political and give rise to specific sovereign-related risks, which must be carefully managed from the outset. Referenced in this article - ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework - Thai Civil and Commercial Code - 2017 FIDIC suite contracts - ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation - FIDIC COVID-19 Guidance Memorandum - China Construction Industry Association - China Energy Investment Corporation The last edition of this article was published just as the covid-19 outbreak began to take hold. At that time we commented, ‘the long-term implications of the covid-19 pandemic are unclear’. One year later, it is still impossible to quantify the precise long-term impact of the pandemic. However, insofar as international construction projects are concerned, we can safely say that it will be material. This is borne out by early analysis of the World Bank, which estimates that 256 developing country projects have been disrupted or cancelled due to the pandemic, and we have seen (and will continue to see) project stakeholders battle over the resulting cost implications. While covid-19 has disrupted projects, other factors will continue to drive long-term infrastructure development in the Asia-Pacific region, such as Vietnam’s plans to develop transportation projects in excess of US$6 billion. This year we have also seen some major Asian economies affirm and increase their commitment to the energy transition. For example, Vietnam has published plans to significantly expand LNG and solar capacity, India has committed to ensuring that 40 per cent of its electricity capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and President Xi has declared that China is to be carbon neutral by 2060. Meeting these targets will necessarily involve continued significant investment into renewables projects, and the covid-19 recovery stimulus packages being rolled out by governments should present an opportunity for investment into that sector. Insofar as the Asia-Pacific nations forming part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are concerned, this has been confirmed by the Comprehensive Recovery Framework, which highlights the need to channel covid-19 stimulus towards the building of green infrastructure. We believe that the disruption to the pipeline of renewable projects caused by covid-19 is likely to be short-term, and it must be so if Asia-Pacific nations are to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement. As at May 2021, it is clear that the covid-19 pandemic and energy transition will feature heavily in project disputes for years to come. We consider the legal issues that may arise in these disputes. Since February 2020 we have been advising on many different construction-related issues caused by covid-19. Projects have been directly affected by travel restrictions, impeded supply chains, quarantine rules, border closures, changes in law – the list goes on. Below we consider when force majeure might be available to provide relief from liability and how claims for force majeure should be framed. We also consider other, often overlooked, sources of law that may, depending on the context, provide a more appropriate avenue to relief. Force majeure – governing law When faced with an inability to perform due to covid-19, force majeure is often turned to as the first line of defence. Many contracts will contain a force majeure clause, but it is important to bear in mind that force majeure may, depending on the applicable laws, be available even when there is no express provision in the contract. This is because force majeure (or a concept similar to it) may arise under general law. The availability of force majeure must therefore be considered by reference to both the contract and the governing law. In most common law systems, such as Australia and Singapore, force majeure is purely contractual, which means that a force majeure clause must exist within the relevant contract otherwise force majeure is not available at all. If there is a clause in the contract, whether or not it will apply in any specific circumstances will largely depend on how the clause has been drafted, namely does the event or circumstance fall within the scope of the clause? In other legal systems, force majeure arises from statute and statutory rights may supersede or supplement any force majeure clause found in a contract. For example, article 8 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code provides that force majeure arises when ‘any event the happening or pernicious results of which could not be prevented even though a person against whom it happened or threatened to happen were to take such appropriate care as might be expected’. Parties also need to be aware that there may be other legal avenues arising under statute or general law that provide some relief. For example, under Chinese law parties should also consider whether the ‘change of circumstances’ doctrine can be relied upon in addition to force majeure. Parties would be doing themselves a disservice by focusing only on force majeure. Force majeure – FIDIC forms In common law systems, the onus is on the party seeking to rely on a force majeure clause to prove it applies. This generally involves establishing the circumstances that have occurred are within the scope of the force majeure clause and are outside either party’s control. In some cases this is straightforward, as the clause will expressly state that a pandemic constitutes a relevant circumstance or event of force majeure. However, more frequently, the contract will not specifically list a pandemic as an event of force majeure. Importantly, in the construction context, no such express reference is made in the FIDIC forms. This does not, however, mean that force majeure cannot be claimed; like in many contracts, the list of possible force majeure events provided in the FIDIC forms is not exhaustive. Force majeure is generally available if, pursuant to subclause 18.1 (‘Exceptional Events’), the event or circumstance is ‘[an] event or circumstance which: (a) is beyond a Party’s control; (b) the Party could not reasonably have provided against before entering into the Contract; (c) having arisen, such Party could not reasonably have avoided or overcome; and (d) is not substantially attributable to the other Party.’ The term ‘exceptional event’ used in the FIDIC forms is, in essence, a reference to a force majeure event. In this context, establishing the first two limbs of the test is typically more straightforward than establishing the third limb. For example, a decision by a local government to introduce social distancing requirements owing to the pandemic is generally beyond the parties’ control and could not have reasonably have been provided against before entering into the contract. However, as envisaged by the FIDIC COVID-19 Guidance Memorandum to Users of FIDIC Standard Forms of Works Contract, the ‘most problematic part of the test appears to be whether a Party could not reasonably have avoided or overcome the event’. At a superficial level it may seem reasonable to argue that the pandemic could not have been ‘avoided or overcome’, however the devil is in the detail and contractors should expect project owners to vigorously contest any assertion that performance (or at least some performance) was not possible. For parties entering into contracts after the start of the pandemic, the situation is less straightforward as arguably a ‘second wave’ was foreseeable at the time of entering into the contract. Parties in this position should consider including prescriptive drafting within the clause that makes it clear that future waves of covid-19 or even other pandemics (including involving variant strains) will be force majeure events. Project owners will look to hold contractors to account, particularly to ensure that decisions concerning the cessation of work are not being driven by purely financial motives – an increase in costs is not in itself a basis for claiming force majeure. Taking the example in the preceding paragraph – could the contractor have performed some obligations while complying with the social distancing requirements? This is less straightforward and is likely to turn on the specific facts. If possible, non-performance should be justified not just by reference to the existence of the pandemic but also by reference to the specific event (which may have arisen because of the pandemic) that has rendered it impossible to perform. For example, the China Construction Industry Association has published a survey noting that a labour shortage was the key cause of disruption for China-related projects, and we expect the same issue to have affected projects in other jurisdictions, such as Malaysia, where legislation affecting the mobility of workforces has also been passed. If this is being relied upon when framing the force majeure claim, emphasis should be placed on the specific changes to the law that impeded free movement and ultimately caused the labour shortage. At the outset, contractors should endeavour to seek agreement with project owners (and other stakeholders) on the types of work that can and cannot be completed. In this regard, it is likely that project owners will be inclined to take a more reasonable position at the time the work is being carried out, given that they too have a direct interest in mitigating project risk and ensuring the health and safety of those involved in the project. Project owners are also more likely to take a different approach when those risks do not exist after mechanical completion and the crystallisation of other claims. The contemporaneous project record will be critical in any future dispute and correspondence needs to be written with this in mind. From the contractor’s perspective, the project record should show, at a minimum, that (i) reasonable steps have been taken to mitigate the pandemic’s impact on the project, (ii) the contractor was justified in not undertaking certain work and (iii) work was progressed when it was possible to do so. This is particularly important when the standard FIDIC form contract applies, given that subclause 18.3 (‘Duty to Minimise Delay’) provides, inter alia, that ‘Each Party shall at all times use all reasonable endeavours to minimise any delay in the performance of the Contract as a result of an Exceptional Event.’ Parties intending to claim force majeure must also ensure that they comply with the procedural requirements under the relevant contract. For example, subclause 18.2 (‘Notice of an Exceptional Event’) of the FIDIC form provides that the party claiming force majeure must provide notice ‘within 14 days after the affected Party became aware, or should have become aware, of the Exceptional Event’. This party must, pursuant to subclause 18.3, also give ‘notice to the other Party when the affected Party ceases to be affected by the Exceptional Event’. Finally, it is also important to consider whether the event or circumstance could be covered by more than one clause. For example, as we explain below, contractors may also be able to rely on changes in law to seek relief under subclause 13.6 (‘Adjustments for Changes in Laws’). Owing to rules against double recovery, it would not possible to recover the same cost or loss under separate clauses, but the existence of multiple ways to make a recovery can be important as the threshold requirements for claims can vary. In this scenario, the best course would be to submit a notice of claim that refers to each possible clause in the alternative, setting out the legal basis and facts being relied upon for each specific claim made. It is, however, important to bear in mind that different notification requirements can apply depending on the provisions being relied upon. Relief for changes in law Relief for changes in law made due to covid-19 might be found under subclause 13.6 of the FIDIC forms (‘Adjustments for Changes in Laws’) in addition to the force majeure provisions. Subclause 13.6 enables contractors to claim an extension of time or for additional costs incurred by way of adjustment to the contract price, or both. Many Asian jurisdictions have introduced laws in response to covid-19 that have directly affected construction projects. For example, almost all construction work was expressly prohibited as part of the most severe lockdowns in Malaysia and Singapore. While these are likely to qualify as changes in law for subclause 13.6 of the FIDIC forms, this in itself will not suffice. Parties must be able to clearly attribute the inability to perform to the specific change in law. For example, if legislation was passed that provided a limit on the number of workers allowed on site, contractors would need to consider carefully what impact this would have on the project and how it could be mitigated through the effective deployment of this workforce. It is unlikely that a contractor would be able to rely on this change in law to justify a complete cessation of the work. There may be multiple changes in law that are relied upon and notification must be provided for each as required by subclause 13.6. A general notification made at the outset is unlikely to cover subsequent changes in law. Other FIDIC-based relief Pursuant to subclause 8.5(d) of the Red and Yellow Book standard FIDIC forms (‘Extension of Time for Completion’), an extension of time can be obtained if taking over is delayed by ‘Unforeseeable shortages in the availability of personnel or Goods (or Employer-Supplied Materials, if any) caused by epidemic or governmental actions’. Under the Silver Book, subclause 8.5(c) applies with regard to ‘Unforeseeable shortages in the availability of Employer-Supplied Materials’. Unlike claims under subclause 13.6 (‘Adjustments for Changes in Laws’), this clause only permits an extension of time and cannot be used to recover costs. Contractors should therefore consider whether it would be appropriate to make this claim in the alternative to force majeure under subclause 18 or for a change in law under subclause 13.6. Subclause 8.6 (‘Delays Caused by Authorities’) of the FIDIC forms can provide relief when delays are caused by authorities in the project country. Under this provision, an extension of time can be obtained when: ‘(a) the Contractor has diligently followed the procedures laid down by the relevant legally constituted public authorities or private utility entities in the Country; (b) these authorities delay or disrupt the Contractor’s work; and (c) the delay or disruption was Unforeseeable’. This might be applicable if, for example, local authorities began to arbitrarily revoke work passes. Renewable project disputes Through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation, ASEAN governments have committed to achieving 35 per cent installed renewable power capacity by 2025. This would require the addition of approximately 35GW to 40GW of capacity, which will be achieved through the development of new renewable energy projects. Specific types of risks arise in the context of large energy project disputes due to heavy state involvement and public interest. As we explain below, these risks must be managed from the outset. State participation in renewables projects States participate in renewable energy projects in different ways. Many renewable projects are entirely state-owned either directly or, more commonly, through a state-owned enterprise (SOE). The China Energy Investment Corporation is an example of such an SOE – it is the world’s largest electricity company by installed capacity. Contractors need to be mindful of the fact that states or SOEs can exercise indirect power and influence in the state and may do so to strategically apply pressure in the context of any dispute. On the other hand, this can also be advantageous. For example, construction on some state-backed renewable projects continued during lockdowns in some jurisdictions in the past year. States also participate in renewable projects as offtakers or purchasers of electricity. The price paid for electricity is typically agreed through a feed-in-tariff (FIT) and a power purchase agreement (PPA). FITs incentivise investment into renewables projects by providing competitive pricing for renewable energy and price certainty over a long period of time. The purchasing price under the FIT is typically reflected in the PPA, which is a direct agreement between the project owner and the state. FITs and PPAs impact the economics of any renewables project. State abandonment of commitments made under FITs and PPAs is the crux of many investment disputes. It is – unfortunately for investors – not uncommon for states to seek to renegotiate pricing as projects mature and the agreed price under the FIT no longer reflects the price obtained for electricity through newer projects. Managing sovereign risk The risks associated with projects involving states can be material but they can be managed if appropriately considered from the outset. We discussed in detail the types of risk mitigation strategies available to investors dealing with states in the last edition of this article. To recap, the key options available to investors are: - Waiver of sovereign immunity clauses: states may claim sovereign immunity, which means that that they are immune from suit and any judgment being enforced against them. Sovereign immunity is a complex concept and it is important to bear in mind that entities (not just states) could also make such a claim if they are in is some way connected to the state. Obtaining a sovereign immunity waiver clause is never a bad idea even when the risk of the counterparty claiming sovereign immunity seems low. It is also important to consider whether the waiver is likely to be effective according to the state’s local law. - Stabilisation provisions: government change can provide the impetus for the introduction of new laws and policies. Given renewable energy is highly political and affected by government policy, renewable projects are extremely susceptible to change in law risk. To mitigate these risks, parties should ensure that stabilisation provisions are included in their contracts. - Neutral dispute resolution process: parties should avoid litigating disputes in the local courts of the state. An agreement to arbitrate disputes in a neutral venue should always be the preferred dispute resolution process. A neutral governing law should also be adopted – English law and Singaporean law are good choices, and are widely selected for project documents across the globe. - Structuring to take advantage of investment treaties: investment treaties can provide additional protection for investors contracting with states. Investors should always consider whether investment-treaty protection is available. If not, investors should consider, before the agreements are signed, whether they can structure the investment in such a way so that this protection is obtained. The development of new projects will be driven by growing renewable energy and public infrastructure needs in emerging economies. Expansion in the project pipeline will also inevitably lead to construction disputes. Covid-19 is (and will continue to be) a catalyst for construction disputes for many years to come, particularly as the true and longer-term impacts manifest. In short, the scene is ripe for construction disputes. World Bank (24 November 2020), ‘What can AI tell us about COVID-19’s Impact on Infrastructure?’. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (18 December 2020), ‘ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework’. In this article, reference is made to the 2017 FIDIC suite contracts unless otherwise stated. FIDIC (April 2020), ‘COVID-19 Guidance Memorandum for Users of FIDIC’. China Construction Industry Association (15 April 2020), ‘Investigation Report on COVID-19 Impact on the Chinese Construction Industry’. ASEAN Centre for Energy (23 November 2020), ‘ASEAN Plan of Action and Energy Cooperation Phase II: 2021–2025’.

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(Image credit: Singapore.) As part of its ongoing digital transformation effort, MSIG Singapore has selected Fermion Merimen (Serdang, Malaysia) for a large-scale project to transform its claims management processes and workflows. MSIG has deployed Fermion Merimen’s eClaims platform to digitize and streamline the company’s end-to-end claims processes for over fifty products across more than ten insurance classes. The system enables a seamless digital experience for MSIG’s users and further enhances productivity, compliance control and customer satisfaction during the process. The unified system allows MSIG to modernize its claims processing across its entire portfolio of both personal and commercial lines of business, according to a Fermion Merimen statement. MSIG is currently building a foundation for a plug-and-play insurance technology system that incorporates artificial intelligence (AI), according to the Fermion Merimen statement. Through the digitalization of its processes, MSIG will be able to collect and analyze more structured data, paving the way for use of new analytical tools in the future to generate insights that can help prevent fraud and assess risk, the statement says. “Working with Fermion has provided us with the expertise to implement technology solutions to enable our business success,” Sam Tan, SVP, Claims Services, MSIG Singapore. “By shifting our claims operations to a digital-first approach, we are able to put our data to work and expand our competitive edge while delivering long-term value with the integration of environmentally sustainable practices.” “Even the best technology requires a visionary to bring it to life,” comments Sebastian Tan, Country Director, Fermion Merimen Singapore. “MSIG has continually challenged us with their pioneering ideas on ways to digitalize and innovate on their processes. We are proud to have worked closely with MSIG during this project to push the boundary for claims innovation.”

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KUALA LUMPUR: Pakistan have pulled out of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. The Pakistanis informed the Malaysian Hockey Confederation (MHC) of their decision on Friday night but did not give any reason for their withdrawal. MHC secretary-general Datuk Johari Abdul Aziz said that they will keep the event a six-nation affair as there is no time to invite another team as replacement. The teams in the fray now are Canada, South Korea, South Africa, China, Australia and Malaysia. The tournament will be held from March 13-23 in Ipoh. “We have no idea why they withdrew. All they said is that they are unable to take part this year. We are also unable to shorten the duration of the meet as most teams have already confirmed their travel arrangements. “The fixtures will be reviewed. We will have to let the FIH ratify it first before releasing it,” he said on Saturday. This year’s Sultan Azlan Shah Cup has taken a major hit with nations not being able to field their best teams. India is absent for the first time since the tournament’s inception in 1983. France had also initially entered a team but opted out when they were invited to play in the Champions Challenge I in Kuantan in April replacing the South Africans. Australia is the defending champions and they are also likely to field a mixed team. But for Australia, South Korea, South Africa and Malaysia, the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup is also the start of their World Cup journey. All four teams have already qualified for the Finals which will be held in The Hague, Holland from May 31-June 15.

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Dr. Lam Nguyen (DDS) loves his profession as a dentist, his family, as well as nature and outdoor adventures. In 2021, after recovering from the Alameda Fires, Dr. Nguyen and his family moved from Southern Oregon to South Lake Tahoe, California, where he opened a new dental clinic and continue his practice. They needed a new website for their new business, and they found LinearTech through word of mouth on social media, and contacted us. We rebuilt the Wix website, provided content creation, proof reading, and all of the technical support. We made sure every page of the site looks good on desktop computer (Windows & Mac), iPad, and smart phones (iPhones and Android phones). All communication was done online through online meeting platforms, screen sharing, phone calls, and emails. It has been proven to be another successful project done through technology, great teamwork, collaboration, and communication. 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JTB Law’s practice areas include: Corporate & Business, Employment, Patent, Trademark & Copyright, Civil Litigation, Wills & Estate Planning, and Consumer Finance. In 2020, JTB hired LinearTech to design and create their business logo, with their signature royal blue and wheat gold colors. LinearTech also designed and built the responsive WordPress website, to best showcase JTB’s services and professionalism. We worked with JTB’s team side-by-side, from logo design, branding, to content creation, domain registration, website development, testing, proofreading, IT support, and all the way to launching, hosting, and SEO optimization. We did it through effective communication, collaborative, and teamwork. Dr. Debra Gong Choe wanted her new website to look reflect the quality of her practice. She hired LinearTech to build a site that was easy for her patients to use and would show and tell the story about her phenomenal staff. LinearTech updated her logo with new colors and created a website that was personalized for New Bern Family Dentistry with photography by Bob Mackowski of Open Aperture Photography. Dr. Choe also needed content that would explain the services she and her team offered in terms that her patients could easily understand, which is where The Reactive Voice, Jane Maulucci stepped in to create the website copy. The new site is welcoming and informative for both new and current patients, provides links to the documents that patients need, and has appointment request features that are monitored by the staff. Ms. Tiffany Cheong, the founder of Sakura Express, originally from Malaysia. Tiffany developed an interest in cooking at a very young age. She especially loved learning and preparing recipes in her grandmother’s kitchen. Located in Greenville, North Carolina, Sakura Asian Express is a one stop restaurant that will be the answer to your Asian flavors craving: Thai, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese Food. Sakura had good chefs, an established menu, and a good location with return customers. However, they needed a good logo and a professional website that would speak to their customers of who they really are and express the quality of their food. Tiffany turned to LinearTech. Crockett’s Critter Care is located in New Bern, North Carolina and has been caring for pets for more than 15 years. Jeanne Crockett is the founder of Crockett’s Critter Care. Jeanne and her employees specialize in Fear Free methods to ensure a pleasant experience on every visit. Jeanne been selected as the Pet Sitter of the Year 2020 by Pet Sitters International. Crockett’s Critter Care has been a valued client of Lineartech since as early as 2015. In 2019, they were upping their marketing game with LinearTech’s help. LinearTech teamed up with The Reactive Voice and Open Aperture Photography to create new content, photographs, graphics, and a bran new website for their branding and marketing needs. Every since then, LinearTech has been providing a wide-range of marketing services to Crockett’s Critter Care, including website updates and hosting, graphic design, online marketing, email campaigns, content marketing, social media, as well as online advertising (Facebook Ads and Google Ads). Jeanne is the most well known dog walker in town, and she’s earned it through her professional skills and experience, dedication to her business, her own growing knowledge of marketing, and her trust to LinearTech. We are very happy to have her as a long term client.

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Symbolizes the beast symbolizes the savage take over transformation from civil to savage chapter four page 70 there was a space round henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which roger dare not throw. Sementara posisi yang tidak baik ialah suami di bawah dan isteri di atas. Some years ago, former prime minister lee kuan yew famously said singapore was not ready for an indian prime minister when he dropped s dhanabalan from consideration for the job. Andrei n tsentsevitsky, guzalia f zakyrjanova, alexey m petrov, irina v kovyazina. Stereochemistry conformation and mechanism by kalsi,p. My 1987 book is now out of print, but it is available here in its entirety in pdf form. Posisi bersetubuh menurut islam posisi jima terjemah. The perks of being a wallflower is a young adult comingofage epistolary novel by american writer stephen chbosky, which was first published on february 1, 1999, by pocket books. Negative capability features writers on our website. 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Karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak kulit buah duku lansium domesticum corr dari provinsi sumatera selatan dan jambi article pdf available february 2017 with 2,822 reads how we measure reads. Journal of statistical theory and applications authors. Analysis of all the poems in the edexcel o level specification 2008 poetry analysis. Stanley kunitz was a good poet till his 70s, when he became a great one. Seks dalam posisi tertentu membawa risiko lebih tinggi. Effect of salt on tempoyak fermentation and sensory. The novel details charlies unconventional style of thinking as. Mpro full text journal articles by author a petrov page 1. Sebaiknya senggama dilakukan dengan cara istri berbaring terlentang sambil mengangkat kedua kakinya. Since earning his engineering and management degrees from mit and stanford, hes built his career around helping users and communities adopt new internet and mobile technologies. 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Louise erdrichs novel, love medicine, tells a story from the perspective of the different characters involved in the narrative. In his own personal chapter, lipsha morrissey reveals that he has a special ability, a type of healing power. The interview was taken by colleague writer desiree correa. Journal journaling is an excellent way to both record and process what god has spoken to you. Gambar jimak pdf gmbr jimak plg nikmat cara mengatur gambar latar di html membuat pacar memaafkan. Sebab cara ini akan dapat menyebabkan sakit pada saluran kencing. Just select pdfill pdf writer as your printer from any standard application. Inflammatory reaction to decellularized porcinederived xenograft for lower eyelid retraction. Now were going to take that and apply it to your novel. Nov 25, 2012 pachakutec is a quechua word meaning world time in change. Negative capability press submission manager featured writer. Bercinta merupakan salah satu cara praktis untuk meredakan stres. Mpro full text journal articles by author alexander. Jangan bersenggama dengan posisi miring, sebab cara ini akan menyebabkan sakit pada lambung. Character design handbook the character most writers get wrong and how to fix it by mandy wallace heres an incredible tool for writers. Stanley kunitz 19052006 is a towering figure in american poetry, not just by dint of his longevity, but for the fact that he was still producing some of his finest work well into his nineties. He loves open source technologies and writing on journaldev has become his passion. Anja ostrbenk valencak, anja sterbenc, katja seme, mario poljak, the alinity m hr hpv assay alinity is a novel human papillomavirus hpv assay that individually identifies genotypes hpv16, hpv18, and hpv45 while reporting on 11 other highrisk hpv hrhpv genotypes. Please include a short bio, link to your website or social media pages, and a photo. Tak ada salahnya anda mencoba berbagai posisi kamasutra ini agar hubungan suami istri lebih menggairahkan. No fear english grammar is a stepbystep guide to english grammar presented in a fresh, lively tutorial. Having read a lot about the inca philosophies and rituals, it moved me deeply to actually see a sun priest revive holy rituals that were abolished with the death penalty under spanish rule holy rituals that have never been filmed before. To informexplain, illustrate, or present information. To do that, we have to establish what you want to have when you finish revising. A 54yearold woman underwent uncomplicated bilateral lower eyelid surgery for eyelid retraction using porcine decellularized membrane graft tarsys. Economic assumptions, challenges and trends sandeep r. Durian, tempoyak, fermentation, slat, lactic acid bacteria created date. Berhatihatilah saat bercinta, jangan sampai penis cedera tirto. The myersbriggs type indicator mbti is a personality tool that savvy writers use to create deeply complex and startlingly realistic characters. Pagsusuri ng tula literature bibliographies cite this. Cara bersetubuh bergambar panduan bersetubuh kamasutra. Writer poet quito nicolaas got interviewed spontaneously on his latest poetry book bos pa planta when visiting the activities at the historical museum in fort zoutman. We curate and showcase works of short fiction and creative prose. By default, as the author tools build up the document for you, every time there is a new section, chapter or part, it adds in a section break within the word document. Aktivitas seksual bagi pasangan suami istri adalah hal yang paling penting karena bisa menjaga kesehatan, keintiman, hingga dipercaya bisa. A commentary or opinion piece based on an unpopular opinion you have. Rahsia nikmat jimak warisan melayu risalah petua teknik hubungan seks untuk kepuasan maksima dalam kitab attibun nabawi ada menyebut bahawa dalam banyak cara atau posisi persetubuhan, maka posisi persetubuhan suami di atas dan isteri di bawah adalah paling ideal dan paling baik daripada segala posisi yang ada. Alternatively, click a pages name to rename it or drag a pages name to reorder it. We offer worldclass services, fast turnaround times and personalised communication. Questions for fantasy world builders live write thrive. Pendek kata, panduan ini adalah panduan lengkap bagaimana untuk memuaskan pasangan sepenuhnya di ranjang. Now 97, hes still crafting lean, deceptively simple verses whose lyricism and emotional resonance are enormous. Transatlantic relationship in an era of growing economic. Alinity m hr hpv assay fulfills criteria for human papillomavirus test requirements in cervical cancer screening settings. So, you figured out what your perfect book would be in lesson 3. Diantara adabadab cara bersetubuh dalam islam adalah sebagai berikut. Themes wrote most of his stories based on either his own life experiences or of stories he had heard of on his travels many of his novels display themes of race, friendship, rule and order, and man in the natural world escape into nature historical context. Salah satu posisi seks ini paling umum dilakukan oleh setiap pasangan. But to do that, you have to first know what you actually have. A common practice is to also create a pdf version of the brochure to either email to. Editors journal a blog by journal star managing editor. Posisi posisi jimak ini adalah bapa segala posisi jimak, dan masih diguna pakai sebagai posisi seks moden sehingga ke hari ini. Skyler menyarankan melakukan stimulasi manual dengan menggunakan tangan pada bagian luar pasangan anda, seperti dalam posisi. Atlantis press is a professional publisher of scientific, technical and medical stm proceedings, journals and books. This makes the word document easier to manage and also allows you to have the section names within the header if you want. Welcome speech delivered at the conference transatlantic relationship in an era of growing economic multipolarity, washington october 8, 2010 ladies and gentlemen, first of all, thank you for your kind invitation. Salah satunya yang diatur oleh islam yakni tata cara atau adab berhubungan intim. Effect of salt on tempoyak fermentation and sensory evaluation. Information about the openaccess journal jurnal master pariwisata in doaj. Memang berbeza nikmatnya bila cuba posisi baru berbanding sebelum ni. Effect of salt on tempoyak fermentation and sensory evaluation author. Meski demikian, posisi seks kamasutra bukannya tanpa kritik. A fictional story inspired by something odd in the news. Norberto mancera, alexander schneider, curtis e margo, jasmina bajric. Jurnal master pariwisata directory of open access journals. Kalsi and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Save your work forever, build multiple bibliographies, run plagiarism checks, and much more. Akses bahan ini adalah di atas kehendak dan tanggung jawab peribadi. Im kinda cheating on todays blog post, mostly since i wanted a chance to update a few of my older and in my opinion more helpful posts. Mpro full text journal articles by author tao wang. It strengthened my belief that we all feel the tide of change. Completely free pdf writer, pdf printer, pdf creator or pdf converter. Construction of a combined enzyme system of graphene oxide and manganese peroxidase for efficient oxidation of aromatic compounds. Dalam kitab attibun nabawi ada menyebut bahawa dalam banyak cara atau posisi persetubuhan, maka posisi persetubuhan suami di atas dan isteri di. This pdf file is brought to you by best of jay vasavada. His vitality and continuing relevance was recognised when he was made the us poet laureate at the age of 95.1635 786 1523 732 641 994 978 156 1107 1521 1074 1136 1278 1256 1088 102 1165 74 23 546 1597 97 593 1459 788 218 1431 796 75 848 613 1321

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Md. Anwarul Azim Majumder Full Text Available Md. Anwarul Azim Majumder1, Sayeeda Rahman2, Urban JA D’Souza3, Gad Elbeheri4, Khalid Bin Abdulrahman5, M Muzaherul Huq61,2Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, Bradford, UK; 3School of Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; 4Centre for Child Evaluation and Teaching, Kuwait; 5College of Medicine, Al-Imam University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Centre for Medical Education (CME, Mohakhali, Dhaka, BangladeshAbstract: Learning disabilities (LDs represent the largest group of disabilities in higher education (HE institutes, including medical schools, and the numbers are continuing to rise. The worrying concern is that two-thirds to half of these students with LDs remain undiagnosed when they start their undergraduate education and may even graduate without having their disabilities diagnosed. These students struggle with their academic abilities, receive poor grades and, as a result, develop lower perceptions of their intellectual abilities than do those students without LDs. All these ultimately hamper their professional practice, employment, and career progression. Appropriate and adequate educational policies, provisions, and practices help students to progress satisfactorily. In Asian countries, public and professional awareness about LDs is low, supportive provisions are limited, legislations are inadequate, data are scarce, and equal-opportunity/widening-participation policies are not implemented effectively in the HE sector. This article discusses the issues related to LDs in medical education and draws policy, provision, and practice implications to identify, assess, and support students with LDs in medical schools, particularly in an Asian context.Keywords: medical education, learning disabilities, dyslexia, Asia The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the complex issues facing Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women students at one Midwestern medical school as they subjectively experience their medical training. Of particular interest was how students navigated family influences, career planning, and ethnic and gender stereotypes. Sixty-five percent of the students reported that their parents exerted various degrees of encouragement or pressure to enter medicine. The remaining students said that the decision was entirely theirs (20%) or that the decision had been made for them (15%). Many reported the larger Asian "community" as a source of influence. A slight majority of students thought they were perceived by faculty as being "quiet," often too quiet. With only 1 exception, all of the students believed that their cultural identity influenced their specialty choice. Stressors reported by students centered on competition, achievement, and formation of intimate relationships (i.e., dating). Medical educators who provide personal and professional support for API women students should be keenly aware of the career, gender, and family issues that emerge at the intersection of API and Euro-American cultures. Faculty development should include an educational component on issues of concern to API students, men and women. Faculty also need to wrestle with the cultural values of "modesty, respect for authority, public self-consciousness, and other directness" as they intersect with assertion as a primary value found in Euro-American culture in general and in medical education in particular. Kasuya, Richard T; Naguwa, Gwen S; Guerrero, Anthony P S; Hishinuma, Earl S; Lindberg, Marlene A; Judd, Nanette K To compare the USMLE performances of students of various ethnicities, predominantly Pacific Islander and Asian, at one medical school and to examine the predictive validity of MCAT scores for USMLE performance. A total of 258 students in the graduating classes of 1996-2000 at the University of Hawai'i School of Medicine were classified by ethnicity. Demographic and performance characteristics of the groups were examined, and MCAT scores with and without undergraduate science GPA were used to predict USMLE performance. Under- and over-prediction rates were computed for each ethnic group. Ethnic groups did not differ significantly by gender or undergraduate GPA. Chinese, Caucasian, and Other Asian students tended to have higher MCAT scores than Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, and Filipino students. Ethnic groups did not differ significantly in prediction of USMLE Step 1 performance. For Step 2, MCAT scores significantly over-predicted performance of Filipino students and tended to under-predict performance of Caucasian students. Although MCAT scores and science GPA were good predictors of USMLE performance, ethnic differences were found in the degrees of their predictive validity. These findings both replicate and extend results of earlier studies, and again point to the importance of exploring additional predictor variables. The authors encourage future research on the effects of the following factors on success in medical school: reading and test-taking skills, socio-cultural and environmental influences on learning, communication styles, primary language use, family support, and family responsibilities. Kodama, Corinne M.; Maramba, Dina C. This chapter addresses the applicability of student development theories in light of empirical research on Asian American college students through a twofold approach: (a) revisiting the relevance of Kodama, McEwen, Liang, and Lee's (2001, 2002) theoretical work on Asian American student development; and (b) using Jones' and Stewart's (2016)… Manzano, Lester J.; Poon, OiYan A.; Na, Vanessa S. Conceptual models for understanding the ways in which Asian American students engage in leadership and activism are interrogated. The chapter provides a discussion of implications for student affairs professionals working with Asian American student leaders and activists. Full Text Available Students' performance anxiety can impact negatively on the effectiveness of medical education reform, including performance in problem-based learning (PBL and in using English in discussion. This study aimed to investigate the nature of performance anxiety among Taiwanese medical students in an English-language PBL group. Eighteen Taiwanese, one American and four Asian medical students who were attending an international PBL workshop were enrolled. A questionnaire seeking demographic data and experience in use of PBL and eight questions evaluating performance anxiety were administered. The performance anxiety of Taiwanese medical students was compared to that of the Asians and the one American. Frequencies of each performance anxiety were calculated. The results suggested that the Taiwanese students showed more anxiety than the one student from the United States, but less than other Asian students. The acts of giving a report, being the center of attention, and talking in the PBL group were the most common situations related to anxiety in PBL groups. Using English and working in a new PBL environment are possible sources of anxiety. The presence of anxiety among the Taiwanese medical students in English PBL groups implies the necessity for developing an effective strategy to deal with students' performance anxiety. Zurada, Anna; Gielecki, Jerzy St; Osman, Nilab; Tubbs, R Shane; Loukas, Marios; Zurada-Zielińska, Agnieszka; Bedi, Neru; Nowak, Dariusz Past research in medical education has addressed the study of gross anatomy, including the most effective learning techniques, comparing the use of cadavers, dissection, anatomy atlases, and multimedia tools. The aim of this study was to demonstrate similarities and differences among American, Asian, and European medical students (MS) regarding different study methods and to see how these methods affected their clinical skills. To analyze the varying study methods of European, American, and Asian MS in our program and in order to elucidate any ethnic and cultural differences a survey was conducted. A total of 705 international MS, from the Polish (PD), American (AD), and Taiwanese (TD) divisions, were asked to voluntarily participate in the questionnaire. Students were asked the following questions: which methods they used to study anatomy, and which of the methods they believed were most efficient for comprehension, memorization, and review. The questions were based on a 5-point Likert scale, where 5 was 'strongly agree', and 1 was 'strongly disagree'. The PD and AD preferred the use of dissections and prosected specimens to study anatomy. The TD showed less interest in studying from prosected specimens, but did acknowledge that this method was more effective than using atlases, plastic models, or CD-ROMs. Multimedia tools were mainly used for radiological anatomy and review and also for correctly typing proper names of structures using exact anatomical terminology. The findings highlight the differences in study techniques among students from different ethnic backgrounds. The study approaches used in order to accomplish learning objectives was affected by cultural norms that influenced each student group. These differences may be rooted in technological, religious, and language barriers, which can shape the way MS approach learning. Chung, Jennifer Y. This article provides a theoretical analysis and ethnographic account of Asian American student leadership in higher education. Existing literature highlights Asian and Asian American leadership styles as cultural differences. I shift the analysis from culture to racism in order to work toward a more socially just conception of Asian American… Campbell, Jacqui; Li, Mingsheng More than 85% of the international students in New Zealand are Asian in origin. The level of satisfaction of Asian international students with their learning experiences in New Zealand has been of enormous concern for the New Zealand export education industry. The results of this current research, based on a qualitative research study conducted at… Park, Clara C. Investigated the perceptual learning style preferences (auditory, visual, kinesthetic, and tactile) and preferences for group and individual learning of Southeast Asian students compared to white students. Surveys indicated significant differences in learning style preferences between Southeast Asian and white students and between the diverse… Suyemoto, Karen L.; Kim, Grace S.; Tanabe, Miwa; Tawa, John; Day, Stephanie C. In this article, the authors introduce a method of understanding the experiences and needs of Asian American students on college campuses through the research process. Specifically, the authors offer a students-as-researchers approach to connect the transformative educational aims of Asian American studies to the scholarship, service, and lived… Aquino, Yves Saint James The popularity of surgical modifications of race-typical features among Asian women has generated debates on the ethical implications of the practice. Focusing on blepharoplasty as a representative racial surgery, this article frames the ethical discussion by viewing Asian cosmetic surgery as an example of medicalization, which can be interpreted in two forms: treatment versus enhancement. In the treatment form, medicalization occurs by considering cosmetic surgery as remedy for pathologized Asian features; the pathologization usually occurs in reference to western features as the norm. In the enhancement form, medicalization occurs by using medical means to improve physical features to achieve a certain type of beauty or physical appearance. Each type of medicalization raises slightly different ethical concerns. The problem with treatment medicalization lies in the pathologization of Asian features, which is oppressive as it continues to reinforce racial norms of appearance and negative stereotypes. Enhancement medicalization is ethically problematic because cosmetic surgery tends to conflate beauty and health as medical goals of surgery, overemphasizing the value of appearance that can further displace women's control over their own bodies. I conclude that in both forms of medicalization, cosmetic surgery seems to narrowly frame a complex psychosocial issue involving physical appearance as a matter that can be simply solved through surgical means. Young, Christina B; Fang, Daniel Z; Zisook, Sidney Depression is a serious and often under-diagnosed and undertreated mental health problem in college students which may have fatal consequences. Little is known about ethnic differences in prevalence of depression in US college campuses. This study compares depression severity in Asian-American and Caucasian undergraduate students at the University of California San Diego (UCSD). Participants completed the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire and key demographic information via an anonymous online questionnaire. Compared to Caucasians, Asian-Americans exhibited significantly elevated levels of depression. Furthermore, Korean-American students were significantly more depressed than Chinese-American, other minority Asian-American, and Caucasian students. In general, females were significantly more depressed than males. Results were upheld when level of acculturation was considered. The demographic breakdown of the student population at UCSD is not representative to that of the nation. These findings suggest that outreach to female and Asian-American undergraduate students is important and attention to Korean-American undergraduates may be especially worthwhile. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Turner, Brianna J; Arya, Shalini; Chapman, Alexander L The correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among Asian and Caucasian university students; differences in the rates, frequency, forms, severity, and emotional contexts of NSSI among self-injuring students; and whether Asian students who are highly oriented toward Asian culture differed from those less oriented toward Asian culture in NSSI characteristics were investigated. University students (N = 931), including 360 Caucasian students (n = 95, 26.4%, with a history of ≥ 1 episode of NSSI) and 571 Asian students (n = 107, 18.7%, with a history of NSSI), completed questionnaires assessing NSSI, acculturation, and putative risk factors for NSSI. Caucasian students were more likely to report NSSI, particularly cutting behavior, self-injured with greater frequency and versatility, and reported greater increases in positively valenced, high arousal emotions following NSSI, compared to Asian students. Among Asian students, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, experiential avoidance, and anger suppression increased the likelihood of reporting a history of NSSI. Among Caucasian students, lack of emotional clarity and anger suppression increased likelihood of NSSI. Finally, some tentative findings suggested potentially important differences in rates and frequency of NSSI among Asian students who were highly oriented toward Asian culture compared with those less oriented toward Asian culture. © 2014 The American Association of Suicidology. Chen, C; Edwards, K; Young, B; Greenberger, E The authors examined attitudes and behaviors regarding close relationships between European and Asian Americans, with a particular emphasis on 5 major subgroups of Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino Americans). Participants were 218 Asian American college students and 171 European American college students attending a culturally diverse university. The European Americans did not differentiate among the various subgroups of Asian Americans. Their attitudes reg... Reading, Chris; Auh, Myung-Sook; Pegg, John; Cybula, Peter The need for Australian school students to develop a strong understanding of Asian culture has been recognised in the cross-curriculum priority, "Asia and Australia's Engagement with Asia," of the Australian Curriculum. School students in rural and remote Australia have limited opportunities to engage with Asians and learn about their… Salsali, Mahvash; Tajvidi, Mansooreh; Ghiyasvandian, Shahrzad Critical thinking disposition represents an inclination of a person to use possessed skills in relation to critical thinking. The trend of critical thinking has been described as inner motivation to solve problems and make decisions by thinking. In nursing as a practical profession, the concept of critical thinking dispositions is important component in helping to manage complex health situations and to deal with patient issues effectively. Willingness to think critically is a prerequisite for safe and subtly performance. The results of studies show critical thinking dispositions of nursing students in Asian countries are different from non-Asian countries. Aim of this literature review was to compare critical thinking dispositions of nursing students in Asian and non-Asian countries. Literature review was done in English and Persian databases. The results showed of the 795 articles published in English and Persian language that studied critical thinking, 73 ones studied critical thinking skills and dispositions in nursing education, and relationship between teaching methods and critical thinking skills and dispositions in nursing education of different countries. Fifteen of seventy three articles assessed critical thinking dispositions in nursing students. Limited studies showed that the Asian nursing students had mostly undermining score of the critical thinking dispositions, while non-Asian countries tend to positive scores. The reasons for these differences could be due to issues such as environmental, educational methods and cultural differences. However, future studies should measure critical thinking disposition by discipline-based tools. Salsali, Mahvash; Tajvidi, Mansooreh; Ghiyasvandian, Shahrzad Critical thinking disposition represents an inclination of a person to use possessed skills in relation to critical thinking. The trend of critical thinking has been described as inner motivation to solve problems and make decisions by thinking. In nursing as a practical profession, the concept of critical thinking dispositions is important component in helping to manage complex health situations and to deal with patient issues effectively. Willingness to think critically is a prerequisite for safe and subtly performance. The results of studies show critical thinking dispositions of nursing students in Asian countries are different from non-Asian countries. Aim of this literature review was to compare critical thinking dispositions of nursing students in Asian and non-Asian countries. Literature review was done in English and Persian databases. The results showed of the 795 articles published in English and Persian language that studied critical thinking, 73 ones studied critical thinking skills and dispositions in nursing education, and relationship between teaching methods and critical thinking skills and dispositions in nursing education of different countries. Fifteen of seventy three articles assessed critical thinking dispositions in nursing students. Limited studies showed that the Asian nursing students had mostly undermining score of the critical thinking dispositions, while non-Asian countries tend to positive scores. The reasons for these differences could be due to issues such as environmental, educational methods and cultural differences. However, future studies should measure critical thinking disposition by discipline-based tools. PMID:24171885 van der Merwe, L J; van Zyl, G J; St Clair Gibson, A; Viljoen, M; Iputo, J E; Mammen, M; Chitha, W; Perez, A M; Hartman, N; Fonn, S; Green-Thompson, L; Ayo-Ysuf, O A; Botha, G C; Manning, D; Botha, S J; Hift, R; Retief, P; van Heerden, B B; Volmink, J Selection of medical students at South African (SA) medical schools must promote equitable and fair access to students from all population groups, while ensuring optimal student throughput and success, and training future healthcare practitioners who will fulfil the needs of the local society. In keeping with international practices, a variety of academic and non-academic measures are used to select applicants for medical training programmes in SA medical schools. To provide an overview of the selection procedures used by all eight medical schools in SA, and the student demographics (race and gender) at these medical schools, and to determine to what extent collective practices are achieving the goals of student diversity and inclusivity. A retrospective, quantitative, descriptive study design was used. All eight medical schools in SA provided information regarding selection criteria, selection procedures, and student demographics (race and gender). Descriptive analysis of data was done by calculating frequencies and percentages of the variables measured. Medical schools in SA make use of academic and non-academic criteria in their selection processes. The latter include indices of socioeconomic disadvantage. Most undergraduate medical students in SA are black (38.7%), followed by white (33.0%), coloured (13.4%) and Indian/Asian (13.6%). The majority of students are female (62.2%). The number of black students is still proportionately lower than in the general population, while other groups are overrepresented. Selection policies for undergraduate medical programmes aimed at redress should be continued and further refined, along with the provision of support to ensure student success. Chen, C; Edwards, K; Young, B; Greenberger, E The authors examined attitudes and behaviors regarding close relationships between European and Asian Americans, with a particular emphasis on 5 major subgroups of Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino Americans). Participants were 218 Asian American college students and 171 European American college students attending a culturally diverse university. The European Americans did not differentiate among the various subgroups of Asian Americans. Their attitudes regarding close relationships were less positive toward Asian Americans than toward Mexican and African Americans, a finding contrary to the prediction of social exchange theory (H. Tajfel, 1975). In contrast to the European Americans' view of homogeneity among Asian Americans, the 5 major subgroups of Asian Americans expressed a distinctive hierarchy of social preference among themselves. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for future research on interethnic relations involving Asian Americans. Korszun, Ania; Dinos, Sokratis; Ahmed, Kamran; Bhui, Kamaldeep Reducing stigma associated with mental illness is an important aim of medical education, yet evidence indicates that medical students' attitudes toward patients with mental health problems deteriorate as they progress through medical school. Authors examined medical students' attitudes to mental illness, as compared with attitudes toward other medical illness, and the influence of the number of years spent in medical school, as well as of several key socio-demographic, ethnic, and cultural variables. A group of 760 U.K. medical students completed a nationwide on-line survey examining their attitudes toward patients with five conditions (pneumonia, depression, psychotic symptoms, intravenous drug use, long-standing unexplained abdominal complaints), using the Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS). Students were also asked whether they had completed the psychiatry rotation or had personal experience of mental disorders themselves or among their friends or family members. They were also asked about their ethnic group (using U.K. national census categories), religious affiliation, and how important religion was in their lives. Independent-samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare differences between groups on the MCRS. Students showed the highest regard for patients with pneumonia and lowest regard for patients with long-standing, unexplained abdominal complaints. Although attitudes toward pneumonia were more positive in fifth-year students than in first-year students, attitudes toward unexplained chronic abdominal pain were worse in fifth-year students than in first-year students. Personal experience of mental health treatment, or that among family and friends, were associated with less stigmatizing attitudes. Men showed more stigmatization than women for nearly all conditions; Chinese and South Asian students showed more stigmatizing attitudes toward delusions and hallucinations than their white British counterparts. Medical students in this survey There has been a limited body of research on Asian American students, specifically regarding community college attendance and the transfer process. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and understand how Asian American transfer students navigate the community college, their transfer processes, as well as their post-transfer… Liang, Christopher T. H.; Liu, Jessica; Nguyen, David; Song, Ge With attention to race, culture, and gender, this chapter contextualizes the help-seeking behaviors and psychological aspects of health facing Asian American college students. Recommendations are provided to student affairs professionals and counselors. Asian countries claimed four of the five top spots in science achievement for eighth grade students, according to a December 5 report on the Third International Mathematics and Science Study - Repeat (TIMSS-R). The top five are: Chinese Taipei, Singapore, Hungary, Japan, and the Republic of Korea.In mathematics, Asian countries scored a clean sweep. The top five are: Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong SAR,and Japan. Wong, Y. Joel; Brownson, Chris; Schwing, Alison E. Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation among 1,377 Asian American college students across 66 U.S. campuses were examined. The results indicated a variety of factors were associated with morbid thoughts: medication for mental health concerns, gender, GPA, undergraduate status, religious affiliation, living with a family… Kodama, Corinne M.; Huynh, Jill Academic and career development for Asian American students is complicated by cultural influences, interdependence with family, and racial stereotyping. This chapter highlights research, theory, and practice to help educators rethink traditional advising approaches to more appropriately work with Asian American students as they navigate their… Shu, J; Hawthorne, L "This paper presents an overview of Asian student migration to Australia, together with an analysis of political and educational aspects of the overseas student programme. It focuses on some significant consequences of this flow for Australia. The characteristics of key student groups are contrasted to provide some perspective of the diversity of historical and cultural backgrounds, with the source countries of Malaysia, Indonesia and PRC [China] selected as case studies. Since the issue of PRC students in Australia has attracted considerable public attention and policy consideration, particular focus is placed on their experience." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) excerpt Ra, Young-An; Trusty, Jerry This article examines the effects of specific coping strategies on managing acculturative stress and acculturation of Asian international students, based on a sample of 220 Asian international students in the U.S. The data were analyzed with hierarchical multiple regression using Baron and Kenny's (1986) mediation procedure. The results supported… Dandy, Justine; Durkin, Kevin; Barber, Bonnie L.; Houghton, Stephen There are ethnic group differences in academic achievement among Australian students, with Aboriginal students performing substantially below and Asian students above their peers. One factor that may contribute to these effects is societal stereotypes of Australian Asian and Aboriginal students, which may bias teachers' evaluations and influence… Shrestha, Ashish; Marla, Vinay; Shrestha, Sushmita; Agrawal, Diksha Oral cancer is a common malignancy in Nepal and many other South East Asian countries, which is predisposed by a variety of potentially malignant oral diseases. Considering the importance of knowledge of health professionals and their role in early diagnosis and reduction of cancer statistics, this study aims to evaluate the awareness of undergraduate dental and medical students towards oral cancer. The study involved undergraduate dental and medical students of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from Carter to Ogden was distributed. One hundred forty-three dental and 311 medical students responded to the questionnaire. Significantly more dental (80.4 %) than medical students (36.0 %) were found to routinely examine the oral mucosa. Tobacco smoking and chewing were the most commonly recognized risk factors by both medical and dental students. Most of the students found ulcer as the common change associated with oral cancer. Only 30 out of the total students felt very well informed about oral cancer. This study has demonstrated a lack of awareness in some aspects of oral cancer among medical and dental students which highlights the need to frame new teaching methodologies. Similar studies from other health institutions would provide an insight regarding the same and could be a base for formulating a uniform curriculum in the implementation of knowledge regarding oral cancer. Rowen, Tami S.; Smith, James F.; Eisenberg, Michael L.; Breyer, Benjamin N.; Drey, Eleanor A.; Shindel, Alan W. Background Previous studies indicate that the sexual beliefs and mores of students in medical professions may influence their capacity to care for patients’ sexuality and contraception issues. Students also represent a large sample of reproductive-age individuals. In this study, we examined contraceptive usage patterns in North American medical students. Study Design Students using online medical student social and information networks enrolled in allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in North America between February and July of 2008 were invited to participate via email and published announcements in an Internet-based survey consisting of a questionnaire that assessed ethnodemographic factors, year in school and sexual history. We also collected information about current use of contraceptive and barrier methods. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were utilized to analyze responses. Results Among our 2269 complete responses, at least one form of contraception was being utilized by 71% of men and 76% of women. Condoms were the most popular form of contraceptive, utilized by 1011 respondents (50% of men and 40% of women). Oral contraceptive pills were the contraceptive of choice for 34% of men and 41% of women. Decreased rates of contraception use were associated with being black or Asian, not being in a relationship and having more sexual dysfunction in female respondents. Students who reported comfort discussing sexual issues with patients were more likely to use effective contraceptive methods themselves. Ten percent of this of sexually active medical students was not currently using contraception. Conclusions There are significant differences in contraceptive use based on demographics, even at the highest education levels. The personal contraception choices of medical students may influence their ability to accurately convey information about contraception to their patients. In addition, medical students may personally benefit from improved Fukuyama, Mary A.; Greenfield, Tom K. Analyzed components of assertiveness, assessed by the College Self-Expression Scale, for Asian-American (N=105) and Caucasian (N=135) students. Results showed a significant difference in full-scale assertion scores indicating lower levels of overall assertion in Asian Americans, interpreted as consistent with value differences between… Schuster, M A; Bell, R M; Nakajima, G A; Kanouse, D E To describe the sexual behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of Asian and Pacific Islander California high school students and to compare them to other racial/ethnic groups. Data were collected from an anonymous self-administered survey of 2026 ninth to 12th graders in a Los Angeles County school district; 186 of the respondents described themselves as Asian and Pacific Islander. The survey was conducted in April 1992. A higher percentage of Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents (73%) compared with African-American (28%, p masturbation of or by a partner, fellatio with ejaculation, cunnilingus, and anal intercourse. Few students in any group reported homosexual genital sexual activities. Asians and Pacific Islanders who had had vaginal intercourse were more likely than most other groups to have used a condom at first vaginal intercourse, but Asians and Pacific Islanders had not used condoms more consistently over the prior year. Asians and Pacific Islanders were more likely to expect parental disapproval if they had vaginal intercourse and less likely to think that their peers had had vaginal intercourse. Asian and Pacific Islander high school students in one California school district appear to be at lower sexual risk than other racial/ethnic groups. However, a large minority are engaging in activities that can transmit disease and lead to unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, current efforts to develop culturally sensitive clinical and community-based approaches to sexual risk prevention should include Asians and Pacific Islanders. This dissertation is a study about Korean immigrant students' identities, including academic identities related to science learning and identities along various social dimensions. I explore how Korean immigrant students participate in science classrooms and how they enact and negotiate their identities in their classroom discursive participation. My dissertation is motivated by the increasing attention in educational research to the intersectionality between science learning and various dimensions of identities (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, social networks) and a dearth of such research addressing Asian immigrant students. Asian immigrant students are stereotyped as quiet and successful learners, particularly in science and mathematics classes, and their success is often explained by cultural differences. I confront this static and oversimplified notion of cultural differences and Asians' academic success and examine the intersectionality between science learning and identities of Asian immigrant students, with the specific case of Korean immigrants. Drawing upon cultural historical and sociolinguistic perspectives of identity, I propose a theoretical framework that underscores multiple levels of contexts (macro level, meso level, personal, and micro level contexts) in understanding and analyzing students' identities. Based on a year-long ethnographic study in two high school Advanced Placement Biology classes in a public high school, I present the meso level contexts of the focal school and biology classes, and in-depth analyses of three focal students. The findings illustrate: (1) how meso level contexts play a critical role in these students' identities and science classroom participation, (2) how the meso level contexts are reinterpreted and have different meanings to different students depending on their personal contexts, and (3) how students negotiated their positions to achieve certain identity goals. I discuss the implications of the findings for the As optometry schools receive increasing numbers of Asian, Black, and Hispanic applications, it is appropriate for us to ask whether minority students differ in meaningful ways from nonminority students in measures used in admissions, and whether these variables have differential validity in predicting their achievement in optometry school. This study compares Asian, Black, Hispanic, and nonminority students at entry to the University of Houston College of Optometry (UHCO) from 1981 through 1986 and tests the validity of admissions indices to predict optometry grades, academic dropout, and high-level achievement for these ethnic groups. Although preoptometry grade point average (GPA) was the best predictor of optometry grades for all students, measures of verbal ability were additional predictors for Asian students and, for Black and Hispanic students, ability in study/reading and math were predictors. In addition, personality inventory measures and ratings of the competitiveness of the undergraduate institution were important in differentiating minority academic dropouts from retained students. Suggestions are made for optometry college programs which will enhance the probability of success for minority students. Brice, Chad; Masia Warner, Carrie; Okazaki, Sumie; Ma, Pei-Wen Winnie; Sanchez, Amanda; Esseling, Petra; Lynch, Chelsea Asian American adults endorse more symptoms of social anxiety (SA) on self-report measures than European Americans, but demonstrate lower prevalence rates of SA disorder in epidemiological studies. These divergent results create ambiguity concerning the mental health needs of Asian Americans. The present study is the first to investigate this issue in adolescents through assessment of self-reported SA in Asian American high school students. Parent and self-ratings of impairment related to SA and self-reported mental health service use for SA were also measured. Asian American students endorsed a greater number of SA symptoms and scored in the clinical range more frequently than other ethnic groups. Also, Asian American and Latino students endorsed more school impairment related to SA than other ethnic groups. No differences in parent-reported impairment or service utilization were identified. Implications for future research and treatment for SA among Asian American adolescents are discussed. Tatyana V. Kornilova Full Text Available Background. Framing effect is rarely studied in relation to individual differences. In cognitive psychology, it reflects distortions in decision-making depending on the context (phrasing of statements about alternatives, and framing is found within medical professional samples. Objective. The objective of the study are asfollows: 1. to identify the differences in the students of medical and non-medical universities and susceptibility to framing,2. establish in both groups similarities of individual decision-making styles (coping with uncertainty if any in self-assessments (intelligence, risk taking and personality and in willingness to take risks and tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty, 3. to identify the specific relationship between susceptibility to the framing effect (FE in medical students with their personal properties. Design. The paper describes the study of framing on medicine (n = 78 and psychology students (n = 122. It is demonstrated that in Kahneman and Tversky’s “Asian disease problem”, the psychology students show reframing effect while medical students don’t show difference in answers. Participants who choose different answers in negative phrasing of the issue differ in self-esteemed risk taking and intolerance for uncertainty; but there is no difference in positive version of the problem. Differences in personality profiles of the future members of medical and non-medical students have been established, both in terms of the personality variables and their associations to the dynamic regulatory systems. Medical students are characterized with less procrastination and higher risk readiness. Self-esteemed risk is correlated with risk readiness in both samples (and negatively connected to rationality within the psychology student sample. Unexpectedly, risk preparedness is also correlated with intolerance for uncertainty in both groups. Medical students are characterized by specific correlation between risk readiness and McGee, Ebony O.; Thakore, Bhoomi K.; LaBlance, Sandra S. This qualitative study used narrative methodology to investigate what becoming a scientist or engineer entails for Asian and Asian American college students stereotyped as "model minorities." We present the narratives of 23 high-achieving science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) college students who self-identified as… Dinh, Khanh T; Weinstein, Traci L; Nemon, Melissa; Rondeau, Sara On the basis of acculturation theory, explicating mutual influences between different cultural or ethnic groups coming into contact, this study focused "on the other side of acculturation" theory by examining the effects of intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans on the psychosocial experiences of White American college students. Participants (N = 315), undergraduates attending a public university located within the state of Massachusetts, completed a survey that assessed demographic and personal characteristics, acculturation (extent of intercultural contact with Asian people and Asian cultures), attitudes towards Asians and Asian Americans, awareness of institutional discrimination and blatant racial issues, and psychological distress. Results indicated that White American students' intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans contributed significant variance to the prediction of their attitudes towards this ethnic group and awareness of discrimination and racial issues, but not to psychological distress. This study provides implications for understanding mutual acculturative influences between different ethnic groups in the United States. Song, Suzan J.; Ziegler, Robert; Arsenault, Lisa; Fried, Lise E.; Hacker, Karen There are inconsistent findings about depression in Asians. This study examined risk factors for depression in Asian and Caucasian adolescents. Stratified bivariate secondary analyses of risk indicators and depressed mood were performed in this cross-sectional study of high school survey data (9th to 12th grades) from 2,542 students (198 Asian).… Park, Julie J.; Dizon, Jude Paul Matias This chapter describes how race, ethnicity, religion, and spirituality uniquely interact for Asian American college students, including a discussion of the diverse religious and spiritual backgrounds of this population. Wang, Cixin; Wang, Weimeng; Zheng, Lianzhe; Atwal, Kavita This study examined Asian American elementary students' experience with victimization. Data were collected from 313 fourth and fifth graders from an ethnically diverse elementary school in southern California. Most participants self-identified as Asian/Asian American and spoke an Asian language at home. Results indicated that Asian American… This research draws on a broader study that situates Asian American college students within larger sociohistorical and political contexts. I examined Asian American college students' experiences and what it means to be "Asian American" in and through these experiences. Two types of expectations emerged from the data: students' internal… Yu, Mei-yu; Seetoo, Amy D; Hong, Oi Saeng; Song, Lixin; Raizade, Rekha; Weller, Adelwisa L Agas Mammography and Pap smear tests are known to be effective early detection measures for breast and cervical cancers, respectively, but Asian Americans are reluctant to make visits for routine preventive care. Quantitative and qualitative research conducted by the Healthy Asian Americans Project (HAAP) between 1996 and 1999 indicated that Asian residents in southeastern Michigan, like the general Asian population in the US, underutilized early cancer screening programs due to cultural, psychosocial, linguistic, and economic barriers. This article reports how the HAAP's research findings guided the Michigan Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (BCCCP) promotion (conducted from 2000 to 2001 among medically underserved Asian women residing in southeastern Michigan), and how evaluation of the HAAP's BCCCP promotion will direct future research and health promotion programs. The article presents strategies used to improve access to cancer screening programs for diverse Asian sub-groups as well as outcomes of the 2-year HAAP's BCCCP promotion among the target population. Discussion regarding lessons and experiences gained from integration of research and practice has implications on design and implementation of the cancer screening promotion for the rapidly increasing Asian American population as well as other medically underserved minority populations in the US. Full Text Available The Asian individuals are dependent and collectivist compared with the western individuals that are independent and individualistic. Foreign Asian students choosing similar courses with their country friends do not reveal their career maturity and also lead to negative effect on their choices. This study aims at examining the level of career maturity of foreign Asian students in Malaysia based on academic level by using the Career Maturity Inventory. Two hundred and twenty nine ( Male=106, Female= 123 international students studying in various semesters completed the Career Maturity Inventory and it was reported that there were no significant differences between respondents of different academic semesters with regard to level of career maturity, this might reflect an educational level bias in the construction of the career decision-making. The findings of the current study are not consistent with theoretical expectations and prior research that international undergraduate senior students would be having higher career maturity than international undergraduate fresh students. Research emphasizes the reason behind might result from dependent and collectivist Asian culture that leading to fresh international students are higher career maturity compared to senior international students. O'Grady, G; Fitzjohn, J To determine the debt level that current Auckland medical students expect to graduate with, and evaluate this debt in the context of their career aspirations and intended place of practice. Simple check-box and fill-in-the-blank surveys were distributed to Auckland University medical students in Years 1 through to 5 during their second week of scheduled lectures in March 2000. Students were asked to provide demographic details, then complete sections on debt and career aspirations. 70% of Auckland medical students participated. Average expected debt was between $60000 to $70000. Predicted size of graduation debt was significantly related with plans to practice medicine overseas, and this trend was especially strong among females. In addition, Maori and Polynesian students bear a disproportionate level of the student debt burden compared to Pakeha and Asian groups. 77% of students indicated a preference for working in private or hospital specialty work. Student debt will have major effects on the composition of the New Zealand medical workforce over coming years. More attention must be paid to the national picture of medical student indebtedness if adequate workforce planning is to be possible. Marambe, Kosala N; Edussuriya, D H; Dayaratne, K M P L The General Medical Council of the UK, advocates that by the end of their undergraduate course, medical students should be proficient in communicating with patients. However, the attitude of some medical students toward formal training in communication skills seems lukewarm. Although several studies on assessing attitudes of medical students on learning communication skills have been carried out in Europe and America, Asian studies are very few and literature in the Sri Lankan context is lacking. To explore the attitudes of first to fourth year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya (FOMUP), Sri Lanka on learning communication skills and to identify possible factors that may influence student attitudes. A total of 675 students from year 1 to 4 of the FOMUP were asked to complete a modified version of the Communication Skills Attitude Scale. Items of its positive attitude scale (PAS) were analyzed together while negative items were considered individually. Response rates ranged from 70% to 98% for the various year groups. There were no significant differences between the PAS for males and females and for those exposed to formal training and those who were not. The junior students scored significantly higher on the PAS than seniors. Most students of all the groups disagreed with the item "I don't see why I should learn communication skills". Approximately one-quarter of the students of each group endorsed the statement "Nobody is going to fail their medical degree for having poor communication skills". Out of the students who have undergone formal communication training, almost one-third agreed that they find it difficult to take communication skills learning seriously. Although medical students seem to have realized the importance of communication skills training for the practice of medicine, a significant minority have reservations on attending such sessions. Sri Lanka faculty will need to make a concerted effort to change this Chan, Alan Ka Ki; Zane, Nolan; Wong, Gloria; Song, Anna Many college students are involved in gambling behavior as a recreational activity. Their involvement could potentially develop into problem gambling, an issue of increasing concern to student health. At the same time, evidence suggests that Asian Americans are overrepresented amongst problem gamblers in this age period. Research on factors related to initiation and development of problem gambling in college students is necessary to inform the development of effective and culturally-sensitive prevention efforts against gambling. The relationships between personal gambling expectancies at two levels of specificity (two general and six specific types of expectancies) and college student gambling at two levels of behavior (initiation and problems) were examined in a sample of 813 Asian American and White American college students. The study aimed to address (a) whether expectancies explained ethnic differences in gambling, (b) ethnic similarities and differences in the pattern of relationships between expectancies and gambling, and (c) whether expectancies that emerged in both ethnic groups have a greater risk or protective effect for one group than another. Results showed that Asian American students reported more problem gambling than White American students, but expectancies did not account for this group difference. Risk and protective factors for initiation were relatively similar between groups, but different patterns of risk emerged for each group for problem gambling. Implications for college primary prevention and harm reduction programs are discussed. PMID:23832755 Chan, Alan Ka Ki; Zane, Nolan; Wong, Gloria M; Song, Anna V Many college students are involved in gambling behavior as a recreational activity. Their involvement could potentially develop into problem gambling, an issue of increasing concern to student health. At the same time, evidence suggests that Asian Americans are overrepresented amongst problem gamblers in this age period. Research on factors related to initiation and development of problem gambling in college students is necessary to inform the development of effective and culturally-sensitive prevention efforts against gambling. The relationships between personal gambling expectancies at two levels of specificity (two general and six specific types of expectancies) and college student gambling at two levels of behavior (initiation and problems) were examined in a sample of 813 Asian American and White American college students. The study aimed to address (a) whether expectancies explained ethnic differences in gambling, (b) ethnic similarities and differences in the pattern of relationships between expectancies and gambling, and (c) whether expectancies that emerged in both ethnic groups have a greater risk or protective effect for one group than another. Results showed that Asian American students reported more problem gambling than White American students, but expectancies did not account for this group difference. Risk and protective factors for initiation were relatively similar between groups, but different patterns of risk emerged for each group for problem gambling. Implications for college primary prevention and harm reduction programs are discussed. Mills, Paul C; Woodall, Peter F; Bellingham, Mark; Noad, Michael; Lloyd, Shan There is a tendency for students from different nationalities to remain within groups of similar cultural backgrounds. The study reported here used group project work to encourage integration and cooperative learning between Australian students and Asian (Southeast Asian) international students in the second year of a veterinary science program. The group project involved an oral presentation during a second-year course (Structure and Function), with group formation engineered to include very high, high, moderate, and low achievers (based on previous grades). One Asian student and three Australian students were placed in each group. Student perceptions of group dynamics were analyzed through a self-report survey completed at the end of the presentations and through group student interviews. Results from the survey were analyzed by chi-square to compare the responses between Asian and Australian students, with statistical significance accepted at p learning experience. Asian students expressed a greater preference for working in a group than for working alone (p = 0.001) and reported more frequently than Australian students that teamwork produces better results (p = 0.01). Australian students were more likely than Asian students to voice their opinion in a team setting (p = 0.001), while Asian students were more likely to depend on the lecturer for directions (p = 0.001). The results also showed that group project work appeared to create an environment that supported learning and was a successful strategy to achieve acceptance of cultural differences. Kim, Eunyoung; Alhaddab, Taghreed A.; Aquino, Katherine C.; Negi, Reema Existing body of research indicates that both cognitive and non-cognitive factors contribute to college students' tendency of academic procrastination. However, little attention has been paid to the likelihood of academic procrastination among Asian international college students. Given the need for empirical research on why Asian international… Mustafa Tekke; Faiz Bin Adam Ghani The Asian individuals are dependent and collectivist compared with the western individuals that are independent and individualistic. Foreign Asian students choosing similar courses with their country friends do not reveal their career maturity and also lead to negative effect on their choices. This study aims at examining the level of career maturity of foreign Asian students in Malaysia based on academic level by using the Career Maturity Inventory. Two hundred and twenty nine ( Male=106, ... Hernández-Torrano, Daniel; Ali, Syed; Chan, Chee-Kai Students commencing their medical training arrive with different educational backgrounds and a diverse range of learning experiences. Consequently, students would have developed preferred approaches to acquiring and processing information or learning style preferences. Understanding first-year students' learning style preferences is important to success in learning. However, little is understood about how learning styles impact learning and performance across different subjects within the medical curriculum. Greater understanding of the relationship between students' learning style preferences and academic performance in specific medical subjects would be valuable. This cross-sectional study examined the learning style preferences of first-year medical students and how they differ across gender. This research also analyzed the effect of learning styles on academic performance across different subjects within a medical education program in a Central Asian university. A total of 52 students (57.7% females) from two batches of first-year medical school completed the Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire, which measures four dimensions of learning styles: sensing-intuitive; visual-verbal; active-reflective; sequential-global. First-year medical students reported preferences for visual (80.8%) and sequential (60.5%) learning styles, suggesting that these students preferred to learn through demonstrations and diagrams and in a linear and sequential way. Our results indicate that male medical students have higher preference for visual learning style over verbal, while females seemed to have a higher preference for sequential learning style over global. Significant associations were found between sensing-intuitive learning styles and performance in Genetics [β = -0.46, B = -0.44, p styles and performance in Genetics [β = 0.36, B = 0.43, p learning techniques. Instructors can also benefit by modifying and adapting more appropriate teaching approaches in these To identify attitudes and bias toward aging between Asian and White students and identify factors affecting attitudes toward aging. A cross-sectional sample of 308 students in a nursing program completed the measure of Attitudes Toward Older People and Aging Quiz electronically. There were no differences in positive attitudes and pro-aged bias between Asian and White groups, but Asian students had significantly more negative attitudes and anti-aged bias toward older people than White students. Multiple regression analysis showed ethnicity/race was the strongest variable to explain negative attitudes toward older people. Feeling uneasy about talking to older adults was the most significant factor to explain all attitudinal concepts. Asian students were uneasy about talking with older people and had negative attitudes toward older adults. To become competent in cross-cultural care and communication in nursing, educational strategies to reduce negative attitudes on aging are necessary. © The Author(s) 2014. Park, Yong S; Kim, Bryan S K The present study examined the relationships between adherence to Asian and European cultural values and communication styles among 210 Asian American and 136 European American college students. A principal components analysis revealed that, for both Asian Americans and European Americans, the contentious, dramatic, precise, and open styles loaded onto the first component suggesting low context communication, and interpersonal sensitivity and inferring meaning styles loaded onto the second component suggesting high context communication. Higher adherence to emotional self-control and lower adherence to European American values explained Asian Americans' higher use of the indirect communication, while higher emotional self-control explained why Asian Americans use a less open communication style than their European American counterparts. When differences between sex and race were controlled, adherence to humility was inversely related to contentious and dramatic communication styles but directly related to inferring meaning style, adherence to European American values was positively associated with precise communication and inferring meaning styles, and collectivism was positively related to interpersonal sensitivity style. 2008 APA Marsing, Deborah J. Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) students are often characterized as model minorities. However, AAPI students represent many diverse communities and a wide spectrum of achievement. Each AAPI culture may experience varying levels of biculturalism and acculturation that can influence students' academic success. This quantitative study… Cabrera, Nolan L. This research is a cross-site analysis of how white, male, college students see their Asian American peers. Semi-structured interviews with 43 white males were conducted at two universities that differed substantially in their representation of Asian American students. The interviews were theoretically framed by Critical Whiteness Studies and Bobo… Kumi-Yeboah, Alex; James, Waynne This article investigates the transformative learning experiences of international graduate students from Asian countries. Data collection consisted of quantitative and qualitative methods. Participants included international graduate students from Asia, in the Colleges of Arts and Sciences and Engineering. Overall, 82.3% of the participants… Takata, Yukari; Stein, Gerald H; Endo, Kuniyuki; Arai, Akiko; Kohsaka, Shun; Kitano, Yuka; Honda, Hitoshi; Kitazono, Hidetaka; Tokunaga, Hironobu; Tokuda, Yasuharu; Obika, Mikako; Miyoshi, Tomoko; Kataoka, Hitomi; Terasawa, Hidekazu The study of communication skills of Asian medical students during structured Problem-based Learning (PBL) seminars represented a unique opportunity to assess their critical thinking development. This study reports the first application of the health education technology, content analysis (CA), to a Japanese web-based seminar (webinar). The authors assigned twelve randomly selected medical students from two universities and two clinical instructors to two virtual classrooms for four PBL structured tutoring sessions that were audio-video captured for CA. Both of the instructors were US-trained physicians. This analysis consisted of coding the students' verbal comments into seven types, ranging from trivial to advanced knowledge integration comments that served as a proxy for clinical thinking. The most basic level of verbal simple responses accounted for a majority (85%) of the total students' verbal comments. Only 15% of the students' comments represented more advanced types of critical thinking. The male students responded more than the female students; male students attending University 2 responded more than male students from University 1. The total mean students' verbal response time for the four sessions with the male instructor was 6.9%; total mean students' verbal response time for the four sessions with the female instructor was 19% (p thinking for medical students. This report may stimulate improvements for implementation. Lowry, Richard; Eaton, Danice K; Brener, Nancy D; Kann, Laura We provided national prevalence estimates for selected health-risk behaviors for Asian American and Pacific Islander high school students separately, and compared those prevalence estimates with those of white, black, and Hispanic students. We analyzed data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. To generate a sufficient sample of Asian American and Pacific Islander students, we combined data from four nationally representative surveys of U.S. high school students conducted in 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007 (total n = 56,773). Asian American students were significantly less likely than Pacific Islander, white, black, or Hispanic students to have drunk alcohol or used marijuana. Asian American students also were the least likely to have carried a weapon, to have been in a physical fight, to have ever had sexual intercourse, or to be currently sexually active. Once sexually active, Asian American students were as likely as most other racial/ethnic groups to have used alcohol or drugs at last sexual intercourse or to have used a condom at last sexual intercourse. Pacific Islander students were significantly more likely than Asian American, white, black, or Hispanic students to have seriously considered or attempted suicide. The prevalence estimates of health-risk behaviors exhibited by Asian American students and Pacific Islander students are very different and should be reported separately whenever feasible. To address the different health-risk behaviors exhibited by Asian American and Pacific Islander students, prevention programs should use culturally sensitive strategies and materials. Leung, Gilberto Ka Kit; Ang, Sophia Bee Leng; Lau, Tang Ching; Neo, Hong Jye; Patil, Nivritti Gajanan; Ti, Lian Kah Undergraduate education in medical schools plays an important role in promoting patient safety. Medical students from different backgrounds may have different perceptions and attitudes toward issues concerning safety. This study aimed to investigate whether patient safety cultures differed between students from two Asian countries, and if they did, to find out how they differed. This study also aimed to identify the educational needs of these students. A voluntary, cross-sectional and self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 259 students from two medical schools - one in Hong Kong and the other in Singapore. None of the students had received any formal teaching on patient safety. We used a validated survey instrument, the Attitudes to Patient Safety Questionnaire III (APSQ-III), which was designed specifically for students and covered nine key factors of patient safety culture. Of the 259 students, 81 (31.3%) were from Hong Kong and 178 (68.7%) were from Singapore. The overall response rate was 66.4%. Significant differences between the two groups of students were found for two key factors - 'patient safety training', with Hong Kong students being more likely to report having received more of such training (p = 0.007); and 'error reporting confidence', which Singapore students reported having less of (p working hours and professional incompetence were important causes of medical errors. The importance of patient involvement and team functioning were ranked relatively lower by the students. Students from different countries with no prior teaching on patient safety may differ in their baseline patient safety cultures and educational needs. Our findings serve as a reference for future longitudinal studies on the effects of different teaching and healthcare development programmes. Full Text Available Background: Work-related diseases contribute immensely to the global burden of diseases. Better understanding of attitudes of health care workers towards occupational safety and health (OSH is important for planning. Objective: To assess the attitude of medical students towards OSH around the globe. Methods: A questionnaire assessing the attitude towards OSH was administered to medical and paramedical students of 21 Medical Universities across the globe. In the current study 1895 students, aged 18–36 years, from 17 countries were included. After having performed a principal components analysis, the associations of interest between the identified components and other socio demographic characteristics were assessed by multivariate linear regression. Results: Principal component analysis revealed 3 components. Students from lower and lower-middle-income countries had a more positive attitude towards OSH, but the importance of OSH was still rated higher by students from upper-income countries. Although students from Asian and African continents showed high interest for OSH, European and South-Central American students comparatively rated importance of OSH to be higher. Paramedical students had more positive attitude towards OSH than medical students. Conclusion: The attitude of students from lower-income and lower-middle-income countries towards importance of OSH is negative. This attitude could be changed by recommending modifications to OSH courses that reflect the importance of OSH. Since paramedical students showed more interest in OSH than medical students, modifications in existing health care system with major role of paramedics in OSH service delivery is recommended. Masuda, Akihiko; Anderson, Page L.; Twohig, Michael P.; Feinstein, Amanda B.; Chou, Ying-Yi; Wendell, Johanna W.; Stormo, Analia R. The study examined African American, Asian American, and European American college students' previous direct and indirect experiences of seeking professional psychological services and related attitudes. Survey data were collected from 254 European American, 182 African American and 82 Asian American college students. Results revealed that fewer… Jacobs, Joshua L; Samarasekera, Dujeepa D; Shen, Liang; Rajendran, K; Hooi, Shing Chuan Within an Asian context, this study examines the effect of changing from traditional course grades to a distinction/pass/fail (D/P/F) grading system on medical student self-perceived stress levels and on student exam performance. At the end of the 2010-2011 academic year, the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) was administered to the cohort of students finishing their first year of medical studies. For the academic year 2011-2012, the grading system was changed to D/P/F for the first year of medical school. The PSS-10 was also administered to the subsequent cohort of first-year medical students at the same point in the academic year as previous. Qualitative comments were collected for both cohorts. Stress as measured by the PSS-10 was significantly lower in the cohort that went through the year with the D/P/F grading system in place. Thematic analysis of qualitative responses showed a shift in sources of student stress away from peer-competition. There were no significant differences in overall exam performance. Within an Asian context, switching to a D/P/F grading system can alleviate stress and peer competition without compromising knowledge. This may help foster a "learning orientation" rather than an "exam orientation," and contribute to inculcating lifelong learning skills. Kim, Paul Youngbin; Park, Irene J K Adapting the theory of reasoned action, the present study examined help-seeking beliefs, attitudes, and intent among Asian American college students (N = 110). A multiple mediation model was tested to see if the relation between Asian values and willingness to see a counselor was mediated by attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and subjective norm. A bootstrapping procedure was used to test the multiple mediation model. Results indicated that subjective norm was the sole significant mediator of the effect of Asian values on willingness to see a counselor. The findings highlight the importance of social influences on help-seeking intent among Asian American college students. Full Text Available Medication error (ME is a worldwide issue, but most studies on ME have been undertaken in developed countries and very little is known about ME in Southeast Asian countries. This study aimed systematically to identify and review research done on ME in Southeast Asian countries in order to identify common types of ME and estimate its prevalence in this region.The literature relating to MEs in Southeast Asian countries was systematically reviewed in December 2014 by using; Embase, Medline, Pubmed, ProQuest Central and the CINAHL. Inclusion criteria were studies (in any languages that investigated the incidence and the contributing factors of ME in patients of all ages.The 17 included studies reported data from six of the eleven Southeast Asian countries: five studies in Singapore, four in Malaysia, three in Thailand, three in Vietnam, one in the Philippines and one in Indonesia. There was no data on MEs in Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Timor. Of the seventeen included studies, eleven measured administration errors, four focused on prescribing errors, three were done on preparation errors, three on dispensing errors and two on transcribing errors. There was only one study of reconciliation error. Three studies were interventional.The most frequently reported types of administration error were incorrect time, omission error and incorrect dose. Staff shortages, and hence heavy workload for nurses, doctor/nurse distraction, and misinterpretation of the prescription/medication chart, were identified as contributing factors of ME. There is a serious lack of studies on this topic in this region which needs to be addressed if the issue of ME is to be fully understood and addressed. Kodama, Corinne M.; Poon, OiYan A.; Manzano, Lester J.; Sihite, Ester U. This case study was focused on the establishment of the Midwest Asian American Students Union (MAASU) as a racial project reflecting students' articulations of a regional, panethnic identity in response to racism. A critical race theory lens was used to analyze interviews with 13 MAASU founders. Findings highlight the role of social context (in… Nilsson, Johanna E.; Butler, Jenay; Shouse, Sarah; Joshi, Chetan This study examined relationships among perfectionism, acculturation, and stress in 76 Asian international students. Results showed that perfectionism and acculturation predicted stress, together accounting for 50% of the variance in stress. Furthermore, acculturation explained students' experience of stress above and beyond perfectionism, and 1… Shim, Gayoung; Freund, Henning; Stopsack, Malte; Kämmerer, Annette; Barnow, Sven The present study explores acculturation and its associated aspects of two East Asian student groups with different levels of exposure to German culture (100 international students from East Asian countries [IS]; 61 second generation students of East Asian descent [SGS]). First, we investigated the relationships between acculturation, self-construal, depressive and somatic symptoms, and differences between the student groups in these variables. Second, the four acculturation types (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization) were examined regarding their relationship to self-construal and health outcomes. The results showed that the acculturation dimensions (mainstream, heritage) were relevant to the level of depressive symptoms for IS which was not the case for SGS. Furthermore, IS reported more somatic symptoms whereas there was no difference between the two groups in the level of depressive symptoms. In the analysis of acculturation types, assimilated and integrated students were characterized by high independent self-construal, while separated and integrated students showed high interdependent self-construal. Assimilated students displayed the least depressive symptoms of all acculturation groups. This study highlights different characteristics of East Asian students in acculturation, self-construal and health outcomes, and discusses the complexity of the relationships between acculturation types and health. © 2013 International Union of Psychological Science. Miller, Matthew J.; Yang, Minji; Hui, Kayi; Choi, Na-Yeun; Lim, Robert H. In the present study, we tested a theoretically and empirically derived partially indirect effects acculturation and enculturation model of Asian American college students' mental health and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Latent variable path analysis with 296 self-identified Asian American college students supported the… Museus, Samuel D.; Truong, Kimberly A. This article highlights the utility of disaggregating qualitative research and assessment data on Asian American college students. Given the complexity of and diversity within the Asian American population, scholars have begun to underscore the importance of disaggregating data in the empirical examination of Asian Americans, but most of those… Lowinger, Robert Jay; Kuo, Ben C. H.; Song, Hyun-A.; Mahadevan, Lakshmi; Kim, Eunyoung; Liao, Kelly Yu-Hsin; Chang, Catherine Y.; Kwon, Kyong-Ah; Han, Suejung This study examined the relationships among acculturative stress, coping styles, self-efficacy, English language proficiency, and various demographic characteristics as predictors of procrastination behavior in Asian International students (N = 255) studying in the United States. Results of multiple logistic regression indicated that a collective… Lowinger, Robert; Song, Hyun-a This study explored Asian American students' likelihood of selecting STEM over liberal arts or business college majors using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. Student-level variables were the strongest predictors of college major, followed by parent-level variables, and background variables. Academic achievement and interest were the… Lee, Young-Mee; Lee, Young Hee Regardless of the growing importance of communication skills as a core clinical competence, few studies have determined the effects of communication skills courses in undergraduate medical curricula in Asian medical schools. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a communication skills program for preclinical medical students. A communication skills course was provided to 111 second-year medical students in a medical college in Korea. Students' self-assessed competency of communication skills was evaluated by a questionnaire survey. To examine the improvement in observed communication skills, the students' encounters with standardized patients (SPs) were assessed at the first session and at the final course assessment. A structured checklist, consisting of 25 communication skills items, was used for the assessment. Students' self-assessed competency of communication skills increased significantly after completion of the course (pcommunication skills scores also improved significantly at the end of the course; the mean scores of the first SPs encounters was 49.6 (standard deviation [SD], 11.1), and those of cases A and B at the final assessment were 61.5 (SD, 8.4) and 69.6 (SD, 7.8), respectively (F61=269.54, pcommunication skills course was beneficial in developing and improving communication skills competency in preclinical medical students. Further studies should be followed to examine whether the acquisition of communication skills during preclinical studies can be sustained into clerkship and actual practice. Xu, Yu; Davidhizar, Ruth In the context of globalization and changing American demographics, it is becoming increasingly important to understand and communicate effectively with people from diverse cultural and racial/ethnic backgrounds. This article applies the framework of cultural variability and intercultural communication research literature to examine and highlight the different communication behaviors of Asians and non-Asians in the United States. The meanings of various verbal and nonverbal behaviors of Asian students are examined to clarify their communication patterns. Culture-based assumptions are identified, and measures to improve intercultural communication in nursing education are provided. Lee, Haeok; Kiang, Peter; Watanabe, Paul; Halon, Patricia; Shi, Ling; Church, Daniel R. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, exposure, and immunity among Asian American college students as a basis for evaluating HBV screening and vaccination policy. Participants and Methods: Self-identified Asian American college students aged 18 years or older were examined. Serological tests of HBV surface… Jain, Aditya; Bansal, Ramta; Singh, Kd; Kumar, Avnish Teaching in most Asian countries is still dominated by teacher-centered classrooms in which students passively receive information from the teacher. Studies have shown that students' inactivity in traditional teacher-centered classes makes them bored that consequently decrease their concentration and learning. To counter these problems active learning methods are being promoted to enhance their interest in studying. This present study was done to explore effective teaching system from a student's perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the attitude of medical and dental first year students towards teaching methods. The study was undertaken at on 150 Medical and Dental first year students. The study was conducted using general questionnaires along with feedback form to know their opinion about different teaching methodology. A 94.67% of the students were unsatisfied with traditional Lecture teaching. 89.33% favoured combination of traditional lectures and active learning techniques, 74.67% students find active learning methods to be interesting, 77.33% found them as attention seekers, 89.33% are motivated for in-depth study and 85.33% students are motivated for independents learning. 100% students agreed that active learning methods provide opportunities of student interaction while 86.67% students are happy with the teacher-student interaction it provides. Audio-visual aids are the most favoured (94.67%) and test questions are most criticized active teaching method. Our study disclosed that the majority of student's positively believe in using different active learning techniques for classroom activities. This paper describes the learning statuses of Asian students, and connects their individual learning status with their cultures, attitudes, histories, family relations, etc. It also focuses on a wide range of aspects as academic performances, learning attitudes, cultures, race relations, schoolings, learning strategies, obstacles, etc., thus… Assalone, Amanda E.; Fann, Amy Contrary to the model minority myth that portrays Asian Americans as academic all-stars overrepresented in elite 4-year institutions, nearly half of all Asian American college students do, in fact, attend community colleges, and many experience myriad challenges. This exploratory study utilized a qualitative analysis and investigated how model… Sivagnanam, Gurusamy; Saraswathi, Simansalam; Rajasekaran, Aiyalu Purpose - To assess an innovative tutoring program named 'Student-Led Objective Tutorial' (SLOT) among undergraduate medical students. Method - The program was conceptualized by the Pharmacology Unit of Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Asian Institute of Medicine Science & Technology (AIMST), Malaysia and implemented in the middle of 2005. A cohort of 246 medical undergraduate students (spread across 5 consecutive batches) participated. Following a brief explanation on the purpose and nature of SLOT, each batch was divided into small groups and was given a reading assignment on 4 previously delivered lecture topics. Each group was asked to prepare 3-5 multiple choice questions (MCQs) of their own in PowerPoint format to be presented, in turns, to the whole class on the day of SLOT. The proceedings were facilitated by 2 lecturers. Student feedback on the efficacy and benefits were assessed through an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Results - About 76% (188) of the students favored SLOT. The acceptance rate of SLOT was higher among males. There was no significant difference between batches in their opinions on whether to pursue SLOT in future. The most prevalent positive comment was that SLOT enhanced learning skills, and the negative comment being, it consumed more time. Conclusions - SLOT is a novel tutorial method which can offset faculty shortage with advantages like enhanced interest among teachers and learners, uniform reach of content, opportunities for group learning, and involvement of visual aids as teaching-learning (T-L) method. SLOT unraveled the students' potential of peer tutoring both inside as well as outside the classroom. Consumer tutors (students) can be tapped as a resource for SLOT for all subjects and courses in healthcare teaching. Museus, Samuel D.; Park, Julie J. Asian Americans are one of the most misunderstood populations in higher education, and more research on this population is warranted. In this investigation, authors sought to understand the range of ways that Asian American students experience racism on a daily basis in college. They analyzed data from 46 individual, face-to-face qualitative… Johnston-Guerrero, Marc P.; Pizzolato, Jane Elizabeth In a qualitative study we examined the constructs "race" and "ethnicity" and their relative importance in the multidimensional identities of 52 Asian American undergraduates across 2 universities. Findings suggest these constructs are useful for Asian American students' identity claims and that multiple contextual influences… Wong, Joel; Brownson, Chris; Rutkowski, Leslie; Nguyen, Chi P; Becker, Marty Swanbrow This study examined professional psychological help seeking among 1,045 white American and Asian American students from 70 U.S. colleges and universities who had seriously considered attempting suicide. The authors found that Asian American college students had lower rates of professional psychological help seeking for their suicide ideation than White American college students. Guided by social network perspectives on professional psychological help seeking, the authors also tested mediators of this racial disparity. Relative to white Americans, Asian Americans were advised by fewer people (especially fewer family members) to seek professional help, which was, in turn, associated with lower rates of professional psychological help seeking for suicide ideation. These findings underscore the importance of gatekeeping as a suicide prevention strategy for Asian American college students. Hwang, Jessica P; Roundtree, Aimee K; Engebretson, Joan C; Suarez-Almazor, Maria E Physicians can play a significant role in helping to decrease the hepatitis B virus (HBV) burden among Asian Americans. Few studies have described knowledge and practice patterns in the medical community among different provider types regarding HBV and liver cancer. Our study explores the HBV beliefs, attitudes and practice patterns of medical providers serving Asian American communities. We conducted three focus groups with primary care providers, liver specialists, and other providers predominantly serving Asian American community. We asked about practices and barriers to appropriate medical care and outreach. We moderated three focus groups with 23 participants, 18 of whom completed and returned demographic surveys. Twelve were of Asian ethnicity and 13 spoke English as a second language. Only eight screened at least half of their patients, most (72%) using the hepatitis B surface antigen test. We used grounded theory methods to analyze focus group transcripts. Participants frequently discussed cultural and financial barriers to hepatitis care. They admitted reluctance to screen for HBV because patients might be unwilling or unable to afford treatment. Cultural differences were discussed most by primary care providers; best methods of outreach were discussed most by liver specialists; and alternative medicine was discussed most by acupuncturists and other providers. More resources are needed to lower financial barriers complicating HBV care and encourage providing guideline-recommended screenings. Other providers can help promote HBV screening and increase community and cultural awareness. Full Text Available Professionalism and work ethic, as reflected by selfregulation, has been and continues to be an important attribute of a competitive work force. This paper compared the academic self-regulation of U.S. vs. Asian students enrolled in a Global Classroom course at a large southeastern university. Students were asked to respond to 10 specific pro-academic behaviors in regard to what they were actually doing (actual engagement and what they felt they should be doing (intended engagement specific to achieving academic success. The results indicated that students from both the U.S. and Asia exhibited limited self-regulation in the pursuit of behaviors leading to academic success in comparison to what they reported they should be doing. There was not a significant difference between U.S. and Asian students in self-reported actual engagement in pro-academic behaviors. However, Asian students presented less of a discrepancy between actual and intended engagement in proacademic behaviors in comparison to their U.S. counterparts. This was based on Asian students' rating of intended behaviors lower than U.S. students. A notable difference was also found in that the Asian students self-regulated better than their U.S. counterparts in terms of pro-academic behaviors that were not directly observable. For Asian students there was not a discrepancy in self-reported engagement of observable vs. non-observable behaviors The U.S. students, however, appeared to be more amenable to external motivation (e.g. having the instructor be able to observe their behavior and less likely to engage in non-observable behaviors leading to academic success. Fan, Jennifer C; Sherwin, Trevor; McGhee, Charles N J Despite established international guidelines on preferred teaching components for ophthalmology in undergraduate curricula, with increasingly less specialty-based undergraduate teaching within curricula, teaching of core ophthalmology knowledge and skills may become marginalized. This survey aims to evaluate the current state of undergraduate ophthalmology teaching in Australasia and proximate Asian medical schools. A questionnaire was developed to determine the content and extent of ophthalmology teaching in the undergraduate medical curriculum. The questionnaire was sent to 25 medical schools throughout Australasia and Asia. Nineteen of the 25 questionnaires were returned (76% response rate). Ophthalmology teaching programmes ranged from 2 to 20 days: five (26%) medical schools having one ophthalmology attachment; six schools (32%) two attachments; and the remainder three or more. Only seven of the schools taught all 13 ophthalmology topics recommended in current curriculum guidelines. Ocular examination (100%), lens and cataract (95%) and ocular manifestations of systemic disease (95%) were the most commonly taught topics, with intraocular tumours only covered by 10 schools (53%). Students in 14 schools (74%) attended ophthalmology operating theatre, but only two schools (11%) offered attendance at optometry clinics. Ten schools (53%) required a pass in ophthalmology to complete the academic year. Ophthalmology may increasingly be a small, or even absent, component of undergraduate medical curricula. Despite established international ophthalmology curriculum guidelines, this survey highlights significant lack of uniformity in their implementation. Alazzi, Khaled; Al-Jarrah, Abdelnaser Using a qualitative research methodology, we interviewed 20 Southeast Asian undergraduate students from Malaysia and Indonesia attending universities in northern Jordan to identify any adjustment problems they may have been facing. These international students experienced pressure to succeed from their sponsoring agencies and families, a very… An overview of South Asian and Southeast Asian Americans is discussed to aid teachers in understanding behaviors exhibited by Asian students. Culture influences in the following areas are explored: family relationships, respect for age, social interaction, communication style, family expectations, humility, school situations, decision making, and… Roh, HyeRin; Park, Kyung Hye; Jeon, Young-Jee; Park, Seung Guk; Lee, Jungsun Identifying patients' agendas is important; however, the extent of Korean medical students' agenda-setting abilities is unknown. The study aim was to investigate the patterns of Korean medical students' agenda solicitation. A total of 94 third-year medical students participated. One scenario involving a female patient with abdominal pain was created. Students were video-recorded as they interviewed the patient. To analyze whether students identify patients' reasons for visiting, a checklist was developed based on a modified version of the Calgary-Cambridge Guide to the Medical Interview: Communication Process checklist. The duration of the patient's initial statement of concerns was measured in seconds. The total number of patient concerns expressed before interruption and the types of interruption effected by the medical students were determined. The medical students did not explore the patients' concerns and did not negotiate an agenda. Interruption of the patient's opening statement occurred in 4.62±2.20 seconds. The most common type of initial interruption was a recompleter (79.8%). Closed-ended questions were the most common question type in the second and third interruptions. Agenda setting should be emphasized in the communication skills curriculum of medical students. The Korean Clinical Skills Exam must assess medical students' ability to set an agenda. Bowen, Sarah; Kurz, Andrew S Few smoking cessation programs are designed for college students, a unique population that may categorically differ from adolescents and adults, and thus may have different motivations to quit than the general adult population. Understanding college student motives may lead to better cessation interventions tailored to this population. Motivation to quit may differ, however, between racial groups. The current study is a secondary analysis examining primary motives in college student smokers, and differences between Asian American and Caucasian students in smoking frequency, nicotine dependence, and motives to quit. Participants (N = 97) listed personal motives to quit cigarette smoking, which were then coded into categories: health, personal relationships (e.g., friends, family, romantic partners), self-view (e.g., "addicted" or "not in control"), image in society, impact on others or the environment (e.g., second-hand smoke, pollution), and drain on personal resources (e.g., money, time). Mean number of motives were highest in the category of health, followed by personal relationships, drain on resources, self-view, image, and impact. Asian American students listed significantly fewer motives in the categories of health, self-view and image, and significantly more in the category of personal relationships than Caucasian students. Nicotine dependence was significantly higher for Asian American students. However, frequency of smoking did not differ between groups. Results may inform customization of smoking cessation programs for college students and address relevant culturally specific factors of different racial groups. Discusses strategies U.S. universities are using to deal with declining enrollments by Asian students, brought on by the Asian financial crisis. Strategies include recruiting students from other countries. (Author/VWL) Full Text Available BackgroundSelf-medication results in wastage of resources, increases resistance of pathogens and generally causes serious health hazards such as adverse drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. This study was undertaken to determine the reasons for self-medication and the pattern of self-medication among medical students.MethodThis cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore. The participants were medical students from first to final year. Medical students were selected through convenience sampling. The data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS version 16 and the results expressed as proportions.ResultsA total of 200 students, 121 (60.5% female and 79 (39.5% male, were included in the study. Of the medical students surveyed, self-medication was reported among 92%. The respondents who used self-medication found it to be time-saving in providing relief from minor ailments. The most common ailments for which self-medication were used were: the common cold (69%, fever (63% and headache (60%. The students consulted their textbooks (39% and seniors or classmates (38% for the medications. Antipyretics (71%, analgesics (65%, antihistamines (37% and antibiotics (34% were the most common self-medicated drugs. Of the respondents, 33% were unaware of the adverse effects of the medication and 5% had experienced adverse reactions. The majority (64% of students advised medications to others, more often to family and friends.ConclusionThe prevalence of self-medication among medical students is high, facilitated by the easy availability of drugs and information from textbooks or seniors. A significant number of students are unaware of the adverse effects of the medication that they themselves take and suggest to others. Therefore, potential problems of self-medication should be emphasised to the students. Museus, Samuel D.; Shiroma, Kiana; Dizon, Jude Paul Low rates of college success continue to be a persisting problem in the United States, particularly among Southeast Asian Americans and other populations of color. The purpose of the current inquiry was to understand how cultural community connections influence the success of Southeast Asian American college students. Qualitative methods were… Wong, Y. Joel; Koo, Kelly; Tran, Kimberly K.; Chiu, Yu-Chen; Mok, Yvonne The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to explore the phenomenon of suicide ideation among 293 Asian American college students. Guided by T. Joiner's (2005) interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior, the authors examined the relationships among perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, self-construals, and suicide… Medical students have made significant contributions to the medical and scientific fields in the past. Today, medical students still contribute to biomedical research; however, they often face disappointment from journals when trying to publish their findings. This led to the development of medical student journals, which take a more "student-friendly" approach. This article reviews the current medical student journals published in English and sheds light on current trends and challenges. Vujcic, Isidora; Pavlovic, Aleksandar; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Maksimovic, Jadranka; Nikolic, Aleksandra; Sipetic-Grujicic, Sandra Currently, medical cannabis polices are experiencing rapid changes, and an increasing number of nations around the world legalize medical cannabis for certain groups of patients, including those in Serbia. To determine medical students' attitudes toward medical cannabis legalization and to examine the factors influencing their attitudes. Fourth-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, had participated in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by an anonymous questionnaire. Overall, 63.4% students supported medical cannabis legalization, and only 20.8% supported its legalization for recreational use. Students who previously used marijuana (p medical cannabis legalization compared with students who never used them. Support for marijuana recreational use was also related to prior marijuana (p cancer (90.4%) and chronic pain (74.2%) were correctly reported approved medical indications by more than half the students. Students who supported medical cannabis legalization showed better knowledge about indications, in contrast to opponents for legalization who showed better knowledge about side effects. Beliefs that using medical cannabis is safe and has health benefits were correlated with support for legalization, and previous marijuana and alcohol use, while beliefs that medical cannabis poses health risks correlated most strongly with previous marijuana use. Conclusions/Importance: The medical students' attitudes toward medical cannabis legalization were significantly correlated with previous use of marijuana and alcohol, knowledge about medical indications and side effects, and their beliefs regarding medical cannabis health benefits and risks. Although cultural stereotypes of Asian students as being prone to rote learning, passive and teacher-dependent have been under criticism, the issue of the extent to which Asian heritage culture impacts on Asian students' learning attitudes and behaviour warrants further investigation. This paper reports on an empirical study which compares… Castillo, Linda G.; Zahn, Marion P.; Cano, Miguel A. The authors examined the predictors of familial acculturative stress in 85 Asian American college students. Participants were primarily 1st- and 2nd-generation U.S. citizens. Results showed that perceived acculturative family conflict and family intragroup marginalization were related to higher levels of familial acculturative stress for… Purpose: This study aims to explore Asian American students' identities and their perceptions about who they are within the Midwestern American high school setting. Design/methodology/approach: A naturalistic inquiry (Lincoln and Guba, 1985) is employed in this qualitative study. Naturalistic inquiry assumes that reality is constructed by… Parikh, Sejal B. This article describes the Asian Indian population and how the myth of the model minority can influence students' access to support services. It is important for school counselors to understand how this minority group experience stressors related to academics, career decision making, and personal/social development. Effective interventions and… Algra, Annemijn M; Dekker, Friedo W To investigate the role of scientific medical journals in Dutch medical curricula. Descriptive questionnaire study. In 2013, medical students (from year 3 onwards) at the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), were invited to respond to an online questionnaire. They were presented with 28 multiple-choice questions and 11 statements about the use of scientific medical journals in the medical curriculum. We calculated the frequencies of the answers per question and analysed differences between medical students using two-by-two tables. The questionnaire was completed by 680 (53.0%) of 1277 invited medical students enrolled at the LUMC. Most of the respondents were those doing clinical rotations (56.6%) and 60.1% had research experience. More than half of the students read at least one scientific journal a few times per month; this percentage was 38.8% among third-year students, 49.3% among fourth-year students, 60.0% among those on clinical rotation, and was higher among students with research experience (63.3%) than among those without research experience (44.1%). Nearly 90% of students agreed with the statement that the development of academic and scientific education should take place in the bachelor's phase of medical school. Medical students start to read scientific medical journals at an early phase in the medical curriculum and this increases further when students start to undertake research projects or go on clinical rotation. Medical curricula should be constructed in such a way that medical students learn to select and interpret research findings adequately for themselves before they turn to articles from scientific medical journals. Using narrative inquiry, I tell the story of an Asian Indian student attending a large mid-Atlantic university who approached me in the summer of 2002 for my master's thesis interview. She was an Indian by birth who was adopted by White parents when she was an infant. She had not been to India since. Her story provided me with rich insights into… Farquhar, Julia; Lie, Desiree; Chan, Angelique; Ow, Mandy; Vidyarthi, Arpana In order to protect medical students from burnout and its untoward psychiatric effects, it is imperative to understand their stress, burnout, coping, and resilience experiences. This study aimed to derive collective definitions from the medical student perspective, to identify common themes of students' experiences, and to distinguish pre-clinical and clinical year students' experiences relating to these four constructs. The authors conducted focus groups of medical students in Singapore across 4 years using a semi-structured question guide. Participants shared their understanding, experiences, and the relationships between stress, burnout, coping, and resilience. Coders independently evaluated construct definitions and derived common themes through an iterative process, and compared transcripts of pre-clinical and clinical year students to determine differences in experience over time. Nine focus groups (54 students, 28 females, mean age 24.3) were conducted. Students identified common definitions for each construct. Nine themes emerged within three domains: (1) relating constructs to personal experience, (2) interrelating stress, burnout, coping, and resilience, and (3) understanding the necessity of stress. Compared to clinical students, pre-clinical students reported theory-based rather than reality-based experiences and exam-induced stress, defined constructs using present rather than future situations, and described constructs as independent rather than interrelated. This sample of medical students in Singapore shares a common understanding of stress, burnout, coping, and resilience, but experiences these uniquely. They perceive a positive role for stress. These findings build upon prior literature, suggesting an interrelationship between stress and its related constructs and adding the novel perspective of students from an Asian country. Lantrip, Crystal; Mazzetti, Francesco; Grasso, Joseph; Gill, Sara; Miller, Janna; Haner, Morgynn; Rude, Stephanie; Awad, Germine This study underscored the importance of addressing the well-being of college students of Asian descent, because these students had higher rates of depression and lower positive feelings about their ethnic group compared with students of European descent, as measured by the Affirmation subscale of the Ethnic Identity Scale. Affirmation mediated… ... and Asian American Women Osteoporosis and Asian American Women Asian American women are at high risk for ... medications. Are There Any Special Issues for Asian Women Regarding Bone Health? Recent studies indicate a number ... Lin, Yi-Jiun; Flores, Lisa Y. Using a sample of 86 East Asian international graduate students, this study examined Bandura's perceived self-efficacy model (1986) in the domain of job search self-efficacy and tested the mediating effects of job search self-efficacy in the relationship between efficacy source variables and job search behaviors. Results show that both performance… O'Shea, Taryn; Thomas, Nathaniel; Webb, Bradley Todd; Dick, Danielle M; Kendler, Kenneth S; Chartier, Karen G The ALDH2*2 allele (A-allele) at rs671 is more commonly carried by Asians and is associated with alcohol-related flushing, a strong adverse reaction to alcohol that is protective against drinking. Social factors, such as having friends who binge drink, also contribute to drinking in Asian youth. This study examined the interplay between ALDH2*2, peer drinking, and alcohol consumption in college students. We hypothesized that the relationship between ALDH2*2 and standard grams of ethanol per month would vary based on the level of peer drinking. Subjects (N = 318, 63.25% female) were East Asian college students in the United States who reported drinking alcohol. Data were from the freshman year of a university survey that included a saliva DNA sample. ALDH2*2 status was coded ALDH2*2(+) (A/G and A/A genotypes) and ALDH2*2(-) (G/G genotype). Peer drinking was students' perception of how many of their friends "got drunk". Main effects of ALDH2*2(-) and having more friends who got drunk were associated with greater alcohol consumption. The ALDH2*2 × peer drunkenness interaction showed a stronger positive association with alcohol consumption for ALDH2*2(-) versus ALDH2*2(+) at increasing levels of peer drunkenness. Follow-up comparisons within each peer drunkenness level identified significantly higher alcohol consumption for ALDH2*2(-) compared to ALDH2*2(+) at the all friends got drunk level. There was evidence of a stronger effect for ALDH2*2(-) compared to ALDH2*2(+) with greater alcohol use when students were more exposed to peer drinking. Findings contribute to a growing literature on the interrelationships between genetic influences and more permissive environments for alcohol consumption. Cody J. Perry Full Text Available Asian students make up the largest proportion of international students who study in the United States. Seeking a degree in higher education can be challenging for any student, but Asian students often encounter more obstacles to completion than many other international and domestic students. Culture, family and health concerns, and safety are some of the largest concerns that this study found among Asian students in the US. The study found that East-Asian international students had more issues than students from other parts of Asia and difficulty with the English language was of major importance to respondents. In addition, safety is an issue that Asian students were concerned with while studying in the US. The study was exploratory in nature and informs the field on future avenues of research. Full Text Available Abstract Background Bullying and sexual harassment of medical students by their teachers appears to be widespread phenomenon. However, nothing is published about its prevalence in conservative countries such as Saudi Arabia. This survey aims to ascertain the extent of these mistreatments among students in a Saudi medical school. Findings A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on a group of 542 clinical years’ medical students in a Saudi medical school to explore students' perceptions of their educational environment including exposure to different kinds of bullying. Bullying was defined as “a “persistent behaviour against a medical student that is intimidating, degrading, offensive or malicious and undermines the confidence and self- esteem of the recipient”. Results revealed that more than one quarter (28.0% of the surveyed students reported exposure to some sort of bullying during their clinical. Ninety percent of the reported insults were verbal, 6% sexual and 4% physical. Males were more exposed but difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Bullying among Saudi medical students is an existing problem. A policy against bullying and harassment should be adopted in all of medical colleges to monitor this phenomenon and support students who have been bullied. Kong, Grace; Tsai, Jack; Pilver, Corey E.; Tan, Hwee Sim; Hoff, Rani A.; Cavallo, Dana; Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra; Steinberg, Marvin A.; Rugle, Loreen; Potenza, Marc N. Studies of Asian-American adults have found high estimates of problematic gambling. However, little is known about gambling behaviors and associated measures among Asian-American adolescents. This study examined gambling perceptions and behaviors and health/functioning characteristics stratified by problem-gambling severity and Asian-American and Caucasian race using cross-sectional survey data of 121 Asian-American and 1,659 Caucasian high-school students. Asian-American and Caucasian adoles... Wendi J. OTTO Full Text Available It has been widely reported that Korean-American students as a group outperform most other groups of students in terms of academic achievement due to having parents with especially high academic expectations due to traditional Confucian values. To examine this achievement, this study examines the common factors across the indigenous East Asian parenting ideologies, styles, and practices based on the perceptions of high-achieving, Korean-American primary school students through the East Asian Parenting Model. Perceptions about child development and learning, the mother-child relationship, authoritarian parenting style, and specific East Asian parenting practices are patterns explored in this study. These findings may inform teachers, pre-service teachers, and others involved in the education of Korean-American students about differentiating factors (i.e., specific East Asian parental and/or teaching practices that may be influential for explaining and improving the academic achievement for the children in this group. Wendi J. Otto Full Text Available It has been widely reported that Korean-American students as a group outperform most other groups of students in terms of academic achievement due to having parents with especially high academic expectations due to traditional Confucian values. To examine this achievement, this study examines the common factors across the indigenous East Asian parenting ideologies, styles, and practices based on the perceptions of high-achieving, Korean-American primary school students through the East Asian Parenting Model. Perceptions about child development and learning, the mother-child relationship, authoritarian parenting style, and specific East Asian parenting practices are patterns explored in this study. These findings may inform teachers, pre-service teachers, and others involved in the education of Korean-American students about differentiating factors (i.e., specific East Asian parental and/or teaching practices that may be influential for explaining and improving the academic achievement for the children in this group. Tang, Jennifer Y; Li, Chieh; Rodgers, Rachel F; Ballou, Mary Several meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of treatment utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with medication. There is, however, a paucity of research comparing the effectiveness of this combined treatment with psychiatric patients from different ethnic backgrounds. This study is the first of its kind to compare the effectiveness of CBT combined with medication for Asian American and White patients' psychiatric symptom severity levels of depression, anxiety, psychological well-being, and quality of life. The study examined the effects of CBT combined with medication for 43 Asian American and 43 White Non-Hispanic patients at an acute psychiatric partial hospital. A 2×2 between-within repeated measures analysis of variance was used. Results indicated significant improvement after treatment in all symptom categories assessed for the Asian American and White patients. The findings displayed trends over the course of treatment toward a greater decrease in anxiety symptoms among Asian patients but a larger increase in functioning level among White patients. In conclusion, the findings from this study provide preliminary cross-cultural support for CBT combined with medication as a treatment in partial hospital settings and suggest that the effectiveness of such treatments is similar across cultural groups. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V. Factors influencing medical students' choice of future specialization in medical sciences: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey from medical schools in china, malaysia and regions of South asian association for regional cooperation. Kumar, Arun; Mitra, Kasturi; Nagarajan, Sangeetha; Poudel, Bibek In future, increase in the number of healthcare professionals is dependent on the career interest among present undergraduate medical students. Based on their interest to pursue their specialty, the availability of medical doctors in each specialty could be done. This study was to find out future career interest and factors that influence undergraduate medical students to choose their future specialization. The study was carried out among first-year medical students from five countries. The students were asked to complete an 8-item questionnaire. Two thousand one hundred fifty three participants were enrolled in the study. Data were analyzed in Microsoft-Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Of the 2153 participants, only 1470 responded. Among the 1470 participants, 169 participants were excluded due to the ambiguity in responses, finally making it to 1301participants. Among them, Anatomy (49.3%) followed by Biochemistry (26.7%) and Physiology (24%) were the most preferred subjects. Anatomy was the most preferred basic science subject among the other subjects and the students were interested to pursuing surgery in future. Furthermore, the most preferred future specialties were surgery, internal medicine and pediatrics with gender variations; males preferring surgery and females in obstetrics and gynecology. Full Text Available The contributions of Korean and Taiwanese authors to the many and varied formulations of interwar pan-Asianism have so far remained a relatively unexplored subject of scholarly research, despite an unbroken interest in the trajectory of state-based Japanese pan-Asianism. Focusing on Korean students and independence activists, this article discusses alternative configurations of regional unity and solidarity that emanated from the interactions among Korean, Taiwanese, and other Asian actors who resided in Tokyo during the 1910s and 1920s. When the ethnic-nationalist interpretations of the Wilsonian principle of self-determination failed to materialize, a portion of anti-colonial activists in Asia began to emphasize the need for solidarity by drawing on what they perceived as traditional and shared “Asian” values. While challenging the Western-dominated international order of nation-states that perpetuated imperialism, such notions of Asian solidarity at the same time served as an ideology of liberation from Japanese imperialism. Examining journals published by Korean students and activists, including The Asia Kunglun, this article adds another layer to the history of pan-Asianism from below, a perspective that has often been neglected within the larger context of scholarship on pan-Asianism and Japanese imperialism in Asia. Han, Meekyung; Pong, Helen According to the 2008 U.S. Census, there are 15.5 million Asian Americans in the United States, and 17% are students enrolled in a university (Shea & Yeh, 2008). Asian American college students in higher education are oftentimes perceived as the "model minority" with high academic achievements and few mental and/or behavioral… Rosenbaum, Benjamin P; Gorrindo, Tristan L; Patel, Sanjay G; McTigue, Michael P; Rodgers, Scott M; Miller, Bonnie M The digital management of educational resources and information is becoming an important part of medical education. At Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, two medical students sought to create a website for all medical students to act as each student's individual homepage. Using widely available software and database technology, a highly customized Web portal, known as the VMS Portal, was created for medical students. Access to course material, evaluations, academic information, and community assets were customized for individual users. Modular features were added over the course of a year in response to student requests, monitoring of usage habits, and solicitation of direct student feedback. During the first 742 days of the VMS Portal's release, there were 209,460 student login sessions (282 average daily). Of 348 medical students surveyed (71% response rate), 84% agreed or strongly agreed that 'consolidated student resources made their lives easier' and 82% agreed or strongly agreed that their needs were represented by having medical students design and create the VMS Portal. In the VMS Portal project, medical students were uniquely positioned to help consolidate, integrate, and develop Web resources for peers. As other medical schools create and expand digital resources, the valuable input and perspective of medical students should be solicited. Yeh, Jih-Cheng J; Hsu, Sharon H; Mittmann, Angela J; Litt, Dana; Geisner, Irene M The number and proportion of foreign-born individuals in the U.S. population has increased in recent decades. From 1970 to 2007, the foreign-born population more than tripled to approximately 37 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 , 2008 ). Foreign-born students are a key subpopulation of college students. About 23% of U.S. undergraduate college students in 2007-2008 were either born outside of the United States (10%) or were children of at least one first-generation immigrant parent (13%; National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education [NCES], 2012 ). Asian students constitute the majority (30%) of foreign-born undergraduates. Although foreign-born Asian students compose nearly one-quarter of the college population, limited research has examined how rates of alcohol use and depression differ between foreign-born and U.S.-born Asian college students (Gonzalez, Reynolds, & Skewes, 2011 ; Ralston & Palfai, 2012 ). The limited research is worrisome given their increasing rates of college enrollment (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 ), alcohol consumption (Aud, Fox, & KewalRamani, 2010 ), alcohol abuse and dependence (Grant et al., 2004 ), and underutilization of mental health services (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001 ). Collectively, these factors point to the need for further research tailored to Asian college drinkers. Palmer, Robert T.; Maramba, Dina C. Research illustrates that the enrollments of Asian American and Latino/a students are increasing at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Nevertheless, research on how these students experience the institutional climates of HBCUs is nonexistent; hence, we sought to explore the college-choice process and perceptions of campus… Banerjee, I; Bhadury, T Self-medication is a widely prevalent practice in India. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are the future medical practitioners. To assess the pattern of self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students. Tertiary care medical college in West Bengal, India. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students. Out of 500 students of the institute, 482 consented for the study and filled in the supplied questionnaire. Fourteen incomplete questionnaires were excluded and the remaining 468 analyzed. It was found that 267 (57.05%) respondents practiced self-medication. The principal morbidities for seeking self-medication included cough and common cold as reported by 94 students (35.21%) followed by diarrhea (68 students) (25.47%), fever (42 students) (15.73%), headache (40 students) (14.98%) and pain abdomen due to heartburn/ peptic ulcer (23 students) (8.61%). Drugs/ drug groups commonly used for self-medication included antibiotics (31.09%) followed by analgesics (23.21%), antipyretics (17.98%), antiulcer agents (8.99%), cough suppressant (7.87%), multivitamins (6.37%) and antihelminthics (4.49%). Among reasons for seeking self-medication, 126 students (47.19%) felt that their illness was mild while 76 (28.46%) preferred as it is time-saving. About 42 students (15.73%) cited cost-effectiveness as the primary reason while 23 (8.62%) preferred because of urgency. Our study shows that self-medication is widely practiced among students of the institute. In this situation, faculties should create awareness and educate their students regarding advantages and disadvantages of self-medication. Dunham, Lisette; Dekhtyar, Michael; Gruener, Gregory; CichoskiKelly, Eileen; Deitz, Jennifer; Elliott, Donna; Stuber, Margaret L; Skochelak, Susan E Phenomenon: The learning environment is the physical, social, and psychological context in which a student learns. A supportive learning environment contributes to student well-being and enhances student empathy, professionalism, and academic success, whereas an unsupportive learning environment may lead to burnout, exhaustion, and cynicism. Student perceptions of the medical school learning environment may change over time and be associated with students' year of training and may differ significantly depending on the student's gender or race/ethnicity. Understanding the changes in perceptions of the learning environment related to student characteristics and year of training could inform interventions that facilitate positive experiences in undergraduate medical education. The Medical School Learning Environment Survey (MSLES) was administered to 4,262 students who matriculated at one of 23 U.S. and Canadian medical schools in 2010 and 2011. Students completed the survey at the end of each year of medical school as part of a battery of surveys in the Learning Environment Study. A mixed-effects longitudinal model, t tests, Cohen's d effect size, and analysis of variance assessed the relationship between MSLES score, year of training, and demographic variables. After controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and school, students reported worsening perceptions toward the medical school learning environment, with the worst perceptions in the 3rd year of medical school as students begin their clinical experiences, and some recovery in the 4th year after Match Day. The drop in MSLES scores associated with the transition to the clinical learning environment (-0.26 point drop in addition to yearly change, effect size = 0.52, p effect size = 0.14, p work-life balance and informal student relationships. There was some, but not complete, recovery in perceptions of the medical school learning environment in the 4th year. Insights: Perceptions of the medical school learning Full Text Available Bibi Kulsoom,1 Nasir Ali Afsar2 1Department of Biochemistry, 2Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Background: Contemporary literature suggests that medical education might adversely affect students’ mental health. Alfaisal University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is a developing institution; hence, there has been a concern regarding the mental well-being of the students.Objectives: This study was designed to assess the traits of depression, anxiety, and stress among students in relation to potential underlying reasons.Methods: All 575 medical students across the 5 years of study participated by filling out the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21 questionnaire anonymously twice. Firstly, 2–3 weeks before a major examination (pre-examination, and secondly, during regular classes (post-examination. Correlation was sought regarding sex, year of scholarship, attendance of a premedical university preparatory program (UPP, housing, and smoking. Subjective comments from students were also obtained.Results: A total of 76.8% and 74.9% of students participated in pre- and post-examination groups, respectively. The majority were the children of expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia, and included Arabs, South Asians, and North Americans. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was high (43%, 63%, and 41%, respectively which reduced (to 30%, 47%, and 30%, respectively to some extent after examinations. Saudis and those who had attended UPP had higher DASS-21 scores. Smoking and female sex predicted higher levels of “baseline” depression, anxiety, or stress. The students perceived the curriculum and schedule to be the primary causes of their high DASS-21 scores.Conclusion: The students had high “baseline” traits of depression, anxiety, and stress, and these were higher if an examination was near, especially among Saudis and those who had attended UPP. Smoking and female sex Rahman, Nik Hisamuddin; Tanaka, Hideharu; Shin, Sang Do; Ng, Yih Yng; Piyasuwankul, Thammapad; Lin, Chih-Hao; Ong, Marcus Eng Hock One of the key principles in the recommended standards is that emergency medical service (EMS) providers should continuously monitor the quality and safety of their services. This requires service providers to implement performance monitoring using appropriate and relevant measures including key performance indicators. In Asia, EMS systems are at different developmental phases and maturity. This will create difficultly in benchmarking or assessing the quality of EMS performance across the region. An attempt was made to compare the EMS performance index based on the structure, process, and outcome analysis. The data was collected from the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcome Study (PAROS) data among few Asian cities, namely, Tokyo, Osaka, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Taipei, and Seoul. The parameters of inclusions were broadly divided into structure, process, and outcome measurements. The data was collected by the site investigators from each city and keyed into the electronic web-based data form which is secured strictly by username and passwords. Generally, there seems to be a more uniformity for EMS performance parameters among the more developed EMS systems. The major problem with the EMS agencies in the cities of developing countries like Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur is inadequate or unavailable data pertaining to EMS performance. There is non-uniformity in the EMS performance measurement across the Asian cities. This creates difficulty for EMS performance index comparison and benchmarking. Hopefully, in the future, collaborative efforts such as the PAROS networking group will further enhance the standardization in EMS performance reporting across the region. Wong, Felicia K; Pi, Edmond H Asians comprise more than 60% of the world's population and are the fastest growing minority group in the United States. Today's psychiatrist must learn to recognize and appreciate the unique factors that influence mental health outcomes in this group. Asian Americans are affected by psychiatric disorders at similar rates as non-Asians, but are significantly underrepresented in psychiatric clinics. When Asians and Asian Americans do present for psychiatric treatment, they often do so with higher severity of illness, and variable levels of compliance. Studies over the past three decades have suggested that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of various psychotropic medications may be different in Asians, leading to differences in dosage requirements and side-effect profiles. These variations appear to be largely determined by genetic predisposition, but are also influenced by other factors such as environment, social support, cultural perceptions, and physicians' prescribing habits. In this paper, we provide an overview of biological and socio-cultural issues as they relate to psychopharmacology in Asians and Asian Americans, with the hope that a better understanding of these issues will lead to improved mental health care delivery to this population both in the United States, as well as in Asian countries. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Little research has been done to investigate the influence of cultural differences on students' second/foreign language learning styles, with a focus on comparing between East and West classroom cultures. This study investigates the differences that East Asian students may encounter when studying in the English-medium academic environment. By… Full Text Available Background: Self-medication is a widely prevalent practice in India. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are the future medical practitioners. Aim: To assess the pattern of self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students. Settings and Design: Tertiary care medical college in West Bengal, India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students. Results: Out of 500 students of the institute, 482 consented for the study and filled in the supplied questionnaire. Fourteen incomplete questionnaires were excluded and the remaining 468 analyzed. It was found that 267 (57.05% respondents practiced self-medication. The principal morbidities for seeking self-medication included cough and common cold as reported by 94 students (35.21% followed by diarrhea (68 students (25.47%, fever (42 students (15.73%, headache (40 students (14.98% and pain abdomen due to heartburn/ peptic ulcer (23 students (8.61%. Drugs/ drug groups commonly used for self-medication included antibiotics (31.09% followed by analgesics (23.21%, antipyretics (17.98%, antiulcer agents (8.99%, cough suppressant (7.87%, multivitamins (6.37% and antihelminthics (4.49%. Among reasons for seeking self-medication, 126 students (47.19% felt that their illness was mild while 76 (28.46% preferred as it is time-saving. About 42 students (15.73% cited cost-effectiveness as the primary reason while 23 (8.62% preferred because of urgency. Conclusion: Our study shows that self-medication is widely practiced among students of the institute. In this situation, faculties should create awareness and educate their students regarding advantages and disadvantages of self-medication. Zink, Brian J; Hammoud, Maya M; Middleton, Eric; Moroney, Donney; Schigelone, Amy In 1999, the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) initiated a new career development program (CDP). The CDP incorporates the 4-phase career development model described by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Careers in Medicine (CiM). The CDP offers self-assessment exercises with guidance from trained counselors for 1st- and 2nd-year medical students. Career exploration experiences include Career Seminar Series luncheons, shadow experiences with faculty, and a shadow program with second-year (M2) and fourth-year (M4) medical students. During the decision-making phase, students work with trained faculty career advisors (FCA). Mandatory sessions are held on career selection, preparing the residency application, interviewing, and program evaluation. During the implementation phase, students meet with deans or counselors to discuss residency application and matching. An "at-risk plan" assists students who may have difficulty matching. The CiM Web site is extensively used during the 4 stages. Data from the AAMC and UMMS Graduation Questionnaires (GQ) show significant improvements for UMMS students in overall satisfaction with career planning services and with faculty mentoring, career assessment activities, career information, and personnel availability. By 2003, UMMS students had significantly higher satisfaction in all measured areas of career planning services when compared with all other U.S. medical students. Park, Clara C. Investigates for perceptual learning style preferences (auditory, visual, kinesthetic, and tactile) and preferences for group and individual leaning of Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese secondary education students. Comparison analysis reveals diverse learning style preferences between Anglo and Asian American students and also between… Li, David C. S.; Chuk, Joanne Y. P. Based on qualitative data obtained from 15 South Asian (SA) B.Ed. (EL) (Bachelor of Education in English Language) students, this study reports on SA students' difficulty in mastering Mandarin-based written Chinese and the vernacular Cantonese in Hong Kong. For convenience, SA here also refers to students whose homeland is the Philippines. Since… Wu, Wenli; Hammond, Michael This paper reports on the adjustment of East Asian Master's level students who came to study at a campus-based university in the UK during 2004-05. International students face challenges in respect to language proficiency, academic expectations and social participation. In this longitudinal study the experiences of a group of students from East… Curry, Saundra E There are many reasons for evaluating our approach and improving our teaching of America's future doctors, whether they become anesthesiologists (recruitment) or participate in patient management in the perioperative period (general patient care). Teaching medical students the seminal aspects of any medical specialty is a continual challenge. Although no definitive curricula or single clinical approach has been defined, certain key features can be ascertained from clinical experience and the literature. A survey was conducted among US anesthesiology teaching programs regarding the teaching content and approaches currently used to teach US medical students clinical anesthesia. Using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education website that lists 133 accredited anesthesiology programs, residency directors were contacted via e-mail. Based on those responses and follow-up phone calls, teaching representatives from 125 anesthesiology departments were identified and asked via e-mail to complete a survey. The survey was returned by 85 programs, yielding a response rate of 68% of individuals contacted and 63% of all departments. Ninety-one percent of the responding departments teach medical students, most in the final 2 years of medical school. Medical student exposure to clinical anesthesia occurred as elective only at 42% of the institutions, was requirement only at 16% of responding institutions, and the remainder had both elective and required courses. Anesthesiology faculty at 43% of the responding institutions reported teaching in the preclinical years of medical school, primarily in the departments of pharmacology and physiology. Forty-five percent of programs reported interdisciplinary teaching with other departments teaching classes such as gross anatomy. There is little exposure of anesthesiology faculty to medical students in other general courses. Teaching in the operating room is the primary teaching method in the clinical years. Students are Lin, Chaou-Shune; Tsou, Kuo-Inn; Cho, Shu-Ling; Hsieh, Ming-Shium; Wu, Hsi-Chin; Lin, Chyi-Her Moral orientation can affect ethical decision-making. Very few studies have focused on whether medical education can change the moral orientation of the students. The purpose of the present study was to document the types of moral orientation exhibited by medical students, and to study if their moral orientation was changed after preclinical education. From 2007 to 2009, the Mojac scale was used to measure the moral orientation of Taiwan medical students. The students included 271 first-year and 109 third-year students. They were rated as a communitarian, dual, or libertarian group and followed for 2 years to monitor the changes in their Mojac scores. In both first and third-year students, the dual group after 2 years of preclinical medical education did not show any significant change. In the libertarian group, first and third-year students showed a statistically significant increase from a score of 99.4 and 101.3 to 103.0 and 105.7, respectively. In the communitarian group, first and third-year students showed a significant decline from 122.8 and 126.1 to 116.0 and 121.5, respectively. During the preclinical medical education years, students with communitarian orientation and libertarian orientation had changed in their moral orientation to become closer to dual orientation. These findings provide valuable hints to medical educators regarding bioethics education and the selection criteria of medical students for admission. Asian Americans have been recognized as the "model minority" in the United States since the 1960s. Students from Asian countries are winning in international competitions, especially in science and mathematics. Modern Western scholars working within the constructivist learning theory advocate malleable intelligence and effort, which… Walker, Beth; Wallace, Deirdre; Mangera, Zaheer; Gill, Deborah A small number of medical students elect to work as health care assistants (HCAs) during or prior to their undergraduate training. There is a significant body of evidence in the literature regarding the impact of HCA experience on student nurses; however, little research has examined the effects of such experience on medical students. All fourth-year medical students with self-declared experience as HCAs from a single UK medical school were invited to participate in focus groups to explore their experiences and perceptions. Ten students from the year group took part. Participants felt that their experience as HCAs enhanced their learning in the workplace through becoming 'ward smart', helping them to become socialised into the world of health care, providing early meaningful and humanised patient interaction, and increasing their understanding of multidisciplinary team (MDT) members' roles. Little research has examined the effects of [HCA] experience on medical students DISCUSSION: Becoming 'ward smart' and developing a sense of belonging are central to maximising learning in, from and through work on the ward. Experience as a HCA provides a range of learning and social opportunities for medical students, and legitimises their participation within clinical communities. HCA experience also seems to benefit in the 'hard to reach' dimensions of medical training: empathy; humanisation of patient care; professional socialisation; and providing a sense of belonging within health care environments. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and The Association for the Study of Medical Education. Kulsoom, Bibi; Afsar, Nasir Ali Contemporary literature suggests that medical education might adversely affect students' mental health. Alfaisal University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is a developing institution; hence, there has been a concern regarding the mental well-being of the students. This study was designed to assess the traits of depression, anxiety, and stress among students in relation to potential underlying reasons. All 575 medical students across the 5 years of study participated by filling out the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire anonymously twice. Firstly, 2-3 weeks before a major examination (pre-examination), and secondly, during regular classes (post-examination). Correlation was sought regarding sex, year of scholarship, attendance of a premedical university preparatory program (UPP), housing, and smoking. Subjective comments from students were also obtained. A total of 76.8% and 74.9% of students participated in pre-and post-examination groups, respectively. The majority were the children of expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia, and included Arabs, South Asians, and North Americans. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was high (43%, 63%, and 41%, respectively) which reduced (to 30%, 47%, and 30%, respectively) to some extent after examinations. Saudis and those who had attended UPP had higher DASS-21 scores. Smoking and female sex predicted higher levels of "baseline" depression, anxiety, or stress. The students perceived the curriculum and schedule to be the primary causes of their high DASS-21 scores. The students had high "baseline" traits of depression, anxiety, and stress, and these were higher if an examination was near, especially among Saudis and those who had attended UPP. Smoking and female sex predicted higher levels of "baseline" depression, anxiety, or stress. Students suggested that study burden and a busy schedule were the major reasons for their high DASS-21 scores. Fernandes, Karayna Gil; Camargo, Rodrigo Pauperio Soares; Duarte, Graciana Alves; Faúndes, Anibal; Sousa, Maria Helena; Maia Filho, Nelson Lourenço; Pacagnella, Rodolfo Carvalho To assess the knowledge of Brazilian medical students regarding medical abortion (MA) and the use of misoprostol for MA, and to investigate factors influencing their knowledge. All students from 3 medical schools in São Paulo State were invited to complete a pretested structured questionnaire with precoded response categories. A set of 12 statements on the use and effects of misoprostol for MA assessed their level of knowledge. Of about 1260 students invited to participate in the study, 874 completed the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 69%. The χ(2) test was used for the bivariate analysis, which was followed by multiple regression analysis. Although all students in their final year of medical school had heard of misoprostol for termination of pregnancy, and 88% reported having heard how to use it, only 8% showed satisfactory knowledge of its use and effects. Academic level was the only factor associated with the indicators of knowledge investigated. The very poor knowledge of misoprostol use for MA demonstrated by the medical students surveyed at 3 medical schools makes the review and updating of the curriculum urgently necessary. Copyright © 2012 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Wendi J. Otto It has been widely reported that Korean-American students as a group outperform most other groups of students in terms of academic achievement due to having parents with especially high academic expectations due to traditional Confucian values. To examine this achievement, this study examines the common factors across the indigenous East Asian parenting ideologies, styles, and practices based on the perceptions of high-achieving, Korean-American primary school students through the East Asian ... Li, Jiaqi; Wang, Yanlin; Xiao, Feiya The present article reports a systematic review of the studies related to psychological well-being among East Asian international students. A total of 18 quantitative studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2011 were reviewed. Our review revealed three major results: (1) a majority of researchers (n = 13, 72.2%) tend to choose… An increasing number of university students in Canada are from East Asian countries and enrolled in graduate programs. For these students, unique factors may contribute to a stressful study environment, which in turn can impact academic performance. This article draws on literature to identify five such factors and appropriate coping strategies:… Meng, Yu; Hanson, Sandra L. Both race and sex continue to be factors that stratify entry into science education and occupations in the United States. Asian-Americans (men and women) have experienced considerable success in the sciences and have earned the label of "model minority." The complexities and patterns involved in this success remain elusive. We use several concepts coming out of the status attainment framework and a multicultural gender perspective to explore the way in which race and sex come together to influence choices of science major and degree. Our sample consists of Asian-American and white students in the National Educational Longitudinal Study. Findings suggest that being male and being Asian-American are both associated with higher chances of pursuing majors and degrees in science. The male advantage is greater than the Asian-American advantage. Findings also suggest that race and sex interact in the science decision. For example, race differences (with an Asian-American advantage) in choice of science major are significant for women but not men. Sex differences (with a male advantage) in choice of science major are significant in the white, but not the Asian-American sample. A different set of race and sex patterns is revealed in the science degree models. Processes associated with family socioeconomic status and student characteristics help to explain race and sex patterns. Findings suggest that when Asian-American youths have closer ties to the Asian culture, they are more likely to choose science majors and degrees. Implications for policy, practice, and research in science education are discussed. Palmer, Robert T.; Maramba, Dina C. Given that Southeast Asian American (SEAA) students are severely underrepresented in higher education and less likely to persistence to graduation compared to other ethnic groups in the Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, this study explored critical factors to their college success. Indeed, several themes emerged from this national… Full Text Available Abstract Background The aim was to explore the structures for managing student fitness to practise hearings in medical schools in the UK. We surveyed by email the named fitness to practise leads of all full members of the UK Medical Schools Council with a medical undergraduate programme. We asked whether student fitness to practise cases were considered by a committee/panel dedicated to medicine, or by one which also considered other undergraduate health and social care students. Findings All 31 medical schools responded. 19 medical schools had a fitness to practise committee dealing with medical students only. Three had a committee that dealt with students of medicine and dentistry. One had a committee that dealt with students of medicine and veterinary medicine. Eight had a committee that dealt with students of medicine and two or more other programmes, such as dentistry, nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, dietetics, social work, pharmacy, psychology, audiology, speech therapy, operating department practice, veterinary medicine and education. Conclusion All 31 UK medical schools with undergraduate programmes have a fitness to practise committee to deal with students whose behaviour has given rise to concern about their fitness to practise. The variation in governance structures for student fitness to practise committees/panels can in part be explained by variations in University structures and the extent to which Universities co-manage undergraduate medicine with other courses. Andresen, Nicholas S; Olson, Tyler S; Krasowski, Matthew D Attitudes towards conflict of interest (COI) and COI policy are shaped during medical school and influence both the education of medical students and their future medical practice. Understanding the current attitudes of medical students and medical school teaching faculty may provide insight into what is taught about COI and COI policy within the 'hidden' medical curriculum. Differences between medical student and medical school teaching faculty perceptions of COI and COI policy have not been compared in detail. The authors surveyed first year medical students and medical school teaching faculty at one academic medical center. The response rate was 98.7% (150/152) for students and 34.2% (69/202) for faculty. Students were less likely than faculty to agree that lecturers should disclose COI to any learners (4.06 vs. 4.31, p = 0.01), but more likely to agree that COI disclosure decreases the presentation of biased material (3.80 vs. 3.21, p < 0.001). Student and faculty responses for all other questions were not different. Many of these responses suggest student and faculty support for stronger COI policy at academic medical centers. Students and faculty perceptions regarding COI and COI policy are largely similar, but differ in terms of the perceived effectiveness of COI disclosure. This study also suggests that medical students and medical school teaching faculty support for stronger COI policy at academic medical centers. Bacchi, Stephen; Licinio, Julio The purpose of this study is to review studies published in English between 1 January 2000 and 16 June 2014, in peer-reviewed journals, that have assessed the prevalence of depression, comparing medical students and non-medical students with a single evaluation method. The databases PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for eligible articles. Searches used combinations of the Medical Subject Headings medical student and depression. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to determine eligibility before full-text articles were retrieved, which were then also reviewed. Twelve studies met eligibility criteria. Non-medical groups surveyed included dentistry, business, humanities, nursing, pharmacy, and architecture students. One study found statistically significant results suggesting that medical students had a higher prevalence of depression than groups of non-medical students; five studies found statistically significant results indicating that the prevalence of depression in medical students was less than that in groups of non-medical students; four studies found no statistically significant difference, and two studies did not report on the statistical significance of their findings. One study was longitudinal, and 11 studies were cross-sectional. While there are limitations to these comparisons, in the main, the reviewed literature suggests that medical students have similar or lower rates of depression compared to certain groups of non-medical students. A lack of longitudinal studies meant that potential common underlying causes could not be discerned, highlighting the need for further research in this area. The high rates of depression among medical students indicate the continuing need for interventions to reduce depression. Young, Jennifer T. Research has shown that international students experience acculturation stress while adjusting to life in the U.S., resolving over time. However, acculturation stress can be exacerbated by several factors, leading to a negative impact on academic performance and general wellness. Asian international students traditionally underutilize counseling… Druce, Maralyn R; Hickey, Andrea; Warrens, Anthony N; Westwood, Olwyn M R After a number of high-profile incidents and national reports, it has become clear that all health professionals and all medical students must be able to raise concerns about a colleague's behavior if this behavior puts patients, colleagues, or themselves at risk.Detailed evidence from medical students about their confidence to raise concerns is limited, together with examples of barriers, which impair their ability to do so. We describe a questionnaire survey of medical students in a single-center, examining self-reported confidence about raising concerns in a number of possible scenarios. Thematic analysis was applied to comments about barriers identified.Although 80% of respondents felt confident to report a patient safety issue, students were less confident around issues of probity, attitude, and conduct. This needs to be addressed to create clear mechanisms to raise concerns, as well as support for students during the process. Henfield, Malik S.; Woo, Hongryun; Lin, Yi-Chun; Rausch, Meredith A. There is a considerable history of misunderstandings associated with Asian American in education. Although many educators and scholars have begun to pay more attention to unique issues associated with this population, studies exploring these students' experiences as honors students in collegiate contexts are scant in the educational literature.… Windsor Westbrook Sherrill, Ph.D., MBA Full Text Available Background: An increasing number of medical schools are offering dual degree MD/MBA programs. Career choices and factors influencing students to enter these programs provide an indicator of the roles in which dual degree students will serve in health care as well as the future of dual degree programs. Purpose: Using career choice theory as a conceptual framework, career goals and factors influencing decisions to enter dual degree programs were assessed among dual degree medical students. Methods: Students enrolled at dual degree programs at six medical schools were surveyed and interviewed. A control group of traditional medical students was also surveyed. Results: Factors influencing students to seek both medical and business training are varied but are often related to a desire for leadership opportunities, concerns about change in medicine and job security and personal career goals. Most students expect to combine clinical and administrative roles. Conclusions: Students entering these programs do so for a variety of reasons and plan diverse careers. These findings can provide guidance for program development and recruitment for dual degree medical education programs Windsor Westbrook Sherrill, Ph.D., MBA Full Text Available Background: An increasing number of medical schools are offering dual degree MD/MBA programs. Career choices and factors influencing students to enter these programs provide an indicator of the roles in which dual degree students will serve in health care as well as the future of dual degree programs. Purpose: Using career choice theory as a conceptual framework, career goals and factors influencing decisions to enter dual degree programs were assessed among dual degree medical students. Methods: Students enrolled at dual degree programs at six medical schools were surveyed and interviewed. A control group of traditional medical students was also surveyed. Results: Factors influencing students to seek both medical and business training are varied but are often related to a desire for leadership opportunities, concerns about change in medicine and job security and personal career goals. Most students expect to combine clinical and administrative roles. Conclusions: Students entering these programs do so for a variety of reasons and plan diverse careers. These findings can provide guidance for program development and recruitment for dual degree medical education program Sherrill, Windsor Westbrook An increasing number of medical schools are offering dual degree MD/MBA programs. Career choices and factors influencing students to enter these programs provide an indicator of the roles in which dual degree students will serve in health care as well as the future of dual degree programs. Using career choice theory as a conceptual framework, career goals and factors influencing decisions to enter dual degree programs were assessed among dual degree medical students. Students enrolled at dual degree programs at six medical schools were surveyed and interviewed. A control group of traditional medical students was also surveyed. Factors influencing students to seek both medical and business training are varied but are often related to a desire for leadership opportunities, concerns about change in medicine and job security and personal career goals. Most students expect to combine clinical and administrative roles. Students entering these programs do so for a variety of reasons and plan diverse careers. These findings can provide guidance for program development and recruitment for dual degree medical education programs. Garrett Park Press, MD. This resource guide provides data on minorities enrolled in 500 colleges and universities. Descriptions of each institution are followed by total student enrollment and the percentage of students from four minority groups: Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Native American. The types of academic programs offered by the institution are illustrated by… Khalid, A K Teenagers and young adultshave the most risk of unplanned pregnancy, due to lack of awareness to see a family planning provider after unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, nearly one in five physicians is reluctant to provide information regarding Emergency Contraception (EC) to women and this may contribute to their lack of awareness. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the use of EC between medical related students compared to non-medical related students. Data collection was done using questionnaires distributed among students in University College Cork (UCC). 93% of medically related students were aware of EC compared to only 73.5% of non-medically related students. Medical related students also were more aware about the mechanism of action and detailed knowledge of EC compared to the non-medical students. This study has proven that medically related students have more detailed knowledge regarding EC compared to non-medical related students. However, there was no significant difference noted regarding the attitude and practice between the two groups. The purpose of this study was to examine what career development variables, according to the Social Cognitive Career Theory, contribute to career decision-making self-efficacy, one of the key components of career development in a sample of Asian American undergraduate college students. The career literature is historically limited in empirical… Majumder, Md. Anwarul Azim; Rahman, Sayeeda; D?Souza, Urban JA; Elbeheri, Gad; Abdulrahman, Khalid Bin; Huq, M Muzaherul Md. Anwarul Azim Majumder1, Sayeeda Rahman2, Urban JA D’Souza3, Gad Elbeheri4, Khalid Bin Abdulrahman5, M Muzaherul Huq61,2Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, Bradford, UK; 3School of Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; 4Centre for Child Evaluation and Teaching, Kuwait; 5College of Medicine, Al-Imam University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Centre for Medical Education (CME), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Ba... Full Text Available Abstract Background The Medical Student Research Programme is a national education and grant scheme for medical students who wish to carry out research in parallel with their studies. The purpose of the programme is to increase recruitment of people with a standard medical degree to medical research. The Research Programme was established in 2002 and underwent a thorough evaluation during the spring of 2007. The evaluation should investigate if the programme had fulfilled its objectives of increased recruitment to medical research, in addition to the students' and supervisors' satisfaction of the programme, and unwanted differences between the universities. Methods Data was collected from students, supervisors and administrative staff via web-based questionnaires. Information about admission, implementation, results achieved and satisfaction was analysed and compared between the four Norwegian medical schools. In addition, the position of the scheme in relation to the national Quality Reform of Higher Education was analysed. Results At the end of 2006, the Medical Student Research Programme had recruited 265 medical students to research. These consisted of 214 active students, 35 who had completed their studies and only 17 who had dropped out. Both students and supervisors were generally very satisfied with the scheme, including the curriculum, the results achieved and the administrative service. The majority of students wanted to continue their research towards a PhD and, of those who had completed the Medical Student Research Programme, practically all had published one or several scientific papers. The survey showed only small differences between the four medical schools, despite their choice of somewhat different solutions in terms of administration and organisation. The Medical Student Research Programme satisfies the majority of the demands of the Quality Reform, however as an integrated research programme aimed at a PhD it presupposes Hunskaar, Steinar; Breivik, Jarle; Siebke, Maje; Tømmerås, Karin; Figenschau, Kristian; Hansen, John-Bjarne Background The Medical Student Research Programme is a national education and grant scheme for medical students who wish to carry out research in parallel with their studies. The purpose of the programme is to increase recruitment of people with a standard medical degree to medical research. The Research Programme was established in 2002 and underwent a thorough evaluation during the spring of 2007. The evaluation should investigate if the programme had fulfilled its objectives of increased recruitment to medical research, in addition to the students' and supervisors' satisfaction of the programme, and unwanted differences between the universities. Methods Data was collected from students, supervisors and administrative staff via web-based questionnaires. Information about admission, implementation, results achieved and satisfaction was analysed and compared between the four Norwegian medical schools. In addition, the position of the scheme in relation to the national Quality Reform of Higher Education was analysed. Results At the end of 2006, the Medical Student Research Programme had recruited 265 medical students to research. These consisted of 214 active students, 35 who had completed their studies and only 17 who had dropped out. Both students and supervisors were generally very satisfied with the scheme, including the curriculum, the results achieved and the administrative service. The majority of students wanted to continue their research towards a PhD and, of those who had completed the Medical Student Research Programme, practically all had published one or several scientific papers. The survey showed only small differences between the four medical schools, despite their choice of somewhat different solutions in terms of administration and organisation. The Medical Student Research Programme satisfies the majority of the demands of the Quality Reform, however as an integrated research programme aimed at a PhD it presupposes access to PhD courses before the ... life as a plastic surgeon and the ability of plastic surgeons to provide good role models for medical students. Female medical students were more concerned with gender equity and work-life balance in selecting plastic surgery compared to male medical students. Keywords: Career, medical students, millennial generation, ... Han, Suejung; Pistole, M. Carole; Caldwell, Jarred M. This study examined parental and professor attachment as buffers against acculturative stress and as predictors of college adjustment of 210 Asian international students (AISs). Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed that acculturative stress negatively and secure parental and professor attachment positively predicted academic… Aarnio, Matti; Nieminen, Juha; Pyörälä, Eeva; Lindblom-Ylänne, Sari This study examined teaching teamwork skills to first-year medical students. Teamwork skills focused on verbal communication in PBL-tutorial sessions and in healthcare teams. The aim was to find out how to teach teamwork skills to first-year medical students and how to motivate them to learn these skills. Three consecutive classes of first-year medical students (N = 342) participated in teamwork skills module in the years 2006, 2007 and 2008. After the first year, the introduction to the topic was revised in order to be more motivating to medical students. After each module data were collected with a feedback questionnaire containing numerical and open questions. By analyzing the students' numerical answers and the content of students' open answers regarding the module, we examined how the revised introduction affected students' perceptions of the usefulness of the module. Medical students' feedback in the years 1 (n = 81), 2 (n = 99) and 3 (n = 95) showed that the students found the module in the second and third years significantly more useful than in the first year. These results support earlier findings that clearly stated clinical relevance motivates medical students. When introducing multidisciplinary subjects to medical students, it is important to think through the clinical relevance of the topic and how it is introduced to medical students. Full Text Available Objective: This study was aimed at studying efficacy of medical management of corneal opacity in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus. Material and methods: A 42 years old male Asian elephant was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU with a history of chronic lacrimation and impaired vision. On clinical examination, the animal was found apparently healthy. Opthalmological examination tentatively revealed the condition as corneal opacity. The left eye was much more affected as compared to the right one. Medical management was instituted with topical administration of ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, subconjunctival prednisolone and dexamethasone along with intramuscular ketoprofen (at 1 mg/Kg bwt and vitamin A (at 5000 IU/Kg bwt. Results: The mahout (elepenat caretaker of the elephant was kept in close contact over cell phone to follow up the progress of the condition. Clinical examination after 19 days revealed complete recovery of the cornel opacity. There was no sign of lacrimation and the animal regained its normal vision. Conclusion: The treatment protocol successfully eliminated the discomfort along with corneal opacity and lacrimation in an Asian elephant. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000: 98-100 Brown, Colin; Rudkjøbing, Andreas Medical students of the world have signalled their commitment to health promotion by prohibiting smoking at the semiannual general assembly meetings of the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA). Although initially adopted in 2000, the smoke-free bylaw took 5 years...... to come into force. This year finally saw compliance with the bylaw on March 1, 2005, at the IFMSA General Assembly in Antalya, Turkey, when medical students who wanted to smoke had to do so outside.... Harries, Michael D; Kim, Suck Won; Grant, Jon E Understanding obsessive-compulsive behavior in medical students and law students is necessary for administrators and educators to properly work with students struggling with obsessionality. We aim to compare the differences in obsessive symptoms between medical students, law students and a control population. A total of 100 third-year medical students, 102 third-year law students and 103 control subjects drawn from the general population completed the Leyton Obsessional Inventory (LOI). Subjects were examined on all three sections (symptoms/traits, resistance and interference) of the LOI. Obsessional symptom scores for medical students (14.29 ± 7.33) and law students (13.65 ± 6.61) were significantly greater than for the control group (11.58 ± 7.45). Medical and law students were both more likely to report checking, order, routine and attention to detail as obsessive symptoms. Medical students were more likely than law students to possess the obsessive symptoms of cleanliness and conscientiousness, while law students were more likely than medical students to possess obsessive symptoms related to difficulty in making up their mind and doubting themselves. While medical students and law students are more obsessional than the control population, each group is more likely to report different obsessive symptoms. Giberti, F; Corsini, G; Rovida, S In the last years research on the didactics of Psychiatry and opinions of medical students on Psychiatry has gained great interest. The authors think that this research could be useful for the improvement of didactics, for better understanding the meanings of professional choice, the identity of psychiatrist and their relationship with colleagues in other medical field. The goal of this research work was a preliminary survey of Genoese University Medical Student's opinions about psychiatry didactics, and choice of specialization. A questionnaire was submitted to all the students who passed Clinical Psychiatry examination in the period from November 1987 to December 1988. The students were divided in two randomized groups: the first group of students (224) was submitted to the questionnaire immediately after Clinical Psychiatry examination; while to the second group of students (66) the questionnaire was mailed. The aim of the questions was to assess the student's opinions on psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, the career they wanted to take up, and the difficulties of studying psychiatry: 69% of the students of the first group and 42% of the students of the second group answered the questionnaire. Female students answered that they preferred psychiatric specialization more than their male colleagues did, but the difference has no statistical importance. In most cases, the students who answered that they have taken into account psychiatry as a choice of specialisation, are more interested in medical specialties (primary care, etc.) than in surgical specialties. Most of the medical students declare some emotional troubles (anxiety, sleeplessness, problem in social relations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Ackuaku-Dogbe, E M; Abaidoo, B Breakfast is often thought to be the most important meal of the day as it is known to provide energy for the brain and improve learning. It is also known to contribute significantly to the total daily energy and nutrient intake. Skipping breakfast may affect performance during the rest of the day. To determine the level of breakfast skipping among medical students and its effect on their attention span and level of fatigue during clinical sessions. A descriptive cross-sectional study of breakfast eating habits among medical students at the University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu-Accra. The University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu-Accra. Questionnaires were distributed to second year (pre-clinical) medical students studying the basic sciences and clinical students in ophthalmology to be self-administered. Interview data was captured and analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. The total number of pre-clinical students recruited was 154 and clinical students 163 bringing to a total of 317 students made up of 203 males and 114 females (M: F=1.8:1). The overall breakfast skipping among the students was 71.92%. The prevalence among the pre-clinical students was 76.62% and clinical students 67.48%. Generally, breakfast skipping was significantly related to fatigue and poor attention during clinical sessions. This study suggests that the medical students, both pre-clinical and clinical, skip breakfast and this may affect their studies adversely. Pan, Y L; Dixon, Z; Himburg, S; Huffman, F To collect information on changes in dietary patterns among Asian students before and after immigration to the United States. A questionnaire designed to collect information about background, changes in food habits, and frequency of food consumption from a 72-item food list was mailed to subjects. Potential participants were students of local universities and junior colleges who were born in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, or Korea and were aged 18 years or older. All subjects were required to have been residing in the United States for at least 3 months before the start of the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 120 potential participants. Paired t tests were used to determine differences in eating patterns and frequency of food consumption of subjects before and after immigrating to the United States. Seventy-one questionnaires were returned. Because of missing information on 8 of these questionnaires, only 63 were used in the analysis, which gave a response rate of 53%. The number of students consuming only 2 meals per day increased significantly; 29 (46%) respondents skipped breakfast because of their school schedules. Despite no significant change in the frequency of snack consumption, a majority (n = 46; 73%) of the respondents were consuming more salty and sweet snack items. Subjects were eating out less often, but they were selecting more American-style fast foods when they did eat out. Significant increases were noted in consumption of fats/sweets, diary products, and fruits, and significant decreases were noted in the consumption of meat/meat alternatives and vegetables after immigration to the United States. Results of this study could be useful to dietetics practitioners as they observe changes in dietary patterns of Asian immigrants. These health professionals can use this information to plan nutrition education programs for Asian groups so that they can make informed decisions in adapting to new eating patterns and make wise food choices in their Deo, Madhav G In most parts of the world, medical education is predominantly geared to create service personnel for medical and health services. Training in research is ignored, which is a major handicap for students who are motivated to do research. The main objective of this study was to develop, for such students, a cost-effective 'in-study' research training module that could be adopted even by medical colleges, which have a modest research infrastructure, in different regions of India. Short-duration workshops on the clinical and laboratory medicine research methods including clinical protocol development were held in different parts of India to facilitate participation of students from various regions. Nine workshops covering the entire country were conducted between July 2010 and December 2011. Participation was voluntary and by invitation only to the recipients of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Short-term Studentship programme (ICMR- STS), which was taken as an index of students' research motivation. Faculty was drawn from the medical institutions in the region. All expenses on students, including their travel, and that of the faculty were borne by the academy. Impact of the workshop was judged by the performance of the participants in pre- and post-workshop tests with multiple-choice questions (MCQs) containing the same set of questions. There was no negative marking. Anonymous student feedback was obtained using a questionnaire. Forty-one per cent of the 1009 invited students attended the workshops. These workshops had a positive impact on the participants. Only 20% students could pass and just 2.3% scored >80% marks in the pre-workshop test. There was a three-fold increase in the pass percentage and over 20% of the participants scored >80% marks (A grade) in the post-workshop test. The difference between the pre- and post- workshop performance was statistically significant at all the centres. In the feedback from participants, the workshop received an average Han, Min-Yan; Chen, Wei-Qing; Wen, Xiao-Zhong; Liang, Cai-Hua; Ling, Wen-Hua Previous studies in the world reported inconsistent results about the relationship of medical professional education with medical students' smoking behaviors, and no similar research had been published in China. This paper aims to explore whether the differences of smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors existed between medical and non-medical undergraduate students. Eight thousand one hundred thirty-eight undergraduate students sampled from a university in Guangzhou were investigated with a self-administered structured questionnaire about their smoking-related knowledge, attitude and behaviors, and other relevant factors. General linear model and multinomial logistic regression were conducted to test the differences in smoking-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviors between medical and non-medical students while controlling for potential confounding variables. There was no difference in smoking-related knowledge scores between medical and non-medical freshmen, but medical sophomores and juniors had higher scores of smoking-related knowledge than their non-medical counterparts. The medical sophomores had higher mean score of attitudes towards smoking than non-medical ones. Before entering university, the difference in the prevalence of experimental and regular smoking between medical and non-medical college students was not significant. After entering university, in contrast, the overall prevalence of regular smoking was significantly higher among male non-medical college students than among male medical students. Stratified by current academic year, this difference was significant only among male sophomores. Medical students have higher smoking-related knowledge, stronger anti-smoking attitude, and lower prevalence of regular smoking than non-medical college students of similar age, which may be associated with medical professional education. Wouters, Anouk; Croiset, Gerda; Schripsema, Nienke R; Cohen-Schotanus, Janke; Spaai, Gerard W G; Hulsman, Robert L; Kusurkar, Rashmi A The aim was to examine main reasons for students' medical school choice and their relationship with students' characteristics and motivation during the students' medical study. In this multisite cross-sectional study, all Year-1 and Year-4 students who had participated in a selection procedure in one of the three Dutch medical schools included in the study were invited to complete an online survey comprising personal data, their main reason for medical school choice and standard, validated questionnaires to measure their strength of motivation (Strength of Motivation for Medical School-Revised) and autonomous and controlled type of motivation (Academic Self-regulation Questionnaire). Four hundred seventy-eight students participated. We performed frequency analyses on the reasons for medical school choice and regression analyses and ANCOVAs to study their associations with students' characteristics and motivation during their medical study. Students indicated 'city' (Year-1: 24.7%, n=75 and Year-4: 36.0%, n=52) and 'selection procedure' (Year-1: 56.9%, n=173 and Year-4: 46.9%, n=68) as the main reasons for their medical school choice. The main reasons were associated with gender, age, being a first-generation university student, ethnic background and medical school, and no significant associations were found between the main reasons and the strength and type of motivation during the students' medical study. Most students had based their medical school choice on the selection procedure. If medical schools desire to achieve a good student-curriculum fit and attract a diverse student population aligning the selection procedure with the curriculum and taking into account various students' different approaches is important. This study investigated the mediating and moderating roles of self-compassion and emotional approach coping in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and psychological distress among East Asian international students. Data were collected through an online survey completed by 255 East Asian international students in a large public… Li, Jiaqi; Wang, Yanlin; Liu, Xun; Xu, Yusu; Cui, Tingting This study used a consensual qualitative research method to explore academic adaptation experiences of international students (N = 13) from East Asian countries at a U.S. university. The analysis yielded five domains from the data (challenges, feelings, strategies, suggestions, and self-reflections). Implications for college counselors, university… Full Text Available The author examined the types of extrinsic motivation for Asian international graduate students pursuing graduate degrees. The theoretical framework used was extrinsic motivation within Self-Determination Theory. Even though the presence of Asian international graduate students is steadily increasing worldwide, research into their extrinsic motivation is scarce. It is important for educators to explore and understand Asian international graduate students’ extrinsic motivation since such students would provide unique, distinctive cultural aspects in the classroom in their host countries. The research design employed was qualitative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 graduate students from four Asian countries. The identified themes were a faculty influence, b personal recognition, and c utility for careers. Asian international graduate students expressed that their ultimate extrinsic motivation was to get professional jobs in academia. The author discussed the implications of these findings for instructors. Full Text Available Introduction. We designed a pilot intervention to test the effect of a training program on the dietary and physical activities of medical students after weekly group discussions about healthy living, maintaining a healthy diet, and healthy lifestyle. Methods. Two groups of students from first and second years of medical school were selected with the intervention group having high BMI (overweight or obese while control group had normal BMI. An eight-week educational intervention was completed. A closed Facebook group ensured continuous communication. Results. Out of 42 participants, 19 were controls and 21 received educational training. Male : female ratio was 1 : 1.7 in control group and 1 : 1.3 in intervention group. The mean (SD weight gain in controls (1.16 Kg, SD = 1.51 was higher than that in intervention (0.13 Kg, SD=3.22 group (P=0.2. The average reduction in caloric intake was higher in control group (117.85, SD=258.48 vis-a-vis the intervention group (73.22, SD = 266.84 (P=0.61. Conclusion. Educational intervention in small groups for bringing about behavioral changes towards dietary, nutrition, and physical activity can lead to changes in the target population. The short duration of our study was a limitation which should be overcome in future studies. Gallagher, Stephen; Wallace, Sarah; Nathan, Yoga; McGrath, Deirdre Psychology is viewed by medical students in a negative light. In order to understand this phenomenon, we interviewed 19 medical students about their experiences of psychology in medical education. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Four main themes were generated: attitudes, teaching culture, curriculum factors and future career path; negative attitudes were transmitted by teachers to students and psychology was associated with students opting for a career in general practice. In summary, appreciation of psychology in medical education will only happen if all educators involved in medical education value and respect each other's speciality and expertise. © The Author(s) 2013. Han, Heeyoung; Nelson, Erica; Wetter, Nathan This study investigated medical students' online learning technology needs at a medical school. The study aimed to provide evidence-based guidance for technology selection and online learning design in medical education. The authors developed a 120-item survey in collaboration with the New Technology in Medical Education (NTIME) committee at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIUSOM). Overall, 123 of 290 medical students (42%) at the medical school participated in the survey. The survey focused on five major areas: students' hardware and software use; perception of educational technology (ET) in general; online behaviours; perception of ET use at the school; and demographic information. Students perceived multimedia tools, scheduling tools, communication tools, collaborative authoring tools, learning management systems and electronic health records useful educational technologies for their learning. They did not consider social networking tools useful for their learning, despite their frequent use. Third-year students were less satisfied with current technology integration in the curriculum, information sharing and collaborative learning than other years. Students in clerkships perceived mobile devices as useful for their learning. Students using a mobile device (i.e. a smartphone) go online, text message, visit social networking sites and are online during classes more frequently than non-users. Medical students' ET needs differ between preclinical and clinical years. Technology supporting ubiquitous mobile learning and health information technology (HIT) systems at hospitals and out-patient clinics can be integrated into clerkship curricula. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Elsamadony, Ahmed; Yates, Kathy F; Sweat, Victoria; Yau, Po Lai; Mangone, Alex; Joseph, Adriana; Fierman, Arthur; Convit, Antonio The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Asian American adolescents have higher metabolic risk from excess weight than non-Asians. Seven hundred thirty-three students, aged 14 to 19 years old, completed a school-based health screening. The 427 Asian and 306 non-Asian students were overall equivalent on age, sex, and family income. Height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were measured. Fasting triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Asian and non-Asians in lean or overweight/obesity groups were contrasted on the five factors that make up the metabolic syndrome. Asian adolescents carrying excess weight had significantly higher insulin resistance (IR), triglyceride levels, and waist-height ratios (W/H), despite a significantly lower overall BMI than corresponding non-Asians. Similarly, Asians had a stronger relationship between W/H and the degree of IR than non-Asian counterparts; 35% and 18% of the variances were explained (R 2 = 0.35, R 2 = 0.18) respectively, resulting in a significant W/H by racial group interaction (F change [1,236] = 11.56, P Asians have higher IR and triglyceride levels from excess weight than their non-Asian counterparts. One-size-fits-all public health policies targeting youth should be reconsidered and attention paid to Asian adolescents, including those with mild degrees of excess weight. © 2017 The Obesity Society. In this article, the author describes a lesson on Asian cultures. Asian cultures demonstrate respect for nature through their art. Students learned how to use Asian brush techniques and designs to create scrolls. They also learned how to write Haiku, a three-line form of poetry that uses a pattern of syllables. Knowles, Ryan Thomas Utilizing data from the 2009 IEA International Civic and Citizenship Study Asian Regional Module, this secondary analysis explores the relationship between traditional Asian values and democratic citizenship. Findings identify two dimensions of Asian values: Asian civic values and obedience to authority. Among South Korean students, Asian civic… van Wieringen, J.C.M.; Schulpen, T.W.J.; Kuyvenhoven, M.M. Until recently the Utrecht Medical School had a traditional curriculum with a predominantly biomedical orientation and strong emphasis on curative medicine. In 1997 an experimental 'Multi-cultural Family Attachment Course' started at the Utrecht Medical School with 20 second-year medical students. Each student was attached to a native Dutch and an ethnic minority family with a newborn or chronically ill child. In a period of 1.5 years students had to visit each family at home four times. The students monitored growth and development of the child and discussed several aspects of health and disease with the parents according to a structured schedule. In regular group sessions students reported back their experiences. In this way, the influence of socioeconomic circumstances, culture and environment on health becomes a real-life experience. This paper aims to describe some aspects of this pilot-course and the reactions of the students. Smith, Timothy B.; Bowman, Raquel; Hsu, Sungti College campuses are becoming increasingly racially diverse and may provide an optimal setting for the reduction of racial stereotypes and prejudices perpetuated in society. To better understand racism among college students, this study evaluated the attitudes of Asian and White European Americans toward several racial out-groups. Participants… Strickland, Sophie Lm To explore attitudes towards conscientious objections among medical students in the UK. Medical students at St George's University of London, Cardiff University, King's College London and Leeds University were emailed a link to an anonymous online questionnaire, hosted by an online survey company. The questionnaire contained nine questions. A total of 733 medical students responded. Nearly half of the students in this survey stated that they believed in the right of doctors to conscientiously object to any procedure. Demand for the right to conscientiously object is greater in Muslim medical students when compared with other groups of religious medical students. Abortion continues to be a contentious issue among medical students and this may contribute to the looming crisis in abortion services over the coming years. This project sheds some light on how future doctors view some of their ethical rights and obligations. Using empirical evidence, it reveals that conscientious objection is an issue in the UK medical student body today. These data could help anticipate problems that may arise when these medical students qualify and practise medicine in the community. Clearer guidance is needed for medical students about the issue of conscientious objection at medical school. O'Mara, Deborah A; Canny, Ben J; Rothnie, Imogene P; Wilson, Ian G; Barnard, John; Davies, Llewelyn To report the level of participation of medical schools in the Australian Medical Schools Assessment Collaboration (AMSAC); and to measure differences in student performance related to medical school characteristics and implementation methods. Retrospective analysis of data using the Rasch statistical model to correct for missing data and variability in item difficulty. Linear model analysis of variance was used to assess differences in student performance. 6401 preclinical students from 13 medical schools that participated in AMSAC from 2011 to 2013. Rasch estimates of preclinical basic and clinical science knowledge. Representation of Australian medical schools and students in AMSAC more than doubled between 2009 and 2013. In 2013 it included 12 of 19 medical schools and 68% of medical students. Graduate-entry students scored higher than students entering straight from school. Students at large schools scored higher than students at small schools. Although the significance level was high (P performance. The effect on performance of multiple assessments compared with the test items as part of a single end-of-year examination was negligible. The variables investigated explain only 12% of the total variation in student performance. An increasing number of medical schools are participating in AMSAC to monitor student performance in preclinical sciences against an external benchmark. Medical school characteristics account for only a small part of overall variation in student performance. Student performance was not affected by the different methods of administering test items. This study researches the involvement and engagement of Asian college students in the United States. Utilizing Astin's Theory of Student Involvement, Tinto's Interactionalist Theory, and the Model Minority Stereotype as its theoretical foundation, this study examines if colleges and universities are truly engaging its Asian student… Full Text Available Introduction: The purpose of this study was to improve communication skills and knowledge of bioethics of last year medical students doing clerkship and to evaluate the effectiveness of using workshops for this purpose from students’ point of view, in order to continue such programs in future. Methods: After Ethical approval for the study a two-day workshop on teaching effective communication skills and principles of medical ethics was planned and conducted by the department of Medical Education through multidisciplinary faculty of Foundation University Medical College, Pakistan. A total of 102 last year medical students participated in this workshop. The students were divided into 8 groups each containing 12 students. A team of pre trained facilitators for each group conducted the group activities. Teaching strategies including interactive discussions on basic principles of doctor-patient relationship, power point presentations, day to day case scenarios, video clips and presentations involving students in role plays were used. Pre and post workshop self evaluation proformas about knowledge and skills of communication and medical ethics were rated (0=none, 1=below average, 2=average, 3=above average, 4=very good, 5=excellent by the students. Results: 89 out of 102 participants returned the proformas. A significant percentage of students (%82 showed improvement in their knowledge and skills of appreciating bioethical issues like valid informed consent, patient confidentiality, end of life issues and breaking bad news by rating as “very good” after participation in the workshop. More than %70 students recommended this activity for other students. Conclusion: Teaching through interactive workshops was found to be an effective method as reflected by students’ feedback. Therefore, the program will be continued in future. Ra, Young-An; Trusty, Jerry The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of social support and coping on acculturation and acculturative stress of international students. The authors used hierarchical multiple regression analysis to study a sample of 232 East Asian international students. The results indicate that social support and coping were partial mediators… Saleem, Shemaila; Saleem, Tamkeen Religion has been generally considered as a protective factor for the psychological health of the people. As many studies have publicized a high prevalence of psychological morbidities among the medical students during their academic stages of medical schools, it is significant to investigate whether religiosity functions as a protective factor, to explore religiosity as a predictor of psychological well-being in a sample of medical students, and to compare the results of medical students as well as non-medical students with respect to religiosity and psychological well-being. The study is carried out in Federal Medical and Dental College and International Islamic University, Islamabad. The present study examined a sample of 120 medical students from Federal Medical and Dental College and 120 non-medical students from International Islamic University, Islamabad. Purposive sampling was used. The respondents completed religious orientation scale and scale of psychological well-being scale along with a demographic data sheet. In order to measure the study variables, linear regression and t test were used. The findings revealed that religiosity is a strong predictor of psychological well-being. Extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity predicts psychological well-being among the students. The results indicated a significant difference in psychological well-being between medical and non-medical students. No significant difference was found in religiosity of medical and non-medical students. The gender differences in religiosity and psychological well-being were found to be insignificant. The results emphasize that psychological well-being is prophesied by religiosity. The present research suggests further investigations and also endows with trends for psychological evaluation, development of religious beliefs, and interventions for augmenting psychological well-being among the medical students. Shiny George, Biju Baby Joseph Full Text Available Background: Few decades earlier, wearing spectacles was a province of adults over 40 years of age. Now we see more children and adolescents with spectacles/contact lenses. Various studies in Asian population show a dramatic increase in refractive error, especially myopia among school and college students. More advanced levels of education like medical education that involves extensive near work such as reading and writing have been repeatedly associated with greater myopia prevalence Objective: To study the prevalence and the underlying factors of myopia in MBBS students of a Medical college in Kerala. Research methodology: One hundred and sixty two MBBS students (2009 – 2012 batches were examined. 40 students were selected from each class by systematic random sampling technique, their visual acuity was checked using Snellen’s Chart and Diopters were obtained. Details of factors were obtained using a questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of myopia was observed as 39.5%. First and second year students had a greater percentage of myopia with 40% & 52.5% respectively. 40.6% of myopics had positive family history of myopia (p = 0.003. Duration of TV watching and computer use showed a significant relation with myopia. (p = 0. 033, 0.009. Reading hours, type of light used, playing or texting with cell phone and sleeping habits of students were not significant. Conclusion: Prevalence of myopia was high among medical students (39.5%. Significance of genetic predisposition was well appreciated in our study. Full Text Available BACKGROUND & RATIONALE Self-medication is defined as the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognised illness or symptoms. Practice of self-medication, especially by medical students can cause wastage of resources, bacterial resistance, drug addiction and serious adverse drug reactions. The objective of our study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of selfmedication among medical college students in Kerala. METHODS AND MATERIAL MBBS students of a private medical college were included in the study. The students filled a structured pretested questionnaire and descriptive statistics was applied to the data with SPSS version 20. RESULTS Out of 300, 264 (88% students had taken self-medication over the past 1 year. Past exposure with the same drug was the significant source of information for the drugs (49.2% and the drugs frequently self-medicated were analgesics 34.4% (91 and antipyretics 30.3% (80. More than half of the students, 66% (198 students had expressed positive and 34% (102 students had expressed negative attitude towards self-medication. Around 66% students declared that they were not aware of the dose, frequency and adverse effects of the drugs. CONCLUSION The pattern of self-medication practice from our study was similar to other studies done in various parts of India. Similar studies in future will provide adequate information to regulatory authorities to implement these results on strict drug dispensing and drug advertising policies. KEYWORDS Self-medication, Medical College Students, Kerala. Ala`a Nimer AbuKhalifeh Full Text Available Medical tourism is a growing phenomenon with policy implications for health systems, particularly of destination countries. Private actors and governments in Southeast Asia are promoting the medical tourist industry, but the potential impact on health systems, particularly in terms of equity in access and availability for local consumers, is unclear. This article presents a conceptual framework that outlines the policy implications of medical tourism’s growth for health systems, illustration on the cases of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia, three provincial centres for medical tourism, via an extensive review of academic and grey literature. Variables for further analysis of the potential impact of medical tourism on health systems are also identified. The framework can provide a basis for empirical, in country studies weighing the benefits and disadvantages of medical tourism for health systems. The policy implications described are of particular relevance for policymakers and industry practitioners in other Southeast Asian countries with similar health systems where governments have expressed interest in facilitating the growing of the medical tourist industry. Vora, Nirali; Chang, Mina; Pandya, Hemang; Hasham, Aliya; Lazarus, Cathy Global health education is becoming more important for developing well-rounded physicians and may encourage students toward a career in primary care. Many medical schools, however, lack adequate and structured opportunities for students beginning the curriculum. Second-year medical students initiated, designed, and facilitated a pass-fail international health elective, providing a curricular framework for preclinical medical students wishing to gain exposure to the clinical and cultural practices of a developing country. All course participants (N=30) completed a post-travel questionnaire within one week of sharing their experiences. Screening reflection essays for common themes that fulfill university core competencies yielded specific global health learning outcomes, including analysis of health care determinants. Medical students successfully implemented a sustainable global health curriculum for preclinical student peers. Financial constraints, language, and organizational burdens limit student participation. In future, long-term studies should analyze career impact and benefits to the host country. Objectives: This study aims to assess the susceptibility of depression among clinical students from two medical schools from South East Nigeria, using a screening test questionnaire. Methods: A total of 352 clinical medical students from two universities were enrolled by simple random sampling. A pretested ... Hui-Michael, Ying; Garcia, Shernaz B. This qualitative study investigated five elementary classroom teachers' perceptions of, and attributions about the school performance of Asian American students. Using naturalistic inquiry, data were obtained through interviews, classroom observations, document reviews and field notes; and were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. The… Full Text Available Fiona Moir,1 Jill Yielder,2 Jasmine Sanson,3 Yan Chen4 1Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; 2Medical Programme Directorate, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; 3Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; 4Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract: Medical students are exposed to multiple factors during their academic and clinical study that have been shown to contribute to high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The purpose of this article was to explore the issue of depression in the medical student population, including prevalence, causes, and key issues, along with suggestions for early identification and support from one medical school in New Zealand. After establishing that the prevalence of depression is higher for medical students than the general population, the key issues explored include assessment used in the program, characteristics of the student population (such as Type A personality and perfectionism, resilience, selection procedures, students’ motivation, and the nature of the clinical environment. This review includes several recommendations to improve students’ psychological health such as positioning well-being within an overarching comprehensive workplace wellness model and integrating peer and faculty-led support into the day-to-day running of the institution. It also highlights the advantages of the addition of a well-being curriculum, as skills to prevent and manage distress and depression are relevant in supporting the competencies required by medical practitioners. It concludes that medical schools need wide-ranging strategies to address the complexities associated with the particular student Moaouad, J; Kazour, F; Haddad, R; Rouhayem, J; Chammai, R; Richa, S Evaluate chemical and behavioural dependence of medical students, and compare it to a control group (students in non-medical faculties), in order to underline the harmful effect of university on medical students' dependence. A three-part questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 140 medical students at the Saint-Joseph university of Beirut (USJ), and to 140 students in many other USJ faculties, and filled in anonymously. The first part is about demographic criteria and the second and third parts are respectively about chemical and behavioural dependence, based on DSM IV criteria. There is no statistically significant difference between the two studied populations concerning the dependence on alcohol, cannabis, sedatives, opiates, amphetamines, workaholism, gambling and Internet. However, the prevalence of addiction to caffeine, cocaine, nicotine; sexual addiction, and compulsive buying are significantly lower in medical students when compared to the control group. Men, compared to women, did not show significantly higher levels of dependence on chemical substances. Workaholism is not significantly more prevalent in women. Sexual addiction and compulsive buying are not significantly higher in men. However, pathological gambling and Internet addiction are significantly more prevalent in men. Finally, this study does not show a variation in dependence through the years of medical studies. Most studies show that medical students have high levels of dependence on alcohol, opiates and sedatives. The results of our study show greater dependence on caffeine followed by nicotine, alcohol and sedatives. Medical students in our population did not reveal higher dependence rates compared to other university students. Overall, substance addiction in medical students may be related to the stress of medical studies, and easy access to drugs and prescriptions. These factors may be balanced by perfectionist traits, ethical standards and knowledge of adverse effects seen in Cheung, Rebecca Y. M.; Park, Irene J. K. The present study tested a theoretical model of emotion regulation (Yap, Sheeber, & Allen, 2007) in a sample of Asian American and European American college students (N = 365). Specifically, the mediating role of anger suppression in the effect of temperament and family processes on depressive symptoms was tested across race and levels of interdependent self-construal (a culturally based self orientation emphasizing connectedness with others). Next, the moderation of the suppression—depression relation was tested by race and interdependent self-construal. Results indicated that the hypothesized model fit well across Asian American and European American students as well as those with high vs. low levels of interdependent self-construal. Anger suppression was a significant mediator of the hypothesized indirect effects on depressive symptoms. Moreover, race and interdependent self-construal moderated the suppression—depression link, such that Asian American status and a stronger interdependent self-construal attenuated the relation between anger suppression and depressive symptoms. Understanding both universal and culture-specific aspects of emotion regulation in the development of depressive symptoms will be essential for sound theory, future research, and effective prevention and intervention efforts across diverse populations. PMID:21058815 Cheung, Rebecca Y M; Park, Irene J K The present study tested a theoretical model of emotion regulation (Yap, Sheeber, & Allen, 2007) in a sample of Asian American and European American college students (N = 365). Specifically, the mediating role of anger suppression in the effect of temperament and family processes on depressive symptoms was tested across race and levels of interdependent self-construal (a culturally based self orientation emphasizing connectedness with others). Next, the moderation of the suppression-depression relation was tested by race and interdependent self-construal. Results indicated that the hypothesized model fit well across Asian American and European American students, as well as those with high versus low levels of interdependent self-construal. Anger suppression was a significant mediator of the hypothesized indirect effects on depressive symptoms. Moreover, race and interdependent self-construal moderated the suppression-depression link, such that Asian American status and a stronger interdependent self-construal attenuated the relation between anger suppression and depressive symptoms. Understanding both universal and culture-specific aspects of emotion regulation in the development of depressive symptoms will be essential for sound theory, future research, and effective prevention and intervention efforts across diverse populations. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved. Seval Doğruk Kaçar Full Text Available Background and Design: Practical training of medical students, especially in specialties such as dermatology, is performed in outpatient clinics where mostly outpatients are encountered. The aim of this study was to compare patients’ perspectives on medical students in two university hospitals (X–Y situated in different regions of Turkey. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 patients, who visited outpatient clinics of X (group 1 and Y (group 2 university hospitals during practical training for fifth year medical students, were included in this study. A questionnaire composed of 16 items was filled by all patients. The first eight questions were about patients’ consent and preferences on the presence of medical students during their interview and the remaining eight questions inquired patients’ overall thoughts on medical students. Results: The patients in both groups were willing to be a part of the educational programme of medical students (39.8%, 53.5%, respectively. The patients were aware that they had the right to refuse the presence of medical students (61.0%, 62.3% and majority wanted to be informed on the presence of medical students during the interview (72.4%, 80.7%. While patients in group 1 evaluated being with medical students as pleasurable (43.1%, patients in group 2 did not agree (44.7%. In addition, both groups were not bothered to share personal information with medical students (50.4%, 44.7% and stated that they would recommend their friends and relatives to have a physical examination done by medical students (51.2%, 41.2%. Conclusion: The active role of medical students during dermatology training is positively viewed by patients in both western and eastern parts of our country. The patients’ request on being informed for the presence of medical students during clinical examination reveals the requirement of oral and written informed consent. Full Text Available Introduction: Self-medication is an important aspect of self-care. It is a common practice in society and medical students are no exception. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and practice of self-medication among students of a medical school in Western Nepal. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among basic science and clinical students after obtaining prior consent from those willing to participate. Respondents’ degree of agreement with a set of 25 statements was noted using Likert scale to assess their knowledge. The practice of self-medication was studied by asking about the use of selected groups of medicines during the past one-year period and noting the pattern of use. Results: Three hundred and thirty of the 356 students (92.6% participated in the study. Mean knowledge score was 93.2 (SD = 8.1. Self-medication was practiced by 83.3% (n = 275 of respondents. Knowledge about self-medication differed among respondents according to gender (p = 0.03 and nationality (p = 0.04 but not other variables. Practice of self-medication was associated with father’s profession (p = 0.03 and nationality of the respondents (p = 0.04. Conclusions: Students’ knowledge about self-medication was good and they commonly practiced self-medication. Pain-killers were the most commonly used drug. Doulougeri, Karolina; Panagopoulou, Efharis; Montgomery, Anthony Medical training can be a challenging and emotionally intense period for medical students. However the emotions experienced by medical students in the face of challenging situations and the emotion regulation strategies they use remains relatively unexplored. The aim of the present study was to explore the emotions elicited by memorable incidents reported by medical students and the associated emotion regulation strategies. Peer interviewing was used to collect medical students' memorable incidents. Medical students at both preclinical and clinical stage of medical school were eligible to participate. In total 104 medical students provided memorable incidents. Only 54 narratives included references to emotions and emotion regulation and thus were further analyzed. The narratives of 47 clinical and 7 preclinical students were further analyzed for their references to emotions and emotion regulation strategies. Forty seven out of 54 incidents described a negative incident associated with negative emotions. The most frequently mentioned emotion was shock and surprise followed by feelings of embarrassment, sadness, anger and tension or anxiety. The most frequent reaction was inaction often associated with emotion regulation strategies such as distraction, focusing on a task, suppression of emotions and reappraisal. When students witnessed mistreatment or disrespect exhibited towards patients, the regulation strategy used involved focusing and comforting the patient. The present study sheds light on the strategies medical students use to deal with intense negative emotions. The vast majority reported inaction in the face of a challenging situation and the use of more subtle strategies to deal with the emotional impact of the incident. Full Text Available Introduction: Global health education is becoming more important for developing well-rounded physicians and may encourage students toward a career in primary care. Many medical schools, however, lack adequate and structured opportunities for students beginning the curriculum. Methods: Second-year medical students initiated, designed, and facilitated a pass–fail international health elective, providing a curricular framework for preclinical medical students wishing to gain exposure to the clinical and cultural practices of a developing country. Results: All course participants (N=30 completed a post-travel questionnaire within one week of sharing their experiences. Screening reflection essays for common themes that fulfill university core competencies yielded specific global health learning outcomes, including analysis of health care determinants. Conclusion: Medical students successfully implemented a sustainable global health curriculum for preclinical student peers. Financial constraints, language, and organizational burdens limit student participation. In future, long-term studies should analyze career impact and benefits to the host country. Taylor, Vicky M; Gregory Hislop, T; Bajdik, Christopher; Teh, Chong; Lam, Wendy; Acorda, Elizabeth; Li, Lin; Yasui, Yutaka Asian communities in North America include large numbers of immigrants with limited English proficiency. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in most Asian countries and, therefore, Asian immigrant groups have high rates of chronic HBV infection. We conducted a group-randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a hepatitis B English as a second language (ESL) educational curriculum for Asian immigrants. Eighty ESL classes were randomized to experimental (hepatitis B education) or control (physical activity education) status. Students who reported they had not received a HBV test (at baseline) completed a follow-up survey 6 months after randomization. The follow-up survey assessed recent HBV testing and HBV-related knowledge. Provider reports were used to verify self-reported HBV tests. The study group included 218 students who reported they had not been tested for HBV. Follow-up surveys were completed by 180 (83%) of these students. Provider records verified HBV testing for 6% of the experimental group students and 0% of the control group students (P = 0.02). Experimental group students were significantly (P ESL curriculum had a meaningful impact on HBV-related knowledge and a limited impact on HBV testing levels. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of ESL curricula for other immigrant groups and other health topics, as well as other intervention approaches to increasing levels of HBV testing in Asian immigrant communities. Hamamura, Toshitaka; Laird, Philip G. This study examined relationships among acculturative stress, grade point average satisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and depression in 52 East Asian international students and 126 North American students. Results indicated that a combined effect of perfectionism and acculturative stress accounted for more than 30% of the variance related to… Cecil, Jo; McHale, Calum; Hart, Jo; Laidlaw, Anita Burnout is prevalent in doctors and can impact on job dissatisfaction and patient care. In medical students, burnout is associated with poorer self-rated health; however, it is unclear what factors influence its development. This study investigated whether health behaviours predict burnout in medical students. Medical students (n=356) at the Universities of St Andrews and Manchester completed an online questionnaire assessing: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP), personal accomplishment (PA), alcohol use, physical activity, diet, and smoking. Approximately 55% (54.8%) of students reported high levels of EE, 34% reported high levels of DP, and 46.6% reported low levels of PA. Linear regression analysis revealed that year of study, physical activity, and smoking status significantly predicted EE whilst gender, year of study, and institution significantly predicted DP. PA was significantly predicted by alcohol binge score, year of study, gender, and physical activity. Burnout is present in undergraduate medical students in the United Kingdom, and health behaviours, particularly physical activity, predict components of burnout. Gender, year of study, and institution also appear to influence the prevalence of burnout. Encouraging medical students to make healthier lifestyle choices early in their medical training may reduce the likelihood of the development of burnout. Moeller, Karen E; Woods, Barbara To determine pharmacy students' knowledge of and attitudes toward medical marijuana and to determine if pharmacy students need additional education on the topic. Pharmacy students were asked to complete a survey on medical marijuana that assessed their knowledge of, medical uses of, adverse effects with, and attitudes toward medical marijuana through 23 Likert-scale questions. Three hundred eleven students completed the survey. Fifty-eight percent of the students felt that medical marijuana should be legalized in all states. However, the majority of students did not feel comfortable answering consumers' questions regarding efficacy, safety, or drug interactions related to the substance. Accurate responses for diseases or conditions for permitted medical marijuana use was low, with only cancer (91%) and glaucoma (57%) identified by more than half the students. With an increasing number of states adopting medical marijuana use, pharmacy schools need to evaluate the adequacy of medical marijuana education in their curriculum. Burgess, Diana J; Burke, Sara E; Cunningham, Brooke A; Dovidio, John F; Hardeman, Rachel R; Hou, Yuefeng; Nelson, David B; Perry, Sylvia P; Phelan, Sean M; Yeazel, Mark W; van Ryn, Michelle There is a paucity of evidence on how to train medical students to provide equitable, high quality care to racial and ethnic minority patients. We test the hypothesis that medical schools' ability to foster a learning orientation toward interracial interactions (i.e., that students can improve their ability to successfully interact with people of another race and learn from their mistakes), will contribute to white medical students' readiness to care for racial minority patients. We then test the hypothesis that white medical students who perceive their medical school environment as supporting a learning orientation will benefit more from disparities training. Prospective observational study involving web-based questionnaires administered during first (2010) and last (2014) semesters of medical school to 2394 white medical students from a stratified, random sample of 49 U.S. medical schools. Analysis used data from students' last semester to build mixed effects hierarchical models in order to assess the effects of medical school interracial learning orientation, calculated at both the school and individual (student) level, on key dependent measures. School differences in learning orientation explained part of the school difference in readiness to care for minority patients. However, individual differences in learning orientation accounted for individual differences in readiness, even after controlling for school-level learning orientation. Individual differences in learning orientation significantly moderated the effect of disparities training on white students' readiness to care for minority patients. Specifically, white medical students who perceived a high level of learning orientation in their medical schools regarding interracial interactions benefited more from training to address disparities. Coursework aimed at reducing healthcare disparities and improving the care of racial minority patients was only effective when white medical students perceived their Wang, Shyh-Hau; Yeh, Ming-Long This volume presents the proceedings of the 9th Asian-Pacific Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering (APCMBE 2014). The proceedings address a broad spectrum of topics from Bioengineering and Biomedicine, like Biomaterials, Artificial Organs, Tissue Engineering, Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, Biomedical Imaging, Bio MEMS, Biosignal Processing, Digital Medicine, BME Education. It helps medical and biological engineering professionals to interact and exchange their ideas and experiences. Alnassar, Sami; Alrashoudi, Aljoharah Nasser; Alaqeel, Mody; Alotaibi, Hala; Alkahel, Alanoud; Hajjar, Waseem; Al-Shaikh, Ghadeer; Alsaif, Abdulaziz; Haque, Shafiul; Meo, Sultan Ayoub There is a growing perception that the left handed (LH) medical students are facing difficulties while performing the clinical tasks that involve psychomotor skill, although the evidence is very limited and diverse. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical psychomotor skills among Right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) medical students. For this study, 54 (27 left handed and 27 right handed) first year medical students were selected. They were trained for different clinical psychomotor skills including suturing, laparoscopy, intravenous cannulation and urinary catheterization under the supervision of certified instructors. All students were evaluated for psychomotor skills by different instructors. The comparative performance of the students was measured by using a global rating scale, each selected criteria was allotted 5-points score with the total score of 25. There were no significant differences in the performance of psychomotor skills among LH and RH medical students. The global rating score obtained by medical students in suturing techniques was: LH 15.89 ± 2.88, RH 16.15 ± 2.75 (p = 0.737), cannulation techniques LH 20.44 ± 2.81, RH 20.70 ± 2.56 (p = 0.725), urinary catheterization LH 4.33 ± 0.96 RH 4.11 ± 1.05 (p = 0.421). For laparoscopic skills total peg transfer time was shorter among LH medical students compared to RH medical students (LH 129.85 ± 80.87 s vs RH 135.52 ± 104.81 s) (p = 0.825). However, both RH and LH students completed their procedure within the stipulated time. Among LH and RH medical students no significant difference was observed in performing the common surgical psychomotor skills. Surgical skills for LH or RH might not be a result of innate dexterity but rather the academic environment in which they are trained and assessed. Early laterality-related mentoring in medical schools as well as during the clinical residency might reduce the inconveniences faced by the left van Eyk, Huub J.; Hooiveld, Michiel H. W.; Van Leeuwen, Thed N.; Van der Wurff, Bert L. J.; De Craen, Anton J. M.; Dekker, Friedo W. Aim: To assess the number of students who published at least one scientific paper during the course of their medical studies. Methods: Names and initials of all students who received their medical degree in 2006 or 2007 in one of the six participating university medical centers in the Netherlands Hanna, Fred J.; Green, Alan In the current practice of school counseling, little consideration is given to the spiritual background of students of Asian cultures. Although there is a body of literature on Asian culture in counseling, the authors could find remarkably few articles pertaining to counseling students in the context of Asian religious and spiritual traditions. In… Lehmann, Birthe A; Ruiter, Robert A C; Wicker, Sabine; Chapman, Gretchen; Kok, Gerjo Influenza vaccination is recommended for all healthcare personnel (HCP) and most institutions offer vaccination for free and on site. However, medical students do not always have such easy access, and the predictors that might guide the motivation of medical students to get vaccinated are largely unknown. We conducted a cross-sectional survey study among pre-clinical medical students in a German University hospital to assess the social cognitive predictors of influenza vaccination, as well as reasons for refusal and acceptance of the vaccine. Findings show that pre-clinical medical students have comparable knowledge gaps and negative attitudes towards influenza vaccination that have previously been reported among HCP. Lower injunctive norms and higher feelings of autonomy contribute to no intention to get vaccinated against influenza, while a positive instrumental attitude and higher feelings of autonomy contribute to a high intention to get vaccinated. The variables in the regression model explained 20% of the variance in intention to get vaccinated. The identified factors should be addressed early in medical education, and hospitals might benefit from a more inclusive vaccination program and accessibility of free vaccines for their medical students. Shah, Jehanzaib; Haq, Usman; Bashir, Ali; Shah, Syed Aslam To assess the awareness of medical apps and academic use of smartphones among medical students. The questionnaire-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2015 and comprised medical students of the Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. The self-designed questionnaire was reviewed by a panel of expert for content reliability and validity. Questionnaires were distributed in the classrooms and were filled by the students anonymously. SPSS 16 was used for statistical analysis. Among the 569 medical students in the study, 545 (95.8%) had smartphones and 24(4.2%) were using simple cell phones. Overall, 226(41.46%) of the smart phone users were using some medical apps. Besides, 137(24.08%) were aware of the medical apps but were not using them. Also, 391(71.7%) students were not using any type of medical text eBooks through their phone, and only 154(28.3%) had relevant text eBooks in their phones. Medical college students were using smartphones mostly as a means of telecommunication rather than a gadget for improving medical knowledge. Full Text Available Background: Birth order is claimed to be linked with academic achievement. However, many scientists do not accept it. Objective: To assess the association of birth order in North Indian medical students with number of attempts to cross the competition bar. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting and participation: M.B.B.S. 1st year students of L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut. Statistical analysis used: Chi Square test. Methods: Enquiry of Birth order and number of attempts to crack the medical entrance examination from responded 360 medical students among 494 students admitted during 2005 – 2010. Results: The study revealed insignificant relationship between ages of entrance in medical college in both sexes. of 360 students responded 37% students were of first Birth order. Among those admitted in first attempt, 67% students were of first birth order and proportion of success in first attempt reduced with increasing birth order. Conclusion: Birth Order strongly influences academic achievements. Karpa, Kelly; Vakharia, Kavita; Caruso, Catherine A; Vechery, Colin; Sipple, Lanette; Wang, Adrian Engagement of academic medical centers in community outreach provides the public with a better understanding of basic terms and concepts used in biomedical sciences and increases awareness of important health information. Medical students at one academic medical center initiated an educational outreach program, called PULSE, that targets secondary students to foster their interest in healthcare and medicine. High school student participants are engaged in a semester-long course that relies on interactive lectures, problem-based learning sessions, mentoring relationships with medical students, and opportunities for shadowing healthcare providers. To date, the curriculum has been offered for 7 consecutive years. To determine the impact that participation in the curriculum has had on college/career choices and to identify areas for improvement, an electronic questionnaire was sent to former participants. Based on a 32% response rate, 81% of former participants indicated that participation in the course influenced their decision to pursue a medical/science-related career. More than half (67%) of respondents indicated intent to pursue a MD/PhD or other postgraduate degree. Based on responses obtained, additional opportunities to incorporate laboratory-based research and simulation sessions should be explored. In addition, a more formalized mentoring component has been added to the course to enhance communication between medical students and mentees. Health/medicine-related educational outreach programs targeting high school students may serve as a pipeline to introduce or reinforce career opportunities in healthcare and related sciences. Copyright © 2015 The American Physiological Society. Hsin, Amy; Xie, Yu The superior academic achievement of Asian Americans is a well-documented phenomenon that lacks a widely accepted explanation. Asian Americans' advantage in this respect has been attributed to three groups of factors: (i) socio-demographic characteristics, (ii) cognitive ability, and (iii) academic effort as measured by characteristics such as attentiveness and work ethic. We combine data from two nationally representative cohort longitudinal surveys to compare Asian-American and white students in their educational trajectories from kindergarten through high school. We find that the Asian-American educational advantage is attributable mainly to Asian students exerting greater academic effort and not to advantages in tested cognitive abilities or socio-demographics. We test explanations for the Asian-white gap in academic effort and find that the gap can be further attributed to (i) cultural differences in beliefs regarding the connection between effort and achievement and (ii) immigration status. Finally, we highlight the potential psychological and social costs associated with Asian-American achievement success. This article describes higher education student selection and admission policies and practices in newly industrialized countries in the Asian region, with particular attention to access, selection, the admissions process, equity, and relationship with the labor market. Policies in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, People's Republic of China, Singapore,… Lehrmann, Jon A.; Hoop, Jinger; Hammond, Katherine Green; Roberts, Laura Weiss Objective: Despite the acknowledged importance of ethics education in medical school, little empirical work has been done to assess the needs and preferences of medical students regarding ethics curricula. Methods: Eighty-three medical students at the University of New Mexico participated in a self-administered written survey including 41 scaled… The main objective of the study was to see whether medical students use more desirable approaches to studying than general education students. Survey method was used to collect data from both the medical students and the general education students. The survey of the medical students was carried out between January and March, 2012. The survey was administered to all the medical students present in lecture halls on day of data collection, while general education students were randomly selected from four subject areas at two universities. In total, 976 medical students and 912 general students participated in the study. Of the general students, 494(54%) were boys and 418(46%)were girls with an overall mean age of 20.53±1.77 years (range: 17-27 years). The medical students' perceptions of their learning environment and their learning preferences were broadly similar to that of general education students with the exception of workload. The medical students perceived the workload to be less appropriate (Mean = 2.06±0.72) than the students in general education (Mean = 2.84±0.90). The medical students were more likely to use the deep approach to studying (Mean = 3.66±0.59) than the students in general education (Mean = 3.16±0.91). The students in general education were slightly more likely to use the organized studying (Mean = 3.44±0.90) than the medical students (Mean =3.23±0.90). Both medical students and the students in general education tended to use the surface approaches along with other approaches to studying. There was not a great difference between the medical students and the students pursuing general education with regard to perceptions of the learning environment and approaches to learning. Objectives:To evaluate the influencing factors towards choice of the medical profession and attitude towards future medical practice. Subjects and methods: One hundred thirty four students of the Gondar College of Medical Sciences were included in the study. Data was collected by using self-administered questionnaires. Luk, Jeremy W; Patock-Peckham, Julie A; King, Kevin M Parental warmth and autonomy granting are commonly thought of as protective factors against substance use among Caucasians. However, limited research has examined whether associations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes are the same or different among Asian Americans. A final analytic sample of 839 college students was used to test whether race (Caucasian vs. Asian American) moderated the relations between parenting dimensions and substance use outcomes across Caucasians and Asian Americans. We utilized the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979) to measure maternal and paternal warmth, encouragement of behavioral freedom, and denial of psychological autonomy. Multivariate regression models controlling for covariates including age, gender, and paternal education indicated four significant parenting by race interactions on alcohol problems and/or marijuana use. Specifically, maternal warmth was inversely associated with both alcohol problems and marijuana use among Caucasians but not among Asian Americans. Both maternal and paternal denial of psychological autonomy were positively associated with alcohol problems among Caucasians but not among Asian Americans. Consistent with emerging cross-cultural research, the associations between parenting dimensions and substance use behaviors observed in Caucasian populations may not be readily generalized to Asian Americans. These findings highlight the importance of considering different parenting dimensions in understanding substance use etiology among Asian Americans. Future research should use longitudinal data to replicate these findings across development and seek to identify other parenting dimensions that may be more relevant for Asian American youth. Phelan, Sean M.; Dovidio, John F.; Puhl, Rebecca M.; Burgess, Diana J.; Nelson, David B.; Yeazel, Mark W.; Hardeman, Rachel; Perry, Sylvia; van Ryn, Michelle Objective To examine the magnitude of explicit and implicit weight biases compared to biases against other groups; and identify student factors predicting bias in a large national sample of medical students. Design and Methods A web-based survey was completed by 4732 1st year medical students from 49 medical schools as part of a longitudinal study of medical education. The survey included a validated measure of implicit weight bias, the implicit association test, and 2 measures of explicit bi... Museus, Samuel D.; Mueller, M. Kalehua. In this study, we focus on understanding how institutional agents can and do foster success among Southeast Asian American (SEAA) students in higher education. Specifically, qualitative methods were utilized to examine the experiences of 34 SEAA undergraduate students at 5 public 4-year colleges and universities across the United States and… Wouters, Anouk; Croiset, Gerda; Schripsema, Nienke R.; Cohen-Schotanus, Janke; Spaai, Gerard W.G.; Hulsman, Robert L.; Kusurkar, Rashmi A. Objectives The aim was to examine main reasons for students? medical school choice and their relationship with students? characteristics and motivation during the students? medical study. Methods In this multisite cross-sectional study, all Year-1 and Year-4 students who had participated in a selection procedure in one of the three Dutch medical schools included in the study were invited to complete an online survey comprising personal data, their main reason for medical school choice and sta... Kressin, Nancy R. Examines whether the individual personality characteristic of power motivation increases during medical school. Recorded interviews with a diverse group of medical students at two points in time were coded for power motivation. Results showed that white students' power motivation decreased, whereas minority students' levels remained the same,… Ayres, Cynthia G; Mahat, Ganga This study developed and tested a theory to better understand positive health practices (PHP) among Asian Americans aged 18 to 21 years. It tested theoretical relationships postulated between PHP and (a) social support (SS), (b) optimism, and (c) acculturation, and between SS and optimism and acculturation. Optimism and acculturation were also tested as possible mediators in the relationship between SS and PHP. A correlational study design was used. A convenience sample of 163 Asian college students in an urban setting completed four questionnaires assessing SS, PHP, optimism, and acculturation and one demographic questionnaire. There were statistically significant positive relationships between SS and optimism with PHP, between acculturation and PHP, and between optimism and SS. Optimism mediated the relationship between SS and PHP, whereas acculturation did not. Findings extend knowledge regarding these relationships to a defined population of Asian Americans aged 18 to 21 years. Findings contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge base regarding health practices among Asian Americans. The theoretical and empirical findings of this study provide the direction for future research as well. Further studies need to be conducted to identify and test other mediators in order to better understand the relationship between these two variables. Flajsman, Ana Medic; Degmecic, Dunja; Pranjkovic, Tamara; Rogulja, Stanislav; Bošnjak, Dina; Kuzman, Martina Rojnic In Croatia, psychiatric disorders are the leading group of disorders by days of hospitalization and they are in second place according to the number of hospitalizations in the period of working age. Nevertheless, psychiatry in Croatia, as well as in the world, is one of the least attractive specialties for medical students. In this paper we determined the impact of compulsory education in psychiatry on the attitudes of medical students of the fourth year of the Zagreb school of medicine and Osijek school of medicine. We tested attitudes toward psychiatry, psychiatric treatment and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help using questionnaires that were filled out twice, at the beginning of psychiatry placement and at the end of psychiatry placement. Questionnaires were completed by 239 students from the Zagreb school of medicine and Faculty of medicine Osijek (response rate 78.4%). After the placement, students had significantly more positive attitudes about psychiatry and psychiatric treatment, as well as the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Attitudes towards psychiatry, seeking psychological help and attitude towards psychiatric medication and psychotherapy correlated with the evaluation of the quality of psychiatric education. Additional forms of education in psychiatry should be offered, in order to maintain and increase the impact of education on students' attitudes. Korszun, Ania; Dinos, Sokratis; Ahmed, Kamran; Bhui, Kamaldeep Background: Reducing stigma associated with mental illness is an important aim of medical education, yet evidence indicates that medical students' attitudes toward patients with mental health problems deteriorate as they progress through medical school. Objectives: Authors examined medical students' attitudes to mental illness, as compared with… Bilić-Zulle, Lidija; Frković, Vedran; Turk, Tamara; Azman, Josip; Petrovecki, Mladen To determine the prevalence of plagiarism among medical students in writing essays. During two academic years, 198 second year medical students attending Medical Informatics course wrote an essay on one of four offered articles. Two of the source articles were available in an electronic form and two in printed form. Two (one electronic and one paper article) were considered less complex and the other two more complex. The essays were examined using plagiarism detection software "WCopyfind," which counted the number of matching phrases with six or more words. Plagiarism rate, expressed as the percentage of the plagiarized text, was calculated as a ratio of the absolute number of matching words and the total number of words in the essay. Only 17 (9%) of students did not plagiarize at all and 68 (34%) plagiarized less than 10% of the text. The average plagiarism rate (% of plagiarized text) was 19% (5-95% percentile=0-88). Students who were strictly warned not to plagiarize had a higher total word count in their essays than students who were not warned (P=0.002) but there was no difference between them in the rate of plagiarism. Students with higher grades in Medical Informatics exam plagiarized less than those with lower grades (P=0.015). Gender, subject source, and complexity had no influence on the plagiarism rate. Plagiarism in writing essays is common among medical students. An explicit warning is not enough to deter students from plagiarism. Detection software can be used to trace and evaluate the rate of plagiarism in written student assays. van Tongeren-Alers, Margret; van Esch, Maartje; Verdonk, Petra; Johansson, Eva; Hamberg, Katarina; Lagro-Janssen, Toine Female students currently outnumber male students in most medical schools. Some medical specialties are highly gender segregated. Therefore, it is interesting to know whether medical students have early specialization preferences based on their gender. Consequently, we like to know importance stipulated to motivational factors. Our study investigates new medical students' early specialization preferences and motivational factors. New students at a Dutch medical school (n = 657) filled in a questionnaire about specialty preferences (response rate = 94%; 69.5% female, 30.5% male). The students chose out of internal medicine, psychiatry, neurology, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology and family medicine, "other" or "I don't know." Finally, they valued ten motivational factors. Forty percent of the medical students reported no specialty preference yet. Taken together, female medical students preferred pediatrics and wished to combine work and care, whereas male students opted for surgery and valued career opportunities. Gender-driven professional preferences in new medical students should be noticed in order to use competencies. Changes in specialty preferences and motivational factors in pre- and post graduates should further assess the role of medical education. Full Text Available Background: Students have individual learning style preferences including visual (V; learning from graphs, charts, and flow diagrams, auditory (A; learning from speech, read-write(R; learning from reading and writing, and kinesthetic (K; learning from touch, hearing, smell, taste, and sight.These preferences can be assessed using the VARK questionnaire.Purpose: We aimed to assess different learning styles of medical students in our collage.Methods: This study was conducted to describe learning styles of 214 Medical and Midwifery students in Mashhad University of medical sciences. By using the English version of the VARK questionnaire, we measured the difference in learning styles of medical students and midwifery students and compared with 57336 global general students who completed the test in VARK website up to Sep 2007.Results: The dominant learning preference of our students was Aural preference (30.8% followed by Read/Write (20.6%, while (7.5% were in Kinesthetic and (5.6% were Visual learners; still most of the students (35.5% represented a multimodal learning preference. No significant difference was found between males and females. The general pattern between medical student and Midwifery student is the same. There was a significant relation between Internship Entrance Exam score and thelearning styles of medical student and who were more Read/Write got higher scores.Conclusion: Knowing that our students have different preferred learning modes will help medical instructors in our faculty develop appropriate learning approaches and explore opportunities so that they will be able to make the educational experience more productive.Key words: MEDICAL EDUCATION, LEARNING MODELS VARK, VISUAL, AUDITORY, READ-WRITE, KINESTHETIC, SSTUDENTS. Alkhatatbeh, Mohammad J; Alefan, Qais; Alqudah, Mohammad A Y To assess self-medication practices and to evaluate the impact of obtaining medical knowledge on self-medication among medical and pharmacy students at Jordan University of Science and Technology. This was a cross-sectional study. A well-validated questionnaire that included 3 sections about self-medication was administered to the subjects after introducing the term "self-medication" verbally. 1,317 students had participated in the study and were subgrouped according to their academic level into seniors and juniors. Compared to the general population rate of 42.5%, self-medication practice was reported by (1,034, 78.5%) of the students and most common amongst pharmacy students (n = 369, 82.9%) compared to Pharm.D. (n = 357, 77.9%) and medical students (n = 308, 74.4%) (p = 0.009). There was no significant difference between juniors and seniors (557, 79.1% vs. 477, 77.8%, p = 0.59, respectively). Headache (71.2%) and common cold (56.5%) were frequent ailments that provoked self-medication. Analgesics (79.9%) and antibiotics (59.8%) were frequently used to self-treat these aliments. Reasons for self-medication included previous disease experience (55.7%); minor aliments (55.3%); and having enough medical knowledge (32.1%). Medicines were used according to instructions obtained mainly from the leaflet (28.8%); pharmacist (20.7%); and university courses (19.7%). Senior students were more aware of the risk of self-medication than junior students. The majority of students frequently advise other people about self-medication (83.6%). Self-medication was common among students irrespective to their level of medical knowledge. Obtaining medical knowledge increased the students' awareness of the risk of self-medication which may result in practicing responsible self-medication. However, medical teaching institutions need to educate students about the proper use of medicines as a therapeutic tool. Murrell, Vicki S The goal of this study was to determine differences in moral judgment among students in medical school. This cross-sectional study involved students currently enrolled in undergraduate medical education. Recruited via email, 192 students took an online version of the Defining Issues Test to determine their current stage of moral judgment, as well as their percentage of postconventional thought. Independent variables included year of graduation, which indicated curriculum completion as well as participation in a professionalism course. Data was analyzed primarily using One-Way Analysis of Variance. Of the 192 participants, 165 responses were utilized. ANOVA showed no significant differences in moral judgment between or among any of the student cohorts, which were grouped by year of matriculation. Comparisons included students in the four years of medical school, divided by graduation year; students about to graduate (n=30) vs. those still in school (n=135); and students who had participated in a course in professionalism (n=91) vs. those who had not (n=74). These results demonstrate a lack of evolution in the moral reasoning of medical students and raise the issue of what might stimulate positive changes in moral judgment during the medical school experience. My dissertation examines how global neoliberal forces intersect with racialized state security practices to shape the transnational subjectivities of South Asian overseas students studying in the U.S. in the post-9/11 moment. These students' movement across national borders to pursue higher education in the United States positions them as ideal… Ocampo, Anthony C.; Soodjinda, Daniel Most research on Asian American education has centered on addressing and deconstructing the model minority stereotype. While recent studies have highlighted the socioeconomic and cultural heterogeneity among Asian American students, few have examined how sexual identity and masculinity mitigate their academic experiences. In this article, we draw… Park, Yong S; Vo, Leyna P; Tsong, Yuying The study examined whether family affection (i.e., affective responsiveness, affectionate communication, and affective orientation) protected against the negative effects of perceived parent-child Asian values gap on the quality of their parent relationships for 259 female and 77 male Asian American college students. Asian values gap was higher for women than men, and inversely related to a perceived healthy parent-child relationship for both genders. Participants rated the relationship with their mothers as more positive and affectionate than with their fathers. Both parents were reported to communicate more supportive affection than verbal and nonverbal affection. Affective responsiveness was identified as a protective factor in the father-son relationship whereas verbal affection protected the mother-daughter relationship. The study also revealed that daughters' affective orientation had beneficial effects on the father-daughter relationship at lower levels of Asian values gap. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. Roya Nikanjam; Majid Barati; Saeed Bashirian*; Mohammad Babamiri; Ali Fattahi; Alireza Soltanian Background and Objectives: Student-life stress can lead to various negative consequences such as physical illness, mental disorders or exhaustion. The present study was conducted to evaluate the level of student life stress and its related factors among medical students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study applied multistage random sampling to select 500university students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences during 2015. The dat... Full Text Available BACKGROUND: It is usually observed that medical students undergo tremendous stress during various stages of the MBBS course. There is a high rate of suicide among them. METHODS: To determine incidence of stress and factors controlling stress in medical students at various stages of MBBS course at Seth G S Medical college, 238 students (First year 98, Second 76, Third 64 were asked to complete a questionnaire on personal data (gender, stay at hostel, mode of travel, time spent in travel every day, medium of study in school, place of school education., Stress inducing factors, Zung′s depression scale, ways of coping, stress relievers, perceived social support and personality type. Statistical tests used were ANOVA, critical ratio and Student′s ′t′ test. RESULTS: Majority of medical students (175/238--73% perceived stress. Stress was found to be significantly more in Second and Third MBBS students rather than First MBBS levels (p < 0.05. Stress was not found to differ significantly on the basis of sex, stay at hostel, model of travel, time spent in travel every day, medium of study in school, place of school education. Stress was found to be significantly more in students having more than 95% of marks at 12th Standard as compared to others. Academic factors were greater perceived cause of stress in medical students. There was no significant difference in the students at different levels of MBBS regarding academic factors and social factors as a stress inducing factors. Physical factors were found to be significantly more in Second and Third MBBS students as compared to First MBBS students. Emotional factors were found to be significantly more in First MBBS students as compared to Second & Third MBBS students. Stress was more common in medical students who have dominant strategy of coping as positive reappraisal, accepting responsibility and planful problem solving. Stress was less common in medical students at Seth G S Medical College who Henry E. Wang MD MS Full Text Available During the course of their training, medical students may receive introductory experience with advanced resuscitation skills. Endotracheal intubation (ETI – the insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea is an example of an important advanced resuscitation intervention. Only limited data characterize clinical ETI skill acquisition by medical students. We sought to characterize medical student acquisition of ETI procedural skill.11Presented as a poster discussion on 17 October 2007 at the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists in San Francisco, CA.The study included third-year medical students participating in a required anesthesiology clerkship. Students performed ETI on operating room patients under the supervision of attending anesthesiologists. Students reported clinical details of each ETI effort, including patient age, sex, Mallampati score, number of direct laryngoscopies and ETI success. Using mixed-effects regression, we characterized the adjusted association between ETI success and cumulative ETI experience.ETI was attempted by 178 students on 1,646 patients (range 1–23 patients per student; median 9 patients per student, IQR 6–12. Overall ETI success was 75.0% (95% CI 72.9–77.1%. Adjusted for patient age, sex, Mallampati score and number of laryngoscopies, the odds of ETI success improved with cumulative ETI encounters (odds ratio 1.09 per additional ETI encounter; 95% CI 1.04–1.14. Students required at least 17 ETI encounters to achieve 90% predicted ETI success.In this series medical student ETI proficiency was associated with cumulative clinical procedural experience. Clinical experience may provide a viable strategy for fostering medical student procedural skills. Shin, Sang Do; Ong, Marcus Eng Hock; Tanaka, Hideharu; Ma, Matthew Huei-Ming; Nishiuchi, Tatsuya; Alsakaf, Omer; Karim, Sarah Abdul; Khunkhlai, Nalinas; Lin, Chih-Hao; Song, Kyoung Jun; Ryoo, Hyun Wook; Ryu, Hyun Ho; Tham, Lai Peng; Cone, David C There are great variations in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival outcomes among different countries and different emergency medical services (EMS) systems. The impact of different systems and their contribution to enhanced survival are poorly understood. This paper compares the EMS systems of several Asian sites making up the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) network. Some preliminary cardiac arrest outcomes are also reported. This is a cross-sectional descriptive survey study addressing population demographics, service levels, provider characteristics, system operations, budget and finance, medical direction (leadership), and oversight. Most of the systems are single-tiered. Fire-based EMS systems are predominant. Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur have hospital-based systems. Service level is relatively low, from basic to intermediate in most of the communities. Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Bangkok have intermediate emergency medical technician (EMT) service levels, while Taiwan and Dubai have paramedic service levels. Medical direction and oversight have not been systemically established, except in some communities. Systems are mostly dependent on public funding. We found variations in available resources in terms of ambulances and providers. The number of ambulances is 0.3 to 3.2 per 100,000 population, and most ambulances are basic life support (BLS) vehicles. The number of human resources ranges from 4.0 per 100,000 population in Singapore to 55.7 per 100,000 population in Taipei. Average response times vary between 5.1 minutes (Tainan) and 22.5 minutes (Kuala Lumpur). We found substantial variation in 11 communities across the PAROS EMS systems. This study will provide the foundation for understanding subsequent studies arising from the PAROS effort. Shelker, William; Poole, Phillippa; Bagg, Warwick; Wood, Ian; Glue, Paul Auckland and Otago medical programmes have different methods for selecting students. This study compared postgraduate retention in New Zealand (NZ) of medical graduates from the two medical programmes, to assess whether different selection methods influenced retention. Other variables assessed included entrance category and age at graduation. Anonymised databases were created of all graduates from the Otago Faculty of Medicine (1999-2011) and the Auckland medical programme (2000-2012). Demographic and entry category data were recorded. Retention was defined as presence on the NZ Medical Register in December 2012. Risk differences (RD) were calculated to compare retention between the two medical programmes using the Mantel-Haenszel method. The influence of medical programme entrance category on retention was also tested. The influence of covariates on retaining graduates on the register was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model. The postgraduate retention of graduates of the two medical programmes over 13 years was identical (Auckland 74.9%, Otago 73.6%, P=0.48). Retention of graduate and non-graduate entry students from both medical programmes was similar by 6 years after graduation. Age during medical school did not affect retention. University of attendance had no effect on postgraduation retention of students on the NZ Medical Register, suggesting that retention is not influenced by the different student selection methods at each programme. The data presented shows that New Zealand graduates regardless of programme completed show a similar profile in terms of retention. Hsin, Amy; Xie, Yu The superior academic achievement of Asian Americans is a well-documented phenomenon that lacks a widely accepted explanation. Asian Americans’ advantage in this respect has been attributed to three groups of factors: (i) socio-demographic characteristics, (ii) cognitive ability, and (iii) academic effort as measured by characteristics such as attentiveness and work ethic. We combine data from two nationally representative cohort longitudinal surveys to compare Asian-American and white students in their educational trajectories from kindergarten through high school. We find that the Asian-American educational advantage is attributable mainly to Asian students exerting greater academic effort and not to advantages in tested cognitive abilities or socio-demographics. We test explanations for the Asian–white gap in academic effort and find that the gap can be further attributed to (i) cultural differences in beliefs regarding the connection between effort and achievement and (ii) immigration status. Finally, we highlight the potential psychological and social costs associated with Asian-American achievement success. PMID:24799702 Baker, Jamie; Tucker, Debra; Raynes, Edilberto; Aitken, Florence; Allen, Pamela Medical dosimetry education occupies a specialized branch of allied health higher education. Noted international shortages of health care workers, reduced university funding, limitations on faculty staffing, trends in learner attrition, and increased enrollment of nontraditional students force medical dosimetry educational leadership to reevaluate current admission practices. Program officials wish to select medical dosimetry students with the best chances of successful graduation. The purpose of the quantitative ex post facto correlation study was to investigate the relationship between applicant characteristics (cumulative undergraduate grade point average (GPA), science grade point average (SGPA), prior experience as a radiation therapist, and previous academic degrees) and the successful completion of a medical dosimetry program, as measured by graduation. A key finding from the quantitative study was the statistically significant positive correlation between a student׳s previous degree and his or her successful graduation from the medical dosimetry program. Future research investigations could include a larger research sample, representative of more medical dosimetry student populations, and additional studies concerning the relationship of previous work as a radiation therapist and the effect on success as a medical dosimetry student. Based on the quantitative correlation analysis, medical dosimetry leadership on admissions committees could revise student selection rubrics to place less emphasis on an applicant׳s undergraduate cumulative GPA and increase the weight assigned to previous degrees. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Medical Dosimetrists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Kim, Jin E.; Park, Samuel S.; La, Amy; Chang, Jenss; Zane, Nolan Objective The current study examined racial/ethnic differences in initial severity, session attendance, and counseling outcomes in a large and diverse sample of Asian American, Latino/a, and White student clients who utilized university counseling services between 2008 and 2012. Method We used archival data of 5,472 clients (62% female; M age = 23.1, SD = 4.3) who self-identified their race/ethnicity as being Asian American (38.9%), Latino/a (14.9%), or White (46.2%). Treatment engagement was measured by the number of counseling sessions attended; initial severity and treatment outcome were measured using the Outcome Questionnaire-45. Results Asian American clients, particularly Chinese, Filipino/a, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans, had greater initial severity compared to White clients. Asian Indian, Korean, and Vietnamese American clients used significantly fewer sessions of counseling than White clients after controlling for initial severity. All racial/ethnic minority groups continued to have clinically significant distress in certain areas (e.g., social role functioning) at counseling termination. Conclusions These findings highlight the need to devote greater attention to the counseling experiences of racial/ethnic minority clients, especially certain Asian American groups. Further research directions are provided. PMID:26390372 Kalaca, S; Gulpinar, M A good understanding of the learning styles of students is necessary for optimizing the quality of the learning process. There are few studies in Turkey on the subject of the learning characteristics of medical students. The aim of this study was to define the learning patterns of Turkish medical students based on the Turkish version of Vermunts Inventory of Learning Styles (ILS). The Turkish version of the ILS was developed and administered to 532 medical students. Learning patterns were investigated using factor analysis. Internal consistencies of scales ranged from 0.43 to 0.80. The Turkish version of the ILS identified four learning styles among medical students. In comparing the pre-clinical and clinical phases of medical students related to mental models of learning, statistically significant differences (p learning characteristics: lack of regulation; certificate; self-test and ambivalent orientation; intake of knowledge; and use of knowledge. The Turkish version of the ILS can be used to identify learning styles of medical students. Our findings indicate an intermediate position for our students on a teacher-regulated to student-regulated learning continuum. A variety of teaching methods and learning activities should be provided in medical schools in order to address the range of learning styles. Hui, Kayi; Lent, Robert W.; Miller, Matthew J. This study examined the predictive utility of Lent and Brown's social cognitive model of educational and work well-being with a sample of Asian American college students, indexing well-being in terms of academic and social domain satisfaction. In addition, we examined the role of acculturation and enculturation as culture-specific predictors of… Brazeau, Chantal M L R; Schroeder, Robin; Rovi, Sue; Boyd, Linda Medical student burnout is prevalent, and there has been much discussion about burnout and professionalism in medical education and the clinical learning environment. Yet, few studies have attempted to explore relationships between those issues using validated instruments. Medical students were surveyed at the beginning of their fourth year using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student Version, and the Professionalism Climate Instrument. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed. Scores indicative of higher medical student burnout were associated with lower medical student empathy scores and with lower professionalism climate scores observed in medical students, residents, and faculty. Investigators observed relationships between medical student burnout, empathy, and professionalism climate. These findings may have implications for the design of curriculum interventions to promote student well-being and professionalism. Tai, Michael Cheng-tek The organ transplantation seems to have become a route practice of modern medical treatment when a patient's organ fails providing that she/he can afford the cost and a suitable organ is found. This practice, however, was not without scepticism and reservation at least to some Asians, for instance, Japan has been reluctant to launch a brave search for organs to save any patient whose organs fail. The western world including Vatican has seen donating one's organ for transplantation to save others as an act of love. Compassion is one of the main teachings in Asian tradition too, therefore culturally, Asians should be in favour of this modern medical treatment. But the ancient teachings of Asia also call for respecting parents by carefully safeguarding the gift of body that they gave and abiding in Tao to follow the flow of nature. What will the Asian ancient sages say to this new modern medical technology? This article will examine the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism to find out how they respond to the procedures of organ transplantation. McKillip, Mary E. M.; Mackey, Philip E. This report shows college enrollment and graduation trends among Asian American SAT® takers who finished high school in 2004 and 2010 by student characteristics, including aspirations, self-perceived ability, and academic achievements. In every case, students in the top categories (high aspirations, high-perceived ability, high-assessed ability)… Brok, den P.J.; Levy, J.; Rodriguez, R.; Wubbels, Th. The study investigated the relationship of teacher and student ethnic background to their perceptions of teacher interpersonal behaviour. It is theoretically linked to research on multicultural education and teacher interpersonal communication styles. Perceptions of 27 Asian-American and The author examined the types of extrinsic motivation for Asian international graduate students pursuing graduate degrees. The theoretical framework used was extrinsic motivation within Self-Determination Theory. Even though the presence of Asian international graduate students is steadily increasing worldwide, research into their extrinsic motivation is scarce. It is important for educators to explore and understand Asian international graduate students’ extrinsic motivation since such stude... Miller, Matthew J; Yang, Minji; Hui, Kayi; Choi, Na-Yeun; Lim, Robert H In the present study, we tested a theoretically and empirically derived partially indirect effects acculturation and enculturation model of Asian American college students' mental health and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. Latent variable path analysis with 296 self-identified Asian American college students supported the partially indirect effects model and demonstrated the ways in which behavioral acculturation, behavioral enculturation, values acculturation, values enculturation, and acculturation gap family conflict related to mental health and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help directly and indirectly through acculturative stress. We also tested a generational status moderator hypothesis to determine whether differences in model-implied relationships emerged across U.S.- (n = 185) and foreign-born (n = 107) participants. Consistent with this hypothesis, statistically significant differences in structural coefficients emerged across generational status. Limitations, future directions for research, and counseling implications are discussed. Lapinski, Jessica; Yost, Morgan; Sexton, Patricia; LaBaere, Richard J The purposes of the current study are to examine factors modifying burnout and identify which of these factors place osteopathic medical students at risk for developing burnout. The current study used a cross-sectional study design and an anonymous, web-based survey to assess burnout and depression in osteopathic medical students. The survey included Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Stressors and their impact scale, students' sleeping and studying habits, and students' extracurricular involvement. In total, 1294 osteopathic medical students completed the survey. Burnout was present in 516 (39.9%) osteopathic medical students, and 1006 (77.0%) met criteria for depression. Females were 1.5 times more likely to be burned out in comparison to males. For the burnout subscales, males had lower emotional exhaustion, slightly higher depersonalization, and lower personal accomplishment. Lesbian/gay/bisexual/asexual students were 2.62 times more likely to be burned out compared with heterosexual students. Depression and academic, personal, and family stressors were all strongly linked to overall burnout. Finally, for modifiable factors, average hours of sleep, average hours spent studying, and club involvement appeared to be linked to burnout. The current study suggested that a variety of factors, including non-modifiable, situational, and modifiable, impact burnout in osteopathic medical students. Future research is necessary since burnout in physicians affects the quality of care provided to patients. Alkhaneen, Hadeel; Alhusain, Faisal; Alshahri, Khalid; Al Jerian, Nawfal Choosing a medical specialty is a poorly understood process. Although studies conducted around the world have attempted to identify the factors that affect medical students' choice of specialty, data is scarce on the factors that influence the choice of specialty of Saudi Arabian medical students, in particular those planning a career in emergency medicine (EM). In this study, we investigated whether Saudi medical students choosing EM are influenced by different factors to those choosing other specialties. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire distributed among all undergraduate and postgraduate medical students of both sexes in the second and third phases (57% were males and 43% were females). A total of 436 students answered the questionnaire, a response rate of 53.4%. EM group was most influenced by hospital orientation and lifestyle and least influenced by social orientation and prestige provided by their specialty. Unlike controllable lifestyle (CL) group and primary care (PC) group, EM reported lesser influence of social orientation on their career choice. When compared with students primarily interested in the surgical subspecialties (SS), EM group were less likely to report prestige as an important influence. Moreover, students interested in SS reported a leaser influence of medical lifestyle in comparison to EM group. When compared with CL group, EM group reported more interest in medical lifestyle. We found that students primarily interested in EM had different values and career expectations to other specialty groups. The trends in specialty choice should be appraised to meet future needs. Borges, Nicole J; Manuel, R Stephen; Elam, Carol L; Jones, Bonnie J Two main generational cohorts comprising students enrolled in medical schools today are Generation Xers (born 1965-1980) and Millennial students (born 1981-1999). A subset is Cuspars (born 1975-1980), who share traits with both generations. Population theorists ascribe different personal characteristics, attitudes, and preferences to each group. The authors examined whether selected characteristics describing Generation X and Millennial students were quantifiable using a personality measure. Differences among Generation X, Millennial, and Cuspar medical students were investigated. Eight hundred and nine medical students (399 females and 410 males) who matriculated between 1989-94 and 2001-04 at the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine completed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Differences in responses to the 16PF among the three generations were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Analyses showed significant differences for Generation X versus Millennial students on 10 of the 16 personality factors. Millennial students scored significantly higher than Generation X students on factors including Rule-Consciousness, Emotional Stability, and Perfectionism; Generation X students scored higher than Millennials on Self-Reliance. Millennials also were significantly different from Generation Xers on several other factors. Significant differences were noted among Cuspars, Generation Xers, and Millennials. The 16PF is a useful tool to examine differences among these groups and to help understand the factors that constitute their personalities. Given differences among the generational groups, the authors forecast possible educational implications for medical school academic affairs and student services, and suggest areas for future research. Seo, Dong-Chul; Torabi, Mohammad R.; Chin, Ming-Kai; Lee, Chung Gun; Kim, Nayoung; Huang, Sen-Fang; Chen, Chee Keong; Mok, Magdalena Mo Ching; Wong, Patricia; Chia, Michael; Park, Bock-Hee Objective: To identify levels of moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) in a representative sample of college students in six East Asian economies and examine their relationship with weight, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: College students… Jeffrey, D.R.; Goddard, P.R.; Callaway, M.P.; Greenwood, R. AIM: To assess the ability of final year medical students to interpret conventional chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten conventional chest radiographs were selected from a teaching hospital radiology department library that were good radiological examples of common conditions. All were conditions that a medical student should be expected to recognize by the end of their training. One normal radiograph was included. The radiographs were shown to 52 final year medical students who were asked to describe their findings. RESULTS: The median score achieved was 12.5 out of 20 (range 6-18). There was no difference between the median scores of male and female students (12.5 and 12.3, respectively, p=0.82) but male students were more likely to be certain of their answers than female students (median certainty scores 23.0 and 14.0, respectively). The overall degree of certainty was low. On no radiograph were more than 25% of students definite about their answer. Students had received little formal radiology teaching (2-42 h, median 21) and few expressed an interest in radiology as a career. Only two (3.8%) students thought they were good at interpreting chest radiographs, 17 (32.7%) thought they were bad or awful. CONCLUSION: Medical students reaching the end of their training do not perform well at interpreting simple chest radiographs. They lack confidence and have received little formal radiological tuition. Perhaps as a result, few are interested in radiology as a career, which is a matter for concern in view of the current shortage of radiologists in the UK Morrison, Elizabeth H; McLaughlin, Calvin; Rucker, Lloyd Beginning medical students spend numerous hours every week attending basic science lectures and taking notes. Medical faculty often wonder whether they should give students pre-printed instructors' notes before lectures. Proponents of this strategy argue that provided notes enhance learning by facilitating the accurate transmission of information, while opponents counter that provided notes inhibit students' cognitive processing or even discourage students from attending lectures. Little if any research has directly addressed medical students' note-taking or the value of providing instructors' notes. The educational literature does suggest that taking lecture notes enhances university students' learning. University students perform best on post-lecture testing if they review a combination of provided notes and their own personal notes, particularly if the provided notes follow a 'skeletal' format that encourages active note-taking. Wouters, Anouk; Croiset, Gerda; Schripsema, Nienke R.; Cohen-Schotanus, Janke; Spaai, Gerard W. G.; Hulsman, Robert L.; Kusurkar, Rashmi A. The aim was to examine main reasons for students' medical school choice and their relationship with students' characteristics and motivation during the students' medical study. In this multisite cross-sectional study, all Year-1 and Year-4 students who had participated in a selection procedure in Community mental health services are evolving toward more holistic, patient-centered, recovery-based practices. This change necessitates an attitudinal shift from mental health workers, and training in recovery principles is helpful in achieving this change. Medical students often have narrow, doctor-centered concepts of mental health care. Traditional clinical placements in psychiatry do little to address this. We evaluated a recovery-focused teaching program for medical students in psychiatry. Hui, Kayi; Lent, Robert W Although family and cultural factors have been assumed to play important roles in the career development of Asian Americans, theory-driven research on this topic remains limited. We examined culturally relevant factors that may contribute to Asian Americans' consideration of fields in which they are overrepresented (e.g., science, technology, engineering) and underrepresented (e.g., education, social science). Drawing from social cognitive career theory, a culture-specific, social cognitive model of career interests and choice was tested in Holland's (1997) Investigative (I) and Social (S) themes. A sample of 802 Asian American undergraduates completed measures of family support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, and career choice consideration in relation to both Holland themes. Two indicators of acculturation/enculturation (adherence to Asian values and generation status in the United States) were also obtained. The model accounted for a substantial amount of variance in Asian American college students' career consideration in both themes. Family support and acculturation played varying roles, depending on the Holland theme. For example, family support was linked to career choice consideration both directly (in the S theme) and indirectly, via other predictors (in both themes). Contrary to expectations, the acculturation variables did not moderate the relation of family support or interest to career consideration in either theme. We discuss the implications of these findings for efforts to understand and facilitate the career development of Asian American college students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). Baker, Jamie; Tucker, Debra; Raynes, Edilberto; Aitken, Florence; Allen, Pamela Medical dosimetry education occupies a specialized branch of allied health higher education. Noted international shortages of health care workers, reduced university funding, limitations on faculty staffing, trends in learner attrition, and increased enrollment of nontraditional students force medical dosimetry educational leadership to reevaluate current admission practices. Program officials wish to select medical dosimetry students with the best chances of successful graduation. The purpose of the quantitative ex post facto correlation study was to investigate the relationship between applicant characteristics (cumulative undergraduate grade point average (GPA), science grade point average (SGPA), prior experience as a radiation therapist, and previous academic degrees) and the successful completion of a medical dosimetry program, as measured by graduation. A key finding from the quantitative study was the statistically significant positive correlation between a student's previous degree and his or her successful graduation from the medical dosimetry program. Future research investigations could include a larger research sample, representative of more medical dosimetry student populations, and additional studies concerning the relationship of previous work as a radiation therapist and the effect on success as a medical dosimetry student. Based on the quantitative correlation analysis, medical dosimetry leadership on admissions committees could revise student selection rubrics to place less emphasis on an applicant's undergraduate cumulative GPA and increase the weight assigned to previous degrees. Baker, Jamie, E-mail: [email protected] [Medical Dosimetry Program, School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center School of Health Professions, Houston, TX (United States); Tucker, Debra [Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Raynes, Edilberto [University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ (United States); Aitken, Florence [University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV (United States); Allen, Pamela [Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (United States) Medical dosimetry education occupies a specialized branch of allied health higher education. Noted international shortages of health care workers, reduced university funding, limitations on faculty staffing, trends in learner attrition, and increased enrollment of nontraditional students force medical dosimetry educational leadership to reevaluate current admission practices. Program officials wish to select medical dosimetry students with the best chances of successful graduation. The purpose of the quantitative ex post facto correlation study was to investigate the relationship between applicant characteristics (cumulative undergraduate grade point average (GPA), science grade point average (SGPA), prior experience as a radiation therapist, and previous academic degrees) and the successful completion of a medical dosimetry program, as measured by graduation. A key finding from the quantitative study was the statistically significant positive correlation between a student's previous degree and his or her successful graduation from the medical dosimetry program. Future research investigations could include a larger research sample, representative of more medical dosimetry student populations, and additional studies concerning the relationship of previous work as a radiation therapist and the effect on success as a medical dosimetry student. Based on the quantitative correlation analysis, medical dosimetry leadership on admissions committees could revise student selection rubrics to place less emphasis on an applicant's undergraduate cumulative GPA and increase the weight assigned to previous degrees. Murray, Nancy G; Opuni, Kwame A; Reininger, Belinda; Sessions, Nathalie; Mowry, Melanie M; Hobbs, Mary To test the effectiveness of a middle school, multimedia health sciences educational program called HEADS UP in non-Asian-minority (Hispanic and African American), inner-city students. The program designers hope to increase the number of these students entering the health sciences pipeline. The program includes video role-model stories featuring minority scientists and students, hands-on activities, and teacher resources. Collaborators from The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Spring Branch Independent School District, and the Health Museum developed the modules. From 2004 to 2007, the authors used a quasi-experimental, two-group pretest/posttest design to assess program effects on students' performance and interest in science, their science self-efficacy, their fear of science, and their science-related careers self-efficacy. An independent third party matched the intervention school to a comparison school by test scores, school demographics, and student demographics and then matched pairs of sixth-grade students (N = 428) by fifth-grade science scores, gender, ethnicity, and participation in the free or reduced lunch program. The authors collected data on these students for three years. At eighth grade (2007), the intervention school students scored significantly higher (F = 12.38, P science and reported higher interest in science (F = 11.08, P school pairs. Students in neither group reported an increase in their confidence to choose a science-related career, but students in one high-implementing teacher's class reported decreased fear of science. HEADS UP shows potential for improving inner-city, non-Asian-minority middle school students' performance and interest in science. Kim, Se-Hoon; Lee, Keumho; Hur, Yera; Kim, Ji-Ha Despite the importance of selecting students whom are capable for medical education and to become a good doctor, not enough studies have been done in the category. This study focused on analysing the medical students' academic performance (grade point average, GPA) differences, flunk and dropout rates by admission types. From 2004 to 2010, we gathered 369 Konyang University College of Medicine's students admission data and analyzed the differences between admission method and academic achievement, differences in failure and dropout rates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), ordinary least square, and logistic regression were used. The rolling students showed higher academic achievement from year 1 to 3 than regular students (p dropout rate by admission types, regular admission type students showed higher drop out rate than the rolling ones which demonstrates admission types gives significant effect on flunk or dropout rates in medical students (p students tend to show lower flunk rate and dropout rates and perform better academically. This implies selecting students primarily by Korean College Scholastic Ability Test does not guarantee their academic success in medical education. Thus we suggest a more in-depth comprehensive method of selecting students that are appropriate to individual medical school's educational goal. Grandell-Niemi, H; Hupli, M; Leino-Kilpi, H The aim of this study was to describe the basic mathematical proficiency and the medication calculation skills of graduating nursing students in Finland. A further concern was with how students experienced the teaching of medication calculation. We wanted to find out whether these experiences were associated with various background factors and the students' medication calculation skills. In spring 1997 the population of graduating nursing students in Finland numbered around 1280; the figure for the whole year was 2640. A convenience sample of 204 students completed a questionnaire specially developed for this study. The instrument included structured questions, statements and a medication calculation test. The response rate was 88%. Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics. The students found it hard to learn mathematics and medication calculation skills. Those who evaluated their mathematical and medication calculation skills as sufficient successfully solved the problems included in the questionnaire. It was felt that the introductory course on medication calculation was uninteresting and poorly organised. Overall the students' mathematical skills were inadequate. One-fifth of the students failed to pass the medication calculation test. A positive correlation was shown between the student's grade in mathematics (Sixth Form College) and her skills in medication calculation. Nguyen, Cao Thanh The paper will explore the challenges students from selected South East Asian countries (Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia) face while studying English in Australia before entering into Australian University courses. These students must contend not only with different styles of teaching and learning, but also with the challenge of adapting to a new… Scheele, Tina Hunter; Pruitt, Rosanne; Johnson, Arlene; Xu, Yu Because of cultural differences and language barriers, some Asian nursing students who speak English as a second language (ESL) have not realized their full potential and career goals. Based on an exhaustive search through existing electronic databases in health sciences, this article synthesizes the published literature between 1980 and 2010 on this subgroup of nursing students in four domains: conceptual frameworks, language and communication, support and infrastructure, and instructional strategies. However, some of the classic works were published before 1980. Findings indicate that a body of literature on ESL nursing students has emerged in the last decades, with several limitations. Based on this review, implications for future educational practice and research are elaborated, with an emphasis on an evidence-based approach. Full Text Available Thelma Quince, Pia Thiemann, John Benson, Sarah Hyde Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Abstract: Empathy is important to patient care. It enhances patients’ satisfaction, comfort, self-efficacy, and trust which in turn may facilitate better diagnosis, shared decision making, and therapy adherence. Empathetic doctors experience greater job satisfaction and psychological well-being. Understanding the development of empathy of tomorrow's health care professionals is important. However, clinical empathy is poorly defined and difficult to measure, while ways to enhance it remain unclear. This review examines empathy among undergraduate medical students, focusing upon three main questions: How is empathy measured? This section discusses the problems of assessing empathy and outlines the utility of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy – Student Version and Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Both have been used widely to assess medical students' empathy. Does empathy change during undergraduate medical education? The trajectory of empathy during undergraduate medical education has been and continues to be debated. Potential reasons for contrasting results of studies are outlined. What factors may influence the development of empathy? Although the influence of sex is widely recognized, the impact of culture, psychological well-being, and aspects of undergraduate curricula are less well understood. This review identifies three interrelated issues for future research into undergraduate medical students' empathy. First, the need for greater clarity of definition, recognizing that empathy is multidimensional. Second, the need to develop meaningful ways of measuring empathy which include its component dimensions and which are relevant to patients' experiences. Medical education research has generally relied upon single, self-report instruments, which have Piotrowski, Madison; Stulberg, Debra; Egan, Mari Medical residents continue to experience high rates of burnout during residency training even after implementation of the 2003 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty-hour restrictions. The purpose of this study is to determine medical student interest in flexible residency training options. Researchers developed an 11-question survey for second through fourth-year medical students. The populations surveyed included medical students who were: (1) attending the 2015 American Academy of Family Physicians National Conference, the 2015 Family Medicine Midwest Conference, and (2) enrolled at University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Drexel University College of Medicine, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. The survey was completed by 789 medical students. Over half of medical students surveyed indicated that they would be interested in working part-time during some portion of their residency training (51%), and that access to part-time training options would increase their likelihood of applying to a particular residency program (52%). When given the option of three residency training schedules of varying lengths, 41% of male students and 60% of female students chose a 60-hour workweek, even when that meant extending the residency length by 33% and reducing their yearly salary to $39,000. There is considerable interest among medical students in access to part-time residency training options and reduced-hour residency programs. This level of interest indicates that offering flexible training options could be an effective recruitment tool for residency programs and could improve students' perception of their work-life balance during residency. Full Text Available Background: Matriculation of international students to United States’ (US medical schools has not mirrored the remarkable influx of these students to other US institutions of higher education. Methods: While these students’ numbers are on the rise, the visibility for their unique issues remains largely ignored in the medical literature. Results: These students are disadvantaged in the medical school admissions process due to financial and immigration-related concerns, and academic standards for admittance also continue to be significantly higher compared with their US-citizen peers. Furthermore, it is simply beyond the mission of many medical schools – both public and private – to support international students’ education, especially since federal, state-allocated or institutional funds are limited and these institutions have a commitment to fulfill the healthcare education needs of qualified domestic candidates. In spite of these obstacles, a select group of international students do gain admission to US medical schools and, upon graduation, are credentialed equally as their US-citizen counterparts by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME. However, owing to their foreign citizenship, these students have visa requirements for post-graduate training that may adversely impact their candidacy for residency placement. Conclusion: By raising such issues, this article aims to increase the awareness of considerations pertinent to this unique population of medical students. The argument is also made to support continued recruitment of international students to US medical schools in spite of these impediments. In our experience, these students are not only qualified to tackle the rigors of a US medical education, but also enrich the cultural diversity of the medical student body. Moreover, these graduates could effectively complement the efforts to augment US physician workforce diversity while contributing to Backović Dušan V. Full Text Available Introduction. Medical studies bring many stressful activities to students. Prolonged stress can make adverse effects to mental health and lead to further professional burnout. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the association of stress impact and adverse effects of medical studies with psychological distress among medical students. Methods. The cross sectional study was conducted on 367 fourthyear medical students of the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, by means of the anonymous questionnaire, containing: sociodemographic data, selfreported health status and stressful influences of studying activities. Mental health status was estimated by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12. Results. More than 50% of students perceive frequent feeling of psychic tension, and one third has problems with insomnia. Nearly onehalf of students assessed their general stress level as moderate or high. Exams were estimated as high stressor in 63.1% of all students. Stressful effects of communication with teaching staff were reported by one quarter of the examinees. The scores of GHQ12 were above the threshold in 55.6 % of all students. Mental health problems among students were most significantly associated with stressful experience during exams and contacts with teaching staff. Conclusion. Academic stress makes great influence on mental health of medical students. Reduction of stress effects should be directed to optimization of the examination process and improvement of communication skills. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 175078 Chen, Hung-chi; Kuo, Hsin-chih; Chung, Kuo-Piao; Chang, Sophia; Su, Syi; Yang, Ming-chin Medical tourism is a new trend in medical service. It is booming not only in Asian countries but also in European and South American countries. Worldwide competition of medical service is expected in the future, and niche service will be a "trademark" for the promotion of global medicine. Niche service also functions for market segmentation. Niche services are usually surgical procedures. A study was carried out to compare different strategies for developing medical tourism in Asian countries. The role of a niche service is evaluated in the initiation and further development of medical tourism for individual countries. From this study, a general classification was proposed in terms of treatment procedures. It can be used as a useful guideline for additional studies in medical tourism. Niche service plays the following roles in the development of medical tourism: (1) It attracts attention in the mass media and helps in subsequent promotion of business, (2) it exerts pressure on the hospital, which must improve the quality of health care provided in treating foreign patients, especially the niche services, and (3) it is a tool for setting up the business model. E-Da Hospital is an example for developing medical tourism in Taiwan. A side effect is that niche service brings additional foreign patients, which will contribute to the benefit of the hospital, but this leaves less room for treating domestic patients. A niche service is a means of introduction for entry into the market of medical tourism. How to create a successful story is important for the development of a niche service. When a good reputation has been established, the information provided on the Internet can last for a long time and can spread internationally to form a distinguished mark for further development. Niche services can be classified into 3 categories: (1) Low-risk procedures with large price differences and long stay after retirement; (2) high-risk procedures with less of a price difference Talley, Heather; Cho, Janice; Strassberg, Donald S.; Rullo, Jordan E. An inaccurate definition of what constitutes sex can negatively impact the sexual health and wellbeing of patients. This study aimed to determine which behaviors medical students consider to be sex. Survey questions about various sexual behaviors were administered to medical students. All participants agreed that penile-vaginal penetration is sex.… Beigy, Maani; Pishgahi, Ghasem; Moghaddas, Fateme; Maghbouli, Nastaran; Shirbache, Kamran; Asghari, Fariba; Abolfat-H Zadeh, Navid It has long been a common goal for both medical educators and ethicists to develop effective methods or programs for medical ethics education. The current lecture-based courses of medical ethics programs in medical schools are demonstrated as insufficient models for training "good doctors''. In this study, we introduce an innovative program for medical ethics education in an extra-curricular student-based design named Students' Medical Ethics Rounds (SMER). In SMER, a combination of educational methods, including theater-based case presentation, large group discussion, expert opinions, role playing and role modeling were employed. The pretest-posttest experimental design was used to assess the impact of interventions on the participants' knowledge and attitude regarding selected ethical topics. A total of 335 students participated in this study and 86.57% of them filled the pretest and posttest forms. We observed significant improvements in the knowledge (P educational methods were reported as helpful. We found that SMER might be an effective method of teaching medical ethics. We highly recommend the investigation of the advantages of SMER in larger studies and interdisciplinary settings. Seth, Vikas; Upadhyaya, Prerna; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Moghe, Vijay Purpose To assess students’ perceptions of the impact of PowerPoint (PPT) presentations in lectures in comparison to the traditional chalk and talk method and lectures using transparencies and overhead projector (TOHP). The study analyzes the preferences for teaching aids of medical students versus dental students. Methods Second year medical and dental undergraduates were asked to fill in a nine-item questionnaire about their perceptions of the three lecture delivery methods. Following analysis of the questionnaire the students were interviewed further. The results were analyzed separately for medical and dental students to see if there was any difference in their perceptions. Results The majority of the medical students (65.33%) preferred PPT presentations, while 15.16% of students preferred the lectures using chalkboard, and 19.51% preferred TOHP for teaching (P lectures (P lecture delivery method. It appears that in the hands of a trained teacher any teaching aid would be appropriate and effective. This highlights the need for formal training in teaching technologies to develop good presentation skills and thus motivate the students. PMID:23745057 Medical students use Facebook to interact with one another both socially and educationally. This study investigates how medical students in a UK medical school use Facebook to support their learning. In particular, it identifies the nature of their educational activities, and details their experiences of using an educational Facebook group. Twenty-four medical students who self-identified as being Facebook users were invited to focus groups to attain a general overview of Facebook use within an educational context. A textual analysis was then conducted on a small group of intercalating medical students who used a self-created Facebook group to supplement their learning. Five of these students participated in semi-structured interviews. Six common themes were generated. These included 'collaborative learning', 'strategic uses for the preparation for assessment', 'sharing experiences and providing support', 'creating and maintaining connections', 'personal planning and practical organization' and 'sharing and evaluating educational resources'. Evidence from this study shows that medical students are using Facebook informally to enhance their learning and undergraduate lives. Facebook has enabled students to create a supportive learning community amongst their peers. Medical educators wishing to capitalize on Facebook, as a platform for formal educational initiatives, should remain cautious of intruding on this peer online learning community. Beyhun, Nazim Ercument; Kolayli, Cevriye Ceyda; Can, Gamze; Topbas, Murat Interactions between drug companies and medical students may affect evidence-based medical practice and patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess drug company-medical student interactions in a medical faculty where limited specific national or institutional regulations apply between drug companies and medical students. The objectives of the study were to determine the exposure and attitudes of final year medical students in terms of drug company-medical student and physician interactions, to identify factors affecting those attitudes and to provide data for policymakers working on the regulation of interactions between drug companies and medical students. This anonymous questionnaire-based study of 154 medical final year medical students at the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey, in April and May 2015 attracted a response rate of 92.2% (n/N, 154/164). Exposure to interaction with a pharmaceutical representative was reported by 90.3% (139/154) of students, and 68.8% (106/154) reported experiencing such interaction alongside a resident. In addition, 83.7% (128/153) of students reported an interaction during internship. Furthermore, 69.9% (107/153) of students agreed that interactions influence physicians' prescription preferences, while 33.1% (51/154) thought that a medical student should never accept a gift from a drug company and 24.7% (38/154) agreed with the proposition that "drug companies should not hold activities in medical faculties". Students with rational prescription training expressed greater agreement with the statement "I am skeptical concerning the information provided by drug companies during interactions" than those who had not received such training, and this finding was supported by logistic regression [O.R.(C.I), p -3.7(1.2-11.5), p = 0.022]. Acceptance of advertisement brochures was found to significantly reduce the level of agreement with the proposition that "A physician should not accept any gift from a Nazim Ercument Beyhun Full Text Available Interactions between drug companies and medical students may affect evidence-based medical practice and patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess drug company-medical student interactions in a medical faculty where limited specific national or institutional regulations apply between drug companies and medical students. The objectives of the study were to determine the exposure and attitudes of final year medical students in terms of drug company-medical student and physician interactions, to identify factors affecting those attitudes and to provide data for policymakers working on the regulation of interactions between drug companies and medical students. This anonymous questionnaire-based study of 154 medical final year medical students at the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey, in April and May 2015 attracted a response rate of 92.2% (n/N, 154/164. Exposure to interaction with a pharmaceutical representative was reported by 90.3% (139/154 of students, and 68.8% (106/154 reported experiencing such interaction alongside a resident. In addition, 83.7% (128/153 of students reported an interaction during internship. Furthermore, 69.9% (107/153 of students agreed that interactions influence physicians' prescription preferences, while 33.1% (51/154 thought that a medical student should never accept a gift from a drug company and 24.7% (38/154 agreed with the proposition that "drug companies should not hold activities in medical faculties". Students with rational prescription training expressed greater agreement with the statement "I am skeptical concerning the information provided by drug companies during interactions" than those who had not received such training, and this finding was supported by logistic regression [O.R.(C.I, p -3.7(1.2-11.5, p = 0.022]. Acceptance of advertisement brochures was found to significantly reduce the level of agreement with the proposition that "A physician should not accept any Wilson, Ian; Cowin, Leanne S; Johnson, Maree; Young, Helen Professional identity, or how a doctor thinks of himself or herself as a doctor, is considered to be as critical to medical education as the acquisition of skills and knowledge relevant to patient care. This article examines contemporary literature on the development of professional identity within medicine. Relevant theories of identity construction are explored and their application to medical education and pedagogical approaches to enhancing students' professional identity are proposed. The influence of communities of practice, role models, and narrative reflection within curricula are examined. Medical education needs to be responsive to changes in professional identity being generated from factors within medical student experiences and within contemporary society. Jayasuriya-Illesinghe, Vathsala; Nazeer, Ishra; Athauda, Lathika; Perera, Jennifer Medical education research in general, and those focusing on clinical settings in particular, have been a low priority in South Asia. This explorative study from 3 medical schools in Sri Lanka, a South Asian country, describes undergraduate medical students' experiences during their final year clinical training with the aim of understanding the teaching-learning experiences. Using qualitative methods we conducted an exploratory study. Twenty eight graduates from 3 medical schools participated in individual interviews. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Emergent themes reveled 2 types of teaching-learning experiences, role modeling, and purposive teaching. In role modelling, students were expected to observe teachers while they conduct their clinical work, however, this method failed to create positive learning experiences. The clinical teachers who predominantly used this method appeared to be 'figurative' role models and were not perceived as modelling professional behaviors. In contrast, purposeful teaching allowed dedicated time for teacher-student interactions and teachers who created these learning experiences were more likely to be seen as 'true' role models. Students' responses and reciprocations to these interactions were influenced by their perception of teachers' behaviors, attitudes, and the type of teaching-learning situations created for them. Making a distinction between role modeling and purposeful teaching is important for students in clinical training settings. Clinical teachers' awareness of their own manifest professional characterizes, attitudes, and behaviors, could help create better teaching-learning experiences. Moreover, broader systemic reforms are needed to address the prevailing culture of teaching by humiliation and subordination. Greysen, S Ryan; Chen, Candice; Mullan, Fitzhugh Over the last 50 years, medical student debt has become a problem of national importance, and obtaining medical education in the United States has become a loan-dependent, individual investment. Although this phenomenon must be understood in the general context of U.S. higher education as well as economic and social trends in late-20th-century America, the historical problem of medical student debt requires specific attention for several reasons. First, current mechanisms for students' educational financing may not withstand debt levels above a certain ceiling which is rapidly approaching. Second, there are no standards for costs of medical school attendance, and these can vary dramatically between different schools even within a single city. Third, there is no consensus on the true cost of educating a medical student, which limits accountability to students and society for these costs. Fourth, policy efforts to improve physician workforce diversity and mitigate shortages in the primary care workforce are inhibited by rising levels of medical student indebtedness. Fortunately, the current effort to expand the U.S. physician workforce presents a unique opportunity to confront the unsustainable growth of medical student debt and explore new approaches to the financing of medical students' education. Sriratanaban, J; Chiravisit, M; Viputsiri, O Providing effective health care services for a population involves a great deal of team-work among health care workers and leadership of physicians. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the leadership styles of medical students, and to explore factors that may be associated with them. Leadership questionnaires were used to assess leadership styles of 97 sixth-year medical students of the 1995 class at Chulalongkorn University attending the community medicine III program which was designed to introduce basic knowledge and skills in health care management. The baseline leadership styles of the students were more people-oriented than task-oriented. Multivariate analyses revealed that administrative experiences from extracurricular activities and perceived importance of a health administration course were significantly associated with leadership styles. Medical students should be encouraged to participate in extracurricular activities during their medical studies, taking leader positions, in order to develop an optimal leadership style to be effective health team leaders. Lafta, Riyadh; Al-Ani, Waleed; Dhiaa, Saba; Cherewick, Megan; Hagopian, Amy; Burnham, Gilbert The environment for medical education in Iraq has been difficult for many years. The 2003 invasion of Iraq accelerated a steady emigration of faculty and graduates. Kidnappings and deaths of doctors became commonplace. To understand current career plans, expectations and perceptions of medical students, three Baghdad medical schools were surveyed. Written questionnaires were completed by 418 medical students variously in their 4th, 5th and 6th (final)years of training. We asked about perceptions of the quality of their medical education, the quality of health services in Iraq generally, and about deaths, injuries and migration of faculty, classmates and family. The average age of students was 22 years, with 59% women. Most students (90%) were originally from Baghdad. Although there were some positive responses, many students (59%) rated the overall quality of their medical education as fair or poor. Three-fourths of students believed the quality of hospital care in Iraq to be only fair or poor. A majority of students (57%) stated they were thinking frequently or all the time about leaving Iraq after graduation. Reasons given for leaving included the desire for further education, seeking a better lifestyle and fleeing conflict. Leading reasons for staying included the pull of friends and family, familiarity with the health system, and a sense of responsibility to the country. Nearly one in five (18%) students reported the death of a family member attributable to intentional violence, and 15% reported the violent death of a medical school classmate or faculty member since the 2003 invasion. Half the students reported at least one school faculty members had left Iraq because of the war. Medical students hold a mediocre view of the quality of their medical education and of Iraq's health system. Many of their faculty members have left the country. The majority of students may leave Iraq after graduation, afforded the opportunity. This poses a significant problem for Márquez U, Carolina; Fasce H, Eduardo; Ortega B, Javiera; Bustamante D, Carolina; Pérez V, Cristhian; Ibáñez G, Pilar; Ortiz M, Liliana; Espinoza P, Camila; Bastías V, Nancy Understanding how autonomous students are capable of regulating their own learning process is essential to develop self-directed teaching methods. To understand how self-directed medical students approach learning in medical schools at University of Concepción, Chile. A qualitative and descriptive study, performed according to Grounded Theory guidelines, following Strauss & Corbin was performed. Twenty medical students were selected by the maximum variation sampling method. The data collection technique was carried out by a semi-structured thematic interview. Students were interviewed by researchers after an informed consent procedure. Data were analyzed by the open coding method using Atlas-ti 7.5.2 software. Self-directed learners were characterized by being good planners and managing their time correctly. Students performed a diligent selection of contents to study based on reliable literature sources, theoretical relevance and type of evaluation. They also emphasized the discussion of clinical cases, where theoretical contents can be applied. This modality allows them to gain a global view of theoretical contents, to verbalize knowledge and to obtain a learning feedback. The learning process of autonomous students is intentional and planned. Ferri-de-Barros, João Eliezer; Alencar, Mauricio José de; Berchielli, Luis Felipe; Castelhano Junior, Luis Carlos Headaches occur frequently and thus are a key component of sociocentric medical education. To study headaches among students of medicine and psychology in a single university. This was a questionnaire-based survey of a cohort of students of medicine and psychology. The overall lifetime prevalence of headache was 98% and over the last year, 91%. Tensional headache accounted for 59% and migraine 22% in medicine; and 48.5% and 32% respectively in psychology. Forty-five percent reported that headaches had a variable sporadic impact on their productivity. The self-medication rate was 77%. Thirty-six percent reported worsening since admission to the university. The prevalence of headaches was very high. Tension-type headaches predominated in males and migraine in females. Tension-type was more frequent among medical students than among psychology students; migraine was more frequent in psychology (more females) than in medicine. Both kinds of students reported that headaches caused low interference with daily activities. The students reported that their symptoms had worsened since admission to the university. Full Text Available Background: Faced with demanding training programmes, medical students may be more prone to use methylphenidate for non-medical purposes in order to improve concentration, alertness and academic performance. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the non-medical use of methylphenidate and knowledge of this drug among undergraduate medical students of the University of the Free State. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was distributed during lectures to all students in the five year groups of the undergraduate medical programme. Results: Of the 643 undergraduate medical students, 541 completed the questionnaire (response rate: 84.1%. Approximately 11.0% of surveyed students were using methylphenidate at the time of the study, of which the majority (67.9% used it for academic purposes and 70.6% received it from a medical health professional. Less than a third of users had been diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Methylphenidate users’ median knowledge was greater than non-users, and methylphenidate knowledge increased from first-year and second-year students to third-year to fifth-year students. Median knowledge scores per year group ranged from 52.0% to 60.0%. Conclusion: Methylphenidate is mainly used for non-medical purposes by medical students. Students generally have a low level of knowledge on methylphenidate. Specific information on methylphenidate should be included in lectures on stress management and study methods during the course of the medical curriculum. Full Text Available Abstract Background Specialty selection by medical students determines the future composition of the physician workforce. Selection of career specialties begins in earnest during the clinical rotations with exposure to the clinical and intellectual environments of various specialties. Career specialty selection is followed by choosing a residency program. This is the period where insight into the decision process might help healthcare leaders ascertain whether, when, and how to intervene and attempt to influence students' decisions. The criteria students consider important in selecting a specialty and a residency program during the early phases of their clinical rotations were examined. Methods Questionnaires distributed to fifth-year medical students at two Israeli medical schools. Results 229 of 275 (83% questionnaires were returned. 80% of the students had considered specialties; 62% considered one specialty, 25% two, the remainder 3-5 specialties. Students took a long-range view; 55% considered working conditions after residency more important than those during residency, another 42% considered both equally important. More than two-thirds wanted an interesting and challenging bedside specialty affording control over lifestyle and providing a reasonable relationship between salary and lifestyle. Men were more interested in well-remunerated procedure-oriented specialties that allowed for private practice. Most students rated as important selecting a challenging and interesting residency program characterized by good relationships between staff members, with positive treatment by the institution, and that provided much teaching. More women wanted short residencies with few on-calls and limited hours. More men rated as important residencies affording much responsibility for making clinical decisions and providing research opportunities. More than 50% of the students considered it important that their residency be in a leading department, and in Tyler, Ingrid V; Hau, Monica; Buxton, Jane A; Elliott, Lawrence J; Harvey, Bart J; Hockin, James C; Mowat, David L To understand the perceptions and attitudes of Canadian medical students toward their undergraduate medical public health curriculum and to identify student suggestions and priorities for curriculum change. Five focus groups of 11 or 12 medical students from all years of medical school were recruited at McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine, and University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine between February and April 2006. A professional facilitator was hired to conduct the focus groups using a unique, computer-based facilitation system. Questions in both the focus group and an accompanying survey sought to determine medical students' understanding and exposure to public health and how this impacted their attitudes and choices toward careers in the public health medical specialty of community medicine. The transcripts were independently reviewed and analyzed by each of the authors to identify themes. Four major themes related to students' desired curriculum change were identified: (1) poor educational experiences in public health courses, (2) lack of positive role models, especially exposure to community medicine specialists, (3) emphasis on statistics and epidemiology, and (4) negative attitudes toward public health topics. Students are disillusioned, disengaged, and disappointed with the public health curriculum currently being provided at the Canadian medical schools studied. Many medical students would prefer a public health curriculum that is more challenging and has more applied field experience and exposure to public health physician role models. Full Text Available Ethnic minority groups have been shown to obtain poorer final year degree outcomes than their majority group counterparts in countries including the United States, the United Kingdom and The Netherlands. Obtaining a lower degree classification may limit future employment prospects of graduates as well as opportunities for higher level study. To further investigate this achievement gap, we analyzed performance levels across three academic years of study of 3,051 Black, Asian and White students from a United Kingdom University. Analyses of covariance investigated effects of ethnicity and work placement experience (internships on first, second and final year marks, whilst statistically controlling for a number of factors thought to influence achievement, including prior academic performance. Results demonstrated superior achievement of White students consistently across all years of study. Placement experience reduced, but did not eliminate, the size of the achievement gap exhibited by final year students. Sex, parental education and socioeconomic status had no significant main effects. Female students showed a more complex pattern of results than males, with Black females not showing the same final year uplift in marks as their Asian and White counterparts. Implications and possible explanations are discussed. Kong, Grace; Tsai, Jack; Pilver, Corey E; Tan, Hwee Sim; Hoff, Rani A; Cavallo, Dana A; Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra; Steinberg, Marvin A; Rugle, Loreen; Potenza, Marc N Studies of Asian-American adults have found high estimates of problematic gambling. However, little is known about gambling behaviors and associated measures among Asian-American adolescents. This study examined gambling perceptions and behaviors and health/functioning characteristics stratified by problem-gambling severity and Asian-American and Caucasian race using cross-sectional survey data of 121 Asian-American and 1659 Caucasian high-school students. Asian-American and Caucasian adolescents significantly differed on problem-gambling severity, with Asian-American adolescents more often reporting not gambling (24.8% vs. 16.4%), but when they did report gambling, they showed higher levels of at-risk/problem gambling (30.6% vs. 26.4%). Parental approval or disapproval of adolescent gambling also significantly differed between races, with Asian-American adolescents more likely to perceive both parental disapproval (50.0% vs. 38.2%) and approval (19.3% vs. 9.6%) of gambling. Asian-American adolescents were also more likely to express concern about gambling among close family members (25.2% vs. 11.6%). Among Asian-American adolescents, stronger associations were observed between at-risk/problem gambling and smoking cigarettes (interaction odds ratio=12.6). In summary, differences in problem-gambling severity and gambling perceptions indicate possible cultural differences in familial attitudes towards gambling. Stronger links between cigarette smoking and risky/problematic gambling amongst Asian-American adolescents suggest that prevention and treatment efforts targeting youth addictions consider cultural differences. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Kong, Grace; Tsai, Jack; Pilver, Corey E.; Tan, Hwee Sim; Hoff, Rani A.; Cavallo, Dana; Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra; Steinberg, Marvin A.; Rugle, Loreen; Potenza, Marc N. Studies of Asian-American adults have found high estimates of problematic gambling. However, little is known about gambling behaviors and associated measures among Asian-American adolescents. This study examined gambling perceptions and behaviors and health/functioning characteristics stratified by problem-gambling severity and Asian-American and Caucasian race using cross-sectional survey data of 121 Asian-American and 1,659 Caucasian high-school students. Asian-American and Caucasian adolescents significantly differed on problem-gambling severity, with Asian-American adolescents more often reporting not gambling (24.8% vs. 16.4%), but when they did report gambling, they showed higher levels of at-risk/problem gambling (30.6% vs. 26.4%). Parental approval or disapproval of adolescent gambling also significantly differed between races, with Asian-American adolescents more likely to perceive both parental disapproval (50.0% vs. 38.2%) and approval (19.3% vs. 9.6%) of gambling. Asian-American adolescents were also more likely to express concern about gambling among close family members (25.2% vs. 11.6%). Among Asian-American adolescents, stronger associations were observed between at-risk/problem gambling and smoking cigarettes (interaction odds ratio=12.6). In summary, differences in problem-gambling severity and gambling perceptions indicate possible cultural differences in familial attitudes towards gambling. Stronger links between cigarette smoking and risky/problematic gambling amongst Asian-American adolescents suggest that prevention and treatment efforts targeting youth addictions consider cultural differences. PMID:24183532 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 2Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom ... Results: Self-medication practice was highly prevalent among the medical students, with 87 % ... as part of self-care to improve the health care ..... No conflict of interest associated with this work. Neera; Varun; Yogesh Sleep is part of the rhythm of life; without a good sleep the mind is less adaptive, mood is altered and the body loses the ability to refresh. The sleep-wake cycle of medical students is quite different and sleep deprivation, poor sleep quality, occurrence of napping episodes during the day. This study was designed to assess sleep habits in first year medical students. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants of this study were healthy medical students of first year MBBS course of S... Green, Michael J; Myers, Kimberly; Watson, Katie; Czerwiec, M K; Shapiro, Dan; Draus, Stephanie What is the value of having medical students engage in creative production as part of their learning? Creating something new requires medical students to take risks and even to fail--something they tend to be neither accustomed to nor comfortable with doing. "Making stuff" can help students prepare for such failures in a controlled environment that doesn't threaten their professional identities. Furthermore, doing so can facilitate students becoming resilient and creative problem-solvers who strive to find new ways to address vexing questions. Though creating something new can be fun, this is not the main outcome of interest. Rather, the principle reason we recommend devoting precious curricular time to creative endeavors is because it helps medical students become better doctors. Hunter, Neil; Shah, Alexander; Bollina, Prasad; Bollina, Harsha This exploratory piece details the development of the programme Medic Insight, which was established in 2007 in Lothian. This is an aptly-named unique organisation that provides an insight into life as a doctor for school students. We believe that the provision of work experience needs to be improved for both students and doctors. Securing work experience in medicine has historically been biased: individuals that have family or friends who work as doctors are able to organise shadowing placements with greater ease. Shadowing experiences are of questionable value, and frequently offer exposure to only one field, and administrators struggle to match doctors' working schedules with those of students. Medic Insight has been developed to address these key problems. It provides a free, application-based shadowing experience for 15-16-year olds, in addition to interactive seminars for younger students. Over the course of the 5-day shadowing experience (Medic Insight Week), students rotate through a variety of specialties, meeting doctors of all grades. Doctors agree to act as mentors prior to the shadowing weeks and post their availability online. Data from our pilot in 2008 has been encouraging. All students who answered our questionnaire found the experience to be either useful or very useful, and ongoing data collection is proving this to be an enjoyable and effective programme. We are confident that Medic Insight will help all suitably enthusiastic and able school students make informed decisions to apply to study medicine. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010. Kötter, Thomas; Wagner, Josefin; Brüheim, Linda; Voltmer, Edgar Medical students are exposed to high amounts of stress. Stress and poor academic performance can become part of a vicious circle. In order to counteract this circularity, it seems important to better understand the relationship between stress and performance during medical education. The most widespread stress questionnaire designed for use in Medical School is the "Perceived Medical School Stress Instrument" (PMSS). It addresses a wide range of stressors, including workload, competition, social isolation and financial worries. Our aim was to examine the relation between the perceived Medical School stress of undergraduate medical students and academic performance. We measured Medical School stress using the PMSS at two different time points (at the end of freshman year and at the end of sophomore year) and matched stress scores together with age and gender to the first medical examination (M1) grade of the students (n = 456). PMSS scores from 2 and 14 months before M1 proved to be significant predictors for medical students' M1 grade. Age and gender also predict academic performance, making older female students with high stress scores a potential risk group for entering the vicious circle of stress and poor academic performance. PMSS sum scores 2 and 14 months before the M1 exam seem to have an independent predictive validity for medical students' M1 grade. More research is needed to identify potential confounders. Delgado, Antonio Pedro; Soares Martins, Antonieta; Ferrinho, Paulo Cape Verde is a small insular developing state. Its first experience of undergraduate medical education began in October 2015. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the professional expectations and profile of the first class of medical students at the University of Cape Verde. A piloted, standardized questionnaire, with closed and open-ended questions, was distributed to registered medical students attending classes on the day of the survey. All data were analyzed using SPSS. Students decided to study medicine in their mid-teens with relatives and friends having had significant influence over their decisions. Other major reasons for choosing medical training include "to take care of other people", "fascination for the subject matters of medicine" and "I have always wanted to". The degree of feminization of the student population is extremely high (20/25; 80.0%). Medical students are in general satisfied with the training program, and have expectations that the training received will allow them to be good professionals. Nevertheless, they consider the course too theoretical. Medical students know that this represents an opportunity for them to contribute to public welfare. Nonetheless, their expectations are to combine public sector practice with private work. Medical students come mostly from Santiago Island where the Capital of the Country is located. They still do not know about their future area of specialization. But all of those who want to specialize want to do so abroad. They mostly expect to follow hospital careers rather than health administration or family and community medicine. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge about medical students' difficulties and expectations regarding medical schools or curriculums in lusophone countries. The decision to invest in the training of local physicians is justified by the need to be less dependent on foreigners. Local postgraduate medical training programs are already Silva, Cristiana Silveira; Souza, Murilo Barreto; Filho, Roberto Silveira Silva; de Medeiros, Luciana Molina; Criado, Paulo Ricardo INTRODUCTION: Dermatological disorders are common in medical practice. In medical school, however, the time devoted to teaching dermatology is usually very limited. Therefore, online educational systems have increasingly been used in medical education settings to enhance exposure to dermatology. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to develop an e-learning program for medical students in dermatology and evaluate the impact of this program on learning. METHODS: This prospective study included second year medical students at the University of Technology and Science, Salvador, Brazil. All students attended discussion seminars and practical activities, and half of the students had adjunct online seminars (blended learning). Tests were given to all students before and after the courses, and test scores were evaluated. RESULTS: Students who participated in online discussions associated with face-to-face activities (blended learning) had significantly higher posttest scores (9.0±0.8) than those who only participated in classes (7.75±1.8, p dermatology. PMID:21655756 Ishak, Waguih; Nikravesh, Rose; Lederer, Sara; Perry, Robert; Ogunyemi, Dotun; Bernstein, Carol Burnout is a state of mental and physical exhaustion related to work or care-giving activities. Distress during medical school can lead to burnout, with significant consequences, particularly if burnout continues into residency and beyond. The authors reviewed literature pertaining to medical student burnout, its prevalence, and its relationship to personal, environmental, demographic and psychiatric factors. We ultimately offer some suggestions to address and potentially ameliorate the current dilemma posed by burnout during medical education. A literature review was conducted using a PubMed/Medline, and PsycInfo search from 1974 to 2011 using the keywords: 'burnout', 'stress', 'well-being', 'self-care', 'psychiatry' and 'medical students'. Three authors agreed independently on the studies to be included in this review. The literature reveals that burnout is prevalent during medical school, with major US multi-institutional studies estimating that at least half of all medical students may be affected by burnout during their medical education. Studies show that burnout may persist beyond medical school, and is, at times, associated with psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation. A variety of personal and professional characteristics correlate well with burnout. Potential interventions include school-based and individual-based activities to increase overall student well-being. Burnout is a prominent force challenging medical students' well-being, with concerning implications for the continuation of burnout into residency and beyond. To address this highly prevalent condition, educators must first develop greater awareness and understanding of burnout, as well as of the factors that lead to its development. Interventions focusing on generating wellness during medical training are highly recommended. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Full Text Available Introduction: Substance use including tobacco and alcohol is the most important cause of preventable morbidity, disability, and premature mortality. The study aims to specify the prevalence and the pattern of use of different substance. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed amongst first year and final year students in four medical colleges in Kathmandu using self administered anonymous questionnaire.Data collectedfrom 446 students were analyzed. Results: Prevalence of substance use was found to be 60.3% among the medical students. Alcohol (57.6% was the substance most prevalently used followed by tobacco (27.58% and cannabis (12.8%. Mean age of first exposure was 17.94 (Confidence interval: 17.91-17.97. There was significant difference in the useof tobacco and cannabis amongst final year students than first year students. Male and female differed significantly in use of every substance except for benzodiazepine. Medical college, college and school were place of first exposure in 17.26%, 15.92% and 13.23% of the cases respectively. Family history was associated with substance use in medical students and was statistically significant (P<0.0001.Experimentation was the major reason for the use of most of the substances. Conclusions: Substance use is prevalent in male medical students of both first and final year. Hence steps should be initiated early in school, college and medical college to prevent substance use. Keywords: alcohol, medical students, substance use, tobacco. Wang, Winnie W.; Chang, June C.; Lew, Jonathan W. This study examined how the academic aspirations of Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) attending community colleges are influenced by their demographic and educational background, reasons for attending, and obstacles they expect to encounter. The sample consisted of 846 APAs out of a total student sample of 5,000 in an urban community college… Kopeć, Grzegorz; Magoń, Wojciech; Hołda, Mateusz; Podolec, Piotr Background Electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly used in diagnosis of heart diseases, including many life-threatening disorders. We aimed to assess skills in ECG interpretation among Polish medical students and to analyze the determinants of these skills. Material/Methods Undergraduates from all Polish medical schools were asked to complete a web-based survey containing 18 ECG strips. Questions concerned primary ECG parameters (rate, rhythm, and axis), emergencies, and common ECG abnormalities. Analysis was restricted to students in their clinical years (4th–6th), and students in their preclinical years (1st–3rd) were used as controls. Results We enrolled 536 medical students (females: n=299; 55.8%), aged 19 to 31 (23±1.6) years from all Polish medical schools. Most (72%) were in their clinical years. The overall rate of good response was better in students in years 4th–5th than those in years 1st–3rd (66% vs. 56%; pECG interpretation was higher in students who reported ECG self-learning (69% vs. 62%; pECG classes (66% vs. 66%; p=0.99). On multivariable analysis (pECG interpretation. Conclusions Polish medical students in their clinical years have a good level of competency in interpreting the primary ECG parameters, but their ability to recognize ECG signs of emergencies and common heart abnormalities is low. ECG interpretation skills are determined by self-education but not by attendance at regular ECG classes. Our results indicate qualitative and quantitative deficiencies in teaching ECG interpretation at medical schools. PMID:26541993 Al Shawwa L Full Text Available Lana Al Shawwa,1 Ahmad A Abulaban,2 Abdulrhman A Abulaban,3 Anas Merdad,3 Sara Baghlaf,3 Ahmed Algethami,3 Joullanar Abu-shanab,3 Abdulrahman Balkhoyor3 1Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 2Department of Medicine-Neurology, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, King Abdulziz Medical City, Riyadh, 3Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Background: Studies are needed to examine predictors of success in medical school. The aim of this work is to explore factors that potentially influence excellence of medical students. Methods: The study was conducted in the Medical Faculty of King Abdulaziz University during October 2012. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Medical students with a grade point average (GPA ≥4.5 (out of 5 were included and compared to randomly selected medical students with a GPA <4.5, who were available at the time of the study. Results: A total of 359 undergraduate students participated in the study. 50.4% of the sample was students with a GPA ≥4.5. No statistically significant difference regarding the time spent on outings and social events was found. However, 60.7% of high GPA students spend less than 2 hours on social networking per day as compared to 42.6% of the lower GPA students (P<0.01. In addition, 79% of high GPA students prefer to study alone (P=0.02, 68.0% required silence and no interruptions during studying time (P=0.013, and 47% revise their material at least once before an exam (P=0.02. Conclusion: Excellent medical students have many different characteristics. For example, they do not use social networking for prolonged periods of time, and they have strong motivation and study enjoyment. Further studies are needed to examine whether these differences have a real impact on GPA or not. Keyword: King Abdulaziz University KAU, medical school, study habits, exam habits Janoušková, Miroslava; Weissová, Aneta; Formánek, Tomáš; Pasz, Jiří; Bankovská Motlová, Lucie Medical school curriculum contributes to future doctors' attitude formation towards people with mental illness. The purpose of this study was to compare stigmatizing attitudes between medical students and faculty, analyse stigmatizing attitudes among students from different years of study and identify factors predicting stigma. A cross-sectional study with the use of scales measuring attitudes and social distance was designed. Online questionnaires were distributed to all students and teachers at a medical faculty in the Czech Republic. The response rate was 32.1% ( n = 308) among students and 26.7% ( n = 149) among teachers. Teachers had a greater prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes than students. Increased tolerant attitudes in students were detected after the fourth year, that is, following introduction to psychiatry. Preferred specialization in psychiatry and attending two psychiatry courses predicted more tolerant attitudes. Among both students and teachers, men possessed more stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illness. Age was an important predictor of stigmatizing attitudes among teachers. Educators should pay closer attention to the role of medical psychology and communication training implementation, which may be beneficial to improving skills and increasing medical students' self-esteem and feeling of competence throughout their psychiatry rotation. Choudhary, Anjali; Gupta, Vineeta Like many other people based professions, communications skills are essential to medical practice also. Traditional medical teaching in India does not address communication skills which are most essential in dealing with patients. Communication skills can be taught to medical students to increase clinical competence. To teach basic communication and counseling skills to fourth-year undergraduate students to increase their clinical competence. A total of 48, fourth-year MBBS students participated in the study. They were given training in basic communication and counseling skills and taught the patient interview technique according to Calgary-Cambridge guide format. Improvement in communication was assessed by change in pre- and post-training multiple choice questions, clinical patient examination, and Standardized Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (SPSQ) scores. About 88% of the students in the sample were convinced of the importance of learning communication skills for effective practice. Almost 90% students were communicating better after training, as tested by improved SPSQ. As judged by Communication Skill Attitude Scale, student's positive attitude toward learning communication skill indicated that there is a necessity of communication skill training during undergraduate years. The ability to communicate effectively is a core competency for medical practitioners. Inculcating habits of good communications skill during formative years will help the medical students and future practitioners. Regular courses on effective communication should be included in the medical school curriculum. Palmer, Robert T.; Maramba, Dina C. Research has shown that the enrollment of Asian American and Latino/a students are increasing at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Nevertheless, research on how these students experience the institutional climate of HBCUs is nonexistent. Hence, this study sought to explore the college choice process and perceptions of campus… Weaver, Roslyn; Wilson, Ian; Langendyk, Vicki Previous research has pointed to the role television can play in informing health practices and beliefs. Within the academic setting in particular, some educators have raised concerns about the influence of medical dramas on students. Less research, however, draws on the perspectives of students, and this study therefore explores medical students' perceptions of medical practice and professionalism in popular medical television programmes. Qualitative data from surveys of Australian undergraduate medical students showed that students perceived professionalism in dichotomous ways, with three main themes: cure-care, where a doctor's skill is either technical or interpersonal; work-leisure, where a doctor is either dedicated to work or personal life; and clinical-administration, where work is either direct patient care or administration. There continue to be imagined divisions between curing and caring for students, who express concerns about balancing work and leisure, and expectations that doctors should have little administrative work. Given students were able to identify these important contemporary issues around professionalism on television, there is pedagogical value in using popular images of the medical world in medical education. © The Author(s) 2014. Gowin, Ewelina; Horst-Sikorska, Wanda; Michalak, Michał; Avonts, Dirk; Buczkowski, Krzysztof; Lukas, Witold; Korman, Tomasz; Litwiejko, Alicja; Chlabicz, Sławomir In many developed countries tuning supply and demand of medical doctors is a continuous challenge to meet the ever changing needs of community and individual patients. The long study period for medical doctors creates the opportunity to observe the current career preferences of medical students and evolution in time. To investigate the career choices of Polish students in different stages of their medical education. Medical students at five Polish medical universities were questioned about their career aspirations in the first, third and sixth year. A total of 2020 students were recruited for the survey. Among first year students 17% preferred family medicine as final career option, compared to 20% in the third year, and 30% in the sixth year (significant trend, P family medicine: 71% women versus 62% women in the group with a preference for a non-family medicine orientation (P = 0.008). Medical students rejecting a career as a family doctor stated that the impossibility to work in a hospital environment was the determining factor. The opportunity for professional development seems to be an important determining factor in the choice of a medical specialty in Poland. The proportion of Polish students choosing family medicine increases during their progress in medical education, with one third of students interested in a career in family medicine by year six. Misch, Donald A Andragogy - the study of adult education - has been endorsed by many medical educators throughout North America. There remains, however, considerable controversy as to the validity and utility of adult education principles as espoused by the field's founder, Malcolm Knowles. Whatever the utility of andragogic doctrine in general education settings, there is reason to doubt its wholesale applicability to the training of medical professionals. Malcolm Knowles' last tenet of andragogy holds that adult learners are more motivated by internal than by external factors. The validity of this hypothesis in medical education is examined, and it is demonstrated that medical students' internal and external motivation are context-dependent, not easily distinguishable, and interrelate with one another in complex ways. Furthermore, the psychological motivation for medical student learning is determined by a variety of factors that range from internal to external, unconscious to conscious, and individual to societal. The andragogic hypothesis of increased internal motivation to learn on the part of adults in general, and medical trainees in particular, is rejected as simplistic, misleading, and counterproductive to developing a greater understanding of the forces that drive medical students to learn. Full Text Available Background: There is hardly any structured study reporting the perspective of medical students, with regard to the medical education system in Maharashtra, which is facing challenges. Aim: A perception study of students was conducted to explore the situation, challenges, and consequent solutions of medical education in Maharashtra. Settings and Design: A descriptive perception study. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was e-mailed to 92 students, and interviews with seven key-informants comprising of faculty, administrators, and policy makers were conducted, to gather qualitative insights. Results: Thirty-seven student replies were received and analyzed. The satisfaction level of student respondents for various factors was as follows: infrastructure 18/37 (48.6%, quality of teaching 14/37 (37.8%, patient population 22/37 (59.5%, and administration 8/37 (21.6%. Ninety-two percent (34/37 of the students stated that the fundamental problem was the inability of the system to attract good, quality teachers. The reasons stated were low salaries, low level of job satisfaction, high level of bureaucracy, and high work load. Conclusions: The medical education system in Maharashtra is viewed as being stagnant. The respondents emphasized an urgent need for educational reforms, which should include better compensation for teachers, sharing of facilities between government and private medical colleges, and improved efficiency of the Medical Council of India. In the long run a public-private mix with sharing of resources may be a plausible solution. Tongeren-Alers, M.L.G. van; Esch, M. van der; Verdonk, P.; Johansson, E.; Hamberg, K.; Lagro-Janssen, T. BACKGROUND: Female students currently outnumber male students in most medical schools. Some medical specialties are highly gender segregated. Therefore, it is interesting to know whether medical students have early specialization preferences based on their gender. Consequently, we like to know Paro, Helena B M S; Morales, Nívea M O; Silva, Carlos H M; Rezende, Carlos H A; Pinto, Rogério M C; Morales, Rogério R; Mendonça, Tânia M S; Prado, Marília M Mental problems such as stress, anxiety and depression have been described among medical students and are associated with poor academic and professional performance. It has been speculated that these problems impair students' quality of life (QoL). The authors aimed to assess the health-related QoL (HRQL) of medical students throughout their 6 years of training at a school with a traditional curriculum. Of a total of 490 students attending our institution's medical school, 38 were surveyed in February 2006 (incoming Year 1 group, surveyed when students were in the second week of Year 1 classes) and 352 were surveyed in February 2007 (students in Years 1-6). Students self-reported their HRQL and depressive symptoms using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Comparisons were performed according to year in training, presence of depressive symptoms, gender, living arrangements and correlations with family income. The students' ages ranged from 18 to 31 years (median 22.3 years). Students in Years 2, 3, 4 and 6 had lower scores for mental and physical dimensions of HRQL compared with the incoming Year 1 group (P students. Students with depressive symptoms had lower scores in all domains of the SF-36 (P students had lower HRQL scores than males (P students living with versus without family and no correlation with family income was found. Major impairments in HRQL were observed among Year 3 students, students with depressive symptoms and women. Medical schools should institute efforts to ensure that students' HRQL and emotional support are maintained, particularly during critical phases of medical training. Ribeiro, Laura; Severo, Milton; Pereira, Margarida; Amélia Ferreira, Maria Background: Scientific excellence is one of the most fundamental underpinnings of medical education and its relevance is unquestionable. To be involved in research activities enhances students' critical thinking and problem-solving capacities, which are mandatory competences for new achievements in patient care and consequently to the improvement of clinical practice. Purposes: This work aimed to study the relevance given by Portuguese medical students to a core of scientific skills, and their judgment about their own ability to execute those skills. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on students attending the first, fourth and sixth years of medical course in the same period. An assessment istrument, exploring the importance given by Portuguese medical students to scientific skills in high school, to clinical practice and to their own ability to execute them, was designed, adapted and applied specifically to this study. Results: Students' perceptions were associated with gender, academic year, previous participation in research activities, positive and negative attitudes toward science, research integration into the curriculum and motivation to undertake research. The viewpoint of medical students about the relevance of scientific skills overall, and the ability to execute them, was independently associated with motivation to be enrolled in research. Conclusions: These findings have meaningful implications in medical education regarding the inclusion of a structural research program in the medical curriculum. Students should be aware that clinical practice would greatly benefit from the enrollment in research activities. By developing a solid scientific literacy future physicians will be able to apply new knowledge in patient care. Yang, Fan; Meng, Heng; Chen, Hui; Xu, Xin-hao; Liu, Zhuo; Luo, Ai; Feng, Zhan-chun This study investigated the mental health status of medical students in China, and analyzed the influencing factors in order to provide evidence for mental health education for medical students. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to recruit medical students from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. The questionnaire survey on general information and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were used for investigation and analysis. The results showed among the 1137 valid questionnaires, 278 (24.45%) participants had SCL-90 score ≥ 160. The top three mental problems of medical students were obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity and depression in terms of the factor score ≥ 2.5 and the number of participants who reflected on the diseases. The third-year medical students had the worst mental health status, and fifth-year medical students had the best mental health status. Students from rural area had more psychological problems than those from urban area; furthermore, students with high professional satisfaction, those who were the single child of the family, non-poor students, and those whose parents had high education level had better mental health status. It was concluded that the mental health of medical students is not optimistic in China. Medical students have some mental health problems of different degrees. Factors that influence the mental health of medical students include academic pressure, professional satisfaction level and family environment. Shukr, Irfan; Zainab, Roop; Rana, Mowadat H To compare learning styles of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students. Observational, comparative study. Department of Medical Education, Army Medical College, NUST, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, during February and March 2012. A total of 170 students were divided into two equal groups of undergraduate students of Army Medical College, and postgraduate students of Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute, Rawalpindi. Learning Style Questionnaire (LSQ) was used to assess and categorize the participants into Honey and Mumford classification of learning styles. The responses of each student ranging from 'very strong,' 'strong', 'moderate', and 'low' preference towards activist, theorist, reflector and pragmatist learning styles were compiled. The two groups were compared using SPSS version 17, using Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test. A p-value of $lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Preferences for all four learning styles were present in both groups. The results reveal an overall statistically significant difference in the 'very strong' preference in learning styles between the two study groups (p=0.002). Among the undergraduate students, 45% had a very strong preference for being an activist, whereas in postgraduate students, 38% had very strong preference for reflector, and 35% for theorist. This was statistically significant for activist, and reflector, and attained a p-value of learning style was pragmatist in both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Diversity of learning styles at undergraduate and postgraduate level of medical education calls for multiplicity of instructional and assessment modalities to match them. The learning styles amongst the undergraduate medical students are different from the postgraduates. The postgraduates commonly have the reflector learning style while the undergraduates are predominantly activists and theorists. In the last decade, more and more medicine students are involved in research, either in the form of a research project within specialized courses or as a scientific article to be presented at student international conferences or published in prestigious medical journals. The present study included 250 2nd year medical students, currently studying within the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania. There were collected 239 responses, with a response rate of 95.6%. In our study, the results showed that foreign students within the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova did have some issues understanding plagiarism with fewer foreign students (34%) than Romanian students (66%) recognizing that simply changing words does not avoid plagiarism. In our opinion, there should be put more emphasis upon plagiarism implications and its aspects, as well, with a permanent order to try to prevent future attempts of plagiarizing among medical students as future researchers within the medical science field. • Due to the high number of medical students using self-medications methods, it should be made attempts to improve education of students on the advantages and disadvantages of using of these forms of therapy. Hancock, Jason; Hammond, Jennifer A; Roberts, Martin; Mattick, Karen Current guidelines suggest that educators in both medical and veterinary professions should do more to ensure that students can tolerate ambiguity. Designing curricula to achieve this requires the ability to measure and understand differences in ambiguity tolerance among and within professional groups. Although scales have been developed to measure tolerance of ambiguity in both medical and veterinary professions, no comparative studies have been reported. We compared the tolerance of ambiguity of medical and veterinary students, hypothesizing that veterinary students would have higher tolerance of ambiguity, given the greater patient diversity and less well-established evidence base underpinning practice. We conducted a secondary analysis of questionnaire data from first- to fourth-year medical and veterinary students. Tolerance of ambiguity scores were calculated and compared using the TAMSAD scale (29 items validated for the medical student population), the TAVS scale (27 items validated for the veterinary student population), and a scale comprising the 22 items common to both scales. Using the TAMSAD and TAVS scales, medical students had a significantly higher mean tolerance of ambiguity score than veterinary students (56.1 vs. 54.1, pambiguity than veterinary students, although this depends on the scale used. Trieu, Monica M. Despite the growing number of Asian American Studies (AAS) programs and Asian ethnic organizations across colleges and universities since the 1970s, surprisingly little empirical research examines the role of these aspects of higher education on Asian American identity. How do the roles of AAS curriculum and Asian American student organizations… Ho, Lorinda Y; Lau, Anna S Construal of the self as independent or interdependent in relation to others has been found to correlate significantly with social anxiety symptom ratings, raising concerns about possible cultural bias in these measures for Asian Americans. To investigate the validity of self-reported social anxiety symptoms, we examined the role of ethnicity in the associations among social anxiety, self-construal, and adaptive social functioning in a sample of 229 Asian- and European American college students. Results revealed that ethnicity moderated the relationship between self-construal and social anxiety such that interdependent self-construal was associated with higher social anxiety only for first generation Asian Americans. However, there were no significant ethnic differences in the associations between social anxiety self-reports and several measures of social functioning. Mustafa, Tajammal; Farooq, Zerwa; Asad, Zunaira; Amjad, Rabbia; Badar, Iffat; Chaudhry, Abdul Majeed; Khan, Mohammad Amer Zaman; Rafique, Farida The volume of medical knowledge has increased exponentially and so has the need to improve the efficiency of current teaching practices.With increasing emphasis on interactive and problem based learning, the place of lectures in modern medical education has become a questionable issue. Objectives were to assess the perspective of undergraduate medical students regarding the role and effectiveness of lectures as a mode of instruction as well as the ways and means that can be employed to enhance the effectiveness of lectures. A cross sectional study was carried out among 2nd to final year medical students from five medical colleges including both private and public sector institutions. A total of 347 students participated by completing a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS-17. Sixty seven percent students considered lectures as a useful mode of instruction (47% males and 77% females), whereas 83% of the students reported that clinical sessions were superior to lectures because of small number of students in clinical sessions, active student participation, enhanced clinical orientation, and interaction with patients. About 64% responded that lectures should be replaced by clinical sessions. Majority of the students (92%) reported not being able to concentrate during a lecture beyond 30 minutes, whereas 70% skipped lectures as they were boring. A significantly greater proportion of male respondents, students from clinical years, and those who skipped lectures, considered lectures to be boring, a poor utilization of time and resources, and could not concentrate for the full duration of a lecture compared to females, students from preclinical years, and those who do not skip lectures, respectively. Lecturing techniques need to be improvised. The traditional passive mode of instruction has to be replaced with active learning and inquiry based approach to adequately utilize the time and resources spent on lectures. A comic created by a medical student allows the reader to share the student's own unique perception of the medical education experience. Through the process of comic creation, medical students have opportunities to gain insight into how their relationships with patients and supervising physicians have shaped the physician they will become. The comic itself can be a safe space for expression and provides an opportunity for students and educators to share experiences. © 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Perry, Justin C; Vance, Kristen S; Helms, Janet E In this study, an exploratory factor analysis of the People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (PRIAS; Helms, 1995b) among a sample of Asian American college students (N = 225) was conducted. The factorial structure that emerged revealed mixed results in terms of consistency with the People of Color (POC) theory (Helms, 1995a). The measure's construct validity for Asian Americans may be improved through further scale development and revision. Directions for future research on the PRIAS are discussed. (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved. Phitayakorn, Roy; Nick, Michael W; Alseidi, Adnan; Lind, David Scott; Sudan, Ranjan; Isenberg, Gerald; Capella, Jeannette; Hopkins, Mary A; Petrusa, Emil R E-learning is increasingly common in undergraduate medical education. Internet-based multimedia materials should be designed with millennial learner utilization preferences in mind for maximal impact. Medical students used all 20 Web Initiative for Surgical Education of Medical Doctors modules from July 1, 2013 to October 1, 2013. Data were analyzed for topic frequency, time and week day, and access to questions. Three thousand five hundred eighty-seven students completed 35,848 modules. Students accessed modules for average of 51 minutes. Most frequent use occurred on Sunday (23.1%), Saturday (15.4%), and Monday (14.3%). Friday had the least use (8.2%). A predominance of students accessed the modules between 7 and 10 PM (34.4%). About 80.4% of students accessed questions for at least one module. They completed an average of 40 ± 30 of the questions. Only 827 students (2.3%) repeated the questions. Web Initiative for Surgical Education of Medical Doctors has peak usage during the weekend and evenings. Most frequently used modules reflect core surgical problems. Multiple factors influence the manner module questions are accessed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Yousefy, Alireza; Ghassemi, Gholamreza; Firouznia, Samaneh Despite their ascribed intellectual ability and achieved academic pursuits, medical students' academic achievement is influenced by motivation. This study is an endeavor to examine the role of motivation in the academic achievement of medical students. In this cross-sectional correlational study, out of the total 422 medical students, from 4th to final year during the academic year 2007-2008, at School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 344 participated in completion of the Inventory of School Motivation (ISM), comprising 43 items and measuring eight aspects of motivation. The gold standard for academic achievement was their average academic marks at pre-clinical and clinical levels. Data were computer analyzed by running a couple of descriptive and analytical tests including Pearson Correlation and Student's t-student. Higher motivation scores in areas of competition, effort, social concern, and task were accompanied by higher average marks at pre-clinical as well as clinical levels. However, the latter ones showed greater motivation for social power as compared to the former group. Task and competition motivation for boys was higher than for girls. In view of our observations, students' academic achievement requires coordination and interaction between different aspects of motivation. Bellin, Melena; McCarthy, Susan; Drevlow, Laurel; Pierach, Claus While much is known about the interactions between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians, very little is known about pharmaceutical marketing directed toward medical students. This study sought to characterize the extent and forms of medical students' exposure to pharmaceutical industry marketing. In 2001-02, an anonymous, 17-item questionnaire was distributed to 165 preclinical and 116 clinical students at the University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities. The main outcome measures were the number and forms of exposures to pharmaceutical industry marketing reported by medical students and whether students had discussed these exposures with teachers or advisors. Preclinical and clinical students were compared using chi(2) analysis (p marketing. Seventy-six (71.7%) clinical students compared to 38 (33.3%) preclinical students recalled over 20 exposures (p textbook (p marketing with an instructor or advisor; 59 (55.7%) clinical students as compared to 87 (80.6%) preclinical students recalled no such discussion (p marketing during their early years of training. Given existing evidence that such exposure influences physicians' practice and prescribing patterns, the authors propose that medical school curricula include formal instruction to prepare students to critically assess these contacts. Full Text Available Background and Objectives: Burnout is caused by high-stress jobs and could induce somatic, psychological disorders and negative attitude to professional actives so that this condition causes poor relationship with the patient. This study aimed at investigating burnout in senior medical students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This research was a cross sectional study carried out on all senior medical students (N=56 in 2008. Data were obtained by two questionnaires including demographic questionnaire and Maslach burnout Inventory. They were then analyzed using SPSS software and Chi square Test. Results: The findings showed that the majority of medical students (91.1% had burnout and only 8.9% of them had not burnout. Severe burnout was in 16% of students. There was not any significant relationship between burnout and sex, age, smoking, duration of education, interest in medical course and marital status P<0.05.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that burnout is common problem in senior medical students and need special consideration. Therefore medical students should be encouraged to seek help and adequate facilities by holding workshops of life-skill training and coping with stress. However, burnout should be paid special attention in medical students by counseling centers of University for prevention of consequences. Solarte, Ivan; Könings, Karen D Electronic medical records (EMR) are more used in university hospitals, but the use of EMR by medical students at the workplace is still a challenge, because the conflict of interest between medical accountability for hospitals and quality of medical education programs for students. Therefore, this study investigates the use of EMR from the perspective of medical school deans and students, and determines their perceptions and concerns about consequences of restricted use of EMR by students on quality of education and patient care. We administered a large-scale survey about the existence of EMR, existing policies, students' use for learning, and consequences on patient care to 42 deans and 789 Residency Physician Applicants in a private university in Colombia. Data from 26 deans and 442 former graduated students were compared with independent t tests and chi square tests. Only half of medical schools had learning programs and policies about the use of EMR by students. Deans did not realize that students have less access to EMR than to paper-based MR. Perceptions of non-curricular learning opportunities how to write in (E)MR were significantly different between deans and students. Limiting students use of EMR has negative consequences on medical education, according to both deans and students, while deans worried significantly more about impact on patient care than students. Billing issues and liability aspects were their major concerns. There is a need for a clear policy and educational program on the use of EMR by students. Discrepancies between the planned curriculum by deans and the real clinical learning environment as experienced by students indicate suboptimal learning opportunities for students. Creating powerful workplace-learning experiences and resolving concerns on students use of EMR has to be resolved in a constructive collaboration way between the involved stakeholders, including also EMR designers and hospital administrators. We recommend intense Background: Recently, not only the medical school curriculum but also medical students' attitude towards cadaver-based learning of anatomy has changed. This investigation is therefore designed to analyse students' attitudes towards human cadaveric dissection before and after exposure to dissection. Methods: A ... Bennett, Samuel Robert; Morris, Simon Rhys; Mirza, Salman Teaching surgical skills is a labor intensive process, requiring a high tutor to student ratio for optimal success, and teaching for undergraduate students by consultant surgeons is not always feasible. A surgical skills course was developed, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of undergraduate surgical peer-assisted learning. Five surgical skills courses were conducted looking at eight domains in surgery, led by foundation year doctors and senior medical students, with a tutor to student ratio of 1:4. Precourse and postcourse questionnaires (Likert scales 0-10) were completed. Mean scores were compared precourse and postcourse. Surgical skills courses took place within clinical skills rooms in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (UK). Seventy students (59 medical, 2 dental, and 9 physician associate students) from a range of academic institutions across the UK completed the course. There was an overall increase in mean scores across all eight domains. Mean improvement score precourse and postcourse in WHO surgical safety checklist (+3.94), scrubbing (+2.99), gowning/gloving (+3.34), knot tying (+5.53), interrupted sutures (+5.89), continuous sutures (+6.53), vertical mattress sutures (+6.46), and local anesthesia (+3.73). Peer-assisted learning is an effective and feasible method for teaching surgical skills in a controlled environment, subsequently improving confidence among healthcare undergraduates. Such teaching may provide the basis for feasibly mass-producing surgical skills courses for healthcare students. Copyright © 2018 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Kim, Paul Youngbin; Kendall, Dana L; Webb, Marcia The authors examined the moderating role of positive and negative religious coping in the relation between racism and psychological well-being in a sample of Catholic and Protestant Asian American college students (N = 107). On the basis of prior theorizing on the 2 types of religious coping, combined with some limited empirical evidence, they predicted that positive religious coping would have a buffering effect (Hypothesis 1) on the racism-mental health relation and that negative religious coping would have an exacerbating effect (Hypothesis 2). Participants completed an online survey containing measures corresponding to the study variables. Results indicated that the interaction between positive religious coping and racism was nonsignificant, so Hypothesis 1 was not supported. For Hypothesis 2, the negative religious coping and racism interaction term was statistically significant, but the moderating effect was in an unexpected direction, such that negative religious coping actually protected against the deleterious impact of racism on mental health. The findings suggest that the theorized deleterious influence of negative religious coping may need to be reconsidered in an Asian American setting. The findings have the potential to inform practitioners who work with Asian American college students to better cope with the detrimental consequences of racism. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved. DEC 1989 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Medical Student Attitudes Toward Older Patients : Predictors and... MEDICAL CENTER . Title of Thesis: " Medical Student Attitudes Toward Older Patients : Predictors and Cons.equences" Name of Candidate: Victoria...dissertation manuscript entitled: 11 Medical Student Attitudes Toward Older Patients : Predictors and Consequences 11 beyond brief excerpts is with Blackwell, Thomas H; Halsey, R Maglin; Reinovsky, Jennifer H New medical school educational curriculum encourages early clinical experiences along with clinical and biomedical integration. The University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, one of the new expansion schools, was established in 2011 with the first class matriculating in 2012. To promote clinical skills early in the curriculum, emergency medical technician (EMT) training was included and begins in the first semester. Along with the early clinical exposure, the program introduces interprofessional health and teams and provides the opportunity for students to personally see and appreciate the wide variety of environments from which their future patients emanate. This report describes the EMT program and changes that were made after the first class that were designed to integrate EMT training with the biomedical sciences and to assess the value of these integrative changes using objective criteria. A two-year retrospective study was conducted that involved the first two classes of medical students. Baseline student data and pass rates from the psychomotor skill and written components of the State examination were used to determine if students performed better in the integrated, prolonged course. There were 53 students in the first class and 54 in the second. Of the 51 students in the first class and 53 students in the second class completing the state psychomotor and written examination, 20 (39%) in the first class and 17 (32%) in the second passed on the initial psychomotor skill attempt; however, more students passed in the first three attempts in the second class than the first class, 51 (96%) versus 45 (88%) , respectively. All students passed by 5 attempts. For the written examination, 50 (98%) students in the first class and 51 (96%) in the second class passed on the first attempt. All students passed by the third attempt. Pass rates on both components of the State examination were not significantly different between classes. Medical students who Despite many efforts to increase ethics education in US medical schools, barriers continue to arise that impede the production of morally driven physicians who practice medicine with ideal empathy. Research has shown that, particularly during the clinical years, medical students lose the ability both to recognize ethical dilemmas and to approach such situations with compassionate reasoning. This article summarizes the current status of ethics education in US medical schools, described through the eyes of and alongside the story of a graduating medical student. Full Text Available Background: Worldwide, patients are the cornerstone of bedside teaching of medical students. In this study, the authors aimed to assess patients’ acceptability toward medical students in teaching hospitals of the Faculty of Medicine of Kuwait University. Methods: Ninehundred and ninety five patients were approached in 14 teaching hospitals; 932 patients agreed to participate (refusal rate is 6.3%. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: In general, higher acceptance of students by patients was found when there is no direct contact between the patient and the student (e.g., reading patients’ files, presenting in outpatient clinic, observing doctors performing examination or procedures compared to other situations (e.g., performing physical examination or procedures. Pediatrics patients showed higher acceptance of students compared to patients in other specialties, while Obstetrics/Gynecology patients showed the highest refusal of students. Gender of patients (especially females and students appeared to affect the degree of acceptance of medical students by patients. Majority of the patients (436; 46.8% believed that the presence of medical students in hospitals improves the quality of health care. Conclusion: Patients are an important factor of bedside teaching. Clinical tutors must take advantage of patients who accept medical students. Clinical tutors and medical students should master essential communication skills to convince patients in accepting students, thus improving bedside teaching. Also, using simulation and standardization should be considered to address scenarios that most patients are unwilling to allow students to participate. Burgoyne, Louise N Research training is essential in a modern undergraduate medical curriculum. Our evaluation aimed to (a) gauge students\\' awareness of research activities, (b) compare students\\' perceptions of their transferable and research-specific skills competencies, (c) determine students\\' motivation for research and (d) obtain students\\' personal views on doing research. Royal, Kenneth D; Hunt, Suzanne A; Borst, Luke B; Gerard, Mathew The objective of this study was to better understand veterinary medical students' sleep hygiene and identify the extent to which sleep hygiene behaviors may result in consequences (either positive or negative) for students. A total of 187 doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) program students at a large College of Veterinary Medicine in the United States. The Epworth Sleep Scale and Daytime Sleepiness Scale were administered to 393 students enrolled in the DVM program. About 55.1% of students reported sleep per night, 28.9% reported having trouble sleeping, and 50.3% reported feeling sleepy all day. With respect to sleep quality, 5.3% described it as excellent, 52.4% as good, 34.2% as fair, and 8.0% as poor. A significant percentage of veterinary medical students exhibit poor sleep hygiene habits that may be detrimental to both their health and academic endeavors. Morris, Mariana; Jones, T David; Rocha, Maria Jose Alves; Fazan, Rubens; Chapleau, Mark W; Salgado, Helio C; Johnson, Alan Kim; Irigoyen, Maria Claudia; Michelini, Lisete C; Goldstein, David L The objective of the present study was to conduct a short-term international course on translational physiology for medical students from Wright State University and the University of Iowa. The goals were to 1) provide students with an exposure to the academic, cultural, and medical environments in Brazil; 2) promote awareness of the global medical community; and 3) provide an academic course focused on translational physiology. An evaluation of the students was conducted to determine whether such a short-term course might be useful in the medical curriculum. The 2-wk course was held in the summer of 2005 at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, for 23 American students. The program included presentations of basic and clinical topics, meetings with medical students, and clinical presentations. The program finished with student attendance at a scientific meeting sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Hypertension. Student surveys evaluated issues related to perceived treatment, Brazilian medical school environment, culture and personal attributes, and career aspirations. The international Medical Sciences Translational Physiology course for medical students provided a brief, but intense, experience. It gave students a picture of the medical environment in Brazil and an appreciation for the differences and similarities in cultures. Most students reported that it was a positive experience that would be beneficial to their careers. In conclusion, a short-term international course provides an efficient means for medical students to experience aspects of global medical science. Full Text Available Ahmad Abulaban, Abdulrahman Alharbi, Osama BinDajam, Mohammed Al Jarbou, Hatem Alharbi, Faiz Alanazi, Khalid Aldamiri, Ahmed Althobaiti, Abdulla Al Sayyari Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, King Saud bin-Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the opinions and attitudes of medical students toward medical research in five Saudi universities and examine the changes observed in these opinions and attitudes in one of these universities over a period of time.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among medical students in five Saudi universities. This study was based on a survey undertaken in 2015. The survey consisted of five questions inquiring about the opinions and attitudes of medical students toward medical research. The same survey was carried out 8 years earlier in one of these universities (King Abdulaziz University [KAU], and the results obtained during the two periods (2007 and 2015 were compared.Results: A convenient sample of 924 students was selected from five Saudi universities. Ninety-five (10.3% of the medical students were not aware of the usefulness and importance scientific research will have on their future careers. A total of 409 (44.3% stated that they had no knowledge on how to conduct scientific research. On the other hand, a vast majority of medical students (98.1% expressed a willingness and interest to participate in scientific research if provided with an opportunity. The percentage of students from KAU strongly agreeing to participate in research rose from 33.1% in 2007 to 81.5% in 2015 (P=0.001. Of all the students surveyed, 431 (46.6% had participated in scientific research as undergraduates.Conclusion: Most students in five Saudi universities expressed enthusiasm for participating in a research project, but only a few of them had Abbey, Linda; Willett, Rita; Selby-Penczak, Rachel; McKnight, Roberta Bandura's social learning theory provides a useful conceptual framework to understand medical students' perceptions of a house calls experience at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine. Social learning and role modeling reflect Liaison Committee on Medical Education guidelines for "Medical schools (to) ensure that the learning environment for medical students promotes the development of explicit and appropriate professional attributes (attitudes, behaviors, and identity) in their medical students." This qualitative study reports findings from open-ended survey questions from 123 medical students who observed a preceptor during house calls to elderly homebound patients. Their comments included reflections on the medical treatment as well as interactions with family and professional care providers. Student insights about the social learning process they experienced during house calls to geriatric patients characterized physician role models as dedicated, compassionate, and communicative. They also described patient care in the home environment as comprehensive, personalized, more relaxed, and comfortable. Student perceptions reflect an appreciation of the richness and complexity of details learned from home visits and social interaction with patients, families, and caregivers. Margolis Stephen A Full Text Available Abstract Background Little is known about teaching medical ethics across cultural and linguistic boundaries. This study examined two successive cohorts of first year medical students in a six year undergraduate MBBS program. Methods The objective was to investigate whether Arabic speaking students studying medicine in an Arabic country would be able to correctly identify some of the principles of Western medical ethical reasoning. This cohort study was conducted on first year students in a six-year undergraduate program studying medicine in English, their second language at a medical school in the Arabian Gulf. The ethics teaching was based on the four-principle approach (autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance and justice and delivered by a non-Muslim native English speaker with no knowledge of the Arabic language. Although the course was respectful of Arabic culture and tradition, the content excluded an analysis of Islamic medical ethics and focused on Western ethical reasoning. Following two 45-minute interactive seminars, students in groups of 3 or 4 visited a primary health care centre for one morning, sitting in with an attending physician seeing his or her patients in Arabic. Each student submitted a personal report for summative assessment detailing the ethical issues they had observed. Results All 62 students enrolled in these courses participated. Each student acting independently was able to correctly identify a median number of 4 different medical ethical issues (range 2–9 and correctly identify and label accurately a median of 2 different medical ethical issues (range 2–7 There were no significant correlations between their English language skills or general academic ability and the number or accuracy of ethical issues identified. Conclusions This study has demonstrated that these students could identify medical ethical issues based on Western constructs, despite learning in English, their second language, being in the third Haugh, C; Doyle, B; O'Flynn, S Internationally medical student debt is a cause of concern. A survey of medical students in UCC (response rate of 191 representing 35% of the EU student cohort) reveals that 34 (26%) of direct entry medicine (DEM) students and 36 (61%) graduate entrants (GEM) have a loan with an anticipated average debt of Euro17,300 and Euro80,000 on graduation respectively. Fifty-three (90%) graduate entrants and 75 (57%) direct entrants revealed that they often worry about their current financial situation. Fifty-three (28%) of students have a part-time job and many were concerned about the degree to which this conflicted with their academic workload. 118 (89%) of school leavers and 48 (81%) graduates received financial assistance from their families to fund their college expenses. Student responses recommended the introduction of a government supported low interest rate loan and other incentives to help service high levels of debt associated with medical education. Hani Ramli Zafirah Full Text Available Background and Purpose: Medical education is a laborious program which may give negative consequences on the physical and psychological health of medical students. The aims of this study were to evaluate psychological distress among Malay medical students and to assess its relationship with their lifestyle.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 221 Malay medical students. Psychological distress and lifestyle were assessed using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21 and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII respectively.Results: About 30.8% of Malay medical students had mild to extremely severe depressive symptoms, 62.9 % showed mild to extremely severe anxiety symptoms, and 34.9% of them had mild to extremely severe stress. The depressive subscale was significantly higher among female than male students (Z=-2.613, P=0.009. There was a significant negative correlation between total psychological distress and spiritual growth (r=-0.217, P=0.001. Depression was found not only negatively correlated with spiritual growth (r =-0.328, P=0.000 but also interpersonal relationship (r=-0.161, P=0.016. Stress was inversely correlated with physical activity (r =-0.172, P=0.011. Preclinical students had significantly better scores in health responsibility (Z=-2.301, P=0.021, interpersonal relationship (Z=-2.840, P=0.005, stress management (Z=-2.339, P=0.019, spiritual growth (Z=-2.483, P=0.013 and nutrition and diet (Z =-2.456, P=0.014 than clinical students.Conclusions: Malay medical students had significant symptoms that indicate psychological distress that related to their lifestyle. This warrants further psychiatric evaluation and management for them to be good and safe future doctors. Keywords: Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Lifestyle, Medical Students Full Text Available Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern. This study assessed the prevalence of self-medication among the medical students in South India. The data was analysed using SPSS version 11.5. A total of 440 students were included in the study. The prevalence of self-medication was 78.6%. A larger number of females were self-medicating (81.2% than males (75.3%. The majority of the students self-medicated because of the illness being too trivial for consultation (70.5%. Antipyretics were most commonly self-medicated by the participants (74.8%. Only 47% of the participants opined that self-medication was a part of self-care and it needs to be encouraged. 39.3% of the participants perceived that the supply of medicine without prescription by the pharmacist can prevent the growing trend of self-medication. Easy availability and accessibility to health care facilities remains the cornerstone for reducing the practice of self-medication. Full Text Available CONTEXT : Organ transplantation is considered one of the greatest advances of modern science that has given many patients a renewed lease of life. Assessing the medical student’s knowledge, attitude and perception regarding organ donation is very importan t for future organ supply as they are the future doctors who needs to motivate the public to pledge their organs for donation. AIM & OBJECTIVES : 1 To study the knowledge and attitude of the medical students towards organ donation. 2 To understand the per ceptions of medical students regarding organ donation. STUDY DESIGN : A cross sectional study of descriptive nature. STUDY SETTING : Study was conducted at Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. METHODS AND MATERIAL S : The study was done among 123 medical stu dents of 9 th semester using a semi - structured questionnaire. Knowledge was assessed by giving score to the responses. Those obtaining a score of 50% or above were considered as having adequate knowledge. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS : Data was entered in MS excel and analysed using SPSS student version 21 . RESULTS : Overall 56 % of students were found to have adequate knowledge. Around one fourth of the study population knew about the various organs which can be donated (26% and about t he minimum duration of organ survival (27.6%. Around 48.8% students showed positive attitude towards organ donation and wanted to donate their organs. CONCLUSION : It has been found in the study about the gaps in the knowledge levels of medical students ab out organ donation. These findings draw attention to a need to review medical school curricula to ensure that they contain sufficient teaching on organ donation, with a focus on information needed by physicians to maximize donation rates. This can be utili zed as a strategy for the shortage of donor organs for transplantation Slavin, Stuart J; Schindler, Debra L; Chibnall, John T Medical education can have significant negative effects on the well-being of medical students. To date, efforts to improve student mental health have focused largely on improving access to mental health providers, reducing the stigma and other barriers to mental health treatment, and implementing ancillary wellness programs. Still, new and innovative models that build on these efforts by directly addressing the root causes of stress that lie within the curriculum itself are needed to properly promote student wellness. In this article, the authors present a new paradigm for improving medical student mental health, by describing an integrated, multifaceted, preclinical curricular change program implemented through the Office of Curricular Affairs at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine starting in the 2009-2010 academic year. The authors found that significant but efficient changes to course content, contact hours, scheduling, grading, electives, learning communities, and required resilience/mindfulness experiences were associated with significantly lower levels of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress, and significantly higher levels of community cohesion, in medical students who participated in the expanded wellness program compared with those who preceded its implementation. The authors discuss the utility and relevance of such curricular changes as an overlooked component of change models for improving medical student mental health. Park, Kwi Hwa; Yoo, Hyo Hyun; Yim, Jun Medical students' values figure prominently in their choice of medical specialty; yet, little research has been performed on this topic. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in values according to medical students' individual characteristics (medical educational system, gender, and grade) and preferred medical specialty. A total of 905 medical students participated in the study; 426 were graduate-entry medical students (GEMS), and 479 were undergraduate medical students (UMS). Further, 561 were male and 316 were female; 356 were in year 1, 219 were in year 2, 230 were in year 3, and 100 were in year 4. Students completed the Physician Values in Practice Scale (PVIPS). The PVIPS comprises six dimensions: autonomy, management, prestige, service, lifestyle, and scholarly pursuits. The data were analyzed by t-test and analysis of variance. GEMS had higher scores for service, management, and scholarly pursuits than UMS. Males had higher scores for prestige, lifestyle, and management, whereas female scored higher on service and scholarly pursuits. Higher grade was associated with increased scores for prestige, lifestyle, and management. The differences in lifestyle and scholarly pursuits were significant between preferred specialties. Students in support specialties scored significantly higher on lifestyle. With regard to scholarly pursuits, basic science specialties scored significantly higher than other specialties. There were significant differences in PVIPS according to individual characteristics and preferred medical specialty. This result could be useful in developing a medical specialty choice program for medical students. Lempp, Heidi; Seale, Clive To study medical students' views about the quality of the teaching they receive during their undergraduate training, especially in terms of the hidden curriculum. Semistructured interviews with individual students. One medical school in the United Kingdom. 36 undergraduate medical students, across all stages of their training, selected by random and quota sampling, stratified by sex and ethnicity, with the whole medical school population as a sampling frame. Medical students' experiences and perceptions of the quality of teaching received during their undergraduate training. Students reported many examples of positive role models and effective, approachable teachers, with valued characteristics perceived according to traditional gendered stereotypes. They also described a hierarchical and competitive atmosphere in the medical school, in which haphazard instruction and teaching by humiliation occur, especially during the clinical training years. Following on from the recent reforms of the manifest curriculum, the hidden curriculum now needs attention to produce the necessary fundamental changes in the culture of undergraduate medical education. Evans, David; Owen, Stephanie; Green, John Medical students form an important part of the medical team; however, patients may not be fully aware of their role. Identifying students in the clinical setting is difficult because of their similar attire to other health care professionals. This parity may introduce unethical scenarios where patients may be speaking and consenting to individuals whom they do not recognise as students. A single-sided questionnaire was given to hospital in-patients during a 12-week period. Questions focused on the role of students. With their opinions, patients were given a list of clinical skills and asked whether or not they would allow a student to carry out these skills on themselves. The list included both required and non-required clinical skills by the General Medical Council (GMC). In total, 101 patients participated in the study: 34 males and 67 females. Age at admittance was 63.4 ± 18.0 years; 74.3 per cent of patients were able to identify a student, although 87.1 per cent believed that students should have a designated uniform. Patients were significantly more likely to allow a student to perform required skills on them, as opposed to non-required skills (p student made no difference in the likelihood of consenting to a skill being performed. Identifying students in the clinical setting is difficult CONCLUSIONS: The apparent trade-off between patient safety and providing students with learning opportunities has been of long standing concern. Patients consider GMC-required skills as largely appropriate; however, patients feel that students should be more identifiable, and increasing the awareness of the role and capabilities of a student in patient care is important. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and The Association for the Study of Medical Education. Bahammam, Ahmed S; Al-Khairy, Omar K; Al-Taweel, Ahmed A This study was designed to assess sleep patterns among male medical students at different academic levels. Participants in this study were healthy male medical students in the first (L1), second (L2) and third (L3) academic levels of the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted during November 2001. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to students to assess age, academic level, registered credit hours, sleep-wake schedule, naps, quality of sleep, total sleep time at night, possible factors affecting bedtime, and daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The final analysis included 129 students. Total sleep time at night + nap of the whole group was 5.9 +/- 1.6 hours. Twenty-nine students (22.4%) were defined to have excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) based on ESS score of >10. Also, 83.3% of students reported napping during the daytime more than twice per week. Analysis of the sleep pattern of male medical students revealed that this group is sleep deprived, which in turn may affect their academic performance. Full Text Available Background: Gadget holds the great importance in everyday life. Mobile phone and internet usage have become universal practice especially among the student community. Gadgets usage has both pros and cons. Objective: To assess the magnitude of gadget utilization among medical college students in Delhi and to estimate the burden of gadget dependency. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in three medical colleges. The participants were 957 medical students selected by systematic random sampling, interviewed using a self-administered questionnaire. Result: The sample consisted of 485 (50.7% males and 472 (49.3% females, aged 17-25 years. Gadgets of at least one variety were uniformly used by all the students, 22.4% of the students surveyed were found to be gadget dependent. Conclusion: Our study shows high prevalence of gadget dependency among medical students. There is need to create awareness regarding the problem of gadget dependency and its social and health effects. Schweller, Marcelo; Ribeiro, Diego Lima; Celeri, Eloisa Valer; de Carvalho-Filho, Marco Antonio To examine if the empathy levels of first-year medical students are amenable to didactic interventions idealized to promote values inherent to medical professional identity. This is a pretest-posttest study designed to assess the empathy levels of first-year medical students (n=166) comprising two consecutive classes of a Brazilian medical school, performed before and after a didactic intervention. Students attended a course based on values and virtues related to medical professional identity once a week over four months. Every didactic approach (interviews with patients and physicians, supervised visits to the hospital, and discussion of videotaped simulated consultations) was based on "real-world" situations and designed to promote awareness of the process of socialization. Students filled out the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) on the first and last days of this course, and the pretest-posttest analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The mean pretest JSPE score was 117.9 (minimum 92, maximum 135) and increased to 121.3 after the intervention (minimum 101, maximum 137). The difference was significant (z=-5.2, pEmpathy is a fundamental tool used to achieve a successful physician-patient relationship, and it seems to permeate other virtues of a good physician. This study's results suggest that medical students' empathy may be amenable to early curricular interventions designed to promote a positive development of their professional identity, even when empathy is not central in discussion. Wang-Yeung, Leilani Weichun This dissertation examines the gap in college enrollment between Asian Americans and Latino Americans regarding the effects of family and school factors, classifying them into the six ethnic/generational status groups (Asian American first generation, Asian American second generation, Asian American third generation and plus, Latino American first… Kovalenko Natalia A. Full Text Available This article examines key styles of learning English as the second language, particularly for students from Asian-Pacific countries. It deals with the methods of improving their learning skills and abilities. The most traditional and popular ways of learning styles are pointed out. The authors also discuss teaching approaches for matching and interaction of learning styles in different cultures. The authors also discuss teaching approaches to matching and interaction of learning styles in different cultures. Huhn, D; Junne, F; Zipfel, S; Duelli, R; Resch, F; Herzog, W; Nikendei, C Medical students with a non-German background face several challenges during their studies. Besides support given by foreign student offices further specific projects for international students have been developed and are offered by medical faculties. However, so far, neither a systematic survey of the faculties' perceived problems nor of the offered support exists. All study deaneries of medical faculties in Germany were contacted between April and October 2013 and asked for their participation in a telephone interview. Interview partners were asked about 1.) The percentage of non-German students at the medical faculty; 2.) The perceived difficulties and problems of foreign students; 3.) The offers for non-German students; and 4.) The specification of further possibilities of support. Given information was noted, frequencies counted and results interpreted via frequency analysis. Only 39% of the medical faculties could give detailed information about the percentage of non-German students. They reported an average share of 3.9% of students with an EU migration background and 4.9% with a non-EU background. Most frequently cited offers are student conducted tutorials, language courses and tandem-programs. The most frequently reported problem by far is the perceived lack of language skills of foreign students at the beginning of their studies. Suggested solutions are mainly the development of tutorials and the improvement of German medical terminology. Offers of support provided by medical faculties for foreign students vary greatly in type and extent. Support offered is seen to be insufficient in coping with the needs of the international students in many cases. Hence, a better coverage of international students as well as further research efforts to the specific needs and the effectiveness of applied interventions seem to be essential. Nowak, Stefan; Rásky, Éva; Freidl, Wolfgang Austrian medical universities have not covered the topic of Nazi medicine in their curricula to any satisfactory degree to date. In the context of medical-ethical education and on-going medical ethics debates, it seems indispensable to be confronted also with the dark chapters of medical history, and especially Nazi medicine. Students should learn to understand controversial discussions, e.g. about euthanasia, in a historical context. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether students had, during their studies, been confronted with Nazi medical crime and whether they considered such a confrontation as important. The survey also focused on extant knowledge about this topic. From late 2012 to May 2013, 341 late semester students of the medical universities in Vienna, Graz, and Innsbruck were questioned about the coverage of Nazi medicine during their courses, using multiple choice questionnaires. The data were evaluated using a descriptive-statistical approach. The study has shown a low level of knowledge of students about Nazi medicine in the three universities. Only a third of the students had ever heard about "Aktion T4". About 65% of the participants found it important to be comprehensively informed about Nazi medicine during their studies, e.g. with a view to their future career. On average across the three universities, only 43% of the students had been confronted with this topic. The study found a clear wish for more information about Nazi medicine. Universities should, therefore, offer students various opportunities and ways of discussing this issue in the university context. Wei, Meifen; Ku, Tsun-Yao; Liao, Kelly Yu-Hsin We examined whether perception of university environment mediated the association between minority status stress and college persistence attitudes after controlling for perceived general stress. Participants were 160 Asian American, African American, and Latino students who attended a predominantly White university. Results of a path model analysis showed that university environment was a significant mediator for the association between minority status stress and college persistence attitudes. Additionally, minority status stress was distinct from perceived general stress. Finally, the results from a multiple-group comparison indicated that the magnitude of the mediation effect was invariant across Asian American, African American, and Latino college students, thus supporting the generalizability of the mediation model. Full Text Available The goal was to determine psychological predictors of reproductive attitudes among medical students. Material and Methods. The survey of 84 students (of the 3rd and the 5th year of medical faculty of Saratov State Medical University n.a. V. I. Razumovsky was carried out using a combination of methods (questionnaire, testing aimed to achieve the research goal. Results. Features of reproductive attitudes and reproductive intentions of students, as well as psychological characteristics of youth, such as personal maturity, belief in people and value orientations were studied. Psy- chological predictors of reproductive attitudes among medical students were determined. Conclusion. It was revealed that reproductive attitudes among students of the 5th year were higher than those of the 3rd year. There were gender differences in psychological predictors of reproductive attitudes among students. It was experimentally established that existence of faith in people, high level of personal maturity, high importance of personal values, altruistic values and values of acceptance of others had a positive impact on reproductive attitudes among young people. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed with the aim to improve reproductive attitudes and psychological readiness for parenting of medical students. López, Daniel López; Pazo, Paula Torreiro; Iglesias, Marta E Losa; de Bengoa Vallejo, Ricardo Becerro We sought to explore the relationship between the podiatric medical student and the patient as it relates to the act of gift-giving as a sign of gratefulness for the services provided. This article presents the clinical case of a man who visited a podiatric medical student because of pain in his feet and subsequently presented the student with several gifts. Philanthropy, empathy, a positive attitude, treatment instructions, and the time devoted to the patient are some of the reasons why patients offer gifts to podiatric medical students. The relationship between the podiatric medical student and the patient and the act of gift-giving by patients are of ethical concern. Vedel, Cathrine; Bjerrum, Flemming; Mahmood, Badar BACKGROUND: Teaching basic clinical skills to student peers and residents by medical students has previously been shown effective. This study examines if medical students can facilitate laparoscopic procedural tasks to residents using a virtual reality simulator. METHODS: This was a retrospective...... practicing on a laparoscopic virtual reality simulator.... Ioan, Beatrice; Neagu, M; Manoilescu, Irina; Plăieşu, Teodora; Damian, Simona Autopsy has been for centuries part of medical education, providing benefits to medical students in terms of knowledge, skills, and development of respect, empathy and compassion. To evaluate the utility of autopsy in medical education based on the opinions and attitudes of medical students. A questionnaire was applied to 219 medical students. The answers were grouped according to two main themes: the utility of autopsy in medical education and students' attitudes toward autopsy. Most of the respondents considered that autopsy is useful to society, medical practice and medical education. On average, participants felt "moderately uncomfortable" on exposure to the first autopsy. Our study indicates the need for medical education to emphasize the utility of autopsy in the medical practice. Extracurricular activities to deepen the medico-legal knowledge and skills would be beneficial for the students who are particularly interested in this specialty. It is also necessary to take into account the possible negative psychological reactions of the students caused by the first exposure to autopsy and identify adequate methods to solve them. Al-Mateen, Cheryl S; Linker, Julie A; Damle, Neha; Hupe, Jessica; Helfer, Tamara; Jessick, Veronica This study explored the impact of traumatic experiences on medical students during their clerkships. Medical students completed an anonymous online survey inquiring about traumatic experiences on required clerkships during their third year of medical school, including any symptoms they may have experienced as well as coping strategies they may have used. Twenty-six percent of students reported experiencing vicarious traumatization (VT) during their third year of medical school. The experience of VT in medical students is relevant to medical educators, given that the resulting symptoms may impact student performance and learning as well as ongoing well-being. Fifty percent of the students who experienced VT in this study did so on the psychiatry clerkship. It is important for psychiatrists to recognize that this is a potential risk for students in order to increase the likelihood that appropriate supports are provided. Bittner, Anja; Jonietz, Ansgar; Bittner, Johannes; Beickert, Luise; Harendza, Sigrid To train and assess undergraduate medical students' written communication skills by exercises in translating medical reports into plain language for real patients. 27 medical students participated in a newly developed communication course. They attended a 3-h seminar including a briefing on patient-centered communication and an introduction to working with the internet platform http://washabich.de. In the following ten weeks, participants "translated" one medical report every fortnight on this platform receiving feedback by a near-peer supervisor. A pre- and post-course assignment consisted of a self-assessment questionnaire on communication skills, analysis of a medical text with respect to medical jargon, and the translation of a medical report into plain language. In the self-assessment, students rated themselves in most aspects of patient-centered communication significantly higher after attending the course. After the course they marked significantly more medical jargon terms correctly than before (pcommunicative aspects (pcommunication skills and medical knowledge in undergraduate medical students. To include translation exercises in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Wang, Li Hui; Chen, Ying Chang; Ka Chung, Angela; Poon, George; Lew, Polong; Tam, Chick F. The objective was to determine if the WHO global BMI (kg/m[squared]) cutoffs for determining overweight and obesity in the general populations are appropriate for Asian populations and to consider whether population-specific cutoffs would be warranted. A nonrandomized biased sampling of 227 Asian Americans were composed of 149 college students,… van Diggele C Full Text Available Christie van Diggele,1 Annette Burgess,2 Craig Mellis21The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2Sydney Medical School – Central, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaIntroduction: Skills in peer teaching, assessment, and feedback are increasingly documented internationally as required graduate attributes in medicine. Yet these skills are rarely taught in medical schools. We sought to design and deliver a short but effective teacher training (TT program for medical students that could be easily integrated into the professional development curriculum. This study sought to evaluate such a pilot program, based on student perception.Methods: The study took place at a major metropolitan teaching hospital, where 38 medical students were invited to attend a voluntary, newly designed four-module TT program. In total, 23/38 (61% of invited students attended. Mixed methods were used for evaluation. Questionnaires were completed by 21/23 (91% of students, and 6/23 (26% of students participated in a focus group.Results: Students reported that as a result of the program they felt more confident to facilitate small group teaching activities and to provide feedback to peers using the suggested frameworks. Students would like the program to contain more in-depth educational theory and to allow a more time for small group learning activities. They would also like to see opportunities for participation across all clinical schools.Conclusion: The TT program was successful in increasing student awareness of educational theory and practice, thereby improving their confidence in teaching and assessing their peers and making them feel better prepared for their careers as medical practitioners. Key improvements to the program are needed in terms of more in-depth theory and more time spent on small group learning. This might be achieved by complementing the course with e-learning.Keywords: teacher training, medical students, peer teaching, peer Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Abortion is a serious public health issue, and it poses high risks to the health and life of women. Yet safe abortion services are not readily available because few doctors are trained to provide such services. Many doctors are unaware of laws pertaining to abortion. This article reports survey findings on Malaysian medical students' attitudes toward abortion education and presents a case for including abortion education in medical schools. METHODS AND RESULTS: A survey on knowledge of and attitudes toward abortion among medical students was conducted in two public universities and a private university in Malaysia in 2011. A total of 1,060 students returned the completed questionnaires. The survey covered about 90% of medical students in Years 1, 3, and 5 in the three universities. About 90% of the students wanted more training on the general knowledge and legal aspects of abortion, and pre-and post-abortion counseling. Overall, 75.9% and 81.0% of the students were in favor of including in medical education the training on surgical abortion techniques and medical abortion, respectively. Only 2.4% and 1.7% were opposed to the inclusion of training of these two methods in the curriculum. The remaining respondents were neutral in their stand. Desire for more abortion education was associated with students' pro-choice index, their intention to provide abortion services in future practice, and year of study. However, students' attitudes toward abortion were not significantly associated with gender, type of university, or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Most students wanted more training on abortion. Some students also expressed their intention to provide abortion counseling and services in their future practice. Their desire for more training on abortion should be taken into account in the new curriculum. Abortion education is an important step towards making available safe abortion services to enable women to exercise their reproductive rights. Yang, Eunbae B; Lee, Seunghee This study aims to estimate the optimal educational cost per medical student. A private medical college in Seoul was targeted by the study, and its 2006 learning environment and data from the 2003~2006 budget and settlement were carefully analyzed. Through interviews with 3 medical professors and 2 experts in the economics of education, the study attempted to establish the educational cost estimation model, which yields an empirically computed estimate of the optimal cost per student in medical college. The estimation model was based primarily upon the educational cost which consisted of direct educational costs (47.25%), support costs (36.44%), fixed asset purchases (11.18%) and costs for student affairs (5.14%). These results indicate that the optimal cost per student is approximately 20,367,000 won each semester; thus, training a doctor costs 162,936,000 won over 4 years. Consequently, we inferred that the tuition levels of a local medical college or professional medical graduate school cover one quarter or one-half of the per- student cost. The findings of this study do not necessarily imply an increase in medical college tuition; the estimation of the per-student cost for training to be a doctor is one matter, and the issue of who should bear this burden is another. For further study, we should consider the college type and its location for general application of the estimation method, in addition to living expenses and opportunity costs. About 10 % of students in each years' entrants to medical school will encounter academic failure at some stage in their programme. The usual approach to supporting these students is to offer them short term remedial study programmes that often enhance approaches to study that are orientated towards avoiding failure. In this critical review I will summarise the current theories about student motivation that are most relevant to this group of students and describe how they are enhanced or not by various contextual factors that medical students experience during their programme. I will conclude by suggesting ways in which support programmes for students who have encountered academic failure might be better designed and researched in the future. Dingle, Arden D. Objective: The author describes child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) undergraduate teaching in American and Canadian medical schools. Methods: A survey asking for information on CAP teaching, student interest in CAP, and opinions about the CAP importance was sent to the medical student psychiatry director at 142 accredited medical schools in the… Calderón Larrañaga, Sara; Rabanaque Hernández, María José To determine the exposure of medical students to the marketing activities of the pharmaceutical industry, and identify their opinions and attitudes, and also the possible effects this exposure on their training and future professional practice. Descriptive cross-sectional. University of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine. Third, fourth, fifth and sixth year medical students. The information was obtained using a previously adapted, self-report questionnaire on the exposure, attitudes and perceived suitability of drug marketing activities. Percentages were calculated for the categorical variables, applying the chi squared test for the comparison between the groups. A logistic regression was performed to determine the factors associated with their attitudes towards these activities. A total of 369 questionnaires were returned (93% of those attending classes). The exposure to marketing activities is high, particularly in the clinical stage (78.6% said to have received a gift non-educational gift). The students recognised the possible biases and repercussions in professional practice, although with ambiguity and contradictions. The most accepted activities are those associated with training, and the most critical attitudes appear in the clinical stage, particularly in the sixth year. Exposure to drug marketing by medical students and its possible training and professional effects is frequent and significant. The training environment is particularly open to promotional activities. The differences observed in the later years suggest the need for a specific curriculum subject and development of reflective attitudes by the students themselves. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. Full Text Available Abstract Background This paper describes the socio-economic profile of medical students in the 1998/99 academic year at the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM Medical Faculty in Maputo. It aims to identify their social and geographical origins in addition to their expectations and difficulties regarding their education and professional future. Methods The data were collected through a questionnaire administered to all medical students at the faculty. Results Although most medical students were from outside Maputo City and Maputo Province, expectations of getting into medical school were already associated with a migration from the periphery to the capital city, even before entering medical education. This lays the basis for the concentration of physicians in the capital city once their term of compulsory rural employment as junior doctors is completed. The decision to become a doctor was taken at an early age. Close relatives, or family friends seem to have been an especially important variable in encouraging, reinforcing and promoting the desire to be a doctor. The academic performance of medical students was dismal. This seems to be related to several difficulties such as lack of library facilities, inadequate financial support, as well as poor high school preparation. Only one fifth of the students reported receiving financial support from the Mozambican government to subsidize their medical studies. Conclusion Medical students seem to know that they will be needed in the public sector, and that this represents an opportunity to contribute to the public's welfare. Nevertheless, their expectations are, already as medical students, to combine their public sector practice with private medical work in order to improve their earnings. Bilal, M.; Tariq, A.; Khan, S.; Quratulain, A.; Tariq, A.; Shahid, M.F.; Khan, M.W.; Naveed, A.K. Background: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found in Liver and indicates injury to Hepatocytes. It is influenced by various factors. The objectives of this study were to identify the correlates of ALT activity among healthy medical students of Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, aged 18-22 years. This was to establish the mean ALT levels of the students and compare them with those in various parts of the world and observe various correlations that exist and factors that may influence ALT levels. Methods: This population included 143 volunteer students (93 men and 50 women) selected on the basis of negative answers to a detailed medical questionnaire including past medical history, drug and alcohol consumption, on the absence of clinical signs of liver disease, on the negativity of serological testing for Hepatitis B and C virus. Results: The mean ALT level of the entire population was 28.7 IU/L. A major sex-difference in ALT value was observed, the mean ALT value being higher in men than in women (32.1+- 21.7 vs. 22.6 +- 9.7 IU/L, p<0.004). According to WHO criteria for Asians, normal BMI was taken from 18.5-23.0 Kg/m/sup 2/. There was a positive significant correlation between serum ALT level and BMI (p<0.002). ALT level strongly correlates with body mass index and gender. There was no significant variation in ALT levels among Punjabis and Sindhis, Balochis, Pathans, and Kashmiris. Conclusion: We suggest the need of taking into account these parameters in a clinical interpretation of ALT level. (author) Full Text Available Introduction: Melanoma has become a public health problem; however, with proper education and the use of sun safety techniques, most cases can be prevented. The purpose of this study is to determine if medical students have safer sun practices than the general population. Material and Methods: An online survey was sent to all students enrolled in the three medical schools in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Surveys were sent to 1200 medical students with a 39.25% response rate (n=471. Results: Most of the student population (n=436; 92.6% indicated that over the past year they had used one or more forms of sun protection. Of the respondents, 60.7% (n=286 indicated they had, to this point in their medical training, been educated counseling patients about the risk factors for prevention of skin cancer. Respondents who indicated that they had been educated on the steps/procedures of a complete skin exam were significantly more likely to indicate they had used sun protective equipment in the past year (P=.024. Conclusions: The general population is in need of dermatologic education on the basic risk factors of skin cancer as well as ways to prevent skin cancer. As education increases in the general population one would anticipate that these individuals would engage in safe sun practices as seen in the medical student community. Na, Sumin; Spanierman, Lisa B.; Lalonde, Christopher E. First, the authors investigated the direct associations of vertical collectivism, ethnic identity exploration, and ethnic identity commitment with psychological well-being among first-generation Asian Canadian university students in Canada (n = 78). Second, to gain a more nuanced understanding of the association between vertical collectivism and… This dissertation examined the relationship between Asian international doctoral students' self-regulation on academic and social integration and explored how acculturation tendencies function as a mediator between self-regulated learning and academic and social integration. Previous research has indicated that self-regulated learning has a great… Antonio Pedro Delgado Conclusion: Cape Verde is pursuing a bold strategy to deal with a shortage of medical doctors. The problems experienced by medical students provide an important insight to help the new medical school to provide a better learning environment for students. The fact that students are not sure about their future area of specialization is an opportunity to guide them towards the areas of the health system with pressing needs. The current feminization of the medical workforce will be sustained with the profile of the present intake, hence the need to take this into account in workforce planning. Al-Fouzan, Rawan; Al-Ajlan, Sarah; Marwan, Yousef; Al-Saleh, Mervat Choosing a medical specialty can be either a daunting and confusing experience for some medical students and junior doctors or a foregone conclusion to others. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors affecting future specialty choice among medical students in Kuwait University. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from medical students registered in Kuwait University during the academic year 2011/2012. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to test the association between deciding a future specialty and students' sociodemographic and academic factors. Of the 422 students approached, 387 (91.7%) decided to participate. A total of 144 (37.2%) students made a decision regarding their choice of future medical specialty. Pediatrics, general surgery, and cardiology were the most desired specialties - 18 (12.5%), 17 (11.8%), and 16 (11.1%) students requested these specialties, respectively. Only 61 (42.4%) of those who selected a future specialty received advice regarding their choice. Looking for a good treatment outcome for patients (66; 45.8%) and a challenging specialty (58; 40.3%) were the most influencing incentives when selecting a future specialty. Students in the clinical phase of their study were 3.014 (95% CI: 1.498-6.065) more likely to report on their decision regarding a future specialty compared to students in the basic medical sciences phase (p=0.002). A variety of factors appeared to inspire medical students in Kuwait to choose a future medical specialty. When identified, these factors can be used by mentors of medical students and directors of residency training programs to motivate students to choose specialties that are limited in Kuwait. Götz, K; Miksch, A; Hermann, K; Loh, A; Kiolbassa, K; Joos, S; Steinhäuser, J In times of shortage of doctors, expectations and interests of the future generation of doctors towards their career aspiration is of major importance. The aim of this study was to analyze expectations of medical students at the five medical schools in the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) concerning their career choice and factors influencing it. Between January and February 2010, 1299 medical students (out of 12 062 medical students at the five medical schools) participated in an online-survey. In addition to sociodemographic items, career choice and aspects of planning reliability were raised. Three quarters of the students assign a medical profession for their future occupation. There is a dominance of internal medicine (n = 152), gynaecology (n = 127), paediatrics (n = 125), surgery (n = 115), anaesthesiology (n = 101), and family medicine (n = 88). The time point of decision varies between the different undergraduate years of medical school and specialty. Students at the beginning of their studies seem to be interested mostly in surgery. During medical school the interests towards internal medicine grows. Regarding planning dependability important aspects for medical students were to work in a job that has a future (61.2 % fully agree), to have a safe job (57.7 %), and to have a safe income (57.1 %). Less important seems to be to have good opportunity to earn money (29.6 %). Interest in a certain specialty changes markedly at during medical school. Factors such as economical guarantee, good future prospects and also the studies itself have an essential impact for students on choosing a specific career. Strategies to face physicians' shortage in different specialties need to be close to the needs and expectations of future physicians. This is not only valid for the undergraduate time period but also for the work circumstances of their future. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York. Chen, Angela Chia-Chen; Szalacha, Laura A.; Menon, Usha Objectives: Racial discrimination experiences can negatively affect health. This study examined perceived discrimination and its relationship with mental health and substance use among Asian American and Pacific Islander (API) undergraduate and graduate students. Participants: A total of 113 API students aged 18-35 completed the study during… Wong, Y Joel; Tsai, Pei-Chun; Liu, Tao; Zhu, Qingqing; Wei, Meifen This study examined male Asian international college students' perceptions of racial discrimination, subjective masculinity stress, centrality of masculine identity, and psychological distress by testing a moderated mediation model. Participants were 160 male Asian international college students from 2 large public universities. Participants' perceived racial discrimination was positively related to their subjective masculinity stress only at high (but not low) levels of masculine identity centrality. Additionally, subjective masculinity stress was positively related to psychological distress, although this association was stronger among those who reported high levels of masculine identity centrality. The authors also detected a moderated mediation effect in which subjective masculinity stress mediated the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and psychological distress only at high (but not low) levels of masculine identity centrality. These findings contribute to the counseling psychology literature by highlighting the connections between race- and gender-related stressors as well as the relevance of masculine identity to an understanding of men's mental health. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved. Hung, Tawny; Jarvis-Selinger, Sandra; Ford, Jason C Pathology is an unpopular residency choice for medical students worldwide. In some countries, this has contributed to a crisis in pathologist human resources that has affected the quality of clinical laboratories. Several previous studies have used information from junior medical students and from residents to suggest ways of improving pathology recruitment. There are, however, no published studies of pathology residency choice that focus on the senior medical students who must be recruited. This study uses focus groups of senior medical students to explore both general and pathology-specific influences on residency choice. Several general influences are identified, including students' expectations for their future clinical practices, their own clinical rotation experiences, influences from other people including mentors, and their choice to reject certain fields. Several specific antipathology influences are also revealed, including negative stereotypes about pathologists, a perceived incompatibility of personality between most medical students (extroverted) and pathologists (introverted), and perceptions of pathologists as being in some ways nonmedical. The most important antipathology influence was that, from the students' perspective, pathology was utterly invisible in clinical practice. Most students did not consider and then reject a pathology residency: instead, pathology was completely ignored. Given the importance of clerkship electives in influencing medical student career choice, promoting clerkship experiences in pathology may improve recruitment. However, departments of pathology must first make pathology visible to students and teach them how pathologists contribute to clinical care. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Perry, Sylvia P; Hardeman, Rachel; Burke, Sara E; Cunningham, Brooke; Burgess, Diana J; van Ryn, Michelle Positive psychological well-being is an important predictor of and contributor to medical student success. Previous work showed that first-year African American medical students whose self-concept was highly linked to their race (high racial identity centrality) were at greater risk for poor well-being. The current study extends this work by examining (a) whether the psychological impact of racial discrimination on well-being depends on African American medical students' racial identity centrality and (b) whether this process is explained by how accepted students feel in medical school. This study used baseline data from the Medical Student Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation (CHANGE) Study, a large national longitudinal cohort study of 4732 medical students at 49 medical schools in the USA (n = 243). Regression analyses were conducted to test whether medical student acceptance mediated an interactive effect of discrimination and racial identity centrality on self-esteem and well-being. Both racial identity centrality and everyday discrimination were associated with negative outcomes for first-year African American medical students. Among participants who experienced higher, but not lower, levels of everyday discrimination, racial identity centrality was associated with negative outcomes. When everyday discrimination was high, but not low, racial identity was negatively related to perceived acceptance in medical school, and this in turn was related to increased negative outcomes. Our results suggest that discrimination may be particularly harmful for African American students who perceive their race to be central to their personal identity. Additionally, our findings speak to the need for institutional change that includes commitment and action towards inclusivity and the elimination of structural racism. Kimberly M. Tartaglia Full Text Available Introduction: As health systems find ways to improve quality of care, medical training programs are finding opportunities to prepare learners on principles of quality improvement (QI. The impact of QI curricula for medical students as measured by student learning is not well delineated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a QI curriculum for senior medical students as measured by student knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was an observational study that involved a self-assessment and post-test Quality Improvement Knowledge Application Tool (QIKAT for intervention and control students. A QI curriculum consisting of online modules, live discussions, independent readings and reflective writing, and participation in a mentored QI project was offered to fourth-year medical students completing an honor's elective (intervention group. Senior medical students who received the standard QI curriculum only were recruited as controls. Results: A total of 22 intervention students and 12 control students completed the self-assessment and QIKAT. At baseline, there was no difference between groups in self-reported prior exposure to QI principles. Students in the intervention group reported more comfort with their skills in QI overall and in 9 of the 12 domains (p<0.05. Additionally, intervention students performed better in each of the three case scenarios (p<0.01. Discussion: A brief QI curriculum for senior medical students results in improved comfort and knowledge with QI principles. The strengths of our curriculum include effective use of classroom time and faculty mentorship with reliance on pre-existing online modules and written resources. Additionally, the curriculum is easily expandable to larger groups of students and transferable to other institutions. Becker, Katherine A; Freberg, Karen Despite the proclivity and proliferation of blogs on the Internet, the use of blogs at medical institutions is not well documented. In examining the structured stories that medical students share with the digital community, we may better understand how students use institutional blogs to discuss their medical school experiences while maintaining their role as a medical student ambassador for the program. We conducted a case study to analyze the stories within 309 medical student blogs from one medical institution in the United States. In an attempt to communicate their experiences to different benefactors, student bloggers engaged in structured and personal storytelling. Structured stories offered medical school advice to prospective students, while personal stories embodied features of a personal diary where students recounted significant milestones, talked about personal relationships and engaged in emotional reflection and disclosure. Institutional blogs may provide social marketing for medical institutions, as students strategically framed their experiences to reflect a positive attitude about the medical institution and focused on providing advice to prospective students. Although these structured stories limit complete disclosure, students may still achieve benefits by engaging in emotional disclosure and personal reflection. Full Text Available Background and Objectives: Burnout is caused by high-stress jobs and could induce somatic, psychological disorders and negative attitude to professional actives so that this condition causes poor relationship with the patient. This study aimed at investigating burnout in senior medical students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This research was a cross sectional study carried out on all senior medical students (N=56 in 2008. Data were obtained by two questionnaires including demographic questionnaire and Maslach burnout Inventory. They were then analyzed using SPSS software and Chi square Test. Results: The findings showed that the majority of medical students (91.1% had burnout and only 8.9% of them had not burnout. Severe burnout was in 16% of students. There was not any significant relationship between burnout and sex, age, smoking, duration of education, interest in medical course and marital status P<0.05. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that burnout is common problem in senior medical students and need special consideration. Therefore medical students should be encouraged to seek help and adequate facilities by holding workshops of life-skill training and coping with stress. However, burnout should be paid special attention in medical students by counseling centers of University for prevention of consequences. Rogers, David A; Boehler, Margaret L; Schwind, Cathy J; Meier, Andreas H; Wall, Jarrod C H; Brenner, Michael J There are potential advantages to engaging medical students in the feedback process, but efforts to do so have yielded mixed results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a student-focused feedback instructional session in an experimental setting. Medical students were assigned randomly to either the intervention or control groups and then assigned randomly to receive either feedback or compliments. Tests of knowledge, skills, and attitudes were given before and after the intervention. There was a significant gain of knowledge and skill in the group that received instruction. Satisfaction was higher after compliments in the control group but higher after feedback in the instructional group. There was no change in the subject's willingness to seek feedback. A student-focused component should be carefully included as part of an overall effort to improve feedback in surgical education. The role of medical student attitudes about feedback requires further investigation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Mast, Terrill A.; And Others The way that medical students used objectives throughout the curriculum and factors that influenced their level of use was studied at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, a three-year medical school with an entirely objectives-based curriculum. A questionnaire mailed to 75 students yielded a 75 percent return. The predominant modes for… The University of Wisconsin-La Crosse offers the first online medical dosimetry program in the nation. There is no data to research a program of this type. This research consisted of the evaluation of other distance education programs including health profession programs in addition to face-to-face medical dosimetry programs. There was a need to collect and analyze student perceptions of online learning in medical dosimetry. This research provided a guide for future implementation by other programs as well as validated the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse program. Methodology used consisted of an electronic survey sent to all previous and currently enrolled students in the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse medical dosimetry program. The survey was both quantitative and qualitative in demonstrating attitudinal perceptions of students in the program. Quantitative data was collected and analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale. Qualitative data was gathered based on the open-ended responses and the identifying themes from the responses. The results demonstrated an overall satisfaction with this program, the instructor, and the online courses. Students felt a sense of belonging to the courses and the program. Considering that a majority of the students had never taken an online course previously, the students felt there were no technology issues. Future research should include an evaluation of board exam statistics for students enrolled in the online and face-to-face medical dosimetry programs. Rodis, Jennifer; Aungst, Timothy Dy; Brown, Nicole V; Cui, Yan; Tam, Leonard The use of mobile apps in health care is growing. Current and future practitioners must be equipped with the skills to navigate and utilize apps in patient care, yet few strategies exist for training health care professional students on the usage of apps. To characterize first-year pharmacy student use of medical apps, evaluate first-year pharmacy student's perception of skills in finding, evaluating, and using medical apps before and after a focused learning experience, and assess student satisfaction and areas for improvement regarding the learning experience. Students listened to a recorded, Web-based lecture on finding, evaluating, and using mobile apps in patient care. A 2-hour, interactive workshop was conducted during which students were led by an instructor through a discussion on strategies for finding and using apps in health care. The students practiced evaluating 6 different health care-related apps. Surveys were conducted before and after the focused learning experience to assess students' perceptions of medical apps and current use and perspectives on satisfaction with the learning experience and role of technology in health care. This educational intervention is the first described formal, interactive method to educate student pharmacists on medical apps. With a 99% response rate, surveys conducted before and after the learning experience displayed perceived improvement in student skills related to finding (52/119, 44% before vs 114/120, 95% after), evaluating (18/119, 15% before vs 112/120, 93% after), and using medical apps in patient care (31/119, 26% before vs 108/120, 90% after) and the health sciences classroom (38/119, 32% before vs 104/120, 87% after). Students described satisfaction with the educational experience and agreed that it should be repeated in subsequent years (89/120, 74% agreed or strongly agreed). Most students surveyed possessed portable electronic devices (107/119, 90% mobile phone) and agreed with the concept of medical apps Adina L. Kalet Full Text Available Introduction: Special concerns often arise when medical students are themselves the subjects of education research. A recently completed large, multi-center randomized controlled trial of computer-assisted learning modules for surgical clerks provided the opportunity to explore the perceived level of risk of studies where medical students serve as human subjects by reporting on: 1 the response of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs at seven institutions to the same study protocol; and 2 the thoughts and feelings of students across study sites about being research subjects. Methods: From July 2009 to August 2010, all third-year medical students at seven collaborating institutions were eligible to participate. Patterns of IRB review of the same protocol were compared. Participation burden was calculated in terms of the time spent interacting with the modules. Focus groups were conducted with medical students at each site. Transcripts were coded by three independent reviewers and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Results: The IRBs at the seven participating institutions granted full (n=1, expedited (n=4, or exempt (n=2 review of the WISE Trial protocol. 995 (73% of those eligible consented to participate, and 207 (20% of these students completed all outcome measures. The average time to complete the computer modules and associated measures was 175 min. Common themes in focus groups with participant students included the desire to contribute to medical education research, the absence of coercion to consent, and the low-risk nature of the research. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that risk assessment and the extent of review utilized for medical education research vary among IRBs. Despite variability in the perception of risk implied by differing IRB requirements, students themselves felt education research was low risk and did not consider themselves to be vulnerable. The vast majority of eligible medical students were willing to participate as research Nechita, Florina; Nechita, Dan; Pîrlog, Mihail Cristian; Rogoveanu, Ion Stress has been defined as the state of a body threatened by imbalance under the influence of agents or conditions endangering its homeostatic mechanisms but the concept have multiple meanings in correlation with the origin and biological support of its effects. Also, stressors are multiple, recording one of the highest levels during the academic studies. For the medical students, stress represents an important challenge, especially during the first year of medical school, caused by the absence of a learning strategy, the sleepless night before the exam and also an unhealthy food intake during the exams. The coping strategies are important, their background being represented by the social support, especially within the family, and emotional, the passions of the medicine students being the most important stress-combating factor. Gender represents also an important factor for the stress vulnerability, manifested through medical and psychiatric symptoms. In order to train good doctors, fair and above all healthy, it is important to consider not only the information we want to transmit, but also the context in which we educate. Barlow, Christopher J; Morrison, Stewart; Stephens, Hugh On; Jenkins, Emily; Bailey, Michael J; Pilcher, David To describe the social media usage patterns of medical students and to identify factors associated with their posting of unprofessional content on social media. Voluntary survey, delivered online. All students in all 20 Australian medical schools were eligible to participate (16 993 individuals). Of 1027 initial respondents during the study period (29 March - 12 August 2013), 880 completed the survey. Prevalence of unprofessional online behaviour on social media by medical students, as reported by students about their own and others' accounts. Posting of unprofessional content was self-reported by 306 students (34.7%), mainly depictions of intoxication (301 students, 34.2%) or illegal drug use (14 students, 1.6%), or posting of patient information (14 students, 1.6%). Posting of unprofessional content was associated with posting evidence of alcohol use and racist content online, MySpace use, and planning to change one's profile name after graduation. Factors associated with reduced unprofessional content included believing that videos depicting medical events with heavy alcohol use were inappropriate, and being happy with one's own social media portrayal. Exposure to guidelines on professional online conduct had no effect on posting behaviour. Social media use was nearly universal in the surveyed cohort. Posting of unprofessional content was highly prevalent despite understanding that this might be considered inappropriate, and despite awareness of professionalism guidelines. Medical educators should consider approaches to this problem that involve more than simply providing guidelines or policies, and students should be regularly prompted to evaluate and moderate their own online behaviour. Bannon, Aidan; O'Hare, Niamh; Corr, Michael; Sterling, Margaret; Gormley, Gerard J Queen's University Red Cross is a medical student-led volunteer group with a key aim of promoting social change within local communities and empowering young people to aspire to higher education. We describe 'The Personal Development Certificate', a 12-week community development programme devised by third-year medical students at Queen's University Belfast to target young people who are lacking educational motivation, are disengaged at home or are marginalised through social circumstances. Community-based education is of increasing importance within undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in the UK, and further afield. We evaluated the perceived improvements in key skills such as teamwork, leadership, communication, and problem solving in students following participation in this programme, and the extent to which their attitude and appreciation of community-based medicine changed. [Students] appreciated the opportunity to translate a series of classroom-learned skills to real-life environments Following facilitation of this community-based initiative, all students reported a perceived improvement in the acquired skill sets. Students made strong links from this programme to previous clinical experiences and appreciated the opportunity to translate a series of classroom-learned skills to real-life environments and interactions. The students' appreciation and understanding of community-based medicine was the single most improved area of our evaluation. We have demonstrated that medical students possess the skills to develop and facilitate their own educational projects. Non-clinical, student-led community projects have the potential to be reproduced using recognised frameworks and guidelines to complement the current undergraduate medical curriculum. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Ramos, Raddy L; Cuoco, Joshua A; Guercio, Erik; Levitan, Thomas Given the well-documented shortage of physicians in primary care and several other specialties, quantitative understanding of residency application and matching data among osteopathic and allopathic medical students has implications for predicting trends in the physician workforce. To estimate medical student interest in neurology and psychiatry based on numbers of applicants and matches to neurology and psychiatry osteopathic and allopathic residency programs. Also, to gauge students' previous academic experience with brain and cognitive sciences. The number of available postgraduate year 1 positions, applicants, and matches from graduating years 2011 through 2015 were collected from the National Matching Services Inc and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine for osteopathic programs and the National Resident Matching Program and the Association of American Medical Colleges for allopathic programs. To determine and compare osteopathic and allopathic medical students' interest in neurology and psychiatry, the number of positions, applicants, and matches were analyzed considering the number of total osteopathic and allopathic graduates in the given year using 2-tailed χ2 analyses with Yates correction. In addition, osteopathic and allopathic medical schools' websites were reviewed to determine whether neurology and psychiatry rotations were required. Osteopathic medical students' reported undergraduate majors were also gathered. Compared with allopathic medical students, osteopathic medical students had significantly greater interest (as measured by applicants) in neurology (χ21=11.85, Pneurology and psychiatry residency programs. Approximately 6% of osteopathic vs nearly 85% of allopathic medical schools had required neurology rotations. Nearly 10% of osteopathic applicants and matriculants had undergraduate coursework in brain and cognitive sciences. Osteopathic medical students demonstrated greater interest than allopathic medical Full Text Available Abstract Background There are growing numbers of refugees throughout the world. Refugee health is a relatively unstudied and rarely taught component of medical education. In response to this need, a Refugee Health Elective was begun. Medical student perceptions toward cultural aspects of medicine and refugee health before and after participation in the elective were measured. Methods Preliminary questionnaires were given to all preclinical students at the academic year commencement with follow-up questionnaires at the refugee elective's conclusion. Both questionnaires examined students' comfort in interacting with patients and familiarity with refugee medical issues, alternative medical practices, and social hindrances to medical care. The preliminary answers served as a control and follow-up questionnaire data were separated into participant/non-participant categories. All preclinical medical students at two Midwestern medical schools were provided the opportunity to participate in the Refugee Health Elective and surveys. The 3 data groups were compared using unadjusted and adjusted analysis techniques with the Kruskall-Wallis, Bonferroni and ANCOVA adjustment. P-values Results 408 and 403 students filled out the preliminary and follow-up questionnaires, respectfully, 42 of whom participated in the elective. Students considering themselves minorities or multilingual were more likely to participate. Elective participants were more likely to be able to recognize the medical/mental health issues common to refugees, to feel comfortable interacting with foreign-born patients, and to identify cultural differences in understanding medical/mental health conditions, after adjusting for minority or multilingual status. Conclusion As medical schools integrate a more multicultural curriculum, a Refugee Health Elective for preclinical students can enhance awareness and promote change in attitude toward medical/mental health issues common to refugees. This Houpy, Jennifer C; Lee, Wei Wei; Woodruff, James N; Pincavage, Amber T Medical students face numerous stressors during their clinical years, including difficult clinical events. Fostering resilience is a promising way to mitigate negative effects of stressors, prevent burnout, and help students thrive after difficult experiences. However, little is known about medical student resilience. To characterize medical student resilience and responses to difficult clinical events during clinical training. Sixty-two third-year (MS3) and 55 fourth-year (MS4) University of Chicago medical students completed surveys in 2016 assessing resilience (Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC 10), symptoms of burnout, need for resilience training, and responses to difficult clinical events. Medical student mean resilience was lower than in a general population sample. Resilience was higher in males, MS4s, those without burnout symptoms, and students who felt able to cope with difficult clinical events. When students experienced difficult events in the clinical setting, the majority identified poor team dynamics among the most stressful, and agreed their wellbeing was affected by difficult clinical events. A majority also would prefer to discuss these events with their team later that day. Students discussed events with peers more than with attendings or residents. Students comfortable discussing stress and burnout with peers had higher resilience. Most students believed resilience training would be helpful and most beneficial during MS3 year. Clinical medical student resilience was lower than in the general population but higher in MS4s and students reporting no burnout. Students had some insight into their resilience and most thought resilience training would be helpful. Students discussed difficult clinical events most often with peers. More curricula promoting medical student resilience are needed. Deciding on a future career path or choosing a career specialty is an important academic decision for medical students. The purpose of this study is to develop a career coaching model for medical students. This research was carried out in three steps. The first step was systematic review of previous studies. The second step was a need assessment of medical students. The third step was a career coaching model using the results acquired from the researched literature and the survey. The career coaching stages were defined as three big phases: The career coaching stages were defined as the "crystallization" period (Pre-medical year 1 and 2), "specification" period (medical year 1 and 2), and "implementation" period (medical year 3 and 4). The career coaching model for medical students can be used in programming career coaching contents and also in identifying the outcomes of career coaching programs at an institutional level. Bacchi, Stephen; Licinio, Julio The authors investigated levels of resilience and psychological distress in medical and psychology students, factors that may affect these levels, the relationship between resilience and psychological distress, and student opinion on causes of stress and possible interventions. A voluntary anonymous online survey was distributed to University of Adelaide medical and psychology students. Medical and psychology students (n = 560; response rate = 24.7%) had similar mean resilience and psychological distress scores, and 47.9% of medical students and 55.1% of psychology students were psychologically distressed. Higher levels of resilience were associated with lower levels of distress (p Students supported resilience-based interventions, greater financial support, clearer learning objectives and more continuous assessment as potential means to reduce the effects of stress. Higher levels of resilience were associated with lower levels of psychological distress. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of resilience-based interventions in these groups. Erdei, Márta; Cserepes, Réka Eszter; Bugán, Antal The effectiveness of fertility treatments is influenced by the health care professionals' knowledge regarding infertility as well as their empathy. The aim of the study was to examine infertility-related knowledge and perceptions of emotional and mind/body consequences of infertility among medical students. A questionnaire design was used. Data were obtained from 112 medical university students (76 women, 36 men) who participated involuntary and compensation-free. Medical students' knowledge concerning infertility proved to be incomplete and ambiguous. Subjects underestimated the presence of mind/body and emotional symptoms caused by infertility in men particularly, and overestimated some emotional concerns in women, e.g. sadness. Medical students have gaps in their subject-specific knowledge, so that they need more (even practical) information regarding infertility during their studies. Students' conceptions about emotional and physical consequences of infertility are distorted by stereotypes. The risk of these biases is that it could make it difficult to perceive patients in a non-distorted way, especially infertile male patients. Casas, Rachel S; Xuan, Ziming; Jackson, Angela H; Stanfield, Lorraine E; Harvey, Nanette C; Chen, Daniel C Empathy is a crucial skill for medical students that can be difficult to evaluate. We examined if self-reported empathy in medical students was associated with clinical competence. This study combined cross-sectional data from four consecutive years of medical students (N=590) from the Boston University School of Medicine. We used regression analysis to evaluate if self-reported empathy (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE)) predicted scores in clinical clerkships, United States Medical Licensing Examinations, and OBJECTIVE: Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs). We separately analyzed overall and OSCE communication scores based on interpersonal skills reported by standardized patients. We controlled for age, gender, debt, and specialty affinity. JSPE scores of medical students were positively associated with OSCE communication scores, and remained significant when controlling for demographics. We found that JSPE score was also predictive of overall OSCE scores, but this relationship was confounded by gender and age. JSPE scores were associated with performance in the Pediatrics clerkship, but not other clerkships or standardized tests. JSPE scores were positively associated with OSCE communication scores in medical students. This study supports that self-reported empathy may predict OSCE performance, but further research is needed to examine differences by gender and age. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Cleland, Jennifer; Johnston, Peter W; French, Fiona H; Needham, Gillian Little is known about the relationship between the career preferences of medical students and the medical schools at which they are enrolled. Our aim was to explore this relationship early in students' medical training. Year 1 (2009-2010) medical students at the five Scottish medical schools were invited to take part in a career preference questionnaire survey. Questions were asked about demographic factors, career preferences and influencing factors. The response rate was 87.9% (883/1005). No significant differences were found among medical schools with regard to first-choice specialty. Surgery (22.5%), medicine (19.0%), general practice (17.6%) and paediatrics (16.1%) were the top career choices. Work-life balance, perceived aptitude and skills, intellectual satisfaction, and amount of patient contact were rated as the most important job-related factors by most respondents. Few differences were found among schools in terms of the impact of job-related factors on future career preferences. Students for whom the work-life balance was extremely important (odds ratio [OR]=0.6) were less likely to prefer surgery. Students for whom the work-life balance (OR=2.2) and continuity of care (OR=2.1) were extremely important were more likely to prefer general practice. Students' early career preferences were similar across the five medical schools. These preferences result from the interplay among demographic factors and the perceived characteristics of the various specialties. Maintaining a satisfactory work-life balance is very important to tomorrow's doctors, and the data hint that this may be breaking down some of the traditional gender differences in specialty choice. Longitudinal work is required to explore whether students' career preferences change as they progress through medical school and training. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012. Aherne, Declan; Farrant, Katie; Hickey, Louise; Hickey, Emma; McGrath, Lisa; McGrath, Deirdre Medical practitioners and students are at increased risk of a number of personal and psychological problems. Stress and anxiety due to work-load and study requirements are common and self-care methods are important in maintaining well-being. The current study examines perceptions of and satisfaction ratings with a mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) programme for 1(st) year (compulsory) and 2(nd) year (optional) Graduate Entry Medical School students. A mixed method pre and post study of Year 1 (n = 140) and Year 2 (n = 88) medical students completing a 7 week MBSR course compared student satisfaction ratings. Thematic analysis of feedback from the students on their perception of the course was also carried out. Year 1 students (compulsory course) were less satisfied with content and learning outcomes than Year 2 students (optional course) (p levels of satisfaction and positive feedback when delivered on an optional basis. Catering for the individual needs of the participant and promoting a safe environment are core elements of a successful self-care programme. Nazar, Mahdi; Kendall, Kathleen; Day, Lawrence; Nazar, Hamde The General Medical Council (GMC) expects that medical students graduate with an awareness of how the diversity of the patient population may affect health outcomes and behaviours. However, little guidance has been provided on how to incorporate diversity teaching into medical school curricula. Research highlights the existence of two different models within medical education: cultural competency and cultural humility. The Southampton medical curriculum includes both models in its diversity teaching, but little was known about which model was dominant or about the students' experience. Fifteen semi-structured, in-depth interviews were carried out with medical students at the University of Southampton. Data were analysed thematically using elements of grounded theory and constant comparison. Students identified early examples of diversity teaching consistent with a cultural humility approach. In later years, the limited diversity teaching recognised by students generally adopted a cultural competency approach. Students tended to perceive diversity as something that creates problems for healthcare professionals due to patients' perceived differences. They also reported witnessing a number of questionable practices related to diversity issues that they felt unable to challenge. The dissonance created by differences in the largely lecture based and the clinical environments left students confused and doubting the value of cultural humility in a clinical context. Staff training on diversity issues is required to encourage institutional buy-in and establish consistent educational and clinical environments. By tackling cultural diversity within the context of patient-centred care, cultural humility, the approach students valued most, would become the default model. Reflective practice and the development of a critical consciousness are crucial in the improvement of cultural diversity training and thus should be facilitated and encouraged. Educators can adopt a To evaluate whether a workshop on family systems delivered to medical students could improve participants' understanding of families from a systemic point of view and help them recognise and address systemic issues that may be affecting their patients. Fifth year (senior) medical students ( n = 36) from the University of Auckland participated in a 90-min workshop about family systems. Pre- and post-workshop, self-reported measures of knowledge and confidence were completed and qualitative feedback was also obtained from participants. The workshop was well received and its interactive and role-play based nature were particularly appreciated. Participants reported gains in all explored areas of knowledge and understanding, suggesting that the workshop met its desired aims. This workshop is an educationally effective and expedient way to equip medical students with some knowledge and understanding about family systems. It may benefit their future work with individual patients and families. Andersson, Jenny; Johansson, Eva E.; Verdonk, Petra; Lagro-Janssen, Antoine; Hamberg, Katarina Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results Students’ written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: “Work”, “Family”, “Leisure” and “Quality of personal life”. Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions Today’s medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula. Berenbaum, Howard; Okazaki, Sumie The current study examined perceptions of living up to parental expectations and personal standards as possible mediators of the relationship between ethnicity and worry in a sample of 836 Asian American and 856 White American college students. Asian Americans reported higher frequency of academic- and family-related worry, but they did not report higher levels of global tendency to worry. Perceptions of living up to parental expectations of current academic performance and personal standards for preparation for a future career partially explained ethnic differences in frequency of academic worry. Personal standards and perceptions of living up to parental expectations for respect for the family partially explained ethnic differences in frequency of family worry. The findings highlight the importance of targeting domain-specific personal standards and perceived parental expectations to reduce worry among Asian Americans. PMID:22416875 Palés, Jorge; Gual, Arcadi; Escanero, Jesús; Tomás, Inmaculada; Rodríguez-de Castro, Felipe; Elorduy, Marta; Virumbrales, Montserrat; Rodríguez, Gerardo; Arce, Víctor The purpose of this study was to investigate student's perceptions of Educational Climate (EC) in Spanish medical schools, comparing various aspects of EC between the 2nd (preclinical) and the 4th (clinical) years to detect strengths and weaknesses in the on-going curricular reform. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and employed the Spanish version of the "Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure" (DREEM). The survey involved 894 2nd year students and 619 4th year students from five Spanish medical schools. The global average score of 2nd year students from the five medical schools was found to be significantly higher (116.2±24.9, 58.2% of maximum score) than that observed in 4th year students (104.8±29.5, 52.4% of maximum score). When the results in each medical school were analysed separately, the scores obtained in the 2nd year were almost always significantly higher than in the 4th year for all medical schools, in both the global scales and the different subscales. The perception of the EC by 2nd and 4th year students from five Spanish medical schools is more positive than negative although it is significantly lower in the 4th year. In both years, although more evident in the 4th year, students point out the existence of several important "problematic educational areas" associated with the persistence of traditional curricula and teaching methodologies. Our findings of this study should lead medical schools to make a serious reflection and drive the implementation of the necessary changes required to improve teaching, especially during the clinical period. Lumlertgul, Nuttha; Kijpaisalratana, Naruchorn; Pityaratstian, Nuttorn; Wangsaturaka, Danai Using movies has been accepted worldwide as a tool to help students learn medical professionalism. In the second year, a group of medical students conducted the "Cinemeducation" project to promote professionalism in the "Medical Ethics and Critical Thinking" course. Five movies with professionalism issues were screened with 20-30 students attending each session. After the show, participants then were asked to reflect on what they had learned in terms of professionalism. Two students led group discussion emphasizing questioning and argumentation for 60 min. Additional learning issues emerging from each session were also explored in more depth and arranged into a report. In the Cinemeducation Project, medical students have learned five main ethical issues in each film, which were the doctor-patient relationship, informed consent and clinical trials in patients, management of genetic disorders, patient management, and brain death and organ transplantation. In addition to issues of professionalism, they also developed critical thinking and moral reasoning skills. Using a case-based scenario in movies has proven to be an effective and entertaining method of facilitating students with learning on professionalism. Full Text Available Abstract Objective This lifestyle is mainly determined during childhood and connected with poor public prophylactic health policy. The aim of this study was to estimate physical activity and level of tobacco abuse, as well as knowledge about health behaviours, among medical students. Methods Questionnaires were completed by Polish (243 and foreign medical students (80. Results It was stated that about 20% of the students smoked cigarettes. Female students from Norway took up smoking significantly more often than other participants, whereas there were more smokers among those from Poland. There was a significantly larger percentage of smoking males from Norway than among male Polish students. The same students presented a low level of physical activity. The smallest level of physical activity was characteristic of the Polish women. Conclusion This situation requires an intensification of activities aimed at supporting pro-health lifestyles and the elimination of unfavourable effects, especially among medical students. Full Text Available Purpose: Deciding on a future career path or choosing a career specialty is an important academic decision for medical students. The purpose of this study is to develop a career coaching model for medical students. Methods: This research was carried out in three steps. The first step was systematic review of previous studies. The second step was a need assessment of medical students. The third step was a career coaching model using the results acquired from the researched literature and the survey. Results: The career coaching stages were defined as three big phases: The career coaching stages were defined as the “crystallization” period (Pre-medical year 1 and 2, “specification” period (medical year 1 and 2, and “implementation” period (medical year 3 and 4. Conclusion: The career coaching model for medical students can be used in programming career coaching contents and also in identifying the outcomes of career coaching programs at an institutional level. Full Text Available Objectives: Medical students and future physicians have chosen to pursue a profession that requires personal integrity, compassion and a constant awareness of the commitment made by them. Professionalism includes personal behaviors, knowledge, and competency. It includes the attitudes and values one holds and that run through the profession as a whole. Medical students learn professionalism during the course by either direct teaching or experiential learning. We conducted this study to estimate the self-reported level of practice of the core elements of professionalism by medical students and medical faculty and compared the two groups. Methods: One-hundred and nine students and 83 faculty members of Oman Medical College completed a professionalism questionnaire. The survey questions related to core elements of professionalism and were grouped under professional knowledge, professional skills, professional attitude, and qualities essential for professionalism. Results: The response rate was 65.6% (109 of 166 among students and 75.5% (83 of 110 from faculty members. Response to the questions on professional skills between the student and faculty group was significantly different (p < 0.001. Similarly, there was a significant difference in the responses related to professional attitude between the student and faculty group (p < 0.001. Students and faculty members have a significant difference in opinion regarding up to date knowledge of basic and clinical sciences and clinical competency (p = 0.024. Similarly, significant differences in opinion regarding up to date knowledge of basic and clinical sciences and clinical competency in clinical and basic sciences faculty members (p = 0.001. Students identified good communication skills (82.6%, and faculty staff identified up to date professional knowledge (62.7% as the most important aspect of professionalism. Conclusions: Both students and teaching faculty agreed that the top most professional Full Text Available Introduction. The value of tablet computer use in medical education is an area of considerable interest, with preliminary investigations showing that the majority of medical trainees feel that tablet computers added value to the curriculum. This study investigated potential differences in tablet computer use between medical students and resident physicians.Materials & Methods. Data collection for this survey was accomplished with an anonymous online questionnaire shared with the medical students and residents at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIU-SOM in July and August of 2012.Results. There were 76 medical student responses (26% response rate and 66 resident/fellow responses to this survey (21% response rate. Residents/fellows were more likely to use tablet computers several times daily than medical students (32% vs. 20%, p = 0.035. The most common reported uses were for accessing medical reference applications (46%, e-Books (45%, and board study (32%. Residents were more likely than students to use a tablet computer to access an electronic medical record (41% vs. 21%, p = 0.010, review radiology images (27% vs. 12%, p = 0.019, and enter patient care orders (26% vs. 3%, p < 0.001.Discussion. This study shows a high prevalence and frequency of tablet computer use among physicians in training at this academic medical center. Most residents and students use tablet computers to access medical references, e-Books, and to study for board exams. Residents were more likely to use tablet computers to complete clinical tasks.Conclusions. Tablet computer use among medical students and resident physicians was common in this survey. All learners used tablet computers for point of care references and board study. Resident physicians were more likely to use tablet computers to access the EMR, enter patient care orders, and review radiology studies. This difference is likely due to the differing educational and professional demands placed on Kubas, Mohammed Abdullah; Wadi, Majed Smoking is a worldwide problem that kills millions of people. Women smoke much lower than males but the numbers of smoker women are growing up. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of smoking and khat chewing in medical and non-medical female students at University of Science and Technology (UST), Sana'a, Yemen. We used self-administrated questionnaire to collect cross-sectional data from a randomly selected sample of medical and non-medical female students of UST in 2012-2013. Overall, 480 students completed and returned the questionnaire, of them medical students represented 50% of them. The prevalence of smoking was significantly low among female medical students (P=0.045), however, not significantly difference was found between medical and non-medical female students in khat chewing habits (P=0.083). Non-smoker medical female students who tried smoking (45.6%) were significantly lower than non-medical students (54.4%), and curiosity was the main reason for trying smoking. Water pipe was the most common type of smoking among smoker students (78.6%). Out of 26 female students who smoke and chew khat, 18 students reported that they smoke more while they chew khat. Our study highlights the need for increased health education, awareness, and knowledge of the risks of smoking and particularly khat chewing to reduce these habits among female university students especially in non-medical female students. Full Text Available Background: Choosing a medical specialty can be either a daunting and confusing experience for some medical students and junior doctors or a foregone conclusion to others. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors affecting future specialty choice among medical students in Kuwait University. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from medical students registered in Kuwait University during the academic year 2011/2012. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to test the association between deciding a future specialty and students’ sociodemographic and academic factors. Results: Of the 422 students approached, 387 (91.7% decided to participate. A total of 144 (37.2% students made a decision regarding their choice of future medical specialty. Pediatrics, general surgery, and cardiology were the most desired specialties – 18 (12.5%, 17 (11.8%, and 16 (11.1% students requested these specialties, respectively. Only 61 (42.4% of those who selected a future specialty received advice regarding their choice. Looking for a good treatment outcome for patients (66; 45.8% and a challenging specialty (58; 40.3% were the most influencing incentives when selecting a future specialty. Students in the clinical phase of their study were 3.014 (95% CI: 1.498–6.065 more likely to report on their decision regarding a future specialty compared to students in the basic medical sciences phase (p=0.002. Conclusion : A variety of factors appeared to inspire medical students in Kuwait to choose a future medical specialty. When identified, these factors can be used by mentors of medical students and directors of residency training programs to motivate students to choose specialties that are limited in Kuwait. Wu, Yazhou; Zhang, Ling; Liu, Ling; Zhang, Yanqi; Liu, Xiaoyu; Yi, Dong It is clear that the teaching of medical statistics needs to be improved, yet areas for priority are unclear as medical students' learning and application of statistics at different levels is not well known. Our goal is to assess the attitudes of medical students toward the learning and application of medical statistics, and discover their… Full Text Available Introduction: Medical students with a non-German background face several challenges during their studies. Besides support given by foreign student offices further specific projects for international students have been developed and are offered by medical faculties. However, so far, neither a systematic survey of the faculties’ perceived problems nor of the offered support exists.Method: All study deaneries of medical faculties in Germany were contacted between April and October 2013 and asked for their participation in a telephone interview. Interview partners were asked about 1. The percentage of non-German students at the medical faculty; 2. The perceived difficulties and problems of foreign students; 3. The offers for non-German students; and 4. The specification of further possibilities of support. Given information was noted, frequencies counted and results interpreted via frequency analysis.Results: Only 39% of the medical faculties could give detailed information about the percentage of non-German students. They reported an average share of 3.9% of students with an EU migration background and 4.9% with a non-EU background. Most frequently cited offers are student conducted tutorials, language courses and tandem-programs. The most frequently reported problem by far is the perceived lack of language skills of foreign students at the beginning of their studies. Suggested solutions are mainly the development of tutorials and the improvement of German medical terminology.Discussion: Offers of support provided by medical faculties for foreign students vary greatly in type and extent. Support offered is seen to be insufficient in coping with the needs of the international students in many cases. Hence, a better coverage of international students as well as further research efforts to the specific needs and the effectiveness of applied interventions seem to be essential. Huhn, D.; Junne, F.; Zipfel, S.; Duelli, R.; Resch, F.; Herzog, W.; Nikendei, C. Introduction: Medical students with a non-German background face several challenges during their studies. Besides support given by foreign student offices further specific projects for international students have been developed and are offered by medical faculties. However, so far, neither a systematic survey of the faculties’ perceived problems nor of the offered support exists. Method: All study deaneries of medical faculties in Germany were contacted between April and October 2013 and asked for their participation in a telephone interview. Interview partners were asked about 1.) The percentage of non-German students at the medical faculty; 2.) The perceived difficulties and problems of foreign students; 3.) The offers for non-German students; and 4.) The specification of further possibilities of support. Given information was noted, frequencies counted and results interpreted via frequency analysis. Results: Only 39% of the medical faculties could give detailed information about the percentage of non-German students. They reported an average share of 3.9% of students with an EU migration background and 4.9% with a non-EU background. Most frequently cited offers are student conducted tutorials, language courses and tandem-programs. The most frequently reported problem by far is the perceived lack of language skills of foreign students at the beginning of their studies. Suggested solutions are mainly the development of tutorials and the improvement of German medical terminology. Discussion: Offers of support provided by medical faculties for foreign students vary greatly in type and extent. Support offered is seen to be insufficient in coping with the needs of the international students in many cases. Hence, a better coverage of international students as well as further research efforts to the specific needs and the effectiveness of applied interventions seem to be essential. PMID:25699112 Background Studies in K-12 and college students show that their learning preferences have been strongly shaped by new media technologies like video games, virtual reality environments, the Internet, and social networks. However, there is no known research on medical students' game experiences or attitudes towards new media technologies in medical education. This investigation seeks to elucidate medical student experiences and attitudes, to see whether they warrant the development of new media teaching methods in medicine. Methods Medical students from two American universities participated. An anonymous, 30-item, cross-sectional survey addressed demographics, game play experience and attitudes on using new media technologies in medical education. Statistical analysis identified: 1) demographic characteristics; 2) differences between the two universities; 3) how video game play differs across gender, age, degree program and familiarity with computers; and 4) characteristics of students who play most frequently. Results 217 medical students participated. About half were female (53%). Respondents liked the idea of using technology to enhance healthcare education (98%), felt that education should make better use of new media technologies (96%), and believed that video games can have educational value (80%). A majority (77%) would use a multiplayer online healthcare simulation on their own time, provided that it helped them to accomplish an important goal. Men and women agreed that they were most inclined to use multiplayer simulations if they were fun (97%), and if they helped to develop skill in patient interactions (90%). However, there was significant gender dissonance over types of favorite games, the educational value of video games, and the desire to participate in games that realistically replicated the experience of clinical practice. Conclusions Overall, medical student respondents, including many who do not play video games, held highly favorable views about Kron, Frederick W; Gjerde, Craig L; Sen, Ananda; Fetters, Michael D Studies in K-12 and college students show that their learning preferences have been strongly shaped by new media technologies like video games, virtual reality environments, the Internet, and social networks. However, there is no known research on medical students' game experiences or attitudes towards new media technologies in medical education. This investigation seeks to elucidate medical student experiences and attitudes, to see whether they warrant the development of new media teaching methods in medicine. Medical students from two American universities participated. An anonymous, 30-item, cross-sectional survey addressed demographics, game play experience and attitudes on using new media technologies in medical education. Statistical analysis identified: 1) demographic characteristics; 2) differences between the two universities; 3) how video game play differs across gender, age, degree program and familiarity with computers; and 4) characteristics of students who play most frequently. 217 medical students participated. About half were female (53%). Respondents liked the idea of using technology to enhance healthcare education (98%), felt that education should make better use of new media technologies (96%), and believed that video games can have educational value (80%). A majority (77%) would use a multiplayer online healthcare simulation on their own time, provided that it helped them to accomplish an important goal. Men and women agreed that they were most inclined to use multiplayer simulations if they were fun (97%), and if they helped to develop skill in patient interactions (90%). However, there was significant gender dissonance over types of favorite games, the educational value of video games, and the desire to participate in games that realistically replicated the experience of clinical practice. Overall, medical student respondents, including many who do not play video games, held highly favorable views about the use of video games and related new Gill, D; Palmer, C; Mulder, R; Wilkinson, T To determine the level and sources of medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. A questionnaire, The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt, and Experiences (WIDE) Survey of Medical Students, was developed and administered to all 204 medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Included were questions on student demographics, sources and levels of debt, parental financial support, and student perceptions of their debt. The response rate was 88%. International students, whose debt was with an overseas government, and students with mortgages were excluded from the data analysis. The combined total debt for the remaining 165 students was $7775000 with $6290000 (81%) owed to the Government Students Loans scheme. One quarter of 6th year medical students had a debt over $83250, 50% had a debt over $70000, and 75% had a debt over $50000. Student allowances were inaccessible to 64% of 4th and 5th year students and part-time employment during term-time was common. Lack of funds was reported to impair full participation in the medical course. The majority of medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine accumulate high levels of debt, mainly dtrough the Government Student Loans scheme, during their medical training. Krztoń-Królewiecka, Anna; Jarczewska, Dorota Łucja; Windak, Adam Family medicine has been recognized as the key element of a good health care system. Despite the significance of the family physician's role the number of medical students choosing to train in family medicine has been declining in recent years. The aim of this study was to describe opinions about family medicine and family medicine teaching among medical students. A cross sectional study with an anonymous questionnaire was carried out. The study population was all sixth-year students in Faculty Medicine of Jagiellonian University Medical College, who completed family medicine course in winter semester of academic year 2012/2013. 111 students filled in the questionnaire. The response rate was 84.1%. Less than one third of respondents (30.6%) considered family medicine as a future career choice. Almost all students recognized responsibility of the family doctor for the health of community. 52% of respondents agreed that the family doctor is competent to provide most of the health care an individual may require. Experience from family medicine course was according to the students the most important factor influencing their opinions. Medical students appreciate the social role of family doctors. Family medicine teachers should not only pass on knowledge, but they also should encourage medical students to family medicine as a future career choice. Wong, Celia Ching Yee; Correa, Alma; Robinson, Kendall; Lu, Qian Acculturative stress has been linked to psychological distress, but few studies have explored the moderating role of social constraints on this relationship. Social constraints are the perception that social networks are unsupportive to stressor-related discussions. In the present study, the relationship between acculturative stress and psychological distress in Hispanic/Latino and Asian immigrants and the moderating role of social constraints in this relationship were examined. Participants were 306 college students (169 Hispanics/Latinos, 137 Asians; 33.9% first-generation immigrants, 66.1% second-generation immigrants) from two Texas universities. Correlation results showed that acculturative stress and social constraints were significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress in Hispanics/Latinos and Asians. In addition, regression results indicated a significant three-way interaction effect among acculturative stress, social constraints, and racial/ethnic groups. Social constraints were found to moderate the relationship between acculturative stress and psychological distress in Asians but not in Hispanics/Latinos. Significant association between acculturative stress and psychological distress was found in Asians with higher levels of social constraints but not in Asians with lower levels of social constraints. These findings suggested that the interaction effect of acculturative stress and social constraints on psychological distress may be subject to cultural influences, and social constraints may have differential roles in Hispanics/Latinos and Asians. Potential implications on the development of culturally adaptive interventions for different racial/ethnic minority groups were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved). Full Text Available Context: Currently, family medicine is not taught as a part of the undergraduate medical curriculum in India. In this context, the perceptions and attitudes of Indian medical students regarding family medicine as a career choice were studied. Aims: This study aims to study the perceptions and attitudes prevalent among Indian medical students regarding family medicine as a career choice and discuss its future implications. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional survey study design. Methods and Material: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of undergraduate medical (MBBS students attending the 2016 medical student conference DEMEDCON at Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College in Kolar, Karnataka, India. Besides demographics, the survey included questions pertaining to awareness, exposure, and interest in family medicine in India. We also asked an open-ended question regarding the respondent's perception of the future of family medicine in India. Statistical Analysis: Simple statistics such as mean and frequency (% were calculated. Given the small sample size, no formal tests for statistical significance were performed. Results: Responses were collected from 45 students between the ages of 18–24 from 6 medical colleges across Karnataka and Puducherry. The majority (64% of respondents were in their 3rd or 4th year of medical college. 98% of respondents expressed a desire to learn more about family medicine as a specialty, and 82% expressed a need to introduce it as a subject in medical college. However, only 58% were aware of the Medical Council of India accredited status of family medicine in India. Conclusions: There exists a significant lack of awareness and inadequate exposure among Indian medical students toward family medicine. Nonetheless, there is widespread optimism and a desire to learn more about the subject. Increased awareness and avenues for exposure to family medicine in the formal undergraduate medical curriculum is the need of the hour. Diderichsen, S.; Andersson, J.; Johansson, E.E.; Verdonk, P.; Lagro-Janssen, T.; Hamberg, K. Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create stati... Wachholtz, Amy; Rogoff, MaiLan Medical student burnout has been associated with depression, loss of empathy, and suicidal ideation. Spirituality has been identified in previous studies as a protective factor in coping with the stress but has not been examined as a factor in medical student burnout. An internet link to an anonymous survey was sent via email to medical students at a public northeastern medical school; 259/469 (55.2%) completed it. The survey included measures of spirituality, burnout, psychological distress, coping, and general happiness. A Pearson-r correlation showed significant inverse correlations between measures of spirituality and measures of psychological distress/burnout (r's ranging from -.62 to -.14; p's burnout remained significantly related to lower scores on both spirituality measures (FACIT-SP pStudents having higher levels of spiritual well being and daily spiritual experiences described themselves as more satisfied with their life in general, while students with low scores on spiritual well being and daily spiritual experiences had higher levels of psychological distress and burnout. Spirituality may therefore be a protective factor against burnout in medical students and future studies should explore potential causal relationships. Seo, Ji-Hyun; Kim, Hye Jung; Kim, Bong-Jo; Lee, So-Jin; Bae, Hwa-Ok This study aimed to examine whether educational stressors and relational stressors are associated with burnout in medical students and to test social support as a moderator between stressors and burnout. A total of 263 medical students attending Gyeongsang National University composed the study sample. A standardized questionnaire was used to investigate educational and relational stressors, three dimensions of burnout, and social support of medical students. The findings showed that overall burnout is very high among Korean medical students, with 9.9% totally burned out. Educational and relational stressors were significantly associated with the risk of burnout in medical students after controlling for socio-demographics and health behaviors. Social support moderated educational and relational stressors on personal accomplishment, but did not moderate stressors on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Burnout level is substantially high among Korean medical students. Educational and relational stressors are significantly associated with burnout risk in Korean medical students. Social support had moderated educational and relational stressors on personal accomplishment. The results suggest that more social support for medical students is needed to buffer stressors on and burnout. Yan, Zi; Cardinal, Bradley J. Asian students attending American colleges and universities report relatively low levels of physical activity participation, which may hinder their ability to realize their full human potential (i.e., cognitively, physically, socially). This paper reviewed the possible reasons underlying their generally inactive lifestyle, addressed the importance… Lins, Liliane; Herbas, Suzana; Lisboa, Larissa; Damasceno, Hannah; Menezes, Marta Illegal practice of medicine by medical students is a worldwide problem. In Brazil, information about this issue is scarce. To describe the perception of illegal practice of medicine by medical students. A cross-sectional study in a stratified random sample of 130 medical students in the 6th to 12th semesters from a private faculty of medicine in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil, from September to October 2011. Students responded to a standardised questionnaire about the illegal practice of medicine by medical students. Knowing medical students who practised medical activities without supervision was reported by 86% of the respondents, and 93.8% had heard about someone who performed such practices. Medical specialties most often associated with illegal practice were general medicine (78.8%) and occupational health (55.9%). Illegal practice of medicine was more common in peripheral cities/towns (83.9%) than in the State capital, Salvador City (52.4%). Only 10.5% of illegal activities were reported to the authorities. Unsupervised medical practice was more often reported in the 8th-9th semester (56.8%) and 10th-11th semester (54.4%) of medical school. Illegal practice of medicine was commonly reported by the medical students questioned. The high frequency of reported illegal practice for financial reasons highlights the need for greater availability of paid internships for medical students. Educational institutions represent the social control responsible for supervising the activities of academics. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions. Matthews, Jacob H; Morley, Gabriella L; Crossley, Eleanor; Bhanderi, Shivam All health care professionals in the UK are expected to have the medical leadership and management (MLM) skills necessary for improving patient care, as stipulated by the UK General Medical Council (GMC). Newly graduated doctors reported insufficient knowledge about leadership and quality improvement skills, despite all UK medical schools reporting that MLM is taught within their curriculum. A medical student society organised a series of extracurricular educational events focusing on leadership topics. The society recognised that the events needed to be useful and interesting to attract audiences. Therefore, clinical leaders in exciting fields were invited to talk about their experiences and case studies of personal leadership challenges. The emphasis on personal stories, from respected leaders, was a deliberate strategy to attract students and enhance learning. Evaluation data were collected from the audiences to improve the quality of the events and to support a business case for an intercalated degree in MLM. When leadership and management concepts are taught through personal stories, students find it interesting and are prepared to give up their leisure time to engage with the subject. Students appear to recognise the importance of MLM knowledge to their future careers, and are able to organise their own, and their peers', learning and development. Organising these events and collecting feedback can provide students with opportunities to practise leadership, management and quality improvement skills. These extracurricular events, delivered through a student society, allow for subjects to be discussed in more depth and can complement an already crowded undergraduate curriculum. Newly graduated doctors reported insufficient knowledge about leadership and quality improvement skills. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and The Association for the Study of Medical Education. BACKGROUND: In recent years, rising numbers of medical students and an increasingly demanding clinical workload has put pressures on the educational systems for medical students in the hospital. Bedside teaching remains central to education, but tutorial delivery by registrars, tutors and consultants has proven to be increasingly difficult with the greater numbers of students now in the undergraduate system. AIMS: We have performed a pilot study to determine the feasibility of developing a Junior Tutor Programme, to assist in the delivery of tutorials to undergraduate medical students. METHODS: This was designed and delivered by interns under the supervision of the academic staff in the Departments of Medicine and Surgery in Connolly Hospital. The programme was evaluated by a questionnaire filled in by the students anonymously. RESULTS: A supervised programme of tutorials delivered by interns is a potentially useful way to ensure delivery of clinical teaching to undergraduate medical students. Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Kermani, Farzaneh Mobile technologies have a positive impact on patient care and cause to improved decision making, reduced medical errors and improved communication in care team. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of mobile technologies by medical and nursing students and their tendency in future. This study was conducted among 372 medical and nursing students of Tehran University of Medical Science. Respectively, 60.8% and 62.4% of medical and nursing students use smartphone. The most commonly used apps among medical students were medical dictionary, drug apps, medical calculators and anatomical atlases and among nursing students were medical dictionary, anatomical atlases and nursing care guides. Also, the use of decision support systems, remote monitoring, patient imagery and remote diagnosis, patient records documentation, diagnostic guidelines and laboratory tests will be increased in the future. Fasce H, Eduardo; Ortega B, Javiera; Ibáñez G, Pilar; Márquez U, Carolina; Pérez V, Cristhian; Bustamante D, Carolina; Ortiz M, Liliana; Matus B, Olga; Bastías V, Nancy; Espinoza P, Camila Motivation is an essential aspect in the training process of medical students. The association that motivation can have with learning self-regulation is of utmost importance for the design of curriculum, teaching methods and evaluation. To describe the motivational aspects of self-directed learning among medical students from a traditional Chilean University. A qualitative, descriptive study based on grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin. Twenty 4th and 5th year medical students were selected using a maximum variation sampling technique. After obtaining an informed consent, semi-structured interviews and field notes were carried out. Data were analyzed to the level of open coding through Atlas-ti 7.5.2. From the student point of view, personal motivational aspects are linked to the search for information, constant updating, the perception of the physician-patient relationship and interest in subject matters. From the scope of teachers, a main issue is related to their ability to motivate students to develop independent study skills. Personal motivational aspects facilitate the development of independent study skills, specifically in the search of information. The role of teachers is crucial in promoting these skills and the perception of medical students from their learning process. Schmidt, Lauren E; Cooper, Clairice A; Guo, Weidun Alan Interest and applications to surgery have steadily decreased over recent years in the United States. The goal of this review is to collect the current literature regarding US medical students' experience in surgery and factors influencing their intention to pursue surgery as a career. We hypothesize that multiple factors influence US medical students' career choice in surgery. Six electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, Embase, and PsycINFO) were searched. The inclusion criteria were studies published after the new century related to factors influencing surgical career choice among US medical students. Factors influencing US medical student surgical career decision-making were recorded. A quality index score was given to each article selected to minimize risk of bias. We identified 38 relevant articles of more than 1000 nonduplicated titles. The factors influencing medical student decision for a surgical career were categorized into five domains: mentorship and role model (n = 12), experience (clerkship n = 9, stereotype n = 4), timing of exposure (n = 9), personal (lifestyle n = 8, gender n = 6, finance n = 3), and others (n = 2). This comprehensive systemic review identifies mentorship, experience in surgery, stereotypes, timing of exposure, and personal factors to be major determinants in medical students' decisions to pursue surgery. These represent areas that can be improved to attract applicants to general surgery residencies. Surgical faculty and residents can have a positive influence on medical students' decisions to pursue surgery as a career. Early introduction to the field of surgery, as well as recruitment strategies during the preclinical and clinical years of medical school can increase students' interest in a surgical career. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Full Text Available BACKGROUND Computer-based learning is becoming more and more widespread and it has been important especially in medical subjects since lifelong learning is a goal of medical professional. The study was conducted to find out the computer literacy, computer and internet availability and the trend of use of computer, laptop and other gadget among medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among the medical students of Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur and SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. A total of 420 students participated in the study. RESULTS Out of the 420 students, 42.38% students had their own laptop or computer and 45.71% students were using family shared computer or laptop for their use. 80.48% students were found using mobile phones or tablets with internet facility. Most of the students, access internet for recreational facilities. Regarding e- learning 54.29% of the students participated in the study were of aware of it. Majority of medical students are of the opinion that computer and internet use should be encouraged in medical colleges. CONCLUSION Those who have participated in the study have necessary infrastructure and positive attitude about computer-based learning even though they are using it mainly for recreational purposes. Background. Education of medical students has been identified by the World Health Organization as an important aspect of antibiotic resistance (ABR) containment. Surveys from high-income countries consistently reveal that medical students recognise the importance of antibiotic prescribing knowledge, but feel ... Rouhani, Maral J; Burleigh, Eleanor J; Hobbis, Chloe; Dunford, Charlotte; Osman, Nadir I; Gan, Christine; Gibbons, Norma B; Ahmed, Hashim U; Miah, Saiful We aimed to determine UK medical students' perceptions and attitudes and interest toward medical leadership and clinician managers. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2015-2016. An online questionnaire was distributed to 2,349 final-year students from 10 UK medical schools. Participants were asked to complete a 5-point Likert scale on their current perceptions, attitudes, and interest toward medical leadership and clinician managers. They were also asked to self-rate their leadership competences set by the Medical Leadership Competency Framework and to rate the quality of management and leadership training they received from their medical school. In total, we received 114 complete responses. Only 7.9% of respondents were in agreement (strongly agree or agree) when asked whether they felt they were well informed about what a managerial position in medicine entails. When asked whether clinicians should influence managerial decisions within a clinical setting, 94.7% of respondents were in agreement with the statement. About 85% of respondents were in agreement that it is important for clinicians to have managerial or leadership responsibilities, with 63.2% of students in agreement that they would have liked more management or leadership training during medical school. Over half the respondents rated their management and leadership training they received during medical school as "very poor" or "poor" (54.4%). Our study suggests that UK medical students have an appetite for management and leadership training and appreciate its importance but feel that the training they are receiving is poor. This suggests that there is a gap between the demand for management and leadership training and the quality of training supplied by UK medical schools. Kunwar, D; Risal, A; Koirala, S Background Medical education is intended to prepare graduates for a promoting health and caring for the sick. Medical students are confronted with significant academic, psychological and existential stressors. There is insufficient information regarding psychological morbidity among Nepalese medical students. Objective To determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, among the medical students in Nepal, and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Method A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted including all students from first to fifth year of student using convenience method of sampling from Kathmandu University Medical School (KUSMS), Dhulikhel and Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS), Pokhara, Nepal. Depression, Anxiety and stress were assessed using Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Additional questions regarding demographic variables were also included in the survey. Data analysis was done on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS version 16. Result A total of 538 students participated in the study giving a response rate of 89.6%. Aamong them 56.5% were from age group 21-25 years, 42.2% were below 20 years and only 1.3% were above 25 years of age. Among them 52% were female and 48% were male. Our study found that the overall prevalence of depression was 29.9%, anxiety was 41.1% and stress was 27% among all participated medical students. Depression was significantly associated (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.43-3.47, pdepression 29.9%, anxiety 41.1% and stress 27% among undergraduate medical students warrants needs for strategic plans to alleviate depression anxiety and the stressors right from the time they join medical school and has to be continued till they finish the course. Haque, Mainul; Zulkifli, Zainal; Haque, Seraj Zohurul; Kamal, Zubair M; Salam, Abdus; Bhagat, Vidya; Alattraqchi, Ahmed Ghazi; Rahman, Nor Iza A Defining professionalism in this constantly evolving world is not easy. How do you measure degrees of benevolence and compassion? If it is so obvious to our profession, what professionalism is, then why is it so difficult to teach it to medical students and residents? Today's definition of medical professionalism is evolving - from autonomy to accountability, from expert opinion to evidence-based medicine, and from self-interest to teamwork and shared responsibility. However, medical professionalism is defined as the basis for the trust in the patient-physician relationship, caring and compassion, insight, openness, respect for patient dignity, confidentiality, autonomy, presence, altruism, and those qualities that lead to trust-competence, integrity, honesty, morality, and ethical conduct. The purpose of this study is to explore professionalism in terms of its fundamental elements among medical students of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). This was a cross-sectional study carried out on medical students of UniSZA. The study population included preclinical and clinical medical students of UniSZA from Year I to Year V of academic session 2014/2015. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Data were collected using a validated instrument. The data were then compiled and analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Out of 165 questionnaires distributed randomly among Year I to Year V medical students of UniSZA, 144 returned, giving a response rate of 87%. Among the study participants, 38% (54) and 62% (90) were males and females, respectively. The grand total score was 170.92±19.08. A total of 166.98±20.15 and 173.49±18.09 were the total professionalism score of male and female study participants, respectively, with no statistically significant (P=0.61) differences. This study found almost similar levels of familiarity with all fundamental issues of professionalism with no statistically (P>0.05) significant differences. Medical faculty members Jawaid, Masood; Khan, Muhammad Hassaan; Bhutto, Shahzadi Nisar To find out the frequency and contents of online social networking (Facebook) among medical students of Dow University of Health Sciences. The sample of the study comprised of final year students of two medical colleges of Dow University of Health Sciences - Karachi. Systematic search for the face book profiles of the students was carried out with a new Facebook account. In the initial phase of search, it was determined whether each student had a Facebook account and the status of account as ''private'' ''intermediate'' or ''public'' was also sought. In the second phase of the study, objective information including gender, education, personal views, likes, tag pictures etc. were recorded for the publicly available accounts. An in depth qualitative content analysis of the public profiles of ten medical students, selected randomly with the help of random number generator technique was conducted. Social networking with Facebook is common among medical students with 66.9% having an account out of a total 535 students. One fifth of profiles 18.9% were publicly open, 36.6% profiles were private and 56.9% were identified to have an intermediate privacy setting, having customized settings for the profile information. In-depth analysis of some public profiles showed that potentially unprofessional material mostly related to violence and politics was posted by medical students. The usage of social network (Facebook) is very common among students of the university. Some unprofessional posts were also found on students' profiles mostly related to violence and politics. Corrêa, Camila de Castro; de Oliveira, Felipe Kazan; Pizzamiglio, Diego Scherlon; Ortolan, Erika Veruska Paiva; Weber, Silke Anna Theresa ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare subjective sleep quality in medical students across the various phases of the medical course. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving medical undergraduates at one medical school in the city of Botucatu, Brazil. All first- to sixth-year students were invited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, which has been validated for use in Brazil. Participants were divided into three groups according to the phase of the medical course: group A (first- and second-years); group B (third- and fourth-years); and group C (fifth- and sixth-years). The results obtained for the instrument components were analyzed for the total sample and for the groups. Results: Of the 540 students invited to participate, 372 completed the instrument fully. Of those, 147 (39.5%) reported their sleep quality to be either very or fairly bad; 110 (29.5%) reported taking more than 30 min to fall asleep; 253 (68.0%) reported sleeping 6-7 h per night; 327 (87.9%) reported adequate sleep efficiency; 315 (84.6%) reported no sleep disturbances; 32 (8.6%) reported using sleeping medication; and 137 (36.9%) reported difficulty staying awake during the day at least once a week. Group comparison revealed that students in group A had worse subjective sleep quality and greater daytime dysfunction than did those in groups B and C. Conclusions: Medical students seem to be more exposed to sleep disturbance than other university students, and first- and second-years are more affected than those in other class years because they have worse subjective sleep quality. Active interventions should be implemented to improve sleep hygiene in medical students. PMID:29365004 Weaver, Roslyn; Peters, Kath; Koch, Jane; Wilson, Ian Medical students must develop not only their professional identity but also inclusive social attitudes for effective medical practice in the future. This study explores the elements that contribute to medical students' sense of professional identity and investigates the concept of social exclusivity and how this might relate to students' development of their identity as medical professionals. The study is based on qualitative data gathered in telephone interviews with 13 medical students enrolled in Years 1 or 3 at an undergraduate medical school at a university in Australia. The questions were open-ended and asked students about their experiences in medical school, sense of identity and social connections. Two main components contributed to a strong sense of professional identity in medical students: professional inclusivity and social exclusivity. Students experienced professional inclusivity when they attended clinical placements and when they were treated as future medical professionals by lecturers, doctors and patients. Social exclusivity was demonstrated by participants' perceptions of themselves as socially separate from non-medical students and isolated from students in other disciplines. Students described a sense of peer unity and a shared sense of identity as medical students within the medical school. It is important to understand how students develop their sense of identity as medical professionals and the ways in which medical education and clinical placements can influence this professional identity. Although this study noted a very strong sense of social exclusivity in its findings, there were also high levels of intra-discipline inclusivity. These results suggest that there is a reciprocal and reinforcing relationship between student experiences of professional inclusivity and social exclusivity that creates a defined sense of professional identity. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011. Almeida, Alessandro de Moura; Albuquerque, Ligia Carvalho; Bitencourt, Almir Galvão Vieira; Rolim, Carlos Eduardo Cerqueira; Godinho, Tiana Mascarenhas; Liberato, Maurício Valverde; Oliveira Filho, Fernando Cezar Cabral; Azevedo, Ana Bárbara Galvão de; Neves, Ana Paula Soares da Silva; Martins, Marcelo de Jesus; Silva, João Paulo Maciel; Jesuíno, Paulo André; Souza Filho, Sydney Agareno de There are deficiencies on Intensive Medicine (IM) teaching in most of medical undergraduate schools. Those deficiencies may imply damages on their clinical competence. The objective of this study was to analyze current status of IM teaching and the medical undergraduate student interest in this speciality. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2005. We applied a self-reported questionnaire to enrolled students between the sixth and the last semesters of two medical schools from Salvador-Bahia. The questionnaire contained questions about students' interest and knowledge on IM, and opinion on IM teaching in their schools. We studied 570 students. Most of them (57.5%) had never realized a clerkship in intensive care unit (ICU) despite classifying its usefulness as high (mean of 4.14 ± 1.05, in a scale from 1 to 5). IM interest was high or very high in 53.7% of sample. Almost all students (97%) thought that IM topics should be more explored at their curriculum. Only 42.1% reported to be able to assess a critical care patient and this assurance was higher among students with previous clerkship in ICU (p < 0.001). Shock, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and sepsis were the most interesting topics in ICU for students' opinion. This study revealed a high interest in IM among medical undergraduate students. However, most had never practice a clerkship in ICU, demonstrating to be an important factor on undergraduate student performance faced to a critical care patient. Bitencourt, Almir Galvão Vieira; Neves, Flávia Branco Cerqueira Serra; Durães, Larissa; Nascimento, Diego Teixeira; Neves, Nedy Maria Branco Cerqueira; Torreão, Lara de Araújo; Agareno, Sydney Because brain death (BD) is a new concept and little divulged, its not well accepted in general population, including doctors and Medical students. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of a sample of Medical students on the Brazilian BD diagnosis protocol. Descriptive cross-sectional survey that evaluated students from two medical schools in Salvador-BA. We used a questionnaire composed by questions about technical and ethical knowledge contained in the Federal Council of Medicines Resolution nº 1480/97 that establishes the criteria for BD diagnosis. We evaluated 115 Medical students. In 14 questions about the knowledge of BD criteria, the mean of right answers were 6.7 ± 1.8, which were higher among the students that had attended some presentation on BD. Most of the students (87.4%) knew how to identify the candidates to the BD diagnosis protocol. However, only 5.2% and 16.1% of the students answered right, respectively, the clinical and complementary tests that should be accomplished during the diagnosis protocol. Facing a no-donor patient with confirmed diagnosis of BD, 66.4% referred that artificial life support should be suspended. Only 15% of the interviewed students had already evaluated a patient with BD, being this percentage higher among those who had already frequented ICU (38.2% versus 5.1%; p knowledge of the evaluated students on BD diagnosis criteria, mainly in relation to the practical approach of this condition. Chaudhari, Bhushan; Menon, Preethi; Saldanha, Daniel; Tewari, Abhinav; Bhattacharya, Labhanya Exponential use of internet has resulted in internet addiction in recent times. Students are particularly at risk because of their unique personal, social, and academic needs. The study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of internet addiction and its determinants among medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 282 medical students with the help of semi-structured questionnaire consisting of questions related to demographic information, information related to internet use, and Young's internet addiction test. We found prevalence of internet addiction among medical students to be 58.87% (mild - 51.42%, moderate -7.45%) and significantly associated factors with internet addiction being male gender, staying in private accommodation, lesser age of first internet use, using mobile for internet access, higher expenditure on internet, staying online for longer time, and using internet for social networking, online videos, and watching website with sexual content. Medical students are vulnerable for internet addiction and efforts should be taken to increase awareness and prevent the problem of internet addiction in them. Full Text Available Background: Exponential use of internet has resulted in internet addiction in recent times. Students are particularly at risk because of their unique personal, social, and academic needs. Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of internet addiction and its determinants among medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 282 medical students with the help of semi-structured questionnaire consisting of questions related to demographic information, information related to internet use, and Young's internet addiction test. Results: We found prevalence of internet addiction among medical students to be 58.87% (mild – 51.42%, moderate –7.45% and significantly associated factors with internet addiction being male gender, staying in private accommodation, lesser age of first internet use, using mobile for internet access, higher expenditure on internet, staying online for longer time, and using internet for social networking, online videos, and watching website with sexual content. Conclusion: Medical students are vulnerable for internet addiction and efforts should be taken to increase awareness and prevent the problem of internet addiction in them. Finucane, Paul; Flannery, Denise; McGrath, Deirdre; Saunders, Jean Recent changes to undergraduate (basic) medical education in Ireland have linked an expansion of student numbers with wide-ranging reforms. Medical schools have broadened access by admitting more mature students from diverse backgrounds and have increased their international student numbers. This has resulted in major changes to the demographic profile of students at Irish medical schools. To determine whether the demographic characteristics of students impact on their academic performance and specifically on their rate of knowledge acquisition. As a formative assessment exercise, we administered a progress test to all students twice each year during a 4 year graduate-entry medical programme. We compared scores over time between students from different age cohorts, of different gender, of different nationalities and from different academic backgrounds. In the 1143 tests taken by 285 students to date, there were no significant differences in the rate of knowledge acquisition between the various groups. Early in the course, students from a non-biological science background performed less well than others but outperformed their peers by the time of graduation. Neither age, gender, nationality nor academic background impacts on the rate of knowledge acquisition among graduate-entry medical students. Full Text Available Background and Objectives: Student-life stress can lead to various negative consequences such as physical illness, mental disorders or exhaustion. The present study was conducted to evaluate the level of student life stress and its related factors among medical students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study applied multistage random sampling to select 500university students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences during 2015. The data collection tool used in this study was a self-report questionnaire containing two parts: a section on subjects' demographic details and another section for Student-Life Stress Inventory (SLSI. Data were analyzed in SPSS20-using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation test and one-way ANOVA. Results: This study revealed that %57of the students had moderate levels of stress. The most important stressors included self-impose and pressure, and also the most important reactions to stressors included cognitive appraisal and emotional reactions, respectively. There was a significant association between exam stressors and branch, educational level, and mother's and father's education level (P< 0.05. Conclusions: According to the high level of stress in students and the recognition of demographic factors, effective educational interventions can be conducted to reduce stress. Ng, Kh; Wong, Jhd Informal discussion started in 1996 and the South East Asian Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics (SEAFOMP) was officially accepted as a regional chapter of the IOMP at the Chicago World Congress in 2000 with five member countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Professor Kwan-Hoong Ng served as the founding president until 2006. Brunei (2002) and Vietnam (2005) joined subsequently. We are very grateful to the founding members of SEAFOMP: Anchali Krisanachinda, Kwan-Hoong Ng, Agnette Peralta, Ratana Pirabul, Djarwani S Soejoko and Toh-Jui Wong.The objectives of SEAFOMP are to promote (i) co-operation and communication between medical physics organizations in the region; (ii) medical physics and related activities in the region; (iii) the advancement in status and standard of practice of the medical physics profession; (iv) to organize and/or sponsor international and regional conferences, meetings or courses; (v) to collaborate or affiliate with other scientific organizations.SEAFOMP has been organizing a series of congresses to promote scientific exchange and mutual support. The South East Asian Congress of Medical Physics (SEACOMP) series was held respectively in Kuala Lumpur (2001), Bangkok (2003), Kuala Lumpur (2004) and Jakarta (2006). The respective congress themes indicated the emphasis and status of development. The number of participants (countries in parentheses) was encouraging: 110 (17), 150 (16), 220 (23) and 126 (7).In honour of the late Professor John Cameron, an eponymous lecture was established. The inaugural John Cameron Lecture was delivered by Professor Willi Kalender in 2004. His lecture was titled "Recent Developments in Volume CT Scanning". Du, Xiangyun; Emmersen, Jeppe; Toft, Egon The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of problem-based learning (PBL) and the development of critical thinking disposition (CT) and academic achievement in Chinese medical students using a cross-sectional randomized design. Medical students from China Medical University (CMU....... Total CT score was higher in PBL students (n=170) than non-PBL students (n=83) (304.7±36.8 vs. 279.2±39.4, p ...). There was no significant difference in terms of gender on the total CT score, though minor differences were seen in subscales favoring female PBL students. PBL students had higher CCS scores than non-PBL students, but not significantly (112.8±20.6 vs. 107.3±16.5; p=0.11). There was no significant correlation between CCS... Aki, Ozlem Erden; Ak, Sertac; Sonmez, Yunus Emre; Demir, Basaran Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is safe and effective for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Despite being a well-known treatment method among health care professionals, lay people generally have a negative opinion of ECT. The present study aimed to examine knowledge of and attitudes toward ECT among medical students, psychology students, and the general public. Psychology students were included because they are among the important groups in mental health care in Turkey. A Likert-type questionnaire was administered to fifth-year medical students (n = 28), master of science and doctor of philosophy clinical psychology students (n = 35), and a sample of the general public (n = 26). The questionnaire included questions about the general principles of and indications for ECT, and sources of knowledge of and attitudes toward ECT. The medical students were the most knowledgeable about ECT, as expected. The medical students also had a more positive attitude toward ECT than the other 2 groups. More psychology students had negative attitudes on some aspects than general public sample, despite being more knowledgeable. Medical school theoretical and practical training in ECT played an important role in increasing the level of knowledge of and decreasing the prevalence of negative attitudes toward ECT among the medical students; similar training for psychology students is required to achieve similar results. Dimitriadis, Konstantinos; von der Borch, Philip; Störmann, Sylvère; Meinel, Felix G.; Moder, Stefan; Reincke, Martin; Fischer, Martin R. Background Little is known about the characteristics of mentoring relationships formed between faculty and medical students. Individual mentoring relationships of clinical medical students at Munich Medical School were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively. Methods All students signing up for the mentoring program responded to a questionnaire on their expectations (n = 534). Mentees were asked to give feedback after each of their one-on-one meetings (n = 203). A detailed analysis of the overall mentoring process and its characteristics was performed. For qualitative text analysis, free-text items were analyzed and categorized by two investigators. Quantitative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon-test to assess differences in grades between students with and without mentors. Results High-performing students were significantly more likely to participate in the mentoring program (pmentors as counselors (88.9%), providers of ideas (85.0%), and role models (73.3%). Mentees emphasized the positive impact of the mentoring relationship on career planning (77.2%) and research (75.0%). Conclusions Medical students with strong academic performance as defined by their grades are more likely to participate in formal mentoring programs. Mentoring relationships between faculty and medical students are perceived as a mutually satisfying and effective instrument for key issues in medical students’ professional development. Practical implications Mentoring relationships are a highly effective means of enhancing the bidirectional flow of information between faculty and medical students. A mentoring program can thus establish a feedback loop enabling the educational institution to swiftly identify and address issues of medical students. PMID:22989620 Helal, R M; Abou-ElWafa, H S Background . Self-medication is a common practice in developed and developing countries. Objectives . To explore the prevalence of self-medication practices among university students, probable reasons, symptoms requiring self-medication, and sources of advice. Methods . A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Mansoura University, Egypt, and included 1st and last year students of both medical and nonmedical faculties. Results . Prevalence of self-medication was 62.9%. Younger age, female, medical, and ever-married students and those having home pharmacy tended to self-medicate more than their peers with significant difference between them. Being medical student, being from urban area, having good current health condition, being careless about health, and having drugs stored at home pharmacy were independently associated with the likelihood of self-medicating. Conclusion . Prevalence of self-medication among university students is high which constitutes a health problem that needs intervention. Objective: To study headache associated disability in a group of medical students at the Kenyatta National Hospital. Study design: Cross sectional survey. Results: Between October 1994 and January 1995 we conducted a survey on headache characteristics on medical students at both the Kenya Medical Training Centre ... Maria L Martinez Full Text Available Global participation in international education in the last two decades has increased exponentially. International students face difficulties in adjusting to the culture of their host country due to their unique needs (Bertram, Poulakis, Elsasser & Kumar, 2014. This article presents themes comprising the international education phenomenon involving the experiences of East Asian international students in English-speaking countries. The literature reviewed for this article pertains to many aspects of international education, covering the factors that influence the decision to embark on the international education journey to the adjustment experienced by students to the host culture. The authors suggest that the international education experience is comprised of four dimensions: structural, linguistic, internal, and external. We also posit that Confucianism, which many East Asian students follow, influences not only the psycho-social dimension of the international education experience but also their instructional preferences within the structural dimension. We further contend that students’ actual and perceived proficiency (or the lack thereof in the host country’s language greatly shapes all aspects of the student’s international education experience, which then determines the degree of acculturative stress involved and plays a key role in each of the three dimensions. Because of the anticipated continued growth in the number of international students from East Asia attending higher education institutions in English-speaking countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, and parts of Africa, it is important to examine how each of the dimensions proposed impact each other. Approaching the study of the international education experience one dimension at a time, as many scholars have done, does not completely address all of the unique needs of international students. We suggest that research in this area be conducted holistically by Feil, D; Kristian, M; Mitchell, N To compare admission data and academic performances of medical students younger and older than 25, and to qualify older students' experiences and perceptions in medical school. The authors reviewed 1988-1991 data for applications to the McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Data included GPAs and MCAT scores, as well as ratings for reference letters, autobiographical statements, and interviews. For those same years, the authors measured students' academic performances in the preclinical and clinical years. The authors compared the data by students' age: "younger" students, aged 17 to 24; and "older" students, aged 25 and above. All enrolled students took the Derogatis Stress Profile, and the older students participated in focus groups. The older applicants had lower GPAs and MCAT scores, but higher interview and reference letter ratings. For older accepted students, basic science course scores were lower than those of younger students, but clinical scores did not differ significantly between the groups. The two groups had similar stress levels, although older students tested lower in driven behavior, relaxation potential, attitude posture, and hostility. In focus groups, the older students spoke of learning style differences, loss of social support, and loss of professional identity. Different scores in admission criteria suggest that McGill uses different standards to select older medical students. Older students admitted under different criteria, however, do just as well as do younger students by their clinical years. A broad-based study of admission criteria and outcomes for the older student population is warranted. Cheung, Rebecca Y. M.; Park, Irene J. K. The present study tested a theoretical model of emotion regulation (Yap, Sheeber, & Allen, 2007) in a sample of Asian American and European American college students (N = 365). Specifically, the mediating role of anger suppression in the effect of temperament and family processes on depressive symptoms was tested across race and levels of interdependent self-construal (a culturally based self orientation emphasizing connectedness with others). Next, the moderation of the suppression—depressio... Dessalegn Asmelashe Gelayee Full Text Available Background. The extent, nature, and determinants of medication use of individuals can be known from drug utilization studies. Objectives. This study intended to determine medication consumption, sharing, storage, and disposal practices of university students in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 university students selected through stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical software. Pearson’s Chi-square test of independence was conducted with P<0.05 taken as statistically significant. Results. At 95.3% response rate, the prevalences of medication consumption and sharing were 35.3% (N=136 and 38.2% (N=147, respectively. One hundred (26% respondents admitted that they often keep leftover medications for future use while the rest (N=285, 74% discard them primarily into toilets (N=126, 44.2%. Evidence of association existed between medication taking and year of study (P=0.048, medication sharing and sex (P=0.003, and medication sharing and year of study (P=0.015. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of medication consumption, medication sharing, and inappropriate disposal practices which are influenced by sex and educational status of the university students. Thus medication use related educational interventions need to be given to students in general. Karlsson, Marit; Strang, Peter; Milberg, Anna Attitudes toward euthanasia differ between individuals and populations, and in many studies the medical profession is more reluctant than the general public. Our goal was to explore medical students' attitude toward euthanasia. A questionnaire containing open-ended questions was answered anonymously by 165 first- and fifth-year medical students. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis with no predetermined categories. The students' arguments opposing euthanasia were based on opinions of 1. euthanasia being morally wrong, 2. fear of possible negative effects on society, 3. euthanasia causing strain on physicians and 4. doubts about the true meaning of requests of euthanasia from patients. Arguments supporting euthanasia were based on 1. patients' autonomy and 2. the relief of suffering, which could be caused by severe illnesses, reduced integrity, hopelessness, social factors and old age. There are several contradictions in the students' arguments and the results indicate a possible need for education focusing on the possibility of symptom control in palliative care and patients' perceived quality of life. Murata, Kyoko; Sakuma, Mio; Seki, Susumu; Morimoto, Takeshi It is essential for medical students to interact directly with patients. However, patients may be reluctant to be seen by medical students in settings in which they may also be seen by senior staff. To understand patients' attitudes toward practice by medical students and consider the factors involved in obtaining patients' cooperation, we conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey. We randomly selected 2,400 adult participants from all over Japan. Trained research assistants inquired about participants' experiences and attitudes toward practice by medical students using a questionnaire. We compared differences in attitudes between participants who were accepting of practice by medical students and those who were not, as well as differences between participants who had experienced practice by a medical student versus those who had not. A total of 1,109 (46%) participants were included in the study. Eleven percent (117/1109) of the participants had experienced practice by a medical student. One fourth of participants were accepting of practice by medical students, and experienced participants were significantly more likely to be accepting of practice by medical students than inexperienced participants (45% vs. 24%, ppractice by medical students among accepting participants with previous experiences included "polite," "kind," and "hard-working." Fifty-nine percent (637/1088) of participants indicated that they would request a senior staff member's supervision when being seen by a medical student. The present nationwide survey suggests that education emphasizing bedside manner may be effective in promoting patients' cooperation of medical students. In addition, providing information to patients about medical students and efforts to increase supervision during clinical clerkship should be emphasized to foster the public's cooperation. Rinfel, József; Oberling, János; Tóth, Ildikó; Prugberger, László; Nagy, Lajos Medical years are very important in shaping the attitudes of future doctors. It is proven that doctors who smoke do not advise their patient to stop smoking. We have to know the students' smoking habits and attitudes about smoking cessation to make them interested in the fight against tobacco. To investigate medical students' smoking habits and attitudes about cessation. We applied the Hungarian translation of the Global Health Professionals Student Survey. Medical students from the first and fifth year filled in the survey anonymously during the seminars. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS. In both years 245 students filled in the questionnaire. In the first year 30.8%, in the fifth year 38.9% of the students were defined as smokers. During the academic study the number of daily smokers and the number of smoked cigarettes increases. Students require training about smoking cessation, however they would entrust it to a specialist. Based on our data we need a teaching block in the curricula about smoking and smoking cessation. The aims of this thesis were to gather insights and investigate the factors influencing, outcomes and applications of medical students' motivation. This thesis consists of three literature reviews, four research papers and two application papers. Two research studies investigated the relationships of student motivation with study strategy, effort and academic performance through structural equation modelling and cluster analysis. The relationships of age, maturity, gender and educational background with motivation were investigated through multiple regression analysis. The results of this thesis were 1. Developments in medical education appear to have undervalued student motivation. 2. Motivation is an independent variable in medical education; intrinsic motivation is significantly associated with deep study strategy, high study effort and good academic performance. 3. Motivation is a dependent variable in medical education and is significantly affected by age, maturity, gender, educational background; intrinsic motivation is enhanced by providing students with autonomy, feedback and emotional support. 4. Strength of motivation for medical school can be reliably measured by Strength of Motivation for Medical School questionnaire. The conclusion of this thesis was that it is important to give consideration to motivation in medical education because intrinsic motivation leads to better learning and performance and it can be enhanced through giving students autonomy in learning, feedback about competence and emotional support. Mansh, Matthew; White, William; Gee-Tong, Lea; Lunn, Mitchell R; Obedin-Maliver, Juno; Stewart, Leslie; Goldsmith, Elizabeth; Brenman, Stephanie; Tran, Eric; Wells, Maggie; Fetterman, David; Garcia, Gabriel To assess identity disclosure among sexual and gender minority (SGM) students pursuing undergraduate medical training in the United States and Canada. From 2009 to 2010, a survey was made available to all medical students enrolled in the 176 MD- and DO-granting medical schools in the United States and Canada. Respondents were asked about their sexual and gender identity, whether they were "out" (i.e., had publicly disclosed their identity), and, if they were not, their reasons for concealing their identity. The authors used a mixed-methods approach and analyzed quantitative and qualitative survey data. Of 5,812 completed responses (of 101,473 eligible respondents; response rate 5.7%), 920 (15.8%) students from 152 (of 176; 86.4%) institutions identified as SGMs. Of the 912 sexual minorities, 269 (29.5%) concealed their sexual identity in medical school. Factors associated with sexual identity concealment included sexual minority identity other than lesbian or gay, male gender, East Asian race, and medical school enrollment in the South or Central regions of North America. The most common reasons for concealing one's sexual identity were "nobody's business" (165/269; 61.3%), fear of discrimination in medical school (117/269; 43.5%), and social or cultural norms (110/269; 40.9%). Of the 35 gender minorities, 21 (60.0%) concealed their gender identity, citing fear of discrimination in medical school (9/21; 42.9%) and lack of support (9/21; 42.9%). SGM students continue to conceal their identity during undergraduate medical training. Medical institutions should adopt targeted policies and programs to better support these individuals. Full Text Available Objectives: The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence, attitudes and behaviours of medication storage and self-medication amongst female students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and cluster random sampling technique was used for respondent selection. A pre-piloted questionnaire was administered to female respondents so as to collect the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 12 and analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis procedures.Results: Of the 481 participants (mean age; SD was 22.1; 3.3, 93.1% (n=448 students stated that they stored medicine in their rooms, while 70.7% (n=340 stated that they stopped taking a prescribed medicine without consulting a doctor. The prevalence of self-medication was 80.9% (n=389. The most common reasons for self-medication were related to their knowledge of their ailment and its treatment (58.0%, 14.4% thought it saved time and 8.5% mentioned that medication given by provider was not effective. The most common symptoms were otorhinolaryngology problems (22.5%, followed by respiratory disease (19.6%, Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT disease (18.1% and headache/fever (16.8%. Commonly used medicines were analgesics & antipyretics (30.2%, ear, nose & throat drugs (10.8%, vitamins & minerals (10.8%, GIT drugs (8.5%, anti-infections (7.3% and herbal medicines (3.5%. Prevalence of medicine storage and self-medication practice is high among educated female students in USM.Conclusions: There is a need to educate the students to ensure safe practice by increasing their awareness. Strict policies need to be implemented on the unrestricted availability of medicines so as to prevent the wastage of medicines. Wong, Janice C; Hong, Jonathan; Leung, Pearl; Yin, Penny; Stewart, Donna E Human trafficking is a human rights violation prevalent globally. Current guidelines highlight healthcare professionals' key role in responding to human trafficking, emphasizing the importance of medical education in raising awareness of trafficking. To assess pre-clerkship medical students' awareness of human trafficking and attitudes towards learning about trafficking in the medical curriculum at Canada's largest medical school. An anonymous, classroom-based questionnaire was designed, piloted and administered to first- and second-year medical students at one large Canadian medical school with a diverse student population. The questionnaire sought demographic data and information on students' self-perceived awareness of human trafficking and interest in learning about trafficking and other community health issues. 262 medical students completed the questionnaire (70.0% response). Most participants reported that they were not knowledgeable (48.5%) or only somewhat knowledgeable (45.4%) about human trafficking. 88.9% of participants were not familiar with signs and symptoms of trafficked persons. While students' responses indicated that they prioritized other social issues, a majority of participants (76.0%) thought that trafficking was important to learn about in medical school, especially identifying trafficked persons and their health needs. These medical students of one Canadian medical school demonstrated limited familiarity with the issue of human trafficking but largely felt that they should be taught more about this issue during their medical education. This assessment of early medical students' awareness of human trafficking is relevant to medical educators and the organizations that could develop the required educational curricula and resources. Introduction. The value of tablet computer use in medical education is an area of considerable interest, with preliminary investigations showing that the majority of medical trainees feel that tablet computers added value to the curriculum. This study investigated potential differences in tablet computer use between medical students and resident physicians. Materials & Methods. Data collection for this survey was accomplished with an anonymous online questionnaire shared with the medical students and residents at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIU-SOM) in July and August of 2012. Results. There were 76 medical student responses (26% response rate) and 66 resident/fellow responses to this survey (21% response rate). Residents/fellows were more likely to use tablet computers several times daily than medical students (32% vs. 20%, p = 0.035). The most common reported uses were for accessing medical reference applications (46%), e-Books (45%), and board study (32%). Residents were more likely than students to use a tablet computer to access an electronic

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The COVID-19 pandemic affected food supply and food sovereignty in Malaysia. For this reason, SAM/Friends of the Earth Malaysia took the initiative assisting fisher communities to develop a new delivery system, “from fisher to consumer”. This way, fisherfolk don’t lose income, and have ensured a cheaper supply of fresh, healthy protein via fish and seafood for local people. Agroecology for food sovereignty has been a clear response to the systemic crisis deepened by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this series of videos, six Friends of the Earth groups show how agroecological practices have been the fundamental basis to build sustainable solutions with solidarity at the centre.

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https://www.foei.org/video/malaysia-new-from-fisher-to-consumer-delivery-system-tackles-food-shortages-during-covid-19/

2022-05-16T18:44:37Z

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PUTRAJAYA, March 11 — The Perikatan Nasional (PN) government will form an Economic Action Council (EAC) to address economic problems caused by the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak and plummeting oil prices. Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said the council will meet weekly to discuss the issues and seek solutions. “Therefore the Cabinet decided that we will form what is called the Economic Action Council, which I will chair together with the senior ministers in charge of economy, Datuk Seri Mohamed Azmin Ali; the finance minister; and minister in the prime minister’s department, Datuk Seri Mustapa Mohamed. “There will also be members whom we will choose, including among others the Bank Negara Governor, and several individuals who are well-versed, whom we will call to help the government to jointly address the key problems affecting us today,” he said in his first post-Cabinet meeting press conference today. “We will be meeting every week. Not once a month. The first meeting will be held this coming Monday. “Cabinet meets on Wednesday, EAC will meet on Monday,” he said, adding that the decisions made by the EAC will later be deliberated in the Cabinet committee. Muhyiddin said that the formation of the Council is proof that the government is getting down to work and not sitting on important decisions. He added that the stakeholders can also submit their ideas and solution proposals to the EAC via the relevant ministries, which will then be discussed. He pointed out that attention will be given to the B40 group which are the most affected by the economic tumult. “As we don't have any manifesto, seeing as this government was formed in a rather extraordinary situation, we have decided that each ministry will need to submit its proposal as to what we will be executing, which includes all,” he said, adding that the government would also be announcing a “new deal for Malaysia”. He said that the initiative would be announced in due course.

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https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/11/pm-announces-new-economic-action-council-to-tackle-covid-19-falling-oil-pri/1845329

2022-05-16T18:48:38Z

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Visual Search Market is segmented By Offering (Image Search, Search Recommendation), and By Industry Vertical (Consumer Goods, Retail, Automotive, Healthcare, and Others) and Region (United States, Canada, Mexico, South America, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Russia, China, India, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia, Austria, South Korea, Middle East, Japan, South Africa, Rest of World) Visual search is the process of locating a predefined goal amid various distractions. A visual search tool gathers visual information from the internet and categorizes picture and video data automatically. Additionally, they are employed in surveillance systems, where they monitor massive volumes of video feeds. Visual search is becoming increasingly popular in the e-commerce sector, owing to its capacity to produce highly targeted search results and facilitate client involvement. Visual search is especially advantageous in fashion or home décor, where customers may search for a theme or style that may be difficult to describe verbally. The technology enables users to do searches on a broad subject or aesthetic in ways that would be difficult, if not impossible, with only words. Visual Search Market size was estimated at $6,669 million in 2020 and is expected to reach $28,470 million by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 17.5% during the forecast period of 2022 to 2031. Due to technological developments, these visual search engines (ViSE) has been continuously rising over the last few years, resulting in greater acceptance across various end-user sectors. The COVID-19 pandemic and propagation have had a global impact. It has had a significant effect on the worldwide manufacturing industry as a result of supply chain disruptions. The epidemic has had a substantial effect on all image recognition end users. The fall in smartphone and automotive manufacturing has resulted in a reduction in worldwide demand for image sensors. This has resulted in a decline in image sensor production, posing a threat to the markets growth. Major cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft, and Google are investing extensively in refining their image recognition market capabilities to maximize in-store and online retail operations. The need for cloud-based services has increased even more as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. Intelligence Retail, a computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) for merchandising services, leverages IBMs cloud and analytics solution powered by cutting-edge Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to assist businesses in increasing sales, reducing audit costs, enhancing performance, and increasing customer loyalty. Visual Search Market Growth and Trend The visual search industry is primarily driven by increased demand from the retail and e-commerce industries, large investments, and strategic alliances between top players. Additionally, rising research and development initiatives to improve the efficiency of visual search machines are expected to provide profitable prospects for the optical search market in the future years. The rapid use of visual search engines in the e-commerce industry is a significant element driving this markets exceptional rise. Additionally, the rise and expansion of the e-commerce business will directly and beneficially affect the need for visual search engines. Increased demand for advanced technology solutions such as automation and artificial intelligence would further fuel the visual search markets attractive and attractive development potential. Increased internet and smartphone adoption will drive demand for visual search engines even higher. The increasing usage of machine learning in visual search and the growing use of visual search in e-commerce is likely to drive the global visual search market forward. Additionally, the usage of chatbots in visual search is anticipated to open up new growth potential for the visual search industry in the coming years. Retailers interested in integrating their services with a virtual or chatbot assistant may allow clients to take a photo of the desired product and submit it to chatbots. Only 30% of an e-commerce websites total inventory is visible to users, as comparable goods are repeatedly displayed in response to relevant queries. Visual Search Market Segmentation The visual search market is segmented by offering and industry vertical. Based on offering, the market consists of image search, search recommendation. Based on industry vertical, the market is divided into consumer goods, retail, automotive, healthcare, and others. Visual Search Market Country Analysis North America dominated the worldwide visual search market in 2018 and is likely to continue to do so during the projected period. The increasing use of mobile computing systems and image search in e-commerce and digital purchasing is driving growth in the North American visual search industry. The United States of America and Canada have also emerged as major suppliers. On the other hand, Asia-Pacific is expected to expand at the fastest compound annual growth rate (CAGR) throughout the projection period, owing to the growing usage of visual search engine solutions for e-commerce applications and increasing smartphone and internet penetration. The Asia Pacific visual search market is predicted to develop the fastest throughout the forecast period, owing to the increasing use of face recognition in monitoring and surveillance systems in China. Visual Search Market Share and Competition The major players operating in the global visual search market are Alphabet, Amazon.com, BlipparClarifai, Cortexica Vision Systems, Goxip.com, Microsoft, Pinterest, Shopagon, Slyce Acquisition, Snap Inc., Syte.ai, TinEye, Turing Analytics, Veritone, ViSenze, and Wide Eyes Technologies. • Historical data available (as per request) • Estimation/projections/forecast for revenue and unit sales (2022 – 2031) • Data breakdown for every market segment (2022 – 2031) • Gross margin and profitability analysis of companies • Price analysis of each product type • Business trend and expansion analysis • Import and export analysis • Competition analysis/market share • Supply chain analysis • Client list and case studies • Market entry strategy Industry Segmentation and Revenue Breakdown Offering Analysis (Revenue, USD Million, 2022 - 2031) • Image Search • Search Recommendation Industry Vertical Analysis (Revenue, USD Million, 2022 - 2031) • Consumer Goods Region Analysis (Revenue, USD Million, 2022 – 2031) • North America o United States • South America o United Kingdom • Asia Pacific o South Korea • Middle East o GCC C ountries o South Korea • South Africa • Rest of World Visual Search Market Companies • Cortexica Vision Systems • Slyce Acquisition • Snap Inc. • Turing Analytics • Wide Eyes Technologies • United States Visual Search Industry Research Report • Europe Visual Search Industry Research Report • Asia Pacific Visual Search Industry Research Report Need report on this market for specific region or Country? Or need a customized report as per your need? Want to know discounts as available? Or Fill the form below "Sample Request Form" with your queries in message box. Please fill in the form below to Request for free Sample Report Office Hours Mon - Sat 10:00 - 16:00 Send Us Mail [email protected] © 2018 Market Decipher. All Rights Reserved

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https://www.marketdecipher.com/report/visual-search-market

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This book analyses the role tourism plays for sustainable development in Southeast Asia. It seeks to assesses tourism’s impact on residents and localities across the region by critically debating and offering new understandings of its dynamics on the global and local levels. Offering a myriad of case studies from a range of different countries in the region, this book is interdisciplinary in nature, thereby presenting a comprehensive overview of tourism’s current and future role in development. Divided into four parts, it discusses the nexus of tourism and development at both the regional and national levels, with a focus on theoretical and methodological foundations, protected areas, local communities, and broader issues of governance. Contributors from within and outside of Southeast Asia raise awareness of the local challenges, including issues of ownership or unequal power relations, and celebrate best-practice examples where tourism can be regarded as making a positive difference to residents’ life. The first edited volume to examine comprehensive analysis of tourism in Southeast Asia as both an economic and social phenomenon through the lens of development, this book will be useful to students and scholars of tourism, development, Southeast Asian culture and society and Asian Studies more generally. Table of Contents PART I: INTRODUCTION: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS 1. Mapping Tourism, Sustainability, and Development in Southeast Asia, Alexander Trupp, Claudia Dolezal, Huong T. Bui 2. The Tourism-Development Nexus in Southeast Asia: History and Current Issues, Huong T. Bui, Claudia Dolezal 3. Researching Tourism and Development in Southeast Asia: Methodological Insights, Claudia Dolezal, Alexander Trupp, Prasit Leepreecha PART II: TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS 4. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development in Vietnam’s Protected Areas, Pham Hong Long, Huong T. Bui 5. Searching for Sustainable Tourism in Malaysia: Can Langkawi Geopark Rangers Offer Improved Stewardship?, Thomas E. Jones, Natalia B.M.T. Syura 6. Collaborative Conservation in Small Islands: Towards Community Empowerment and Sustainable Tourism in Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, Devi Roza Kausar, Fahrurozy Darmawan, Riza Firmansyah PART III: TOURISM, DEVELOPMENT AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES 7. What is the Economic Impact of Ecotourism for the Poor in Lao PDR?, Saithong Phommavong, Dieter K. Mueller 8. Migration into Tourism Micro-entrepreneurship – Socioeconomic Advancement or Mobility Trap?, Alexander Trupp 9. Fishermen into Tour Boat Operators: Tourism Development in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia, Aldi Lasso, Heidi Dahles 10. Modernity, Globalization, and Development in the Philippines: Implications for the Cultural Landscape, Authenticity, and Tourism of Ifunaoa Province, Yukio Yotsumoto PART IV: TOURISM, DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE 11. Tourism Development in Myanmar: Dynamics, Policies, and Challenges, Frauke Kraas, Zin Nwe Myint, Nicole Hӓusler 12. Community-based Ecotourism Development and Destination Governance in Cambodia: A Comparative Analysis, Sabine Mueller, Jitka Markova, Sindhuri Ponnapureddy 13. Creative Agritourism for Development: Putting the ‘Culture’ into Agriculture in Thailand, Tracy Berno, Jutamas (Jan) Wisansing, Glenn Dentice 14. Tourism and Development in Southeast Asia: Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook, Claudia Dolezal, Alexander Trupp, Huong T. Bui Claudia Dolezal is a Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Development at the University of Westminster, UK, with a background in tourism, development studies and social anthropology. Alexander Trupp is an Associate Professor at the School of Hospitality, Sunway University, Malaysia, and previously worked at the School of Tourism and Hospitality Management at The University of the South Pacific, Fiji. Huong T. Bui is an Associate Professor, and a Field Leader of the Tourism and Hospitality Program of the College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan.

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storytelling is oxygen for the soul i make my way to the lighthouse is already there Storytelling is about healing the heart and mind. It enables us to remember and not forget those who went before us, and also of those who loved or hurt us with their words and deeds. The recording, both oral and written, and sharing of stories is age-old. When we start to write, we bring to life the lost words of yesterday – from just a few moments ago to the time of our ancestors huddled around a roaring fire in some smoky cave of all our beginnings. Be the storyteller and healer you are meant to be. Make us laugh, cry and be entranced by six lines of your words. Storytelling is oxygen for the soul. will be 25 years old on 22 june 2022 its Silver Jubilee and it continues to be not only a storytelling medium for all your stories of Life, Love, Loss and Renewal but it is also Flash Fiction in 6 lines. Do please send me your thoughts and comments on how your writing has grown along with the genre over the last three years, and whether the fine examples of cherita featured within the cherita have helped inspire your writing of cherita. edition 5:12 of the cherita edited by ai li has launched, and both cherita editions are now available in paperback and kindle on Amazon. N.B. Please be aware that the Kindle versions now no longer have images to accompany each cherita. For those of you unfamiliar with the format of the cherita, you may like to know that for our print version, each selected poem is published one to a page to allow the author’s words to breath, and is also allocated a blank page before the following poem appears. This blank page, apart from the one to a page format, allows a reader to pause, and for the words to echo in the after silence. I designed this format over twenty odd years ago to allow for quiet contemplation between each poem. The kindle version is also one poem to a ‘page’ to allow for maximum stillness. Both versions of the cherita have been edited to be experienced two ways. They each can be read as a storybook and as an anthology of individual poems. Two reading experiences in one book. was 22 years old on 22 june 2019 [22 june 1997 – 22 june 2019] and it continues to be a storytelling medium for all your stories of Life, Love and Loss. Do please send me your thoughts and comments on what the first two years of the cherita has meant to you via your writing of cherita, as we go into the third year of the journal showcasing all your heartfelt stories. was 21 years old on 22 june 2018 [22 june 1997 – 22 june 2018] and it will still be a storytelling medium for all your stories of Life, Love and Loss. Do send me your thoughts and comments on what the first year of the cherita has meant to you via your writing of cherita. celebrating the 20th anniversary of ai li’s creation of the cherita 22 june 1997 – 22 june 2017 In June 1997, ai li, the founding editor and publisher of still, moving into breath, dew-on-line, and now the co-editor of the cherita, created a new short form called cherita. You can find more information about the cherita and ai li on our origins, biographies, articles and bibliography pages. The Original and Official Guidelines CHERITA [1 — 2 — 3] on a rice terrace blowing husks from a harvest will you stay ? Cherita is the Malay word for story or tale. A cherita consists of a single stanza of a one-line verse, followed by a two-line verse, and then finishing with a three-line verse. It can be written solo or with up to three partners. The cherita tells a story. It was created by ai li on the 22 June 1997 in memory of her grandparents who were raconteurs extraordinaire. It was also inspired by Larry Kimmel’s sensitive recognition of a shorter form contained within the opening three-verse stanza of ai li’s LUNENGA, which had been created on the 27 May 1997. copyright © ai li 2021 CHERITA TERBALIK – inverted cherita [3–2–1], [2–1–3], [1–3–2], [2–3–1] and [3–1–2] [pronounced CHAIR-rita tur-bar-lake] on this cold night with old dreams The Cherita Terbalik can be written in the above stanza formats. You will find all variants of Cherita Terbalik regularly featured in the cherita. Terbalik is the Malay word for reversal or upside down. Cherita Terbalik also tells a story and can be written with up to three partners. I have been asked as to what does one call Cherita accompanied within artwork – I call this form CHERIGA [pronounced Chair-ree-ga] – a melange of cherita and haiga. As for those of you who write combined prose with Cherita, I call the form CHERIBUN [pronounced Chair-ree-boon] – a word melange of cherita and haibun. Sadly the cherita does not publish Cheriga as this would escalate our publishing costs, and Cheribun, so please do not submit both these forms to us. Thanks. copyright © ai li 2021 The original guidelines for Cherita and Cherita Terbalik [inverted cherita] are as above and are the only official valid guidelines for the Cherita genre. There can be no variations to these guidelines without the permission, consent and approval of ai li, the creator of the genre. All rogue attempts to vary these guidelines remain rogue attempts and should be ignored when you write Cherita. The Editor of the cherita ai li – creator of cherita Godfather of the cherita Larry Kimmel – godfather of the cherita and former co-editor You can find more information about Larry Kimmel on our origins, biographies and bibliography pages. copyright © the cherita 2022

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People often took advantage of the existence of our ocean. As you know the ocean covers most parts of the Earth’s surface, like two-third of it. Without water, we can hardly survive living on Earth. For example, the sea plants, for example, Posidonia, produces about 70% of the oxygen that we use to breathe. Many people who work at the sea like marine services Malaysia often come back and tell their wondrous stories about the sea. Just imagine because of the lack of our responsibilities as the smartest creature on this planet, these wonderful gifts disappear? One of the reasons why the sea is so important to us is because the ocean gives us more oxygen than the Amazones. Typically, we think the rainforests are our primary resources of oxygen, but in fact, the rainforests only produce 28% of oxygen, while the sea pretty much gives us more than 70% of oxygen. But how does it really work because we basically do not see any plants or forest in the middle of the sea? Actually, we have these tiny living creatures living in the sea called Phytoplankton that is known as microscopic plants, it works the same as trees which absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Another reason is the ocean regulates the earth’s climate. On basic understanding, the ocean basically soaks the heat and delivers warm water from the equator to the poles, and cold water from the poles to the tropics. Without all these normal behaviors from the ocean, some regions might have to go through extreme weather and only fewer places would be habitable for human beings. In another word, the water absorbs carbon dioxide, in order to maintain the carbon cycle, and based on the temperatures on earth, it balances everything up. You can imagine it as the primary control system of our global climate. Last but as important, that the ocean is an important source of our food. You can say that the primary source of protein is the ocean for literally more than a billion people. Fish has about 15.7 of animal protein consumed globally. Some people who cannot consume insects or other animals can basically consume edible seaweed as good alternatives in order to gain more protein. As our world population grows about 1.5 million people every week, the ocean is something we rely on continuously more, especially for survival, and nutritious food sources. For more interesting articles, click here. To conclude, we have so many kinds of awareness and organizations who hand in hand spreads this information and help especially in getting people to acknowledge the importance of taking care of our oceans. Yet, people still take it very lightly as the ocean is known to be quite big and the problems are hardly visible to humans’ eyes. As we grow older, our future generations are slowly taking and moving towards becoming our new leaders and how do we expect them to know our responsibilities in managing our oceans when we did not do it in the first place?

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Casuarina @ Kuala Kangsar is an English-style boutique hotel that is refined and stylish, whether for business or leisure stays. It consists of two modern architectural buildings elegantly facing the second largest river in Peninsular Malaysia, the Perak River. An admired destination for vacation complemented by the quality services, exceptional amenities, and everything travelers need for a memorable stay as well as comfort in a luxurious ambiance make the Casuarina @ Kuala Kangsar stand in a class of its own. Enjoy our latest offer and packages that suit your needs Our Hotel Facilities

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Vietnam Football Federation (VFF)'s chairman Nguyen Trong Hy has suggested employing local coaches for the country's national football team and the national under-23 team. Hy made the statement on Saturday after VFF's Standing Committee voted at a meeting on Thursday to remove German coach Falko Goetz from the position of Vietnam's national football team and the national U23 team. The Standing Committee will wait for an opinion from the federation's Coaches Council and from the General Department of Physical Training and Sports. The Standing Committee will then have another meeting and wait for Goetz to return to Vietnam on January 4 from his vacation in Germany before meeting him and suggesting that his contract be terminated before it expires. VFF has not fired Goetz yet, but the federation's chairman has suggested hiring local coaches for the positions and said, "Not a few local coaches are talented enough, so we will employ one coach for the national team and one for the u23 team. "Previously, we used a foreign coach for those two positions because we wanted to make good use of the 'gray substance' of a coach that received a large amount of money paid by VFF and the State." Hy said Malaysia's u23 team won two consecutive South East Asian Games in 2009 and 2011 because it used local coaches, and Vietnam should learn the lesson from Malaysia. "Additionally, the past two seasons of V-League proved that local coaches did a better job than foreign coaches," Hy said. The best local coaches for the positions are Mai Duc Chung, Le Thuy Hai, Le Huynh Duc and Hoang Anh Tuan.

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Moving a step further with City University’s Hospitality and Tourism education By : Richard Daniel and Nur Syahidatul Idany KUALA LUMPUR — The pandemic has changed the landscape of travel and tourism around the world including Malaysia. With close borders, travel restrictions and tight SOPs to adhere when travelling it has changed the dynamics of the industry. There is fear or doubt whether the Hospitality and Tourism education will ever be popular again or grow in demand in coming years. To get an understanding about the situation and what the future holds for the industry, City University’s Director of Hospitality and Tourism Faculty Datin Puteri Julie Aziz spoke to Asia News Today and Faculty of Creative Industry, City University representatives recently. In confidence, Datin Julie obliterated the ongoing stereotype among the society towards the Hospitality and Tourism Industry as well as how it coped up during the pandemic. According to Datin Julie they did not have much of a problem for their students to be hired in the hospitality industry even the travelling was on hold as most of the local hotels here in our country have been offering students opportunities, jobs and placements. She added that regularly she is getting calls from the hotel management to fill job openings, internships and allowing an opportunity for their students. During the pandemic, some hotels had transitioned as ‘quarantine centre’ and allowed the hotels to be in business and in need of additional manpower, she explained. “It was an educational journey for most of our students when they were offered the opportunity. It was a step up whereby the students were able to learn something new and they were happy to reflect back to us the experiences gained upon completing the placement or internships.” shared Datin Julie. Datin Julie revealed that the Hospitality and Tourism Faculty students of City University mostly receive their internship placement offers from the Hilton Group, Accord Group, Sofitel, St.Regin, Sheraton Group, and The Mandarin Hotel. She shared that some of her students are given an internship allowance of RM 500 and those working outside Klang Valley are given transport and accommodation offers from the hoteliers. However, she highlighted that some parents are discouraging their children to pursue an education in Hospitality and Tourism due to the pandemic fearing inability to get proper jobs upon graduation. After the relaxed Movement Control Order (MCO), the Hospitality and Tourism industry is starting to move up, Datin Julie is optimistic the whole ball game will change in the near future. Datin Julie encourages those who have an interest to pursue a career in Hospitality, Tourism, Hotel Management or Culinary Arts to count on them as they offer quality education to meet the demand of the industry. Up-skilling and other programmes under Program Penjana Additionally, City University is also conducting a program known as ‘Program Penjana’ under the Ministry of Higher Education. They have been getting government grants to train students from 2019 to 2021 in the Hospitality and Tourism program. The faculty has introduced Strategic Hotel Management, Digital Innovations and Management Information Systems in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry syllabus to meet the demands of the market and equip the students with better skills. Even industry trainers are invited to share their experiences and knowledge to their students as well as getting to know the popular demands in the industry. By having a multi-faceted and proactive teaching, it immensely gives the students extra knowledge and tools for them to utilise when they attend placement, internships or hired by employers. Beside those who are laid off, some of them are given up-skill training to better equip themselves and through the network of City University some of them are given job matching and recommendations. About City University, Vatel Program Vatel International Business School Hotel &Tourism Management, the world First business school group in Hospitality & Tourism Management has made their first collaboration in Malaysia with the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management in City University since August 2016. The programme structure offered a 3-year programme whereby, the first-year internship will be domestic which is in Malaysia for 4 to 5 months, the second internship will be international whereby it will be carried out abroad and the student themselves could choose where to go for 4 to 5 months. Furthermore, during their third year, they will be able to choose between administrative internship either in Malaysia or abroad for 6 months. City University, a private university in Selangor, Malaysia and was established in 1984. The programs offered by City University has approved by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). The academic faculties that are available at City University are City Graduate School, Centre of Foundation Studies, Faculty of Art & Design, Faculty of Education & Liberal Studies, Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Faculty of Business, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Hospitality & Tourism, Faculty of Information Technology and Faculty of Creative Industries.

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Photography workshops are fantastic experiences – something about being on a set, as opposed to being stuck facing a computer screen – makes the experience that much more relatable. To me, being able to give back to the community while putting faces to the names that comment and email me has always been an absolutely priceless experience. As fun as those are, I have never seen myself settling to be an educator – going into the market to create tutorials, brush packs, presets, hoping from workshop to workshop, teaching the same thing to a different crowd. As a result, I have been forced to cut back significantly on the number of workshops, just so that I have enough time to keep doing the meaningful and epic work that I am known for. This year’s already zipped by, and I have only had time to give a single conference in Brisbane with only one remaining workshop in Fiji before the end of the year. Attending workshops on the other side of the world is expensive and whilst chatting with Leigh, we agreed that it would be amazing to offer one lucky soul the opportunity to attend my last workshop for free. Airfare, Accommodations, Food, Drinks and Workshops – All covered. ENTER HERE (giveaway ended) I’m not quite sure what the other instructors are doing in their workshop segments but I’ve teamed up with supermodel Jen Brook to put together a full 4 hour program that will give you a sneak peak into how I create my shots – Start to Finish. And though you’ve probably all seen videos of mine here and there, here is one of a workshop I did last December in Malaysia produced by Anthony Barlan filmed/edited by Vision Studio shot on the Olympus EM-1.

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MANILA, April 27 (Xinhua) -- Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has refused the invitation of U.S. President Joe Biden to attend the summit between the United States and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) next month. In a taped meeting with some members of the Cabinet aired on Wednesday, Duterte said he received an invitation to attend an ASEAN "dialogue" with Biden, but there would be a newly elected Philippine president and the next administration may not like any "agreement" or "commitment" to be discussed in the meeting. "It's not good to go there knowing we already have a new president," Duterte said. On May 9, Filipinos will elect a new president to succeed Duterte, whose six-year term ends in June. Duterte was elected president in 2016. The Philippine constitution permits the president to serve a single six-year term. The Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs has not issued an official statement on who will attend the summit. Duterte never visited the United States during his term in office. ASEAN groups Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ■

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Sometimes I play the game, “Drop Me in the World.” It’s a game I made up of course, and it is played entirely in my own mind. Drop me at any random location in the world: side of the road in Nicaragua, Red Square Moscow, island in Malaysia, corner of 59th and Columbus NYC, with no money, no phone, no contact list, just what I can carry on my back, and what would I do? Where would I stay the first night? What would I eat? Where would I start in building a new life, finding work, finding money, shelter, food? Who would I approach for help and what would my pitch be? What type of sign would beget the best results for begging on a street corner – which corner would be best, locally trafficked or tourist trafficked? You get the idea… you start from scratch and build a theoretical new life step by step in chosen location. I think there is an extreme survival TV show version of this game, where they drop someone off on top of a glacier, middle of the desert, deserted island and they have 72 hours to make it to civilization – the show is called Dude You’re Screwed. I’ve discovered a new survival option that happens inside New York subway cars – in my mind I call it oratory begging. Once the train doors close, a person steps to the middle of the car and begins a speech: about how they are in troubled times, have suffered a loss, have children to support and would like to call on the humanity of all those listening to help in any way they can. They are typically very articulate, decently clothed and well groomed. The stories involve elements of things familiar to most people – rent or mortgages, job instability, family obligations. They are down and out, but down and out in a highly socialized way. They often point out they were once just like us, until something happened and they fell of the track. Today when the doors closed, a 40 something man, thin, Kelly blue polo shirt and black pants, began his speech: “I – am a person. Who – believes – sometimes you must do what you need to do. And that – is why – I – am here today in front of you.” Everyone was silent because it is always a little uncomfortable to be trapped in a confined space with someone who is begging from you, but today I think the car was silent because this man, obviously a trained orator, had a BEAUTIFUL voice. He sounded part Southern Preacher, but less dramatic and more refined, like a professor, or public speaker, or actor who might be called as a back up when Sidney Poitier wasn’t available. He sounded like a man who would recount the foraging habits of the North American black-tailed prairie dog on a PBS show, or some quintessential fatherly voice whose insight and knowledge would make any childhood problem vanish into thin air and hugs. I’ve also discovered, during confined oratory begging, you can feel the collective uncomfortableness of the other passengers, right along side the collective desire to help. Both are palpable, in equal proportions. Another game I play in my mind is called “Start It.” I suppose it is more of a sociology experiment, but in these situations I like to break the giving ice and be the first to put a dollar in the bucket, not so much because I think my dollar will really help this man, but because I want to see how many people will follow suit once someone makes giving collectively acceptable. Today I gave my dollar to Cub, who was entranced by his oratory (and probably secretly thinking “that man would really rock Good Night Moon with that beautiful voice”). She’s at a stage where she really likes to put things in… and take things out. She reached up and put the dollar in his cup. And then the lady next to me gave a dollar, and another girl across the car gave. I’m not sure how much he made off our car, or what his real story is, or what life he led that groomed such a beautiful voice, but it felt good to give and like good parenting to be the ice breaker. At the next stop the doors opened and he was gone, and in my mind I thought to myself “I too – am a person – who believes – that sometimes you have to start it. And let others draft off your intentional courage.” Helped carry stroller on stairs downtown: Latino man, young forties, fit, heather grey T-shirt and jeans, large diamond stud in ear. Started down stairs next to me, stopped, came back up a stair and lifted the other side of the stroller without even asking if I needed help. Helped carry stroller on stairs uptown: Weather was beautiful so we walked. Tip of the Day: when you gather your things in the morning – metro card, phone, etc. – make sure to put a few dollar bills in a handy place. There are amazing musicians you may encounter, or oratory beggars, or who knows what and you will want a dollar ready to give. This is for you more than them. If the money is handy you can guiltlessly enjoy the music without having to rifle around in your bag looking for a dollar as the train pulls up. You will be more present in the moment, and I just read a quote that said “no one has ever become poor from giving.”

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Made from a luxurious cotton-silk blend, this elegant square kaftan is cut for a relaxed fit and features a longer back. Material: 50% Cotton 50% Silk Print: Single Taman Bunga Color: Light Lilac High low kaftan Asymmetric sleeves. Handcrafted in Malaysia. Print position may vary slightly due to batik hand-drawn nature and colour may vary by 20% Dress length: 119, 132 cm / 47, 52 inches

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|BRP Quezon (PS-70)| BRP Quezon (PS-70) |Career (United States)| |Name:||USS Vigilance (AM-324)| |Builder:||Associated Shipbuilding Corp.| |Laid down:||28 November 1942 as HMS Exploit (BAM-24)| |Launched:||5 April 1943| |Commissioned:||28 February 1944| |Decommissioned:||30 January 1947| |Struck:||1 December 1966| |Fate:||Transferred to Philippine Navy in 1967.| |Name:||BRP Quezon (PS-70)| |Namesake:||Manuel L. Quezon (1878 - 1944) was the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under U.S. occupation rule in the early period of the 20th century.| |Commissioned:||19 August 1967| |Status:||in active service, as of 2022[update]| |Class & type:||Rizal class| |Displacement:||890 tons standard, 1,250 tons full load| |Length:||221.67 ft (67.57 m)| |Beam:||32.67 ft (9.96 m)| |Draft:||10.75 ft (3.28 m)| |Installed power:||5,800 shp| |Propulsion:||2 × EMD 16V-645C Diesel Engines| |Speed:||20 knots (maximum)| |Range:||5,000 mi at 14 knots| |Sensors and | The BRP Quezon (PS-70) is one of two Rizal class ships in service with the Philippine Navy. She was formerly a USN Auk class minesweeper produced during World War II, and is now classified as a patrol corvette protecting the vast waters of the Philippines. Along with other ex-World War II veteran ships of the Philippine Navy, she is considered as one of the oldest active fighting ships in the world today. USS Vigilance (AM-324) was originally laid down for the Royal Navy under the lend-lease program as HMS Exploit (BAM-24). However the United States Navy decided to keep the ship and renamed her Vigilance (AM-324) on 23 January 1943. Commissioned in the US Navy in 1944, her first duties included screening of transport convoys between Pearl Harbor and the Marshall Islands and local escort duties between Guam, Peleliu, and Ulithiat. She also did minesweeping duties and anti-submarine patrols near Okinawa, was able to assist in anti-aircraft duties with other vessels, and assisting in firefighting and treatment of wounded from USS Whitehurst (DE-634) and USS England (DE-635). She was able to shoot a number of attacking Japanese aircraft during this period. She continued on minesweeping and patrol duties in Leyte, Philippine Islands, and in the Japanese home islands before and after Japan surrendered. With her service during World War II, she was awarded with three battle stars. She was then transferred to the Philippines in 19 August 1967 and was commissioned to the Philippine Navy as the RPS (now BRP) Quezon (PS-70), and together with her sister ship, was one of the Navy's main warships during the 1960s up to the present. She was stricken from the navy in late 1994, but was overhauled at the Cavite Naval Dockyard and returned to service in 1995. Some of her weapons were also removed, mainly its anti-submarine equipment due to lack of spare parts. This includes the five Mk6 depth charge projectors and two depth charge racks. This move totally removed her anti-submarine warfare capabilities, which were outdated. Quezon completed a rehabilitation overhaul in April 1996 by Hatch & Kirk, wherein she was fitted with a remanufactured EMD 645C diesel engines, rehabilitation works, and equipping the ship with state-of-the-art safety equipment on deck and engine room with all digital control panels. Recent upgrades includes a satellite radio dish for communications. Notable Deployments and Operations On 10 April 2007, Quezon, together with BRP Artemio Ricarte and BRP Bienvenido Salting, took part in a 10-day naval exercises with the Malaysian Navy dubbed "MALPHI LAUT 2007". Malaysian vessels that took part include KD Kedah, KD Laksamana Tan Pusmah, and KD Yu. BRP Quezon together with BRP Dagupan City (LC-551) were sent to Singapore and Malaysia from November to December 2009 for an overseas training cruise for students from the Naval Education and Training Command and the Fleet Training Center, and as part of the Philippine contingent at Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibit (LIMA) in Malaysia. - Philippine Panorama - 26 November 1995 Repowering Old Ships To Make Them Good As New by Randy V. Urlanda - Jane's Fighting Ships 2004-2005 - Armed Forces of the Philippines Order of Battle. Philippine Navy. - Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Vigilance page. - NavSource Online Vigilance (MSF 324). - Jane's Fighting Ships 2002-2003. - The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 15th Edition - page 550 - Philippine Fleet Official Website. Commissioned ships and crafts. - Manila Standard Today (11 April 2007). RP, Malaysia Navies start war games. - "Amphibious EXERCISE PAGSISIKAP 2011". Philippine Navy News. 2011-07-25. http://www.navy.mil.ph/news.php?news_id=357. Retrieved 2011-11-01. - The Jakarta Post (August 16, 2009) 10 Foreign Warships Enter N. Sulawesi - Navyspeak @ Blogspot Navy Honors Contingent to Malaysian Exhibit - Philippine Navy Official website - Philippine Fleet Official Website - Philippine Defense Forum - Hazegray World Navies Today: Philippines - Naming and Code Designation of PN Ships - USS England DE-635 Official Website - World Warships: Philippines - Opus224's Unofficial Philippine Defense Page |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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'Code For Venezuela' Aims To Find Solutions For The Embattled Country MICHEL MARTIN, HOST: We've been talking for some time now about the chaos in Venezuela. The power struggle between the Maduro regime and the opposition continues. The economy is in shambles, infrastructure's breaking down. All that, not to mention the shortages of food, medicine and other critical supplies, have caused millions of people to leave the country in recent years. Among those who have left are tech workers who've landed in California's Silicon Valley and other tech hubs. And some of these expatriates have started a group called Code For Venezuela, with the goal of trying to help solve some of the problems back in Venezuela using technology. One of the group's founders, Jose Montes de Oca, is joining us now from San Francisco. Jose, thanks so much for talking with us. JOSE MONTES DE OCA: No, thank you, Michel. It's our pleasure. MARTIN: So tell me a little bit about your background, and how long have you been living outside of Venezuela, and what caused you to leave? MONTES DE OCA: Well, I am born and raised in Barquisimeto, Venezuela. I study computer science. Once I started finishing my school in 2010, I started to think, OK, what's next in my career? Started applying to big tech companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft. And I got an offer from Google and came to the Valley in 2011. MARTIN: So how did the idea for Code For Venezuela come about? What was the goal of the group? MONTES DE OCA: It's a group of friends that - we've known each other for three or four years now here in the Bay Area. And right about late last year, we started, like, really brainstorm - hey, you know, what can we do that's not only financial that could really impact the country? MARTIN: Can you give me a sense of what some of the projects are that you've tried to work on so far, that you're trying to innovate now? MONTES DE OCA: Yes, yes. So to give you some context, as we were doing this brainstorm, we set a goal. OK, we had, like, three hypotheses that we wanted to prove. The first one being, you know, can we unite the Venezuelan expats? And then the second one, can we find organizations that are working in Venezuela on the ground that need help with technology? And then the third is like, as, like, Code For Venezuela, can we connect the two? So, you know, with that in mind, we thought, hey, let's put a goal of a hackathon. Let's come up with interesting challenges and put it out there for the community. So, for example, we have the pleasure to be working with Dr. Julio Castro, who is a very prominent doctor in Venezuela expert in Malaysia. And the work that he has been doing in Venezuela is remarkable. He has a group called Medicos Por La Salud. They have been tracking data points around everything that you can imagine in the health system. So think about it sort of like a parallel minister of Health. So he's tracking medicine, supply, the number of beds or what's needed on the hospital. All of this based on like groundwork, crowd sourcing via Twitter and WHY NOT. And he has been gathering this data but very rudimentary. So when he came to us with the problem and what he was doing, we were like, wow, you know, we can definitely be your technical arm and elevate your work. MARTIN: Have you been able to solve any specific problems in real time yet? I mean, you can see where, for expatriates, this is probably relieving to have something that you can do to help to try to help because it has to be frustrating to live outside the country and have your countrymen and probably your relatives going through all this. And you probably feel like, you know, what can I do? MONTES DE OCA: Yes. So in the hackathon, we had 17 submissions. Three of them were completed, and four our ongoing. So like, you know, one of the ones that, you know, we're pretty excited is related to this Twitter data where people are, like, requesting medicines or offering medicine. A team built a Twitter bot that replies to those requests and try to match - do matchmaking between offer and the match. MARTIN: That's exciting. I mean, I'm guessing this has been a fulfilling project for you. I mean, how has it made you feel to work on this and to see your work starting to grow? MONTES DE OCA: Amazing. I think this is the best I've felt in a long time - to actively solve and engage with, you know, challenges in the country has been very gratifying for us as a team. MARTIN: That's Jose Montes de Oca. He's one of the founders of Code For Venezuela. And we reached him in San Francisco. Jose, thanks so much for talking to us. MONTES DE OCA: No, thank you for the time. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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If you’re looking for a new place to eat oriental style in Nottingham, you need to try Chao Chao. It’s an urban oriental takeaway restaurant in West Bridgford, offering green and sustainable ways to enjoy takeaway food. They are based on Melton Road in West Brigdford and you can either sit in on their few high tables in the restaurant, order to takeaway and pick it up or get it delivered. The menu choice is huge, and there’s something for everyone. It covers a variety of cuisines including Chinese, Thai and Malaysian. You can get small plates, starters, mains and sides and the portion sizes are generous. Chao Chao are introducing green initiatives into the way they produce food and present it to their customers. They get all their food from a factory providing ingredients from sustainable sources, and they don’t use machines to make their products. More importantly, they flavour their food without the use of MSG. All of their food is presented in cardboard packaging, including cardboard cups, which is wholly recyclable. They also use biodegradable plastic cutlery. The sizes of the boxes they give the food out in are very generous, especially when you compare it to the shallow plastic takeaway tubs you’re used too! Chao Chao Menu We were very kindly gifted an entire meal for two and we had so much yummy food we couldn’t eat it all! We got: Prawn Sesame Toast which has proper prawns in and tasted much healthier than your usual! Gun powder Fried Chicken (hot Asian style southern fried chicken served with a hot sauce and crushed peanuts) so tasty and it has a bit of a kick to it! China Town Salt and Pepper Chicken (crispy fried chicken tossed with spring onions, fresh red chilli and ground black pepper) which was delicious Bao Buns with BBQ Pork Belly (I don’t eat pork, Jay had these but says they were very good) Katsu Curry with Chicken and Rice (coated in crispy panko breadcrumbs, covered in an aromatic curry sauce served with sticky white rice) which was so tasty Malaysian Street Food Curry (a traditional Malaysian curry with lemon grass, curry leaves, coconut milk served with sticky jasmine rice) which tasted just like the curries we had in a very local and remote area of Malaysia! We had SO much food we had to take some of it home, but it was all so delicious and fresh and felt so much healthier than a traditional Chinese takeaway as it wasn’t greasy or heavy (there was just a lot of it!) Prices at Chao Chao Price wise it’s very reasonable considering it’s all good stuff going inside, and the fact they use more expensive environmentally friendly methods to serve it in. It’s not massively more expensive than your typical takeaway, and the methods they use are the way forward for the restaurants in my opinion. They also do daily offers so you can get a good deal on most days. When we were there the manager took the time to chat with us about the restaurant and how it started and it was such a lovely touch for him to take the time to introduce the restaurant and their values before letting us enjoy a yummy dinner. You can check out their menu here. If you’re in or around the West Bridgford area I would highly recommend trying here for your next takeaway. If you’re not, then watch this space as they are looking to expand very soon! Thank you very much to Chao Chao for having us for a lovely meal. Thanks so much for reading! Full credit to Sophie In Wonderland xo; make sure to check out her other blogs and reviews

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Decades of oil drilling in West Kordofan province was linked to water contamination, environmental changes and health effects for citizens. The oil story in Sudan is one of controversy, a messy tale of money, conflict and power enmeshed in the country’s decades-long conflict. A new investigation by InfoNile reveals the dark side of the oil industry for local people in Sudan’s West Kordofan state: from increased droughts and dying animals to strange health conditions for the people and animals exposed to oil contamination in the air, on roads and in local waterways. There are five major oil sites for oil drilling and processing in West Kordofan state, according to the deputy headmaster of local authority for Misearia tribe, Bashir E: “Jake” located about 15-16 km west to the city, “Star Oil” or “Albarasaia” south to Jake fields, “Mitera” south to Albarasaia, “Moga” 45 km south to Alfola, and “Neem” in west Kordofan that is considered an extension of South Kordofan’s Higlieg fields. Our journalist visited Alfola city in West Kordofan in April 2018 to seek the truth about oil impacts on the villages near the fields. Obtaining information was very difficult, as getting into the sites was banned, and the Oil Ministry and oil industries refused to meet the journalist in Khartoum. We had to work undercover to reach the villages surrounding the area. Most of the sources in this story who spoke of health and environmental effects asked to remain anonymous as they fear the consequences of them stepping into the light. We couldn’t approach the companies at their sites, especially after being warned not to keep digging by a relative of Mr. Bashir E who works for the Oil Security. We contacted many suggested engineers and company workers, but only two spoke to us to give us abetter idea about the chemical wastes and their stand on the contamination claims. We visited many locations in West Kordofan, got as close as possible to Higlieg, one of the largest oil drilling corporations in Sudan, and met the citizens, some members of local authority, and people working for the companies. We saw the waste locations and some cases of health problems; then we met with experts for more information. The discovery of oil: for centuries, it has been both a blessing and a curse for some of the world’s poorest countries endowed with rich petroleum reserves. With oil comes an enormous revenue source, but one that often goes disproportionately to the pockets of corrupt leaders while leaving the majority of the population in poverty. Oil has been shown to trigger conflict and destroy the environment; at the same time it sustains economies and fuels our energy-dependent societies. In Sudan, the story is no different. Since exploration for oil began in Sudan in 1959, the oil industry has backed the economy of the dry north African state. Oil was also key in the decades-long conflict that embroiled between the Islamic north and the Christian and Animist South, where both sides fought over prime oilfields located strategically along the borderline. Though Sudan lost most of its oil fields and revenue after the south seceded in 2011, it continues to control the only pipeline for the south to transport its oil to international markets. And in recent months, Sudan and South Sudan have attempted to boost petroleum production, agreeing to soon resume operations at several closed oilfields located near the borderlands. But while the international politics of oil in Sudan have been extensively studied, the oil industries operate under a great deal of secrecy in their day-to-day operations and interactions with the Sudanese people. Our investigation aimed to shed light on their impacts, to uncover the local consequences of the oil industries on the environment and peoples living around the production sites. Petroleum in Sudan lays in many places, mainly in Kordofan (south and west), White Nile region, Blue Nile region, Darfur and both Upper Nileand Bahr El Gazal area in addition to the Unity state before the separation of South Sudan. A great deal of Sudan’s oil is drilled in West Kordofan State, located in the southwestern part of the Kordofan region, one of the country’s richest in natural resources. Oil exploration started in the 1970s by American and French companies, but now is dominated by Asian companies. Fields in the Kurdufan states are operated by the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC), the 2B Operating Petroleum Company and Petro-Energy. Most of these companies are jointly owned by Chinese, Malaysian, and Indian investors along with the Sudanese state. This investigation found that the oil industry’s disposal of toxic oil “production water” and radioactive elements contaminated local waterways and wetlands in West Kordofan region and was linked to a slew of environmental and health impacts for the local peoples living around the processing facilities. The oil contamination in West Kordofan happens in many forms, from leakage of oil in the extraction process and the industrial sources produced when oil is being treated in addition to the human wastes associated with the oil industry. Worldwide, if proper safety measures are not followed, petroleum industry wastes are among the most dangerous threats to the environment. Spilled oil residues contain toxic substances such as sulfur, lead, hydrogen sulfide, and other dangerous chemicals, which evaporate into the air or decompose into the ground. Such particles pollute air, water and soil. While few formal studies have been conducted, our investigation revealed a slew of people around the oil fields who complained of strange illnesses, miscarriages, kidney problems and other serious conditions in themselves and their children that have emerged since the industries came. Locals told of livestock with unusual tumors, chicken without feathers, and cattle with strange bleeding conditions that were exposed to oil industry wastes. Trenches built around the oil sites have disrupted the area’s natural flow of water, killing trees and destroying wetlands. Locals said such trenches had caused more droughts, disrupting crop cycles for the farmers living around the area. In the beginning, large numbers of livestock that drank the contaminated water had died. Locals said other wild animal species had been forced to move from the region. While some community members said the oil business had helped to develop the area, building schools, water stations, and health centers, others complained that the schools and water stations did not follow proper formal procedures and weren’t linked with the country’s official institutions. Other villagers complained of forced displacement from their homes to a nearby village being constructed by the industry to move them out of the oil locations. This year, a group of activists called on the government to formally evaluate the environmental repercussions of oil activities and take action to remedy any impacts. Some companies have initiated environmental units seeking to address the concerns. My first trip was to Neem village. Neem fields are considered to be an extension to Higleig fields; the oil is extracted and produced by the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. It was the most distant place in the state from Alfola city. I got help to have a private car belonging to an official entity so that we wouldn’t be stopped in every checkpoint along the road, as the guards were familiar with the driver, dressed as a local woman visiting her relative. One of the youth of the area who works at an organization based in Alfola accompanied me for more safety. After three hours we arrived at Neem market. The market was like all rural markets which are considered to be the heart of the villages in the area, except everywhere I looked there were army men in their uniforms (Oil Security members) who guard the field. Around Neem village, we passed the oil wells and processing units. Flairs were burning the gas waste extracted from the oil drilling. A resident from the area named Abd Alhamied met me at the market and gave me a tour around. On my second trip, again with the anonymous sources that facilitated my movement, I visited Jajaia. The village was east of Albarasaia site by 4 km, 10 km from Mitera flair, 25 km south to Jake compound, “In the middle of the action” as the guide said joking. I met Mamoun A, a citizen there who has lived all his life in the village; he took me around many villages in the area where I met people of different ages, stories and points of view. Villagers around the drilling sites in West Kurdufan said the oil industries had altered the natural environment, complaining of more droughts, cut forests, reduced wildlife species and detriments to agriculture. “Before the oil exploration, the area was rich with forests and wild trees; most of them fruitful,” the village resident, Mamoun, said. “Those trees had been either cut when the companies first arrived or died over time. We used to have bamboo plants which we use to build our local houses; not anymore; petroleum business changed the environment with the wastes, gases and radiations. “Wildlife as well has been affected significantly, as the trees were cut and the increased human activity forced the animals to move. There were monkeys, gazelles, foxes and other animals that don’t exist here anymore; they run away to the south; even the wild grass doesn’t grow anymore.” West Kurdufan is hot, ranging from a semi-humid climate to a desert with little water. The majority population in the region are the Misseriyya, a cattle-raising Arab pastoralist tribe that has been living in the area since the end of the 1700s. In 2005, about three-quarters of the about 1.2 million Misseriyya people living in West Kurdufan were rural. Most of the Misseriyya people were originally shepherds who lost their cattle during the civil war; “then they tried to settle and practice agriculture,” said the deputy headmaster of Misearia tribe. But the quantity and quality of crops had declined over the years, he said. In the past, one field could produce up to a dozen varieties of crops; now just one or two, the local resident Mamoun said. There were more droughts now, especially close to the flairs, and the rain rate had dropped considerably. In Baliela, Albarasaia and the surrounding areas, the change is great and people should move away from those places, away from oil locations, Mamoun said. In 2012, after the South Sudanese army invaded the area and took over some oil locations in Higleig, the Sudanese government dug deep trenches to protect the oil fields. This changed local water courses and caused rivers and streams to dry up, the Misearia headmaster said. The companies required people to move further and further away from the trenches – from 10 kilometers to 70 kilometers away, he said. “Due to that, most of the natural ponds in the area are dry now that people used to rely on as a source of water,” he said. Satellite images show a distinct change in Western Upper Nile/Unity State regions from 1965 to 2000 due to oil production, a 2003 Human Rights Watch report found. Construction of roads and survey evacuations by oil companies contributed to dried-out rivers and streams and changed the underlying water table of the area, the report found. Deforestation from oil extraction triggered conflict among the Missiriya tribe, in addition to water pollution and deaths of cattle, according to a 2009 report by the Overseas Development Institute. Discontent grew further due to a lack of youth employment in the oil sector. The tribe eventually kidnapped Chinese oil workers in 2008, resulting in four deaths, the report found. However, environmental changes were not solely a result of oil activities. Sara Omer, an environmental researcher based in Khartoum, said that the environmental problems in the west of the country dated back to a time of drought during the 1980s, which drove people to migrate to West Kordofan. The increased population put more pressure on the resources, practiced uncontrolled hunting, over-cultivated the soil and over-grazed. Natural population growth, climate change and reduced rainfall exacerbated environmental destruction, Omer said. Abeer Abd-Abd-Algaume, an environmental researcher currently working on the impact of mining, said population growth and migration had also contributed to the environmental changes in West Kordofan. “Since the area had been subject to civil wars, a lot of people were often displaced from other places and came to more safer areas – around oil fields for example, as they are well guarded – as the population grew; they put more pressure into the natural resources in the area,” she said. “They cut and burn the forests for charcoal, their animals overgraze, and even sometimes they over-cultivate the land. The population expansion not only pressure the resources; it also affects the wildlife as the animals flee what used to be their natural home,” she said, adding that poverty as well forced people to overuse resources. Both researchers said there was lack of effective governmental policies and strategies for sustainable development in the area. It is further difficult to implement laws since traditional local authorities were replaced by governmental authorities who lack the trust of the local people to be able to approach them with their issues, Abd-Abd-Algaume said. Problems with contamination of water largely stem from the processes used in disposing of industry waste in large vats that overflow during the rainy season and pollute local waterways, according to local authorities and citizens in West Kurdufan. Oil blocks 4 and 5 within Sudan and South Sudan fall into parts of two of the biggest tropical wetlands in the world: Bahr el Ghazal, which is one of the five large Nile River Basins, and the Sudd wetland, a Ramsar World Heritage site recognized for its ecological importance. But most of West Kurdufan in the north is hot and dry, with frequent droughts and rainfall that varies significantly depending on the place and season. Since water is scarce, finding access to adequate water sources to raise their cattle and crops has been a central point for tensions and conflict among the Misseriyya tribe, especially after the oil industries came in the 1980s, according to a 2009 report by the Overseas Development Institute. The tribe lives in small camps of household groups, which traditionally migrate with their herds from the north to the south to follow the rainy seasons. But when the oil companies came, they built drilling sites, pipelines and roadbeds on the tribe’s farmland and grazing areas. These blocked the tribe’s migration routes and reduced the flow of water to their farms, the report found. And as more people moved to the area seeking economic opportunities around oil, more pressure was put on the already-limited water resources. Oil contamination from the drilling sites has also seeped into local waterways, causing health and environmental consequences, this investigation found. In April at the liquid waste site near Neem village, a large hopper was connected to another smaller fenced one with pipes pumping in liquid wastes from oil activities. The large hopper wasn’t fenced, as citizens had stolen the iron from the fence to make beds, Alhamied said. The main pipe was pumping water into a large concrete squire shaped sink. “In autumn – the rainy season- the pond is filled, and its water gets mixed with the water that goes to the wetlands and seasonal creeks,” Mamoun, a local resident, said. “Now we don’t let our animals drink from it as it’s not covered as you can see, but in the past many of them died in large numbers at the first production of oil in the area.” Citizens were facing similar problems in Jajaia, another community in West Kurdufan located 4 kilometers east of Albarasaia site. Initially, the local people benefited from many natural ponds and surface water sources fed by rain; the water was potable and clear, Mamoun said. But last year, an oil well exploded in the valley, “and the water came mixed with oil,” Mamoun said. “We have warned the people from using it for domestic uses or for the animals; and currently we don’t use valley’s water at all as there are many wells and water waste locations in the valley, and of course the chemicals in the bonds that’s filled by the rain and reaching the stream,” he said. As early as 1999, the Sudanese Environmental Conservation Society complained that China’s CNPC had contaminated water through oil extraction, which seeped back into underground waters in fragile wetlands such as the Sudd in South Sudan. In June 2014, the Sudanese oil ministry admitted that oil workers in West Kurdufan had been accidentally exposed to radiation, the Sudan Tribune reported. The deputy headmaster of Misearia tribe, which makes up the majority of the population in West Kurdufan, emphasized that water contamination in the area came mainly from the oil companies’ waste management processes. This is the stage in oil drilling where the raw oil is processed and toxic water called “production water” or “drilling fluid” is separated from the oil, according to Mahmoud Badawi, a well-site and operation geologist who works for an oil company in another area of Sudan. The toxic chemicals originally enter the water through the drilling process, where chemically treated water called drilling fluid is used to extract oil. Under heavy pressure, the fluid is used in the well to pump the oil to the surface. At the end of the process, this toxic water gets biologically treated before being put in a basin, which then flows through a pipe to a treatment pit. Usually, a special type of plant is grown around the treatment pit that helps absorb toxins in the water, Badawi said. “The pits are padded with plastic coating to avoid leaking; these pits also get exposed to the sun for long periods of time, which ends any toxic effect, and after they are through they bury it,” he said. But often the pits overflow in rainy season, leaking the toxic water to the waterways and valleys nearby where the people live, the deputy headmaster of Misearia tribe said. Prof. Asim El-Moghraby of the Sudanese Environment Conservation Society said the water contamination also entered the Nile River, the longest river in Africa that stretches through 11 countries from Uganda to Egypt. In April at a house near the processing plant, a cow was drinking from a plastic container similar to the ones stacked in the company facilities. The headmaster of Misearia tribe said local citizens often got exposed to chemicals through reusing plastic containers and barrels of chemicals from the companies to use in their homes for domestic use. Another danger factor is exposure to the radiant materials used in some devices after the drilling to detect the physical properties of sub-surface layers, according to Badawi. Still, he said the dangers were intended to be limited since the radiation range is only 20 meters and the materials are saved in shields handled only by specialists. The problems further result from flairs that burn throughout the year, emitting gases that pollute the air, according to Badawi. In 2010, Sudan burned about 11.8 billion cubic meters of gas, representing 0.2% of the total gas consumed globally. In each cubic meter of burned gas, 2 kg of carbon dioxide is generated in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide as well as methane and nitrogen dioxide gases released through oil activities absorb significant heat, leading to higher global temperatures and worsening climate change. Methane holds 21 times more heat and nitrogen dioxide absorbs 270 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Mr. Omar, who works for an oil company in Higlieg, said the companies were responsible for disposing oil wastes. He said there were no residential areas besides the processing units around. “Our processing unit is just to carry out the initial testing for crude oil and monitoring the wells state and transferring the oil to the Khartoum refinery through pipelines,” he said. He said all of the Higleig oil processing locations were “free of waste.” “After finishing from chemical barrels or cans, we collect them all and damage them using forklift. Even after the drilling rig finishes, we can’t move to another well unless we get approval by environment section,” he said. “We deal with wastes seriously and monitor the disposal area; it’s well secured. Liquid wastes are sucked by vacuum truck and sent to processing units to be reused again.” Regarding the claims of contamination and the effects on local people, Mr. Omar, who works for an oil corporation in Higleig, said “it’s a big challenge, and most of the local people know the working area and its effect on them and their animals.” Over the years, the government and oil companies responded to claims of environmental and health impacts by establishing environmental units, conducting reports and making plans to address the issues. However, these plans were not publicly available, and it was unclear whether they had been implemented. In January 2018, a local committee of scientists, experts and environment specialists held a conference where they presented papers on environmental pollution and spreading of fetal illnesses that had occurred allegedly due to oil industry activities. To address some concerns, the companies had moved local peoples away from oil sites. In 2018, the government was building new villages for some of these displaced peoples in the Neem area. Despite these efforts, it was unclear whether the companies had changed the way of handling dangerous wastes, and they did not respond to repeated requests for comment. This investigation comes at a time when Sudan and South Sudan are working together to boost their oil revenues in the fields along the borderline. In June, petroleum ministers in both countries agreed to jointly repair oil infrastructure damaged during the civil war and resume operations at several closed oilfields located near the borderlands within several months. These fields, including Alher, Alnar, Mathaos, and Hamra, are expected to produce about 100,000 barrels of oil a day. Control over the country’s oilfields, which lie strategically along the split between Sudan and South Sudan, has been an extremely contentious issue in the centuries-long conflict between the Islamic north and Christian and Animist south of Sudan that culminated in the formal secession of South Sudan in 2011. Both Sudan and South Sudan’s economies are supported heavily by oil exports – especially the south, which has almost no other major revenue source and uses oil revenues to fund military spending. Before the break, oil accounted for more than 90% of Sudan’s export revenues. But with 75 percent of oilfields located in the south of the country, oil revenues for north Sudan dropped to just 11% of the total country’s exports in 2016: $336 million, compared to $5,244 billion in 2006, according to International Monetary Fund Staff Reports. While South Sudan holds most of the oil, the north still controls most of the oil processing infrastructure as well as the only pipeline for the south to transport oil to international markets. The north receives a commission per barrel that the south transports to the port along the Red Sea. In 2016, the countries renegotiated terms for transporting South Sudanese oil along the Sudanese pipeline, with South Sudan agreeing to continue paying Sudan a commission to transport oil for three years, until 2019. Sudan also agreed that the south could use an oil base camp, with power and materials, established on the Sudanese side at Higlieg. In the villages surrounding the oil companies in West Kurdufan, residents complained of a range of unexplained health issues that had emerged since the industries came. In Neem village, Siddig, a medical assistant at a pharmacy in the market, said he had treated many people with strange symptoms. “There are many unusual cases of illnesses that we didn’t had in the past,” Siddig said. “There are allergies, stomach inflammations, Hepatitis, arthritis; people over 50 are struggling to move; they need pain killers and creams; all of that was very rare before in this area.” Many local residents complained about their health: “I am not active as I used to be; before I could walk long distances; now I suffer from fatigue when I am home; and when I travel to other places I am fit again,” one said. One woman said that she had about 5 miscarriages respectively in the past few years. Her mother said many other women had also been experiencing miscarriages in the village. The medical assistant Siddig also listed many new cases of miscarriages. These problems were occurring without women “carrying heavy things or making efforts,” Mamoun said. After many deaths related to oil wastes near a field to the northeast of Higlieg, many citizens moved away. There were even people who became destitute after the death of their animals, Bashir E. said. “Even our domestic animals had changed; like the chicken there,” Mamoun said, pointing to a small chicken that lacked feathers all over most of its body. “Some of our lamps had shown unusual tumors under their skin… I used to have a cattle containing 200 cows, and now I am left with 30 only. “Sometime ago we had an odd disease, as the cows have a fever and start bleeding through all body exits then they die; my relative lost 8 cows on one night.” Three children under four months old from different villages across a 6 km area showed similar cases of allergies. Their mothers said they had visited the doctor to get creams yet there had been no improvement. One child age 12 had been unable to move since he was three. “He just started to face hardship moving and gradually lost the ability to move his legs; and his body has changed,” said his mother. He was the second of two children with the same case; the other child had moved to Khartoum for treatment. When asked about his life, the child said, “I don’t have a life.” Another villager described three children who were born missing a part of their skulls. “As the child grows up, their heads grow bigger and they died eventually,” the villager said. Siddig said no official entity had come to look into these problems in the past year since he had settled in the village. He thought many of the problems stemmed from the chemically treated oil production water. “The new roads in oil locations; it’s all dirt roads and they pour production water filled with chemicals into it to stabilize the soil; it’s obvious after they do it as you can see the ground turning white,” he said. “After it dries and with the movement of cars all these substances spread in the air; there are many sinus diseases.” Citizens thought the water wells and tanks built by the oil companies in cooperation with the rural water corporation were also contributing to health problems, as the stations did not have water filters and were located close to the companies’ waste treatment areas. Citizens around the area use these new water stations regularly as their traditional rope wells are almost gone, Mamoun said. The villagers deliver water to their homes using donkey carriages, as there are no pipelines in the area. Since people starting using the new water stations, there have been many more cases of kidney problems, Mamoun said. Other stations were closed due to high rates of illnesses. Now, the whole of Albarasaia relied on just two stations for healthy water. A water official in Alfola city, Omar Qantour, said the national Rural Water Corporation was not responsible for these stations because they were built by the companies as part of their development plans for the rural areas. After establishing them, they leave the management to the people themselves, Qantour said. “They have a section responsible for testing and providing water; they do their own studies and execute without our interference.” While there have been few reports to date on the health impacts of oil contamination in either of the Sudans, a June 2016 report by Juliana Bol of Johns Hopkins University reported unconfirmed increases in stomach problems, skin rashes, pregnancy complications, abortions and livestock deaths that were attributed to water contamination by the oil industry in Unity State of South Sudan. Worldwide, oil exploitation has been shown to cause similar health problems. A 2004 paper analyzing the health impacts of oil in Ecuador’s Amazon basin found that the discharge of oil and untreated wastes into Ecuador’s land and waters had killed fish and other aquatic life. The paper also found that the contamination had contributed to abortion, skin issues, malnutrition, fatigue, digestive issues and higher mortality rates: many of the same issues discovered in this investigation. Historically, oil was enmeshed within the conflict between the north and the south, which stemmed from centuries of neglect of the Southern part of the country by Sudan’s rulers: first the Ottoman-Egyptians and then British colonizers before the post-independence Islamic government. In the mid-1970s, the country discovered large quantities of oil in the Western Upper Nile areas within then-southern Sudan. To control these areas, President Nimeiri led his army over two decades to divide and displace the population living in the oilfields. The North-ruled government also attempted to change the borders between the South and the North so that new oil fields were shifted within the Northern boundaries. Sudan completed its first pipeline from the Southern oilfields to Port Sudan on the Red Sea in 1999, the route that is still used to this day. Since South Sudan seceded, oil production in both countries has lagged due to continuing north-south conflict and a civil war that broke out in South Sudan over power struggles within the ruling party, a report by the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies found in May 2017. In January 2012, South Sudan shut down oil production for 15 months due to a disagreement with the north over the pipeline transit fees. More oilfields were closed when South Sudan’s civil war broke out in December 2013. The fighting physically damaged some oil infrastructure, while hundreds of foreign, mostly Chinese, oil workers were evacuated due to safety concerns, the Oxford report found. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy published in June 2016, armed conflict and political intervention in South Sudan reduced oil production between 2012 and 2015 to 108,500 barrels a day: just one third of production levels at independence. In 2018, the three fields of Higlieg, Defra, and Neem produced about 72,000 b/d. This production did not even cover domestic use in recent months, with people queuing for hours at petrol stations due to fuel shortages, Reuters reported. Despite recent attempts to revive the oil industry, some studies predict that production in both states has most likely already peaked, with Sudan’s production expected to fall below 100,000 barrels per day within 10 years, while South Sudan’s is expected to drop to the same level before 2030, a 2015 report found by the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at Maison de la Paix, Geneva. Asian companies have dominated Sudan’s oil sector since the 1990s, while the U.S. and other Western oil majors largely steered clear of involvement in Sudan’s economy due to concerns over human rights abuses during the civil war. China is Sudan’s main oil export destination, followed by Malaysia and India. China’s stake in Sudan’s oil industry has increased over the years as other countries’ involvement has waned: with the China National Petroleum Corporation controlling 94% of exports in 2016 from 62% in 2001. In 2016, 94% of Sudan’s oil exports, valuing $307 million, went to China. 5.2% went to Japan and 1.3% went to India, according to OEC data. Long-standing US sanctions that prohibited the US from operating any business in Sudan were eventually revoked in 2017. While Sudan’s oil industry falls officially under the Ministry of Petroleum, the state-owned Sudanese Petroleum Corporation (SPC) and the national oil company Sudapet have large powers in the management of oil exploration, production and distribution. There is a critical lack of oversight in the operations of these companies, as neither parliament nor the Ministry of Finance and National Economy formally approves their budgets, and auditor general reports are not made public, according to a report published about Sudan’s oil industry in 2015. In Sudan, a range of small domestic companies with familial or business ties to the governing regime also control stakes in the industry, the report found. State police referred to as “oil police” are also closely involved in guarding the boundaries of the oil fields. The companies’ presence in the area was not all negative: Some citizens of West Kurdufan said the industry had also helped the local communities through building local infrastructure in rural areas. Two percent of revenues from the companies are supposed to go to the local communities. “Before we didn’t have roads; traveling was very hard between these villages especially in autumn,” local resident Abd Alhamied said. “They built schools, water stations, health centers and helped developing the area.” In April, a village was under construction about 15 km away from the oil company, where the villagers were soon to be moved to away from the drilling activity. The village already contained many buildings, some of them completed and some still under construction: two schools – a primary and a secondary, a hospital, police station, girls students accommodation and a water station. But some people living in the area said they were not happy about moving to new place. At an organization that works on peace building and development in Alfola city, activists from the rural areas, who chose to stay anonymous to protect their safety, confirmed that the oil companies had established many new facilities in their neighborhoods. However, such infrastructure was not linked with the official institutions, they said. The schools did not belong to the Ministry of Education and lacked qualified staff; water stations did not belong to the official Rural Water Corporation, and after the companies established them they just handed them over to the local community to run them; health centers did not have resident doctors or appropriate supplies. “It’s a state of an unequal negotiation and compromise between the companies and local people; the companies want to keep working and the citizens want development; that’s why it happens without preparation, studies or links to the official institutions,” one activist said. Other activists from West Kurdufan, who also prefer to stay hidden, wrote a proclamation called “Local Committee to Combat Environmental Contamination by Oil Business in West Kurdufan” through Whatsapp that was signed by 15 people so far in April. The activists had also collected some leaked photos of health complications linked to oil contamination while conducting research in Higleig. The proclamation called for government, civil society organizations, political powers, the human rights commission, national and global contamination combat institutions, experts, and oil companies to save the state from the environmental impact of the oil on people’s lives in West Kurdofan. The call requested the government to assign a team of experts to evaluate the situation, stop the trenches causing the drought in the area, achieve environmental balance and work by the standard safety measures. Citizens in Jajaia village, surrounded by oil fields, hoped their stories could be heard so that change could come. “God wanted his created beings and elements to be in specific balance, he says ‘and everything we created in a known amount,’ and ‘we planted everything in balance,'” the activist call wrote. “We must stop the pollution in West Kordofan, take legal actions against the polluters, and protect forests, plants, aqua life, wildlife, water resources, and climate.”

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26th September 2019 – Shah Alam. The three-days 4th Malaysian International Agricultural Technology Exhibition (Agri Malaysia 2019) was held at the Setia City Convention Center in Shah Alam, Selangor. This year's exhibition continues to be supported by the Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE) and Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) and certified to meet international standards, helping exhibitors and visitors to achieve better investment development and expand to domestic and international, to expand a wide range of markets. Such a credible agricultural exhibition, Eco Starland Group will not miss this chance to explore new opportunities, especially after visited the exhibition last year, it is an excellent opportunity to exchange agricultural products and gather the latest agricultural knowledge. This year, there were nearly 300 booths on display, including agricultural machinery, agricultural and sideline products processing machinery, grain processing equipment, small power machinery, gardening machinery, water-saving irrigation system and equipment, agricultural solar machinery and equipment, agriculture facilities and the latest technology in agriculture. KC Lim, Chairman of the Board of Directors of EcoStarland Group, Yirin Choo, Chief Executive Officer, Jerry Choo, Farm Manager and several staff members came to the venue early in the morning and stay until late afternoon. In addition to comparing the price of liquid fertilizer and some materials, they also test drive the agricultural ATVs and master the latest agricultural technology. 为期三天的第4届马来西亚国际农业工艺展览会（Agri Malaysia 2019）在雪兰莪实达城会展中心於焉展开。今年的展览会继续荣获国家贸易促进局（MATRADE）以及投资发展局（MIDA）的支持并认证为符合国际水准，帮助参展商及观展者之间达到更好的投资发展、拓展至国内外更广泛的市场。

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About 200 participants at the Indigenous Peoples’ Caucus discussed the many impacts of colonialism as it relates to education and exchanged ways in which to move forward in securing their full rights. Whether it’s Australia, the Philippines, Central America, South America or North America, the patterns of colonialism are all too similar for Indigenous peoples. Participants heard how colonialism has affected many aspects of Aboriginal life, including health, traditional roles, culture, socio-economic conditions, access to services, and equity among others. One topic of great concern is the violence and racism manifested towards Indigenous peoples which are driving students away from school because of the fear for their well-being. Teachers are also not immune to appalling acts of violence. For example, in one of the sessions, participants heard about an Indigenous principal who was driven away from her small community school in Australia (and consequently from her profession), after racist citizens left a disemboweled kangaroo at her doorstep. These issues all point to the importance of creating safe spaces for all. The expression “cultural safety” was introduced and defined as the creation of an environment that is spiritually, emotionally safe for people in which there is no assault on their identity. Panelists often highlighted the recently adopted ILO convention on gender-based violence in the world of work as an important step towards better protection against violence at work. Sessions were not always somber as teacher leaders were invited to share examples of their union’s initiatives that aim to bring about positive and long-lasting change for Indigenous Peoples. These include adapting the curriculum to include Indigenous culture, perspectives and language, building alliances with civil society organisations, and providing union training and capacity development programmes. The last plenary focussed on ways that Education International can be engaged in the upcoming World Indigenous Peoples Conference on Education 2020. Teacher leaders in attendance came from many countries which include Samoa, Burkino Faso, Fiji, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Columbia, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Latin America, Honduras, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Malaysia, Canada, the UK, Mexico and USA.

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After mixed Q4 earnings, streaming media giant Netflix rallied nearly 5% Thursday in intraday trading. On Tuesday, Netflix reported fourth-quarter earnings that showed the company bested the top and bottom lines for the quarter, but offered disappointing guidance for the first quarter of 2020. The company also fizzled out when it came to meeting expectations for new subscribers in the U.S. and Canada. The mixed results led to NFLX ascending as much as 2.3% in after-hours trading on Tuesday, only to lose about 2% on Wednesday. Netflix beat its own subscriber forecast, adding 8.76 million paid subscribers compared to its projection of 7.6 million. International growth was particularly robust, as the company added 8.34 million members outside the U.S. and Canada. Management also noted that the company was launching mobile-only plans in Malaysia and Indonesia, leveraging a strategy it had begun in India to attract more viewers under its umbrella. Despite beating estimates in its subscriber forecast globally, the streaming media company fell short in the U.S., where it added just 420,000 new members. That was well below its own expectation of 600,000, and down from 1.53 million in the quarter a year ago. Failure to meet domestic subscriber forecasts also suggest that the launches of recent competitors like Disney+ and Apple+ were having an effect in Netflix’s most pertinent market. In addition, the company’s subscriber growth forecast for the first quarter calls for just 7 million new members, off from 9.6 million in the first quarter of 2019, which showed a record for quarterly additions. While competition has become a concern for many Wall Street experts, Marc Randolph, co-founder and first CEO of Netflix, told Yahoo Finance Friday that he feels Netflix has been, and will continue to be robust in the face of competition. “I quite frankly don’t think Netflix feels threatened by any of these entries. I think they still continue to see their competition not Disney, not HBO Max, not Peacock, but they see their competition as other forms of television consumption,” Randolph said. HBO Max and NBCUniversal’s Peacock are each slated to launch later in 2020. “I mean still more than half of TV now is consumed linearly, and all these companies will benefit from expanding into that category,” Randolph said. “I don’t think they feel they need to respond to these small new entries coming in. It’ll be a long while before that becomes any kind of a threat.” For more market trends, visit ETF Trends.

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https://www.etftrends.com/disruptive-technology-channel/netflix-rallies-5-on-thursday-as-investors-digest-mixed-earnings/

2022-05-18T02:41:40Z

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James Bain Smith – The George Town Batik Lounge Installation - Exhibition from July 2nd to September 23, 2018 During the Provencal summer season, Galerie Huit Arles creates the “George Town Batik Lounge” to celebrate the official arts and heritage twinning of two UNESCO World Heritage sites – Arles in Southern France and George Town, state capital of Penang, Malaysia. Julia de Bierre, Penang-born owner of Galerie Huit Arles, is proud to host Puan Haryany Mohamad, Director of Penang State Museums, the first recipient of this innovative cultural exchange and capacity-building program, a collaboration between the Embassy of France, Kuala Lumpur, the George Town Conservation and Development Corporation Snd. Bhd. And the Municipality of Arles. Copyright James Bain Smith The Batik Lounge, an intimate curated space situated in the Galerie Huit Arles inner-city mansion, immerses visitors in a fascinating parallel universe. Photographs, objects, furniture and textiles evoke the cultural diversity and hybrid aesthetic of Penang’s state capital. Recorded sounds, a ‘Malaysiana’ library and a rattan sofa encourage guests to linger. The art installation is accompanied by French and English versions of the best-selling book ‘Penang: Through Gilded Doors ‘author: Julia de Bierre, photography: James Bain Smith, publisher: Areca Books. Puan Haryany Mohamad visits the historic monuments of Arles, on the first day of her two-month residency.

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2022-05-18T04:13:02Z

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BANGKOK, Thailand ‒ International wildlife crime networks in Asia have been dealt a blow after a recent operation coordinated by INTERPOL against the illegal trade in endangered species resulted in raids, arrests and investigations across the region. Supported by INTERPOL’s Environmental Crime Programme, Operation Stocktake (1-12 December) saw enforcement agencies from India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand inspect markets, restaurants and shops to identify those selling and trading endangered wildlife alongside legal products, including the sale of wildlife meat for human consumption. India’s Wildlife Crime Control Bureau carried out searches in 37 shops, arresting 10 suspects who now face criminal proceedings for trading items such as ivory and leopard claws. A number of birds were recovered as evidence along with marine animals such as sea-cucumbers and shells. Officers from the Specialized Crime Department of Indonesia National Police coordinated the operation from Jakarta. East Kalimantan Regional Police arrested four suspects believed to be responsible for the killing of orangutans, and recovered firearms and what are believed to be orangutan bones. In Malaysia, officers from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks inspected 21 shops and restaurants, resulting in four persons facing charges for possession of protected species. One restaurant was caught selling porcupine, civet and wild boar meat. Officers from the Thailand Police Natural Resources and Environmental Crime Division focused their efforts on Bangkok's Chatuchak Market, a known hub for illegal wildlife trafficking. Investigators are developing and studying intelligence gathered during the operation and investigations continue. “This operation demonstrates the strength of the INTERPOL global network in coordinating operations against transnational crimes such as wildlife trafficking. Working with its 190 member countries, INTERPOL helps combat crimes which are a threat to global environmental security and human health,” said INTERPOL’s Acting Executive Director for Police Services, Bernd Rossbach. All four countries involved in Operation Stocktake uncovered offences of transnational crime and are working with INTERPOL to pursue international leads. Justin Gosling, INTERPOL’s Wildlife Crime Officer based in Bangkok, Thailand, said that Operation Stocktake was a strong beginning to a series of actions targeting regional wildlife markets which are not only a threat to wild species and their welfare, but also represent a danger to public health through the potential spread of zoonoses, diseases which can be spread from animals to humans.

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2022-05-18T02:58:07Z

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We Produce High Quality Medicine Affordable to Everyone ... Linz Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd. is dedicated to enhancing human life through development, manufacture and sale of quality pharmaceuticals products. with its main office and manufacturing facility at Korangi Industrial Area (Karachi,Pakistan). Linz thanks to Doctors, Pharmacists & health care institutions, which posed trust in the quality and efficacy of the Linz products. Today, Linz is one of the fastest growing national pharmaceuticals companies, proud of the current market share of its products. Linz products offer unique advantages in health care system.The company is continuously evaluating new prospects to add to the existing porfolio. Our group was originally established in early 1970’s as Munico Associates International (MAI Group of Companies), participating in counter trade and barter transaction for pharmaceutical goods with many Multinational Companies all over the World, acting both as agents principals,we are active in all areas of foreign trade operations,clearing switch transactions. Munico has been in Packaging business known as PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL PACKAGES (Pvt.) Ltd., (PIPPL)for more than Ten years. PIP manufactures high quality Aluminum Pilfer Proof,Roll-on Caps for Pharmaceuticals and Food industries. PIP also manufactures best quality Glass ampoules for pharmaceuticals. Beside this, our group is always on the lookout for & does not miss any opportunity to avail the chance to source market any item or introduce technology of medical interests. Mission and Vision To be benchmark as a company which sets standards for manufacturing and marketing Economical Quality drugs for all segments of society and for all therapeutic classes in an eco friendly plant. Pakistan’s First Dedicated Cephalosporin Manufacturing plant Working under Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) as per FDA guidelines Approved by Ministry of Health panel in category Very Good. Linz is Making a Significant Contribution to Assist Increasingly Cost Conscious Health System.With Rising Healthcare Costs it’s Necessary to Find the Most Effective Quality Treatments at a Reasonable Price. Nitrogen Added Pack Nitrogen Added Pack Using Pure Filtered High-Purity Nitrogen Air in Suspension Pack to Keep Zero Natural Air to Maintain Product Lifetime & to Ensuring Long Shelf Life Of Suspension With Freshness Of Flavor. Years of Production Subscribe To Our Newsletter Pakistan's First Dedicated Cephalosporin Manufacturing plant Dedicated Cephalosporin Manufacturing plant Working under Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) as per FDA guidelines Approved by Ministry of Health Panel in category Very Good. We complies diligently with all Islamic and legal requirements as Pakistan Halaal Standard (PS-3733:2016), Global Halaal Management System (IHI-Alliance Malaysia) and Malaysian Standard MS-2424:2012. The Company assures its Muslim consumers that all products (with Halaal/ حلال Logo) manufactured and distributed by Linz Pharmaceuticals have been certified halaal. Linz Pakistan has consistently adopted a stringent internal control within our Halaal Assurance system. All Pharmaceutical products sold and marketed by Linz Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd. are produced in Pakistan and have received Halaal certification from Renaissance Inspection & Certification Body (RI&CA). Linz Pharmaceuticals is one of the very first 1SO 9001 certified manufacturers in Pakistan who adopted, implementd and fully compliance with ISO 9001. This standard provides a process-oriented approach to documenting and reviewing the structure, responsibilities, and procedures required to achieve effective quality management. Linz Pharmaceuticals plays a proactive role in preserving marvels of mother nature for future generations. To attain our objectives, we have developed process and equipment accordingly that either reduce or completely eliminate pollution, required to achieve effective quality management. Linz Pharmaceuticals plays a proactive role and serious about improving employee safety, reducing workplace risks and creating better, safer working conditions, Our ISO 45001 certification ensure health and safety, assure and to protect employees and visitors from work-related accidents and diseases.

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2022-05-18T03:12:57Z

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First modular manufacturer to attain quality certification in Malaysia 29 Jan 2022 Home builder Petra Modular (M) Sdn Bhd has demonstrated its continued commitment to sustainability and higher standards of manufacturing. It is the first modular manufacturer to obtain the Intelligent Building Systems (IBS) Impact Certification, in addition to ISO 9001 (quality management system) and Sirim certification. With these prerequisites completed, Petra Modular — the modular technology arm under global Malaysian conglomerate Petra Group — is now on track to receive its “Pioneer” status to IBS certified modular manufacturers offered by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (Mida) under the government’s incentive scheme. In addition to ISO 9001, the company has also achieved ISO 14001 (environmental management system) and ISO 45001 (health and safety management system) to qualify for the integrated management system for a safer, more sustainable, environmentally friendly and higher standards of manufacturing. Petra Modular managing director Rick Singh said, “The IBS Certification and ISO standards is a testament to how serious we are about quality and sustainability practices as we expand our modular technology footprint around the world, while solving the housing and accommodation challenges the cities are currently facing.” The Petra Group was one of only 71 companies from around the world invited to the Vision 2045 summit, held in Edinburgh, Scotland, in conjunction with COP26, to share its sustainability practices and thoughts on addressing climate change with fellow thought leaders, government representatives and corporate heads. “We hope that other manufacturers will also look towards enhancing their sustainable practices for the betterment of our future and equipping them with the ability to compete internationally,” Rick added. Petra Modular provides building and housing solutions using proven propriety technology to deliver customised, reliable, sustainable and secure accommodation. Modular technology can generate up to 90% reduction in waste and noise pollution because of off-site construction and efficient usage of materials while enhancing energy efficiency. The company’s championing of sustainable practices is also in-line with the Petra Group’s sustainable strategy and ESG (environmental, social, governance) considerations. The underlying philosophy that it applies is the concept of social capitalism – being profitable whilst ensuring sustainable wealth creation for the betterment of all, including employees, customers, society and the environments in which it operates. The company is on track to expand its manufacturing facilities this year with three factories in the UK and three in Australia, in addition to its existing flagship factory in Port Klang, Malaysia. Source: The Star

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2022-05-18T03:16:01Z

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It is a major contributor to climate change, since trees act as a carbon sink that absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and replaces it with oxygen. More than 20% of the world’s oxygen is generated in the rapidly diminishing Amazon, acting as the world’s lungs. About six billion trees are lost globally every year, mostly due to the imbalance between those cut down and those replanted.1 More than 300,000 square kilometers of forest or woodland is lost every year – an area the size of Germany or Vietnam – and one-quarter of the Amazon rainforest has already been destroyed.2 The focus has been on intentional deforestation rather than naturally occurring tree loss due to bush fires, earthquakes or tree disease. The loss of so many trees each year accounts for 17% of global warming, according to the World Economic Forum.3 Deforestation is now the most prevalent form of environmental destruction, particularly when forest is burnt instead of being cut down for logging. In addition to the tree loss, the burning has significantly added to atmospheric pollution. Deforestation is also a major threat to indigenous communities who rely on the forest for their livelihoods, and to animal life and biodiversity. The displacement of orangutans due to deforestation for palm oil plantations was the subject of an emotional advertising campaign in 2019. Robeco has ongoing engagement campaigns on sustainable palm oil and on protecting biodiversity. Stopping deforestation requires strong action from governments, though the political will has been lacking in developing nations. The Brazilian government has openly encouraged forest clearance in the Amazon following election pledges to enrich developers. Deforestation for palm oil trees is rampant in Malaysia and Indonesia, promoting engagement themes to try to stop it. The lack of governance at both corporate and national level, and poor regulation, are major obstacles to this. Much deforestation is caused by western consumption: the EU was responsible for 16% of global tree loss due to imports from countries where deforestation is prevalent in 2017, totaling 2,000 square kilometers of land, according to the World Wildlife Fund.5 Deforestation can be countered by extensive reforestation, and could even combat climate change, as studies found planting one trillion trees would be enough to stop global warming. Such a planting campaign would require 9 million square kilometers of land, an area the size of the United States. The tree planting could be targeted at about 20 million square kilometers of deserts, wastelands and areas where the soil has been degraded due to over-intensive agriculture, the UN has said. L’information publiée dans les pages de ce site internet est plus particulièrement destinée aux investisseurs professionnels. Certains fonds mentionnés dans le site peuvent ne pas être autorisés à la commercialisation en France par l’Autorité des Marchés Financiers. Les informations ou opinions exprimées dans les pages de ce site internet ne représentent pas une sollicitation, une offre ou une recommandation à l’achat ou à la vente de titres ou produits financiers. Elles n’ont pas pour objectif d’inciter à des transactions ou de fournir des conseils ou service en investissement. Avant tout investissement dans un produit Robeco, il est nécessaire d’avoir lu au préalable les documents légaux tels que le document d’information clé pour l’investisseur (DICI), le prospectus complet, les rapports annuels et semi-annuels, qui sont disponibles sur ce site internet ou qui peuvent être obtenus gratuitement, sur simple demande auprès de Robeco France.

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2022-05-18T03:23:18Z

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Telephone number 01202 473663 Holidays are one of those things that make you feel all warm and tingly just thinking about them.... whether you are lying on a beach with the sand between your toes or you are hiking up an impressive mountain for some spectacular views, they are one of life's highlights. They are the perfect way to spend time with loved ones and create some incredible memories. Hays Travel here at Saxon Square is here to help make your dream holiday a reality and to help you to book the trip away of a lifetime. Hays Travel is the leading independent travel agent in the South of the UK and the staff are equipped with fantastic insider knowledge on the very best value holidays you can get. There are thousands of different destinations available through Hays Travel and you can experience all of these in many different ways. If you fancy taking to the sea on a luxury cruise, there are plenty of routes to choose from including a Grand Asian Adventure which takes you by Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand so you can experience the amazing culture. Another popular cruise is one around the stunning Greek Islands, perfect for capturing beautiful sunsets and soaking up the sun with a Greek salad and glass of wine. If you don't fancy having to do much planning yourself there are some brilliant all inclusive holidays, perfect for families with children. You can also book ski trips, city breaks, European escapes and trips much further afield. The world really is your oyster here at Hays Travel so come into the store here at Saxon Square today and find your dream holiday.

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2022-05-18T03:58:14Z

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This study investigated the level of bisphenol A (BPA) in surface water used as potable water, drinking water (tap and bottled mineral water) and human plasma in the Langat River basin, Malaysia. BPA was present in 93% of the surface water samples at levels ranging from below limit of quantification (LOQ; 1.3 ng/L) to 215 ng/L while six fold higher levels were detected in samples collected near industrial and municipal sewage treatment plant outlets. Low levels of BPA were detected in most of the drinking water samples. BPA in tap water ranged from 3.5 to 59.8 ng/L with the highest levels detected in samples collected from taps connected to PVC pipes and water filter devices. Bottled mineral water had lower levels of BPA (3.3±2.6 ng/L) although samples stored in poor storage condition had significantly higher levels (11.3±5.3 ng/L). Meanwhile, only 17% of the plasma samples had detectable levels of BPA ranging from 0.81 to 3.65 ng/mL. The study shows that BPA is a ubiquitous contaminant in surface, tap and bottled mineral water. However, exposure to BPA from drinking water is very low and is less than 0.01% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). * Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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2022-05-19T12:17:56Z

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Lemon Grass – the wonder blade It was my first international trip with the kids. They were excited and very eager to get the most of the trip. We had left Pune to reach Kochi (Read : My initial impressions of Kochi) thereafter to the land of Lion City – Singapore. This island country is a melting pot of various Asian communities. We had booked a hotel in Little India which is the centre to the cultural pot-pourri of the South Indian community and its thriving Indian restaurants mushroomed across the entire street. As I set my foot on the streets of the locality I wondered for a moment if I was in Tamilnadu. The roads hustled and bustled with the heavy traffic, horns and the continuous clatter of human voices. I could see people from all walks of life be it the Chinese, Sri Lankans, Indians, Malay or the Thai walking down the streets, crossing roads, heading to the shopping centres or the restaurants. From the nearby Perumal (Lord Vishnu) temple I could hear the chants of the vedas and shlokas, street vendors sold artefacts, knick knacks, the open ground in the city centre was brimming with action and the pleasant fragrance of jasmines and roses from the flower shops filled the streets. I felt at home and loved the cacophony and the commotion. As I walked past Saravana Bhavan I could smell the punjent aroma of the sambar wafting across the road. It was humid and hot when it suddenly started to rain. But then it rained through the sun like a typical tropical weather. I could feel the sweat run down my spine. Amidst this hullaboo I waited for the taxi to arrive. We had booked for a chauffeur driven 7 seater taxi to transport me, my kids, in laws and dear hubby to the Universal Studios. Yes you heard me right we were thrilled to visit the place but for that moment the weather seemed to dampen our spirits. As I paced the streets of Little India with my restless kids in tow I saw a black Toyota take a clean turn and stop in front of the hotel. Out stepped a little lady, her head covered with a tudung (head scarf) as she hurriedly climbed the steps of the hotel towards the reception. She came out immediately and scanned the entire periphery and caught sight of my family. As I stepped into the car the first thing to hit my senses was a sweet citrusy smell. It was fresh, clean and also had a botanical grassy tinge to it. I sat on the seat and noticed the surroundings. The interior of the car was well maintained, spic and span. White sheer lacy curtain separated the chauffeurs area from the rest of the vehicle. A hand written board stating please carry the rubbish with you depicted the driver’s affinity to cleanliness. As I absorbed the surroundings I noticed the change in me. Just few moments back I had been fretting and nervous with the weather taking a toll over me. But now I felt relaxed, calm and energized. I wondered what was that wonder element that had managed to invigorate my senses and uplift my mind and body. It had refreshed my senses and my entire being. We had a great time in Universal Studios throughout the day. In the evening as we walked out of its gates I felt the fatigue of the entire day take over me. The rides, the thrills and the excitement had exhausted me. As I got back into the car the familiar smell surrounded my senses. It was a breath of fresh air that rejuvenated and relaxed my sore body. It was a magic mood enhancer and I was very keen to know what was this secret potion? I casually asked the chauffeur what is this wondrous smelling freshener that had this purifying and energizing effect ? It’s the lemon grass weed, she exclaimed. She continued to give all the positive effects of this freshener and stated it boosted her vitality through the long day by fighting the rattled nerves. I was in awe of this herbal grass that is found extensively across the South East Asia region and dominates the Ayurveda therapy. A blade of grass can do wonders and uplift one’s mood in seconds. I decided to make it a part of my daily ritual back home in India. Today I mix Lemon grass oil with water and sprinkle it around my house? Wouldn’t it be a wonderful if Godrej comes up with a ready to use Air Freshener that can be used in cars and homes for a healthy lifestyle. Source – Here This post is my entry to Inspire a Fragrance Contest held by Indiblogger in association with Godrej Aer.

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Implementation of PTA with Indonesia to benefit edible oil sector December 12, 2012 If the already signed Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with Indonesia is implemented, it would further benefit the edible oil sector of the country. The sector like others was benefited by the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with Malaysia. To reduce the price of edible oil for consumers, the heavy duties on the commodity is needed to be reduced. These views were expressed by A. Rasheed Janmohammed, Vice Chairman, Pakistan Edible Oil Refiners Association (PEORA) while addressing inaugural ceremony of a tow-day “Trade Seminar” organised by PEORA in collaboration with Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Limited (FOSFA) here at a local hotel on Tuesday. This two-day Trade Seminar is being organised for creating awareness among the Edible Oil Industry of Pakistan of FOSFA Terms and Conditions, documentation and its execution, International Trading Standards, Technical Support and managing disputes and arbitration. Abu Bakar Mammat, Consul General of Malaysia in Karachi was the Chief Guest. The delegation from FOSFA constitutes Stuart Logan, Chief Executive, Girish Patel, Immediate Past President and M Roger Rookes, member. Addressing the seminar, the Consul General of Malaysia assured his full co-operation in the consistent supply of palm oil products to Pakistan and also assured to look into the issues raised by the concerned importers. He further said that Malaysia was the brotherly country and would always be there to meet the requirements of edible oil industry. An opening presentation was given by the Immediate Past President of FOSFA, Girish Patel. Mian Mohammad Hanif, chairman of PEORA, in his welcome address emphasised that Pakistan was the two million tons market for palm products and need the support of Government to reduce duties so that common man can be benefited with low prices. In his speech Rasheed Janmohammed informed the participants that Pakistan was now the third largest importer of palm oil products. He briefed the audience with detailed statistics of import of palm oil products in Pakistan from Malaysia and Indonesia for last three years. He also highlighted the impact of FTA signed with Malaysia and pointed out the upcoming impact of PTA which is signed with Indonesia but yet to be executed. According to him edible oil refineries in Pakistan have the capacity of 5,500 MT per day but due to tariff and other obstacles are unable to utilise 100 percent capacity rather capacity utilisation is under 50 percent. Stuart Logan, Chief Executive FOSFA, in his speech informed that the Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations (FOSFA) is a professional international contract issuing and arbitral body concerned exclusively with the world trade in oilseeds, oils and fats with 975 members in 79 countries. These members include producers and processors, shippers and dealers, traders, brokers and agents, superintendents, analysts, ship-owners, and others providing services to traders. FOSFA has an extensive range of standard forms of contracts covering goods shipped either CIF, C&F or FOB, for soybeans, sunflower seeds, rapeseed, and others, vegetable and marine oils and fats, refined oils and fats, from all origins world-wide, for different methods of transportation and different terms of trade. Internationally, 85 percent of the global trade in oils and fats is traded under FOSFA contracts. The Federation’s contracts incorporate a dispute procedure involving arbitration by experienced individuals from within the trade. Amongst the audience who were representing Edible Oil Industry, Oilseed Industry, Oleo Chemical Industry, Surveyors and other different related figures of Edible Oil Industry. Fazal Qadir Sherani, President of Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Mian Muhammed Ahmed, Patron In-Chief & Founder President Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry and Usman Ahmed, President, BQATI also graced the occasion.

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- Open Access Assessing site-safeguard effectiveness and habitat preferences of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) at their stopover sites within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GPS/GSM telemetry Avian Research volume 11, Article number: 49 (2020) The Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent. Of the two recognized discrete flyways of the Bar-headed Goose, the Eastern Tibetan Flyway (ETF) is the larger, comprising at least six migration routes. However, we remain ignorant about their migratory connectivity, habitat use and effectiveness of site-safeguard mechanisms set in place for the species. We tracked 30 ETF Bar-headed Geese from Chinese and Mongolian breeding areas to their wintering grounds using GPS/GSM transmitters, to determine their migration routes and stopover staging patterns within the QTP, overlaying these upon GIS layers of protected area status and habitat type, to model their habitat selection. In total, 14 tagged Bar-headed Geese provided information on their entire autumn migration and 4 geese on their entire spring migration. Qinghai Lake marked birds overwintered in the QTP (n = 2), geese tagged in Mongolia wintered either in the QTP (n = 3) or in India/Bangladesh (n = 9), representing three of the migration routes within the ETF. In total, tagged birds staged at 79 different stopover sites within QTP in autumn and 23 in spring, of which 65% (autumn) and 59% (spring) of all fixes fell within the boundaries of either National Nature Reserves (NNRs) or Important Birds Areas (IBAs) in the QTP. Bar-headed Geese predominantly occurred on four land-cover types: grassland (mostly by day), water bodies (at night), wetlands and bare substrates (salt flats, dry lake/river substrates and plough) with little change in proportion. Generalized linear mixed models comparing presence with pseudo-absence data suggested geese strongly selected for wetlands as staging habitat, avoiding bare substrates in spring. Based on our limited observations of these tagged geese, this study is the first to show that the current designated National Nature Reserves in place in the staging areas within the QTP appear adequate to protect this increasing population. In addition, Hala Lake in Qinghai Province and adjacent areas used as initial QTP staging during autumn migration (currently outside of designated as NNRs/IBAs) are recommended for protection, based on their use by tagged birds from this study. Habitat modelling confirmed the importance of natural wetlands as feeding areas and safe areas of open water as roosting places. The Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) has increased greatly in abundance since the 1990s, reaching an estimated world population of 97,000‒118,000, distributed across a fragmented breeding range throughout the high plains and plateaux of Central Asia (Liu et al. 2017; Fox and Leafloor 2018). Previous telemetry studies have demonstrated the existence of two major flyways of this species in Central Asia (Additional file 1: Fig. S1; Prosser et al. 2009, 2011; Bourouiba et al. 2010; Hao et al. 2010; Köppen et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2011b; Newman et al. 2012). These can be summarized as follows. The first flyway is the Western Tibetan Flyway, breeding in SE Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and the NW Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. These birds winter in Pakistan and the Western Indian subcontinent and comprise more than 30,000 birds, based on wintering counts, including 1800‒5000 in Pakistan (Li et al. 2009; Van der Ven et al. 2010), and 19,000‒40,000 at Pong Dam (Takekawa et al. 2017), the major site for the species on the Indian subcontinent. Birds from the second flyway, the Eastern Tibetan Flyway (hereafter ETF), breed from Western Mongolia, the SE Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China (hereafter QTP). These birds are thought to winter mainly in the southern QTP and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China, throughout the Central and Eastern Indian subcontinent, and in Myanmar. This population is estimated to number more than 80,000 birds based on wintering counts, including 67,000 along the Yarlung Zangbo River and adjacent area (Liu et al. 2017), 5300‒7200 on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (Yang 2005; Yang and Zhang 2014) and 3500‒5800 in Nepal/Bangladesh/Myanmar (Li et al. 2009; Takekawa et al. 2009; Van der Ven et al. 2010). Unknown numbers also winter in East India. Movements of the Bar-headed Goose were closely studied after an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, which killed more than 3000 geese in Qinghai Lake (Chen et al. 2006). These studies identified the importance of tracking their annual movements, because such an increasing and expanding species, showing diverse migration routes and which often uses agriculture areas during staging and in winter, has the potential to rapidly transmit HPAI along its migration routes (Liu et al. 2010). The ETF includes more than 70% of the individuals in the global population, and most previous studies of this flyway have focused on their breeding and wintering grounds. For instance, breeding habitat use and selection of the Bar-headed Geese has been studied at Qinghai Lake in China (Liu et al. 2008; Cui et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2011b) and Hangcuo Lake (Zhang et al. 2011a), west-central Mongolia (Batbayar et al. 2014) and Ladakh in India (Prins and van Wieren 2004). Similar studies have taken place on the wintering grounds, including at Caohai Lake (Yang et al. 2012, 2013), Lashihai Lake (Yan et al. 2014) and Yamdrok Lake (Zhang et al. 2016) in China, and Keoladeo National Park in India (Middleton 1992). These studies are important, because Bar-headed Geese distribute two-thirds of their year between the breeding and wintering sites (Takekawa et al. 2017). However, few studies have attempted to identify crucial stopover sites used during migration, especially in the ETF (Hao et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2011b; Prosser et al. 2011). Although the migration period comprises only one-third of the annual cycle of the geese, energy acquisition to fuel migration can be critical and it is known that migration mortality can exceed 85% of overall annual deaths in some species (Ydenberg 2017). Hence, an understanding of stopover sites used by Bar-headed Geese is fundamental to our ability to effectively conserve the species and understand the potential for disease transmission. The Bar-headed Goose is famous for its trans-Himalayan migration and studies have demonstrated its physiological adaptations for flying at altitudes over 6000 m where oxygen pressure is very low (Hawkes et al. 2011, 2013, 2017; Bishop et al. 2015). Due to the lower air density, Bar-headed Geese flying at such altitudes, suffer not only severe hypoxia, but increase wing beat rates compared to those at sea level to gain the same lift effect, doubling the power requirement (Bishop et al. 2015). Bearing this in mind, however, given the importance of their stopover sites within QTP to provide the necessary energy to cross the QTP, complete their migration and breed successfully, we know lamentably little about the precise Bar-headed Goose staging areas, habitat preferences and their conservation status there. Here, we attempt to define Bar-headed Goose habitat selection (as distinct from simple habitat use; Jones 2001) to understand how the birds might be showing behavioral responses to changes in habitat conditions, which potentially affect the survival and adaptability of individuals (Block and Brennan 1993). Only by revealing habitat selection patterns, can we fully understand the spatial and temporal distribution of the Bar-headed Geese we follow. Based on results from a previous study, which used geographical information to model habitat selection in ETF breeding areas (Zheng et al. 2018), we identified six key parameters in modelling habitat selection, including land cover (each class is treated as a separate variable), elevation, slope, aspect, distance to river/lake and road. In this investigation, we applied further telemetry devices to samples of birds on their key breeding areas in China and Mongolia, to extend earlier studies of this species, with the specific aim of identifying key staging areas throughout the migratory life cycle of these birds. Most importantly, we specifically compare the areas used by tagged Bar-headed Geese to assess the effectiveness of currently designated areas in the QTP to protect key staging areas during migration for the species and to determine their habitat use and selection at these areas. Capture of individuals and transmitter attachment In June 2016, three Bar-headed Geese (of unknown age and sex) rescued and rehabilitated by the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Rescue Center were fitted with neck collar-mounted GPS/GSM loggers (weight 40 g, Hunan Global Messenger Technology Co., China) and released at Qinghai Lake (37.07 °N, 99.82 °E, China). The signal was lost from one of the birds during autumn migration, but the two other geese completed their autumn migrations in 2016. In July 2018, 27 individuals (adult, unknown sex) were rounded up during the flightless moult period and captured at Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake (48.15 °N, 99.59 °E, Mongolia) and Bayan Lake (49.94 °N, 93.90 °E, Mongolia), and fitted with backpack-mounted GPS/GSM loggers (weight 27.5 g, Ornithology and Telemetry Applications, UAB). Of these marked birds from Mongolia, 13 geese provided complete data on the full autumn migration in 2018 (among them, two geese accompanied each other on migration), and four geese on the full spring migration in 2019. Although we cannot eliminate the possibility that the fitted devices affected the behaviour and ecology of these individuals, the loggers constituted much less than 3% to individual total body mass above which it is considered this may more likely occur (Millspaugh and Marzluff 2001; Bodey et al. 2018). Devices attached in 2016 and 2018 were set to record the GPS locations at 2 h and 10 min intervals throughout the research project, respectively. Some individuals were tracked for more than one year and two individuals migrated together. To avoid pseudo-replication, only the first spring and autumn migration tracks were selected from each individual, and only one bird from the individuals that accompanied each other on migration were selected (Additional file 2: Table S1). Identifying stopover sites We applied the method of Wang et al. (2018) to segment movement tracks into “fly” and “non-fly”, then we plotted locations in Google Earth to visualize movements, pinpoint arrival and departure dates at sites, and evaluate where birds were wintering, summering or stopping (Page et al. 2014). We defined stopover sites as locations where a bird did not move > 30 km over a 48 h period (Kölzsch et al. 2016). The staging areas, which include at least two stopover sites with distance less than 30 km from each other, were identified and categorized by manual checking on maps and Google Earth according to duration and location (Chen et al. 2016). In order to exclude the moving positional fixes during stopovers, we only retained the GPS locations where the velocity between adjacent points was less than 1 km/h. Conservation status of stopovers within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau We attempted to assess the effectiveness of the current extent of designated Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), and National Nature Reserves of China (NNRs) for the protection of stopover sites in the QTP used by these tagged Bar-headed Geese. We downloaded China’s IBA (BirdLife International 2020) and NNR boundary information with permissions (https://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=272). We then overlaid all stopover sites in the QTP used by tagged Bar-headed Geese in our study through ArcMap 10.6 to identify which GPS fixes were located within IBA and NNR boundaries. To characterize the landcover used by tracked geese, we used the “FROM-GLC 2017v1” land cover dataset (resolution 10 m × 10 m) created by the Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University (Gong et al. 2019). The dataset is based upon 10 land cover classification types, namely artificial surfaces, bare substrate, cropland, forest, grassland, permanent snow/ice, shrubland, tundra, wetland and water bodies. Wetland includes marshland and mudflats with natural and semi-natural aquatic or regularly flooded vegetation; water bodies include natural and artificial waterbodies, such as lake, river and reservoir/pond (for detailed definitions of land cover categories, see Gong et al. 2013). We assigned each GPS location within the stopover sites in the QTP to a specific land-use type defined by the land cover data using R 3.6.0 (R Core Team 2019). GPS fixes were assigned to day or night based on local sunrise and sunset times calculated by “solartime” package (v0.0.1; Wutzler 2018). We used elevation data measured from SRTM3-DEM dataset (resolution 30 m × 30 m) created by NASA and NIMA, and calculated slope and aspect (defined as a parameter value running from 0 to 360, starting from the West and increasing clockwise) for each GPS fix using ArcMap 10.6. Finally, we calculated the shortest distance of each GPS fixes in stopovers to roads (downloaded from https://www.worldclim.org/) and rivers (downloaded from https://download.csdn.net/download/weixin_38779546/10613773), respectively. Resource selection modeling We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with a binomial error structure to evaluate stopover resource selection during autumn and spring migration respectively, with use/availability as response variable and environment variables as explanatory variables (Meng et al. 2020). We diluted GPS fixes to hourly intervals to reduce the potential for autocorrelation (Signer et al. 2019). Availability data (i.e., pseudo-absence data) at each stopover site were generated by creating 100% minimum convex polygons (MCPs) based on each set of positions for tagged individuals. We extended these outwards by 11.3 km (the average maximum hourly displacement for all individuals at all stopover sites) in all directions around the MCPs to represent the area potentially available to each of the staging birds. We then randomly selected locations from the extended MCP for each stopover site as pseudo-absence data, generating 20 pseudo-absence points for each positional fix to gain stable and unbiased parameter estimates (Northrup et al. 2013). Rare land cover types (< 5% of total land use by either use or availability data points) were excluded (namely artificial surfaces, cropland, forest, shrubland, tundra and snow/ice), to escape model convergence problems likely below such levels (Altman et al. 2004). We rescaled variables using the “scale” function in “base” package in R, following the method of Becker and Chambers (1984) to estimate the effect size of explanatory variables. We used the “dredge” function in “MuMIn” package (v1.43.10; Bartoń 2019) in R to develop our resource selection model using model weights derived from AICc criteria. The cross-prediction accuracy of our resource selection model was tested by estimating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). AUC values can range between 0 and 1, where 0.5 indicates predictions no better than chance, 1 indicates perfect discrimination, with values above 0.7 being generally accepted as indicating reasonable predictions (Hosmer et al. 2013). Finally, we applied odds ratios to evaluate effect size of the variables (Szumilas 2010). A total of 17 geese in autumn, and 8 geese in spring began migration with functioning transmitters, however, due to mortalities and transmitter malfunction, we were only able to obtain information on the full migration for 14 and 4 geese during autumn and spring migration, respectively. Based on the complete migration data from 2016 and 2018 combined, the tagged birds followed three different migration routes. Birds marked at Qinghai Lake overwintered in the Shigatse Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (n = 2), whereas geese marked in Mongolia either wintered in the Shigatse Prefecture (n = 3) or continued down into India (n = 7) or Bangladesh (n = 2) to winter (Fig. 1). In addition, tracked geese (another three geese in autumn and another four in spring that started but did not complete migration) staged at 79 different stopover sites in autumn and 23 in spring within the QTP (Fig. 1; Additional file 2: Tables S2, S3). The cumulative time that all birds spent at stopover sites within the QTP totaled 1445 h, which constituted 86.7% of the entire stopover duration (1667 h). Tagged Bar-headed Geese that summered in Mongolia and wintered in India/Bangladesh, arrived in the QTP during autumn migration on average on September 8 (± 7 days standard deviation; n = 9 individuals) and left the QTP on November 19 (± 13 days). In spring, they arrived in the QTP from India or Bangladesh on average on March 15 (± 6 days; n = 6) and left on April 25 (± 6 days; n = 3; another three geese started but did not complete migration). Bar-headed Geese spent an average of 72.3 ± 17.3 days (n = 9) and 44.3 ± 7.1 days (n = 3) in the QTP during autumn and spring migration respectively. Conservation status of stopover sites Data from the goose-borne loggers generated 123,539 non-moving GPS fixes in autumn and 51,282 in spring at stopover sites within the QTP. Of these, 59% and 53% of GPS fixes in autumn and spring respectively fell within NNRs, while 27% and 23% of GPS fixes were from within IBAs. Overall, 65% and 59% of GPS fixes were from within NNRs/IBAs (Figs. 2, 3; Additional file 2: Table S4). In all, we found 12 important staging areas with at least two stopover sites (Table 1). Among these, there were three areas containing at least three stopovers, which fell outside existing NNRs/IBAs designation (Fig. 2). These were: (1) Shule River, Qinghai Province, Ns = 6 (Ns in each case represents the number of stopovers; No. 2 in Table 1; close to Hala Lake); (2) Dangqu River, TAR, Ns = 3 (No. 11; outside of the Se Lin Cuo NNR and near downtown Dangxiong county); (3) Duoqingcuo Lake, TAR, Ns = 11 (No. 12; a national wetland park and close to the highway). Habitat use and selection in stopover sites Habitat types used by the Bar-headed Geese were predominantly natural ecosystems: 31% grassland, 29% bare substrate (including dry salt flats, bare herbaceous croplands and dry lake/river bottoms; Gong et al. 2013), 26% water bodies and 11% wetlands. Habitat types used by geese differed between day (the majority on grassland, 47% in autumn and 33% in spring) and night (when the majority were using waterbodies, 33% in autumn and 41% in spring), but were similar during autumn and spring migration (Fig. 4). Comparing GLMMs results, the best fit models for predicting spring and autumn Bar-headed Goose stopover sites within the QTP were based on the same nine parameters. These included the four habitat types, as well as slope, aspect, elevation, distance to roads and rivers (autumn: weight = 1.000, AUC = 0.80; spring: weight = 1.000, AUC = 0.83; Table 2). All these parameters are significant (p < 0.001; Fig. 5). Among habitat types, Bar-headed Geese tended to strongly select wetlands (βautumn = 1.94, βspring = 2.03), slightly select water bodies (βautumn = 0.62, βspring = 0.80), slightly avoided to select grassland (βautumn = ‒0.95, βspring = ‒1.05), and were least likely to select bare substrates in spring (βspring = ‒2.01). Among terrain variables, geese tended to select stopovers facing south (βautumn = 0.30, βspring = 0.32), with low elevation (βautumn = ‒0.12, βspring = ‒0.31) and slope (βautumn = ‒2.00, βspring = ‒1.17) both during autumn and spring migration. Among other variables, geese tended to select stopover sites, which were away from roads (βautumn = 0.16, βspring = 0.29) and close to rivers (βautumn = ‒0.22, βspring = ‒ 0.43) both during autumn and spring migration (see Additional file 2: Tables S5, S6 for full model details). The results of this tracking study clearly show that three NRRs: Yan Chi Wan (Gansu Province), San Jiang Yuan (Qinghai Province), and Se Li Cuo (TAR) are of critical importance to Bar-headed Geese in the ETF during both autumn and spring migration. In particular, the importance of rivers in Yan Chi Wan (No. 1 in Table 1) and San Jiang Yuan NNRs (No. 5, 6) were not previously known. Overall, 65% of autumn GPS fixes were from within NNRs/IBAs and 59% in spring. Our studies confirmed the importance of Hala Lake (close to Shule River, No. 2), San Jiang Yuan NNR (No. 3, 4) and Se Lin Cuo NNR (No. 7‒10) indentified by tagged Bar-headed Geese in previous studies (Hao et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2011b; Prosser et al. 2011). Nevertheless, our tracking data found additional areas frequently used by tracked geese, which are not currently designated as NNRs/IBAs. Of these, the most important appear to be the Shule River, Qinghai Province, the Dangqu River, TAR and Duoqingcuo Lake, TAR, all of which are recommended for ground survey during the migration season based on their prolonged use (3‒26 days) by tagged birds from this study. We would also recommend surveying the suitability of adding Hala Lake and adjacent areas (97.60 °N, 38.30 °E; Fig. 2) to the protected area network for this species, as part of the ecological redline for the region. This is part of the NE edge of the QTP which represents the first staging area encountered and used by geese during autumn migration, yet very few of our tracked birds used areas inside the current protected area boundaries, despite the importance of the position of this area in the overall migration network (Xu et al. 2020). The ETF represents the larger of the two flyways of the Bar-headed Goose, supporting more than 80,000 individuals. Within this flyway, it is thought that there at least six migration routes (Additional file 1). These are: (1) Mongolia–Yarlung Zangbo River, China; (2) Mongolia–East Indian sub-continent; (3) Qinghai Lake–Yarlung Zangbo River, China; (4) Qinghai Lake–Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China (Zhang et al. 2011b); (5) Xinjiang–Yarlung Zangbo River, China (Liu et al. 2010); (6) Yarlung Zangbo River, China–Central Indian sub-continent (Newman et al. 2012). Our study only covered the first three of these migration routes, so there remains three other migration routes that are poorly studied, not to mention those used by geese from the Western Tibetan Flyway (Köppen et al. 2010). After pooling the data from tracked Bar-headed Geese (both from this and other studies) which completed autumn migration and were captured in Mongolia (n = 24) and Qinghai Lake, China (n = 40), 38 of these individuals wintered in the QTP, 25 in Indian sub-continent, and only one on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (Tian et al. 2015; Takekawa et al. 2017). This diversity of migration patterns underlines the need to apply telemetry studies to more Bar-headed Geese marked throughout their breeding distribution to enable us to better delineate the flyway structure of this species, which remains poorly known, and to ensure adequate site safeguard for geese of different breeding provenance. Such an understanding is essential if we are to be able to appraise the effectiveness of the cohesive site-safeguard network to protect all the elements of this complex population throughout its annual cycle. This is especially important because the species exploits arid and high altitude ecosystems at different times of its annual cycle, all of which are known to be particularly susceptible to the effects of current on-going climate change. For example, effects of climate change at one of the Bar-headed Goose’s major breeding sites in west Mongolia, which has experienced the most rapid rise in temperatures in the past decade outside of the Arctic regions (Batbayar et al. 2014), may have serious impacts on their breeding success. In the QTP, the extent of wetlands have increased in the eastern part and decreased in the western-central sectors (Xu et al. 2019), factors which may explain increases in breeding Bar-headed Geese in this area relative to numbers in Mongolia. On the other hand, in TAR, the species is considered to be more vulnerable to power line strikes (Li et al. 2011) and avian influenza (Liu et al. 2010). The results from this analysis of habitat use by Bar-headed Geese reflect those of many northern hemisphere goose species, which typically feed out in wetlands and grassland by day but resort to open water bodies by night as protection from potential predators (Zhao 2017). Bar-headed Geese mainly used natural ecosystems during migration and on the summering areas, but cropland during winter. In summer, 35% of positional fixes from tagged geese captured at Qinghai Lake were from grassland and 54% from wetlands during the breeding and post-breeding period (Prosser et al. 2011). Zheng et al. (2018) reported 53% of positional fixes from their telemetry tracked Bar-headed Geese were from wetland, 21% forest and 18% bare substrate in Qinghai Lake (n = 8). We found very low forest cover when overlaying the home ranges from Zheng et al. (2018) on the ESA Global Cover 2009 maps and goose use of forest habitats seems extremely unlikely. During migration, geese mainly used grassland, water bodies, wetlands and bare substrates at their stopover sites in our study. Prosser et al. (2011) reported 75% of positions of tagged Bar-headed Geese came from grassland and > 12% from wetlands during autumn and spring migration. Both studies therefore confirmed tagged geese mainly used natural ecosystems during migration. Small differences between our and Prosser et al.'s (2011) results may be the consequence of land-cover changes that have affected goose habitat availability in the last two decades and improvements in accuracy of the land cover dataset. Prosser et al. (2011) used the 2003 dataset based on 1 km resolution, whereas our study used the 2019 dataset with 10 m accuracy. During winter, geese mainly used winter wheat fields, or fallow croplands, rivers, lakes and marshes along the Yarlung Zangbo River. Ground counts of feeding geese (n = 44,657 in January 2009) found 72.1% on fallow cropland (Liu et al. 2010). Prosser et al. (2011) also reported tagged geese used 39% cropland near Lhasa city. In addition, Bar-headed Geese also used grassland and cropland as their main diurnal feeding areas at Caohai, China (Yang et al. 2013), Lashihai Lakes, China (Yan et al. 2014) and Keoladeo National Park, India (Middleton and Van der Valk 1987). Hence, like many northern hemisphere goose species, the Bar-headed Goose has shown a plasticity that has enabled it to take advantage of the new farmland feeding opportunities on the wintering areas (Fox and Abraham 2017). We speculate that restricted use of croplands in summer and on migration simply reflects the general remoteness of the areas that they use at these stages of the life cycle, in regions where the area of cropland available for foraging is extremely restricted. In our original GLMM modelling to compare the habitat types used by geese with pseudo-absence measures in the immediate vicinity, we also entered water recurrence (Pekel et al. 2016) as a potential explanatory parameter, but it was highly correlated with “water body”. Deletion of water recurrence from the model resulted in an AUC of more than 0.7, indicating reasonable predictions from this simplified model. In our final model, geese tended to select wetland and water bodies as habitat, because the seasonal growth of aquatic plants provides accessible digestible biomass which can be exploited to accumulate fat stores by day (Cong et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2013), and open water offers a night time roosting refuge to avoid predators. Geese also appeared to prefer south facing stopover sites, probably because these areas gain maximum solar insolation to stimulate the growth of food plants to support fat accumulation during the spring migration and shelter from the north wind during the autumn migration. Geese avoided bare substrates strongly in spring, probably because of the low surface temperatures and frost during spring migration in these areas. Summering Bar-headed Geese at Qinghai Lake preferred wetland, open land with sparse vegetation, sites close to rivers/lakes and away from roads, croplands and higher elevations (Zheng et al. 2018) and we contest that they also avoided forest. Wintering Bar-headed Geese at Caohai Lake showed a preference for sites with high vegetation cover, low vegetation height, far from human disturbance, close to the water, open habitats and lower elevation as their foraging sites (Yang et al. 2013). Our results closely followed theirs, confirming that all stages of the life cycle, Bar-headed Geese tend to select wetland areas, close to rivers/lakes, away from roads and at lower elevations than would be expected by chance. The habitat selection patterns of Bar-headed Geese also reflect patterns shown by Greylag Geese in their breeding and wintering areas in East China (Li 2019). Both species tend to select water bodies and wetland as habitat, although Greylag Geese occur in sites nearer to roads and tend to show greater selection for cropland, suggesting they are more tolerant of human disturbance than Bar-headed Geese. Cropland was not used as a parameter in our model, because it contributed only 1% to habitat use among tagged Bar-headed Geese. In conclusion, these results, together with the results of previous studies of the species, continue to indicate that Bar-headed Geese rely predominantly on wetland and water bodies during migration staging in the QTP in the absence of major human impacts on the landscape in these areas. In contrast, increasing numbers of Bar-headed Geese are shifting to croplands during the winter. This is especially evident along the Yarlung Zangbo River (where the area of cropland increased by 15.5% between 1990 and 2015; Wu et al. 2017). Numbers of Bar-headed Geese wintering along the Yarlung Zangbo River rose from 15,000 in the 1990s (Bishop et al. 1997) to 30,000 in 2007 (Bishop and Tsamchu 2007) to 67,000 in 2014 (Liu et al. 2017) as increasing numbers resorted to farmland to feed. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a vast territory with high biodiversity interest and a sparse human population, which has benefitted from the positive effects of nature conservation designation, particularly evident through the current large extent of protected areas. Relatively high levels of site protection for the Greylag Geese in East China have resulted in that species spending more than 65% of their stopover duration within IBA/protected areas during migration, and their population size is increasing (Li et al. 2020), suggesting that site protection can contribute to supporting increasing numbers of geese over time. It would therefore appear that Bar-headed Geese have benefitted from improved conservation action (especially protected areas designation) at migration stopovers en route to and from their breeding areas, as well as from the increasing use of energy rich agriculture areas as winter quarters. Nevertheless, as we identify above, with climate change imposing spatially explicit patterns of change in different parts of the annual range of the Bar-headed Goose, it remains essential we improve our understanding of their migration routes and flyways through extended telemetry studies and monitor their population dynamics and abundance to ensure the future of this unique Asian goose species. This study is the first to identify the paramount importance of stopover sites within the QTP to Bar-headed Geese in their annual cycle, but also to confirm the satisfactory level of current site protection given the patterns revealed by our telemetry data, which is consistent with the upward trend in abundance of the ETF Bar-headed Goose. We recommend Hala Lake and adjacent areas for protection because of their disproportionate importance to the geese during the initial stages of their autumn migration, which are currently outside the present network of NNRs/IBAs. 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We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Xin Wang and Xianghuang Li for their help on data analysis, and Ming Ma for his help on the Bar-headed Goose distribution in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. We are also indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that greatly improve the manuscript. Our study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31870369 & No. 31970433 & No. 31670424) and China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Ethical approval and consent to participate The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers): The Animal Ethics Committee, Research for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences fully approved this study. Approval for bird capture and transmitter deployment in Mongolia was obtained from the Ministry of Nature, Environmental and Tourism of Mongolia (permission number: No 06/2862). Approval for transmitter deployment at Qinghai Lake, China was obtained from the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve authorities. Consent for publication The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Map showing the nature and extent of the two distinctive flyways of the Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) in Central Asia. Summary table of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) fitted with solar-powered GPS/GSM telemetry devices in the current analysis. Table S2. The location and duration of stopover sites in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau used by tracked Bar-headed Geese (n = 17) during autumn migration in 2016 and 2018. Table S3. The location and duration of stopover sites in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau used by tracked Bar-headed Geese (n = 8) during spring migration in 2019. Table S4. Conservation status of Bar-headed Geese stopovers in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during autumn and spring migration. Table S5. Parameter estimates (β), standard errors, p values, and 95% confidence limits from the highest-ranked model (Table 2) estimating habitat selection of Bar-headed Geese in stopovers within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during autumn migration. Table S6. Parameter estimates (β), standard errors, p values, and 95% confidence limits from the highest-ranked model (Table 2) estimating habitat selection of Bar-headed Geese in stopovers within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during spring migration. About this article Cite this article Zhang, J., Xie, Y., Li, L. et al. Assessing site-safeguard effectiveness and habitat preferences of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) at their stopover sites within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GPS/GSM telemetry. Avian Res 11, 49 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00230-9 - Anser indicus - Bar-headed goose - Habitat use - Habitat selection - Important bird area - National nature reserve

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Make yourself feel at home at the nature eco city. Whether you're here for business or for leisure - a comfortable bed, a delicious breakfast and fresh coffee await. Our hotel is perfectly located right in the heart of Sandakan Town, at the scenic waterfront promenade with unobstructed views of Sandakan Bay. Our quality accommodations provide guest with a cosy retreat. Feel at home in one of our 300 welcoming guest rooms and suites. Our rooms offer unexpected comfort and a host of preferred amenities to create a welcome haven from pressures of business and travel. All rooms are equipped with the Four Points by Sheraton Four Comfort Bed, individual climate control, and High Speed Internet Access. Do your thing. It’s your room. We like it when you make yourself at home. Sleep Well. Our Deluxe Rooms are bright, and stylishly designed with contemporary touches. Get comfortable in our signature Four Points by Sheraton Four Comfort Bed® and relax while enjoying the magnificent views of the Sandakan Bay & Sandakan Town. The Deluxe Sea View Rooms offer unobstructed panoramic views of the Sandakan Bay. Choose either the Sandakan Harbour or Island View with your preference to sleep soundly on our signature Four Points by Sheraton Four Comfort Bed® and relax. Located on the higher floor, our Executive Club Rooms are designed for business travellers, with splendid views of the nearby islands. Guests staying in Club rooms enjoy free access to Executive Lounge and complimentary usage of all its facilities. Our comfortable Executive Deluxe Club room comes with a King Sized Four Comfort Bed®, separate shower area and a bathtub. The room provides a workstation and a cosy living area with a sofa bed. Guests staying in Club rooms enjoy free access to Executive Lounge and complimentary usage of all its facilities. Our exquisitely-furnished Executive Suite is ideal for guests who want to entertain yet maintain their privacy. The expansive living room is separate from the bedroom, which includes a spacious walk-in wardrobe, a separate shower cubicle and a bathtub. Stay in comfort at our Executive Suite with a breathtaking sea view overlooking the Sandakan Harbour. You’re in for a great stay at our Ambassador Suite that will make you feel right at home. The Suite is equipped with a lounge area with Home Theatre, a dining area and a kitchenette with an induction cooker, on which our staff can prepare an intimate dinners or a receptions for your guests. Situated on the highest floor, be amazed as you enter the foyer of our Presidential Suite which has a fabulous view of the Sulu Sea. With a rarity in the city, the suite completes with a living area with home theatre, dining facilities, a separate kitchenette, a study area and a bathroom with separate shower and bathtub that comes with an 18” LCD TV. Sandakan is home to some of the best foods in Sabah. Whether you are looking for an interactive seafood buffet, coffee and pastries or just a pint or two, Four Points by Sheraton Sandakan has four stylish and hassle-free venues for you to choose from. Overlooking the beautiful Sandakan Bay,The Eatery is most renown in Sandakan for offering the best buffet spread in town with the freshest seafood, interactive live cooking stations and exciting dessert stations. The Lobby Lounge Serving the best cocktails, light snacks and a selection of refreshing beers. The Best Brew Voted on Tripadvisor as the best bar in Sandakan, The Best Brew boasts a sea view overlooking Sandakan Bay featuring live music over cold drinks and beers. Perfect for sunset and then the night, gather everyone for a game of pool or darts with your favourite chills. Warm and casual atmosphere, Wrapped Deli is a great cafe to hang out with family and friends over coffees, desserts, milk shakes and more. Choose from a selection of breads, croissants and other gourmet sandwiches to have coffees or smoothies with. Unique Tour Operator - Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 2016 Best M.I.C.E. Agents 2015/16 Customer Favourite Awards 2015 Europcar Kota Kinabalu Airport Best Local Tour Operator (Domestic) 2014/15 Best Inbound Tour Operator 2011/12

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In good spirits: Meet Malaysia’s first independent whisky bottler with a cult following One may not expect a spirit bottler to be Malaysian and/or a lady, but Eiling Lim defies stereotypes with an impressive track record of highly sought-after bottlings of whisky, gin, rum and vermouth. Whisky was not Eiling Lim’s first love, but this spirit has charted not just her career but also how she met her husband. Lim has the particular distinction of being Malaysia’s first independent whisky bottler in 2014 and since then, she has become a well-regarded player among distributors, bartenders, bar owners as well as spirits enthusiasts. Born in 1984 and raised in Ipoh, Lim moved to Kuala Lumpur to study Business Administration. She went on to handle sales and marketing for a company producing gourmet chocolates for the duty-free market, and then for Mars Foods in Travel Retail. There, she had to visit Duty Free outlets in airports across Southeast Asia on a regular basis. During this time, she started to attend whisky tastings wherever she travelled to and fell in love with single malts – with the help of generous friends who shared their precious drams. Eager to explore different whiskies, she reckons that the many tastings involved in her job primed her for this. “I remember having to try about 20 different chocolates every week and writing tasting notes for them so that the chef could make changes to the creations,” she reminisced. “When I got into whisky, I attended whisky masterclasses and learned from online articles, but I felt that the most important learning experience came from tastings. The more you taste, the more you learn.” As fate would have it, Lim met her now-husband, Luc Timmermans, at a whisky tasting at The Auld Alliance in Singapore. In 2014, Lim moved to Belgium, her husband’s home country, and the couple happened to taste a 1990 Littlemill 23 Year Old in Antwerp. They were so impressed, they decided to buy the rest of the cask, which yielded 68 bottles. Since they couldn’t finish all the bottles themselves, Timmermans encouraged Lim to start her own independent whisky bottling brand as she always dreamt of bringing more single malt varieties to Malaysia. This first eponymous release sold out in two weeks, which Lim credits to Timmermans’ reputation – he’s a retired whisky bottler – in the whisky world. Since that auspicious start, Lim has done 23 different whisky releases: An official bottling with Glenfarclas for a 1979 cask, as well as joint bottlings with La Casa Del Habano in Belgium, Wholly Spirits (her distributor in Malaysia), and Shinanoya in Japan. “I have very strict requirements in selecting casks to be bottled. Together with my husband, we try 20 to 30 different casks on average every time we choose a whisky to bottle.” – Eiling Lim She has also sold some whiskies for private bottlings, where customers can have their own labels printed on the bottle. “I have no fixed schedule in releasing my whisky bottlings because I believe in choosing quality casks which are affordable. If I don’t find anything I consider worthy to be bottled, then there will be no releases,” she stressed. “Bottling is my passion so it’s not just a business. Therefore I select only the best to be bottled because my name is at stake.” While Lim’s whisky bottling journey may seem charmed, she is emphatic that her success did not come overnight. Being Malaysian and female, she had to work harder to get the word out about her brand. It took her a few years, through word of mouth, critical reviews and positive auction results to gain the confidence of consumers. However, she believes that there are plenty of opportunities for independent bottlers because many young consumers are eager to learn and try new things in Malaysia. To convince this segment of whisky drinkers, Lim sets herself apart from the big players in terms of variety, quality, scarcity and price. “I have very strict requirements in selecting casks to be bottled. Together with my husband, we try 20 to 30 different casks on average every time we choose a whisky to bottle,” she said. She primarily selects scotch whisky from a single cask and every release is bottled at cask strength, without colouring and chill-filtration. This is what makes her whiskies scarce because every bottle drunk is one less in the world. “The whisky bottlings were mostly offered to end-consumers and I wanted a product which I could also offer to the bars. I played with the idea of creating my own gin for two years and after speaking to Malaysian bartenders and a Belgian distiller, I finally decided to go ahead with the idea,” she recalled. Lim subsequently created three locally inspired flavours named Nasty Nangka (jackfruit), Pandan Predator and Gawky Galangal, each made with 17 different types of raw botanicals in small batches of 500 bottles. Distilled and bottled in Belgium by De Cort Distillery, Lim chose this “field-to-bottle” distillery because she liked that they used only raw produce from farms. The distillery also doesn’t use artificial flavourings and steeps its ingredients for 36 hours before distilling them in copper Holstein stills. “A lot of thought and effort went into the gin because one can easily tell the quality from tasting the gin neat. I even airfreighted the jackfruit over to Belgium for this gin,” she enthused. Despite this, she found that bottling a product like gin was not without its challenges. “When marketing my gins, I realised that many bars prefer to sell more cost-effective gins,” she revealed. “I’m competing at a premium level and that is not easy because many consumers think that a gin is just a gin, unlike whisky where the consumer can easily differentiate between a premium whisky and others by the vintage.” Since the pandemic, Lim hasn’t been able to return to Malaysia, but she reports that the virus has not dampened "spirits” in Europe, as sales of whisky and wine spiked. However her dedicated distributors in Malaysia (Wholly Spirits), Singapore (The Auld Alliance) and Australia (Select Spirits) who sell her gin at bars were affected during lockdown. In the meantime, Lim is looking at champagne: “I bought a 2018 single cask Champagne and I’m returning to Champagne at least [once] every year to taste the Champagne I’ve bought to see when’s the right time for disgorgement. It’ll be really refreshing and exciting to bring out an independent bottling of single cask Champagne, which I believe is still a rare sight in the market.”

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Tin Can Crusher Machine. General Description of Tin Can Crusher. Tin can crusher used to crush the waste aluminum tin cans or iron cans which widely used in area such as phillipine,Malaysia,Turkey,Etc.It’s also suitable for profiles,car engine Etc. CAN CRUSHER AND GLASS CRUSHER – MODEL 250 “High Volume Can and Glass Crusher Ideal for Can Manufacturers, Recycling Centers, Bottlers and Breweries” This crusher is user friendly, easy to maintain and requires no change in machine setup to crush cans or glass. Built for hard use and trouble free operation with minimal maintenance or upkeep.Read More Industrial Metal Crusher Line Waste Car Crusher Steel Crusher. Manufacturer Dianyan. Introduction Scrap Metal Crusher Machine also called scrap iron crusher, cans crusher, scrap steel crusher, paint pot crusher and other different names. Metal crusher cans mill is a very popular series of crushi $989. Shanghai, China. The primary crushing, intermediate crushing and fine crushing can be well handled by our jaw crushers, impact crushers, cone crushers, and other crushers. sand making machine Sand making machine is used for artificial sand making, stone shaping in building aggregate, highway, asphalt concrete and cement aggregate production.Read More New and Used Crushing Screening insights. There are 211 Crushing Screening for sale in Australia from which to choose. Overall 57 of Crushing Screening buyers enquire on only used listings, 41 on new and 7.95 on both new and used Crushing Screening items.Buyers usually enquire on 2.14 different Crushing Screening classifieds before organising finance for Crushing. Ideal for crushing and flattening cans for easy storage in recycling bins. This heavy gauge steel can crusher is a device used for crushing and flattening aluminium cans for easier storage in recycling bins. It features a comfortable grip handle and includes a bottle cap opener. Ensure you have a sustainable footprint, through increased.Read More Oct 28, 2019 Our Can Crushers for Sale or Hire. At Landfill Alternatives, we offer a comprehensive range of industrial Can Crushers suitable for crushing aerosols to 50-litre cans and everything in between. All of our Can Crushers are available to buy or lease. Our commercial-grade machines offer a 5 1 compaction ratio and can crush cans by up to 80 . Hot sale high capacity recycle machine Yuhong industrial aluminum can crusher 1.Introduction of Hot sale high capacity recycle machine Yuhong industrial aluminum can crusher Metal crusher is popular in the field of metal recycling mill metal processing equipment, the machine can crush materials include Sprite cans, Lulu cans, Red Bull cans, cans, can crush beverage cans, paint cans can.Read More Nov 04, 2021 Marion, North Carolina 28752. Phone (828) 766-5122. View Details. Email Seller Video Chat. Crusher Operation for sale featuring Metso LT106 Crushing Plant (557 crushing hours), Metso LT300HP Cone Crushing Plant (534 crushing hours) and. May 08, 2021 Dewo machinery can provides complete set of crushing and screening line, including Hydraulic Cone Crusher, Jaw Crusher, Impact Crusher, Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher (Sand Making Machine), fixed and movable rock crushing line, but also provides turnkey project for cement production line, ore beneficiation production line and drying production line.Read More Crusher Machine For Sale in the Philippines Crusher machine for sale is the mechanical equipment used to crush minerals. Generally, a crushing machine can crush different materials, such as river pebbles, granite, limestone, basalt, ore, rock, stone, gypsum, coal, etc.According to the feed particle size and discharge size, the process of crushing includes three stages, coarse crushing, medium. Nov 18, 2021 Dewo machinery can provides complete set of crushing and screening line, including Hydraulic Cone Crusher, Jaw Crusher, Impact Crusher, Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher (Sand Making Machine), fixed and movable rock crushing line, but also provides turnkey project for cement production line, ore beneficiation production line and drying production line.Read More Mar 15, 2021 Dewo machinery can provides complete set of crushing and screening line, including Hydraulic Cone Crusher, Jaw Crusher, Impact Crusher, Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher (Sand Making Machine), fixed and movable rock crushing line, but also provides turnkey project for cement production line, ore beneficiation production line and drying production line. Aug 19, 2015 Crushing cans can be a long and hard process when you have a bag with empty aluminum soda or beer cans after a party, and although a regular can crusher or a semi-automatic can crusher can make this process a lot efficient, you can still get tired easily after few dozens of aluminum cans compressed. So to make this process even effective some handy people have.Read More Jaw crusher for sale is mainly used for the primary crushing of various of ores and large materials.A single jaw crusher machine can produce up to 1000 tons per hour. The raw materials it can crusher include quartz stone, bluestone, river pebbles, pebbles, limestone, iron ore, and so on. over, it is widely used in mining, smelting, building materials, highway, railway, water conservancy. The working device of the SX crushing machine consist of the chain and the blade. With such crushing device, you can easily crush materials with a moisture content of 40 to a state that can be granulated. We set up a observation window on the crushing machine. You can change the broken parts in 10 min.Read More Sep 02, 2021 The glass can be crushed by a single crushing machine or a combination of multiple devices, which also depends on customer needs and the using occasion of the crusher. If you have any requirements about glass crusher, please consult Fote Heavy Machinery and we will provide you with the detailed parameters and quotation of the above glass. The commercial bone grinder machine is the high-efficiency crushing equipment for crushing various animal bones into fine bone fragments, bone mud, and bone powder. The bone grinder fineness is between 3-5mm. If combined with a fine bone mud machine, the fineness of bone crushing can reach 180-200 mesh. This industrial bone crusher machine can crush all kinds of dry bones and fresh.Read More Oct 19, 2020 A fter spending over 40 hours and crushing over 1,000 soda cans we determined that Easy Pull‘s auto-dispensing can crusher is the best can crusher. The Easy Pull proved to be quick, simple to use and very affordable. Additionally, its design for crushing cans virtually eliminates the risk of cutting your fingers on a ragged edge. The best choice for jaw crusher for sale is Constmach. As a stone crushing and screening plant - jaw crusher equipment manufacturer and suppliers for 20 years, we offer professional support. Jaw crusher technical specifications Feed opening size 1.100 x 850 mm. Capacity 250-300 tph Maximum feding size 1050 x 800 mm Power heavy duty ac.Read More Mil-Tek can crushing machine. Ideal for crushing tin, aluminium and steel cans for recycling and space saving purposes. No electrical requirements, just requires a compressed air supply. Features. Test Pressure of 11 Bar. Operating pressure of 8 Bar. Maximum can height is 460mm. Max can diameter of 300mm. Safety door lock switch. Small footprint. The Alu-Crusher is a robust can crusher, manufactured in South Africa, designed to crush beverage cans up to 440ml (long tom cans). The Alu-Crusher addresses environmental waste management issues by allowing households, sports clubs, hotels and lodges to vastly reduce the volume of their beverage can waste.Read More Can Crusher from Fishpond.co.nz online store. Millions of products all with free shipping New Zealand wide. Lowest prices guaranteed. Check to see if your can crusher can crush plastic bottles. A number of can crushers are able to handle plastic water bottles – another space hog in the recycling bin. However, plastic shards could get stuck in your machine, so check the manufacturer’s instructions first. Take care of your can crusher.Read More Copyright © 2021. Henan Industrio Mining Machinery Company All rights reserved sitemap

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River sand washing and screening plant,Sand processing . River sand crushing screening plant is popular in Malaysia, India, Guyana, Nigeria, etc. River Sand Stone. Iron Ore Mining Equipment Limestone Processing Plant . Click. Guyana Iron Mining And Processing Equipment. turnkey mining and process solutions,manhattan offers turnkey solutions to the mining and mineral processing industries. turnkey solutions include design, manufacture, installation, commissioning and operational handover typically on a fixed price contract. larger projects are typically proposed on an epcm basis. . equipment lines mineral.Read More Mining of iron ore is a highly capital- and energy-intensive process. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of the mining and mineral processing of iron ore in Australia was carried out in this chapter. Iron ore crushing and screening machine. Mining and processing of iron ore involves coarse crushing and screening. Iron ore is beneficiated by crushing and then separating the iron from the gangue minerals through screening. This is usually so efficient that lower grade ore can be treated especially when the magnetite is quite coarse. Common.Read More Guyana iron mining and processing machine. Provision of mining equipment. Large scale investors for the mining industry, especially in the areas of gold and bauxite, for exploration purposes and to improve the efficiency and productivity of operations. On the services end, there is the need for processing labs and drilling companies. Dec 15, 2019 Alluvial mining crusher costs guyana Alluvial Mining Crusher Mill China Related Equipments vibrating feeder jaw crusher cone crusher sand maker and Mobile Iron Ore Crusher Provider In India 800tph iron ore upgrading project in China. car crushing equipmentRock Crusher Equipment car crushing equipment is a leading global manufacturer of.Read More Guyana iron mining and processing equipment. Nov 29 2019 183 guyana iron mining and processing equipment Bucket Gold Dredge For Sale. Packaging Details 1 LCL Wood case or channel steel frame with iron piece A gold dredge is a placer mining machine that extracts gold from sand gravel and Nigeria Colombia Mozambique Sierra Leone Cameroon Brazil Guyana of gold. MINING AND PROCESSING Iron ore mining can be broadly divided into two categories namely 1) manual mining which is employed in small mines and 2) mechanized mining is suitable for large iron ore mines. Manual mining method is normally limited to float ores and small mines. Mining of reef ore is also being done manually on a small scale.Read More Pertains to mercury use, the gold mining and processing technologies currently being used by miners in the Guianas (Suriname, Guyana and French Department of La Guyane), and identifies some alternative mercury free techniques that can be adopted. Future Technical Papers will examine other aspects of the gold mining sector. Mining separation - magnetic separation and sensor sorting solutions for improved throughput and recovery rates in ore sorting and mineral processing From traditional and trusted magnetic separation equipment, right through to innovative sensor sorting technologies, we help our customers achieve their goals with sustainable solutions.Read More Sep 21, 2018 Mining Crushers For Limestone Ores Iran. Mineral rocks ore crushing machines.Stedman impact crushers mills and grinders are used in nearly every mineral and mining industry.Whether you are processing iron ore coal rock salt wood chips or clay to name a . por le mobile stone jaw crusher cj408 machine. The Iron Ore Crushing Line also called Iron Ore crushing plant or Iron Ore crusher plant refers to the dedicated device used for Iron Ore production. 200tph Gold Ore Crushing Line In South Africa The 200t h gold ore crushing line is in South Africa, and the crushing line owner has a mining enterprise for crushing, separating or grinding gold ores.Read More Iron ore processing plant design mobile power screener crushing process, Sino Iron – Process Flow Diagram,Lower Gold Mining Tools and Machine Gold Ore Screening process that are needed for Click. GEA is one of the largest suppliers for the food and beverage processing industry and a wide range of other process industries. Approximately 18,000 employees in than 50 countries contribute significantly to GEA’s success – come and join them! We offer interesting and challenging tasks, a positive working environment in international teams and opportunities for personal development.Read More Guyana 300TPD Gold Mineral Processing Plant This plant adopted the open-pit mining, the raw ore was fragile and contained the mud, less lump ores but fine. Iron Mining Process. At the processing plant, the taconite is crushed into very small pieces by rock crushing machines. The crushers keep crushing the rock until it is the size of a marble. The rock is mixed with water and ground in rotating mills until it is as fine as powder.Read More Mainly equipment pe800 1060 jaw crusher, ball mill, magnetic separation, rotary dryer Guyana 260T H Magnetic Separation Process This client is come from Guyana, there has rich iron ores, and he wants to invest used by the local iron ore. Iron Ore Ball Mill Processing Panola Mining Machine. Iron ore ball mill processing the crushed ore is first transported to the coarse ore stockpile by conveyor belts then fed to each of the six parallel milling lines using apron feeders and conveyor belts each of the milling lines consists of a primary autogenous ag mill and a secondary.Read More Iron ore is the key raw material for steel production enterprises. Generally, iron ore with a grade of less than 50 needs to be processed before smelting and utilization. After crushing, grinding, magnetic separation, flotation, and gravity separation, etc., iron is gradually selected from the natural iron ore. Feb 09, 2013 iron ore extraction process – Coal processing system Machine . If you are looking to buy mining processing equipment you got to the right place! We are the top world wide minel preparation machine manufacturer and seller and can detailed.Read More The harsh environment and varied bulk material sizes in iron ore mining and processing demand technology that’s both durable and can be adjusted to your unique needs. Working in close partnership with the world’s largest iron ore producers over the past 20+ years, we’ve developed a range of solutions that go the extra mile, standing up to. Place of use Guyana Equipment drum washing machine, jaw crusher, spring cone crusher, centrifugal separator, high frequency vibrating screen, belt conveyor, ball mill, hydrocyclone, shaking table, magnetic separator, smelting furnace, slurry pump, clean water pump, electric control cabinet Processed material gulch-gold and rock gold Capacity 100T H.Read More Representative sampling and accurate analysis provide the data you need to optimise all aspects of your exploration and mining processes, giving you Greater control over the life of your mine. A sound basis for making process decisions. A better-quality product – and the proof to back it up. Improved profitability and process efficiency. 3.This iron ore slurry is pumped to the agitation tank. This iron ore slurry is finally pumped to the flotation machine with the fine sulfide ore (~-0.074 mm) going to froth flotation cells for recovery of iron. 4.In magnetite processing plant,the process of flotation separation is replaced by magnetic separation.Read More Copyright © 2021. Henan Industrio Mining Machinery Company All rights reserved sitemap

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2022-05-19T13:07:37Z

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Elbow pain can occur in any of the structures of the elbow outlined below. Irritation from wear and tear, compression, sprain (ligaments), strain (muscles) incorrect mechanics (joints not tracking properly), inflammation of the blood vessels/ bursa/nerves or fractures (bone) can be the cause of the pain. The pain could also be coming from above or below the elbow. Structures of the elbow The elbow is a hinge joint and has 3 bones. The humerus, radius and ulna. Each joint has an articular cartilage to prevent friction. Holding the bones together are 3 ligaments. 6 muscles cross the elbow joint and attach on to the bones via tendons. The other structures involved in the elbow are the blood vessels (veins and arteries), nerves (C5-C8) and bursae. A diagnosis can be difficult without the appropriate training. At Future Proof Care, we will complete a thorough history and examination to gain the correct diagnosis, prior to recommendations and/or treatment. Elbow pain conditions we have diagnosed and/or support Patients have presented to the Future Proof Care Practice on Kings Hill, West Malling with elbow pain from a range of causes. These causes include overuse or repetitive strain injury, trauma or impact from a fall. They can be from Mal-alignment, instability, or sometimes of unknown cause. The conditions outlined below have diagnosed and/or supported within our Practice: - Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) - Golfer’s elbow (Medial epicondylitis) - Mechanical dysfunction - Ulna/radial fractures Some conditions causing elbow symptoms require a referral for imaging or further testing to confirm the diagnosis. We will then, when appropriate, support the person with treatment. Education on how to manage and rehabilitate their presentation will also be provided if it is within the scope of our Practice. Patients that we have helped, described their symptoms as outlined below. Each description points towards a certain diagnosis and is very helpful to understand the cause. If you use any of these terms, book an appointment with one of our Practitioners at Future Proof Care, Kings Hill, West Malling. This is not an exhaustive list. - “Deep ache”. - “Burning sensation”. - Unable to straighten the elbow. - Unable to fully bend the knee. - “Sharp and catching”. - Pins and needles or “tingly”. - Painful to put body weight on. - “Sore on twisting”. - Swollen or “feels like it’s swollen”. - “Feels like spiders walking over it”. - “Feels numb”. - Weakness in hand grip. History and Examination To understand the nature of your presentation, we take a history. A thorough examination is then performed on the elbow, as well as the wrist/hand, shoulder, neck and upper back. The examination usually includes many mechanical, orthopaedic, neurological and muscle tests. A diagnosis with clinical clarity will be achieved prior to establishing the right course of action. Not all Chiropractors, Osteopaths or Physiotherapists treat elbow pain both directly AND indirectly. They may focus only on the spine in isolation or the elbow in isolation. At Future Proof Care, we treat the body as a whole, thereby getting better results quicker. What your elbow symptoms are and why you have them, is the first thing we establish. We then focus on symptom relief. We are honest and act with integrity, keeping you, your goals and needs at the centre of your care. Don’t let elbow pain get in the way of your daily activities. Our practitioners go beyond their training in Chiropractic, Osteopathy. We continually attend seminars and stay up to date with the latest research, sports injury and techniques, so our patients can get the best service.

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https://futureproofcare.co.uk/our-services/elbow-pain/

2022-05-19T12:07:55Z

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en

Everyone is going back to the usual travel routine. That includes fellow minimalists and nature wanderers who like adventuring into the woods for waterfall exploration. Just in Malaysia itself, we’ve already been equipped with over a hundred places to visit for waterfalls. With the geological factors, our waterfalls came with different shapes and sizes, all based on the location that they were formed. As we depend a lot on social media and technology to discover places for our itchy feet, many tend to spend more time on the city spheres and further, countryside areas throughout their journey. Only a few people would dig deeper into underrated or unfamiliar places for the hidden gems. If you happen to be one of those adrenaline-seekers who prefers a day of waterfall trekking but are not sure where to, this article would be suitable for you. Thus, we want to introduce you to the 5 breathtaking places for waterfalls in Malaysia. Chiling Waterfall, Selangor (Image credit: M Zulfadli DB @ Chilling’s Waterfall Kuala Kubu Bharu) Known as one of the most spectacular waterfalls in Selangor, Chiling Waterfall is located at Sungai Chiling Fish Sanctuary, a fisheries research project by the local government. It takes approximately an hour of walking across the Chiling rivers six times from the entrance of Kuala Kubu Bharu. An entrance fee of RM1 is needed at the ranger office upon entering and there are campsites with toilets for the visitors to rest. This waterfall is a good place for picnic, photography, and most excitingly, river jumping for fun. Also, be sure to keep an eye out for Raja Brooke Birdwing butterflies around the river bank. There are a lot of them there. Lata Kinjang Waterfall, Perak (Image credit: Lata Kinjang Waterfall, Chenderiang Perak) Speaking of one of the tallest waterfalls in Malaysia, one shouldn’t remove Lata Kinjang Waterfall from the list. Located in Chenderiang, Perak, the park is 15km from Tapah and 45km from Ipoh. There’s a myth about the waterfall that has been circulated by the locals in that area. Based on folklore, Sang Kelembai, an ancient giant with the power to turn people into stone, visits Lata Kinjang occasionally. That explains the surrounding stones that look like animals and markers that resemble footprints. On top of the 200m tall waterfall to admire, there is an orchid garden and a bamboo park nearby. Be sure to check out the different types of flora and fauna when you visit there. Rainbow Waterfall, Pahang (Image credit: Rainbow Waterfall) Does the idea of admiring the beautiful rainbow reflection on the river appeal to your heart’s desire? If so, you should definitely check out the remarkable Rainbow Waterfall in Pahang. Located in Sungai Lembing, jungle trekkers are required to walk for 45 minutes from Lubuk Beruk before reaching the magnificent waterfall. As the location itself was known as El Dorado of the East for its tin mining activity back in the 1800s, the Muzium Sungai Lembing is just within a walk away and deserves your visitation if you want to learn more history of the town. If you plan to travel there, make sure you do it in the morning (around 9am to 10am) if you want to witness the reflection of a rainbow on the water. Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah (Image credit: @hijazirija) Maliau Basin Conservation Area (MBCA) also known as Sabah’s Lost World is a huge bowl of pristine forests described as one of the few remaining untouched wilderness areas in the world. The whole Basin is a single huge water catchment, drained by only one river, the Maliau River, which flows out through a gorge in the southeast of the Basin, joining the Kuamut River and eventually the Kinabatangan, Sabah’s largest and most important river (source from MBCA). While the conservation area is well-known for its geomorphological wonders, the visitors will expect to explore various flora and fauna within the woods with programs and activities available, that includes the waterfalls exploration. According to the field investigation, Maliau Basin houses the highest number of waterfalls per unit area in Malaysia, one of them being the magnificent 7-tier Maliau Falls. It’s definitely worth your attention if you happen to travel to Sabah across East Malaysia. Chin Farm Waterfall, Penang (Image credit: @Joeltzy) Here’s another hidden gem that isn’t known by many, including locals as well. Chin Farm Waterfall is a marvelous waterfall in Batu Ferringhi, Penang. The entrance is across the road from Bayview Beach Hotel and it requires a few minutes’ walks before you reach the waterfall area. The depth might not be suitable for water jump stunts, but it’s good enough for someone to dip their body down in the water and enjoy the quiet nature. This place is undoubtedly a heaven for daredevils to walk through the forest and climb through slippery rocks before reaching this bucolic utopia. Waterfall serves a jolly good purpose for hiking trails and trip goals. Apart from that, it’s also a haven for your mental health break (meditation, yoga, and cold water to release your tension). There’s also a scientific explanation that goes with the theory of humans getting positive energy from waterfalls’ negative ions and turning them into happiness. With several reasons to love waterfalls, there’s no excuse for someone to navigate the closest destinations from the list we provided above for their next nature adventure. We hope you enjoy the fun with the waterfalls in Malaysia. Travelling during the National Recovery Plan (NPR) Meanwhile, be sure to check out the latest SOPs before travelling. - The tourism bubble is only eligible for fully vaccinated individuals, except those living in the EMCO areas. - Children below 18 without vaccinations are allowed to travel with fully vaccinated parents. - Tourists must present their digital certificate of COVID-19 vaccination whenever asked by the authorities. - Tourists must bring along the receipts and booking confirmation as evidence that they are visiting for vacation. - Tourists are allowed to travel by flight and land. However, they are instructed to book the transportations through a tour agency if they journey by land. - Most travel activities are allowed to resume, such as nature parks, aquariums, zoos, museums, galleries, theme parks, and other activities such as watersports, jungle trekking, hiking, camping, island hopping, and more. - Hotel facilities and amenities such as swimming pools, gyms, and lounges can resume their operations as usual. - Everyone still requires to follow the SOPs to minimize the risk of virus outbreak despite the relaxation applied. - Swab test is essential prior to departure. Tourplus, a personalized travel platform, is an online travel agency (OTA) that provides a digital local travel guide (certified driver guides and customizable itineraries with reviews available to ease tourists’ user experience) to tourists. Itineraries such as flights, F&B outlets, shopping malls, hospitality and accommodations, tourist attractions, and more are inevitable items on a trip. Hence, Tourplus came in handy by collating merchants into the list of choices for users to browse through before making decisions. Currently, Tourplus is moving towards becoming a social travel app that doesn’t only serve as a catalog for users to browse through recommended places, but also a place for social networking among travellers, which makes it more interesting to be acquired, and it’s manufactured in Malaysia. We hope you enjoy using Tourplus for your travel discovery in this multiracial country. – – – Featured Image Credit: Rainbow Waterfall Curators: Crystal Lim and Jane Lim

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https://hello.tourplus.my/travel/travel-guides-and-tips/5-stunning-waterfalls-in-malaysia-to-be-on-your-list/

2022-05-19T11:48:19Z

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en

عملکرد قیمت محدود: شواهد از داده های معاملات و کتاب محدود سفارش |کد مقاله||سال انتشار||تعداد صفحات مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی| |9035||2005||22 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید| نسخه انگلیسی مقاله همین الان قابل دانلود است. هزینه ترجمه مقاله بر اساس تعداد کلمات مقاله انگلیسی محاسبه می شود. این مقاله تقریباً شامل 11222 کلمه می باشد. هزینه ترجمه مقاله توسط مترجمان با تجربه، طبق جدول زیر محاسبه می شود: Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت) Journal : Journal of Empirical Finance, Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2005, Pages 269–290 In recent years, organized stock exchanges with daily price limits adopted wider limits as narrower limits were criticized for jeopardizing market efficiency. This study examines the impact of a wide price limit on price discovery processes, using data from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Specifically, examined is the impact of daily price limits on (i) information asymmetry; (ii) arrival rates of informed traders; and (iii) order imbalance. Using both trade-to-trade transaction data and the limit order book, we compile evidence that price limits do not improve information asymmetry, delays the arrival of informed traders, and exacerbates order imbalance. These results suggest that price limits on individual securities do not improve price discovery processes but impose serious costs even when the limit band is as wide as 30%. In the securities markets, daily price limits represent literal boundaries on where individual security prices are allowed to move, often both upward and downward, and they are typically prespecified by a percentage based on a previous trading session's closing price. Such price limit mechanisms are employed in the U.S. futures markets, but they are also used in many stock exchanges around the world, including Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and Thailand (Roll, 1989, Rhee and Chang, 1993 and Rhee, 2000). Despite their significant presence, however, Harris (1998) contends that we still do not know enough about these market mechanisms to make informed decisions regarding market regulation. Harris (1998) states that appropriate study samples using U.S. data are difficult to obtain. For example, most price limit studies using U.S. futures market data are only able to employ a few contracts (e.g., Chen, 1998 and Ma et al., 1989), which hinders cross-sectional analyses. Consequently, France et al. (1994) state that there are many unanswered questions regarding price limit mechanisms. In our paper, we attempt to provide some much-needed insight into the effects of price limits by investigating transactions data and the limit order book of a stock market that imposes a daily price limit on its individual securities.1 Specifically, we study the price limit system of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) of Malaysia. The primary impetus for studying the KLSE is that we wish to study a market with a wide price limit. The KLSE uses a 30% price limit per trading session. This limit band is much wider than most other exchanges. Recently, several papers have examined the impacts of narrow price limits and have found them to be overly restrictive. For example, Chen (1997) examines Taiwan's previous 7% price limit, Chen (1998) and Park (2000) study the relatively narrow price limits of the U.S. futures markets, Kim and Rhee (1997) investigate the narrow limits of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and Phylaktis et al. (1999) examine the 4–8% price limit of the Athens Stock Exchange. All of these researchers find potential problems with price limits. However, based on their research, we do not really know whether narrow price limits are bad, or if price limits per se are bad. A policy question that is often raised is “if price limits are to be adopted, then what is the appropriate level?” In fact, conventional wisdom even suggests that wide price limits may be harmless. For example, the Stock Exchange of Thailand recently increased their price limit from 10% to 30%, and the Korea Stock Exchange recently increased their price limit from 6% to 15%. Thus, the impact of wide price limits remains an important policy issue, and a study of wide price limits brings out practical merits for market regulators and for academicians with regulatory policy research interests. The 30% price limit per trading session of the KLSE, therefore, should provide an important first step toward investigating this issue.2 Practical considerations also led us to study the KLSE. Among the few stock markets that we wished to investigate, the KLSE was the only one whose transaction data and limit order book data were available to us. Transactions data and/or limit order books from non-U.S. exchanges are difficult to obtain (and decipher), as reflected by the lack of non-U.S. market microstructure studies.3 Therefore, while this paper contributes to the important expanding market microstructure literature, we also view the fact that our data allow us to study price limit effects at the microstructure level as extremely fortuitous. For example, rather than making inferences on market behavior using only daily data, we will be able to actually observe what happens just prior to, and immediately after, a price-limit-hit. As noted by Lehmann (1989) and Ma et al. (1989), it is difficult to assess price limit effects when relying on only daily data. Finally, as pointed out by Harris (1998), the main reason why price limit studies are “quite scant” is primarily due to the lack of meaningful data. Aside from examining the transactions data and limit order book of a market that employs a wide price limit, our research makes several other very important contributions. First, we examine the impact of price limits on information asymmetry. A popular justification for price limit mechanisms is that they moderate the effects of uncertainty and/or irrationality in the markets by imposing price boundaries. When an “irrational” price reaches its limit, it supposedly provides all traders with time to assess and to recognize the ‘true’ or equilibrium price (for example, the Tokyo Stock Exchange states that their price limits represent “time-out” opportunities). In this context, price limits are supposed to mitigate information asymmetry. However, Amihud and Mendelson (1987, 1991) and Gerety and Mulherin (1992) argue that rational equilibrium prices can only be realized through continuous trading. In addition, informed traders with private information may be unable or unwilling to reveal their information when price limits are hit simply because prices are not allowed to move beyond their limits (Kim and Rhee, 1997 and Kim and Sweeney, 2002). Hence, price limits may not mitigate information asymmetry, but instead, price limits may actually increase information asymmetry. We investigate this issue by examining the degree of information asymmetry before and after a price-limit-hit. If limit-hits do provide time for information dissemination and revelation, then the degree of information asymmetry should be reduced after the limit-hit. Our results, however, indicate that price-limit-hits do not reduce information asymmetry. Our investigation of information asymmetry naturally leads to another, but related, empirical investigation. When the degree of information asymmetry is high, then there is more noise (uninformed) trading (French and Roll, 1986). Uninformed trading leads to price volatility that is unrelated to fundamental value and thus undesirable. Miller (1991) refers to this harmful volatility as episodic volatility, and Harris (1998) refers to it as transitory volatility. During times of uncertainty, if noise trading intensifies, then it may be useful to curb trading. However, the existence of price limits may just as likely exacerbate the noise-trading problem. Kim and Rhee (1997) and Kim and Sweeney (2002) conjecture that information-based trading does not take place during trading sessions when limit-hits occur because rational expectation prices cannot be realized. Instead, informed traders must wait for subsequent trading sessions when price limits have been revised, which mean that information revelation and price discovery is delayed. In the Kim and Rhee (1997) study, they examine price continuation and reversal behavior to see if price limits delay information-based trading. In our investigation, we conduct a much more direct investigation by comparing arrival rates of informed traders before and after a limit-hit. Overall, we find that arrival rates increase after a limit-hit, revealing a delay in information revelation. A third empirical investigation focuses on order imbalance. On one hand, price-limit-hits can be induced by order imbalances, as one-sided supply or demand will drive prices to the limit (Lehmann, 1989). In other words, order imbalances lead to limit-hits. However, it is also possible that the existence of price limits may actually create or exacerbate order imbalances, which, in turn, lead to limit-hits. For example, traders may suboptimally advance their trades in anticipation of a price-limit-hit, which then accelerates the price movement to the limit-hits.4 If traders suspect that trading will cease when prices reach the upper (lower) limit, they will then buy (sell) frantically before the price-limit-hit occurs. This behavior suggests that volume will be one-sided prior to the limit-hit. In other words, the price limits themselves could cause order imbalances. To investigate the impact of price limits on order imbalances, we examine the KLSE order file just prior to and immediately after a limit-hit. We find order imbalances prior to the limit-hit, which is consistent with the view that the impending limit-hit causes order imbalances. For example, for a control group that also experienced a large price change, but without a limit-hit, we do not find a similar order imbalance just prior to its large price change. Further, when we look to the period immediately after limit-hits, we find order imbalance reversals (i.e., an order imbalance exists, but in the other direction). This reversal activity further suggests that traders are attempting to correct for (reverse) their earlier suboptimal trades. If the prehit trades had been not suboptimally executed in anticipation of an impending limit-hit, then an order imbalance during the postlimit-hit period would not have been observed. Overall, this evidence suggests that limit-hits disrupt the liquidity of the markets and cause order imbalances. Finally, we should mention that the past empirical work on price limits has focused primarily on volatility. The recent literature is beginning to converge toward the opinion that price limits do not moderate volatility (for example, see Chen's, 1998 and Park's, 2000 studies on U.S. futures markets, Kim's, 2001 study of the Taiwan Stock Exchange, Kim and Rhee's, 1997 study of the Japanese market, and Phylaktis et al.'s, 1999 study of the Greek market). However, if excessive volatility is an outcome of irrational behavior and if price limits exacerbates this, as the literature suggests, then it may be just as important, if not more important, to focus on exactly why price limits cannot reduce harmful volatility. Prior papers do not explicitly investigate this issue, leaving the relationship between price limits and volatility as somewhat ambiguous. In our paper, we provide some important empirical evidence on the link between price limits and excessive volatility. If price limits do not reduce information asymmetry, but instead delays information trading and contributes to the order imbalance, then this reveals how and why price limits are ineffective in reducing transitory volatility. Therefore, what further differentiates our paper from others is that we address important questions that have been raised regarding price limits but not yet been investigated. The rest of this study is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the institutional background of the KLSE. Section 3 describes our data and presents summary statistics. Section 4 outlines our empirical design and findings. The last section summarizes the results and presents concluding remarks. نتیجه گیری انگلیسی This paper studies the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's 30% price limit system. Prior papers have criticized narrow price limits, and, consequently, these studies can only suggest that narrow price limits, not price limits per se, are bad (which is a rather unsurprising finding). An ‘optimal’ price limit range, if it exists, could occur at wider price limits. By examining the KLSE's wide price limit band, we take an important first step towards addressing this issue. In addition, the KLSE is a useful market to study because its market characteristics (e.g., volatility and turnover activity) are similar to other markets, making our findings potentially applicable to other markets. At the same time, the KLSE employs a call auction trading system, giving us an opportunity to see price limits effects under a somewhat unique market structure. Finally, our study makes use of transactions data and the limit order book. Thus, we are able to contribute to the expanding market microstructure literature, while adding to the price limit literature with more meaningful data. In this paper, we address new research questions regarding price limits. Specifically, we examine the impacts of price limits on information asymmetry, arrival rates of informed traders, and order imbalance. In conducting our study, we first identify a study sample of stocks that actually hit their price limit. By comparing the pre- and posthit periods, we can then identify the impact of the limit-hit. However, we are well aware that any observed differences between the pre- and posthit periods could be associated to (i) the price-limit-hit or (ii) the large price change. Therefore, we create a control sample of stocks that also experience a large price change but did not hit their limit. By looking at pre- to posthit period changes within each stock group and by comparing these changes across the two stock groups, we can better identify the impacts of price limits. Specifically, we find that price limits (1) do not improve information asymmetry, (2) delay the arrival of information, and (3) cause order imbalances prior to and after a limit-hit. In conclusion, our results reveal that even in a market with a wide price limit band, price limits do not improve market efficiency but impose serious costs. Recently, the Stock Exchange of Thailand expanded their price limits from 10% to 30%, but the Taiwan Stock Exchange narrowed their price limits from 7% to 3.5%. However, based on prior research and our own empirical study, trying to identify the optimal price limit level may be a futile task. Instead, policy makers may wish to consider eliminating these price limit mechanisms.

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https://isiarticles.com/article/9035

2022-05-19T13:15:47Z

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Since we arrived late at the Lake Garden the last time we decided it would be a good idea to explore it more by early morning. Today is the day and we’re going to have a picnic. Once we finished breakfast, Noel cooked a typical Filipino picnic food—pansit. Peanut butter sandwiches were also prepared and again, I was just the eager kitchen onlooker. Our taxi driver to the Lake Garden was Badri who just like any other Malaysians we met is a Jericho Rosales fan. He was so delighted when he learned that we’re from the Philippines. He openly told us that he likes Jericho’s movies a lot that he spent several tear-jerking moments watching it. Badri was fun to be with as he talks and smiles a lot. I can sense from the way he talks about everything that he’s one proud Malaysian. We were supposed to go start our day at the KL Bird Park, which is one of the sections of the garden, but had to cancel it when they saw that the entrance fee would cost each of us RM 35. With me protesting mentally, the three voted to check other attractions around for free or cheap attractions. We did not regret scrapping the Bird Park tour as we soon discovered that some of its birds and aviaries can be seen just along the road. Settled in on one of the park’s tables and after enjoying our picnic food, we started to look for the ‘lake’ in the Lake Garden. At first what we saw was somewhat disappointing as the lake appears to have accumulated moss and looks as if it had been stagnant for a long time. Not to be deterred by the ugly sight we pushed further south and that’s when things began to get interesting once more. We passed by the Fantasy Planet playground where for a moment we turned into kids as we appreciate the sight of colorful slides, play bridges and spiral bars. As we neared the boathouse, the sky went a bit gray and started to drizzle. So we took shelter, the girls were at the swing while Noel and I under a shed. It was where we got to chat with Rosman who is the area’s security guard. We talked about a lot of things from park birds, cars, gadgets and even religion. And the more we talk with him the more I learn about what Muslims seem to be like. At this point of our trip, I’ve conversed with a lot actually and I haven’t found any rude ones. They’re actually just like us Catholics, not so different after all. The sun eventually got past the gray clouds and we continued with our tour of the garden. After quickly finishing our food, the park’s shuttle driver arrived and we got the chance to completely cover the whole Lake Garden paying only RM 0.50 each. Once the shuttle tour was over we decided it was time to leave. We needed a taxi going back and someone advised that we can just go straight further and we would get a cab from there. That direction led us to an underpass. Not knowing what to expect, we pushed through anyway and soon discovered that we’re heading straight into the National Museum. We checked and it was just 4 p.m. and we still have a couple of hours before closing time. Entrance fee was only RM 2.0 each. One thing I liked in there is that we were allowed to take pictures and videos. What I hated though, was its low light condition and that I was running low on video 8 cartridge space. Ti abi. To cap the day, we stopped by KL’s biggest mall—Mid Valley Megamall. The myth, actually overheard from colleague, that there’s no big and good mall in Malaysia is now busted totally.

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https://marcuscanblog.com/2007/05/11/day-5-taman-tasik-perdana/

2022-05-19T13:08:02Z

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UK Publisher: Hodder & Stoughton Genre: Epic fantasy, LGBT+ fiction, YA In this richly developed fantasy, Lei is a member of the Paper caste, the lowest and most persecuted class of people in Ikhara. She lives in a remote village with her father, where the decade-old trauma of watching her mother snatched by royal guards for an unknown fate still haunts her. Now, the guards are back and this time it’s Lei they’re after — the girl with the golden eyes whose rumored beauty has piqued the king’s interest. Over weeks of training in the opulent but oppressive palace, Lei and eight other girls learns the skills and charm that befit a king’s consort. There, she does the unthinkable — she falls in love. Her forbidden romance becomes enmeshed with an explosive plot that threatens her world’s entire way of life. Lei, still the wide-eyed country girl at heart, must decide how far she’s willing to go for justice and revenge. This book was one I put on my Birthday and Christmas list last year. I’d seen a lot of hype about it, and I was excited. One thing that particularly impressed me about this book, before I had even started reading it, was the fact that there were two separate content warnings, and a detailed introduction from the author again providing content warnings, but also explaining her reasoning behind this and giving details of places for readers to seek help should they have faced any of the issues raised in the book. This reminded me a little of The Poppy War, where the author discussed in her blog her reasonings behind including one particular chapter – although it seems unfortunate that the warnings were not included on the book, as with Girls of Paper and Fire, as I think many readers would be unlikely to find the blog until after they had read the book. It’s good that there is a warning. There is nothing particularly graphic in terms of sex, but the violence surrounding it is at times quite brutal (early spoiler: the dog dies in a pretty gruesome way a few pages in), and there is just a constant threat of violation and control which follows the narrative the entire time. It’s psychologically exhausting, and I can only imagine how much worse it would be if I were unlucky enough to have triggers. When I started reading this, I also started rewatching Empresses in the Palace, a Chinese historical drama which is currently (February 19) available on UK Netflix, but which I also got on DVD for Christmas. The theme is similar – girls are required to audition to become part of the Emperor’s harem for the honour of their family. Huan, the main character, doesn’t wish to be chosen, but she is and finds herself an unwilling concubine. The series is completely lush and beautiful, although only available in an abridged version outside of China, which is at times a little garbled for losing some details. The reason I reflect on this is because, whilst Girls of Paper and Fire is a fantasy, both approach a similar subject matter, and portray a similar reticence between the main characters when they are first introduced to the harem. Except, Huan is there out of obligation to her family; Lei is there because she was abducted and her family threatened if she did not comply. In Empresses in the Palace, Huan does what she can to avoid being called, but begins to form a real attachment to the Emperor when he finds her in the gardens and pretends to be someone else so she will speak with him. In Girls of Paper and Fire, Lei dreads being called, but knows it is inevitable, a constant weight for her to carry around. At times I hoped that things would work out for Lei the way they worked out for Huan (although, if you’ve seen Empresses in the Palace, you’ll know I’ve simplified things… a lot), but the Demon King has no softer side. He is violent, a bully, and potentially mad. I enjoyed reading this and reflecting on the contrast between the two stories. Perhaps Huan’s story is more in tune with other Paper Girls, but it is a complete contrast to Lei’s. There is a clear caste system in place in the book, with Moon Caste – full demons – at the top of the pecking order, then Steel Caste half-demons, and finally Paper Caste humans as the subservient underclass. This is an interesting and fun reversal of fortunes from the society in Empress of All Seasons, which put demons as the underclass, and humans on top. The politics playing out around Lei during her time in the palace are fascinating, and I’m looking forward to seeing how this is developed in the sequel. Lei does get a love story, with Wren, another of the paper girls. This is lovely and tender and a little heartbreaking, and extremely tense because of the constant threat of discovery, of retribution, of how it could all be taken away from them at any moment. I just wanted to relax into it and have them be safe and happy, but instead I was continually terrified that it was all going to end at any second. I was also second-guessing the motives of everyone else in the book – who was going to betray them? It was inevitable someone would, but who would it be? I think, considering Lei’s lesbianism, there could be something strongly allegorical to be read into the fact that the Demon King is literally a monster. In some countries there are still instances of “corrective rape” used against lesbians, this personification of outright menace, cruelty, and disgust seems ideally placed to be representative of this within the book. The Demon King is more than just one man, one demon – perhaps he is supposed to be representative of this repugnant culture and give a face to something pervasive and wrong within society. In doing so, this gives us something tangible to fight, to defeat. Perhaps I’m reading a little into this, but I feel that there is something to be considered in the fact that this book is not just about rape, but specifically the rape of a gay woman, a violation across multiple levels. Perhaps the only thing I would have wished for would be more time with the Demon King, more time exploring his madness and mania. But that would not have worked structurally for Lei’s narrative. He is too volatile, too violent for Lei to have spent more time with him outside of their “appointments”, and I wouldn’t wish more intimate time with him on Lei. If there had been a way to contrive her spending time with him in a non-sexual way, a way to explore fully the unravelling of his clearly already threadbare sanity. In the end, though, I feel like perhaps he works well as a looming threat rather than as a real character. It lends to the metaphor, that he is the actualisation of the persistent threat that, really, all women feel at the back of their minds – when you’re walking alone, at night, and pass a group of men, that feeling. Nothing may come of it, but the threat is still there, just as the Demon King may not be physically present and still be constantly in Lei’s mind. There was a lot I loved about this book – particularly that Ikhara seemed to cover the whole of Asia, from India to Malaysia, China to Japan, and some of the different cultures were seen within the wider world of the story. It made the kingdom feel vast, and gave the reader a full sense of the scale of what the Demon King was doing to the world, and the potential for repercussions if his madness took full hold. I’m looking forward to the sequel, and to seeing how this is developed. - A historical fantasy which takes cultures from across Asia to provide an interesting and broad world, and presents a sympathetic main character in Lei. - This is a book which deals with rape, and instead of sugar coating things, makes sure the threat and aftermath are clearly dealt with. It also gives plenty of pre-warnings and, in the introduction, provides details of places the reader can turn to for support should they need it. - It’s a book which maintains tension and threat whilst also providing some wonderful soft moments between Lei and the people important to her. This is not an easy, relaxing read, but there are definitely some beautiful moments within it. Rating: 4/5 – I feel like it is hard to rate this fully without seeing how the story will finish, but this start is so strong I have faith it will continue.

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https://nerdslikeme.co.uk/2019/02/11/review-girls-of-paper-and-fire-natasha-ngan/

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How Richard Dawkins led me to Islam A student at Cambridge Muslim College. I grew up in a town in Northern England. It is an area where many Muslims, predominantly from a South Asian background, settled in recent decades so the world I was brought up into was not entirely monocultural. However, as a child you accept what your parents say without question. My parents were regular church-attending Christians of the Baptist denomination. The churches are plain and simply decorated without statues or icons, and believer’s baptism is practiced, following what they believe to be the practice of John the Baptist (Yahya). This is to purify people from their sins and let them be ‘born again’ with a new life in Christ. I was a thoughtful child, with a lot of questions. Nevertheless, I liked the way church worship songs made me feel and the beautiful teachings of Jesus from the Gospels. I also had an aptitude for learning the stories of other prophets, so I enjoyed Sunday school and continued to attend into my early teens. Several times I attempted to read the Bible from start to finish, which is unusual amongst Christians. I also started my prayer with ‘Dear God’ most of the time, rather than the more Islamically problematic ‘Our Father’ or ‘Dear Jesus’. I also remember in religious education class that we were once asked to draw a representation of what God meant to us. I went against the majority by simply leaving a blank sheet of paper, for I believed that in some sense God was light and impossible to represent. Things changed when my family moved to Australia. A totally different natural environment (where Christmas, a pagan winter festival, falls in the middle of summer) and a failure of my parents to settle comfortably in one church led me to fall away from regular attendance, and whereas before I had eagerly prayed for the Holy Spirit and ‘Jesus to enter my heart’, I started to think more critically as I realised the diversity of Christianity. I attended an Anglican high school with very traditional services including a pipe organ, stiff wooden benches, enrobed clergy and swinging incense burners. I started to wonder if singing was really worship, when schoolboys used to sing with such bored or mocking expressions. Around this time, I came across a YouTube clip of my great uncle Howard Conder, who has an evangelical Christian television channel in the UK. He had invited Richard Dawkins, the outspoken evolutionary biologist and atheist, as a special guest. The conversation began as a discussion of creationism, but Dawkins quickly moved to refute several of Christianity’s core doctrine, notably original sin and the blood atonement. While it was performed maliciously, I must credit my disillusionment with Christianity today to this argument. He pointed out the futility of an All-Powerful God requiring an ultimate sacrifice to pay for human sin and paying for it Himself with His Son (sic). If he were beholden to a higher Law of Justice He would not then be the monotheistic God. I read widely and at that time I found a copy of Plato’s Republic in the library. I was entranced by the beauty of classical philosophy and decided henceforth that I believed in a God of Platonic forms. Although at this point I started to study Earth science at university and accepted the geological evidence that the world is much older than the Bible says, I maintained a foothold in metaphysics through Plato that enabled me to escape the reductionist materialism, logical positivism and agnosticism which affects so many in our age. I still prayed and read the Bible, but I grappled with its historicity. I watched an online lecture series at this time to find more about the compilation of the Bible over centuries. University opened my experience to the diversity of our world, and along with many international or locally born students from an Asian or African background, I made friends with a young Muslim woman online from Singapore. Our conversations were very enlightening and gave me a fresh, Eastern perspective. In the summer holiday I decided to travel to Southeast Asia to do some volunteering and visit my friend while passing through her country. While there, I picked up an English translation of the Quran on Arab street and began to read it slowly from cover to cover. As I read I became convinced that it was from God and with my friend’s example I did not rush to the worst conclusions about the difficult verses. The anti-anthropomorphic aspect resonated with me, as well as the potential (that I saw at the time) for interpreting it in a universalist manner. I was very concerned with the Divine Justice. If Allah is Most Just, surely the people who had not encountered the message of monotheism, such as the Buddhists I encountered on my travels, would not be automatically condemned. They must be judged according to if they lived a moral life and acted according to their knowledge. In this sense I also reinterpreted Islam as a kind of lay-monasticism, a path of spiritual purification which allowed people to remain ‘in the world’ of marriage and jobs. Unfortunately, the Islam I encountered when I visited my first Friday Prayer in Perth did not accommodate such subtleties. It was led by a man from Saudi Arabia thundering from the minbar about the evils of the Jews. I was told to roll up my trouser cuffs and tuck in my shirt almost immediately upon entering the mosque. Searching for ‘Islam’ on the internet brought up videos of similar preachers or their websites, or else vile anti-Islamic hate speech which brought many doubts to my mind. I decided that although this had been a true message, its followers had turned it into an ugly religion. In one visit to a local mosque I had encountered an odd young man whom I shall called Swami, although he went by many names. Born to Muslim parents from Bosnia and Fiji, Swami still attended the mosque on occasion although his views were somewhat like my own still forming ideas. He took universalism to its logical conclusion by practicing whatever religion took his fancy that day, and after befriending him I joined him. One day he would practice Tibetan Buddhist meditation, on another he used Kriya Yoga from the Hindu tradition, and on some days, he would go to church. I used to enjoy philosophical discussions with him over coffee in the city centre between lectures. One day I was disturbed to realise that he was unperturbed by a Danish Buddhist giving a lecture which demonised Islam as the ultimate ‘religion gone wrong’. When I asked him, he said that he felt all of the ‘spiritual paths’ were valid except Islam and perhaps Judaism. Later I found out that Swami had suffered a mental breakdown one day in the mosque and had spent some time in an asylum. It also became clear that he was a homosexual and desired me, so I distanced myself from him. By the end of my bachelor’s degree my energetic pursuit of truth had reached an impasse. The message I had received from my Singaporean friend before we lost contact was that I should try to follow the religion I was born into to the best of my ability, a sort of idea of ‘dharma’ very common in Asia. I tried to fit in with my beer swilling and recreational drug-taking companions and suffered increasingly as these substances took their toll on my health. I had put the Quran on a high shelf by this point, dusty and far from sight, and had continued my research into world religions by reading the Bhagavad Gita and the Dhammapada. At one point I realised I needed to clean up my act to pass my degree and stopped taking any intoxicants. I also took a paid internship in Indonesia, which led to a year-long role in Malaysia. I was aware of the diversity of these countries from previous travels, and I think that part of my motivation for going there was to see all the major world religions being practiced authentically. It was there, at Thaipusam, the Hungry Ghost Festival etc, that I observed the demonic and less savoury aspects of the Indic religions which are marketed in the West as peaceful and non-judgemental. Meanwhile out of the Abrahamic religions, I had never considered Judaism because Jesus is not accepted, and it is restricted to an ethnic group, while Christianity was a continuing concern. Part of me wondered if this was all a test from God. Would I accept Jesus as ‘Saviour’ with blind faith although it disagreed with my intellect? The other option appeared to be the Baha’ism epitomised by the organisation’s founder. Eventually I was given a community centre to run in a rural town of northern Malaysia. I had free rein most of the time and engrossed myself in the community, learning Malay and following local customs. When Ramadan came I tried to fast almost the entirety of it, ostensibly to ‘support’ my local Muslim colleague, whose apathy to the spirit of the sacred month taught me a lot about why Muslims fall short of the ideal. Meanwhile I had made friends with another colleague who came from Egypt and introduced me to the concept of taṣawwuf and scholars such as Sheikh Hamza Yusuf. It was shortly after Ramadan that I realised I was encouraging my colleague to practice his own religion, and this showed some subconscious acceptance of the religion. Although Islamic scholars have devised brilliant proofs to defend their stances, a certain amount of surrender is required, which is a psychological issue. I took shahada in early August 2015 at a small village mosque with a bemused imam. I have since travelled to Egypt and the UK to continue my Islamic studies.

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CC-MAIN-2022-21

https://suaal.org/how-richard-dawkins-led-me-to-islam/

2022-05-19T12:53:14Z

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This simple caff located directly on the hustle and bustle of Old Street itself is the only place I know in the Square Mile which does reliable Malaysian food at decent prices. Run by the same Penang-ite family who were behind the equally dependable Nonya in Notting Hill (before it unexpectedly shut), expect to find typical Malaysian Street food favourites (like Fried Kuey Teow and Hainanese Chicken rice) as well as some of the most authentic Nonya cuisine in London here. Mind the plain-Jane interior of the place… the jade green walls and dark wooden tables are more functional than they are designed to make an impression. But its the quality of the food which counts at the end of the day and the dishes have been always on the money on my many visits to date. The Beef Rendang here is something else. The chunks of beef, tender from hours of slow-cooking with a Rendang gravy that is benchmark quality – rich, coconut-ty, spicy, savoury and sweet all at the same time. Its the closest I’ve tasted to the real thing away from home and one I highly recommend you try here with a bowl of coconut rice (“Nasi Lemak”). No complains about the Sambal Brinjal or Tau Eu Bak either. The former, a typical Malay dish of aubergine, cooked in a chilli and shrimp-based paste. Fierily spicy and tasty as it should be. The latter, a slow-braised dish of Belly Pork in a dark soy sauce based broth that is a popular Malaysian-Chinese staple. As the meat melted away in the mouth, the various layers of flavours from the garlic, star anise, black pepper and sweet dark soy all began to amalgamate together on the palate. A real comfort dish that was truly nostalgia-inducing for me. We rounded up the meal with some Malaysian Kuih, a general term used to describe a variety of traditional, bite-sized sweet “cakes” which are usually served at the end of a savoury meal. The two pictured below are Kuih Talam (a green, pandan-leaf flavoured paste with a white topping of rich coconut cream) and Kuih Bengka (a sweet. sticky, tapioca and custard based cake). In terms of negatives, as HungryInLondon points out in her recent post, please stay well clear of some of their more generic-sounding dishes such as their “Pork Dumplings” or “Malaysian Tofu”….serious tourist traps that just don’t do Malaysian cuisine justice. Also, I’ve found that over the past few years, the portion sizes have been getting increasingly smaller and smaller each time I come back. At least the prices have remained on the low-side. With damage usually limited to £15 quid a head, its still decent value for some of the most authentic Malaysian in town. 102 Old Street, London EC1v | sedap.co.uk | Saturday Nov 6th 2010

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