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Being “rival" means that two people cannot use the same product at the same time. | “競爭性”是指兩個人無法在同時使用同一個產品。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
Being “excludible" means that the owner of a product can easily prevent others from using it. | “排他性”是指產品的所有者可以輕易地阻止其他人使用這個產品。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
這兩個特徵讓控制生產和分配的人擁有了巨大的議價權，成為基於私人產權的市場經濟的理想之選。 | These two traits put a great deal of bargaining power in the hands of those who control production and distribution, making them ideal for a market economy based on private property. | 翻譯成中文。 |
錢自然而然地流向了提供效用和價值的地方——並且這些資金流可以輕易地在國民賬戶中進行追蹤。 | Money naturally flows to where utility and value are being provided – and those flows are easy to track in national accounts. | 翻譯成中文。 |
But much of what we are producing in the information age is neither rival nor excludible – and this changes the entire picture. | 但我們在資訊時代所生產的許多東西既不具有競爭性，也不具有排他性——這改變了整個局面。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
資訊時代商品的製造很難施加激勵； 它們的分配也難以貨幣化； | The creation of information-age goods is difficult to incentivize; their distribution is hard to monetize; and we lack the tools to track them easily in national accounts. | 翻譯成中文。 |
我們也缺乏工具在國民賬戶中輕易地追蹤它們。 結果是人們願意為給定服務所支付的數量與國民統計所測量的增長之間的差異越來越大。 | The result is an ever-growing discrepancy between what people would be willing to pay for a given service and growth as measured in national statistics. | 翻譯成中文。 |
換句話說，我們生產和消費的數量比經濟指標所顯示的規模大得多——而許多這些產品的額製造者沒有獲得充分的報償。 | In other words, we are producing and consuming much more than our economic indicators suggest – and the creators of many of those products are not being adequately compensated. | 翻譯成中文。 |
這就帶來了一系列獨特的問題。 | This produces a set of unique problems. | 翻譯成中文。 |
To ensure that the workers of today and tomorrow are able to capture the benefits of the information age will require us to redesign our economic system to stimulate the creation of these new types of commodities. | 為了確保今天和明天的工人能夠獲得資訊時代的好處，我們就必須重新設計經濟制度以刺激這些新型商品的創造。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
除了找到記錄這一新型財富的方法，我們還需要找到將讓產品需求有利於創造者收入的渠道。 | In addition to developing ways to account for this new type of wealth, we will have to develop channels through which demand for a product contributes to the income of its creator. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Only by finding ways to put true value on the goods we produce will we be able to sustain a middle-class society, rather than one of techno-plutocrats and their service-sector serfs. | 只有找到能準確衡量我們所製造的商品的額價值的方法，我們才能維持中產階級社會，而不至於出現由技術大亨和他們的服務業農奴組成的社會。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
科研領域新一輪人才流失 | The New Brain Drain in Science | 翻譯成中文。 |
DUBAI – In December 2013, the Nobel laureate physicist Peter Higgs told The Guardian that if he were seeking a job in academia today, “I don’t think I would be regarded as productive enough.” | 迪拜——2013年12月，諾貝爾物理學獎得主彼得·希格斯在接受衛報採訪時表示，如果他今天在學術界求職，“我恐怕不會被認為是最高效的。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
”因為在1964年發表突破之作後迄今為止僅發表過不到十篇論文，希格斯認為今天沒有哪家大學會僱傭他。 | Having published fewer than ten papers since his groundbreaking work in 1964, Higgs believes that no university would employ him nowadays. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Academics are well acquainted with the notion of “publish or perish.” | “出版或者毀滅”是當今學者熟悉的概念。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
They must publish their work in peer-reviewed journals increasingly often to climb the career ladder, protect their jobs, and secure funding for their institutions. | 他們必須越來越多地在同行評議雜誌上發表作品，才能攀登職業階梯、保住工作崗位和為所在機構爭取研究經費。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
但那些研究重點迥異且與今天能造就或毀滅學術/科研生涯的專業期刊鮮有聯絡的科學家和其他學者（比方說中東學者）又該怎麼辦？ | But what happens to scientists and other scholars, such as those in the Middle East, who have different research concerns from – and scant connections to – the professional journals that can make or break an academic/scientific career? | 翻譯成中文。 |
Scholars and institutions with high publishing rates in the established journals receive better productivity scores, which translate into bigger rewards, in terms of enhanced careers and greater research funding. | 在著名期刊擁有高出版率的學者和科研機構效率得分較高，進而在職業生涯發展和研究經費支援方面得到更多獎勵。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
Whether the work they are publishing has a measurable impact on their field of study is, sadly, too often a secondary concern. | 但可悲的是，他們所發表的作品對所在研究領域能否產生可以度量的影響卻往往不那麼被外界關注。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
他們所面臨的激勵機制意味著數量往往比質量重要。 | The incentives they face mean that quantity often comes before quality. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Academic journals determine the various disciplinary rankings that academic institutions are compelled to climb, which leads institutions to hire and retain only those scholars who can produce at high rates. | 學術期刊決定科研機構被動研究的學科領域排名，從而導致科研機構僅僅僱傭並保留那些高效率的學者。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
This has given rise to a deeper, twofold problem: academic journals have become disproportionately influential, and they have placed a premium on empirical research. | 由此導致了更深層次的雙重問題：學術期刊的影響力已經過於龐大，而且它們過分鼓勵實證研究。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
With respect to the first problem, journals are gradually replacing institutions as the arbiters of quality within academic communities. | 在第一個問題上，期刊正逐步取代科研機構成為學術成果質量的評判者。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
幾乎任何領域想在“A級”研究機構求職的學者都必須在幾本被公認為入門通道的A級雜誌上發表研究成果。 | Scholars in almost any discipline seeking jobs at “A-level” institutions must publish in a select few A-level journals that are seen as gateways. | 翻譯成中文。 |
上述期刊的編輯委員會越來越偏愛實證主義理論研究作品——也就是說以實證資料分析為基礎的研究。 | These journals’ editorial boards increasingly privilege positivist theoretical work – meaning research that is based on empirical data analysis. | 翻譯成中文。 |
定性研究——如民族誌、參與性調查和案例研究等——往往被定性為只適合B級或C級期刊發表。 | Qualitative research – such as ethnographies, participatory surveys, and case studies – is often designated as suitable only for B- and C-level journals. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Academics conducting empirical research have a big advantage over those carrying out qualitative work, because they can use efficient software and powerful computers to test their hypotheses quickly and account for different variables in data sets. | 相比那些從事定性研究的學者，從事實證研究的學者優勢非常顯著。 因為他們可以使用高效軟體和功能強大的電腦來快速測試假設，並計算資料集中不同變數的影響。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
This kind of work can be cheaper, too, because a single data set can generate multiple journal articles. | 此類工作也可以降低成本，因為單個數據集可以產出多篇期刊文章。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
To be sure, there is nothing wrong with scientific practices evolving along with technology, or with academics using richer data sets and better software. | 可以肯定，科學實踐隨技術演進、抑或學術界使用更豐富的資料集和更先進的軟體都屬於正常現象。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
But adoption of this quantitative approach should not be the single most important criterion for assessing scientific excellence and deciding career trajectories. | 但這種定量方法的採用不應成為評估科學卓越性和決定職業軌跡的唯一重要的衡量指標。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
After all, knowledge is acquired in different ways, and empirical positivism is only one method in a larger epistemological inventory. | 畢竟知識是以不同方式取得的，而經驗實證主義僅僅是廣義認識論寶庫中的一項法則。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
The positivist trend in science today is particularly problematic for developing countries, where data sets are scarce and often of poor quality. | 今天的實證主義趨勢對發展中國家而言問題尤為嚴重，因為發展中國家不僅資料集稀缺，而且往往質量較差。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
Thus, scientists working in developing countries face a dilemma: either work on rich-world problems for which there is abundant data, or risk career advancement by conducting qualitative work that will not make it into A-level journals. | 因此，在發展中國家工作的科學家們面臨著囚徒困境：或者研究有著豐富資料的富裕國家問題，或者甘冒職業生涯之險而進行無緣進入A級期刊的定性研究。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
從歐洲和北美等資料豐富國家遷往中東等資料貧乏國家的學者往往面臨著這樣的問題。 | Academics who move from data-rich countries in Europe and North America to data-poor countries in the Middle East and elsewhere often face this problem. | 翻譯成中文。 |
正如阿布扎比我所在科研機構的研究人員所知的那樣，採集調研資料用於進行定性研究尚屬可行； 但從零開始蒐集理論建設研究所需的豐富資料卻是極其困難的。 | As researchers at my institution in Abu Dhabi know, conducting surveys for qualitative research is feasible; but generating rich data from scratch for theory-building research is extremely difficult. | 翻譯成中文。 |
At the International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators this year, a French academic researching soil in Africa reported that only 5% of the published work in his field has originated from African researchers. | 在今年召開的科學技術指標國際���議上，一位研究非洲土壤的法國學者報告在他所研究的領域，僅有5%的出版作品來自非洲研究者。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
When he dug deeper into his own research, he found that 50% of what he had learned about African soil came from African researchers, who have not or could not publish their work in international academic journals. | 但當他深入研究自己的研究成果時，卻發現他對非洲土壤的認識有50%來自非洲研究者，而這些研究人員的成果沒有也不可能在國際學術期刊上發表。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
英語不是通用語的國家在科研方面處境尤其不利，這絕非因為他們學術科研水平不高，而是因為科學界由英語期刊來扮演發號施令的角色。 | Countries where English is not the lingua franca are particularly disadvantaged in science, not because they lack academic excellence, but because English-language journals call the shots. | 翻譯成中文。 |
非英語學術期刊在科學界根本得不到同樣的關注。 | Non-English academic journals simply do not command the same attention in the science community. | 翻譯成中文。 |
As a result, the scope of research topics that many countries can undertake is limited, and they must struggle to retain scientific talent. | 結果導致許多國家可以進行的研究課題範圍有限，因此必須拼盡全力才能將科研人才留在本國。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
中東地區的情況尤其如此，各國政府正努力實現經濟多樣化，從而使國民經濟適應性得到提高。 | This is particularly true in the Middle East, where governments are struggling to diversify their economies, in order to make them more resilient. | 翻譯成中文。 |
因為英語實證研究期刊進一步增強了對科學家能否取得職業成功渠道的控制，發展中國家必須大量投資於國內資料基礎設施，才能使國內研究人員處在更具競爭力的科研地位上。 | As English-language empirical-research journals consolidate their hold on the channels that determine whether or not a scientist will have a successful career, developing countries will have to invest heavily in their own data infrastructure to place domestic researchers on a more competitive footing. | 翻譯成中文。 |
但即使——或者尤其——如果發展中國家確實進行這樣的投資，將給科研領域造成非常嚴重的後果。 | But even – or especially – if developing countries do make such investments, much will be lost to science. | 翻譯成中文。 |
因為統治全球科學的學術期刊（多數）來自美國，科學家不用實際遷移就會成為新人才流失的組成部分，科學家的研究重點、問題和方法將會犧牲其他選擇而轉向目前占主導地位的實證主義認識研究。 | With (mostly) United States-based academic journals reigning over global science, no one has to move to become part of a new brain drain, whereby scientists’ research priorities, problems, and methods gravitate to the dominant positivist epistemology, at the expense of all alternatives. | 翻譯成中文。 |
汙染者必須負責 | Polluters Must Pay | 翻譯成中文。 |
NEW YORK – When BP and its drilling partners caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the United States government demanded that BP finance the cleanup, compensate those who suffered damages, and pay criminal penalties for the violations that led to the disaster. | 發自紐約——當英國石油公司及其搭檔瑞士越洋鑽探公司於2010年在墨西哥灣引發“深水地平線”漏油事故時，美國政府不但要求英國石油公司承擔油汙清理費用，賠償受害者損失，還要為導致此次災難的違規行為接受刑事處罰。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
BP has already committed more than $20 billion in remediation and penalties. | 英國石油公司已經為該事故調撥了200多億美元用於善後補救工作和交納罰金。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
Based on a settlement last week, BP will now pay the largest criminal penalty in US history – $4.5 billion. | 根據上週達成的協議，英國石油公司將支付美國曆史上最大的一 筆刑事罰款——45億美元。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
The same standards for environmental cleanup need to be applied to global companies operating in poorer countries, where their power has typically been so great relative to that of governments that many act with impunity, wreaking havoc on the environment with little or no accountability. | 同樣的環境事故清理善後標準也應運用到那些在貧困國家經營的國際企業身上。 這些大公司的勢力相對當地政府來說通常極為巨大，以致許多公司都是在豁免權下活動，可以對環境造成嚴重破壞卻極少或無需承擔責任。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
As we enter a new era of sustainable development, impunity must turn to responsibility. | 隨著我們進入一個可持續發展的新時代，豁免權應該轉向責任制。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
不管是在富國還是窮國，汙染者必須付出代價。 | Polluters must pay, whether in rich or poor countries. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Major companies need to accept responsibility for their actions. | 大公司應該為它們的行為承擔相應的責任。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
奈及利亞就曾經是企業逍遙於環境汙染懲罰之外的例子。 | Nigeria has been Exhibit A of corporate environmental impunity. | 翻譯成中文。 |
For decades, major oil companies, including Shell, ExxonMobil, and Chevron, have been producing oil in the Niger Delta, an ecologically fragile environment of freshwater swamp forests, mangroves, lowland rainforests, and coastal barrier islands. | 幾十年來，包括殼牌、埃克森美孚和雪弗龍在內的各大石油公司一直在尼日三角洲開採石油。 尼日三角洲是一個擁有淡水沼澤森林、紅樹林、低地雨林和沿海屏障島嶼的脆弱生態環境。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
This rich habitat supports remarkable biodiversity – or did before the oil companies got there – and more than 30 million local inhabitants, who depend on the local ecosystems for their health and livelihoods. | 這片肥沃富饒的棲息地支撐著非凡的生物多樣性——或者說在石油公司來破壞之前是這樣的——而當地3000多萬居民的健康和生計都依賴於該生態系統。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
二十年前，世界自然保護聯盟把尼日三角洲分類為一個擁有極豐富海洋及沿海動植物多樣性的地區——不同樹種、魚類、鳥類和哺乳類與其他形式的生命共處一地——因此將其列為極高的優先保護等級。 | Twenty years ago, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources classified the Niger Delta as a region of high biodiversity of marine and coastal flora and fauna – tree species, fish, birds, and mammals, among other forms of life – and therefore rated it as a very high priority for conservation. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Yet it also noted that the region’s biodiversity was under massive threat, with little or no protection. | 然而該聯盟也指出，由於這個地區極少或未被保護，其生物多樣性正處於巨大的威脅之中。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
The global companies operating in the delta have spilled oil and flared natural gas for decades, without regard for the natural environment and the communities impoverished and poisoned by their actions. | 在尼日三角洲經營的跨國石油企業幾十年來一直在該地區洩漏石油及燃燒天然氣，根本不考慮自然環境和因其行為而變得貧困甚至遭受毒害的人類社群。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
一份研究估計宣稱過去50年中這些公司累積洩漏的石油約為1000萬桶——這是英國石油公司漏油量的2倍。 | One estimate puts the cumulative spills over the past 50 years at approximately 10 million barrels – twice the size of the BP spill. | 翻譯成中文。 |
該資料並不準確：過去的50年中有好幾千次石油溢位事故——通常這些事故都未被詳細記錄，其石油洩漏量常常被掩蓋甚至被公司及政府故意忽略。 | The data are uncertain: there have been many thousands of spills during this period – often poorly documented and their magnitude hidden or simply unmeasured by either the companies or the government. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Indeed, just as BP was being hit with new criminal penalties, ExxonMobil announced yet another pipeline leak in the Niger Delta. | 確實，正當英國石油公司遭受新的刑事處罰時，埃克森美孚又通報了一起位於尼日三角洲的石油管道洩漏事件。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
The environmental destruction of the delta is part of a larger saga: corrupt companies operating hand in hand with corrupt government officials. | 三角洲的環境破壞只是一長串事件中的一部分：腐敗的公司與腐敗的政府官員相互勾結以牟取私利。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
The companies routinely bribe officials to gain oil leases, lie about output, evade taxes, and dodge responsibility for the environmental damage that they cause. | 公司通常賄賂政府官員以獲取石油合同，它們謊報產量，偷稅漏稅，逃避由其經營活動引起的環境損害的責任。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
由於一直掠奪三角洲自然財富的跨國企業幾十年來的賄賂，奈及利亞的政府官員變得驚人的富有。 | Nigerian officials have become fabulously wealthy, owing to decades of payoffs by international companies that have plundered the delta’s natural wealth. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Shell, the largest foreign operator in the Niger Delta, has been criticized repeatedly for its egregious practices and its unwillingness to be held to account. | 殼牌——尼日三角洲最大的國外營運商——就屢次因其惡名昭彰的行為及不願承擔責任的態度而遭到外界批評。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
與此同時，當地居民卻一直處於貧困狀態，還被由不安全的空氣、被汙染的飲用水和食物鏈汙染引起的疾病所困擾。 | Meanwhile, the local population has remained impoverished and beset by diseases caused by unsafe air, poisoned drinking water, and pollution in the food chain. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Local lawlessness has led to gang warfare and persistent illegal tapping into the pipelines to steal oil, leading to further massive oil spills and frequent explosions that kill dozens, including innocent bystanders. | 當地違法行為已經引起了黑幫火拼以及層出不窮的管道偷油案件，這又進一步導致了大量石油洩漏事故並導致了造成大量人員死亡——包括許多無辜受殃者——的頻繁爆炸事件。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
In the colonial era, it was the official purpose of imperial power to extract wealth from the administered territories. | 在殖民時期，從殖民領地攫取財富是帝國主義的官方意圖。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
而在後殖民時期，這種意圖有了更好的偽裝。 | In the post-colonial period, the methods are better disguised. | 翻譯成中文。 |
當石油公司在奈及利亞或其他國家恣意妄為時，它們會受到母國政權保護。 | When oil companies misbehave in Nigeria or elsewhere, they are protected by the power of their home countries. | 翻譯成中文。 |
美國及歐洲國家警告那些石油原產國：別找石油公司的麻煩。 | Don’t mess with the companies, they are told by the United States and Europe. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Indeed, one of the largest bribes (a reputed $180 million) paid in recent times in Nigeria was by Halliburton, a company tightly intertwined with US political power. | 確實，奈及利亞近期最大的一筆賄賂（外界普遍估計約1. 8億美元）是由美國哈利伯頓公司支付的，而該公司與美國政界則有著錯綜複雜的關係。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
（迪克·切尼就是從哈利伯頓的執行長搖身一變成為美國副總統的。 ） | (Dick Cheney went from being Halliburton’s CEO to the US vice presidency.) | 翻譯成中文。 |
Last year, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) issued a remarkable report on Ogoniland, a major ethnic homeland in the Niger Delta that has been at the epicenter of conflict between local communities and international oil. | 去年，聯合國環境規劃署釋出了一份引人注目的奧貢尼蘭報告，奧貢尼蘭是一個曾經曾處於本地社群與跨國石油企業矛盾中心的尼日三角洲主要部族祖居地。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
這份報告措辭嚴厲證據清晰。 | The report was as scathing as it was scientifically clear. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Despite many past promises of a cleanup, Ogoniland remains in environmental agony, impoverished and sickened by the oil industry. | 儘管過去石油公司作過很多關於清理的承諾，奧貢尼蘭依舊處於惡劣的環境狀況之下，該地區已經被石油產業榨乾了財富而且疾病肆虐。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
UNEP also offered clear and detailed recommendations, including emergency measures to ensure safe drinking water; cleanup activities targeting the mangroves and soils; public-health studies to identify and counteract the consequences of pollution; and a new regulatory framework. | 聯合國環境規劃署同時還提供了清晰詳細的建議，包括保證安全飲用水的緊急措施； 針對紅樹木和土壤的清除活動； | 翻譯成英文。 |
The world’s governments have recently agreed to move to a new framework for sustainable development, declaring their intention to adopt Sustainable Development Goals at the Rio+20 Summit in June. | 世界各國政府在六月的“里約+20峰會”上宣佈他們打算採用可持續發展目標，並於近期同意為了可持續發展接受新的監管框架。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
可持續發展目標為全世界給政府及公司行為設定清晰強制的標準提供了一個關鍵的機會。 | The SDGs offer a critical opportunity for the world to set clear, compelling standards for government and corporate behavior. | 翻譯成中文。 |
包括石油產業在內的許多大公司都表達了他們支援可持續發展目標的意願。 | Many major companies, including in the oil industry, have expressed their readiness to support sustainable development goals. | 翻譯成中文。 |
清除尼日三角洲的石油汙染將給新時代的問責制提供一個具備最大實施可能性的例子。 | Cleaning up the Niger Delta would provide the strongest possible example of a new age of accountability. | 翻譯成中文。 |
殼牌、雪弗龍、埃克森美孚以及其他石油大公司應該站出來資助必要的石油汙染清理，開創一個負責任的新時代。 | Shell, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and other major oil companies should step forward and help to fund the necessary cleanup, ushering in a new era of responsibility. | 翻譯成中文。 |
奈及利亞政府本身也有不可推卸的責任。 | The Nigerian government’s own accountability is on the line as well. | 翻譯成中文。 |
It is heartening that several Nigerian senators have recently been in the forefront of efforts to strengthen the rule of law in the oil sector. | 令人鼓舞的是已經有幾位奈及利亞參議員最近一直站在致力加強石油產業法治化的最前沿。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
尼日三角洲的石油清理行動給奈及利亞、石油產業以及國際社會提供了一個理想的機會來向世界昭示——一個新的時代已經到來了。 | The cleanup of the Niger Delta provides an ideal opportunity for Nigeria, the oil industry, and the international community to show convincingly that a new age has dawned. | 翻譯成中文。 |
從現在開始，可持續發展不能純粹只是一個口號，而應該是針對全球治理及在這個浮躁擁擠的星球上謀求幸福的運作方法。 | From now on, sustainable development must not be a mere slogan, but rather an operational approach to global governance and well-being on a strained and crowded planet. | 翻譯成中文。 |
缺少集中的歐元無法生存 | A Centerless Euro Cannot Hold | 翻譯成中文。 |
CAMBRIDGE – With youth unemployment touching 50% in eurozone countries such as Spain and Greece, is a generation being sacrificed for the sake of a single currency that encompasses too diverse a group of countries to be sustainable? | 美國劍橋—在西班牙和希臘等歐元區國家，年輕人失業率達到了50%，這可以說是為了在覆蓋彼此差異太大而根本不可能持續的多國實行單一貨幣而犧牲了一代人嗎？ | 翻譯成英文。 |
If so, does enlarging the euro’s membership really serve Europe’s apparent goal of maximizing economic integration without necessarily achieving full political union? | 如果答案是肯定的，擴大歐元區成員國範圍真的有助於歐洲達到最大化經濟一體化而又不必形成政治上的完全統一這一眾人皆知的目標嗎？ | 翻譯成英文。 |
好訊息是，經濟研究確實對歐洲是否應該使用單一貨幣這一問題形成了一些成果。 | The good news is that economic research does have a few things to say about whether Europe should have a single currency. | 翻譯成中文。 |
壞訊息是，越來越明顯的是，至少對於大國，貨幣區是非常不穩定的，除非其邊界和國境線相同。 | The bad news is that it has become increasingly clear that, at least for large countries, currency areas will be highly unstable unless they follow national borders. | 翻譯成中文。 |
不管怎樣，貨幣聯盟至少需要是一個邦聯，擁有比歐洲領導人的歐元區願景遠為集中的稅收和其他政策權力。 | At a minimum, currency unions require a confederation with far more centralized power over taxation and other policies than European leaders envision for the eurozone. | 翻譯成中文。 |
那麼，如何看待諾貝爾獎獲得者蒙代爾1961年的著名預言呢？ 蒙代爾說，國境線和貨幣邊界並不需要大致重合。 | What of Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell’s famous 1961 conjecture that national and currency borders need not significantly overlap? | 翻譯成中文。 |
在他發表於《美國經濟評論》（American Economic Review）的雄文《最優貨幣區理論》（A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas）中，蒙代爾指出，只要工人能在貨幣區內自由流動追逐工作，該貨幣區就可以形成一個匯率調整的均衡機制。 | In his provocative American Economic Review paper “A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,” Mundell argued that as long as workers could move within a currency region to where the jobs were, the region could afford to forgo the equilibrating mechanism of exchange-rate adjustment. | 翻譯成中文。 |
蒙代爾將對勞動流動性的重要性的認識歸功於另一位（未來）諾貝爾獎獲得者米德，但也指出，米德對這一觀點的解釋太過嚴格，特別是在歐洲一體化剛剛出現萌芽的時候。 | He credited another (future) Nobel Prize winner, James Meade, for having recognized the importance of labor mobility in earlier work, but criticized Meade for interpreting the idea too stringently, especially in the context of Europe’s nascent integration. | 翻譯成中文。 |
Mundell did not emphasize financial crises, but presumably labor mobility is more important today than ever. | 蒙代爾並未強調金融危機，但他推測勞動流動性在今日要比過去更重要。 | 翻譯成英文。 |
毫不奇怪，工人們正在離開歐元區危機國，但遷移目標並非一定是更堅挺的北歐地區。 | Not surprisingly, workers are leaving the eurozone’s crisis countries, but not necessarily for its stronger northern region. | 翻譯成中文。 |
事實上，葡萄牙工人正在逃向繁榮的昔日殖民地，比如巴西和澳門。 | Instead, Portuguese workers are fleeing to booming former colonies such as Brazil and Macau. | 翻譯成中文。 |
愛爾蘭工人正在遷往加拿大、澳大利亞和美國。 | Irish workers are leaving in droves to Canada, Australia, and the United States. | 翻譯成中文。 |