AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Mechanical weathering is one type of weathering, what is the other?	CHEMICAL (ALSO ACCEPT BIOLOGICAL)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	For the June solstice, which of the following statements is NOT true? W) The northern hemisphere experiences the day with the longest period of sunlight X) There are 24 hours of sunlight in the Arctic Circle Y) Earth is further from the Sun than it is at the winter solstice Z) The Sun is directly overhead at noon in the Arctic Circle	Z) THE SUN IS DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT NOON IN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	How many distinct diagonals does a pentagon have?	5
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following describes the purpose of the ground connection on a common power outlet? W) Provide a zero potential reference X) Remove excess heat from the transmission system Y) Give a low resistance path for short circuits to travel through Z) Act as a small current source to prevent corrosion	Y) GIVE A LOW RESISTANCE PATH FOR SHORT CIRCUITS TO TRAVEL
	TOSS-UP	7) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true about spike moss? W) They do not have true roots X) They have a well-developed vascular system Y) They are widely distributed in all parts of the world Z) Their leaves are spore-bearing X) THEY HAVE A WELL-DEVELOPED VASCULAR SYSTEM
	TOSS-UP	8) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Pascal's law governs the actions of forces in which of the following? W) Gases X) Solids Y) Incompressible fluids Z) A vacuum Y) INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In a flame test on an unknown compound, the flame is violet. What element is likely to be in the compound?	POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM, CESIUM)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What term is used to describe the advance of desert conditions into formerly non-desert areas?	DESERTIFICATION
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the surface area of a cube with volume 8?	24
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following uses stored electricity and is required to get a gasoline-powered car's engine going? W) Catalytic converter X) Starter motor Y) Fuel rail Z) Alternator	X) STARTER MOTOR
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes blood? W) It is a specialized type of cell found in blood vessels X) It is a type of cell formed in the bone marrow Y) It is a kind of connective tissue in which red and white blood cells are suspended in plasma Z) It is a kind of epithelial tissue [ep-uh-THEE-lee-al]	Y) IT IS A KIND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN WHICH RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE SUSPENDED IN PLASMA
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about the Moon best describes why we only see one side of the Moon from Earth? W) It does not rotate X) It has a side that is always dark Y) It does not revolve Z) It has the same period for rotation and revolution	Z) IT HAS THE SAME PERIOD FOR ROTATION AND REVOLUTION
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements best describes the thermodynamic effect of an enzyme on the reaction it catalyzes? W) The energy level of the reactants is decreased in the presence of the enzyme X) The activation energy of the reaction is decreased Y) The activation energy of the reaction is increased Z) The \(\Delta\)G [delta-G] between products and reactants is decreased	X) THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF THE REACTION IS DECREASED
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	The two leaves of an electroscope repel each other and stand out at an angle. What force balances the electrical force so the leaves don't stand out farther?	GRAVITY
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	A nitrogen atom present in the backbone of a polypeptide [pol-ee-PEP-tyd] is part of which of the following functional groups? W) A primary amine X) A secondary amine Y) A tertiary amine [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) An amide	Z) AN AMIDE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the final product of purine metabolism excreted in the urine? W) Urea X) Uric acid Y) Ammonia Z) Ammonium	X) URIC ACID
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the most common element in Earth's crust?	OXYGEN
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mixed layer of the ocean? W) Relatively stratified in the vertical X) In direct contact with the atmosphere Y) Stirred by winds and convection Z) Varied depth with latitude and season	W) RELATIVELY STRATIFIED IN THE VERTICAL
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	For what values of \(x\) is the function \(f(x)=\frac{x^{2}}{x^{2}-4x+4}\) [f of x equals the fraction with numerator x squared and denominator x squared minus 4 x plus 4] NOT defined?	2
TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer	What energy barrier must a chemical reaction pass in order to proceed?	ACTIVATION ENERGY
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following choices is NOT a source of new genetic combinations? W) Mitosis [my-TOH-sis] X) Fertilization Y) Mutation Z) Meiosis [meye-OH-sis]	W) MITOSIS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What force does a charged particle moving through a magnetic field experience that is perpendicular to the direction the particle is traveling?	LORENTZ (ACCEPT: MAGNETIC FORCE)
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	At -78\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius, dry ice changes directly from a solid to a gas. What is this process called?	SUBLIMATION
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	In what compass direction would the magnetic north pole of your compass point during a period in which the Earth's magnetic field was reversed?	SOUTH
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If \(\ln(x^{3})=6\)[natural log of the quantity x cubed equals 6], what is \(\ln(x^{2})\)[the natural log of the quantity x squared]?	4
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following transition metals has the smallest atomic radius? W) Nickel X) Iron Y) Scandium Z) Cadmium	W) NICKEL
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	Consisting of a fatty acid chain attached through an amide linkage to sphingosine [SFING-guh-seen], what is the fundamental structural unit common to all sphingolipids?	CERAMIDE
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What is the naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon called?	CARBON-14 (ACCEPT: C-14)
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Based on the Spitzer Space Telescope observatory program, infrared emission from most galaxies comes primarily from three sources. Name two of them.	STARS, INTERSTELLAR GAS, DUST (ACCEPT: INTERSTELLAR DUST)
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	An alpha particle consists of what types and numbers of subatomic particles?	TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	In 1859, drilling first began in the U.S. for which of the following energy resources? W) Coal X) Oil Y) Natural gas Z) Geothermal energy	X) OIL
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following terms is used to describe a structure that is similar in different species of organisms, because the species share a common ancestor that was the source of the structure? W) Homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] X) Convergent Y) Analogous [uh-NAL-uh-guhs] Z) Divergent	W) HOMOLOGOUS
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of an ectoparasite [ek-toh-PAR-uh-syt]? W) Tapeworm X) Hookworm Y) Nematode Z) Louse	Z) LOUSE
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	A certain radioactive element decays over time according to the equation \(y=R\ (1\ /\ ^{x/200}\)[ly equals R times one half to the power of the quantity x over 300], where \(R\) equals the number of grams that were present initially and \(x\) equals time in years. If 1000 grams were present initially, how many grams will remain after 900 years? W) 62.5 X) 125 Y) 250 Z) 500	X) 125
BONUS MATH Short Answer	If -4x - 9y - 3z = -10 and -5a - 9b = -6, then what is -9b - 15z - 45y - 20x - 5a?	-56
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In carbon dioxide, what is the formal charge on the central atom?	0
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	The presence of what molecule causes temperatures to increase with increasing altitude in the stratosphere?	OZONE (ACCEPT: O\({}{3}\))
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	Which of the following wave types does not exhibit polarization? W) Gravitational X) X-ray Y) Acoustic Z) Visible light	Y) ACOUSTIC
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Nuclear power plants and coal fired plants have which of the following operations in common? W) Both give off smoke from a stack X) Both heat water to become steam Y) Both use moderators to control energy output Z) Both use water to control heat build-up	X) BOTH HEAT WATER TO BECOME STEAM
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	The probocsis [proh-BOS-kis] is used primarily by invertebrates to perform which of the following functions? W) Egg fertilization X) Excavation Y) Feeding Z) Defense	Y) FEEDING
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following pollinators is a member of the order Lepidoptera [Hep-i-DOP-ter-uh]? W) Lesser long-nosed bats X) Fritillary butterflies [FRIT-l-er-ee] Y) Green bottle flies Z) Blue orchard bees	X) FRITILARY BUTTERFLIES
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	The perimeters of two similar figures have a ratio of 5:7. What is the ratio of their areas?	25:49 (ACCEPT: 25/49)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	After 40 times at bat, BJ has 9 hits. What is the least number of hits he would need in his next 30 times at bat so that he has hits in at least 31% of his total at-bats?	13
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	Which two planets in our solar system are considered ice giants?	URANUS AND NEPTUNE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following organelles within the eukaryotic [yoo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] cell functions as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself? W) Lysosome X) Golgi apparatus Y) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum [EN-duh-plaz-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm] Z) Rough endoplasmic reticulum	W) LYSOSOME
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following carbohydrates will most easily dissolve in water? W) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-juhn] X) Starch Y) Maltose [MOHL-tohs] Z) Cellulose	Y) MALTOSE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What adjective describes a mixture that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers [i-NAN-tee-uh-mers] of a chiral [KY-ruhl] molecule?	RACEMIC (ACCEPT: RACEMATES)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT necessary for a cloud to form? W) Saturated air X) Water vapor Y) High altitude Z) High humidity	Y) HIGH ALTITUDE
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a symptom of desertification? W) Lowering of the water table X) Decreased rate of erosion Y) Increased salinity in natural waters and soils Z) Progressive destruction of vegetation	X) DECREASED RATE OF EROSION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	A person standing on a scaffold lowers an object with a weight of 250 newtons by means of a rope, at constant speed. If the weight of the rope is negligible, what is the force in newtons that the person exerts on the rope?	250
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	Relative to the ground, how many joules of potential energy does a 1000 newton boulder have at the top of a 5 meter ledge, relative to the bottom of the ledge and given g as 10 meters per second squared?	5000
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is a product from a hydrogen fuel reaction? W) Water X) Carbon dioxide Y) Methane Z) Nitrogen	W) WATER
BONUS ENERGY Short Answer	What value is used to describe the heat resistance of home insulation?	R-VALUE
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following types of genes violates Mendel's principle of independent assortment? W) Linked X) Codominant Y) Dominant Z) Epistatic	W) LINKED
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name an allosteric [al-uh-STER-ik] inhibitor of pyruvate [py-ROO-vayt] kinase.	ATP (ACCEPT: ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, ALANINE OR ACETYL-CoA)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	If a person walks 4 miles due north, 6 miles due east, then 4 miles due north, how far in miles is the person displaced from his or her original position?	10
BONUS MATH Short Answer	In a standard deck of cards with no jokers, providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability of picking a card that is black or a number less than 10 (which includes aces)?	11/13
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of methane?	sp\({}^{3}\)
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT evidence that liquid water was once present on Mars? W) Large flood channels X) Sedimentary layering Y) Sand dunes Z) Eroded craters	Y) SAND DUNES
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An unpowered open truck is coasting horizontally with a constant velocity along a frictionless track underneath a grain bin when grain falls vertically into the truck, partly filling it as it moves along. Which of the following will happen to the horizontal momentum of the truck with the accumulating grain? W) It will decrease X) It will increase Y) It will stay the same Z) It will first increase and then decrease	Y) IT WILL STAY THE SAME
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	A mass is suspended by two springs of equal length connected in parallel. The mass stretches the springs by a distance A beyond their equilibrium length. The springs are rearranged to be connected in series, so that now the mass stretches the springs by a distance B beyond their equilibrium length. By number, identify which of the following is true: A is greater than B, A is less than B, A and B are the same distance.	2
BONUS MATH Short Answer	For a function f(\(x\)), suppose that you know that f(-= -2 and that f(= 2. What would you need to know about \(f\) in order to invoke the Intermediate Value Theorem to conclude that there is at least one zero of \(f\) on [-1, 3][the closed interval from negative 1 to 3]?	\(f\) IS CONTINUOUS ON [-1, 3] (ACCEPT: F IS CONTINOUS ON THE INTERVAL)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following examples describes a postzygotic reproductive barrier that creates or enforces reproductive isolation? W) Two closely-related species of garter snakes live in the same area, but one lives mainly in water while the other lives mainly on land X) Two species of closely-related skunks have different mating seasons Y) Two species of closely-related snails have morphological differences that prevent successful inter-species mating Z) Two species of closely related equines may successfully mate to produce offspring, but the offspring is sterile	Z) TWO SPECIES OF CLOSELY RELATED EQUINES MAY SUCCESSFULLY
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What is the degree of the polynomial: \((x-^{3}\)\((x-^{4}\)[open parenthesis x minus 3 close parenthesis cubed times open parenthesis x minus 7 close parenthesis to the power of 4]?	7
BONUS MATH Multiple Choice	If \(x\) is an angle such that \(\tan(x)=5/12\) and \(\pi<x<3\pi/2\), then \(\sec(x)\)[secant of x] is equal to which of the following? W) -13/12 X) -13/5 Y) 13/12	W) -13/12
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following describes the bonds found in one molecule of water? W) Hydrogen X) Nonpolar covalent Y) Polar covalent Z) Ionic	Y) POLAR COVALENT
BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer	Name the stage of translation during which peptide bond formation occurs.	ELONGATION
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	In a series-connected string of holiday lights, which of the following is most likely to occur if one bulb gets shorted without breaking the filament? W) All other bulbs will go out X) The current in the string will increase Y) The current in the string will decrease Z) The current in the string will remain unchanged	X) THE CURRENT IN THE STRING WILL INCREASE
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	If a car goes from zero to 20 meters per second in 8 seconds, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is its average acceleration in meters per second squared?	2.5
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is generated from temperature changes in the atmosphere? W) Latent heat X) Sensible heat Y) Potential temperature Z) Irradiate heat	X) SENSIBLE HEAT
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer	What kind of black hole can be described entirely by its mass?	SCHWARZSCHILD
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following gases is NOT one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect? W) Carbon dioxide X) Nitrous oxide Y) Methane Z) Carbon monoxide	Z) CARBON MONOXIDE
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In a titration experiment, 6.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar monoprotic weak acid are titrated with 0.10 molar sodium hydroxide. How much base in milliliters will it take to reach the half-equivalence point?	1.5
TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT an even function? W) cosx X) cos(\(x^{2}\)) Y) sin\(x\) Z) sin(\(x^{2}\))	Y) sin\(x\)
BONUS MATH Short Answer	Given that \(x\) and \(y\) are real numbers, solve for \(x\) and \(y\): \(2y+ix=4+x-i\).	\(x\) = -1; \(y=3/2\)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	Which taxonomic kingdom of organisms has cell walls of chitin [KY-tin]?	FUNGI
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following energy resources is the most energy efficient, meaning very little of the energy created is transferred to the surroundings unused? W) Coal X) Biofuel Y) Oil Z) Hydrogen fuel cells	Z) HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	An object of mass \(m\) sits on a flat table. The Earth pulls on the object with force mg. Which of the following is the corresponding reaction force? W) The table pushing down on the floor with force mg X) The object pushing down on the table with force mg Y) The object pulling upward on the Earth with force mg Z) The table pushing up on the object with force mg	Y) THE OBJECT PULLING UPWARD ON THE EARTH WITH FORCE mg
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is the term for the hygroscopic [hy-gruh-SKOP-ik] atmospheric particles that are precursors to clouds? W) Stratospheric aerosols X) Cloud condensation nuclei Y) Aqueous particles [AY-kwee-uhs] Z) Stratospheric condensation nuclei	X) CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following adjectives describes the reaction of a strong base with a strong acid? W) Precipitation X) Synthesis Y) Redox Z) Neutralization	Z) NEUTRALIZATION
BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Nitric acid X) Perchloric acid Y) Formic acid Z) Hydroiodic acid	Y) FORMIC ACID
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	For ions or polar molecules to pass across a plasma membrane in passive transport, the molecules must move in which of the following ways? W) Down an electrochemical gradient X) Up an electrochemical gradient Y) Through a pump Z) With a chaperone molecule	W) DOWN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice	Symmetry in animal taxonomy describes which of the following? W) How the animals are related X) Similarities in anatomy of different species Y) Patterns of animal behavior Z) How the parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis	Z) HOW THE PARTS OF AN ANIMAL ARE ARRANGED AROUND A POINT OR AN AXIS
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Construction of habitable structures on the Moon hinges upon the discovery of which of the following vital resources on the Moon? W) Carbon X) Helium Y) Water Z) Iron	Y) WATER
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	What are the solutions to \(x^{2}\) - \(5x\) + 6 = 0?	2 AND 3
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What disease occurs when blood vessel walls harden and blood passage is decreased or fully blocked?	ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (ACCEPT MYOCONDITIS)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following statements about coal is true? W) Over 50% of the coal mined in the United States is bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs] X) Lignite [LIG-nyt] has the highest energy content of all coal varieties Y) Anthracite [AN-thruh-syt] contains approximately 25% carbon Z) Lignite has a very low moisture content	W) OVER 50% OF THE COAL MINED IN THE UNITED STATES IS BITUMINOUS
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer	What is the mathematical relationship between the period of a wave and the frequency of a wave?	INVERSE (ACCEPT: INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL)
BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer	If a radio station broadcasts with a wavelength of 2.5 meters, what is the frequency of the radio station in megahertz, given the speed of light as 3 X 10\({}^{8}\) meters per second?	120
TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	Which of the following is true of galaxies that are more distant from us? W) They are moving away faster X) They are expanding more Y) They are generally larger Z) They possess more heavy elements	W) THEY ARE MOVING AWAY FASTER
BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice	The Sun has already completed nearly one half of its main sequence stage. Which of the following will occur next? W) White dwarf X) Red giant Y) Pulsar Z) Neutron star	X) RED GIANT
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	When baking cupcakes, a common ingredient used to make the batter rise is baking soda. What is the gas produced that causes the batter to rise?	CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))
BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer	What is the conjugate acid of the acetate ion?	ACETIC ACID (ACCEPT: ETHANOIC ACID)
TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer	Convert 420 degrees to radians as an improper fraction in terms of pi.	7\(\pi\)/3
BONUS MATH Short Answer	The midpoint of segment AB is (1.5, -. The coordinates of point A are (7, -; what are the coordinates of point B?	(-4, -1)
TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer	What biome is characterized by dense evergreen shrubs and small trees, usually in the Mediterranean region of the world?	CHAPARRAL (ACCEPT SHRUBLANDS, SCRUB, BRUSH)
TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice	Which of the following is an example of a secondary energy source? W) Coal X) Electricity Y) Solar Z) Nuclear	X) ELECTRICITY
TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice	A massless, rigid, insulating rod of length \(R\) is attached at one end to a wall by a hinge so that it is free to swing vertically. The other end of the rod is attached to a sphere of mass \(m\) with charge -\(Q\). If the rod and sphere are released in a horizontal position, which of the following electric fields is required to maintain the horizontal position of the rod? W) mg/Q, down X) mg/Q, up Y) mgQ/R, down Z) mgR/Q, up	W) mg/Q, DOWN
BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice	The majority of helium originating in the dust cloud that formed the Earth has since evaporated into space. Most present-day terrestrially available helium comes from which of the following? W) Nuclear fusion reactors X) A by-product of nuclear fission Y) Harvested from the ionosphere Z) Radioactive decay of heavier elements	Z) RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS
TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer	In the balanced equation 2Ag\({}^{+}\) + Cu \(\rightarrow\)IyieldsJ 2Ag + Cu\({}^{2+}\), what is the reducing agent?	COPPER (DO NOT ACCEPT: COPPER 2+)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Mechanical weathering is one type of weathering, what is the other?

CHEMICAL (ALSO ACCEPT BIOLOGICAL)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

For the June solstice, which of the following statements is NOT true? W) The northern hemisphere experiences the day with the longest period of sunlight X) There are 24 hours of sunlight in the Arctic Circle Y) Earth is further from the Sun than it is at the winter solstice Z) The Sun is directly overhead at noon in the Arctic Circle

Z) THE SUN IS DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT NOON IN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

How many distinct diagonals does a pentagon have?

5

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the purpose of the ground connection on a common power outlet? W) Provide a zero potential reference X) Remove excess heat from the transmission system Y) Give a low resistance path for short circuits to travel through Z) Act as a small current source to prevent corrosion

Y) GIVE A LOW RESISTANCE PATH FOR SHORT CIRCUITS TO TRAVEL

TOSS-UP

7) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is NOT true about spike moss? W) They do not have true roots X) They have a well-developed vascular system Y) They are widely distributed in all parts of the world Z) Their leaves are spore-bearing X) THEY HAVE A WELL-DEVELOPED VASCULAR SYSTEM

TOSS-UP

8) PHYSICS Multiple Choice Pascal's law governs the actions of forces in which of the following? W) Gases X) Solids Y) Incompressible fluids Z) A vacuum Y) INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In a flame test on an unknown compound, the flame is violet. What element is likely to be in the compound?

POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM, CESIUM)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What term is used to describe the advance of desert conditions into formerly non-desert areas?

DESERTIFICATION

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the surface area of a cube with volume 8?

24

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following uses stored electricity and is required to get a gasoline-powered car's engine going? W) Catalytic converter X) Starter motor Y) Fuel rail Z) Alternator

X) STARTER MOTOR

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes blood? W) It is a specialized type of cell found in blood vessels X) It is a type of cell formed in the bone marrow Y) It is a kind of connective tissue in which red and white blood cells are suspended in plasma Z) It is a kind of epithelial tissue [ep-uh-THEE-lee-al]

Y) IT IS A KIND OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN WHICH RED AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE SUSPENDED IN PLASMA

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about the Moon best describes why we only see one side of the Moon from Earth? W) It does not rotate X) It has a side that is always dark Y) It does not revolve Z) It has the same period for rotation and revolution

Z) IT HAS THE SAME PERIOD FOR ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best describes the thermodynamic effect of an enzyme on the reaction it catalyzes? W) The energy level of the reactants is decreased in the presence of the enzyme X) The activation energy of the reaction is decreased Y) The activation energy of the reaction is increased Z) The \(\Delta\)G [delta-G] between products and reactants is decreased

X) THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF THE REACTION IS DECREASED

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

The two leaves of an electroscope repel each other and stand out at an angle. What force balances the electrical force so the leaves don't stand out farther?

GRAVITY

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

A nitrogen atom present in the backbone of a polypeptide [pol-ee-PEP-tyd] is part of which of the following functional groups? W) A primary amine X) A secondary amine Y) A tertiary amine [TER-shee-er-ee] Z) An amide

Z) AN AMIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the final product of purine metabolism excreted in the urine? W) Urea X) Uric acid Y) Ammonia Z) Ammonium

X) URIC ACID

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the most common element in Earth's crust?

OXYGEN

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mixed layer of the ocean? W) Relatively stratified in the vertical X) In direct contact with the atmosphere Y) Stirred by winds and convection Z) Varied depth with latitude and season

W) RELATIVELY STRATIFIED IN THE VERTICAL

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

For what values of \(x\) is the function \(f(x)=\frac{x^{2}}{x^{2}-4x+4}\) [f of x equals the fraction with numerator x squared and denominator x squared minus 4 x plus 4] NOT defined?

2

TOSS-UP ENERGY Short Answer

What energy barrier must a chemical reaction pass in order to proceed?

ACTIVATION ENERGY

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following choices is NOT a source of new genetic combinations? W) Mitosis [my-TOH-sis] X) Fertilization Y) Mutation Z) Meiosis [meye-OH-sis]

W) MITOSIS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What force does a charged particle moving through a magnetic field experience that is perpendicular to the direction the particle is traveling?

LORENTZ (ACCEPT: MAGNETIC FORCE)

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

At -78\({}^{\circ}\) Celsius, dry ice changes directly from a solid to a gas. What is this process called?

SUBLIMATION

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

In what compass direction would the magnetic north pole of your compass point during a period in which the Earth's magnetic field was reversed?

SOUTH

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If \(\ln(x^{3})=6\)[natural log of the quantity x cubed equals 6], what is \(\ln(x^{2})\)[the natural log of the quantity x squared]?

4

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following transition metals has the smallest atomic radius? W) Nickel X) Iron Y) Scandium Z) Cadmium

W) NICKEL

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

Consisting of a fatty acid chain attached through an amide linkage to sphingosine [SFING-guh-seen], what is the fundamental structural unit common to all sphingolipids?

CERAMIDE

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What is the naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon called?

CARBON-14 (ACCEPT: C-14)

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Based on the Spitzer Space Telescope observatory program, infrared emission from most galaxies comes primarily from three sources. Name two of them.

STARS, INTERSTELLAR GAS, DUST (ACCEPT: INTERSTELLAR DUST)

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

An alpha particle consists of what types and numbers of subatomic particles?

TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

In 1859, drilling first began in the U.S. for which of the following energy resources? W) Coal X) Oil Y) Natural gas Z) Geothermal energy

X) OIL

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following terms is used to describe a structure that is similar in different species of organisms, because the species share a common ancestor that was the source of the structure? W) Homologous [huh-MOL-uh-guhs] X) Convergent Y) Analogous [uh-NAL-uh-guhs] Z) Divergent

W) HOMOLOGOUS

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of an ectoparasite [ek-toh-PAR-uh-syt]? W) Tapeworm X) Hookworm Y) Nematode Z) Louse

Z) LOUSE

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

A certain radioactive element decays over time according to the equation \(y=R\ (1\ /\ ^{x/200}\)[ly equals R times one half to the power of the quantity x over 300], where \(R\) equals the number of grams that were present initially and \(x\) equals time in years. If 1000 grams were present initially, how many grams will remain after 900 years? W) 62.5 X) 125 Y) 250 Z) 500

X) 125

BONUS MATH Short Answer

If -4x - 9y - 3z = -10 and -5a - 9b = -6, then what is -9b - 15z - 45y - 20x - 5a?

-56

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In carbon dioxide, what is the formal charge on the central atom?

0

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

The presence of what molecule causes temperatures to increase with increasing altitude in the stratosphere?

OZONE (ACCEPT: O\({}{3}\))

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

Which of the following wave types does not exhibit polarization? W) Gravitational X) X-ray Y) Acoustic Z) Visible light

Y) ACOUSTIC

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Nuclear power plants and coal fired plants have which of the following operations in common? W) Both give off smoke from a stack X) Both heat water to become steam Y) Both use moderators to control energy output Z) Both use water to control heat build-up

X) BOTH HEAT WATER TO BECOME STEAM

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

The probocsis [proh-BOS-kis] is used primarily by invertebrates to perform which of the following functions? W) Egg fertilization X) Excavation Y) Feeding Z) Defense

Y) FEEDING

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following pollinators is a member of the order Lepidoptera [Hep-i-DOP-ter-uh]? W) Lesser long-nosed bats X) Fritillary butterflies [FRIT-l-er-ee] Y) Green bottle flies Z) Blue orchard bees

X) FRITILARY BUTTERFLIES

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

The perimeters of two similar figures have a ratio of 5:7. What is the ratio of their areas?

25:49 (ACCEPT: 25/49)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

After 40 times at bat, BJ has 9 hits. What is the least number of hits he would need in his next 30 times at bat so that he has hits in at least 31% of his total at-bats?

13

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

Which two planets in our solar system are considered ice giants?

URANUS AND NEPTUNE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following organelles within the eukaryotic [yoo-KAR-ee-oh-tik] cell functions as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself? W) Lysosome X) Golgi apparatus Y) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum [EN-duh-plaz-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm] Z) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

W) LYSOSOME

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following carbohydrates will most easily dissolve in water? W) Glycogen [GLY-kuh-juhn] X) Starch Y) Maltose [MOHL-tohs] Z) Cellulose

Y) MALTOSE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What adjective describes a mixture that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers [i-NAN-tee-uh-mers] of a chiral [KY-ruhl] molecule?

RACEMIC (ACCEPT: RACEMATES)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT necessary for a cloud to form? W) Saturated air X) Water vapor Y) High altitude Z) High humidity

Y) HIGH ALTITUDE

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of desertification? W) Lowering of the water table X) Decreased rate of erosion Y) Increased salinity in natural waters and soils Z) Progressive destruction of vegetation

X) DECREASED RATE OF EROSION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

A person standing on a scaffold lowers an object with a weight of 250 newtons by means of a rope, at constant speed. If the weight of the rope is negligible, what is the force in newtons that the person exerts on the rope?

250

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

Relative to the ground, how many joules of potential energy does a 1000 newton boulder have at the top of a 5 meter ledge, relative to the bottom of the ledge and given g as 10 meters per second squared?

5000

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a product from a hydrogen fuel reaction? W) Water X) Carbon dioxide Y) Methane Z) Nitrogen

W) WATER

BONUS ENERGY Short Answer

What value is used to describe the heat resistance of home insulation?

R-VALUE

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of genes violates Mendel's principle of independent assortment? W) Linked X) Codominant Y) Dominant Z) Epistatic

W) LINKED

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name an allosteric [al-uh-STER-ik] inhibitor of pyruvate [py-ROO-vayt] kinase.

ATP (ACCEPT: ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, ALANINE OR ACETYL-CoA)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

If a person walks 4 miles due north, 6 miles due east, then 4 miles due north, how far in miles is the person displaced from his or her original position?

10

BONUS MATH Short Answer

In a standard deck of cards with no jokers, providing your answer as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the probability of picking a card that is black or a number less than 10 (which includes aces)?

11/13

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

According to valence bond theory, what is the hybridization of the central atom of methane?

sp\({}^{3}\)

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT evidence that liquid water was once present on Mars? W) Large flood channels X) Sedimentary layering Y) Sand dunes Z) Eroded craters

Y) SAND DUNES

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An unpowered open truck is coasting horizontally with a constant velocity along a frictionless track underneath a grain bin when grain falls vertically into the truck, partly filling it as it moves along. Which of the following will happen to the horizontal momentum of the truck with the accumulating grain? W) It will decrease X) It will increase Y) It will stay the same Z) It will first increase and then decrease

Y) IT WILL STAY THE SAME

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

A mass is suspended by two springs of equal length connected in parallel. The mass stretches the springs by a distance A beyond their equilibrium length. The springs are rearranged to be connected in series, so that now the mass stretches the springs by a distance B beyond their equilibrium length. By number, identify which of the following is true: A is greater than B, A is less than B, A and B are the same distance.

2

BONUS MATH Short Answer

For a function f(\(x\)), suppose that you know that f(-= -2 and that f(= 2. What would you need to know about \(f\) in order to invoke the Intermediate Value Theorem to conclude that there is at least one zero of \(f\) on [-1, 3][the closed interval from negative 1 to 3]?

\(f\) IS CONTINUOUS ON [-1, 3] (ACCEPT: F IS CONTINOUS ON THE INTERVAL)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following examples describes a postzygotic reproductive barrier that creates or enforces reproductive isolation? W) Two closely-related species of garter snakes live in the same area, but one lives mainly in water while the other lives mainly on land X) Two species of closely-related skunks have different mating seasons Y) Two species of closely-related snails have morphological differences that prevent successful inter-species mating Z) Two species of closely related equines may successfully mate to produce offspring, but the offspring is sterile

Z) TWO SPECIES OF CLOSELY RELATED EQUINES MAY SUCCESSFULLY

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What is the degree of the polynomial: \((x-^{3}\)\((x-^{4}\)[open parenthesis x minus 3 close parenthesis cubed times open parenthesis x minus 7 close parenthesis to the power of 4]?

7

BONUS MATH Multiple Choice

If \(x\) is an angle such that \(\tan(x)=5/12\) and \(\pi<x<3\pi/2\), then \(\sec(x)\)[secant of x] is equal to which of the following? W) -13/12 X) -13/5 Y) 13/12

W) -13/12

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the bonds found in one molecule of water? W) Hydrogen X) Nonpolar covalent Y) Polar covalent Z) Ionic

Y) POLAR COVALENT

BONUS BIOLOGY Short Answer

Name the stage of translation during which peptide bond formation occurs.

ELONGATION

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

In a series-connected string of holiday lights, which of the following is most likely to occur if one bulb gets shorted without breaking the filament? W) All other bulbs will go out X) The current in the string will increase Y) The current in the string will decrease Z) The current in the string will remain unchanged

X) THE CURRENT IN THE STRING WILL INCREASE

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

If a car goes from zero to 20 meters per second in 8 seconds, providing your answer to the nearest tenth, what is its average acceleration in meters per second squared?

2.5

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is generated from temperature changes in the atmosphere? W) Latent heat X) Sensible heat Y) Potential temperature Z) Irradiate heat

X) SENSIBLE HEAT

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Short Answer

What kind of black hole can be described entirely by its mass?

SCHWARZSCHILD

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following gases is NOT one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect? W) Carbon dioxide X) Nitrous oxide Y) Methane Z) Carbon monoxide

Z) CARBON MONOXIDE

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In a titration experiment, 6.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar monoprotic weak acid are titrated with 0.10 molar sodium hydroxide. How much base in milliliters will it take to reach the half-equivalence point?

1.5

TOSS-UP MATH Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an even function? W) cosx X) cos(\(x^{2}\)) Y) sin\(x\) Z) sin(\(x^{2}\))

Y) sin\(x\)

BONUS MATH Short Answer

Given that \(x\) and \(y\) are real numbers, solve for \(x\) and \(y\): \(2y+ix=4+x-i\).

\(x\) = -1; \(y=3/2\)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

Which taxonomic kingdom of organisms has cell walls of chitin [KY-tin]?

FUNGI

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following energy resources is the most energy efficient, meaning very little of the energy created is transferred to the surroundings unused? W) Coal X) Biofuel Y) Oil Z) Hydrogen fuel cells

Z) HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

An object of mass \(m\) sits on a flat table. The Earth pulls on the object with force mg. Which of the following is the corresponding reaction force? W) The table pushing down on the floor with force mg X) The object pushing down on the table with force mg Y) The object pulling upward on the Earth with force mg Z) The table pushing up on the object with force mg

Y) THE OBJECT PULLING UPWARD ON THE EARTH WITH FORCE mg

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the term for the hygroscopic [hy-gruh-SKOP-ik] atmospheric particles that are precursors to clouds? W) Stratospheric aerosols X) Cloud condensation nuclei Y) Aqueous particles [AY-kwee-uhs] Z) Stratospheric condensation nuclei

X) CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following adjectives describes the reaction of a strong base with a strong acid? W) Precipitation X) Synthesis Y) Redox Z) Neutralization

Z) NEUTRALIZATION

BONUS CHEMISTRY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Nitric acid X) Perchloric acid Y) Formic acid Z) Hydroiodic acid

Y) FORMIC ACID

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

For ions or polar molecules to pass across a plasma membrane in passive transport, the molecules must move in which of the following ways? W) Down an electrochemical gradient X) Up an electrochemical gradient Y) Through a pump Z) With a chaperone molecule

W) DOWN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

BONUS BIOLOGY Multiple Choice

Symmetry in animal taxonomy describes which of the following? W) How the animals are related X) Similarities in anatomy of different species Y) Patterns of animal behavior Z) How the parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis

Z) HOW THE PARTS OF AN ANIMAL ARE ARRANGED AROUND A POINT OR AN AXIS

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Construction of habitable structures on the Moon hinges upon the discovery of which of the following vital resources on the Moon? W) Carbon X) Helium Y) Water Z) Iron

Y) WATER

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

What are the solutions to \(x^{2}\) - \(5x\) + 6 = 0?

2 AND 3

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What disease occurs when blood vessel walls harden and blood passage is decreased or fully blocked?

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (ACCEPT MYOCONDITIS)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about coal is true? W) Over 50% of the coal mined in the United States is bituminous [by-TOO-muh-nuhs] X) Lignite [LIG-nyt] has the highest energy content of all coal varieties Y) Anthracite [AN-thruh-syt] contains approximately 25% carbon Z) Lignite has a very low moisture content

W) OVER 50% OF THE COAL MINED IN THE UNITED STATES IS BITUMINOUS

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Short Answer

What is the mathematical relationship between the period of a wave and the frequency of a wave?

INVERSE (ACCEPT: INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL)

BONUS PHYSICS Short Answer

If a radio station broadcasts with a wavelength of 2.5 meters, what is the frequency of the radio station in megahertz, given the speed of light as 3 X 10\({}^{8}\) meters per second?

120

TOSS-UP EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of galaxies that are more distant from us? W) They are moving away faster X) They are expanding more Y) They are generally larger Z) They possess more heavy elements

W) THEY ARE MOVING AWAY FASTER

BONUS EARTH AND SPACE Multiple Choice

The Sun has already completed nearly one half of its main sequence stage. Which of the following will occur next? W) White dwarf X) Red giant Y) Pulsar Z) Neutron star

X) RED GIANT

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

When baking cupcakes, a common ingredient used to make the batter rise is baking soda. What is the gas produced that causes the batter to rise?

CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO\({}{2}\))

BONUS CHEMISTRY Short Answer

What is the conjugate acid of the acetate ion?

ACETIC ACID (ACCEPT: ETHANOIC ACID)

TOSS-UP MATH Short Answer

Convert 420 degrees to radians as an improper fraction in terms of pi.

7\(\pi\)/3

BONUS MATH Short Answer

The midpoint of segment AB is (1.5, -. The coordinates of point A are (7, -; what are the coordinates of point B?

(-4, -1)

TOSS-UP BIOLOGY Short Answer

What biome is characterized by dense evergreen shrubs and small trees, usually in the Mediterranean region of the world?

CHAPARRAL (ACCEPT SHRUBLANDS, SCRUB, BRUSH)

TOSS-UP ENERGY Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a secondary energy source? W) Coal X) Electricity Y) Solar Z) Nuclear

X) ELECTRICITY

TOSS-UP PHYSICS Multiple Choice

A massless, rigid, insulating rod of length \(R\) is attached at one end to a wall by a hinge so that it is free to swing vertically. The other end of the rod is attached to a sphere of mass \(m\) with charge -\(Q\). If the rod and sphere are released in a horizontal position, which of the following electric fields is required to maintain the horizontal position of the rod? W) mg/Q, down X) mg/Q, up Y) mgQ/R, down Z) mgR/Q, up

W) mg/Q, DOWN

BONUS PHYSICS Multiple Choice

The majority of helium originating in the dust cloud that formed the Earth has since evaporated into space. Most present-day terrestrially available helium comes from which of the following? W) Nuclear fusion reactors X) A by-product of nuclear fission Y) Harvested from the ionosphere Z) Radioactive decay of heavier elements

Z) RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS

TOSS-UP CHEMISTRY Short Answer

In the balanced equation 2Ag\({}^{+}\) + Cu \(\rightarrow\)IyieldsJ 2Ag + Cu\({}^{2+}\), what is the reducing agent?

COPPER (DO NOT ACCEPT: COPPER 2+)