Datasets:

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MOH-Bethnal-Green

like 1

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That Table also recounts the deaths in 1857, and facilitates the comparison of one year with the other. It illustrates, for example, that the mortality by Fever, Erysipelas, Dropsy, and Consumption was nearly alike, that it was higher by the first three epidemics, by Child-birth, Puerperal and Rheumatic Fevers, by Brain, Heart and Lung affections, by Premature Birth and Old Age; and was lower by Whooping Cough, Diarrhoea, Hœmorrhage, Tabes, Diseases of the Organs of Digestion and Kidneys, and by Violent and non-specified Deaths.

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Specially, the death percentages in the several classes were in the 1st, or Zymotic, 29; in the 3rd, or Tubercular, 17.48; in the 4th, or Brain, 10.36; in the 5th, or Heart, 1.8; in the 6th, or Lung, 18.8; in the 7th, or Digestive, 5.7; in the 16th, or Violent class, 3.3; and in all the other groups, 13.2. Distributed according to the new classification, which consists of 5 classes only, 728 deaths belong to the Zymotic class, 479 to the Constitutional, 850 to the Local, 298 to the 7 lopmental, and 87 to the class of Violent Deaths.

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"In the order of their fatality" you will see that Consumption occupied the first place, Pneumonia the second, Scarlatina the third, Bronchitis the fourth, Tabes the fifth, Old Age the sixth, Whooping Cough the seventh, Typhus the eighth, Diarrhœa the ninth, Measles the tenth, Convulsions the eleventh, and Teething the twelfth.

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As regards the fatality of the first 8 diseases, 1 person out of every 410 fell by Consumption, 1 out of 482 by Pneumonia, 1 out of 557 by Scarlatina, 1 out of 658 by Bronchitis, 1 out of 838 by Tabes or "Abdominal Consumption," 1 out of 851 by Age, 1 out of 918 by Whooping Cough, and 1 out of every 1007 by Typhus, Just as in London so in Bethnal Green there was an increase in the deaths by Epidemics, the rise in the one being 81, in the other 2445. With us their ratio of mortality was 1 out of every 3'91 deaths, in London 1 to 4.75. Our large onslaught from Small Pox, consequent often on neglect of vaccination, forms a melancholy characteristic of the year.

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Unhappily, too, Scarlatina assumed a most malignant type; in several instances proving fatal in the eruptive stage. In many cases no special insanitary conditions prevailed; showing, in the words of Mr. Simon, "it is impossible to doubt that the severity of its attack mainly depends on conditions peculiar to the person of the patient, and that no perfection of external circumstances will insure mildness of infection."* Diptheria, or "Malignant Throat Disease," is registered under Scarlatina, and among its victims are recorded—in an open well-constructed house—a father and two sons, of the respective ages of 35, 9, and 7 years. In social position the six Epidemics constituted 1 out of each 6 of the deaths of the * Dr.

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Greenhow says too, "that the average annual proportion of deaths produced by Scarlatina in Glendale, the healthiest district in England, is about the same as occurs in Liverpool, the unhealthiest city in the kingdom." 8 Gentry, 1 in every 4 of the Tradesmen, and 1 in every 3.7 of the Artisans. And of the mortality of the four Sub-Districts, they formed 28.71 per cent. in the Hackney Road; 28.62 in the Church; 28T6 in the Town; and 19.92 per cent. in the Green. Their numbers severally are contrasted in Table 5, and their epidemic percentages in London, the East Districts, and Bethnal Green, in Table 6.

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The 2nd group of the Causes of Death, comprising Hœmorrhage, Dropsy, Mortification, Cancer, &c., cut off 66 persons; 20 of whom were between 20 and 60 years of age. Of Tubercular Diseases, "Consumption, the enemy of mature life, carried off" 1 of every 7 of the Gentry, 1 of 9 of the Tradesmen, and 1 of 10 of the Artisans. Among all classes from 15 to 40 years it destroyed 127. Its death percentage was 14.43 in the Green, 8.62 in the Town, 8.51 in the Hackney Road, and 7.9 in the Church. Where not derived hereditarily—in-door occupations, close heated rooms and deprivation of pure air are the most potent causes of this "mammoth disease."

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"Inflammations and other local affections of the 8 great systems of organs of which the human body is made up, were fatal to" 934 persons. In the Brain class, convulsions, chiefly of infants, were the most destructive by far; while Apoplexy caused 33 deaths, Paralysis 59, and Epilepsy 13. 46 persons succumbed to diseases of the heart and large vessels, and 461 to affections of the lungs and organs of respiration. By diseases of the Digestive organs there fell 141, of which, affections of the Liver cut off 13, those of the Stomach 6, and those of the Intestinal Canal 14. To the other 4 groups, including diseases of the Kidneys, of Childbirth, and of the Joints and Skin, 33 deaths are referred.

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By the several diseases in the classes 12, 13, 14 and 15, comprehending those of "growth, nutrition and decay," there died 215—namely, by Malformations 3, by Premature 9 Birth and Debility 70, by Atrophy 19, and by Old Age 123. Classes 16 and 17, record 10 Sudden and 81 Violent, or non-specified deaths. On the other hand, taking the 3 great groups of diseases, which Dr. Greenhow states are both absolutely and relatively the chief causes of high death rates—viz., (1.) Pulmonary Affections, including Consumption and the several diseases of the respiratory class; (2.) Profluvial Diseases, comprising Diarrhoea, Dysentery and Cholera; and (3.)

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the Nervous Diseases of children, comprehending Water on the Brain, Convulsions and Teething—they numbered in each 1000 deaths, 293, 46, and 75. In England and Wales, and in all London, out of every 1000 deaths, Pulmonary Affections constitute 241 and 264; Diarrhœal Diseases 72 and 110; and the Nervous Diseases of children 87 and 68.

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On the 99 persons in respect of whose deaths Inquests were held, the Verdicts may be thus summed up:—"Found Dying" or "Dead" in houses, streets, canals, or parks, 43; by "Suffocation or Overlaying," 4; by "Sudden" and "Natural Deaths," 26; by "Visitation of God," 2; by "Drowning," 6; "Hanging," 4; "Cut Throats," 2; "Excessive Drinking," 1; by "Compression of Brain" and "Rupture of Blood Vessels," 3; by "Falls," "Pressure from an Engine," and "a Carriage Wheel," 4; by "Haemorrhage and Exhaustion after Labour," 2; "From cold, and insufficient food," 1; and "from the effects of 3 drops of Laudanum," 1.

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Of the Adults 29 were Males and 24 Females; of the children 23 were Boys and 23 were Girls. 5 unknown infants, newly-born, were left to perish in a privy, the canal and streets; and among the suicides, one—under alcoholic influence—cut his throat at his own shop door. The number of those who ended their days in our 3 large institutions, was 288; of whom there died in the Consumption Hospital 14, in Bethnal House Asylum 59, and in the 10 Workhouse 215. 7 other deaths also were registered in Grigg's and Pemmell's Alms Houses. The sum total is not the equivalent of our population proportion of the public institutions of London, which would amount to 90 besides. Many of the inhabitants die, of course, in Hospitals and Institutions situated elsewhere. The Workhouse mortality forms Table 7.

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You will there see that 33 fell by Epidemics,—that the Tubercular class, comprising Marasmus and Consumption killed 58; that the great bulk died at 60—80, the second at 40—60, and the third at 20—40 years—and that from 10 to 20 the deaths were only 6. It also shows that one, a weaver, reached the patriarchal age of 101. Classified by trades and occupations, the several inmates, Children and Adults, consisted of 64 Servants, 53 Weavers, 24 Labourers, 8 Unknown, 6 Shoemakers, 6 Seamstresses, 4 Winders, 4 Charwomen, 4 Bootbinders, 3 Dyers, 3 Laundresses, 2 Coal Porters, 2 House Painters, 2 Shoe-binders, 1 Chair Stuffcr, 1 Carver, 1 Cabinet Maker, 1 Waiter, 1 Sawyer,

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1 Braid-maker, 1 Tinman, 1 Cornchandler, 1 Baker, 1 Cigar Stripper, 1 Twine Spinner, 1 Carman, 1 Nurse, 1 Tailoress, 1 Straw Bonnet-maker, 1 Cooper, 1 Case-maker, 1 Butcher, 1 Porter, 1 Dress-maker, 1 Cab Driver, 1 Coachman, 1 Hawker, 1 Victualler, 1 Clerk, 1 Musician, 1 Jeweller, 1 Engineer, 1 Matron, and 1 Gentleman. The total amount of Pauperism was, at Christmas, 1660, or less by 825 than in 1857. Exclusive of the Lunatics at the different Asylums, the number of the inmates was, in the Workhouse 896; and of those out of doors 764.

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"Thus," says the Times, "in Bethnal Green the pauperism is less in proportion to other parishes as compared with population." In reference to the mortality at certain ages, 1276 died below 5 years; 144 from 5 to 10; 68 from 10 to 20; 425 over 60; 82 above 80; 8 over 90; and 1 beyond the 11 plete cycle of existence, or at 101 years.* Of the 1276 Infants, "the unripe harvest for the scythe of death," 277 fell under 3 months; 109 from 3 to 6 months; 231 from 6 to 12 months; 303 at 1—2, 165 at 2—3, 105 at 3—4, and 86 at 4—5 years. Under the age of 1 the deaths formed 157 per cent.

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of the births, or 1 in 6.3; while in the 61 healthy districts of England enumerated by Mr. Lee, the proportion was 1 to 11. In the period intervening from 20 to 60 years, there passed away from us 529 persons. Between those years "the quotients of the dying by the living" were considerably below the proportions of London in 1855. As "individuals of this class are of much higher political value than the individuals under 5 years, or above 60 years of age," it would appear prima facie that the advantage at those ages is in favour of Bethnal Green.† Table 8 represents the deaths at 8 ages, and in the 5th column the corresponding amounts in 1857.

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It shows that the numbers of the dying to the living were 82.6 per 1000 at less than 5 years; 11 at 5—10; 3.25 at 10—20; 7 4 at 20—40; 16.7 at 40—60; 63.4 at 60—80; and 215.7 at 80—100 years. If the amount below 5 years be compared with those of 1857, it is less by .89 per 1000; if with the returns of 1838—44, the gain on each 1000 is nearly 3.

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"Their safety depends very much on the power of the parents to supply them with food and raiment—upon the mothers watchfulness and cleanliness—upon the air they are doomed to respire in imprisoned courts and alleys;" and "where the women are employed in any but domestic labour, they discharge the duties of mothers imperfectly, and the mortality of their children is high." The relative * 100 years, according to M. Flourens, being the natural duration of life, † The ages specified in the quotation by Mr. Edmonds, ranged between 15 and 60 years; but as the Registrar General in the Weekly Return of 1855 distinguishes vicennial periods only, I am unable to contrast them otherwise than as above. The difference however would be small. 12 tion of each 1000 deaths, according to the ages of the dying is annexed below:— London. Bethnal Green. Ages. Composition of each 1000 Deaths. Ages.

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Composition of each 1000 Deaths. 0—5 399 0—5 522 5—20 86 5—20 87 20—60 312 20—60 217 60—and all beyond. 203 60—and all beyond. 174 Totals 1000 1000 You will gather therefrom, that 124 more of our population died under 20 years, and conversely 124 less at after ages. Such a result, therefore, invalidates greatly our apparent advantage between 20 and 60 years. It follows, too, that the "political value" of our living people is less. At the Census, the life-differences stood thus:— London, 1851. Bethnal Geeen, 1851. Ages. Numbers in each 10,000 Living. Ages. Numbers in each 10,000 Living.

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0—5 1243 0—5 1475 5—10 1031 5—10 1249 10—20 1821 10—20 1995 20—40 3531 20—40 3083 40—60 1764 40—60 1646 60—80 572 60—80 516 80—100 38 80—100 36 Totals 10,000 10,000 The Vital Statistics of the 4 Sub-Districts are in Table 9. Analysis shows that their death-rates were respectively 1.860 per cent. in the Hackney Road, 2 062 in the Church, 2.626 13 in the Town, and 2.739 in the Green.

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* It shows, too, that the mortality of the Zymotic, Tubercular and Respiratory classes of disease ranged, to every 10,000 living, from 124 in the Hackney Road to 130 in the Church, to 173 in the Green, and to 185 in the Town; and that the deaths under 5 years of age were to each myriad 109 in the Hackney Road, 109 in the Green, 115 in the Church, and 164 in the Town. That you may measure the force of these figures, it is proper to state, that in 1851 out of every 10,000 inhabitants, the Green had 1385 children under 5 years of age, the Church 1481, the Hackney Road 1483, and the Town 1553.

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At all ages life was longest, or 29.51 years in the Green; shorter, or 20.06 in the Church; shorter still, or 18.93 in the Hackney Road; and shortest, or 18.23 in the Town; whilst Adult life was highest, or 55.10 years in the Town; next in amount, or 55.07 in the Green; lower, or 53.14 in the Church; and lowest, or 52.36 years in the Hackney Road Sub-Division. In the next Table, No. 10, I lay before you the Deaths, according to Occupations. Of the 478 persons specified therein, 2.8 per cent.

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were "engaged in the general or local Government;" 7.6 "in the Defence of the Country;" 4.0 "in the Learned Professions;" 2.9 "in the Fine Arts and Science;" 1.6 "in clothing and performing personal offices for man;" 4.3 per cent. were individuals "who buy or sell, keep, let, or lend money, houses, &c.;" 2.6 were "engaged in the conveyance of men, animals, goods and messages;" 2.6 again included those "possessing or working the Land;" 8.0 per cent.

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were "engaged about Animals;" 2.3 "in Art and Mechanic Productions;" 1.7 in "working and dealing in Animal Substances;" 2.6 in "working and dealing in Vegetable Substances;" 4.8 in "working and dealing in * In respect of the difference of the death-rates, it must be borne in mind that the Green contains within it 3 "elements of high mortality," i. e., the Workhouse, Lunatic Asylum, and Consumption Hospital; and that the Town has the least individual space. 14 Minerals;" 4.2 as "Labourers and others, branch undefined;" 8.4 were "Persons of Property;" and 54 per cent. were "supported by the Community," and comprised "others of no stated occupation."

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Of Adult Weavers—combining also the female sex—the mortality was 153 and the mean age 60 years; 10 were cut off by epidemics, and 24 by consumption; 38 lived beyond 70, 16 above 80, 2 over 90, and 1, a Pauper, to 101 years. 1 died suddenly, another "from Rupture of Aorta," 4 were "Found dead in bed," 2 hanged themselves, and 1 "died of excessive drinking." Lastly, I have to point out to you certain portions of Bethnal Green which stood forth pre-eminently for the high mortality that they sustained. Thus, the deaths in Cheshire Street reached 14, in Digby Street and Walk 13, in Lisbon Street 10, in Turk Street 10, in Turville Street to 9, and in Martha Street to 8.

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In other places the mortality mounted up in Jubilee Place to 4, in Thorold Square to 4, in Sherwood Place to 5, in Hammond's Gardens to 7, in Princes Court to 8, and in Elizabeth Place to 10 per cent. Fortunately—contrasted with 1857—the fatality was less in John's Court, Prospect Terrace, in Ely, Helen and Miring Places, in Butler's Buildings and Sweet Apple Square. We learn from the Retrospect of 1858:— 1. That the mortality, both total and epidemic, rose. 2. That Fever and Consumption were proportionally of less amount. 3. That the infant mortality was in each 1000 somewhat less. 4. That the mean age or value of life was 1 year more. 5. That, compared with London, the children are in excess, and the adults fewer in Bethnal Green.

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Table 11 portrays the Poor Law Medical Practice, or the Pauper Health of 1858. It summarises 7344 new cases of disease, against 6772 in 1857. Amongst these, 539 deaths 15 occurred, or 1 to every 136 attacked. 1258 of the cases were treated in the Workhouse, and 6086 in the 5 Out-door Divisions. Of the Nosological groups, the 6 Epidemics took as usual the prominent place, numbering together 1832, or 1 to every 4th attack. Their percentage was 18.7 in the Workhouse, and 26 in the Out-door divisions. In point of frequency, Fever ranked first, and attained its maximum in No. 2; Diarrhœa, Measles, Scarlatina, and Whooping Cough were most prevalent in No. 5; whilst Small Pox predominated in No. 4.

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You will learn with deep regret that the seizures by Small Pox rose to 103, and that they amounted to 79 more than in 1857. Much of this lamentable increase was doubtless owing to non-vaccination; for by the Returns it appears that the certificates of successful cases in Bethnal Green were 1817 short of the Registered Births. Hence, on deducting the 617 deaths under 1 year of age, 1200 infants were left unprotected during 1858. In regard of the sites of the epidemics, 127 occurred in the Eastern out-door division, or No. 1; 294 in the South-Eastern, or No. 2; 242 in the South-Western, or No. 3; 429 in the North-Western, or No. 4; and 504 in the North-eastern, and, in part, Western district, or No. 5.

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One person out of every 14 of the population had the advice of one or other of the Poor Law Medical Staff. Exclusive of the Pauper Practice, 278 In-patients were admitted into the Consumption Hospital, and 6925 Outpatients were attended in the year. There were also 2396 New cases under treatment at the Dispensary, embracing 1 of Small Pox, 11 of Measles, 18 of Scarlatina, 20 of Whooping Cough, 42 of Diarrhoea, 32 of Fever, 9 of Erysipelas, 3 of Carbuncle, 1 of Elephantiasis, or "Arabian Leprosy," 51 of Consumption and other Tubercular diseases, 229 of Acute Pulmonary Affections, 2 of Ague, and 9 of Rheumatic Fever.

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In addition, the Returns at the Lunatic Asylum comprised 179 New cases of Insanity, 2 of modified Small Pox, 10 of 16 Diarrhœa, 2 of Erysipelas, 2 of Carbuncle, 10 of Catarrh, and 34 of various kinds. Besides the above, 18 others were attended at the Guardian Asylum on the Green. As the ratio of deaths is annually to the sickness as 1 to 28, the illness, General and Pauper, of Bethnal Green would be 68,376 attacks. I have now to record the Sanitary Progress of the year, which I beg to preface with the annexed remarks :—In the year 1838, when the population of Bethnal Green was little above 70,500 persons, 2254 deaths occurred, and 1 out of every 104 fell by diseases of the epidemic class.

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When however in 1858 the people amounted to nearly half as many more, the deaths numbered but 2442, and the epidemics were fatal to 1 only out of every 167. These numbers consequently represent the rates on life as Bethnal Green then was and at present is. Entire streets are no longer as at that time swamps, and though from increase of people the area to each one is smaller, the climatorial conditions have so much improved that instead of 1 inhabitant dying annually (as in 1838) out of every 35,* the proportion in 1858 was but 1 in 43. 3 blocks of Sewers, constructed since my last Report, will uphold and advance the vantage ground. By their construction the sanitary condition of the surrounding neighbourhoods will be improved, and the value of the dwellings in 67 streets increased.

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Favoured with information by your Surveyor and Inspector, whom I very cordially beg to thank, I have now the pleasure of specifying "the numbers of houses drained and completed " in a few " of the several streets where Sewers have been constructed since September 1857." Thus, omitting the streets where less than 30 entries were made, the houses drained in Anglesea, Bath and Essex Streets, numbered respectively 31; in Abbey Street 32; in * " Annual Rate of Mortality per 100 in Bethnal Green 2.873," and " of the Epidemic Class 0.959."—Second Annual Report of the Registrar General, p. 166.

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17 George, Orange and Thomas Streets 34 ; in James Street 35; in Gosset Street 36 ; in Cheshire Street 38 ; in North Conduit Street 39 ; in George Street 41 ; in Little Collingwood and Northampton Streets 44; in Duke Street 47 ; in Hereford and Minerva Streets 54; in Norfolk Street 55; in Selby Street 62 ; and in Suffolk Street 70 more. Other auxiliaries in warding off disease are now in requisition : there is less difficulty in getting dust removed, and the work of the Scavenger is better done. The Slaughter-houses have been again examined by the Inspector and myself, and many improvements in their supply of water, paving, lime-whiting, and ventilation have been carried out. The 12th Table particularises the improvements of the year.

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It shows the number of House Inspections made, of Drains constructed or improved, of Cesspools emptied or filled up, of Privies altered to Water Closets and of New Closets built, of Drains and Gullies trapped, of Houses connected with adjoining Sewers, of miles of Sewers flushed, of Dust Bins and Dust Removals made, and of other measures which amount together to 16,696 Total Works. In all, 1141 complaints of Nuisances have been received, in 23 of which Summonses were ordered and duly served. 15 of these were remedied before the day of hearing, and in the other 8 orders to execute the requirements were obtained. On a former occasion I had to congratulate you on the enclosure of Nova Scotia Gardens, and on its proposed ap propriation to " healthy homes " for our Artisans.

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Through the philanthrophy of Miss Burdett Coutts the latter has been done, and a Church and Terrace of Model Lodgings now utilize and ornament the ground. Many other parts, too, as Elizabeth Place, Gloucester and Hammond Gardens, John's Court, and the large Dust-hole behind Gibraltar Walk, have been improved, and will, doubtless—like Prospect Terrace, noted down last year—extend the term of health and life. b 18 It is said by M. Mallet, that " the strength of a people does not depend on the absolute number of its population, but on the relative number of those who are of the age and strength for labour." Now, in another page I have shown that we have comparatively a surplus of children and a small proportion of adults, and consequently " that we have fewer brains and fewer arms at work."

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How to fortify health and so politically to lengthen life, is the great problem that we have to solve : for " property no less than life is interested in the progress of sanitary reform?" On us it rests, both morally and economically, to work the solution out. To open out avenues through our cul-de-sac courts— to promote the sanitary condition of every house—to arrest, by thorough drainage and removal of refuse, the elimination of aerial poison—to dilute and carry off, by free ventilation, the exhalations of the breath and skin—are the great duties that we have day by day to do. Happily life rose one year in 1858, and the mortality under 5 years—the grand test of salubrity—was reduced. Hence, as by Sanitation the causes of ill-health decline, so will the duration of life increase.

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And as you add block after block of sewers, you not only build such bulwarks up but you magnify the value of the house property in Bethnal Green. Though the task before us be great, the objects in view are immeasurably greater—to exalt the standard of life, to economize rates, and above all to decrease the sum of misery, disease and death. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, With great respect, Very faithfully yours, SAMUEL PEARCE. To the Gentlemen of the Vestry of St. Matthew, Bethnal Green. APPENDIX TO THE 4th REPORT; Or, Tables to illustrate the Mortality and Progress of Bethnal Green, during the Tear 1858. 1. London Weather and Deaths, with the relative Mortality of Bethnal Green. 2. Nosological Register of every Death. 3. Mean Ages of Gentry, Tradesmen and Artisans. 4.

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Mean Ages in the 4 Sub-Districts. 5. Sub-District Epidemic Deaths. 6. Comparative Mortality by Epidemics in London, East Districts and Bethnal Green. 7. Workhouse Deaths. 8. Mortality at 8 Ages. 9. Vital Statistics of the 4 Sub-Districts. 10. Deaths according to Occupations. 11. Practice of the Poor Law Medical Staff. 12. Synopsis of the several Works. TABLE 1. Showing the London Weather and Deaths, and the relative Mortality in Bethnal Green. METEOROLOGY. DEATHS. 1858. Months. Mean Reading of Barometer. Mean Temperature of Air. Mean Dew point Temperature. Relative proportion of Wind. Daily Horizontal Movement of Air. Amount of Rain in Inches. In Bethnal Green. In London. Total.

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Annual percentage of Deaths in Bethnal Green. Epidemic. Percentage of Epidemic to Total Deaths. Total. Annual percentage of London Deaths. Epidemic. Percentage of Epidemic to Total Deaths. N. E. S. W. In o o Miles. In. January 30.171 37.5 33.8 3 3 8 17 119 0.7 194 2.331, or 1 Death in 42 90 39 25.55 5323 2.356, or 1 Death in 42.44 769 21.04 February 29.841 34.6 30.4 8 14 4 2 83 1.7 175 38 5072 742 March 29.765 41.4 34.6 12 5 2 12 87 0.

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9 271 52 6913 1048 April 29.779 46.2 38.7 7 11 3 9 73 2.4 170 24 4697 835 May 29.709 51.7 43.6 6 4 7 14 96 1.8 176 38 4301 827 June 29.915 64.9 53.7 6 7 4 3 34 1.2 235 65 5543 1230 July 29.781 60.6 51.5 8 3 5 15 77 2.9 201 64 4657 1429 August 29.826 62.0 51.7 9 6 6 10 . 1.6 200 63 4567 1307 September 29.865 60.3 63.

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4 5 7 7 11 101 0.9 202 83 5121 1431 October 29.834 50.8 46.1 8 5 8 10 106 12 154 55 4388 1192 November 29.750 39.6 35.7 9 16 2 3 67 0.4 218 41 5855 1188 December 29.771 410 37.8 3 4 12 12 109 1.5 246 62 7445 1445 Totals of year 29.834 49.2 42.6 84 85 68 118 86 17.2 2442 624 63882 13443 TABLE2.

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DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE PARISH OF SAINT MATTHEW, BETHNAL GREEN, IN THE 52 WEEKS, ENDING JANUARY 1st, 1859. CAUSES OF DEATH. AGES. Total QUARTERS. Total of 1857. CAUSES OF DEATH. AGES. Total QUARTERS. Total of 1857. Under 5 Under 20 20 and under 40 40 and under 60 60 and under 80 80 and above 1. 2. 3. 4. Under 5 Under 20 20 and under 40 40 and under 60 60 and under 80 80 and above 1. 2. 3. 4. I. Zymotic: 709. Peritonitis . 1 . 4 . . 5 1 3 . 1 8 Ascites . . 9 2 .

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1 5 2 1 1 1 12 Small-pox 11 7 2 . . . 20 1 7 5 7 5 Ulceration of Intestines . 1 . 2 . . 3 1 . 2 . 3 Measles 83 8 . . . . 91 34 28 17 12 81 Hernia (Rupture) . . . 2 2 . 4 2 . 1 1 1 Scarlatina 130 55 3 . . . 188 20 21 74 73 94 Ileus . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Whooping Cough 110 4 . . . . 114 39 38 16 21 126 Intussusception 2 . . 1 4 . 7 1 3 1 2 2 Croup 21 1 . . . .

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22 8 5 5 4 31 Stricture of Intestinal Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . Thrush 7 . . . . . 7 1 4 . 2 2 Disease of Stomach, &c . . . 2 4 . 6 3 9 1 . 11 Diarrhœa (Bowel Complaint) 85 3 4 4 8 . 104 8 14 71 11 132 Disease of Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysentery 1 2 1 2 . . 6 1 1 3 1 3 Inflammation of Liver (Hepatitis) . . 1 2 2 . 5 . 1 3 1 4 Cholera 2 . . . . . 2 . 1 1 . 15 Jaundice 3 . .

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3 3 . 9 3 1 3 2 12 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Disease of Liver 1 . 3 6 3 . 13 2 4 4 3 15 Seurvy and Purpura . 1 . . . . 2 1 . 1 . . Disease of Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . Ague . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Kidneys, &c.: 15. Remittent Fever 1 . . . . . 1 . 1 . . 1 Infantile Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhus Fever 29 35 9 9 16 4 107 27 19 97 34 105 Nephritis 1 . . . . . 1 . . 1 .

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2 Puerperal Fever (Metria) . 1 9 . . . 10 1 . 3 6 6 Nephria (Bright's Disease) . . 3 1 . . 4 . 1 . . 8 Rheumatic Fever . 4 3 4 . . 11 2 3 3 3 9 Ischuria . . . 1 . . 3 . 9 1 . . Erysipelas (Rose 12 1 . 3 2 . 18 4 3 4 7 17 Diabetes . . . 1 . . 1 . 1 . . . Syphilis 6 . . . . . 6 2 . 3 1 7 Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . Noma (Canker . . . . . . . . . . . . Cystitis 1 . . . . 1 2 . . . .

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2 2 Hydrophobia . . . . . . . . . . . . Stricture of Urethra . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Dropsy, &c. : 66. Disease of Kidneys. &c .. 1 .. 9 1 .. 4 .. 9 .. 9 11 IX. Childbirth: 11.

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Hæmorrhage .. .. 4 2 1 .. 7 3 2 1 1 12 Dropsy 7 3 4 2 7 1 24 7 3 3 11 26 Paramenia .. .. .. 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 .. .. Abscess (Gathering) 3 1 1 .. 1 .. 6 1 3 1 1 2 Ovarian Dropsy .. .. 1 1 9 .. 4 1 2 1 .. 3 Uleer .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. 1 I Childbirth (see Metria) .. .. 4 .. .. .. 4 .. .. 1 3 4 Fistula .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 1 .. .. .. 2 Disease of Uterus, &c .. .. .. 9.

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.. .. 2 .. 1 1 .. 2 Mortification 4 .. .. .. 1 .. 7 4 2 .. 1 8 X. Joints, Bones, &c.: 5. Cancer 1 .. 2 5 11 .. 19 1 7 6 fi 9 Gout .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 .. III. Tubercular : 427. Rheumatism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Arthritis .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. Disease of Joints 1 .. 3 .. .. .. 4. 1 .. 9 1 4 Serofula 2 2 .. .. .. .. 4 3 1 .. .. .. XI.

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Skin, Cellular Tissues, &c. : 2 Tabes Mesenteriea 119 6 .. .. .. .. 125 14 36 49 26 138 Phthisis (Consumption) 20 33 110 75 17 .. 255 57 71 59 68 258 Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain) 43 .. .. .. .. .. 43 15 9 12 7 47 Carbuncle .. .. .. 1 1 .. 2 1 .. .. 1 .. IV. Brain and Nerves : 253. Phlegmon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Disease of Skin, &c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 CEphalitis 10 4 3 1 .. .. 18 6 6 2 4 16 XII. Malformation : 3.

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Apoplexy .. .. 3 6 20 4 33 9 7 8 9 28 Spina Bifida .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Palsy (Paralysis) 1 .. 8 14 34 2 59 16 16 13 14 47 Other Malformations 3 .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 1 1 1 2 Delirium Tremens .. .. 1 4 .. .. 5 1 1 2 l 2 XIII. Premature Birth and Debility : 70 70 .. .. .. .. .. 70 22 15 15 18 53 Chorea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Epilepsy 3 .. 5 4 1 .. 13 5 1 4 3 6 Tetanus 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 1 1 2 XIV.

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Atrophy: 19. 19 .. .. .. .. .. 19 3 2 10 4 14 Insanity .. 1 ?, 7 5 .. 15 5 1 4 5 7 Convulsions 70 2 .. .. .. .. 72 15 29 16 12 81 Disease of Brain, &c. 19 3 5 6 3 .. 36 5 10 11 10 19 XV. Old Age. 123. .. .. .. .. 71 52 123 36 37 26 24 116 V. Heart and Blood Vessels : 46. XVI. Sudden Death : 10. 4 1 .. 1 4 .. 10 4 3 1 2 5 Periearditis 1 2 I 4 3 1 4 XVII. Violent Death : 81.

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Aneurism 1 1 2 1 1 1 Disease of Heart. &c 4 9 13 8 11 2 40 11 10 7 1? 26 Intemperance .. .. .. 1 1 .. 2 1 .. 1 .. 4 VI. Lungs and Organs or Respiration : 461. Privation of Food . . . 1 . 1 1 . . . . Want of Breast Milk 2 . . . . . 2 1 . 1 . 5 Neglect . . . . . . . . . . . . Cold . . . . . 1 1 . l . . . Laryngitis 2 1 1 . 1 . 5 . 2 . 3 15 Poison 1 . . . .% . 1 . 1 . .

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1 Bronchitis 55 3 9 37 48 7 159 69 9,7 9 54 127 Burns and Scalds 2 . . . . . 2 . . 1 1 6 Pleurisy 1 2 . 1 . . 4 2 1 1 . 4 Hanging (Suicide) . . 1 1 1 . 4 1 1 1 1 4 Pneumonia 192 8 8 fi 4 . 217 77 45 36 59 191 Suffocation 5 . . . . . 6 4 1 1 6 Asthma . 1 ?, 9,3 35 . 61 97 10 7 17 65 Drowning 2 . 1 4 1 . 8 1 3 1 3 13 Disease of Lungs 5 3 4 1 9 .

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15 5 1 2 7 11 Fractures and Contusions . . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . 3 VII. Stomach and Digestive Organs : 141.

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Wounds .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. Other Violent Causes 3 1 .. 3 1 .. 8 5 .. 1 2 12 Not Specified 17 4 3 9 9 2 44 10 16 9 9 49 Teething 70 .. .. .. .. .. 70 21 24 15 10 69 Quinsey 3 1 .. 1 .. .. 5 1 1 1 2 5 Gastritis .. .. 1 1 .. 3 2 .. 1 .. 1 Enteritis 3 1 .. 1 1 .. 6 .. 4 1 1 10 Totals 1276 212 240 289 343 82 2442 640 581 603 618 2291 25 TABLE 3. Mean Ages of Gentry, Tradesmen, and Artizans. Classes.

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Nos. of Deaths. Years of Life. Mean Age at Death. Percentage of each Class to Total Deaths. Yrs. Mths. Wks. Days. Gentry 61 2893 — 7 — 0 — 0 4742 2.49 Tradesmen 668 16461 — 6 — 2 — 3 24.64 27.35 Artisans, Labour- ers, and Paupers J 1713 35950 — 6 — 0 — 5 20.98 70.14 Totals 2442 55305 — 7 — 3 — 1 22.64 99.98 TABLE 4. Mean Ages in the 4 Sub-districts. Sub-Districts. Nos. of Deaths. Tears of Life. Mean Age at Death. Years. Months. Weeks. Days.

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Hackney Road 505 9563 — 2 — 2 — 3 18.93 Gree 838 24732 — 5 — 2 — 3 29.51 Church 531 10654 — 1 — 1 — 1 20.06 Town 568 10355 —10 — 1 — 1 18.23 Totals 2442 55305 — 7 — 3 — 1 22.64 26 TABLE 5. Sub-District Epidemic Mortality in 1858. Sub-Districts of Betlnal Green. Small Pox. Measles. Scarlatina. Whooping. Cough. Diarrhoea. Typhus. Total of Epidemics. Percentage to Total Deaths.

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Hackney Road 9 27 30 30 25 24 145 Green 1 20 72 22 27 25 167 25.55 Church 3 21 52 25 24 27 152 Town 7 23 34 37 28 31 160 Totals 20 91 188 114 104 107 624 TABLE 6. Comparative Mortality by Epidemics in London, East Districts, and Bethnal Green. Epidemics. Percentages to Total Deaths. London. East Districts. Bethnal Green.

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Small Pox 0.38 0.43 0.81 3.7 4.0 3.7 Scarlatina 6.4 7.0 7.6 Whooping Cough 4.2 4.4 4.6 Diarrhoea 3.2 3.7 4.2 Typhus 2.9 3.5 4.3 27 TABLE 7. Causes of, and Ages at, Death, in the Workhouse, Bethnal Green, during the 52 weeks ending January 1st, 1859. Zymotic or Epidemic Class. Tubercular Class. Brain, Nerves, &c Heart, &c. Respiratory Organs. Digestive Organs. Violence, Privation, &c. All other Diseases. General Total. 33 58 29 6 33 2 .. 54 215 AGES.

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—1 1—5 5—10 10—20 20—40 40—60 60—80 80-100 Over 100 General Total. 19 23 12 6 25 28 84 17 1 215 TABLE 8. Mortality at 8 Ages. Ages. Numbers Living. Numbers Dying. Death Percentages. Death Percentages, in 1857.

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0— 5 15431 1276 8.268 8.357 5— 10 13090 144 1.100 0.740 10— 20 20908 68 0.325 0.341 20— 40 32296 240 0.743 0.679 40— 60 17245 289 1.675 1.644 60— 80 5404 343 6.347 5.720 80—100 380 82 21.578 17.741 Above 100 1 1 .... .... 28 TABLE 9. Comparative Mortality, Causes of, and Ages at, Death, in each of the Sub-Districts of Bethnal Green, during the 52 weeks ending January 1st, 1859. ]Sub-Districts. CAUSES. DEATHS. Zymotic or Epidemic Class.

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Tubercular Class. Brain, .Nerves, &c. Heart, &c. Respiratory Organs. Digestive Organs. V iolence, Privation, &c. All other Diseases. Males. Females. General Total. Hackney Road 162 70 42 12 104 30 17 68 259 246 505 Green 188 187 119 16 149 37 22 120 425 413 838 Church 173 78 41 13 85 42 22 77 266 265 531 Town 186 92 51 5 123 32 20 59 282 286 568 Totals 709 427 253 46 461 141 81 324 1232 1210 2442 Sub-Districts. AGES. DEATHS.

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—1 1—5 5—10 10—20 20—40 40-60 60—80 80—100 and above Males. Females. General Total. Hackney Road 164 132 33 6 43 61 56 10 259 246 505 Green 157 173 51 32 95 130 163 37 425 413 838 Church 127 168 35 16 57 53 56 19 266 265 531 Town 169 186 25 14 45 45 68 16 282 286 568 Totals 617 659 144 68 240 289 343 82 1232 1210 2442 TABLE 10. Occupations of Males, aged 20 years and upwards, whose Deaths were registered in Bethnal Green during the 52 weeks ending January 1st, 1859.

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OCCUPATIONS OF MALES AGED TWENTY AND UPWARDS. Living in Bethnal Green at the census of 1851. Deaths registered in the 52 weeks ending January 1st, 1859. OCCUPATIONS OF MALES AGED TWENTY AND UPWARDS. Living in Bethnal Green at the census of 1851. Deaths registered in the 52 weeks ending January 1st, 1859. Total Ages at Death. Total Ages at Death. Aged 20 & upwards. Aged 20 & upwards 20- 40- 60- 80 and upwards Aged 20 & upwards. Aged 20 ' & upwards 20- 40- 60- 80 and upwards Class Class Brought forward 7800 200 60 68 58 14 1.

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(1) Post Office 39 1 1 .. .. .. 12 (2) Tallow Chandler 79 1 .. 1 .. .. (2) Police 42 2 1 1 .. .. Comb Maker 49 2 .. 2 .. .. (3) East India Service 58 1 .. .. 1 .. (3) Currier 50 1 1 .. .. .. 2. (1) Soldier 13 1 .. 1 .. .. (5) Brush and Broom Maker 109 3 2 1 .. .. 3.

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(2) Solicitor 16 1 .. 1 .. .. (6) Clothier 14 1 1 .. .. .. (3) Surgeon 41 2 .. 1 1 .. Carpet and Rug Manufacturer 109 1 .. 1 .. .. (5) Law Clerk 54 2 1 .. 1 .. (7) Silk Manufacturer 4356 73 10 23 34 6 (6) Druggist 37 1 1 .. .. .. Other Workers, Dealers in Silk 256 4 .. 4 .. .. 4. (2) Painter (Artist) 23 1 1 .. .. .. 13. (1) Greengrocer 120 3 1 1 .. 1 (4) Schoolmaster 46 1 .. 1 .. .. corn Merchant 41 1 .. .. 1 .. 6. (2) Domestic Servant 65 2 1 . 1 . Flour Dealer 4 1 .

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. 1 . Coachman 2 1 . 1 . . Baker 363 7 2 1 2 2 Inn Servant 104 3 . . . . Confectioner 92 1 . 1 . . (3) Hair Dresser 65 1 1 . . (2) Brewer 128 9 1 8 . . Hatter 106 2 . 1 1 . Licensed Victualler, Beer Shop Keeper 208 17 4 4 5 4 Tailor 351 1 . 1 . . Glover 4 1 . . . 1 Suger Refiner 11 1 1 . . . Shoemaker 1643 29 9 6 11 3 Grocer 177 3 1 2 . . Other providing Dress 212 2 1 1 . . Tobacconist 45 2 2 . . . 7.

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(1) House Proprietor 78 2 . . 1 1 (3) Oil and Colourman 69 1 . . . 1 Merchant 8 1 1 . French Polisher 78 3 2 1 . . Ship Agent 6 2 1 . 1 (4) Other Dealers, Worker in Timer 63 1 . . . 1 Broker 21 2 1 1 . . (6) Sawyer 148 3 . 1 . 2 Commercial Clerk 173 4 . . . . Lath Maker 12 1 . . 1 . Commercial Traveller 45 2 . 1 1 . (7) Cabinet Maker, Upholsterer 614 11 1 5 5 . Pawnbroker 26 1 1 . . . Turner 172 1 1 . . . Hawker, Pedlar 190 14 7 4 . Chair Maker 234 2 . 1 1 .

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Other General Dealers & Agents 146 2 1 1 . . Box Maker 117 1 . . . 1 (8) Railway Engine Driver, Stoker 32 2 1 1 . (8) Cooper 186 5 1 4 . . (2) Carman, Carrier, Carter, Drayman 280 11 5 5 1 . (9) Block and Print Cutter 11 4 2 1 1 . (4) Seaman 100 2 . . 2 . (10) Workers in Cane, Rush, Straw 28 1 1 . . . Dock Service, Dock Labourer . 12 3 6 3 . (11) Roper Maker 123 1 . . 1 . (5) Engaged in Warehousing 147 1 . 1 . . Other Workers, Dealers in Hemp 72 1 . . . 1 (6) Messenger, Porter 446 11 .

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5 2 1 (12) Draper 75 2 . 2 . 9. (1) Farmer 15 1 .. 1 .. .. Calico Cotton, Printer 6 1 .. .. .. 1 Agricultural Labourer, (out-door) 73 1 .. .. 1 .. Calico Cotton, Dyer 1 1 .. .. .. 1 (3) Gardener 65 2 1 .. 1 .. (13) Stationer 52 1 .. 1 .. .. 10. (1) Horse Dealer 6 2 .. 2 .. .. Other Paper Workers, Dealers 38 2 2 .. .. .. Farrier, Veterinary Surgeon 39 3 .. 1 2 .. 14. (1) Coal Heaver, Coal Labourer 70 1 .. 1 .. .. Drover 30 1 .. 1 .. .. Gas Works Service 20 3 1 2 .. .. 11.

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(1) Printer 168 4 2 1 . 1 Brickmaker 42 2 . . 2 . (2) Actor 9 1 1 . . . Railway Labourer 32 3 2 1 . . (3) Others connected with Music 8 1 . . 1 . (3) Tobacco-pipe Makers and others 29 2 . 1 1 . (4) Engraver 15 1 . . 1 . (4) Glass Manufacture 73 1 1 . . . Others employed about Pictures and Engravings 51 2 2 . . . (6) Water Providers, Dealers 11 2 1 1 . . (7) Workers, Dealers in Precious Stones 7 1 . . 1 . (7) Civil Engineer 1 1 . 1 . . (8) Carver, Gilder 97 4 2 . . (9) Watchmaker 90 1 .

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1 . . (9) Coppersmith 21 1 . . . 1 (10) Gunsmith 51 1 1 . . . (10) Tinman 24 2 . 1 1 . (11) Engine and Machine Maker 84 2 . 1 1 . (13) Brassfounder 67 2 2 . . . (15) Builder 55 1 . 1 . . Locksmith. Bellhanger 14 1 .. .. 1 .. Carpenter, Joiner 572 11 1 1 6 3 (14) Iron Manufacturer 53 2 .. 1 1 .. Bricklayer 452 5 2 2 1 .. Whitesmith 36 3 1 2 .. .. Mason, Pavior 72 1 .. .. 1 .. Blacksmith 189 8 1 2 4 1 Plasterer 95 3 1 1 1 .. 15.

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(1) Labourer, branch undefined 1010 38 11 12 14 1 Painter, Plaumber, Glazier 367 8 2 2 3 1 (2) Mechanic, Manufacturer, Shopman, branch undefined 12 3 2 .. 1 .. (16) Wheelwright 57 1 .. .. .. 1 (17) Dyer, Scourer, Calenderer 119 7 1 3 2 1 Others of indefinite Occupation 9 3 1 2 .. .. 12. (1) Cowkeeper, Milkseller 124 2 1 .. 1 .. 16. (1) Gentlemen Independent 32 3 .. 1 1 1 Cheesemonger 57 1 .. 1 .. .. Annuitant 75 6 .. .. 2 4 Butcher 275 9 3 3 2 1 17.

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(1) Lunatic of no stated Occupation 18 8 2 3 2 1 Poulterer 32 1 1 .. .. .. Persons of no stated Occupations or Condition 221 5 2 .. 2 1 Fishmonger 129 1 1 .. .. .. Others dealing in Animal Food 70 1 .. 1 .. .. Carried forward 7800 200 60 68 58 14 TOTAL 18271 478 125 165 143 45 TABLE 11. New Cases of Disease attended by the Poor-Law Medical Staff, during the year 1858. Parish of Bethnal Green. Small Pox. Chicken Pox. Measles. Scarlatina. Whooping Cough. Diarrhoea. Continued Fever (Typhus & Typhoid) Cholera. Erysipelas. Pyæmia. Puerperal Fever.

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Carbuncle. Acnte Pulmonary Inflamations. Croup. Eheumatic Fever. Ague. Dysentery. Delirium Tremens. Insanity. Diptheria. All other Diseases. Total. Deaths. Bronchitis and Catarrh. Pleurisy. Pneumonia. District No. 1 1 2 8 8 1 26 83 . 4 . . . 75 10 37 . 11 . 6 . 4 . 350 626 10 „ „ 2 7 1 26 25 15 66 155 . 16 . . 1 149 2 13 . 7 . 4 1 10 5 706 1209 81 „ „ 3 19 1 37 21 10 78 77 . 12 . .

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5 40 2 17 2 19 . 7 . . 1 825 1173 72 „ „ 4 53 3 44 31 32 126 143 . 14 . 1 1 222 14 80 . 21 5 2 1 3 2 860 1658 91 „ „ 5 23 9 95 110 41 149 86 . 8 . 2 2 202 9 21 . 22 2 4 . 10 . 625 1420 70 Workhouse . 2 52 1 2 42 139 . 10 . 3 2 7 3 . 7 . . 1 25 . 962 1258 215 Total 103 18 262 196 101 487 683 . 64 .

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6 11 695 37 171 2 87 7 23 3 52 8 4328 7344 539 TABLE 12. Synopsis of Sanitary Works, from March 26th, 1858, to March 25th, 1859. 1. ARRANGED IN WARDS. Wards. Houses Inspected. Drains Constructed Drains Trapped. North 153 99 115 South 260 137 139 East 112 89 99 West 616 358 401 Totals 1141 683 754 Wards. Drains Improved. Cesspools filled up. Cesspools Emptied. North 54 106 15 South 112 225 29 East 11 100 41 West 77 393 34 Totals 254 824 119 Wards. Privies Altered to Water Closets.

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New Closets Constructed. Dust Bins ordered. North 111 9 46 South 223 20 73 East 109 11 98 West 378 15 87 Totals 821 55 304 2. MISCELLANEOUS. Sewer Blocks Constructed. Sewer Ventilators Made. Miles of Sewers Flushed. Gullies Trapped and Made. Nos. 3 Nos. 9 Nos. 18¼ Nos. 348 Houses connected With Sewers. Nos. 821. Dust Removals. Nos. 10542. Total Works Nos. 16696. 3. ABOUT TO BE COMMENCED. 1 Large Sewerage Block.

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Bet 75 5 YEAR 1859. FIFTH REPORT ON THE SANITARY CONDITION OF BETHNAL GREEN, BY SAMUEL PEARCE, MEDICAL OFFICES OF HEALTH. London: printed by order of vestry, By john smith & co., long acre, w.c. 1860. the medical officer of health OF BETHNAL GREEN, HAS THE HONOUR TO DEDICATE his sanitary report for 1859, TO HIS PRECEPTOR AND FRIEND, dr. archibald billing, f.r.s., MEMBER OF THE SENATE AND EXAMINER IN MEDICINE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, BY WHOM HE WAS INSTRUCTED IN PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE MEDICINE. 135, BETHNAL GREEN ROAD, Apeil 16th, 1860. Gentlemen, The Report which I have now the pleasure to submit comprises our Statistics and Progress in 1859.

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As heretofore, the one represents the sanitary appliances, the other the Births and Deaths of the year. Happily, when contrasted with 1858, the Birth rate advanced, the health of the population improved, and the mortality decreased. Meteorologically the temperature of the year was beyond the mean ; on April 1st and 7th, its readings varied nearly 54° ; on two days in July they attained 93° in the shade, and 115° in the sun ; and on December 19th they fell to 14°, or 18° below the freezing point. Table 1 points out the influences month by month that the atmospheric vicissitudes had on life.

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It shows that the mean reading of the Barometer was, at Greenwich, 29.772 inches, the mean temperature of the air 50° '8, the dew point temperature 44°.6, and the rain-fall 25.9 inches;—that the mortality of London was 61,617, and that of Bethnal Green 2273. In the latter District the return of deaths was least (26 and 25) in the weeks ending April 2nd and April 30th; and greatest (71 and 70) in the weeks dating July 23rd and July 30th. As to Seasons, 600 persons were cut off in the 1st quarter; 486 in the 2nd; 603 in the 3rd; and 584 in the 4th.

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In point of comparison their per centage equivalents differ from those of 1858 in being .19 in excess in the Winter; 2.41 less in the Spring; l.83 more in the Summer; and .39 higher in the Autumn. Of the sum total, 22 deaths were not certified, and 16 had not the attendance of any Medical Man. 4 The following Table gives a two-fold view of the Population of Bethnal Green, from the Census of 1851, to the middle of 1859:— Sub-Districts Population By Excess of Births over Deaths By Census Returns Hackney Road 3643 27611 Green 1886 31184 Church 3516 26314 Town 3357 21728 90193* Totals 102595 106837 The 2nd column enumerates the increase from the surplus of births; the 3rd superadds the immigration to the other amount.

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'In the 10 years 1841-50,' as quoted in my Report on 1856, 'out of a total increase of 15,991, the excess of births over deaths was 10,697, the immigration—addition 5294 or 529.4 per year.' So, on the present occasion, the difference between the two columns (4242) exactly accords with the foregoing rate of increase. For the reasons that o o large spaces are yet uncovered, and that years "ill elapse before they are immured, I have framed my calculations on the second of the estimates presented above. Should the first be the more correct of the two, the deaths to the living would be nearly 9 per 10,000 more than in Table 1. The Population thus deduced ranges at each age as below:— * The Population in 1851.

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5 Ages Numbers Living 0 — 5 15738 5 — 10 13351 10 — 20 21322 20 — 40 32938 40 — 60 17588 60 — 80 5512 80 — 100 387 Above 100 1 Totals 106837 Excluding those still-born, the Births of 4103 children were registered in 1859, or 181 more than in the preceding year. Of these the Boys numbered 2088, and the Girls 2015. Their rate to each 1000 living is 38.4, and to the Deaths as 1.8 to 1. In all England the ratio per 1000 for the last 10 years is 33.8, and in the Metropolis during 1859, 33.3. With us the maximum was attained in the Winter, and the minimum in the Autumn.

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Irrespective of migratory changes, the number in excess of the Deaths was 1830. Of each 1000 born within the year there died 148, while to every 100 deaths the proportion dying out of the annual births was 26.7. Among the 4103 Births those out of wedlock amounted probably to 88, for on an average of 7 years the illegitimate births in the Registrar-General's Returns are divided thus:— 6 Illegitimate Sub-District Females Births Males Totals Hackney Road 62 62 124 Green 145 135 280 Church 39 41 80 Town 78 55 133 324 293 617 "The proportion of Births," says the Registrar-General, "is by the Returns in London 4 in 100." In the City the proportion is 3, and in England and Wales, 5.5.

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Vi;wed morally, the advantage is therefore in favour of Bethnal Green; the illegitimate returns being little in excess of 2 per cent. In Social Statistics the mean age at death was of the Gentry, 56.45; of the Tradesmen, 23.51; and of the Artisans, 20.47 years. During 1839 the average ages of the 3 classes* were, of Gentlemen 45, of Tradesmen 26, and of Operatives (excluding Paupers) 16 years. After the first Vicermiad, the years of life of the 1st class were 66.78, of the 2nd 49.84, and of the third 52.61. Of all who died the mean lifetime averaged 38.73 years, and the mean age 22.17.

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Our ratio consequently " of the mean age at death to the mean duration of life" was 1 to 1.7 ; throughout England it is "1 to 1.4." Nos. 3 and 4 of the Appendix elucidate the Class and Sub-District means. The Mortuary Table, No. 2, shows that the fatality from all causes was 2273, and that the deaths were fewer by 169 * Mr. Chadwieck* Report, page 159. 7 than in the year 1858. A.mong these, 1148 were of the maie and 1125 of the Female Sex. Placing side by side the death estimates of London and Bethnal Green, the former gives a per centage of 2.229 and the latter of 2.127. Proportionally to population these signify one death in each 45 and 47 persons; the minimum being in favour of Bethnal Green.

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Tested by the corrected average of the preceding 10 years, our mortality was lower by 130. Tested however by 17 deaths per 1000—the rate of the dwellers in certain of England's most healthy spots where the mean lifetime is 49 —it " exhibits" on our part 4 ''degrees of insalubrity," or the quota of avertible deaths. Nevertheless in one of our Sub-Districts, that of Hackney Road, this healthy rate was reached, and the deaths to the 1000 were only 17.05. Table 2 contrasts the loss by every disease in 1858 and 1859.

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It shows that Affections in the several Classes of Dropsy, the Brain, the Respiratory Organs, the Stomach, Malformation, Premature Birth and Debility, Atrophy, Old Age and Violent Death, were most destructive in 1858; that (with the exception of the Kidneys) the residue of the Classes devoted to Zymotic, Heart, Childbirth, Joint, Skin and Sudden Death Diseases carried off the greatest numbers in 1859, and that Diseases of the Kidneys were co-equal in each year.

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Descending from classes to certain individual diseases in 1859, Consumption killed 266, Diarrhoea 187, Pneumonia 170, Scarlatina and Diphtheria 157, Tabes or ''Mesenteric Consumption" 131, Bronchitis 118, Small Pox 111, Convulsions 95, Typhus 71, Teething 57, Measles 56, Whooping Cough 55, and Water on the Brain 33. Altogether these amount to 1507 deaths, whereof 993 were under 5 years of age. The Zymotic Group—which, besides the Epidemics, includes the loss of 12 by Croup, of 23 by Puerperal and Rheumatic Fevers, and of 13 by Erysipelas—formed about 8 31 per cent. of the deaths.

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Numerically the 6 Epidemics proved fatal to 494 children under the age of 5, to 87 individuals between 5 and 20 years, and to 56 who had passed their twentieth year. Their virulency was greatest in the Autumn, and least in the Spring. In per centage their proportion was to the deaths 28.02, or 6 in excess of the Metropolitan rate. Small Pox raged fearfully, and destroyed 91 more than in 1858. It is difficult, and in fact impossible, to vaccinate every child, so many are the scruples against vaccination. "Some of the objections are excuses for negligence, others are based on a sort of fatalism," as was the case vith the mother at Nottingham, who lost a child by Small Pox, and then declared to the Registrar that" she wou d rather lose half-a-dozen children by it than fly in the face of Providence in having one vaccinated."

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As a public vaccinator, I have met with similar cases myself. Measles carried off 35 fewer children than in the foregoing year. The severity of Scarlatina and Diphtheria, and of Whooping Cough also declined. Typhus, too, was much less destructive than in any of the years in which I have had to record its returns. One Death among every 1,544 persons occurred from it in London, and one among every 1,504 in Bethnal Green. On the other hand, the fatality of Diarrhoea increased, and swept off in the summer 160 of the 187 who died of it in 1859. Of the three classes, the Gentry suffered 1 out of every 8 deaths by Epidemics, the Tradesmen 1 in 3*5, and the ArtisanSalso 1 in 3.5.

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Relatively, our Epidemic proportions with those of London and its East Districts make up Tables 5 and 6. Whooping Cough ranks highest in London, Scarlatina and Typhus in the East Districts, Small Pox, Measles, and Diarrhœa in Bethnal Green. The " Diseases of variable or uncertain seat" destroyed 54 persons, 5 of whom died by various forms of Iloemorrhsge, 22 by Dropsy, 13 by Cancer, and 3 by Mortification. 9 437 Deaths were occasioned by Tubercular Affections, to which Marasmus, or Wasting, Hydrocephalus, or Water on the Brain, and Consumption, "the inexorable destroyer of men and women in the prime of life," all belong.

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On the death roll of the Gentry, Consumption was fatal to 1 in 9 ; of the Tradesmen to 1 in 7; of the Artisans to 1 in 9. It attained its monthly maximum (29) in November, the next highest point (27) in March; its lowest point (14) in October, and the next lowest (17) in August. Above the age of 15, one in every 9.6 of the deaths arose from this cause. " A certain amount of consumption, probably about 1 in 7 of all deaths above 15 years of age, which is nearly the proportion occurring in the higher orders, and in the most healthy professions, may be considered as inevitable; but all above that proportion admits of prevention."

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Of all deaths Consumption formed throughout London 12'4 per cent., throughout Bethnal Green 11.7 ; while, from the living, 1 in 361 was cut off in London, and 1 in 401 in Bethnal Green. In the Brain and Nerve class, Convulsions caused 95 deaths, Paralysis 51, Apoplexy 35, Epilepsy 15, and Delirium Tremens 2. Heart Diseases, many of which terminated suddenly, took away from us 59. To Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 350 deaths are ascribed. These with Consumption, out of every 10,000 persons, earned off 57.6. Per myriad, there die in London from these diseases 67.5; in England and Wales 55.2; and in Glendale, the far-famed, 21'6.

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In the next, or Digestive Group, Teething removed 57; Complaints of the Intestinal Canal 15; Disorders of the Liver 18 ; and of the Stomach 8. Affections of the Kidneys killed 15 persons; those referable to the class of Childbirth 20; those to the Joints 6, and to the Skin 4. 10 The next 5 classes which include the Malformations, the Premature Decay and Atrophy of Children, with Sudden Deaths and Old Age, caused a fatality of 194. The Violent Deaths, the last in the classification, comprised 58. Juries were summoned on the deaths of 76; of whom the children (16 Boys and 19 Girls) numbered 35, and the adults (27 males and 14 females) 41. The verdicts returned, read as below: — "Scalded," 1; by "Train of Eastern Counties Railway," 1;

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" Fracture of the Skull," 1; "Wound of Head," 1; "Coup de Soleil," 1; "Effusion on the Brain," 1; " Fungus Hcematodes attacking scalp, side of face ear and eye," 1; " Poison, from an infusion of herbs," 1; "Wilfully Murdered," 2 (Infants Newly Born, and thrown into Canal and Bonner's Fields); by " Excessive Drinking," 2 ; "Exhaustion from insufficient nourishment," 3; by " CutThroats," 3; "Hanging," 4; "Falls," 5; by "Accidental" and "Suicidal Drowning," 6; "Found Dying," or "Dead," 8; "Accidentally Suffocated," 15; and by "Natural" and "Sudden," Deaths,

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20 more. Those who committed suicide and thus ''abandoned the post in which God placed them," were 11, and consisted of a Female Unknown, a Cabinet Maker's Wife, a Shoe Maker's Wife, a Porter, a Warehouseman, a Dealer in Poultry, and 4 Weavers. The quantum is somewhat less than our ratio by population, for " the tendency to suicide is, in the metropolis in 100,000 persons, 12.6." The youngest of the suicides was 31, and the eldest 79.

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The Deaths in the Institutions of the Parish happened thus:—84 Males and 79 Females in the Workhouse; 24 Males and 20 Females in the Lunatic Asylum; 16 Males and 10 Females in the Consumption Hospital; 1 Male and 2 Females in the Trinity Ground; 1 Male in Parmiter's Alms Houses; 1 Male at the Barracks in Globe Street; and 4 Males and 3 Females in the Model Lodgings in Columbia 11 Square. Specially in the Workhouse, Respiratory Diseases destroyed the most; Consumption ranked the next; Brain Affections carried off 22, and Epidemics 12.