Datasets:

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MOH-Bethnal-Green

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21 Children fell below 5, and 25 Persons under 20 years; and in the second, third, fourth and fifth vicenniads, 18, 34, 79 and 7 of the Inmates died; two of whom lived to the age of 91, and 1 to 95. Enrolling all—Children and Adults—under the head of Avocation or Position, the Servants numbered 66, the Weavers 33, the Labourers 16, the Hawkers 5, the Shoemakers 4, the Carpenters 3, the Bakers 3, the Unknown 3; the Printers.

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Sawyer.-, Bricklayers, Binders, Laundresses and Seamstresses, each 2; whilst 1 Winder, 1 Stay-maker, 1 Dress-maker, 1 Charwoman, 1 Nurse, 1 Twine-Spinner, 1 Green-grocer, 1 Pipe-Maker, 1 Plasterer, 1 Tailor, 1 Dyer, 1 Draper, 1 Potman, 1 Carver, 1 (iunmaker, 1 Flutemaker, 1 Artist and 1 Orphan complete the list. At Christmas the Inmates consisted of 308 Men, 327 Women, and 217 Children ; or of a total of 852, being 44 less than at a like period of 1858. The Out-door Paupers, on the other hand, were 6omewhat in excess—861 vice 764.

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The Birth rate and its proportion to the living in each Sub-District was, as under stated:— Sub-Districts Births Ratio to 1000 Living Males Females Total Hackney Road 512 490 1002 36.28 Green 593 569 1162 37.26 Church 519 501 1020 38.76 Town 464 455 919 42.29* Totals 2088 2015 4103 * This high ratio of 1 birth to every 23 6 persons implies that the population of the Town exceeds the sum of its Census Return. 12 As heretofore, the ratio of the Town stood the highest; that of the Hackney Road the lowest of the four.

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In comparative longevity the mean lifetime ranked 1st, in the Green; 2nd, in the Hackney Road; 3rd, in the Church, and 4th, in the Town; bat after the 20th year, the average age reached its maximum in the Green, was less in the Hackney Road, lower in the Town, and at its minimum in the Church. Tables 4 and 9 contrast the Sub-District Ages, and the mortality in each. Severally the per centage on every 100 deaths was in the Hackney Road, 1.705; in the Church, 1.919 ; in the Town, 2.236; and in the Green, (including the Workhouse, Lunatic Asylum, Consumption Hospital, &c.,) 2 600. Rated by Epidemics, 1 death out of every 3.1 occurred in Sub-District 1; 1 in 5.4 in No.

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2; 1 in 3.3 in No. 3; and 1 in 2.6 in No. 4. To every myriad of population, the rates by the Zymotic, Tubercular, and Respiratory Diseases are seen at a glance below:— Deaths to 10,000 Living Sub-Districts Zymotic Tubercular Respiratory Class Class Class Hackney Road 62 28 28 Green 55 56 42 Church 62 36 28 Town 93 39 29 Arranged in their scale of sequence, the deaths below the age of 5 were to each 10,000—91, 103, 110, and 148. These figures with the respective death-rates show how superior health was in Hackney Road compared with health in the Town, and that the life-destroying forces differ greatly in degree.

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The mortality of infants below 5 years was 1191; of 13 viduals between 5 and 20 years, 184; of adults from 20 to 60, 546 ; and of those beyond 60, 352. In the first of these divisions there died_at less than 3 months, 250; from 3 months to 6, 137; from 6 months to 12, 220; at 1—2, 312; at 2—3, 128; at 3—1, 87; and at 4—5 years, 57. Out of this infantile mortality " the functions of whose lives remain wholly unfulfilled", the proportion dying under 1 year was to the births as 1 to 6.7. Below 5 years, of 100 living 7.567 per cent.

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or 1 out of every 13.21 infants died; while in 1838—44 the ratios were 8.565 per cent, or 1 out of every 11.67. As the mortality of these little children " increases as the social condition of the parents sinks" the advantage would be great were Day Nurseries instituted "where," says Mr. Roberton," women working from home may deposit their infants in the morning, return to suckle them at certain hours, and take them home again in the evening," or where " if the child be weaned, it may be fed and amused, or if old enough instructed." In the second division, 109 were cut off at 5—10, and 75 at 10—20 years: thus in the first vicenniad the death loss numbered 1375 and formed a per centage of 60*4.

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Among adults " the efficient part of the population" whose deaths 11 in a political point of view are of great importance" 250 were swept away at 20—40 and 296 at 40—60 years. If in the words of a former Report—' to die between the ages 20—60 be to perish prematurely, then in addition to our large infantile loss' out of 2273, 546 ' were untimely deaths'. Those who lived over threescore and ten aud reached "the broken arches of the bridge" amounted to 149, those beyond fourscore to 48, those above ninety years to 8; of whom 2 attained the age of 95. Respectively the Septuagenarians constituted 1 in 15 deaths; the Octogenarians, 1 in 57 ; the Nonagenarians, 1 in 284.

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By Table 8 the per centages of the dying to the living are given at seven ages and contrasted with the Table in 1858. 14 Balanced with the ratios of London in 1855, the difference of the annual mortality in Bethnal Green on every 1000 of population is at 20—40 minus 2; at 40—60 minus 6, at 60—80 minus 17; at 80—100 minus 100. These minima numbers (125) on the part of Bethnal Green agree with the Composition of Deaths at page 12 of my Report on 1858. where it is shown that compared with all London ' 124 more of our population died under 20 years and conversely 124 less at after ages.' Table 10 points out the Professions or Occupations of the Male Adults. Of the numbers living in each Avocation in Bethnal Green at the Census of 1851, there died of Annuitants 1 in 12;

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of House Proprietors 1 in 13; of Gentlemen, Independent, 1 in 16; of Licensed Victuallers and Beer Shop Keepers 1 in 20; of Seaman 1 in 20; of Messengers and Porters 1 in 34; of Butchers 1 in 39; of Labourers 1 in 39; of Bakers 1 in 40; of Tailors 1 in 44 ; of Carpenters 1 in 47; of Bricklayers 1 in 50; of Painters, Plumbers and Glaziers 1 in 52; of Weavers 1 in 59 ; of Cowkeepers and Milksellers 1 in 62; of Cabinet Makers and Upholsterers 1 in 77; of Grocers 1 in 88; and of Shoemakers 1 in 109.

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The Statistics of both sexes of 147 Adult Weavers, show a loss by Epidemics of 1 in 9'8 deaths, and by Consumption, of 1 in 6-6; that 1 died of poison from taking herbs, 1 from want of nourishment; 1 by Carbuncle; 1 by Coup de Soleil; 1 by Cut-Throat; 1 by Drowning; 2 by Cancer; and 2 by Hanging;—that 40 passed over 70, 7 over 80, and 2 beyond 90 years; and that their mean age was 59.13. Some of the places noted down before—as Sherwood Place, Thorold Square, Butler's Buildings, Ely and Helen Places, John's Court and Prospect Terrace—suffered a less mortality in 1859. In others, however, the per centage of the dying was far beyond the general rate; thus the 15 lation ranged per cent.

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from 3 in Turville Buildings to 5 in Sweet Apple Square, to 7 eacli in Lenham Buildings, and Elizabeth and Providence Places, to 8 in Hare Court and Miring's Place, on to 11 (through Scarlatina) in Accidental Place. And until many of these miserable abodes are erased from our map, depopulation will ever go on, and our death rate be inevitably beyond our deserts. But when erased their sites may be reclaimed, even as Miss Burdett Coutts has revivified the wastes of Nova Scotia Gardens with the noble model terraces of Columbia Square. The summary of the foregoing tells of Bethnal Green:— 1. That the death rate of the population, estimated either by the excess of Births over Deaths, or by Census returns, was less than the Metropolitan rate, 2. That the Epidemic rate, on the contrary, was much in excess. 3.

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That Fever was more and Consumption less destructive than in the London returns. 4. That the fatality of Children under 5 yeara of age fell from 83.5 per 1,000 in 1857, and from 82.6 in 1858 to 75.6 in 1859. 5. That the mean ages, total and adult, if compared with 1858, were slightly in defect, but that the mean lifetime was 2 years more. I have next to lay before you the Sick Rolls of the Workhouse, and of the 5 out-door Divisions. In reference thereto, the 312 returns of the Medical Officers specify 6,510 new cases of Disease from January 2nd to December 31st, 1859. The gross amount is 262 less than in 1857, and 834 fewer than in 1858. 924 were attended in the "Workhouse by Mr.

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Smart, 557 in the out-door division of Mr. Moore, 1,339 in the second part by Mr. Defriez, 1,065 in the third part by Mr. Yandenbergh, 1,246 in the fourth part by Mr. Eagles, and 16 1,379 in the fifth part by Mr. Welch. Respectively, the Epidemics varied in force from 11.6 per cent, in the Workhouse to 21.3 in No. 1, to 28.9 in No. 4, to 30 in No. 2, and from 34.8 in No. 5, to a maximum in No. 3 of 37.5. Small Pox, Measles, Whooping Cough, and Fever predominated in the District of Mr. Defriez; Scarlet Fever and Diarrhoea in the practice of Mr. Welch.

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The ratio to the sum total was of Small Pox 1 in 17, of Measles 1 in 43, of Scarlet Fever 1 in 41, of Whooping Cough 1 in 90, of Diarrhœa 1 in 9, and of Fever 1 in 12 attacks. Besides the Epidemics, the Nosological Table No. 11, enumerates severally the Acute Pulmonary Inflammations, the cases of Erysipelas and Carbuncle, of Puerperal and Rheumatic Fevers, and of other forms of disease, with the deaths in each sub-division. One death occurred in every 14.7 cases, and one attack of Pauper illness to every 16.4 of the inhabitants of Bethnal Green. Several cases of Diarrhœa partook of the Choleraic character, but fortunately all got well.

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With respect to Fever, increase of sewerage and surface-drainage, more perfect scavenging, the paving of streets, and the purer supply of water, have materially diminished its physical causes, and reduced its amount from 2,084 continued cases* in 1837, to 683 in 1858, and 543 in 1859. "Wherever," says Dr. Southwood Smith, "the Commissioners of Sewers have not been, there Fever is prevalent; and, on the contrary, wherever they have been, there Fever is comparatively absent." Hence, from sanitary improvements, Fever now is much less than when Bethnal Green was all but undrained.

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At the Dispensary, 2188 cases came under the care of the medical staff, and of these 474 had their diseases specified, * Here, I beg to observe, and the same observation applies to former reports, that under the heading " Continued Fever, Typhus, and Typhoid," I have registered only the cases visited at home, and not those seen or prescribed for at the Surgery without attendance at the house. 17 while 1714 were not classified byname. Of the Specified, the Epidemics amounted to 138, Spitting and Vomiting of Blood to 7, Consumption and the Wasting of Children to 51, Diseases of the Heart to 18, Pulmonary Affections to 158, Brain Diseases to 21, and those of the Digestive Organs to 72; whilst 2 Fractures. 2 Dislocations, 3 cases of Carbuncle, and 3 of Diseased Knee Joints, occurred in the Surgery of the year.

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The In and Out-Patients of the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest were 341 and 8,304; and the inmates treated in the Guardian Asylum—namely, for Diarrhoea 6, Rheumatic Fever 3, Bronchitis and Catarrh 8, and for other diseases 4—were 21. I regret that I am not able to supply the Sick List of Bethnal House Asylum, for the reason that I have not been so fortunate as to be favoured with the return. I now pass to the sanitary improvements from March 26th, 1859, to March 25th, 1860. Foremost among these is the N ew Block of Sewers, No.

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8, which comprises " the remainder of undrained streets in the parish, except such as will be interfered with by the Main Intercepting Sewers to be constructed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, and also except such streets as, under the provisions of the Metropolis Local Management Act, the owners are bound to drain." Next in importance is the work done within the Vaults. Invited by Mr. Grainger, the Government Inspector under the Burials Acts, I accompanied that gentleman to the vaults under the National Schools, St. John's and St. James the Less. The Orders in Council consequent on those inspections are subjoined:— Order 1.—"That the Coffins contained in the Vaults under the National Schools attached to St. Matthew's Church, Bethnal Green, be covered with fresh earth and powdered B 18 charcoal; that the existing entrance and ventilators be blocked up, and that two ventilating tubes be carried from the Vaults to the roof of the School."

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The underground area here described measured, in length, 47 feet; in breadth, 37; was subdivided into 4 public and 13 private Vaults, and contained 252 Coffins, 4 of which were without lead, and 3 in a leaking state. After the temporary suspension of scholastic duties and the free use of McDougal's Powder, the Coffins were deposited along the passages and floors, were covered over with 2 feet of earth, and finally surmounted with 3 inches of charcoal, 60 sacks of which were used. The entrance from the churchyard was then walled-up, all the original ventilators were bricked in, and two ventilating tubes—one on the northern and the other on the southern side—were carried outwards from the vaults, above the roof. Nothing, in a sanitary point of view, could so materially benefit the National Schools as this grand hygienic appliance in 1859. Order 2.

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— "That the Coffins contained in the Vault beneath St. John's Church, Bethnal Green, be covered with 4 feet of earth, and that the entrance from the Porch be blocked up. 2. That the works be effected under the supervision of the Medical Officer of Health of the District, and that McDougal's Powder, Chlorine, or other disinfectant, be used whenever necessary." From this admirably ventilated Vault one Coffin was removed by friends, two were allowed to remain in a private vault, while the others, numbering eleven, were placed iu the central gangway and embanked under 4 feet of earth. In addition the entrance from the Porch was filled-up with bricks. As only one infant was buried under St. James the Less, no order was issued or required.

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'Deepening the Sewer in the Old Pord Road, and carrying it under the Regent's Canal, was another life-saving work ; 19 whereby the areas of many houses are now drained which before were flooded and poisoned by mepliitic gas. Great good also has been effected by abolishing the Cow Yard and Rubbish Dep6t in Wilmot Street, and by erecting cottages on their site. The collection too of road mud, dust and dung, in the yard of Mr. Rook, by Gibraltar Walk has, through magisterial influence, been removed. The manufacture likewise of Manure under the Railway Arch, No. 87, which—though stopped two years ago, was re-established on a larger scale—is now altogether done away. And happily, manure is no longer baked at Digby Street in Baker's Yard. The Slaughter Houses have had due attention; Pig keeping in many instances has been prevented, and two cellar dwellings have been closed.

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Moreover, the carcass of a diseased cow about to be chopped into sausage meat was condemned, and cut up at a boiling-house for dogs. A handsome Drinking Fountain, surmounted with the appropriate motto, Health, Strength, and Peace flow from me," has been erected on the Green, and presented to the Parish by J. D. Link, Esquire. Numerous nuisances from Boiling of Meat, Melting of Fat, and Smoking of Fish, have, as far as practicable, been remedied and abated.

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These, with the erection of 4 new houses in Hammond's Gardens, the paving of Fountain Alley and other parts, the filling up of the ditch in Bridge Road, the drainage of certain streets where water flowed in wet weather from the yards to the shops, where the soil was .uo damp that the fowls died "mildewed;" the re-supply of water to Prospect Terrace whence it was off some months; with the sewer, drain, cesspool, and other works in Table 12, constitute our Progress in 1859. Though we know not how many lives sanitation has saved, nor what widowhood, orphanage, and pauperism it has B 2 20 tailed, yet, as we purify our houses within and without, and supply them with all the requirements of health, so must we, step by step, improve the physique of Bethnal Green. "

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The rate of death of a district represents the commercial value, in its widest sense, of its men, women, and children ; its revelations are not simply of the actual loss of human life, but of the waste of human intellect and human strength." Such wastes, through morbific causes, imply with us an excess of 4 deaths per 1000 over the normal or healthy rate of 17 ; and such, more perfect hygiene can alone correct. " Any deaths in a people exceeding 17 in 1000 annually are unnatural deaths." That number, therefore, should be our maximum, and until that be attained our sanitary status will not rank high. If, however, our infantile death rate continue to fall 7 in the 1000 as was the case in 1859, we may hereafter expect our majority to glide off from life—like the Quakers of Great Britain wheresoever they dwell—not under 5 but between 70 and 80 years. "

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To supply the arm strong to labour, to substitute productive for unproductive citizens," to decrease the death-roll of the young, and to protract life beyond its present span— these are the tasks that sanitary science imposes on us— these the duties that we have constantly to fulfill! These, moreover, will advance the prosperity of Bethnal Green, and confer on many " Health till Death through ripe old age." I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, With great respect, Very faithfully yours, SAMUEL PEARCE. To the Gentlemen of the Vestry of St. Matthew, Bethnal Green. 21 APPENDIX TO THE 5th REPORT; Or, Tables of the Mortality and Progress of Bethnal Green, during the Year 1859. -oM0' 1. London Weather and Deaths, with the relative tality of Bethnal Green. 2. Nosology of every Death. 3. Mean Ages of Gentry, Tradesmen, and Artisans.

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4. Mean Ages in the 4 Sub-Districts. 5. Sub-District Epidemic Deaths. 6. Comparative Mortality by Epidemics in London, East Districts and Bethnal Green. 7. Workhouse Deaths. 8. Mortality at 7 Ages. 9. Vital Statistics of the 4 Sub-Districts. 10. Deaths according to Occupations. 11. Practice of the Poor-Law Medical Staff. 12. Synopsis of Sanitary Works. TABLE I. Showing the London "Weather and Deaths, and the relative Mortality in Bethnal Green. METEOROLOGY. DEATHS. 1859, Months. Mean Beading of Barometer. Mean Temperature of Air. Mean Dew point Temperature. Relative proportion of Wind. Daily Horizontal Movement of Air. Amount of Bain in Inches. In Bethnal Green. In London. Total.

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Annual percentage of Deaths in Bethnal Green. Epidemic. Percentage of Epidemic to Total Deaths. Total. Annual percentage of London Deaths. Epidemic. Percentage of Epidemic to Total Deaths. N. E. S. W. In. o o Miles. In. January 30.037 40.4 37.0 6 2 6 17 124 0.8 194 40 5476 1087 February 29.823 43.1 37.6 2 1 6 19 150 0.9 208 35 4899 904 March 29.806 46.4 40.0 7 0 5 19 130 1.3 198 50 5772 1038 April 29.614 46.6 38.9 3 8 6 13 133 2.

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2 142 27 4618 2.229 782 May 29.789 53.1 45.9 10 18 1 2 75 2.4 156 2.127 34 4263 749 June 29.766 61.4 53.8 8 8 1 13 57 1.4 188 47 28.02 4843 or 883 21.95 July 29.937 68.1 58.3 5 5 10 11 57 3.3 230 or 114 5650 1807 August 29.818 63.5 54.2 6 3 11 11 86 1.1 187 75 5038 1 Death 1748 September 29.709 56.7 50.0 8 1 9 12 97 3.

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8 186 1Death 60 5322 1419 October 29.523 50.9 47.9 2 9 7 11 . 3.6 142 43 3856 in 45. 937 November 29.824 42.1 38.3 3 8 12 7 ... 2.9 174 in 47. 41 4773 919 December 29.623 36.8 33.4 5 11 4 10 ... 2.2 268 71 7107 1257 Totals of year 29.772 50.8 44.6 65 74 78 145 ... 25.9 2273 637 61617 13530 TABLE 2.

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DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE PARISH OF SAINT MATTHEW, BETHNAL GREEN, IN THE 52 WEEKS, ENDING DECEMBER 31ST, 1859. CAUSES OF DEATH AGES Total QUARTERS Total of 1858 CAUSES OF DEATH AGES Total QUARTERS Total of 1858 Under 5 Under 20 20 and under 40 4 0 and under 60 60 and under 80 80 and above 1 2 3 4 Under 5 Under 20 20 and under 40 40 and under 60 60 and under 80 80 and above 1 2 3 4 I. Zymotic:—712.

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Peritonitis ... 1 1 1 ... ... 3 1 1 1 ... 5 Ascites ... ... ... 1 ... ... 1 1 ... ... ... 5 Small-pox 82 22 5 2 .. .. 111. 25 34 28 24 20 Ulceration of Intestines . . . 2 . . 2 2 . . . 3 Measles 53 3 . . . . 156 7 5 8 36 91 Hernia (Rupture) . 1 1 2 1 . 5 2 . 2 1 4 Scarlatina 111 43 3 . . . 157 48 30 32 47 188 Ileus . 1 . 1 1 . 3 2 1 . . . Whooping Cough 54 1 . . . .

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55 20 17 7 11 114 Intussusception . 1 1 . 1 . 3 1 . 1 1 7 Croup 12 . . . . . l2 5 2 3 2 22 Stricture of Intestinal Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . Thrush 5 . . . . . 5 . . 3 2 7 Disease of Stomach, &c. . 2 4 2 . 8 2 2 1 3 6 Diarrhœa (Bowel Complaint) 174 . 1 1 10 1 187 6 6 160 15 104 Disease of Pancreas . . 1 . . . 1 1 . . . . Dysentery . . . . 1 . 1 . . 1 . 6 Inflammation of Liver (Hepatitis) . . . .

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1 2 . 3 1 1 1 . 5 Cholera 3 . 1 . . . 4 . . 3 1 2 Jaundice 5 . . . . . 5 1 2 . 2 9 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . Disease of Liver 1 . 4 9 4 . 18 6 4 5 3 13 Scurvy and Purpura 3 2 1 . . . 6 1 1 . 4 2 Diseases of Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . Ague . . . 1 . . 1 . 1 . . . VIII. Kidneys, &c. :—15. Remittent Fever 1 1 . . . . 2 . 1 . 1 Infantile Fever . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Nephritis . . . 1 . . 1 1 . . . 1 Typhus Fever 20 18 9 14 10 . 71 19 l6 14 22 107 Nephritis (Britht's Disease) . 1 3 l . . 5 . 1 2 2 4 Puerperal Fever (Metria) . 2 10 1 . . 13 3 3 2 5 10 Ischuria . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . . 3 Rheumatic Fever 1 3 2 2 2 . 10 4 2 1 3 11 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Erysipelas (Rose) 5 2 1 2 2 1 13 6 3 . 4 18 Stone . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Syphilis 7 . . . . . 7 1 2 2 2 6 Cystitis . . . . 2 . 2 . 1 1 . 2 Noma (Canker) 1 . . . . . 1 • • . 1 . . Stricture of Urethra . . . . 2 . 2 . 2 . . . Hydrophobia . . . . . . . . . . . . Disease of Kidneys, &c. ... 1 1 1 1 ... 4 2 2 ... ... 4 II. Dropsy, &c. :—54. Childbirth:-20.

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Hæmorrhage 1 .. 2 1 1 .. 5 1 1 2 1 7 Paramenia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Dropsy 1 4 2 9 6 .. 22 4 5 9 4 24 Overian Dropsy ... ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... ... 1 2 4 Abscess (Gathering) 3 .. .. 1 1 .. 5 4 1 .. .. 6 Childbirth(see Metria) ... ... 2 2 ... ... 4 1 ... ... 3 4 Ulcer 1 .. .. 1 .. 1 3 2 1 .. .. 1 Disease of Uterus, &c.

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... ... 4 6 3 ... 13 5 2 4 2 2 Fistula .. .. .. 1 1 .. 2 .. 1 1 .. 1 Mortification .. .. .. .. 3 .. 3 1 .. 1 1 7 X. Joints, Bones &c.:-6. Cancer .. .. 1 8 3 1 13 3 2 4 4 19 Rheumatism ... ... ... 1 2 ... 3 ... 3 ... ... ... Gout .. .. .. .. 1 •• 1 .. •• 1 •• 1 Arthritis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 III. Tubercular:—437.

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Disease of Joints ... 1 1 1 ... ... 3 ... 2 1 ... 4 Scrofula 4 3 .. .. .. .. 7 3 2 2 .. 4 XI. Skin, Cellular Tissues, &c. —4. Tabes Mesenterica 124 7 .. .. .. • • 131 25 29 52 25 125 Phthisis (Consumption) 17 29 132 80 8 .. 266 71 68 6l 66 255 Carbuncle ... ... ... 1 1 ... 2 ... ... 1 1 2 Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain) 32 1 .. .. .. •• 33 9 6 10 8 43 Phlegmon ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... IV. Brain and Neryes :—243. Disease of Skin, &c.

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2 ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... 1 1 ... Cephalitis 4 2 3 1 .. .. l0 4 3 1 2 18 XII. Malformation :—2. Apoplexy 1 .. 2 9 23 .. 35 10 9 12 4 33 Palsy (Paralysis) 1 .. 7 23 18 2 51 19 10 12 10 59 Spina Bifida ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Delirium Tremens .. .. 1 1 .. .. 2 .. 1 1 .. 5 Other Malformations 2 ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... 2 ... 3 Chorea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. XIII. Premature Birth and Debi lity :—57.

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55 1 ... ... 1 ... 57 11 21 11 14 70 Epilepsy 1 5 4 2 3 .. 15 5 4 2 4 13 Tetanus 1 .. ,. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 1 .. 2 Insanity .. .. 3 5 5 .. 13 6 4 2 1 15 XIV, Atrophy :—14. 14 ... ... ... ... ... 14 1 3 7 3 19 Convulsions 94 1 ,. .. .. .. 95 28 16 24 27 72 Disease of Brain, &c. 11 3 3 2 2 .. 21 2 7 6 6 36 XV. Old Age:-109.

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... ... ... 1 71 37 109 28 24 17 4 123 V. Heart A Blood Vessels :—69. XVI. Sudden Death:-12 5 ... ... 7 ... ... 12 ... 3 4 5 10 Pericarditis .. 2 1 .. .. 1 4 .. .. 3 1 4 XVII. Violent Death :—58. Aneurism .. .. 1 2 .. .. 3 .. 2 1 .. 2 Disease of Heart, &c. 2 9 6 18 17 .. 52 15 11 10 16 40 Intemperance ... ... 1 1 ... ... 2 1 1 ... ... 2 VI. Lungs and Organs or Respiration :—350.

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Privation of Food ... ... 1 2 1 ... 4 3 ... ... 1 1 Want of Breast Milk 2 ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... 1 1 2 Neglect ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Laryngitis 9 1 .. .. .. .. 10 2 2 3 3 5 Cold ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... ... 1 1 Bronchitis 27 2 10 29 48 2 118 45 25 11 37 159 Poision ... ... ... 1 ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... 1 Pleurisy .. .. ,.

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2 1 .. 3 1 .. 2 .. 4 Burns and Scalds 4 ... ... ... ••• ... 4 2 1 ... 1 2 Pneumonia 148 5 6 6 5 .. 170 70 29 l6 55 217 Hanging (Suicide) ... ... 1 ... 3 ... 4 ... ... 3 1 4 Asthma .. .. 2 14 26 1 43 16 9 2 16 61 Suffocation 15 ... ... ... ... ... 15 1 4 3 7 6 Disease of Lungs 2 .. .. 2 2 .. 6 3 1 .. 2 15 Drowning ... 2 2 2 ... ... 6 ... 4 1 1 8 Fractures and Contusions 1 ... ... 1 ... ... 2 1 1 ... ... 1 VII.

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Stomach and Digestive Organs :—121. Wounds ... ... 1 2 ... ... 3 1 2 ... ... 1 Other Violent Causes 2 1 2 2 1 1 9 4 1 1 3 8 Teething 57 .. .. .. .. .. 57 17 19 10 11 70 Not Specified 5 ... ... ... ... ... 5 3 2 ... ... 44 Quinsey 3 .. 1 .. .. .. 4 2 2 • • .. 5 Gastritis 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 3 Enteritis 1 2 .. 2 2 .. 7 2 .. 4 1 6 * TOTALS 1191 184 250 296 304 48 2273 600 486 603 584 2442 23 TABLE 3.

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Mean Ages of Gentry, Tradesmen, and Artisans. Classes Nos. of Deaths Years of Life Mean Age at Death Percentage of each Class to Total Deaths Yrs. Mths. Wks. Days Gentry 55 3105 0 3 0 56.45 2.42 Tradesmen 620 14578 1 1 4 23.51 27.28 Artisans, Labourers and Paupers 1598 32720 11 3 1 20.47 70.30 Totals 2273 50404 1 3 5 22.17 100.00 TABLE 4. Mean Ages in the 4 Sub-Districts. Sub-Districts Nos. of Deaths Years of Life Mean Age at Death Yrs. Mths. Wks.

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Days Hackney Road 471 9462 2 2 6 20.08 Green 811 24261 9 2 6 29.91 Church 505 9553 4 1 5 18.91 Town 486 7126 9 0 2 1466 Totals 2273 50404 1 3 5 22.17 24 TABLE 5. Sub-District Epidemic Mortality in 1859.

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Sub-Districts of Bethnal Green Small Pox Measles Scarlatina Whooping Cough Diarrhœa Typhus Total of Epidemics Percentage to Total Deaths Hackney Road 25 8 46 11 46 15 151 Green 19 16 39 10 44 22 150 Church 30 12 31 18 42 18 151 28.02 Town 37 20 41 16 55 16 185 Totals 111 56 157 55 187 71 637 TABLE 6. Comparative Mortality by Epidemics in London, East Districts, and Bethnal Green.

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Epidemics Percentages to Total Deaths London East Districts Bethnal Green Small Pox 1.8 2.6 4.8 Measles 2.1 1.8 2.4 Scarlatina 6.8 7.0 6.9 Whooping Cough 2.8 2.6 2.4 Diarrhœa 5.4 6.7 8.2 Typhus 2.9 3.4 3.1 25 TABLE 7. Causes of, and Ages at, Death, in the Workhouse, Bethnal Green, during the 52 weeks ending December 31st, 1859.

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Zymotic or Epidemic Class Tubercular Class Brain, Nerves, &c. Heart, &c. Respiratory Organs Digestive Organs Violence, Privation, &c. All other Diseases General Total 12 30 22 6 38 5 2 48 163 AGES 0—1 1—5 5—10 10—20 20—40 40—60 60-80 80-100 General Total 11 10 2 2 18 34 79 7 163 TABLE 8. Mortality at 7 Ages.

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Ages Numbers Living Numbers Dying Death Percentages Death Percentages in 1858 0— 5 15738 1191 7.567 8.268 5— 10 13351 109 0.816 1.100 10— 20 21322 75 0.351 0.325 20— 40 32938 250 0.759 0.743 40— 60 17588 296 1.682 1.675 60— 80 5512 304 5.515 6.347 80—100 387 48 12.403 21.578 Above 100 1 ... ... ... 26 TABLE 9. Comparative Mortality, Causes of, and Ages at, Death, in each of the Sub-Districts of Bethnal Green, during the 52 weeks ending December 31st, 1859. Sub-Districts. CAUSES.

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DEATHS. Zymotic or Epidemic Class. Tubercular Classs. Brain Nerves, &c. Heart, &c. Kespiratory Organs. Digestive Organs. Violence, Privation, &c. All other Diseases. Males. Females. General Total. Hackney Road 171 79 49 14 78 24 5 51 228 243 471 Green 173 176 110 26 13? 49 24 121 419 392 811 Church 164 97 42 14 76 29 15 68 250 255 505 Town 204 85 42 5 64 19 14 53 251 235 486 Totals 712 437 243 59 350 121 58 293 1148 1125 2273 Sub-Districts. AGES. DEATHS.

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—1 1—5 5—10 10—20 20—40 40—60 60—80 80—100 Males. Females. General Total. Hackney Road 132 122 35 18 46 55 54 9 228 243 471 Green 166 156 ?5 34 108 134 159 29 419 392 811 Church 151 141 24 11 58 58 53 9 250 255 505 Town 158 165 25 12 38 49 38 1 251 235 486 Totals 607 584 109 75 250 296 304 48 1148 1125 2273 TABLE 10. Occupations of Males, aged 20 years and upwards, whose deaths were registered in Bethnal Green, during the 52 weeks ending December 31st, 1859.

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OCCUPATIONS OF MALES AGED TWENTY AND UPWARDS. Living in Bethnal Green at the ceusus of 1851. Deaths registered in the 52 weeks ending December 31st, 1859. OCCUPATIONS OF MALES AGED TWENTY AND UPWARDS. Liring in Bethnal Green at th e censu s of 1851. Deaths registered in the 52 weeks ending December 31st, 1859. Total Ages at Death. Total Ages at Death. Aged 20 & upwards Aged 20 & upwards 20- 40- 60- 80 and upwards Aged 20 & upwards Aged 20 & upwards 20- 40- 60- 80 and upwards Class Class Brought forward 8035 197 61 80 53 3 1. (1) Post Office 39 2 1 1 12.

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(2) Tallow Chandler 79 1 1 Customs 77 1 1 Comb Maker 49 3 2 1 (3) East India Service 58 1 1 (3) Skinner 2 1 1 2. (1) Soldier 13 3 1 2 Currier 50 2 2 Chelsea Pensioner 44 2 2 (5) Hair Manufacture 51 1 1 3. (2) Solicitor 16 1 1 Brush and Broom Maker 109 2 1 1 (3) Other Medical Men 8 1 1 (7) Silk Manufacture 4356 73 9 28 34 2 (5) Law Clerk 54 1 1 12. (1) Green Grocer 120 2 1 1 4.

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(1) Editor, Writer 7 1 1 Corn Merchant 41 1 1 (2) Painter (Artist) 23 2 1 1 Miller 16 2 1 (4) Schoolmaster 46 1 1 Baker 363 9 1 4 1 6.

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(2) Inn Servant 104 3 1 1 1 Confectioner 92 1 1 2 2 (3) Hatter 106 4 1 2 1 (2) Brewer 128 10 2 4 3 1 Tailor 351 8 2 4 2 Licensed Victualler, Beer shop keeper 208 11 4 3 4 Hosier, Haberdasher 23 1 1 Shoemaker 1643 15 5 7 3 Sugar Refiner 11 1 1 Others providing dress 212 1 1 Grocer 177 2 2 7.

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(1) House Proprietor 78 6 1 4 1 Tobacconist 45 2 2 Salesman 13 2 1 1 (3) Oil and Colourman 69 3 2 1 Accountant 38 1 1 French Plisher 78 1 1 Commercial Clerk 173 6 2 3 1 (4) Timber Merchant 38 1 1 Commercial Traveller 45 4 1 2 1 Other Dealers, Workers in Timber 63 2 2 Hawker, Pedlar 190 7 2 4 1 Other engaged in Road veyance 146 4 3 1 (5) Cork Cutter 52 2 1 1 8. (2) Coach Cabowner 9 3 2 1 (6) Sawyer 148 6 2 3 1 Carman,Carrier,Carter,

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Drayman 280 7 5 2 (7) Cabinet Maker, Upholsterer 614 8 4 3 1 Others engaged in Road veyance 60 1 1 Turner 172 4 1 3 Chair Maker 234 5 2 2 1 (4) Seaman 100 5 4 1 Box Maker 117 2 2 Others connected with Sea Navigation 472 2 1 1 Others dealing in Wood niture 109 1 1 Dock Service, Dock Labourer 5 3 1 1 (8) Cooper 186 2 1 1 (5) Engaged in Warehousing 147 3 2 1 (11) Rope Maker 123 2 1 1 (6) Messenger, Porter 446 13 3 3 7 Other workers, Dealers in Hemp 72 3 2 9.

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(1) Farmer 15 1 1 Agricultural Labourer(out-door) 73 2 2 (12) Draper 75 1 1 1 (3) Gardener 65 2 1 1 Cotton Manufacture 17 1 10. (1) Farrier, Veterinary Surgeon 39 2 2 Packer and Dresser 1 1 Drover 30 1 1 (13) Stationer 52 4 4 11. (1) Publisher, Bookseller 42 1 1 Other Paper Workers, Dealers 38 1 1 Bookbinder 54 2 2 14.

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(1) Chimney Sweeper 14 1 1 Printer 168 10 8 2 (2) Brick Maker 42 1 1 (3) Musical Instrument Maker 43 1 1 Road Labourer 8 3 1 2 (7) Civil Engineer 1 1 1 (4) Glass Manufacture 73 2 1 1 (9) Philosophical Instrument Makers and Dealers 78 1 1 (8) Goldsmith, Silversmith 69 1 1 Carver,

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Gilder 97 6 4 1 1 (10) Gunsmith 51 2 2 (13) Brass Founder 67 3 1 1 (12) Coachmaker 87 1 1 (14) Iron Manufacture 53 2 1 1 Others connected with Carriage making 3 3 Whitesmith 36 3 2 1 1 Blacksmith 189 1 1 (13) Saddler 29 1 1 File Maker 8 1 1 (15) Surveyor 5 1 1 15.

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(1) Labourer (branch undefined) 1010 26 5 11 10 Carpenter, Joiner 572 12 2 5 5 (2) Mechanic, Manufacturer man (branch undefined) 12 5 2 1 2 Bricklayer 452 9 3 3 3 Mason, Pavior 72 2 1 1 Others of indefinited Occupation 9 2 1 1 Plasterer 95 3 1 1 1 16. (1) Gentleman, Independent 32 2 1 1 Painter, Plumber, Glazier 367 7 6 1 Annuitant 75 6 1 3 2 (17) Dyer, Scourer, Calenderer 119 2 2 Lunatic Attendant 1 1 32 12.

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(1) Cowkeeper, Milkseller 124 2 1 1 Persons of no stated tion of Condition 221 4 2 1 1 Cheesemonger 57 1 1 Butcher 275 7 2 4 1 Poulterer 32 1 1 Others dealing in Animal Food 70 2 1 1 Carried forward 8035 197 61 80 53 3 TOTAL 18205 441 125 165 136 15 27 TABLE 11. New Cases of Disease attended by the Poor Law Medical Staff, during the year 1859. DISTRICTS. 1 2 3 4 5 Workhouse. TOTAL.[/##] Small-pox 7 121 61 83 93 3 368 Chicken-pox 4 5 1 2 3 . 15 Measles 12 67 20 11 39 .

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149 Scarlatina 4 15 39 27 71 . 156 Whooping-cough 2 29 12 16 13 . 72 Group . . . 1 1 . . Diarrhœa 45 134 147 147 198 33 704 Dysentery 1 4 . . 3 . 8 Cholera . . . . . . . Ague . . . 1 1 . 2 Continued Fever 69 137 121 77 67 72 543 Rheumatic Fever 7 9 6 23 18 6 69 Erysipelas 4 9 3 14 9 8 47 Delirium Tremens . . . . . . . Insanity 5 8 5 8 14 36 76 Bronchitis and Catarrh 31 110 33 92 152 8 426 Diphtheria . 7 3 .

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3 . 13 Pleurisy 4 6 5 25 6 . 46 Pneumonia 24 15 10 23 18 9 99 Puerperal Fever . . . 2 . . 2 Pyaemia . . . . . . . Carbuncle 2 3 . 1 4 . 10 All other Diaeaaes 221 679 466 553 713 175 2807 336 660 599 693 666 749 3703 Total 557 1339 1065 1246 1379 924 6510 Deaths 7 44 37 119 71 163 441 28 TABLE 12. Synopsis of Sanitary Works,* from March 26th, 1859, to March 25th, 1860. 1. ARRANGED IN WARDS.

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Wards Houses Inspected Drains Constructed Drains Trapped North 156 79 81 South 182 66 76 East 74 35 65 West 202 114 120 Totals 614 294 342 Wards Drains Improved Cesspools filled up Cesspools emptied North 42 98 4 South 36 46 17 East 16 58 9 West 78 124 11 Totals 172 326 41 Wards Privies altered to Water Closets New Closets constructed Dust Removals North 110 7 3143 South 59 13 2987 East 60 5 2629 West 130 36 2431 Totals 359 61 11,190 2. MISCELLANEOUS. Sewer Blocks constructed Sewer Ventilators made Gullies Flushed Gullies Trapped and made No. 1 Nos. 12 Nos. 878 Nos.

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144 Houses connected with Sewers New Manholes Total Works Nos. 343 Nos. 52 Nos. 14,829 3. ABOUT TO BE COMMENCED. Sewerage Block, No. 9. * For the figures I am indebted to the Surveyor and Inspector, to whom I beg to return my thanks.

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YEAR 1860. BET 76 SIXTH REPORT on the SANITARY CONDITION of BETHNAL GREEN, by SAMUEL PEARCE, MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH, London: PRINTED BY ORDER OF VESTRY, by J. S. FORSAITH, 118, BETHNAL GREEN ROAD, N.E. 1861, DEDICATED in remembrance of instruction afforded and favors received, to JAMES LUKE, ESQ., F.R. S., F.R.C.S., LATE PRESIDENT OP THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND,) senior surgeon of the london hospital, and surgeon of st. luke's hospital; to whom the author of this report will ever owe life-lasting gratitude and respect. 135, Bethnal Green Road, May 6th, 1861.

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Gentlemen, Following the course heretofore pursued, I beg to lay before you the Vital Statistics and Sanitary Progress of Bethnal Green during the year 1860. It will, at the onset, gratify you to know, that notwithstanding the extraordinary weather and the high price of provisions, our Births rose and our Death-roll fell. In the first quarter the mean temperature was but 38.9°, and the mortality was great. The maximum of deaths for any one week of the year was registered with us in this quarter on March 24th, and numbered 77. In the second quarter, the month of June was wet and cold, and on the 24th the humidity attained 100, or the point of saturation; so that "there was no difference between the mean dew point temperature and air temperature." During this quarter the mean temperature was 50.5°, and in the week completed on April 21st, there died only 20 persons in Bethnal Green.

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This was the minimum of our weekly returns. Throughout the Summer the fall of rain was large, and the mean heat 56.8°, or "five degrees less than the average of four corresponding quarters, 1856-9." Fortunately the wet and cold "retarded putrefaction and washed away" the poisons as they rose. In the last quarter "the weather was generally cold, frequently wet or dull, and before the year closed singularly severe." The mean temperature was 42.8°. Table I. in the Appendix furnishes month by month the readings of the Barometer and Thermometer, the relative proportions of the wind, the fall of rain, and the Deaths in London and Bethnal Green. In London 4 the obituary list consisted of 61,821 persons; in Bethnal Green of 2184. The latter figures represent for this District an average of 182 deaths every month, of* 42 every week, and of 6 every day.

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"Not certified" was recorded against 11, and "No medical attendant" against 19 of the deaths. The total Returns show, when divided, a mortality of 1100 males and 1084 females, whose per centages are to population 1.054 and 1.039. The sum of the children born alive was 4107, or 4 more than in 1859. It exceeded the deaths by 1923, and bore an average to them of 1.8 to 1. Of sexes, the proportion of the Boys was 2072, that of the Girls 2035, or 98 females to 100 males. In reference to population, the Births formed a per centage of 3.9, i.e., 1 to every 25.4 living. Throughout England in 1860 the per centage was 3.4, or of the living 1 in 29.

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The highest amounts occurred in Bethnal Green in March and August, the lowest in September and July. Out of 1000 Births, our mortality below 5 years numbered 284. Of each 1000 "only 221 die in agricultural districts, whilst 385 die annually at that age in closely-built towns." Comparatively the mortality in 1860 was 89 less than in 1859, and 258 less than in 1858. It was too 146 below the mean of the foregoing 10 years. Derived from weekly averages of a similar time, the Death-rolls show an excess during 16 weeks in London, 11 in Whitechapel, 19 in Shoreditch, and 18 in Bethnal Green. For the latter place the death rate of the year—worked on the excess of the Births over the Deaths—fell "100 lower than the Metropolitan, and .228 lower than the East Districts' Return.

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These figures express, that of 43 living persons 1 died in the East Districts; of 45.5 living 1 died in London; and of 47.7 living 1 died in Bethnal Green. They tell therefore where life was of most value last year. 5 If the Deaths be apportioned by the New Classification, 498 persons sank from Diseases of the Zymotic Class ; 449 from those of the Constitutional; 857 from those of the "Local, comprising diseases of the brain, circulation, respiration, digestion, urinary, reproductive, locomotive, and integumentary systems;" 266 from those of the Developmental, or "Diseases of Growth, Nutrition and Decay;" and 114 from those of the Violent Class, or "Deaths from evident external causes." On the other hand, by the Old Classification (Table II.)

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the formula supplied by the Registrar-General, the per centage of the 1st Class ("Epidemic, Endemic, and Contagious") was 22.5; of the 2nd Class(Dropsy, &c.)

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2.7; of the 3rd (Tubercular) 18.6; of the 4th (Brain) 9.2 ; of the 5th (Heart) 3.0; of the 6th (Respiratory) 22.2; of the 7th (Stomach) 5.0; of the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th (Kidneys, Childbirth, Joints, Skin, and Malformation) 20; of the 13th and 14th (Premature Birth and Atrophy) 3.9; of the 15th (Old Age) 5.2; of the 16th (Sudden Death) 2.1; and of the 17th (Violent Death) 2"7.

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By the Epidemic group 430 were destroyed, of whom 326 died under 5 years; 61 between 5 and 20; and 43 more at all other ages. Of all deaths it formed 19.6 per cent., while in London it constituted 16.4. In the East Districts—in which Bethnal Green is comprised —its per centage was 17.6. Small Pox, the most preventable and appalling of this " great class of maladies," was fatal, mostly through negligence, to 36 individuals, 4 of whom had reached their 21st, 22nd, 26th and 38th years. The great culpability so incurred is thus noticed by Mr. Simon: "The death of a child by Small Pox would in most instances call for a verdict of 'homicide by omission' against the parents who had neglected daily opportunities of giving it immunity from that disease, by the simple process of 6 nation."

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Measles, which became more virulent after the continued prevalence of Small Pox, swept away 112. Now in Scotland, it has been observed by the Registrar-General, "that in years when, or localities where, Small Pox has not been prevalent, the mortality from Measles is very small, but when Small Pox has extended and put on the epidemic form, the mortality from Measles becomes very great." The quotation demonstrates the double safeguard that early vaccination forthwith confers. Scarlatina and Diptheria fortunately decreased from 188 and 157 in 1858-9 to 96 in 1860. Malignant was registered against the former 22 times. How tenaciously this dire disease may cling to a house the following shows:—"In a village in Essex there was a severe outbreak of Scarlet Fever. A man at the extremity had a child die with the disease. This was the last case that occurred at that time in the village.

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He had three other children, the whole of whom he at once sent away to their grandmother, 8 miles off. None of the children were recalled for two months, and the house was in the meantime whitewashed, and together with the bed linen and every other material that could be considered capable of retaining the disease, was thoroughly cleansed. At the end of the two months, one boy returned home; he had not been in the house a day before he was seized with the premonitory symptoms, had the disease in its severest form, and in spite of all treatment died. A period of between four and five months elapsed, in which interval the same cleansing processes were carried on as before; and the parents thinking that all danger must now necessarily be passed, recalled their last remaining boy. There had been no case in the village during the time intervening, but this boy on returning home was seized exactly in the same manner as the previous one, and also died."

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Whooping Cough, which is also 7 a very fatal disease, numbered four victims more than in 1859. One person died from it at the age of 20 years. Diarrhoea showed a minority of 121 deaths and Typhus of 10, when contrasted with the year before. Taken severally there died from the living 1 in 2897 by Small Pox, 1 in 931 by Measles, 1 in 1086 by Scarlatina and Diptheria, 1 in 1768 by Whooping Cough, 1 in 1580 by Diarrhœa, and 1 in 1709 by Typhus. In their social relation the Epidemics caused among the gentry 1 death in 10.2, among the tradesmen 1 in 4.5, and among the artizans 1 in 5.1. Nos.

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3 and 4 (the Epidemic Tables) compare them side by side in London, the East Districts and Bethnal Green. Excepting in Whooping Cough, the Epidemic per centages of Bethnal Green surpass those of London, excepting also in Typhus they surpass the East Districts in every form. One other observation in the way of prevention is worthy of note, that "the younger a child is, the greater is the danger of its sinking under an attack. Every effort should therefore be made to improve the health during childhood, and if possible to prevent attacks of these epidemic diseases till the seventh year of life is attained."

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Exclusive of the Epidemics, the Zymotic Class caused 62 other deaths from Croup, Cholera, Erysipelas, Puerperal and Rheumatic Fevers, &c., &c. Various forms of Haemorrhage, Dropsy, Abscess, Mortification, Cancer, and other affections of "uncertain seat" removed from our population 60 more. Under Tubercular headings there were registered 408 deaths; 3 of which occurred from Scrofula, 105 from Marasmus or Wasting, 260 from Consumption, and 40 from Water on the Brain. To Consumption 157 males and 103 females owed their fate. It was most destructive in March and November, and least of all in August, September and October.

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In regard of age, 18 sank below 5, and 28 between 5 8 and 20 years; 138 at 20—40, 72 at 40—60, and 4 beyond the 3rd vicenniad. Out of every 10,000 living, our loss was 25; in England it is annually about 26, and "in eight counties of Scotland 17." The colder the place the less it prevails; it is, in fact, "rare in Siberia, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Orkneys," and "in the Arctic Regions it is all but unknown." In hot climates, however, there happens just the reverse: for "13 in the 1000 is the proportion of soldiers attacked by Consumption in Jamaica, whilst it is only 6 per 1000 in England." The one condition to prevent it, is to breathe plenty of fresh air.

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* The mortuary returns of the gentry give a loss therefrom of 1 in every 7; those of the tradesmen of 1 in 8.5; those of the artizans of 1 in 8.4. Of "the maladies of that wonderful system of organs which especially distinguish man from the inferior animals—some at the various stages of life paralyzing him, some deranging his powers of motion, and others assailing his passions or his intellect," there died 202. 38 of these perished by Apoplexy, 33 by Paralysis, 4 by Tetanus, and 1, the widow of a solicitor, forfeited her life to Delirium Tremens. Among the 66 cut off by Heart Disease, I allude with much regret to the late Mr. John Shenton, an old and faithful servant of Bethnal Green, who as he was passing, while on duty, along the road, fell against his son and was suddenly summoned hence.

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"When called to him, and the event occurred only five doors from my own, he was no more. To Pulmonary Affections 487 deaths are referred, which, owing to the untoward weather, were much in excess. Their *On the evils of want of air, it has been facetiously said:— "Who gets the wind but through a hole, May make his will and mind his soul." 9 numerals in 1857-9 are expressed by 413, 461, and 350. How the quota of Epidemics, Consumption, and Diseases of the Respiratory Organs varied month by month last year I annex below:— Diseases. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. December.

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Small Pox 5 7 3 6 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 Measles 10 6 7 7 8 12 9 9 10 7 13 14 Scarlatina 6 8 23 5 6 6 5 9 8 10 3 8 Whooping Cough 4 7 3 8 6 1 1 5 2 2 10 10 Diarrhœa 1 3 1 1 . 5 4 22 13 13 1 2 Typhus 4 .

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15 2 6 5 4 1 6 6 6 6 Consumption 26 26 30 21 27 26 18 11 12 12 28 23 Organs of Respiration 60 77 77 36 26 22 22 24 28 29 43 43 Totals 116 134 159 86 80 78 64 83 83 81 106 107 The fatality from Diseases of the Digestive Organs amounted to 110. Among its sub-divisions Teething took off 50, Liver and Stomach Affections 31, and Intestinal Complaints 14. By the several headings of Classes 8, 9, 10, and 11, the numbers carried off were 40, namely:—by the Kidneys 13, Childbirth 21, Joints 3, and Skin 3.

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In Classes 12, 13, 14, and 15, the Deaths by Malformation were 4, by Premature Birth and Debility 66, by Atrophy 20, and by Old Age, "the only disease natural to man," 114. Finally, Classes 16 and 17, which comprise chiefly the Sudden and Violent Deaths, register our loss at 115. 121 Inquests were recorded in the year. The individuals on whom the inquiries were held included 62 males, or 35 children and 27 adults; and 59 females, or 34 children and 25 adults. Of the verdicts, 1 was from "Effusion on the Brain," 1 from "Exhaustion," 1 from "a Shock," 1 "through 10 drinking boiling water," 1 "through being thrown out of a chaise," 1 by "Gangrene from Injury to the Hand,

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" 1 by "Perforation of Skull from falling on an upright nail," 1 of "Manslaughter against some boy unknown" for drowning a child, 1 from being "Crushed by a Railway Engine," and 1 by "Hanging;" 2 were from "Excessive Drinking," 2 from "Burns and Injuries from clothes getting on fire," 3 by "Cut-throat," 3 from " Injuries to Head from a fall," 4 by "Wilful Murder" of infants newly born, 4 by "Drowning," intentional and accidental, 6 from "Rupture of a Bloodvessel," 7 from "Ossification of the Aorta, Hypertrophy, and Fatty Degeneration of the Heart," 13 were "found Dying or Dead," 25 were from "Suffocation," and 42 from "Sudden Deaths."

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"The individuals who, Judas like," took "with their own hands the lives God gave," numbered 6. One was only 24, while another had passed her 72nd year. Incision of throat was the means employed by a corn dealer, a weaver, and the widow of a twine spinner; hanging by a hawker, and drowning by the daughter of a furniture dealer and an ostler.

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At the several Institutions in the District the deaths consisted (1) in the Workhouse of 82 male and 100 female Paupers; (2) in Bethnal House Asylum, of 8 male and 5 female Lunatics; (3) in the City of London Hospital, of 29 male and 5 female Patients; (4) in the Trinity Ground, of 2 male Pensioners; (5) at the Barracks in Globe Street, of 1 Staff Sergeant; and (6) at the Model Buildings of Miss Burdett Coutts, of 4 male and 2 female Lodgers. Table 7 classifies the Causes of the Workhouse Deaths.

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It shows—with the exception of the column headed "All other Diseases," which consists for the most part of Deaths from Age and Decay—that the greatest fatality depended on Tubercular Affections; two of which, Marasmus and 11 sumption, killed the entire 39; and that the next in rotation was from Diseases of the Air Passages and Lungs. It assigns to certain Brain Affections, namely, Apoplexy, Paralysis, Epilepsy, and Convulsions a loss of 25; and to certain Zymotic Maladies, chiefly Fever and Diarrhoea, a loss of 23. Successively in the gradations of each 20 years, 35 of the inmates died in the first vicennium ; 19 in the second; 45 in the third; 68 in the fourth ; and 15 in the fifth. 85 and 89 were the highest ages on the list.

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Registered as on the gross returns, the 182 deceased comprised 1 Seamstress, 1 Laundress, 1 Nurse, 1 Carman, 1 Brush-maker, 1 Twinespinner, 1 Chair-maker, 1 Cork-cutter, 1 Cooper, 1 Butcher, 1 Hatter, 1 Iron-moulder, 1 Painter, 1 Builder, 1 Engraver, 1 Type-founder, 1 Bookbinder, 1 Mathematical Instrumentmaker, 2 Bakers, 2 Box-makers, 2 Blacksmiths, 2 Winders, 3 Binders, 3 Tailors, 3 Porters, 3 Carpenters, 4 Hawkers, 6 Shoe-makers, 7 Unknown, 21 Labourers, 43 "Weavers, and 63 Servants.

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At Christmas ult., the living comprehended 359 men, 423 women, and 287 children; or an increase over the Christmas of 1859 of 217 of the In-door Poor. So likewise the Outdoor Poor, who numbered 964, showed an excess of 103. The following entry in the "Visitors' Book" testifies to the advantages of our "Model Workhouse:"— "I have this day inspected the Bethnal Green Workhouse, and it would be difficult for me to express the surprise and gratification with which I have seen all the arrangements. Not only have I not found anything defective under the important heads of cleanliness, ventilation, &c., but it seems to me that the gardens and yards for the use of the inmates constitute a feature which one would not have expected to find in an establishment of this description, and which must be of the greatest comfort to the aged and infirm persons who have here found a home. "A. A. KNOX, Magistrate, Worship-street.

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"April, 1861." 12 The ages of the 2184 persons whose mortality is recorded during 1860, extended over 48,511 years of life. These years when sub-divided, give a mean age of 22.21, and if worked on the Registrar-General's form a mean life-time of 40.5.* In London, and in all England, the mean age is 29 years, and the duration of life about 37 and 41. With us the Gentry outlived the Tradesmen by more than 24, and the Artizans by 27 years.† Respectively they passed away as seen in Table 5, at the ages of 48, 23, and 21. Of the adults who died, the years of life were 53, or 7 below the term that an Englishman on the average may expect to endure.

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Passing on to the deaths at different times and commencing with those at the earliest age, 287 occurred under three months, 113 between three and six, and 220 between six months and twelve. Under one year the deaths were to the births as 620 to 4107, or 1 in each 6.6. Between the years 1 and 2 the infantile loss was 288; between 2 and 3, 135; between 3 and 4, 80; and between 4 and 5 it was 44. By adding these the total is 1167, or a loss of 53.4 on every 100 deaths. Throughout London the per centage below 5 years rates above 40, in Liverpool (1860) at 43, in Leeds at 46, and in Manchester at 47. Taking the ratio to the living at the like age 75.9 per 1000 fell in 1860 in Bethnal Green.

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In the Healthy Districts of England, there are found to die in that number 40.3; while in England during 1847-56 they amounted to 68.2, and in London during 1849-53 to 77.1. The employment of many of the mothers in other than domestic work, with certain endemic influences, and too often want of means, account for much of the waste of infant life, and, by conse- *"The mean age of those who die is less than the lifetime, because the Births exceed the Deaths." †Prohably for the reason that the 1st Class consists principally of those who have retired at middle age, whose families for the most part are beyond the age of 5. 13 quence, for its high rate of death. "Inasmuch," says Mr.

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Simon, "as the few days of these wretched children are passed mainly within doors, so their high mortality constitutes the readiest and least fallacious evidence of the unwholesomeness of the dwellings in which they die." Of the population living in the five succeeding years, there perished 92, or to each 1000, 7'05. In England the rate is 8.96 Between the ages 10—20, which comprehend (at 10 —15) the healthiest years of life, the mortality was 61; or of 1000, 2.93. Up to this period, that is, under 20 years, 1320 persons, or a per centage over 60, terminated their career below. In the vicenniads 2 and 3, the dying numbered 239 and 275.

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Hence, 514 were swept away at "the periods of life when the organs of the body have attained their full growth and put forth their full strength; when the physical organisation has acquired its utmost perfection; when the senses, the feelings the emotions, are in the highest degree acute, intense, and varied; when the intellectual faculties, completely unfolded and developed, carry on their operations with the greatest vigour, soundness, and continuity ; in a word, when the individual is capable of communicating as well as of receiving the largest amount of the highest kind of happiness." As a relief to this premature decay, the deaths referable to Age were 350; of which 290 occurred at 60—80 and 60 at 80—100 years. Among these, 3 only lived to 92, 93 and 94.

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It was stated in my Report on 1858, that the numbers living in Bethnal Green in 1851 exceeded those of London at all ages under 20 years; but were afterwards inferior at every other age. When, however, weighed with England, we have a surplus of children under 10; a less amount of youths, more adults at 20—60; and fewer at every age beyond 14 On every 10,000 of the Sub-District population the difference of health is represented by 191 deaths in the Hackney Road, by 219 in the Green, by 181 in the Church, and by 169 in the Town.* Correspondingly the Birth-rates varied from 380 in No. 1, to 457 in No. 2, to 379 in No. 3, to 365 in No. 4. So, too, the Epidemic per centages ranged consecutively from 23.5, 15.5, 16.7 to 25.5.