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Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the drawings,FIG. 1illustrates an organic composite mixture10configured for breaking down bodily remains12(e.g., cremation and non-cremated burial remains) to reduce any detrimental effects the remains may have on the environment. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10is used to decompose cremation remains. The composite mixture10mixes with the bodily remains12to produce a combined mixture14having a reduced pH as compared to the pH of the bodily remains prior to being mixed with the composite mixture. For example, the pH of bodily remains, such as cremation remains, may be between about 10 and 12. Adding the composite mixture10to the remains12can produce a pH of the combined mixture14of about 7 or less. In one embodiment, the pH of the combined mixture14is less than about 6.8. In one embodiment, the pH of the combined mixture14is about 3. Reducing the pH reduces the alkalinity of the combined mixture14making the mixture less harmful to the environment. Adding the composite mixture10to the bodily remains12also dilutes the sodium levels of the remains making the remains less toxic. Thus, the combined mixture14is significantly more conducive to promoting plant growth than the bodily remains12prior to treatment with the mixture10. The composite mixture10can be used for the decomposition of human or pet remains. In one embodiment, the composite mixture is 100% organic.
In the illustrated embodiment, the composite mixture10comprises a combination of compost16, peat18, soil20, sand22, sulfur24, and gypsum26. The compost16may include leaf compost, lawn waste, or any other suitable compost material. The composite mixture10could have additional components not mentioned, or only some of the components mentioned, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. A prescribed amount of the mixture10is combined with a prescribed amount of bodily remains12so that the mixture can effectively decompose the remains. In one embodiment, about 1 part of remains12is mixed with about 10 parts of composite mixture10to accomplish the desired level of decomposition of the remains. For example, when storing the remains12in a pot or container it may be desirable to use the 1 to 10 ratio. However, other ratios can be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In one embodiment, about 1 part remains12are mixed with about 1 part composite mixture10. For example, when burying or scattering cremation remains it may be desirable to use about a 1 to 1 ratio of remains12to composite mixture10. However, other ratios can be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The composite mixture10can comprise between about 30% and about 70% compost, between about 20% and about 50% peat18, between about 5% and about 10% sand22, between about 5% and about 10% soil20, between about 0.01% and about 1.0% gypsum26, and about 5 lbs/50 cubic yards of sulfur24. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10comprises about 50% peat18, about 35% compost16, about 10% soil20, about 5% sand22, about 0.01% gypsum26, and about 5 lbs/50 cubic yards of sulfur24. Other percentages for each component are envisioned without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The inclusion of sulfur24and gypsum26into the composite mixture10work to reduce the pH and dilute the sodium levels when the composite mixture10is combined with the bodily remains12. The sand22reduces compaction of the combined mixture14which is advantageous in the decomposition process. Depending on the amount of bodily remains12, the composite mixture10may take up to about 3 months to break down the bones of the remains when the combined mixture14is not buried. It will be understood that the decomposition time may vary depending on the bodily remains12and the manner in which the remains are held.
The composite mixture10can be aged prior to being combined with the bodily remains12to facilitate growth of bacteria that is useful in decomposing the bodily remains. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10is aged outside such that the composite mixture is exposed to the surrounding environment during the aging process. Thus, the aging process may be dependent on the environment in which the mixture is aged. For example, a lower ambient temperature may produce a higher internal combustion temperature within the composite mixture10which in turn facilitates the aging process. In addition, a humid environment may enhance aging. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10is aged for at least about 3 months. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10is aged for about 6 to about 24 months. During the aging process, the composite mixture10can be stirred or turned regularly to facilitate the growth of the bacteria. In one embodiment, the composite mixture10is stirred at least once per month. Stirring the composite mixture10can accelerate the aging process. For instance, in certain environments, aging may take only about 6 weeks when the mixture is stirred. The mixture10can be aged for a different duration or time and/or stirred at a different rate without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Referring toFIG. 2, an organic composite mixture of another embodiment is indicated generally at110. The composite mixture110is configured for breaking down bodily remains112(e.g., cremation and non-cremated burial remains). In one embodiment, the composite mixture110is used to decompose non-cremated burial remains. The composite mixture110comprises a combination of compost116, peat118, sand122, saw dust128, sulfur124, and gypsum126. The composite mixture110could have additional components not mentioned, or only some of the components mentioned, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. A prescribed amount of the mixture110is combined with a prescribed amount of bodily remains112so that the mixture can effectively decompose the remains. In one embodiment, one non-cremated human or pet bodily remains112are mixed with a relatively proportioned amount of composite mixture110to accomplish the desired level of decomposition of the remains. The amount of composite mixture110depends on the size of the body. At a natural burial site, a portion of the composite mixture110would be layered in the bottom of the grave site and then another portion of the mixture would be layered above the body. The rest of the grave would be filled with soil. The composite mixture110can be applied to the bodily remains112in other ways without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The composite mixture10can comprise between about 30% and about 70% compost116, between about 20% and about 50% peat118, between about 5% and about 10% sand122, between about 5% and about 20% saw dust128, between about 0.01% and about 1.0% gypsum126, and about 5 lbs/50 cubic yards of sulfur124. In one embodiment, the composite mixture110comprises about 20% peat118, about 65% compost116, about 5% sand122, about 10% saw dust128, about 0.01% gypsum126, and about 5 lbs/50 cubic yards of sulfur124. Other percentages for each component are envisioned without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Just as in the first embodiment, the inclusion of sulfur124and gypsum126into the composite mixture110work to reduce the pH and dilute the sodium levels of the combined mixture114when the composite mixture110is combined with the bodily remains112. Also, the sand122reduces compaction of the combined mixture114which is advantageous in the decomposition process. Sawdust is used to enhance the growth of aerobic bacteria.
When introducing elements of aspects of the invention or the examples and embodiments thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
In view of the above, it will be seen that several advantages of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
Not all of the depicted components illustrated or described may be required. In addition, some implementations and embodiments may include additional components. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as set forth herein. Additional, different or fewer components may be provided and components may be combined. Alternatively or in addition, a component may be implemented by several components.
The above description illustrates the invention by way of example and not by way of limitation. This description enables one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and describes several examples, embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention. Additionally, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it will be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Having described aspects of the invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of aspects of the invention as defined in the appended claims. It is contemplated that various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of aspects of the invention. In the preceding specification, various examples and embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1shows a laser module1which is outfitted with lasers2,3and4for generating laser light in the visible range with wavelengths of 633 nm, 543 nm and 458 nm. By mean of a plurality of beam combiners5, an AOTF6and a fiber7, the radiation emitted by these lasers is coupled into a scanning device8which is outfitted with a unit9deflecting beams in the x and y coordinates.
A UV laser whose light is coupled into the scanning device8via an AOTF11and a light-conducting fiber12is provided in a second laser module10.
In the two beam paths, collimating optics13are provided subsequent to the light-conducting fibers7and12, wherein the distance between the collimating optics13and the respective end of the fiber can be changed and the collimating optics13are coupled for this purpose with a controllable adjusting device (not shown in the drawing).
The laser radiation is coupled into the beam path of the schematically shown microscope15by the beam-deflecting device9through a scanning objective14and is directed on a specimen16. For this purpose, the laser radiation passes through a tube lens17, a beam splitter18and the microscope objective19.
The light returned (reflected and/or emitted) by the irradiated location at the specimen travels back through the microscope objective19to the beam-deflecting device9, then passes through a beam splitter20and, after being branched into a plurality of detection channels22, is directed by the imaging optics21onto photomultipliers23, each of which is associated with a detection channel22. For the purpose of branching into the individual detection channels22, the light is directed from a deflection prism24to dichroitic beam splitters25. Emission filters27and pinholes26are provided in every detection channel22, wherein the latter are adjustable in the direction of radiation and vertical thereto and also in diameter.
The outputs of the photomultipliers23lead to the signal inputs of an evaluation circuit28which is connected in turn with a driving device29. The outputs of the driving device29are connected with the signal inputs of the laser modules1and10and with signal inputs of the adjusting devices for influencing the position of optical elements and component groups such as, for example, the position of the collimating optics13, pinholes26and the like (not shown in detail).
For example, the laser radiation that is coupled into the scanning device8is branched through a beam splitter30, one of the branches being directed to an optoelectronic receiver31, wherein a plurality of line filters32which are arranged on filter wheels and can be exchanged with one another by rotating the filter wheels and neutral filters33which can likewise be exchanged with one another are arranged in front of the optoelectronic receiver31. The output of the receiver31is likewise applied to a signal input of the evaluation circuit28. The filter wheels on which the line filters32and the neutral filters33are arranged are coupled with adjusting devices whose control inputs are connected with signal outputs of the driving device29(not shown in the drawing).
During operation of the laser scanning microscope, the optical axis38of the microscope beam path is guided through the scanning device8, as is illustrated inFIG. 2, in the direction of coordinate X from location to location and in the direction of coordinate Y from line to line in a raster pattern over the object plane34to be scanned, wherein the detail35of a specimen which is to be evaluated lies in this object plane34.
In the prior art, laser light was previously coupled into the microscope beam path with a spectral composition and intensity which remained the same during scanning. As a result, a high radiation loading was necessary throughout in order to acquire images with sufficient brightness contrast or phase contrast, especially in high-resolution structure analyses of extremely low-contrast objects, for example, individual cells, organelles, organisms or parasites.
In order to reduce radiation loading while nevertheless increasing the quality of image evaluation, it is provided, according to the invention, that during the scanning of a line and/or of the object plane34the coupling in of individual spectral components or a plurality of spectral components or of the entire spectrum, as the case may be, is occasionally interrupted or, alternatively, individual spectral components or a plurality of spectral components are occasionally coupled in additionally.
The beam-deflecting device9remains active continuously during the change in the spectral composition or intensity of the laser light. In this way, for example, locations36and37within a scanning line or within the specimen to be scanned are acted upon differently. Therefore, it is possible for locations37which lie within the detail35to be evaluated, for example, in a cell, to be subjected to less radiation.
Conversely, an increase in the intensity and/or a change in the spectrum of the laser radiation is carried out during the scanning of location37when this is desirable, for example, when applying the process according to the invention for the purpose of photobleaching, wherein selected areas of the specimen are to be illuminated with a very high radiation intensity so as to be able to track the dynamic processes taking place immediately thereafter.
By means of the process according to the invention and the arrangement according to the invention, it is further possible to receive the light reflected and/or emitted by each individual irradiated location36and37in the individual detection channels22, wherein each individual detection channel22is modified for receiving different spectral components of the light proceeding from the respective location.
A distinctive feature of the process according to the invention consists in that the detection and the evaluation of the light proceeding from every irradiated location is carried out synchronously with the irradiation of the location in question. To this extent, the excitation wavelength and the emission wavelength can be evaluated for each individual location36and37of the specimen and conclusions can be derived therefrom concerning the characteristics of the specimen at precisely the observed location.
It is also possible with the arrangement according to the invention to continuously monitor the composition and intensity of the laser light directed on the specimen based on the signals emitted by the optoelectronic receiver31and to utilize these signals for compensating for even very small variations in intensity via the driving device29.
The excitation radiation and emission radiation which apply to one and the same location are evaluated by a computing circuit integrated in the evaluation circuit28. In this way, it can be exactly determined whether a change in the emission wavelength or in the intensity of the emitted radiation which goes beyond a predetermined threshold has taken place during the deflection of the laser beam from one location to the other, for example, from directly adjacent locations36and37. If such a change is noted, it may be concluded that an optical boundary layer is present in the adjacent locations36and37.
Since the data of the deflection positions in the driving device29and/or in the evaluation circuit28are available for these locations36,37and for every other scanned location on the specimen, the configuration of optical boundary layers of the type mentioned above can be determined by the process according to the invention on the basis of relevant deflection positions and, finally, the area or volume which is enclosed by the optical boundary layers can be calculated based on these deflection positions.
For the sake of completeness, it is noted that the object plane34shown inFIG. 2refers only to one scanning plane of the specimen. It is possible, of course, to scan a plurality of planes of the specimen in that the laser radiation is focussed on different coordinates in the z-direction, i.e., vertical to the displayed surface.
While the foregoing description and drawings represent the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
REFERENCE NUMBERS
1laser module2-4lasers5beam combiner6AOTF7light-conducting fiber8scanning device9beam-deflecting device10laser module11AOTF12fibers13collimating optics14scanning objective15microscope16specimen17tubelens18,20beam splitter19microscope objective21imaging optics22detection channels23photomultiplier (pmt)24deflecting prism25dichroitic beam splitter26pinholes27emission filter28evaluating unit29driving device30beam splitter31optoelectronic receiver32line filter33neutral filter34object field35detail36,37locations38optical axis of the deflected microscope beam path
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DEFINITIONS
In the description that follows, a number of terms used in recombinant DNA technology are extensively utilized. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided.
As used herein, the term “amplification” refers to any in vitro method for increasing the number of copies of a nucleic acid sequence with the use of a DNA polymerase. Nucleic acid amplification results in the incorporation of nucleotides into a DNA molecule or primer thereby forming a new DNA molecule complementary to a DNA template. The newly formed DNA molecule can be used a template to synthesize additional DNA molecules.
As used herein, the term “cleaving” means digesting the polynucleotide with enzymes or breaking the polynucleotide.
As used herein, the term “extension product” refers to a new DNA molecule complementary to the DNA template molecule formed by primer extension.
The term “non-extendable oligonucleotide blocker” refers to an oligonucleotide that is made non-extendable by adding bases to the 3′ end that are not complementary to the target sequence and therefore do not base-pair and cannot be enzymatically extended.
As used herein, the term “nucleic acid or polynucleotide” refers to a linear sequence of covalently bond nucleotides. The nucleotides are either a linear sequence of polyribonucleotides or polydeoxyribonucleotides, or a mixture of both. Examples of nucleic acid in the context of the present invention include—single and double stranded DNA, single and double stranded RNA, and hybrid molecules that have mixtures of single and double stranded DNA and RNA. Further, the nucleic acids of the present invention may have one or more modified nucleotides.
As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a synthetic or natural molecule comprising a covalently linked sequence of nucleotides that are joined by a phosphodiester bond between the 3′ position of the pentose of one nucleotide and the 5′ position of the pentose of the adjacent nucleotide.
As used herein, the term “polymerase” refers to DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases, which optimally perform nucleic acid chain elongation from 40 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius and more preferably from 55 degrees Celsius to 75 degrees Celsius. Thermostable polymerases as used herein have not necessarily be resistant against heat inactivation at temperatures above 60 degrees Celsius, but must retain a substantial portion of the full activity (>50%) at temperatures >55 degrees Celsius.
Thermostable DNA polymerases include, but are not limited to, DNA polymerases from thermophilic Eubacteria or Archaebacteria, for example,Thermus aquaticus, T. thermophilus, T. bockianus, T. flavus, T. rubber, Thermococcus litoralis, Pyroccocus furiousus, P. wosei, Pyrococcusspec. KGD,Thermatoga maritime, Thermoplasma acidophilus, andSulfolobusspec. Preferable reverse transcriptases functional between 55-60 degrees Celsius includes, but are not limited to, MmLV reverse transcriptase, AMV reverse transcriptase, RSV reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, and HIV-2 reverse transcriptase.
As used herein, the term “Polymerase Chain Reaction” or “PCR” means the application of cycles of denaturation, annealing with a primer and extension with a thermostable DNA polymerase, e.g. the Taq DNA polymerase, to amplify a target sequence of DNA The PCR process for amplifying nucleic acid is described in the documents U.S. Pat. Nos. 4, 683,195 and 4,683,202.
As used herein, the term “primer” refer to single-stranded oligonucleotides that are complementary to sequence portions on a template nucleic acid molecule separated by a variable number of nucleotides. Covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers can extend primers annealed to the template nucleic acid during amplification or polymerization of a nucleic acid molecule catalyzed by the thermostable polymerases. Typically, primers are from 12 to 35 nucleotides in length and are preferably from 15 to 20 nucleotides in length. Primers are designed from known parts of the template, one complementary to each strand of the double strand of the template nucleic acid molecule, lying on opposite sides of the region to be synthesized. Primers can be designed and synthetically prepared as is well known in the art. Typically primers are used at concentrations of from 0.1 to 1 micromolar.
As used herein, the term “primer extension” refers to an in vitro method wherein a primer hybridized to an complementary sequence part of a single-stranded nucleic acid template molecule is extended by sequential covalent bonding of nucleotides to the 3′ end of the primer forming a new DNA molecule complementary to the DNA template molecule. The primer extension method transforms a single-stranded nucleic acid template into a partially or completely double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. The primer extension method as used herein is a single step nucleic synthesis process without amplification of the copy number of the template nucleic acid molecule.
As used herein, the term “Stoffel fragment of Taq polymerase” is a known and commercially available DNA polymerase capable of adding nucleotides to the extending end of a primer, but lacking 5′ exonuclease activity.
As used herein, the term “template” or “target sequence” refers to a double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acid molecule, which serves a substrate for nucleic acid synthesis. In the case of a double-stranded DNA molecule, denaturation of its strands to form a first and a second strand is performed before these molecules may be used as substrates for nucleic acid synthesis. A primer, complementary to a portion of a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule serving as the template is hybridized under appropriate conditions and an appropriate polymerase may then synthesize a molecule complementary to the template or target sequence.
As used herein, the term “thermostable” refers to an enzyme that is resistant to inactivation by heat. The activity for a mesophilic enzyme may be inactivated by heat treatment. However, a thermostable enzyme does not mean to refer to an enzyme that is totally resistant to heat inactivation and thus heat treatment may reduce the 3′ phosphatase activity to some extent. A thermostable enzyme typically will also have a higher optimum temperature than mesophilic enzyme.
This invention is further illustrated by the following examples that should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference.
Other terms used in the fields of molecular and cell biology and the DNA recombination as used herein should be generally understood well by the person of ordinary skill in the applicable arts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a means for amplifying DNA by a novel method. The preferred embodiment of the method includes forming a nucleotide amplification reaction mixture comprising a DNA template containing a target nucleic acid sequence; a single chimeric oligonucleotide primer consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide sequence with a ribonucleotide base at the 3′ terminus that binds to said DNA template; a non-extendable oligonucleotide blocker that binds to said DNA template downstream from said primer; a DNA polymerase which lacks 5′ exonuclease activity; a double-strand-specific ribonuclease, and appropriate buffers and nucleic acid precursors. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA polymerase is the Stoffel fragment of Taq polymerase. In another preferred embodiment, the non-extendable oligonucleotide blocker is 30-40 base pairs in length and binds to a region of the DNA template 10 to 12 base pairs downstream from the single chimeric oligonucleotide primer that is 20 to 30 base pairs in length. In another embodiment, the double-strand-specific ribonuclease in RNaseH or any other endonuclease which cleaves at the ribose/deoxyribose nucleotide junction. Displacement of RNAse H cleaved products in the present invention occurs strictly by a thermocycling process, which involves adjusting the temperature of the nucleotide amplification mixture to exceed the Tm of the RNAse H cleaved oligonucleotide products.
An embodiment of the method also includes subjecting the nucleotide amplification reaction mixture to a change in temperature (e.g., 45 degrees Celsius) such that the non-extendable oligonucleotide blocker and the chimeric oligonucleotide primer bind to specific regions of the DNA template. After the binding of the primer and blocker, the DNA polymerase then fills in the gap between the primer and the blocker creating a first primer extension product. Since the DNA polymerase used in the amplification mixture lacks 5′ exonuclease and strand displacement activity, the DNA blocker prevents further extension of the first primer extension product. In a preferred embodiment, the first primer extension product is between 10 and 12 base pairs in length After extension, RNaseH cleaves the first primer extension product at the ribose/deoxyribose nucleotide junction. The amplification mixture is then raised to a temperature at which the first primer extension product is released (e.g., 55 degrees Celsius). In a preferred embodiment, the release of the extension product sequence from the DNA template occurs by adjusting the temperature of the amplification mixture to exceed the melting temperature of the primer/template hybrid.
The preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention also includes hybridizing the first primer extension product to a first DNA triggering template (DTT-A). The first DNA triggering template is comprised of two contiguous oligonucleotide sequences that are conjoined by a single ribonucleotide base. One oligonucleotide sequence is comprised of a target sequence and a first primer extension product binding site located at the 3′ terminus of the target sequence. The second oligonucleotide comprises a contiguous second primer sequence that is conjoined to the 5′ end of the target sequence by a ribonucleotide base. By adjusting the temperature of the nucleotide amplification reaction mixture (e.g., 45 degrees Celsius), the first primer extension product is allowed to bind to the 3′ terminus of DTT-A Once the first primer extension product has hybridized to DTT-A, the DNA polymerase extends the primer over the entire DTT-A sequence, including the target sequence and the conjoining ribonucleotide base between the two contiguous oligonucleotide sequences. Primer extension over the ribonucleotide base makes it susceptible to RNAse H cleavage. Cleavage by RNAse H and an increase in temperature of the nucleotide amplification mixture (e.g., 55 degrees Celsius) releases a second primer sequence with a ribonucleotide base at the 3′ terminus.
The preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention also includes hybridizing the second primer sequence to a second DNA triggering template (DTT-B). The second DNA triggering template contains a second primer sequence binding site at the 3′ terminus as well as a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the first primer extension product. By adjusting the temperature of the nucleotide amplification reaction mixture (e.g., 45 degrees Celsius), the second primer extension product is allowed to bind to the 3′ terminus of DTT-B. Once the second primer extension product has hybridized to DTT-B, the DNA polymerase extends the primer to produce a third primer extension product. Primer extension from the 3′ ribonucleotide base makes it susceptible to RNAse H cleavage. Cleavage by RNAse H and an increase in temperature of the nucleotide amplification mixture (e.g., 55 degrees Celsius) releases the third primer sequence that has a nucleotide sequence identical to the first primer extension product. Since the third primer extension product has the identical nucleotide sequence as does the first primer extension product, the third primer extension product may hybridize with DTT-A and the extension of DTT-A may be repeated. The continuous production and cycling of the third primer extension product allows for the amplification of the target DNA sequence.
The preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention also includes the detection of the amplified target DNA Conventional means, such as electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining, may be used to detect the presence or absence of the amplified target DNA Also, DNA precursors may be labeled with a fluorescent dye, a chemiluminescent reagent, or a radioactive label such that incorporation of such precursors into primer extension products may be monitored. Other conventional means can also be used to detect the presence or absence of the amplified nucleic acid sequence, including but not limited to, detection by Southern blotting and the use of spectrometers.
The preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention also includes the
Equivalents
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Inside the housing1of the washing machine inFIG. 1a broken line denotes a freely suspended tub unit2whose central opening can be closed by a front door3. The control panel4fitted to the top of the front panel1.1(FIG. 2) below the leading edge of the worktop1.3contains fittings5and a display6for setting programs which may be output by a program controller7and are used to control the mechanical processes, including those of a potential automatic dosing of laundry treatment media.
A detergent dispensing mechanism8is conventionally arranged in the top left corner of the housing1and contains a drawer9that may be pulled out of the corresponding housing cavity. A grip plate10, which is externally flush with respect to the control panel4when the drawer9is fully inserted into the housing cavity and completely conceals the opening to the housing of the detergent dispensing mechanism8, is provided on the front of the drawer9as a handle.
FIG. 2shows an exemplary embodiment of a drawer according to the invention. As in the disclosed prior art, the detergent dispensing mechanism8takes up the entire depth of the machine housing1therein. The drawer9that is arranged below a cover plate serving to supply fresh water so as to be movable by pushing according to arrow23has a guide frame19which is securely connected to the front grip plate10. The guide frame19is longitudinally guided (not shown) in a pair of guide rails inside the housing shell of the detergent dispensing mechanism8. Two containers11and12are suspended in the guide frame19, of which container11is provided for a single dose of powdered laundry treatment medium and container12is provided for a single dose of liquid laundry treatment medium. So the liquid can flow out of the container when container12is filled with water, a conventional siphon13is disposed in container12. To flush out container11it has a lateral outlet (not shown here) which discharges the contents of the container onto the bottom of the housing shell of the detergent dispensing mechanism8.
A solenoid valve group14which conducts water fed from the mains supply pipes15at the back wall1.2of the housing1into containers11and12is arranged behind container11. Flushed-out laundry treatment medium is transferred into the tub2via pipes (not shown).
Storage containers16,17and18are suspended in the guide frame19along the right-hand long side of the drawer9and in its front region and are closed all the way around except for one cutout: in the front region each storage container has a refill opening20in its upper surface which can be closed and opened by means of a slide21.
FIG. 3shows a view from above of the drawer9removed from the housing cavity of the detergent dispensing mechanism8. The drawer has a grip plate10attached at the front by which it can pulled from the cavity and be re-inserted therein. At the lateral edges22of the guide frame19it is longitudinally guided (not shown here) by guide rails provided in the cavity. The guide frame19has five window-like recesses23to27, each of different size and shape, which are provided for suspending any containers which have the same profile as the recesses. As will be described below, various kinds of container may be suspended in these recesses. Once all containers have been suspended the edges of these recesses23to27are covered, for example as indicated by the dot-dash lines.
In the side view ofFIG. 4it can be seen how the guide frame19is mounted on the grip plate10. A lateral support leg28is provided for support and stabilization of the angular position between guide frame19and grip plate10. Along the edges of the recesses23to27downwardly directed flanges29can support and stabilize the recesses23to27on the one hand and the entire guide frame19on the other. The flange29that can be seen here forms part of the recess23. It is understood that the flanges of the other recesses24to27are located behind and are concealed in the view ofFIG. 2by flange29.
FIGS. 5 to 8show insertable containers which are provided for a wide variety of purposes. Thus, container30inFIG. 5can, for example, be provided for supplying a single dose of powdered laundry treatment medium and be inserted in recess23. With different profiling of its top surface it could also be prepared for different recesses, for example like container11inFIG. 2for recess27inFIG. 3. Container30has an encircling collar31which, when the container30is suspended in recess23, rests on the edges thereof. In contrast to what is shown here, the collar31can also be partially interrupted or even just consist of individual mounting brackets which overlap the edge of the recess. This applies in a similar manner to all other containers which are shown or not shown here.
As all individually stored portions of laundry treatment media are flushed out by means of water conducted into the containers from above, the containers inFIGS. 5 to 7have a discharge opening, usually in a side wall, from which the mixture of water and laundry treatment medium to be flushed out flows into the collecting bottom region of the housing shell of the detergent dispensing mechanism8and from there is conveyed to the tub2.
Container32shown inFIG. 6is provided for a single portion of liquid laundry treatment medium. This container32therefore does not have a lateral discharge opening from which the supply of liquid laundry treatment medium would immediately drain even without flushing water, but has what is known as a siphon device33. The latter consists of a downpipe34securely arranged in the bottom of container32and penetrating it, and a cap35with a siphon tube36that overlaps the downpipe34with a clearance. The laundry treatment medium-water mixture is emptied into the housing shell of the detergent dispensing mechanism8by way of the downpipe34after exceeding the level of the downpipe.
As may be seen fromFIG. 1, the drawer9of the detergent dispensing mechanism8must take account of the high-reaching contour of the tub2of the washing machine in that the bottom regions of the drawer9cannot extend as far down at its right-hand side as they can at its left-hand side. Containers16and17suspended in the guide frame19at the right-hand side and containers11and12at its right-hand lower side (FIG. 2) are therefore flatter in shape than the left-hand container18or than containers11and12at its left-hand side. Container17will therefore have to be shaped at its lower side in such a way as is shown for container37inFIG. 7. Its bottom38is therefore shaped so as to slope toward the left and with its profile roughly follows the contour of the tub2. Otherwise, a container for a single portion of powdered laundry treatment medium, the same as for container30illustrated inFIG. 5and described above, applies to container37.
Finally, storage containers may also be inserted into the guide frame19.FIG. 8therefore shows a storage container39which is provided for a supply comprising a plurality of doses of liquid or gel-form laundry treatment medium. It is closed all the way around and has a refill opening41, like the refill opening20inFIG. 2, only on its upper covering surface40and a collar42aligning at the top with the covering surface40. That which was stated with respect to collar31of container30illustrated inFIG. 5also applies here.
A storage container39of this type may also be a cartridge which is marketable in the ready-to-use form. This then requires no refill opening20or41, but a layout which either allows air to flow in during dosing or has a flexible container region which follows the reduced container volume as laundry treatment medium is removed.
The variety of insertable containers is in no way restricted to the selection of containers illustrated here. Thus, divided containers, containers having screening or filter mechanisms or having liquid-conducting mechanisms or having further mechanisms, as are generally known from the prior art of detergent dispensing, may be used in the same way. If the containers are storage containers for a supply comprising a plurality of doses, they may also be provided with a dosing device. In order not to limit the selection to the illustrated examples, the individual presentation of further examples will be omitted.
The remaining devices making up a detergent dispensing mechanism embodied according to the invention, for example the water supply, should in each case be adapted such that the inserted containers can be properly flushed out or dosed from them. This includes the possibility of being able to adapt the control of the differentiated water supply or optionally present dosing devices to the respective requirements by the freedom to choose the configuring of the drawer9with different containers.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD
FIG. 1 illustrates a knife sharpening accessory 10 which is specially
adapted for use with a table saw 12 of the type commonly utilized in
woodworking and cabinet making shops, as well as in home workshops. The
table saw 12 employs a flat, horizontally disposed planar work piece table
14 having a linear channel 16 of rectangular cross section defined
therein. The channel 16 is milled into the top surface of the table 14 and
extends parallel to an elongated, oblong rotary blade element slot 18
formed through the work piece table 14.
The knife sharpening accessory 10 is comprised of channel following means
in the form of a linear bar 20 of rectangular cross section which is
configured in a size and shape to smoothly ride in the channel 16 in
longitudinal reciprocation therealong. The channel following bar 20 is
preferably about eighteen inches in length, about three quarters of an
inch in width, as measured in a direction transverse to the channel 16 and
is about three eighths of an inch in thickness, as measured in the
direction of the depth of the channel 16. The accessory 10 is also
comprised of a knife carriage 22 for riding atop the work piece table 14
and for holding a knife 24 with its knife blade 26 parallel to both the
rotary blade element slot 18 and the channel 16. The accessory 10 also
includes connecting means 28 coupling the channel following means 20 and
the knife carriage 22 together, and adjusting means for selectively
varying the transverse distance of separation of the knife carriage 22
from both the channel 16 and the rotary blade element slot 18. In the
preferred embodiment the adjusting means includes coarse transverse
position selection means 30 and fine transverse position selection means
32 for respectively providing coarse and fine spacing control of the knife
carriage 22 relative to the channel 16 and the rotary blade element slot
18.
The table saw 12 is a conventional, workshop table saw which employs a flat
steel table top 14 in which the linear channel 16 is milled near the
left-hand edge of a table top 14, as viewed from the front of the table
saw 12. The table saw 12 has an arbor 34 upon which a selected rotary
blade element 36 may be removable secured. Although for many cutting
applications the rotary blade element 36 may take the form of a steel disk
having radially outwardly directed saw teeth thereon for use in cutting
wood, tile and other materials, when used with the accessory 10 the rotary
blade element 36 is a grinding disk formed of an abrasive material
suitable for sharpening knife blades, such as carborundum. The arbor 34
includes a locking nut 38 that may be removed from the threaded arbor stud
40 to allow different blade elements 36 to be selectively installed on the
arbor 34.
Conventional table saws of the type depicted at 12 normally include some
means for adjusting the angle of inclination of the blade element 36
relative to the top planar surface of the table top 14. While the blade
element 36 may normally be carried in a vertically upright position as
depicted in phantom lines at 36' in FIG. 2, there are many cutting and
grinding applications in which non-vertical orientation of the blade
element 36 is desirable. Accordingly, to tilt the arbor, and thereby tilt
the blade element from the position depicted at 36' to the inclined
position depicted at 36 in FIG. 2, the arbor hand wheel of the table saw
12 (not shown) is rotated to move the blade element through a selected
angle A to achieve the desired blade element inclination relative to the
table 14. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the flat grinding surface 42 of the
grinding disk serving as the blade element 36 is normally tilted to an
angle such that is parallel to and matches the beveled surface 44 on the
knife blade 26.
The knife cradle or carriage 22 of the blade sharpening accessory 10 is
comprised of an elongated aluminum cradle block 46 having a notch 48
defined along its right-hand edge to receive a knife blade 26. The knife
cradle block 46 is preferably about sixteen inches in length and about
three and three eighths inches in width. The notch 48 is defined to form a
right angle cut-out, although the knife blade backing face 50 along the
right-hand edge of the cradle block 46 is oriented at an angle upwardly
and to the right when the cradle block 46 rests atop the upper surface of
the work piece table 14 of the table saw 12. In this manner the knife
blade 26 can be held such that the beveled surface 44 thereof meets the
grinding surface 42 of the grinding disk 36 without requiring an
excessively large angle of inclination adjustment A to the arbor 34.
At the lower right-hand edge of the knife cradle 22 there is a clamping
strip 52 which is secured by screws 54 that are threaded into tapped bores
in the cradle block 46. To accommodate knives of different blade
thicknesses, a spacer or shim strip 55 of a selected thickness may be
inserted between the knife blade 36 and the blade backing surface 50. The
knife carriage or cradle 22 is preferably of a size and configuration to
accommodate knife blades 26 ranging between one eighth and one half inch
in thickness and having a blade length of twenty inches or less.
The connecting means 28 includes a generally C-shaped base plate 56 having
a pair of elongated, parallel legs 58 extending transversely to the left
at its opposite ends. The legs 58 are longitudinally separated from each
other such that the base plate 56 spans a distance of about twelve and
three quarter inches as measured parallel to the channel 16. The legs 58
are parallel to each other and are perpendicular to both the channel 16
and to the blade element slot 18 when the channel following bar 20 rides
in the channel 16. Each of the legs 58 is of a width of about two inches
and is formed with an elongated, transversely oriented slot 60 therein
extending away from the knife blade carriage 22. The legs 58 extend
transversely across the top of the channel following bar 20.
The opposite, peripheral edge 59 of the base plate 56 extends under the
hollowed out interior of the left hand portion of the cradle block 46, as
viewed in FIG. 6. Preferably some track mechanism is employed between the
peripheral edge 59 of the base plate 56 and the underside of the cradle
block 46 so that the knife carriage 22 can only move transversely relative
to the connecting means 28. For example, the peripheral edge 59 may be
formed with transversely oriented guide slots (not shown) adapted to
receive depending track following studs projecting downwardly from the
underside of the cradle block 46.
The coarse adjusting means 30 of the accessory 10 is provided in the form
of a pair of locking bolts which serve as releasable fasteners for locking
the legs 58 of the base plate 56 to the channel following bar 20. A pair
of longitudinally spaced tapped openings are defined in the channel
following bar 20 at a distance of separation equal to the spacing between
the parallel elongated slots 60 in the base plate legs 58. The locking
bolts 30 have enlarged heads protruding above the legs 58 and which may be
turned by hand. The bolts 30 have externally threaded shanks which extend
through the slots 60 in the legs 58 and into the tapped openings in the
channel following bar 20. The coarse adjusting fasteners 30 are thereby
releasably tightened to clamp the bar 20 against the underside of the legs
58 so as to thereby lock the legs 58 of the base plate 56 to the channel
following bar 20 to immobilize the mounting plate 56 relative to the
channel following bar 20.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, scales 62 may be defined upon each of the legs 58
to provide a means for measuring the coarse adjustment selected by
tightening of the coarse adjustment fasteners 30. To create a coarse
adjustment the fasteners 30 are released slightly and the base plate 56 is
moved transversely relative to the track following bar 20 to bring the
beveled edge 44 of the knife blade 26 to be sharpened into approximate
registration with the grinding surface 42 of the grinding disk 36. The
fastening bolts 30 are then retightened to immobilize the base plate 56
relative to the channel following bar 20.
On the side of the base plate 56 opposite the free extremities of the legs
58 there are a pair of longitudinally spaced upright posts 66. Each of the
upright posts 56 has a transversely directed opening 67 therethrough
configured to receive and capture fine adjustment screws 68. The fine
adjustment screws 68 have cylindrical heads 70 which are of a diameter
larger than the openings 67 in the upright posts 66. C-rings 72 are
secured in radial grooves extending about the outer surfaces of the shanks
74 of the fine adjustment screws 68 to prevent the fine adjustment screws
68 from moving in translation relative to the upright posts 66.
A pair of transversely oriented internally threaded bores 69 are defined in
the surface 76 of the knife cradle block 46 in both vertical and
longitudinal alignment with the openings 67 in the upright posts 66. The
threaded shanks 74 of the fine adjustment screws 68 extend into the
internally threaded bores 69 in the knife cradle block 46. By rotating the
cylindrical heads 70 of the fine adjustment screws 68, the knife cradle
block 46 may be moved in translation in a transverse direction
perpendicular to the orientation of the channel 16 and the blade element
slot 18.
The knife cradle block 46 is alternatively drawn toward the upright posts
66, or pushed away from the upright posts 66, depending upon the direction
in which the fine adjustment screws 68 are turned. The fine adjustment
screws 68 thereby coact with the threaded bores 69 in the cradle block 46
to form a worm drive interconnection for selectively advancing and
retracting the carriage 22 relative to the channel following bar 20. The
fine adjustment screws 68 and the internally threaded bores 69 serve as
the worm engagement elements. The fine adjustment screws 68 thereby allow
precision control of the interference between the grinding disk 36 and the
knife blade surface 44 of the knife blade 26 to be sharpened.
Locking set screws 71 are threadably engaged in vertically oriented,
internally tapped bores in the tops of each of the upright posts 66. When
the set screws 71 are tightened, they bear against the shanks of the fine
adjustment screws 68 to prevent the fine adjustment screws 68 from
turning. The knife carriage 22 is thereby precluded from moving in a
transverse direction.
To use the accessory 10 with the table saw 12 in accordance with the method
of the invention power is first removed from the table saw 12. Any cutting
blade is removed from the arbor 34 and replaced with an appropriate
grinding element in the form of a wheel or disk 36. The knife to be
sharpened is placed with its blade 26 in the space between the knife blade
cradle block 46 and the clamping strip 52. A shim strip 55 of appropriate
thickness is inserted between the backing surface 50 of the knife blade
cradle block 46 and the knife blade 26. The screws 54 are then tightened
so that the clamping strip 52 firmly holds the knife blade 26 on the knife
blade carriage 22, with the beveled blade surface 44 to be sharpened
extending upwardly and toward the grinding disk 36.
The accessory 10 is then placed atop the work piece table 14 with the
channel following bar 20 in sliding engagement in the milled channel 16 in
the table top 14. Any desired adjustment of the arbor 34 is performed to
bring the grinding disk 36 into proper registration with the knife blade
26, and the arbor is then securely locked to create a desired angle of
tilt A of the grinding disk 36 relative to the work piece table 14. The
angle should be such as to match the plane of the grinding surface 42 with
the desired bevel of the surface 44 of the knife blade 26.
The coarse adjustment bolts 30 are thereupon loosened and the base plate 56
is moved in a transverse directed relative to the channel following bar 20
until the blade 26 resides at a position such as to create grinding
interference between the grinding disk 36 and the knife blade 26.
Preferably the knife carriage 22 is moved transversely relative to the
guide following bar 20 to create appropriately a one thirty second inch
gap between the beveled surface 44 of the knife blade 26 to be sharpened
and the grinding surface 42 of the grinding disk 36. The coarse adjustment
bolts 30 are then securely fastened.
For fine adjustment the locking set screws 71 extending down into the
vertically oriented tapped bores in the upright posts 66 are then loosened
so that the fine adjustment screws 68 may be turned in rotation to advance
the knife blade carriage 22 toward the grinding disk 36 until the knife
blade 26 just makes contact with the grinding disk 36. The set screws 71
are thereupon tightened to totally immobilize the knife blade carriage 22
from transverse movement.
The accessory 10 with the knife blade 26 clamped therein is then moved
longitudinally clear of the grinding wheel 36. A power switch to the table
saw 12 is then turned on to thereby drive the grinding disk 36 in
rotation. The accessory 10 is then moved longitudinally to advance the
knife blade 26 toward the grinding disk 36, with the channel following bar
20 moving smoothly within the channel 16. As the knife blade 26 is brought
into interfering relationship with the grinding disk 36, the beveled blade
edge 44 is honed and sharpened.
After an initial pass of the knife blade 26 past the grinding disk 36, it
may be desirable to again advance the knife blade 26 toward the grinding
disk 36 for a second pass. To accomplish then, the accessory 10 with the
knife blade 26 clamped therein is again moved clear of the grinding disk
36. The set screws 71 are loosened and the fine adjustment screw heads 68
are turned clockwise, to push the knife blade cradle block 46 away from
the upright posts 66. The set screws 71 are again retightened and the
accessory 10 is moved longitudinally toward the grinding disk 36, with the
channel following bar 20 again moving within the channel 16. The process
is repeated until the knife blade 26 has been sharpened satisfactorily.
Undoubtedly, numerous variations and modifications of the invention will
become readily apparent to individuals familiar with workshop tools.
Accordingly, the scope of the invention should not be construed as limited
to the specific embodiment of the accessory and the specific
implementation of the method described herein, but rather is defined in
the claims appended hereto. | 1B
| 24 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4, a microwave oven includes an outer casing
10 defining an external appearance of the oven, and an inner casing 20
forming a cavity 30. In the outer casing 10, an upper plate 11 and two
sidewall portions 12 and 13 are integrally formed in an inverted U-shaped
form. The inner casing 20 has a front plate 21, a rear plate 23 and a
bottom plate 25 which respectively form a front opening, a rear opening
and a bottom opening.
The top and side edges of the front plate 121 include rearwardly bent
flanges 22. The inner casing 20 includes a cavity casing 26 which is
connected between the front plate 21 and the rear plate 23. Hinges 31 are
connected with the left side of the front plate 21. A door 33 for
rotatably opening and closing an access opening of the cooking chamber 30
is installed on the hinges. A control portion 35 having a plurality of
manipulation buttons 36 for controlling the microwave oven is connected to
the right side of the front plate 21.
A component chamber 40 is formed between the outer casing 10 and the cavity
casing 26 of the inner casing 20. A magnetron 41, a high-voltage
transformer 42 for inducing a high voltage, and a high-voltage capacitor
43 for applying a high voltage are installed in the component chamber 40.
A cooling fan 44 for cooling heat-generating components is installed on
the upper portion of the rear plate 23.
Screw connection holes (not shown) are formed along the external side edges
of the rear plate 23. Rear edges of the plate portions 11, 12, 13 are
defined by bent portions 18 which are bent perpendicular to the respective
plate portion. A plurality of screw connection holes 19 are formed in the
bent portions 18. The front edge of the outer casing 10 is bent to form
Z-shaped strip portions to accommodate the corresponding front plate
flange portions 22.
Each of the strips 14 includes a primary bent portion 15 which is bent
backwards by a predetermined length substantially parallel with the
respective plate surface, and a secondary bent portion 16 which is
reversely (forwardly) bent. A forwardly open slit 17 is formed between the
primary bent portion 15 and the secondary bent portion 16. A free end
portion of the secondary bent portion 16 is inclined outwardly so that the
front plate flange portion 22 is guided into the slit 17.
The primary bent portion 15 extends longitudinally past both ends of the
secondary bent portion 16, and two rear stoppers 37 extend inwards from a
rear edge of the primary bent portion 15, so as to straddle the secondary
bent portion 16.
Each rear stopper 37 is formed so that a distance d2 from the front edge of
the outer casing 10 to the rear stopper 37 is shorter than a depth d1 from
the front edge of the outer casing 10 to the rear edge of the secondary
bent portion 16, whereby the stoppers 37 limit an insertion depth of the
flange portion 22 into the slit 17.
By the above construction, when the front plate flange portions 22 of the
front plate 21 are inserted into the strip 14 to connect the front plate
21 to the outer casing 10, the rear stoppers 37 contact the rear edge of
the respective flange portions 22 to limit the insertion depth and thereby
determine an exact assembled relationship between the rear edge of the
outer casing 10 and the rear plate 23 to facilitate assembly work, and
also to prevent the front plate 21 from being pushed backwards and
deformed by an external force.
FIGS. 5-7 depict another embodiment of the present invention wherein a
microwave oven includes an outer casing 50 forming an external appearance
of the oven, and an inner casing 60 forming a cavity 71, as in the
above-described embodiment with reference to FIGS. 1 through 4. In the
outer casing 50, an upper plate 51 and sidewall portions 52 and 53 are
integrally formed. Each of the upper and side edges of the front opening
of the outer casing 50 is bent to form Z shaped strip portions 54. Also,
the upper edge and both side edges of the rear opening of the outer casing
50 are bent to form inward flanges 58. A plurality of screw connection
holes 59 are formed in the flanges 58. The inner casing 60 has a front
plate 61, a rear plate 63 and a bottom plate 65 which respectively form a
front opening, a rear opening and a bottom opening. The inner casing 60
also has a cavity casing 66 which is connected between the front plate 61
and the rear plate 63.
Meanwhile, front plate flange portions 62 extend from the upper edge and
both side edges of the front plate 61 toward the rear plate 63. Lateral
stoppers 70 constitute tabs formed by cutting the front flange portions 62
at locations where they intersect one another and bending inwards the
thus-formed ends of the flange portions 62.
By the above construction, when the flange portions 62 of the front plate
61 are inserted into the Z-shaped strip portions 54 of the outer casing
50, the front plate 61 and the outer casing 50 are mutually engaged with
each other. In this case, the lateral stoppers 70 of the front plate 61
oppose the ends of respective ones of the Z-shaped strip portions 54 of
the outer casing 50, to thereby set an exact assembly position between the
inner and outer casings with minimal clearance therebetween. Also,
deformation of the front plate due to an external force generated during a
transportation or operation of the microwave oven can be prevented.
As described above, in a microwave oven according to the present invention,
a front plate flange portion which is extended from the edge of a front
plate toward a rear plate of an inner casing is formed and a stopper
portion for defining an assembly position of the front plate flange
portion with respect to an outer casing is provided, to thereby exactly
set a mutual assembly position between the inner casing and the outer
casing, to enhance an assembly efficiency. Further, a mutual clearance and
deformation between the front plate and the outer casing can be prevented,
to enhance a reliability of products and a dignity of an appearance.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with
preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in
the art that additions, modifications, substitutions and deletions not
specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. | 5F
| 24 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The devices shown inFIG. 1have four distinct supporting arrangements, namely in the present example four upper-plates1,2,3,4movable with respect to the floor or to a bottom-plate5. A device intended for the examination of the wheels of a vehicle is composed of at least two plates, one for a left wheel and one for a right wheel. To lift the mass, supported by one wheel, the device is provided with a jack50or a lifting-equipment.
Each upper-plate1,2,3,4has rows of ball-housings6. Each ball of the ball-housings is intended to contact the surfaces of the threshold-blocks7. The threshold-blocks are fixed on the bottom-plate5. The base of the threshold-block is mounted in a cavity10of the bottom-plate, so that the threshold-block may partly be immersed in an oil-bath so that a lubrication of the ball and the threshold-block takes place.
The mechanism to move the upper-plate in the three different orthogonal directions X (longitudinal), Y (transversal), Z (vertical) is composed of:
a gliding-frame11with a central rectangular opening12from which two parallel sides are provided with a linear bearing13;
a middle or intermediate plate14from which two sides15are coupled to the linear bearings13of the frame, whereby the intermediate plate may be moved in the transversal Y direction with respect to the frame11, the intermediate plate having cavities or guiding-holes16, in which are put the ball-housings of the upper-plate, so that each ball is touching one threshold-block;
linear bearings17located between the frame11and the bottom-plate, by which the frame may move in the longitudinal direction X;
a first cylinder18mounted on the frame and the shaft19of said cylinder acts on the intermediate plate to obtain a movement of the intermediate plate in the transversal direction Y; and
a second cylinder20mounted on the bottom-plate and the shaft21of said cylinder is coupled to the frame to obtain the movement in the longitudinal direction of the frame and thus of the intermediate plate14by the action of the cylinder20.
So, by the working of cylinder18, the upper-plate1,2,3,4is moved in the transversal direction Y, while by the working of cylinder20, the upper-plate is moved in the longitudinal direction X. During this movement, the balls glide on the surfaces of the threshold-blocks. As those surfaces present a slope with respect to the horizontal planes X,Y, the upper-plate is moved in the vertical direction Z during the working of cylinder18and/or20.
A major characteristic of the device shown in the drawings, is that, while remaining horizontally, the upper-plate may follow any given direction (thus also an arched course), and may be combined with a vertical variable amplitude. The movement-cycle may be used to put a progressive pressure on the contact-surface of the upper-plate with a tire.
The movement in the vertical direction, e.g. may be adjusted continuously between 0 and 12 mm (FIG. 5). This occurs in the transversal direction (Y) with a maximal stroke (L1) of, e.g., 50 mm. This results in a vertical movement between 0 and 4 mm. In the longitudinal direction (X) with a stroke (L2) of 100 mm, it results in a vertical movement (Z) between e.g. 0 and 8 mm.
The threshold-block7is provided with edges R1and R2. These edges have horizontal surfaces, so that by the gliding of the balls over those horizontal surfaces a movement in the longitudinal direction (X) or in the transversal direction (Y) is possible without a vertical displacement.
The number of threshold-blocks in the device may be adapted. It depends e.g. from the dimensions of the upper-plate and the mass of the wheel-load.
Threshold-blocks may be built so that they may perform more than one function.FIG. 6is an example of a threshold-block with a double function. The part A of the profile is analogous to theFIG. 5and may be used to identify a play. The other part B of the profile may be used for positioning the axles of a vehicle in a suitable way. The separated slope B of the threshold-block fromFIG. 6brings a height-variation of the wheels and a transversal displacement to the axles. Thanks to the height-variation of the plates1,2,3,4, the wheels of a vehicle may be pressed on four plates lying in the same horizontal plane. By the transversal displacement of the plates1–2and/or3–4, the front- and/or rear-axles may be moved, so that the symmetrical axis or the longitudinal axis of the vehicle may be directed parallel or perpendicular to the reference-axes, proper to a measuring equipment. The form, height, length and width of the profile of the threshold-block are adapted to a specific function or functions for which the device should be used.
The profile of the threshold-block may be modified to adapt, e.g., the maximal vertical movement of the upper-plate. The transversal and/or longitudinal movement in function of the vertical displacement of the upper-plate influences the progressive working of the upper-plate and is determined by the slope-angle of the threshold-block. By the use of the threshold-block, as shown in the drawings, a swing-moment may be developed on the wheel. This is efficient for the examination of the wheel-bearings and ball-articulations of a suspension and is an advantage of the shown device.
The geometry or stereometry or the spatial form (three dimensional form) of the threshold-block(s) may be modified or adapted in function of the requested working of the device.
The device allows to identify even small plays in an early stage. This basic configuration is designated for the connection of peripheral equipment to measure the order of magnitude of specific play.
The electro-pneumatic diagram for the working or operation of the device is shown inFIG. 9.
This circuit-diagram is realized for the operation of the movement of two upper-plates. It comprises:
pneumatic and/or hydraulic components, but may also be operated by electrical servo-motors;
a pneumatic cylinder18A put in parallel to cylinder18B connected to the valves42and43by pipes23and24;
the operation of the switch31powers electrically K3and K3′ by which the cylinders18A and18B move the upper-plate in the transversal direction Y;
a pneumatic cylinder20A put in parallel to cylinder20B connected to valves40and41by pipes21and22;
the operation of the alternating switch30powers electrically K1and K1′ or K2and K2′ by which the cylinders20A and20B move the upper-plate in the longitudinal direction X.
The device may include an oil-circuit with two oil-cylinders32,33(one for each upper-plate1,2). The chambers of each oil-cylinder are connected to each other by the pipes32A–32C,33A–33C. A stop-valve32B,33B is mounted between the conduits32A–32C,33A–33C to control the oil-supply between the two chambers of each cylinder32,33. One part of the double alternating switch powers electrically the coils K4,K4′ of the valves32B and33B.
The operation of the stop-valves32B33B is such that, the stop-valves32B,33B are closed as soon as the supply of compressed air from the compressor to a chamber of the cylinders20A,20B is stopped by the double alternating switch30. By this, the supply of oil between the chambers of the cylinders32,33through the conduits32A and33A is stopped. The oil-cylinders are used as a blocking-arrangement to maintain the position of the upper-plate as soon as the supply of compressed air to the cylinders20A,20B is stopped.
The device may be provided with a jack (50) or a lifting-equipment of a lifting-bridge to free one or several wheels. The operation of the lifting-equipment allows one (or several) wheel(s) to be put in a position, where the wheel may barely turn around. This is of advantage for examinations searching for plays which may be identified according to the transversal direction of the wheel, as well as according to the vertical movement of the wheel.
The operation of cycles will be described hereafter.
The switch31is put in a first position (FIG. 10) (to admit compressed air to the cylinders18A and18B through the pipe24) causing the upper-plates1,2to be moved in the transversal direction Y so that the upper-plates1,2are moved away from each other. The upper-plates follow the rising slope of the threshold-blocks7. When the distance between the tire and the plate1,2(distance obtained by the lifting-equipment) is smaller than the maximal height of the threshold-block, the plate1,2will press to a maximum against the tire in the central position of the threshold-block. Beyond this central position, the plate will follow the declining slope of the threshold-block and progressively relief the tire. By this a first optimal swing-moment is created
When the switch31is switched off, to admit compressed air in the cylinders18A and18B through the pipe23, the upper-plates1,2will move toward each other in the transversal direction Y. The upper-plates follow the rising slope of the threshold-blocks7. When the distance between the tire and the plate1,2(distance obtained by the lifting-installation) is smaller than the maximum height of the threshold-block, the plate1,2will press at a maximum against the tire in the central position of the threshold-block. Beyond this central position the plate will follow the declining slope of the threshold-block and progressively relief the tire. Hereby, a reverse swing-moment is originated (with respect to the first swing-moment).
To increase the vertical pressure on the tire, the switch30may be switched on, thus activating the cylinders20A and20B. By those cylinders20A,20B the plates1,2are moved in the longitudinal direction. The upper-plates1,2follow the rising slope in the longitudinal direction of the threshold-blocks. The plates1,2take vertically a position, that is increased, between 0 mm and the maximal height-variation of the threshold-block in the longitudinal direction (e.g. 8 mm). By further movement in the longitudinal direction beyond the central position on the threshold-block, the upper-plates go down according the declining slope (in the longitudinal direction) of the threshold-blocks.
In practice the switch30may be pushed in a first position to allow the supply of compressed air to the cylinders20A,20B, so that the upper-plates are moved forwards. During this movement the upper-plates rise to a maximum. Afterwards those upper-plates go down to a minimum.
By pushing the switch30in a second position, the compressed air will activate the cylinders20A,20B in the reverse direction so that the upper-plates1,2are moved backwards.
The oil-cylinders32,33follow the movement of the air-cylinders20A,20B and block immediately the movement of the plates1,2when the switch30is moved into the central position (FIG. 10) (in this central position there is no compressed air supplied to the cylinders20A,20B).
Concretely, with the switch30the upper-plates1,2may be adjusted on any given level by a movement in the longitudinal direction of the plates1,2.
For example, the ratio height-variation compared to the movement in the longitudinal and/or transversal direction fluctuates between 1/20 and 1/3. In a specific version this ratio is equal to 1/6 (a displacement of the plate on 1 mm in the longitudinal and/or transversal direction results in vertical displacement of the upper-plates1,2on 0.16 mm (1/6).
The variation of 3-dimensional forces (vertical—longitudinal direction—transversal direction) is a result of the combination of two variable height-levels of the threshold-blocks.
So, the device may generate amplitudes from which the order of magnitude may be brought in accordance with the order of magnitude characterising vertical plays.
The operation of the apparatus may also be automated, at least partly. E.g. by replacing the switch31by a continuous control (with a make and break-contact) by which the forward and backward transversal displacement is realized automatically.
In the example the plate follows in the transversal direction a height, variable between 0 and 4 mm and this from the starting-point of the plate in the longitudinal direction to the end-point in the longitudinal direction.
According to another exemplary embodiment, one or more of the upper plates1,2,3,4of the device shown in the figures may be replaced by a plate provided with a supporting rod adapted for supporting an axle, such as the axle or rod on which a wheel is mounted.
The device of the invention may also be used for other purposes than the check of parameters of a vehicle, air-plane, etc. For example, the device of the invention may be used for analyzing the position of holes in a piece, for ensuring an exact position for a piece, for analyzing mechanical parameters or resistance or stability for beams, construction elements, houses (for example on reduced scale), structure, for analyzing the impact of vibration, etc.
| 5F
| 16 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention relates to the preparation and use of a well treatment microemulsion in the management of undesirable downhole products encountered during the production of hydrocarbons from subterranean reservoirs. Unlike prior art cleaning and stimulation fluids, the well treatment microemulsions of the present invention are stablilized microemulsions that are formed by the combination of solvent-surfactant blends with an appropriate oil-based or water-based carrier fluid.
The solvent-surfactant blend generally includes a solvent, a surfactant and an alcohol. In a presently preferred embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group of unsaturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbons known as terpenes, including monoterpenes and diterpenes. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the solvent is the monoterpene d-limonene (C10H16). Terpenes, such as d-limonene, are preferred for their solvent qualities and biodegradability.
In an alternate embodiment, the terpene-based solvent is replaced with alkyl, cyclic or aryl acid esters of short chain alcohols, such as ethyl lactate and hexyl ester. Ethyl lactate is a low cost, environmentally safe solvent that can be manufactured from carbohydrates, such as cornstarch. Although acceptable for well remediation and stimulation, ethyl lactate is not generally recommended for use in hydrogen sulfide mitigation applications. It will also be understood that combinations of different solvents, such as d-limonene and ethyl lactate, are also encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
The selection of the surfactant component for the solvent-surfactant blend is determined by the type of carrier fluid selected. Water-based carrier fluids, such as fresh water and brine, are typically more environmentally friendly and cost effective. Oil-based carrier fluids, such as diesel, kerosene and jet fuel may provide enhanced performance but are generally more expensive and environmentally restricted.
If a water-based carrier fluid is chosen, the surfactant of the solvent-surfactant blend should be capable of creating an oil-in-water microemulsion upon combination with an appropriate quantity of water. Preferred surfactants are biodegradable and have an HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) value ofbetween about 8-18. Presently preferred oil-in-water surfactants include one or more of the following: tween 40 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate), tween 60 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate), tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), linear alcohol alcoxylates, alkyl ether sulfates, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA), linear nonyl-phenols, dioxane, ethylene oxide and ethoxylated castor oils such as PEG castor oil. A preferred oil-in-water surfactant mixture includes polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, ethoxylated castor oil and polyethylene glycol.
Alternately preferred oil-in-water surfactants can also include dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), sodium 4-(1′ heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate (SHPS or SHBS), polyoxyethylene(8.6) nonyl phenyl ether, aerosol O.T. (sodium bis-2-ethylhexylsulphosuccinate), A.O.T., tetraethyleneglycoldodecylether, sodium octlylbenzenesulfonate, O.B.S., SCS, IsalChem 145 (PO), sodium ether surfactant, E.O. sulonates (i.e., alkyl propoxy-ethoxysulfonate), alkyl propoxy-ethoxysulfate, alkylarylpropoxy-ethoxysulfonate and highly substituted benzene sulfonates (n-C12-oxylene-SO3-).
If an oil-based carrier fluid is chosen, the surfactant of the solvent-surfactant blend should be capable of creating a water-in-oil microemulsion upon combination with oil. Preferred surfactants are biodegradable and have an HLB value of between about 3-8. Presently preferred water-in-oil surfactants include span 40 (sorbitan monopalmitate), span 60 (sorbitan monostearate) and span 80 (sorbitan monooleate). A preferred water-in-oil surfactant mixture includes sorbitan monopalmitate, ethoxylated castor oil and polyethylene glycol.
The alcohol component of the solvent-surfactant blend serves as a coupling agent between the solvent and the surfactant, thereby stabilizing the microemulsion. The alcohol also lowers the freezing point of the well treatment microemulsion. Although isopropanol is presently preferred, alternative suitable alcohols include midrange primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, such as t-butanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol and 2-ethyl-hexanol. Other freeze prevention additives can additionally or alternatively be added, such as detergent range alcohols ethoxylate, ethylene glycols (EG), polyethylene glycols (PEG), propylene glycols (PG) and triethylene glycols (TEG), with triethylene glycol being presently preferred.
The solvent-surfactant blend optionally includes a salt. The addition of a salt to the solvent-surfactant blend reduces the amount of water needed as a carrier fluid and also lowers the freezing point of the well treatment microemulsion. Among the salts that may be added for stability and co-solvent substitution, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl are presently preferred. Others suitable salts can be formed from K, Na, Br, Cr, Cs and Bi families.
After blending the solvents, surfactants and alcohols, it may be desirable to form a diluted solvent-surfactant blend by adding a diluent before addition to the carrier fluid. Presently preferred diluents include water and water and triethylene glycol (TEG) mixtures. A particularly preferred diluent is 90% by volume water and 10% by volume triethylene glycol. It will be understood that upon addition of the diluent, the solvent surfactant blend may partially or completely emulsify.
For oil-in-water well treatment microemulsions, the solvent-surfactant blend preferably includes about 36%-76% by volume of the preferred oil-in-water surfactant mixture (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, ethoxylated castor oil and polyethylene glycol), about 14%-54% by volume d-limonene and/or ethyl lactate and about 0%-10% isopropanol by volume. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the oil-in-water solvent-surfactant blend includes about 56% by volume of the preferred oil-in-water surfactant mixture, about 34% by volume d-limonene, ethyl lactate or combinations thereof, and about 10% by volume isopropanol.
In an alternativelypreferred embodiment, the oil-in-water solvent-surfactant blend is diluted with about 50% by volume of diluent. The diluted solvent-surfactant blend preferably includes water and more preferably includes about 45% by volume water and about 5% by volume triethylene glycol. Accordingly, the diluted solvent-surfactant blend includes about 27% byvolume of the preferred oil-in-water surfactant mixture, about 34% by volume d-limonene, about 5% by volume isopropanol, about 45% by volume water and about 5% by volume triethylene glycol.
For water-in-oil well treatment microemulsions, the solvent-surfactant blend preferably includes about 36%-76% by volume of the preferred water-in-oil surfactant mixture (sorbitan monopalmitate, ethoxylated castor oil and polyethylene glycol), about 14%-54% by volume d-limonene and/or ethyl lactate and about 0%-10% isopropanol by volume. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend includes about 56% by volume of the preferred water-in-oil surfactant mixture, about 34% by volume d-limonene, ethyl lactate or a combination of d-limonene and ethyl lactate, and about 10% by volume isopropanol. The water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend forms a microemulsion upon combination with diesel or kerosene to form a preferred water-in-oil well treatment microemulsion.
In an alternatively preferred embodiment, the water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend is combined with about 0%-20% by volume of a diluent prior to adding the carrier fluid to form a diluted water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend. More preferably, about 5% by volume of diluent is added to the water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend. The diluent can include water and more preferably includes about 45% by volume water and about 5% by volume triethylene glycol. It will be understood that upon addition of the diluent, the water-in-oil solvent-surfactant blend may partially or completely emulsify.
The solvent-surfactant blends, dilute or concentrated, can be added to the water and oil-based carrier fluids in sparing amounts to prepare the desired well treatment microemulsions. For example, in many applications, as little as 0.2% -2% by volume of solvent-surfactant blend in water or oil based-carrier fluids will be sufficient. In other applications, however, it may be desirable to use a more concentrated well treatment microemulsion. In such applications, the well treatment microemulsion preferably includes about 0.5% to about 90% of the selected solvent-surfactant blend. Furthermore, it will be understood that in some applications, it may be desirable to apply the solvent-surfactant blend, diluted or concentrated, without the addition of a carrier fluid. For example, the solvent-surfactant blend can be pumped downhole where it will incorporate water and water-based materials to form the microemulsion in situ. Once formed, the well treatment microemulsion can be pumped from the wellbore to the surface.
Although for the purposes of the present disclosure preferred embodiments of the well treatment microemulsions are described in connection with well remediation, stimulation, acidizing operations, drilling operations and hydrogen sulfide mitigation applications, it will be understood that the inventive well treatment microemulsions can be used in additional, alternative applications. For example, it is contemplated that the well treatment microemulsion could also be used to clean surface equipment and downhole equipment.
In well remediation applications, the selected well treatment microemulsion is preferably injected directly into the wellbore through the production tubing or through the use of coiled tubing or similar delivery mechanisms. Once downhole, the well treatment microemulsion remedies drilling damage, fracturing fluid damage, water blocks and removes fines, asphaltenes and paraffins from the formation and wellbore. The well treatment microemulsion also serves to thin heavy hydrocarbons, alleviate water blocks and lower pore pressure in the formation. If paraffin accumulation is significant, ethyl lactate or ethyl lactate and d-limonene mixtures are preferred as solvents.
During drilling operations, the well treatment microemulsions can be added to drilling fluids and injected into the wellbore through the drill string. The well treatment microemulsion is effective at removing fines and debris from the wellbore created by the drilling process. The surfactant used in the solvent-surfactant blend should be selected according to whether oil or water based drilling fluids are used.
The inventive well treatment microemulsions can also be used in stimulation operations. In fracturing operations, proppant material can be added to the microemulsion before injection downhole. The microemulsion is particularly effective at decreasing the density of filter cakes during high pressure injection of gelled fluids into the wellbore.
The well treatment microemulsions can also be used to deliver acids during acidizing operations. Acids commonly used include hydrochloric, acetic, formic, and hydrochloric-hydrofluoric acids. In a presently preferred embodiment, the selected solvent-surfactant blend (dilute or concentrate) is combined with an acidified carrier fluid to prepare a microemulsion suitable for acidizing operations. Preferably, the microemulsion includes about 0.2%-5% by volume of the solvent-surfactant blend and about 3%-28% by volume of acid. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the microemulsion includes about 0.2%-5% of the solvent-surfactant blend and about 15% by volume of hydrochloric acid. The concentration of the well treatment microemulsion in gelled fluids lowers the friction created by contact with conduits, thereby facilitating the injection and withdrawal of the well treatment microemulsion.
As mentioned above, the inventive microemulsions can also be used for hydrogen sulfide mitigation. In preferred embodiments, the well treatment microemulsions are injected into the wellbore so that escaping hydrogen sulfide gas is “stripped” through the well treatment microemulsions. Preferably, the inventive microemulsion is periodically injected into problem wells to mitigate hydrogen sulfide production. Alternatively, the microemulsion can be injected downhole via capillary tubing on a continuous basis. In yet another alternate embodiment, the well treatment microemulsion can be placed in a container that is placed in fluid communication with the hydrogen sulfide.
In a preferred embodiment, some or all of the water or oil-based carrier fluid is replaced with a known hydrogen sulfide scavenger. For example, many cyclic amines, such as triazines and hexamines, can be used as a solvent alone or in combination with water or oil-based carrier fluids to further improve hydrogen sulfide mitigation.
The interaction between the well treatment microemulsions and the hydrogen sulfide neutralizes the hydrogen sulfide, leaving an inert sulfur compound as a product of the reaction. Significantly, benzothiophenes are also produced as a by-product of the reaction between the hydrogen sulfide and the well treatment microemulsions. Pharmaceutical researchers have recently discovered that benzothiophenes can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of a number of useful chemical compounds.
It is clear that the present invention is well adapted to carry out its objectives and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been described in varying detail for purposes of disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention disclosed and as defined in the written description and appended claims.
| 2C
| 09 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to the drawings, and more particularly, to FIG. 1, a first
embodiment of the dry ice dispenser apparatus according to the present
invention is illustrated generally at 10. The dry ice dispenser apparatus
delivers a metered volume of dry ice from a dry ice source 12 to a
receiving well 18. A carriage slide assembly 14 positioned below the dry
ice source extending along a carriage axis 16 is used to deliver a metered
volume of dry ice to a receiving well 18.
Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6, the details of the carriage slide assembly 14
and the hopper 12 are shown. The hopper 12 is configured to contain an
amount of dry ice snow. Preferably, the hopper 12 is cylindrical and
contains at least one metering channel opening 36 at the bottom of the
hopper 12. The hopper 12 may be constructed of any material sufficient to
contain an amount of dry ice. Such materials include but are not limited
to, metal plastic, stainless steel, or other materials known to those
skilled in the art which are sufficient to contain an amount of dry ice.
In a preferred embodiment, the hopper 12 is equipped with an agitator 52
for facilitating the movement of dry ice from the hopper 12 through the
metering channel openings 36.
With reference now to FIG. 13 and continuing reference to FIGS. 5 and 6,
the details of the carriage slide assembly 14 are shown The carriage slide
assembly 14 includes a pair of guide walls 20 that extends along the
carriage axis 16. Each guide wall has a top portion 22 and a bottom
portion 24. The top portion 22 and bottom portion 24 maintain the metering
carriage 26, to be described in detail below, therebetween such that the
metering carriage can move along the carriage axis 16. The carriage slide
assembly 14 may be made of any resilient material, including but not
limited to stainless steel, hard plastic or any other material known to
those skilled in the art. Preferably, the carriage slide assembly 14 is
mounted on a plurality of legs, one such leg being designated as 28.
The metering carriage 26 is designed to receive a metered volume of dry ice
from the dry ice source 12 and deliver the metered volume of dry ice
through a discharge opening 30 into the receiving well 18. The metering
carriage 26 is slidably received between the pair of guide walls 20 for
translational movement along the carriage axis 16. The metering carriage
26 has a height, H, and defines a metering channel 32. The metering
channel 32 extends along a metering channel axis 34. Preferably, the
metering channel axis 34 is at an angle to facilitate the movement of dry
ice from the dry ice source 12 into the metering channel 32. In a
preferred embodiment, the metering channel axis is about perpendicular to
the carriage axis 16.
With reference now to FIG. 6, the metering carriage has a length, L,
sufficient to close the metering channel opening 36 in the dry ice source
12 when the metering channel 32 is in registration with the discharge
opening 30. The metering carriage 26 of the present invention may be made
out of any resilient material suitable for handling dry ice known to those
skilled in the art, including, but not limited to stainless steel and hard
plastics.
The metering carriage 26 may contain more than one metering channel 32. In
a preferred embodiment, the apparatus contains at least one metering
channel 32 and preferably contains two metering channels. For each
metering channel opening 36 in the dry ice source 12, there is a
corresponding metering channel 32 in the metering carriage 26 for
receiving a metered volume of dry ice from the dry ice source 12. It will
be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the metering channel 32
can take on a variety of shapes. Preferably the metering channel 32 is
cylindrical and the metering channel opening 36 has about the same
diameter as the metering channel 32.
With continuing reference to FIG. 6, there is shown an embodiment of the
present invention where the metering carriage 26 is in a forward position
such that the metering channel 32 is in registration with the discharge
opening 30. The discharge opening 30 is located above a receiving well 18.
Preferably, there is a receiving well 18 for each of the metering channel
openings 36 and each of the metering channels 32. In a preferred
embodiment, there are two receiving wells 18 for receiving a metered
volume of dry ice from two metering channels 32. It will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that receiving well 18 may take on a variety of
shapes depending on the desired shape of the dry ice pellet. In a
preferred embodiment, the receiving well 18 is cylindrical. However, the
shape of the receiving well 18 may include, but is not limited to being
square, rectangular, triangular, hexagonal, or some other polygonal shape.
In a preferred embodiment, the dry ice dispenser apparatus 10 includes a
pellet press 40. The pellet press has an upper piston 42 and a lower
piston 44. The lower piston 44 is slidably received in the receiving well
18 for reciprocating movement therein. Further, the top of the lower
piston 44 forms a base 46 in the receiving well 18. The upper piston 42 is
sized to be slidably received through the discharge opening 30 and into
the receiving well 18. Preferably, there is an upper piston 42 and a lower
piston 44 for each of the receiving wells 18 and metering channels 32. The
upper piston 42 and the lower piston 44 can be made from any material
sufficient to press dry ice. Materials include, but are not limited to
metal stainless steel hard plastics or any other material known to those
skilled in the art suitable for pressing dry ice. Preferably, the upper
piston 42 and the lower piston 44 each have non-stick surfaces 54 and 56,
respectively. The surfaces should be made of a material suitable to
prevent the dry ice from sticking to the pistons 42 and 44. Non-stick
materials include, but are not limited to, plastics and teflon.
The movement of pistons 42 and 44 and the metering carriage 26 may be
controlled by hydraulic systems known to those skilled in the art.
With reference now to FIGS. 7-12, there is shown a second embodiment of the
present invention. In the second embodiment of the present invention, the
hopper 12 has been replaced with a dry ice producing apparatus 48. The dry
ice producing apparatus 48 is positioned above the carriage slide assembly
14 and has a metering channel opening 36. In a preferred embodiment, the
dry ice producing apparatus is a snow chamber that converts liquid carbon
dioxide (CO.sub.2) into solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). One such dry ice
producing apparatus is the snow chamber disclosed in U.S. patent
application entitled "Apparatus for Facilitating the Formation, Capture
and Compression of Solid Carbon Dioxide Particles", filed on Jun. 17,
1999, in the name of Elton J. Wade, Jr., herein specifically incorporated
by reference. In a preferred embodiment, there is a snow chamber 48 for
each metering channel 32 in the metering carriage 26.
The carriage slide assembly 14, the metering carriage 26, the receiving
well 18, and the pellet press 40 are configured substantially the same as
discussed above.
The operation of the dry ice dispenser apparatus will now be explained in
detail. With reference now to FIG. 5, there is shown apparatus in
accordance with the present invention of where the metering channel 32 is
in registration with the metering channel opening 36 of the hopper 12.
When a hopper 12 is used as the dry ice source, dry ice pellets or snow 50
are loaded into the hopper. In a preferred embodiment, the hopper 12,
contains an agitator 52 for stirring the dry ice snow 50. As dry ice snow
50 is loaded into the hopper 12, dry ice falls through the metering
channel opening 36 into the metering channel 32 and rests on the bottom
portion of the carriage slide assembly. When the metering channel 32 is
filled with dry ice, the metering carriage 26 is moved along the carriage
axis 16 until the metering channel 32 is in registration with the
discharge opening 30, as more clearly shown in FIG. 6. When the metering
channel is in registration with the discharge opening 30, the dry ice snow
falls into the receiving well and rests on the part of the lower piston 44
that forms a base 46 of the receiving well 18. After the metered volume of
dry ice snow is delivered to the receiving well 18 the metering carriage
26 returns to a position where the metering channel 32 is in registration
with the metering channel opening 36.
Once the metering carriage 26 has cleared the discharge opening 30, the
upper piston 42 is lowered through the discharge opening and into the
receiving well 18. The upper piston 42 applies pressure to the dry ice to
form a dry ice pellet. The pellet will take on the shape of the receiving
well 18. After applying pressure to produce a dry ice pellet, the upper
piston 42 is raised to its initial starting position and the lower piston
44 is raised through the receiving well 18 and through the discharge
opening 30 until the top of the lower piston 44 that forms the base 46 of
the receiving well is flush with the bottom portion 24 of the carriage
slide assembly 14, thereby raising the dry ice pellet out of the receiving
well 18. At this stage, the pressed pellet will be resting on the lower
piston 44 such that when the metering carriage 26 slides across the
discharge opening 30, the dry ice pellet is pushed off the bottom portion
24 of the carriage slide assembly 14. As the metering carriage 26 moves to
place the metering channel 32 in registration with the discharge opening
30, the lower piston 44 is lowered back into its original position in the
receiving well 18. When the hopper is replaced with a dry ice producing
apparatus 48 such as a snow chamber similar to that shown in FIGS. 7-12,
the operation of the metering carriage 26 and the pellet press 40 is
substantially the same as that used for the hopper 12. However, dry ice
does not need to be loaded in the dry ice producing apparatus 48 because
the dry ice producing apparatus 48 is able to continuously produce dry ice
snow which will be supplied to the metering channel 32 of the metering
carriage 26. In this way, dry ice snow may be produced and formed into a
dry ice pellet using the same apparatus.
Preferably, the apparatus includes a means for synchronizing the movement
of the metering carriage, the upper piston and the lower piston such that
the upper piston is in an upper position when the metering channel of the
metering carriage is in registration with the discharge opening, the upper
piston is lowered into the discharge opening after the metering carriage
clears the discharge opening, the upper piston returns to an upper
position, while the lower piston is raised to a position that is flush
with the discharge opening, and the lower piston is lowered as the
metering carriage returns to a position is registration with the discharge
opening.
The means for synchronizing the movement of the metering carriage 26, and
the pistons 42 and 44 may include a series of electronic eyes for
triggering movement, or other triggering means known to those skilled in
the art.
Those persons skilled in the art will therefore readily understand that the
present invention is susceptible of a broad utility and application. Many
embodiments and adaptations of the present invention other than those
herein described, as well as many variations, modifications and equivalent
arrangements, will be apparent from or reasonably suggested by the present
invention and the foregoing description thereof, without departing from
the substance or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, while the
present invention has been described herein in detail in relation to its
preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that this disclosure is only
illustrative and exemplary of the present invention and is made merely for
purposes of providing a full and enabling disclosure of the invention. The
foregoing disclosure is not intended or to be construed to limit the
present invention or otherwise to exclude any such other embodiments,
adaptations, variations, modifications and equivalent arrangements, the
present invention being limited only by the claims appended hereto and the
equivalents thereof. | 5F
| 25 | J |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 illustrates a golf ball tee device 10 of the present invention. In a
preferred form, and as illustrated in FIG. 1, the device 10 may be used as
a promotional device or business card 12. In this form, the device 10
comprises a substantially flat piece of rectangular material on which
printing 14 or other advertisements may be located. The card 12 preferably
has a first edge 16 and opposing second edge 18, and a third edge 20 and
opposing fourth edge 22. While the preferred form of the device 10 is a
rectangle with parallel opposing edges 16, 18 and 20, 22, it is, of
course, possible for the edges to not be parallel. Further, while it is
preferred that the edges 16, 18, 20, 22 be straight, it is possible for
the edges to take on other forms. For example, one or more of the edges
could be somewhat arcuate, or include one or more ground engaging
projecting areas, or be shaped such that the card 12 takes on a tapered
form in one or more areas. The card 12 also includes a first side portion
17 and a second side portion 19 located between said first and second
edges 16, 18.
Preferably, the card 12 has dimensions of about 1/2" to 3" from third edge
20 to fourth edge 22, and 2" to 4" from first edge 16 to second edge 18.
Most preferably, the card 12 has dimensions of a standard business card,
i.e. about 2" from third edge 20 to fourth edge 22, and about 3.5" from
first edge 16 to second edge 18. Of course, the card 12 can have any of a
variety of dimensions.
The card 12 is preferably made of plastic and/or rubber, or a similar
flexible, tear-resistant, waterproof material. One material which is
believed to be suitable is Lexan (TM). The card 12 could comprise a paper
card which has been laminated with a plastic material, or could be made
from numerous other materials such as aluminum or the like. The card 12 is
most preferably about 15 mm in thickness and made from a plastic/rubber
combination. Further, the card 12 may be of a translucent material having
colored printing 14 thereon, or be made of a colored plastic or other
material with varied colored printing 14 thereon.
Preferably, and as more clearly illustrated in FIG. 4, the card 12 includes
an interengaging fastening means 21. In the preferred form, the
interengaging fastening means 21 comprises a selectively moveable tab 24
for engagement in a slot 42. The tab 24 is preferably a section of the
card 12 material which is partially separable from the remaining portion
of the card 12, but which remains at least partially attached thereto. As
illustrated in FIG. 4, the tab 24 has a first end 25 and a second end 27,
and preferably comprises an elongated stem 26 extending from the first end
25 of the tab 24, a body 28, a neck 30, and at least one key 32.
It is preferred that the tab 24 be created by cutting or stamping material
from the card 12, although any means known to one skilled in the art may
be used. For example, the card 12 and tab 24 may even be created during a
molding process.
As illustrated, the stem 26 is an elongate, narrow strip or leg member,
having a first end 37 (corresponding to the first end 25 of the tab 24)
attached to card 12 at the first side portion 17 of the card. The exact
location of attachment may vary, although it is preferred that the first
end 37 of the stem 26 be located some distance inwardly on the card 12
from the first edge 16 of the card, so that the tab 24 can not be easily
separated from the card 12 by tearing of the card material.
The body 28 of the tab 24 is a preferably ovoid or elliptically shaped
member which is connected to a second end 35 of the stem 26. The body 28
is most preferably oval, and has a dimension in a direction parallel to
the third and fourth edges 20, 22 of the card 12 of about 1.5 cm, and a
dimension in a direction parallel to the first and second edges 16, 18 of
the card 12 of about 2.5 cm. As will be described in more detail below,
the body 28 may have any shape such that upon its removal from the card
12, the resulting card perimeter will provide support for a golf ball.
Therefore, it is possible for the body 28 to be triangular, circular,
square, or any combination thereof, in shape.
Of course, the body 28 can have any of a variety of shapes, as long as
removal of the body 28 portion of the tab 24 creates a void in the card 12
which is useful in placement of a golf ball therein, as described in more
detail below. Further, the body 28 can have any size as long as the
resultant void upon its removal from the card 12 is not great enough to
allow passage of a golf ball through when the device 10 is used as a golf
tee.
The neck 30 extends from the body 28 of the tab 24 on the side of the body
28 opposite the stem 26. The neck 30 is a narrow member on which the keys
32 a,b,c are located.
Each key 32 a,b,c is preferably a somewhat elongate body extending in
either direction parallel to a line connecting the top edge 20 and bottom
edge 22 of the card 12. As seen in FIG. 4, each key 32 is preferably about
0.5 cm-2.5 cm, and most preferably about 1.5 cm, in length from end to
end, and about 1-10 mm in width. The keys 32 a,b,c are spaced apart and
located along the narrow neck 30, creating small recesses 38 therebetween.
In the preferred embodiment, there are three key members 32a,b,c, although
there may be as few as one, or as many as five or more. As can be seen,
when there are three key members 32, there are preferably three recesses
38a,b,c. As illustrated, the separation between each key 32 is about 1-2
mm.
The slot 42 is located in the card 12 in the second side portion 19 of the
card 12, and preferably somewhat adjacent the second end 27 of the tab 24.
This slot 42 preferably comprises a void of material in the card 12, which
void may be created by stamping or cutting away the card material. The
slot 42 could also be molded directly into the card 12. It is alteratively
possible that the slot 42 comprise a flap of material which, although not
fully disconnected from the card, can be selectively opened or separated
from the card.
As illustrated, the slot 42 comprises a thin, wide opening 44, and a narrow
tab engaging portion 46. The wide opening 44 of the slot 42 is dimensioned
to allow one or more of the keys 32 a,b,c on the tab 24 to be passed
therethrough. Therefore, the opening 44 has a width of at least as great
as the length of each key 32.
On the other hand, the engaging portion 46 of the slot 42 is somewhat
narrow as compared to the opening 44. The engaging portion 46 is sized to
prevent passage of a key 32 a,b,c therethrough, but is large enough to
accept the neck 30 as exposed in the recesses 38 between sets of keys 32
a,b,c.
Most advantageously, the device 10 of the present invention can be
converted from a business card 12, to a golf ball tee 50, as illustrated
in FIGS. 2 & 3. As can be seen, the golf ball tee 50, comprises the card
12 presented in an arched fashion. The tee 50 is created by engaging the
interengaging fastening means 21 on the card 12. When utilizing the
preferred form of the invention, as described above, this entails passing
one or more of the keys 32 a,b,c on the tab 24 through the slot 42, and
selectively locking the tab 24 in place by engaging one of the recessed
areas 38 a,b,c within the engaging portion 46 of the slot 42.
In this manner, the tab 24 acts as a bridge or leg member between the first
side portion 17 and second side portion 19 of the card, acting to pull
these two portions of the card towards one another. In this fashion, the
first side portion 17 of the card 12 acts as a first supporting leg 52 for
the tee 50, and the second side portion 19 of the card acts as a second
supporting leg 54 for the tee. It is noted that the keys 32 and slot 42
are merely the preferred structure for securing the second end 27 of tab
24 to the card 12. Numerous other connecting arrangements can be used, as
are known to one skilled in the art.
When placed in ball-supporting position on the ground 51 or other playing
surface, the tee 50 assumes an arched or inverted U-shape, with the
opposing first and second edges 16, 18 of the card 12 in contact with the
ground. It is noted that it is possible to even provide creases in the
card 12 (although this is not desireable from the standpoint that it
interferes with the printing of the card 12), which creases could allow
the card 12 to form an inverted-V or similar shape when formed into a tee.
Located in the center of the card 12, and now at the top of an arch 56
thereof, is a saddle 60 created by the displacement of the body 28 of the
tab 24 from the card 12. The saddle 60 creates an area in which a golf
ball 64 may be placed, as illustrated in FIG. 5. This saddle 60 is
comprised, in part, by two arcuate surfaces 63a,b which formerly defined
the boundary of the body 28 of tab 24.
When using the tee 50, it is preferred that the user strike the ball 64 in
a direction such that the club moves along the length of the tee 50 from
the first leg 52 towards the second leg 54, as illustrated in FIG. 5. In
this manner, the tee 50 is allowed to flex as the ball 64 is being hit. As
can be seen, when the club is moved across the tee 50, the tee 50 can flex
and move in the direction of the club and ball 64, reducing the
possibility that the tee 50 will be broken.
After the user is through using the device 10 as a golf tee 50, the
interengaging means 21 can be disengaged (in this case by disconnecting
tab 24 from the slot 42) to allow the device 10 to return to the card 12
form.
Advantageously, the numerous keys 32 on the tab 24 in combination with the
single slot 42 provides a height adjustment means. The height adjustment
means allows the total height of the tee 50 above the ground 51 or other
playing surface to be adjusted. In particular, by passing more of the keys
32 through the slot 42 in the card 12, and engaging a recess 38 closer to
the body 28 of the tab 24, the first side portion 17 and second side
portion 19 of the card 12 are brought closer together. In this manner, the
height of the tee 50 is increased.
The device 10 of the present invention has the advantage that it provides
substantial support for the golf ball 64 placed therein. In particular,
the width of the legs 52, 54 which support the tee 50 provides a stable
support which tends to prevent the tee 50 from falling over. Further, the
present design presents an improvement over the conventional tee, as it
does not need to be inserted into the ground to provide a support
function.
The tee 50 of the present invention also has the advantage of aiding the
user in lining up the ball with the hole. In particular, a user can sight
along the length of the tee 50 from the first leg 52 to the second leg 54,
and line up the ball and swing, so as to direct the ball properly to the
hole, as illustrated in FIG. 5.
In a second embodiment of the present invention, as illustrated in FIG. 6,
the interengaging means 21 again comprises a tab 24 and at least one slot
42. However, in this embodiment, the height adjusting means comprises one
key 32 in combination with numerous slots 42a,b. In this fashion, the card
12 can still be formed into a tee 50, although the adjustment of the
height of the tee 50 is accomplished by moving the single key 32 into each
of the different slots 42a,b.
It will be understood that the above described arrangements of apparatus
and the method therefrom are merely illustrative of applications of the
principles of this invention and many other embodiments and modifications
may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention
as defined in the claims. | 0A
| 63 | B |
With reference to the appended drawings, these show a combination of a
security closure, generally indicated 1, and a bottle 2 for which the
security closure 1 is intended, the bottle having a vertical X axis, and
preferably being made of molded glass.
The closure 1 comprises a cap 3 disposed atop bottle 2 at the upper end of
its vertical X axis, comprising an outer cap 4 and an inner cap 5
restrained axially in the outer cap 4.
In particular, in order to restrain the inner cap 5 axially in the outer
cap 4, axial teeth 6 and axial teeth 7, distributed circumferentially at
regular intervals, are provided in the outer cap and in the inner cap,
respectively. The teeth 6 and the teeth 7 define between each tooth and
the next, respective spaces 6a and 7a having a width substantially equal
to the width of a tooth so that the teeth 6 and 7 are arranged in mutual
comb-like engagement, forming a splined coupling for preventing rotation.
Mutually snap-engaged circumferential recesses 8 in the outer cap and
circumferential projections 9 in the inner cap are provided for
restraining the inner cap 5 axially in the outer cap 4.
In the closure 1, the outer cap 4 of the cap 3 is connected by means of a
line of weakening 10 to a sleeve 11 disposed circumferentially about the
vertical X axis of bottle 2, which is restrained angularly and axially on
the bottle 2.
In particular, axial teeth 12 and axial teeth 13, distributed
circumferentially at regular intervals in the sleeve 11 and on the bottle
2, respectively, are provided for restraining the sleeve 11 angularly on
the bottle 2. The teeth 12 and the teeth 13 define between each tooth and
the next respective spaces 12a 13a having a width substantially equal to
the width of a tooth so that the teeth 12 and 13 are arranged in mutual
comb-like engagement, forming a splined coupling for preventing rotation.
A circumferential projection 14 inside the sleeve and a collar 15 on the
bottle, which are mutually snap-engaged, are provided for restraining the
sleeve axially on the bottle 2.
It should be noted that the axial teeth 12 of the sleeve are aligned
axially with the axial teeth 6 of the outer cap.
The outer cap 4 and the sleeve 11 are formed integrally by injection
molding of a suitable plastics material, for example, polypropylene.
The inner cap 5 is made by injection molding of a suitable plastics
material, for example, polyethylene.
The combination according to the invention is provided with a threaded
coupling defined by internal threading 16 in the inner cap 5 of the cap 3
and external threading 17 on the bottle 2.
The internal threading 16 comprises a predetermined large number N of
starts. In the embodiment shown, it comprises eight starts and thus has
eight threads 16a between which an apparent pitch P1, of 2.5 mm in the
embodiment shown, is formed.
The external threading 17 on the bottle 2 advantageously has half as many
starts as the threading 16 and thus comprises four starts in the
embodiment shown, and hence four threads 17a between which an apparent
pitch P2 of twice the apparent pitch P1, more precisely, 5 mm in the
embodiment shown, is formed.
The external threading 17 on the bottle 2 preferably has a gap due to
shortening of two threads 17a in two diametrally-opposed regions 18 and 19
of the bottle, these regions being disposed on the joining line of the
mold from which the bottle is produced to allow the mold to be opened. A
few teeth 13 of the bottle also have respective missing portions 13b to
allow the mold to be opened.
In order to fit the security closure 1 axially on the bottle 2 lead-in
means 20 in the sleeve 11 and matching lead-in means 21 on the bottle 2
are provided for orienting the cap and the sleeve angularly relative to
the bottle.
The lead-in means 20 are constituted by the axial teeth 12 and by
respective tips 22 with which the teeth are provided at their ends. The
matching lead-in means 21 are constituted by the teeth 13 and by
respective tips 23 with which the teeth are provided at their ends.
It should be noted that, in order to fit the inner cap 5 axially in the
outer cap 4, matching lead-in means 24 are provided on the inner cap 5 and
mate with the lead-in means 20 formed in the sleeve 11 in order to orient
the inner cap angularly relative to the outer cap.
The matching lead-in means 24 are constituted by the teeth 7 and by
respective tips 25 with which the teeth are provided in the region of
their ends.
Owing to the predetermined large number N of starts of the internal
threading, it is important to note that the number of axial teeth 6, 7, 12
and 13 is large and equal to N, that is eight, in the embodiment shown.
It should be noted that, in order to reduce the non-uniformity in the
thickness of the outer cap and of the sleeve as a whole, the teeth 6 are
actually constituted by two axial ribs 26, and the teeth 12 are actually
constituted by a longer, central axial rib 27, the end of which defines
the tip 22, and by two set-back, that is shorter, lateral axial ribs 28,
aligned with the axial ribs 26.
The inner cap comprises an annular end portion 29 which projects from the
outer cap 4, beyond the line of weakening 10, and has a collar 30 in
snap-releasable engagement in a recess 31 in the sleeve.
When the inner cap is fitted in the outer cap, it is disposed in a
predetermined angular orientation relative to the sleeve by means of the
lead-in means 20 and the matching lead-in means 24. When the cap and the
sleeve together are fitted axially on the bottle, they are disposed in a
predetermined angular orientation relative to the bottle by means of the
lead-in means 20 and the matching lead-in means 21.
These angular orientations are selected in a manner such that, when the
security closure is fitted axially on the bottle, the threads 16a of the
internal threading 16 of the cap are fitted securely between the threads
17a of the external threading 17 of the bottle so as to prevent
thread-against-thread situations and consequent bulging of the closure,
thus ensuring a perfectly cylindrical outer surface of the closure.
Clearly, the large number of starts of the threaded coupling enables the
necessary angular orientation to be achieved by an angular movement of
small magnitude caused by the cooperation of the lead-in means and the
matching lead-in means. In the embodiment shown, this angular movement
amounts at most to 22.degree.30' to one side and 22.degree.30' to the
other side.
The same applies to the angular orientation which has to be achieved
between the inner cap and the outer cap when the inner cap is fitted
axially in the outer cap.
In operation, the first time the cap is unscrewed, the line of weakening 10
is torn so that it remains evident that the bottle has been opened.
During the first unscrewing of the cap, the collar 30 of the annular
portion 29 of the inner cap 5 snaps out of the recess 31 in the sleeve 11.
When the cap is subsequently screwed back onto the bottle, the annular
portion 29 interferes with the upper end of the sleeve 11 and brings about
a downward axial movement of the sleeve, providing further evidence that
the bottle has been opened.
The main advantage of the closure according to the present invention lies
in the fact that it has achieved unusually quick application of the cap,
which is simply fitted axially and, at the same time, also convenient
manipulation of the cap the first time it is unscrewed and on every
subsequent occasion when it is screwed-up and unscrewed.
Naturally, in order to satisfy contingent and specific requirements, an
expert in the art may apply to the above-described closure many
modifications and variations all of which, however, are included within
the scope of protection of the invention as defined by the following
claims. | 1B
| 65 | D |
EXAMPLES
I. Milling the Starch Feedstock
The millbases employed hereinbelow were produced as follows. Whole maize kernels were ground completely using a rotor mill. Using different beaters, milling paths or screen elements, three different degrees of fineness were obtained. A screen analysis of the millbase by means of a laboratory vibration screen (vibration analyzer: Retsch Vibrotronic type VE1; screening time 5 minutes, amplitude: 1.5 mm) gave the results listed in Table I.
TABLE IExperiment numberT 70/03T 71/03T 72/03<2 mm/%99.4100100<0.8 mm/%6610099<0.63 mm/%58.698.591<0.315 mm/%48.88965<0.1 mm/%259.6<0.04 mm/%83.2Millbase in total20 kg11.45 kg13.75 kg
II. Enzymatic Starch Liquefaction and Starch Saccharification
II.1. Without Phytase in the Saccharification Step
II.1a) Enzymatic Starch Liquefaction
320 g of dry-milled corn meal (T71/03) were suspended in 480 g of water and admixed with 310 mg of calcium chloride by continuous stirring. Stirring was continued during the entire experiment. After the pH was brought to 6.5 with H2SO4and the mixture had been heated to 35° C., 2.4 g of Termamyl 120 L, type L (Novozymes A/S) were added. In the course of 40 minutes, the reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 86.5° C., the pH being readjusted with NaOH to the above value, if necessary. Within 30 minutes, a further 400 g of the dry-milled corn meal (T71/03) were added, during which process the temperature was raised to 91° C. The reaction mixture was held at this temperature for approximately 100 minutes. A further 2.4 g of Termamyl 120 L were subsequently added and the temperature was held for approximately 100 minutes. The progress of the liquefaction was monitored during the experimentation using the iodine-starch reaction. The temperature was finally raised to 100° C. and the reaction mixture was boiled for a further 20 minutes. At this point in time, starch was no longer detectable. The reactor was cooled to 35° C.
II.1 b) Saccharification
The reaction mixture obtained in II.1a) was heated to 61° C., with constant stirring. Stirring was continued during the entire experiment. After the pH had been brought to 4.3 with H2SO4, 10.8 g (9.15 ml) of Dextrozyme GA (Novozymes A/S) were added. The temperature was held for approximately 3 hours, during which time the progress of the reaction was monitored with glucose test strips (S-Glucotest by Boehringer). The results are listed in Table II hereinbelow. The reaction mixture was subsequently heated to 80° C. and then cooled. This gave approximately 1180 g of liquid product with a density of approximately 1.2 kg/l and a dry matter content which, as determined by infrared dryer, amounted to approximately 53.7% by weight. After washing with water, a dry matter content (without water-soluble constituents) of approximately 14% by weight was obtained. The glucose content of the reaction mixture, as determined by HPLC, amounted to 380 g/l (see Table 2, sample No. 7).
TABLE IISamplemin (from additionGlucose concentrationNo.of glucoamylase)in supernatant [g/l]1513524530331153314135334516534061953597225380
II.2. With Phytase in the Saccharification Step
II.2a) Starch Liquefaction
A dry-milled maize meal sample was liquefied as described in II.1a).
II.2b) Saccharification
The reaction mixture obtained in II.2a) was heated to 61° C. with constant stirring. Stirring was continued during the entire experiment. After the pH had been brought to 4.3 with H2SO4, 10.8 g (9.15 ml) of Dextrozyme GA (Novozymes A/S) and 70 μl of phytase (700 units of phytase, Natuphyt Liquid 10000 L from BASF AG) were added. The temperature was held for approximately 3 hours, during which time the progress of the reaction was monitored with glucose test strips (S-Glucotest by Boehringer). The reaction mixture was subsequently heated to 80° C. and then cooled. The product obtained was dried by infrared dryer and washed with water. The glucose content of the reaction mixture was determined by HPLC.
II.3 Further Protocols for the Enzymatic Liquefaction and Saccharification of Starch
II.3a) Maize Meal
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. 1.54 ml of CaCl2stock solution (100 g CaCl2×2H2O/l) were added to the slurry to a final concentration of approximately 70 ppm Ca2+. 240 g of maize meal were slowly run into the water, with constant stirring. After the pH had been brought to 6.5 using 50% by weight strength aqueous NaOH solution, 4.0 ml (=2% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Termamyl 120 L type L (Novozymes A/S) were added. The slurry was then heated rapidly up to 85° C. During this process, it was necessary to constantly monitor and, if appropriate, adjust the pH.
After the final temperature had been reached, further meal was added, initially 50 g of meal. In addition, 0.13 ml of CaCl2stock solution was added to the slurry in order to maintain the Ca2+concentration at 70 ppm. During the addition, the temperature was held at a constant 85° C. At least 10 minutes were allowed to pass in order to ensure a complete reaction before a further portion (50 g of meal and 0.13 ml of CaCl2stock solution) was added. After the addition of two portions, 1.67 ml of Termamyl were added; thereafter, two further portions (in each case 50 g of meal and 0.13 ml of CaCl2stock solution) were added. A dry-matter content of 55% by weight was reached. After the addition, the temperature was raised to 100° C., and the slurry was boiled for 10 minutes.
A sample was taken and cooled to room temperature. After the sample had been diluted with deionized water (approximately 1:10), one drop of concentrated Lugol's solution (mixture of 5 g of iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide per liter) was added. An intense blue coloration indicated that residual starch was present; a brown coloration was observed when all of the starch had been hydrolyzed. When the test indicated that a portion of residual starch was present, the temperature was again lowered to 85° C. and kept constant. A further 1.67 ml of Termamyl were added until the iodine-starch reaction was negative.
For the subsequent saccharification reaction, the mixture, which tested negative for starch, was brought to 61° C. The pH was brought to 4.3 by addition of 50% strength sulfuric acid. In the course of the reaction, the pH was maintained at this value. The temperature was maintained at 61° C. 5.74 ml (=1.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Dextrozym GA (Novozymes A/S) were added in order to convert the liquefied starch into glucose. The reaction was allowed to proceed for one hour. To inactivate the enzyme, the mixture was heated at 85° C. The hot mixture was filled into sterile containers, which were cooled and then stored at 4° C. A final glucose concentration of 420 g/l was obtained.
II.3b) Rye Meal (Including Pretreatment with Cellulase/Hemicellulase)
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. 155 g of rye meal were slowly run into the water, with constant stirring. The temperature was maintained at a constant 50° C. After the pH had been brought to 5.5 using 50% by weight strength of aqueous NaOH solution, 3.21 ml (=2.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Viscozyme L (Novozymes A/S) were added. After 30 minutes, a further meal was added, with 55 g of meal being added initially. After a further 30 minutes, a further 50 g of meal were added; 30 minutes later, a further 40 g of meal were added. 30 minutes after the last addition, the liquefaction could be started.
1.7 ml of CaCl2stock solution (100 g CaCl2×2H2O/l) were added. After the pH had been adjusted to 6.5 using 50% by weight of aqueous NaOH solution, 5.0 ml (=2% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Termamyl 120 L type L (Novozymes A/S) were added. The slurry was then heated rapidly at 85° C. During this process, the pH was continuously monitored and, if appropriate, adjusted.
After the final temperature had been reached, further meal was added, initially 60 g of meal. In addition, 0.13 ml of CaCl2stock solution was added to the slurry in order to maintain the Ca2+concentration at 70 ppm. During the addition, the temperature was held at a constant 85° C. At least 10 minutes were allowed to pass in order to ensure a complete reaction before a further portion (40 g of meal and 0.1 ml of CaCl2stock solution) was added. 1.1 ml of Termamyl were added; thereafter, a further portion (40 g of meal and 0.1 ml of CaCl2stock solution) was added. A dry-matter content of 55% by weight was reached. After the addition, the temperature was raised to 100° C., and the slurry was boiled for 10 minutes.
A sample was taken and cooled to room temperature. After the sample had been diluted with deionized water (approximately 1:10), one drop of concentrated Lugol's solution (mixture of 5 g of iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide per liter) was added. An intense blue coloration indicated that residual starch was present; a brown coloration was observed when all of the starch had been hydrolyzed. When the test indicated that a portion of residual starch was present, the temperature was again lowered to 85° C. and kept constant. A further 1.1 ml of Termamyl were added until the iodine-starch reaction was negative.
For the subsequent saccharification reaction, the mixture, which tested negative for starch, was brought to 61° C. The pH was brought to 4.3 by addition of 50% strength sulfuric acid. In the course of the reaction, the pH was maintained at this value. The temperature was maintained at 61° C. 5.74 ml (=1.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Dextrozym GA (Novozymes A/S) were added in order to convert the liquefied starch into glucose. The reaction was allowed to proceed for one hour. To inactivate the enzyme, the mixture was heated at 85° C. The hot mixture was filled into sterile containers, which were cooled and then stored at 4° C. A final glucose concentration of 370 g/l was obtained.
II.3c) Wheat Meal (Including Pretreatment with Xylanase)
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. The water was heated at 55° C., and the pH was adjusted to 6.0 using 50% by weight strength aqueous NaOH solution. After the temperature and the pH had been adjusted, 3.21 ml (=2.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Shearzyme 500 L (Novozymes A/S) were added. 155 g of wheat meal were slowly run into the solution, with constant stirring. The temperature and the pH were kept constant. After 30 minutes, a further meal was added, with 55 g of meal being added initially. After a further 30 minutes, a further 50 g of meal were added; 30 minutes later, a further 40 g of meal were added. 30 minutes after the last addition, the liquefaction could be started.
The liquefaction and saccharification were carried out as described in II.3b. A final glucose concentration of 400 g/l was obtained.
III. Strain ATCC13032 lysCfbr
In some of the examples which follow, a modifiedCorynebacterium glutamicumstrain, which has been described in WO 05/059144 under the name ATCC13032 lysCfbr, was employed.
Example 1
In each case one maize, wheat and rye meal hydrolyzate was prepared as described under 1) hereinbelow. The total sugar content in each of these media was increased by adding various sugar solutions (comprising glucose, crude sugar, melasses). The media were employed in shake-flask experiments usingCorynebacterium glutamicum(ATCC13032 lysCfbr) andBacillusPA824 (described in detail in WO 02/061108) as carbon feedstock.
1) Preparation of the Meal Hydrolyzate
a) Maize Meal Hydrolyzate
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. 155 g of corn meal were slowly run into the water, with constant stirring.
Liquefaction
After the pH had been brought to 5.8 using 50% by weight strength aqueous NaOH solution, 2.6 ml (=2% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Liquozyme SC (from Novozymes A/S) were added. The slurry was then heated rapidly to 100° C. and boiled for 10 minutes. During this process, the pH was constantly monitored and, if appropriate, adjusted.
A sample was taken and cooled to room temperature. After the sample had been diluted with deionized water (approximately 1:10), one drop of concentrated Lugol's solution (mixture of 5 g of iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide per liter) was added. An intense blue coloration indicated that residual starch was present; a brown coloration was observed when all of the starch had been hydrolyzed.
Saccharification
For the subsequent saccharification reaction, the mixture, which tests negative for starch, was brought to 61° C. The pH was brought to 4.3 by addition of 50% strength sulfuric acid. In the course of the reaction, the pH was maintained at this value. The temperature was maintained at 61° C. 2.0 ml (=1.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Dextrozym GA (Novozymes A/S) were added in order to convert the liquefied starch into glucose. The reaction was allowed to proceed for one hour. To inactivate the enzyme, the mixture was heated at 85° C. The hot mixture was filled into sterile containers, which were cooled and then stored at 4° C.
b) Wheat Meal Hydrolyzate
Xylanase Pretreatment
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. The water was heated at 55° C., and the pH was adjusted to 6.0 using 50% by weight strength aqueous NaOH solution. After the temperature and the pH were adjusted, 3.21 ml (=2.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Shearzyme 500 L (Novozymes A/S) were added. 155 g of wheat meal were slowly run into the solution, with constant stirring. The temperature and the pH were kept constant. 30 minutes after the last addition, the liquefaction could be started.
The liquefaction and saccharification were carried out as described in 1a).
c) Rye Meal Hydrolyzate
Pretreatment with Cellulase/Hemicellulase
360 g of deionized water were introduced into a reaction vessel. 155 g of rye meal were slowly run into the water, with constant stirring. The temperature was maintained at a constant 50° C. After the pH was brought to 5.5 using 50% by weight strength of sulfuric acid, 3.21 ml (=2.5% by weight enzyme/dry matter) of Viscozyme L (Novozymes A/S) were added. 30 minutes after the last addition, the liquefaction could be started.
The liquefaction and saccharification were carried out as described in 1a).
2) Preparation of the Inoculum
a) ForCorynebacterium glutamicum
The cells were streaked onto sterile CM+CaAc agar (composition: see Table 1; minutes at 121° C.) and then incubated overnight at 30° C. The cells were subsequently scraped from the plates and resuspended in saline. 25 ml of the medium (see Table 4) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks equipped with two baffles were inoculated in each case with such an amount of the cell suspension thus prepared that the optical density reached an OD610 value of 0.5 at 610 nm.
TABLE 1Composition of the CM + CaAc agar platesConcentrationConstituent10.0 g/lD-glucose2.5 g/lNaCl2.0 g/lUrea5.0 g/lBacto peptone (Difco)5.0 g/lYeast extract (Difco)5.0 g/lBeef extract (Difco)20.0 g/lCasamino acids20.0 g/lAgar
b) ForBacillus
42 ml of the preculture medium (see Table 2) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks equipped with two baffles were inoculated in each case with 0.4 ml of a frozen culture and incubated for 24 hours at 43° C. with shaking (250 rpm) in a humidified shaker.
TABLE 2Composition of the preculture mediumConstituentConcentrationMaltose28.6g/lSoya meal19.0g/l(NH4)2SO47.6g/lMonosodium4.8g/lglutamateSodium citrate0.95g/lFeSO4× 7 H2O9.5mg/lMnCl2× 4 H2O1.9mg/lZnSO4× 7 H2O1.4mg/lCoCl2× 6 H2O1.9mg/lCuSO4× 5 H2O0.2mg/lNa2MoO4× 2 H2O0.7mg/lK2HPO4× 3 H2O15.2g/lKH2PO43.9g/lMgCl2× 6 H2O0.9g/lCaCl2× 2 H2O0.09g/lMOPS59.8g/lpH*7.2*to be adjusted with dilute aqueous KOH solution
42 ml of the main culture medium (see Table 6) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks equipped with two baffles were inoculated in each case with 1 ml of preculture.
3) Preparation of the Fermentation Liquor
a) ForCorynebacterium glutamicum
The composition of the flask medium is listed in Table 4. It should have an initial sugar concentration of 60 g/l. Half of the sugar originated from the hydrolyzate (fermentation medium (1)), while the other half was added in the form of a sugar solution. To this end, a mixture of hydrolyzate and sugar solution was prepared and added to the flask medium. A corresponding amount of glucose solution was used in the control medium.
Preparation of the Meal Hydrolyzates with Added Sugar
The following solutions were prepared (see Table 3):
TABLE 3Preparation of the meal hydrolyzates with added sugarGlucoseHydrolyzateSugar solutionconcentration inper literConcentrationper liter ofMealthe hydrolyzatereactionSugarin the sugarreactionhydrolyzate[g/l]mixture [ml]solutionsolution [g/l]mixture [ml]Maize 30%250.0240Glucose62696Maize 30%250.0240Crude sugar63994Wheat 30%258.9232Glucose62696Wheat 30%258.9232Crude sugar63994Rye 30%217.9275Glucose62696Rye 30%217.9275Crude sugar94
TABLE 4Flask mediumMeal hydrolyzate with sugar solution500ml/l(NH4)2SO420g/lUrea5g/lKH2PO40.113g/lK2HPO40.138g/lACES52g/lMOPS21g/lCitric acid × H2O0.49g/l3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid3.08mg/lNaCl2.5g/lKCl1g/lMgSO4× 7 H2O0.3g/lFeSO4× 7 H2O25mg/lMnSO4× 4-6 H2O5mg/lZnCl210mg/lCaCl220mg/lH3BO3150μg/lCoCl2× 6 H2O100μg/lCuCl2× 2 H2O100μg/lNiSO4× 6 H2O100μg/lNa2MoO4× 2 H2O25μg/lBiotine (Vit. H)1050μg/lThiamine × HCl (Vit B1)2100μg/lNicotinamide2.5mg/lPantothenic acid125mg/lCyanocobalamine (Vit B12)1μg/l4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA; Vit. H1)600μg/lFolic acid1.1μg/lPyridoxin (Vit. B6)30μg/lRiboflavin (Vit. B2)90μg/lCSL40ml/lpH*6.85*to be adjusted with dilute aqueous NaOH solution
After the inoculation, the flasks were incubated for 3 days at 30° C. and with shaking (200 rpm) in a humidified shaker. After the fermentation was terminated, the lysine content was determined by HPLC. The HPLC analyses were carried out with an Agilent 1100 series LC system. The amino acid concentration was determined by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography on an Agilent 1100 series LC System HPLC. Pre-column derivatization with ortho-phthaldehyde permits the quantification of the amino acid formed; the amino acid mixture is separated using an Agilent Hypersil AA column. The results are compiled in Table 5.
TABLE 5MeansMealhydrolyzateSugar solutionLysine [g/l]Yield*MaizeGlucose12.500.21Crude sugar10.640.19Melasses10.060.18WheatGlucose10.820.18Crude sugar10.140.18Melasses9.670.17RyeGlucose10.890.18Crude sugar9.590.16Melasses9.670.16Control11.540.20*based on total glucose equivalents
b) ForBacillus
The composition of the flask medium is listed in Table 6. It should have an initial glucose concentration of 28.6 g/l. Half of the sugar originated from the hydrolyzate, while the other half was added in the form of a glucose solution. A corresponding amount of glucose solution was used in the control medium.
TABLE 6Flask mediaMaize250 g/l †57 ml/l ‡Wheat259 g/l †55 ml/l ‡Rye218 g/l †67 ml/l ‡Glucose solution (c = 626 g/l)23ml/lSoya meal19.0g/l(NH4)2SO47.6g/lMonosodium glutamate4.8g/lSodium citrate0.95g/lFeSO4× 7 H2O9.5mg/lMnCl2× 4 H2O1.9mg/lZnSO4× 7 H2O1.4mg/lCoCl2× 6 H2O1.9mg/lCuSO4× 5 H2O0.2mg/lNa2MoO4× 2 H2O0.7mg/lK2HPO4× 3 H2O15.2g/lKH2PO43.9g/lMgCl2× 6 H2O0.9g/lCaCl2× 2 H2O0.09g/lMOPS59.8g/lpH*7.2*to be adjusted with dilute aqueous NaOH solution† glucose concentration in the hydrolyzate‡ required amount of weighed-in hydrolyzate per liter of medium
After the inoculation, the flasks were incubated for 24 hours at 43° C. and with shaking (250 rpm) in a humidified shaker. After the fermentation was terminated, the glucose and pantothenic acid contents were determined by HPLC. The glucose was determined with the aid of an Aminex HPX-87H column from Bio-Rad. The pantothenic acid concentration was determined via separation on a Aqua C18 column (Phenomenex).
The results are compiled Table 7.
TABLE 7Means after 24 hPantothenic acid,Yield [g pantothenict = 24 h [g/l]acid/g glucose]Maize2.70.09Wheat2.40.08Rye2.70.09Control2.70.09
| 2C
| 12 | P |
EXAMPLE
The present invention is further described with reference to examples, but
it should be construed the invention is in no way limited to those
examples. In the following examples and comparative examples, the term
"part(s)" means "part(s) by weight".
Example 1
100 parts of an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer
(ethylene: 60% by weight, carbon monoxide: 10% by weight, n-butyl
acrylate: 30% by weight, melt flow rate measured by the later-described
measuring method: 12 g/10 min), 1 part of maleic anhydride and 0.2 part of
2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane (radical initiator) were
pre-blended to give a homogeneous blend. This blend was then fed into an
extruder (screw diameter: 30 mm, L/D: 32) at a feed rate of about 4 kg/hr
to perform graft modification while keeping the temperature of the center
of the extruder at 240.degree. C.
A graft rate (measured by means of titration method) of the maleic
anhydride graft modified product (modified terpolymer) obtained as above
was 0.90% by weight (reaction rate of maleic anhydride: 90%) and a melt
flow rate (abbreviated to "MFR" hereinafter) thereof measured at
190.degree. C. under a load of 2,160 g in accordance with JIS K-6760 was 6
g/10 min.
50 parts of the maleic anhydride graft modified product and 50 parts of a
polyester elastomer (Hytrel, available from Du Pont, melting point:
153.degree. C. MFR at 190.degree. C.: 6 g/10 min) were blended with each
other to give a homogeneous blend, and this blend was melt kneaded using
the above-mentioned extruder under the same kneading conditions as
mentioned above.
The resin composition thus obtained was press molded at 180.degree. C. to
prepare a sheet having a thickness of 0.2 mm. The resin composition sheet
thus prepared was sandwiched between two rigid polyvinyl chloride sheets
each having a thickness of 1 mm, and they were heated at 180.degree. C.
for 10 seconds under an actual pressure of 1 kg/cm.sup.2 to prepare a
laminate.
The laminate thus obtained was cut to give a test strip having a width of
25 mm, and the test strip was measured on the T-peel strength under the
conditions of a temperature of 23.degree. C. and a tensile speed of 300
mm/min.
The result is set forth in Table 1.
Further, the above procedure was repeated except for varying the adherend
substrate from the rigid polyvinyl chloride to semi-rigid aluminum
(thickness: 0.1 mm) to prepare a laminate. The heat sealing conditions
used herein were the same as mentioned above. A test strip obtained from
the laminate was measured on the T-peel strength.
The result is set forth in Table 1.
Furthermore, the above procedure was repeated except for varying the
adherend substrate to polyethylene terephthalate (PET, thickness: 0.1 mm)
to prepare a test strip. The test strip was measured on the T-peel
strength.
The result is set forth in Table 1.
The aforementioned resin composition sheet having a thickness of 0.2 mm was
sandwiched between two pieces of kraft paper having a basis weight of 75
g/m.sup.2, and they were heat-sealed under the same heat-sealing
conditions as mentioned above to prepare a test strip. The test strip was
measured on the adhesive failure temperature under shear under the
conditions of a load of 1 kg and a rate of temperature rise of 24.degree.
C./hr in accordance with JIS K-6844.
The result is set forth in Table 1.
Example 2
The procedure of melt kneading in Example 1 was repeated except for varying
the blending ratio between the maleic anhydride graft modified product and
the polyester elastomer from 50 parts : 50 parts to 60 parts: 40 parts, to
prepare a resin composition. The resin composition was measured on the
T-peel strength against various substrates and the adhesive failure
temperature under shear in the same manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 3
The procedure of melt kneading in Example 1 was repeated except for varying
the blending ratio between the maleic anhydride graft modified product and
the polyester elastomer from 50 parts : 50 parts to 40 parts : 60 parts,
to prepare a resin composition. The resin composition was measured on the
T-peel strength against various substrates and the adhesive failure
temperature under shear in the same manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 4
The procedure of graft modification in Example 1 was repeated except for
using an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer having an
ethylene content of 80% by weight, a carbon monoxide content of 15% by
weight and a n-butyl acrylate content of 5% by weight and having a melt
flow rate of 17 g/10 min, instead of the ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl
acrylate terpolymer of Example 1, to prepare a maleic anhydride graft
modified product.
The maleic anhydride graft modified product thus obtained had a graft rate
of 0.90% by weight (reaction rate of maleic anhydride: 90%) and MFR of 10
g/10 min.
The maleic anhydride graft modified product and a polyester elastomer
(Hytrel 4056) were melt kneaded in a blending ratio therebetween of 50
parts : 50 parts in the same manner as described in Example 1, to prepare
a resin composition. The resin composition was measured on the T-peel
strength against various substrates and the adhesive failure temperature
under shear in the same manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 5
A resin composition was prepared in the same manner as described in Example
1 except than the polyester elastomer used in Example 1 was varied from
Hytrel 4056 to Hytrel 4767 (available from Du Pont-Toray, melting point:
199.degree. C., MFR at 220.degree. C.: 18 g/10 min). The resin composition
was measured on the T-peel strength against various substrates and the
adhesive failure temperature under shear. In this case, a sheet of the
resin composition was prepared by press molding the resin composition at
210.degree. C., and lamination of this sheet with various substrates was
carried out at a heat-sealing temperature of 210.degree. C.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Comparative Example 1
The maleic anhydride graft modified product of an ethylene/carbon
monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer used in Example 1 was measured on the
T-peel strength against various substrates and the adhesive failure
temperature under shear.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Comparative Example 2
The polyester elastomer (Hytrel 4056) used in Example 1 was measured on the
T-peel strength against various substrates and the adhesive failure
temperature under shear.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Comparative Example 3
The procedure of melt kneading in Example 1 was repeated except for using
an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer (ethylene: 60% by
weight, carbon monoxide: 10% by weight, n-butyl acrylate: 30% by weight,
MFR: 12 g/10 min) not having been graft modified with maleic anhydride
instead of the graft modified terpolymer of Example 1, and setting a
blending ratio between the above terpolymer and the polyester elastomer
(Hytrel 4056) to 50 parts: 50 parts, to prepare a resin composition. The
resin composition was measured on the T-peel strength against various
substrates and the adhesive failure temperature under shear.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 6
50 parts of an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl monoxide: 10% by weight,
n-butyl acrylate: 30% by weight, MFR: 12 g/10 min), 50 parts of a
polyester elastomer (Hytrel 4056), 1 part of maleic anhydride and 0.2 part
of 2, 5-dimethyl-2,5-his (t-butylperoxy) hexane (radical initiator) were
pre-blended to give a homogeneous blend. This blend was then fed into an
extruder (screw diameter: 30 mm, L/D: 32) at a feed rate of about 4 kg/hr
to perform melt kneading and graft modification at the same time, while
keeping the temperature of the center of the extruder at 240.degree. C.
The resin composition obtained as above was measured on the T-peel strength
against various substrates and the adhesive failure temperature under
shear in the same manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 7
The procedure of Example 6 was repeated except for varying the amount of
the maleic anhydride from 1 part to 0.3 part and the amount of the radical
initiator from 0.2 part to 0.06 part, to prepare a resin composition.
The resin composition was measured on the T-peel strength against various
substrates and the adhesive failure temperature under shear.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Example 8
The procedure of Example 7 was repeated except that the resin composition
to be graft modified was varied from the composition consisting of 50
parts of an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer
(ethylene: 60% by weight, carbon monoxide: 10% by weight, n-butyl
acrylate: 30% by weight, MFR: 12 g/10 min) and 50 parts of a polyester
elastomer (Hytrel 4056) to a composition consisting of 45 parts of an
ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer (ethylene: 60% by
weight, carbon monoxide: 10% by weight, n-butyl acrylate: 30% by weight,
MFR: 12 g/10 min), 45 parts of a polyester elastomer (Hytrel 4056) and 10
parts of an ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer (ethylene: 75% by weight,
ethyl acrylate: 25% by weight, MFR: 17 g/10 min), to prepare a maleic
anhydride graft modified resin composition.
The resin composition was measured on the T-peel strength against various
substrates and the adhesive failure temperature under shear in the same
manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
Comparative Example 4
The procedure of Example 7 was repeated except that the resin composition
to be graft modified was varied from the composition consisting of 50
parts of an ethylene/carbon monoxide/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer
(ethylene: 60% by weight, carbon monoxide: 10% by weight, n-butyl
acrylate: 30% by weight, MFR: 12 g/10 min) and 50 parts of a polyester
elastomer (Hytrel 4056) to a composition consisting of 50 parts of a
polyester elastomer (Hytrel 4056) and 50 parts of an ethylene/ethyl
acrylate copolymer (ethylene: 75% by weight, ethyl acrylate: 25% by
weight, MFR: 17 g/10 min), to prepare a maleic anhydride graft modified
resin composition.
The resin composition was measured on the T-peel strength against various
substrates and the adhesive failure temperature under shear in the same
manner as described in Example 1.
The results are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
T-peel strength T-peel strength
Adhesive
against rigid T-peel strength
against failure
polyvinyl against semi-
polyethylene
temperature
chloride rigid aluminum
terephthalate
under shear
(kg/25 mm) (kg/25 mm)
(kg/25 mm)
(.degree.C.)
__________________________________________________________________________
Ex. 1
15.0 6.5 6.8 133
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(cohesive failure)
peeling)
Ex. 2
14.0 6.3 1.6 83
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling)
Ex. 3
8.0 4.7 2.8 156
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling)
Ex. 4
12.0 5.5 4.3 140
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling)
Ex. 5
12.0 2.7 5.5 171
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling)
Comp 21.5 16.7 1.6 70
Ex. 1
(cohesive failure)
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
peeling)
Comp 3.0 2.6 6.2 167
Ex. 2
(interfacial
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling) peeling)
Comp 12.0 1.1 0.7 90
Ex. 3
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(interfacial
peeling) peeling)
Ex. 6
6.2 9.5 8.0 153
(interfacial
(cohesive failure)
(cohesive failure)
peeling)
Ex. 7
10.0 6.2 7.3 139
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(cohesive failure)
peeling)
Ex. 8
15.0 4.4 8.0 149
(cohesive failure)
(interfacial
(cohesive failure)
peeling)
Comp 2.3 4.4 5.8 149
Ex.4 (interfacial
(interfacial
(cohesive failure)
peeling) peeling)
__________________________________________________________________________ | 2C
| 08 | L |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
FIG. 2 illustrates a direct conversion receiver 10 according to the
principles of U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,702, which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety. An antenna 11 receives a radio signal which is
filtered in a filter 12 to remove strong out-of-band interferers. The
filtered signal is then amplified in a low-noise amplifier 13 and
downconverted in quadrature mixers 14 and 15 against local reference
oscillator 16 which is tuned nominally to the center of the channel
frequency being received. The complex baseband signals from mixers 14 and
15 are low-pass filtered in channel filters 17 and 18. Low pass filtering
the complex baseband signals with filters having a cutoff frequency of Fc
is equivalent to bandpass filtering the radio signal with a filter
bandwidth of 2Fc. One of the advantages obtained using direct conversion
receivers is that such low pass filters are easier to construct than
high-Q bandpass filters. The problem With homodyne receivers is that
mixers 14 and 17 do not give out a zero level when no input signal is
present. Instead, the mixers output static DC levels on the order of tens
of millivolts. If the amplifier 13 attempts to provide a great deal of
amplification to raise the wanted signal from the microvolt levels
received at the antenna to a level of hundreds of millivolts needed to
swamp the DC offsets, then stronger signals in other channels, which are
not removed until after passing through filters 17 and 18, will be
amplified to even greater levels and will saturate the amplifier 13 and
mixers 14 and 15 which have limited voltage swing capability as determined
by the given battery supply voltage. Moreover, when the mixer output
offsets are caused by leakage from the oscillator 16 being received at
antenna 11 as coherent self-interference, it does not help to increase the
amplification in the amplifier 13 since this will just increase the DC
offsets as well as the wanted signal without improving their ratio.
According to the principles of U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,702, the DC offset from
the mixers 17 and 18 may be distinguished from the much smaller signal
components by the fact that the DC offset is relatively static while the
signal components are changing due to modulation with information.
Therefore a means is used to digitize the changes or time derivatives of
the filtered mixer output signals.
The I and Q channel signals are thus digitized preferably after
differentiation to remove the static DC offset components, and this is
accomplished by means of a delta-modulation convertor. The delta
modulation convertor for each channel comprises a principal integrator
capacitor 19 and 20 which is driven to follow the input I or Q signal by a
charge or discharge current pulse from charge pumps 26. Comparators 21 and
22 compare the I and Q signals with the voltage on respective capacitors
and generate a high/low indication which is registered in latches 23 and
24 at a regular clock rate and then processed in a step current control
logic unit 25 to provide up/down commands to the charge pumps 26. The
comparators 21 and 22 are able to sense even minute errors of microvolts
between the voltage on a principal integrator capacitor applied to one
input and the I or Q signal applied to the other comparator input. Thus,
most of the receiver gain can be said to occur in comparators 21 and 22
which have similar technical requirements to the hardlimiting Intermediate
Frequency amplifier chains used in a conventional superheterodyne receiver
having a non-zero Intermediate frequency.
To provide the receiver with a high dynamic range, i.e., the ability to
handle wanted signal levels ranging from the noise level to perhaps 100 dB
stronger than the noise level, the delta modulation technique can
incorporate variable stepsize or companding whereby the step control logic
unit 25 can enable charge pumps of different current magnitudes according
to the need to cause principal integrator capacitors to follow a large
signal swing or a small signal swing. A typical companding principle is to
decide to increase the stepsize or charge pump current if comparator 21 or
22 indicates three successive "ups" or three successive "downs," showing
that the voltage on a capacitor is having difficulty keeping pace with the
signal variations. The decision to increase the stepsize causes an
increment to be added to a stepsize register in the logic unit 25, while
no decision to increase the stepsize causes the stepsize register to be
reduced using a decrement. While different increments and decrements
giving different companding laws are well known and are not material to
the general principal of the present invention, it is important however
that companding be applied jointly to both the I and Q channel delta
modulators by means of a common stepsize register so as to preserve
equality of gain in the two channels.
The value momentarily residing in the stepsize register may be used to
determine a corresponding current pulse value from the charge pumps 26 by,
for example, constructing a series of charge pumps having current
magnitudes in the binary ratios of 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 . . . . and enabling
each according to a corresponding binary bit in the stepsize register.
Thus, if the stepsize register contained the value 100000, only the
current source having the largest current value of 1 unit would be
enabled, while if the register contained 01010000, then a current value of
1/2+1/8=0.625 units would be obtained. The sign of the current is
determined by the sign of the comparison latched in the latch 23 for the I
channel and the latch 24 for the Q channel, and causes either a P-type
current source connected to the positive supply rail to be enabled to
charge the associated capacitor to a higher voltage or an N-type current
source connected to the -ve supply rail to be enabled to discharge the
capacitor to a lower voltage. The magnitude of the charge or discharge
current is however decided by the bit content of the step control
register.
The capacitors 20 and 21 are thus caused to follow the I and Q waveforms
respectively, consisting of a large DC offset or pedestal on top of which
a small signal variation lies. The up/down series of steps of the delta
modulator represents the signal changes however, and not the DC offsets
which are thereby removed. Accumulators 27 and 28 receive the stepsize
register values and the up/down sign sequences produced for the I,Q
signals by the two-channel companded delta-modulator and add or subtract
the digital step value to each accumulator according to the associated I
or Q sign. The accumulators may be reset to zero at some convenient point
such as at the beginning of a TDMA radio signal burst and thereafter will
follow the signal I,Q waveforms with the mixer DC offsets having been
removed. If when an accumulator was reset, the corresponding I or Q part
of the received signal was not at that time zero, an error will be
introduced which represents a DC shift or offset of the I or Q waveform,
but which however cannot now be any greater than the signal level itself
and so does not risk causing the digital values out of the accumulators 27
and 28 to saturate at maximum or minimum. This residual offset which
represents an arbitrary constant of re-integration can be removed by using
prior knowledge of the type of signal expected and estimating the error.
The estimated error is then subtracted from the accumulator output values
before further processing.
A preferred method of carrying out operations on the output signals from
the accumulators 27 and 28 is to collect all values over some suitable
signal segment, such as a TDMA burst, in a memory and then to process them
retrospectively. One method of removing the arbitrary constants of
re-integration could then be, for example, to compute the average value of
the I samples and the Q samples over the segment, expecting it to be zero,
and then to subtract the mean value from the stored I and Q values. More
sophisticated methods of processing to demodulate digitally modulated
information can involve Viterbi equalizers to compensate for echos or
Intersymbol Interference in the propagation path or radio channel, and
operate by using a training pattern of known symbols inserted periodically
in the signal stream to estimate the amplitude and phase of delayed echos.
Data symbol sequences of sufficient length to encompass the longest echo
delay are then postulated, and using the echo estimates, a corresponding
I,Q value to be expected is calculated. The error between the I,Q value
received and that expected is accumulated for successive data sequence
postulates that are mutually compatible and the sequence with the lowest
cumulative error (path metric) is then selected as the output.
In this process, it is also possible to use the known training pattern to
estimate the constants of integration as well as the echos, and the
estimated constants of integration are simply added to the I,Q predictions
made using the echo estimates and a data sequence postulate to predict the
I,Q value that should be received including said constant offsets. The
constant offsets of reintegration are thereby prevented from contributing
to the cumulative path metric of the Viterbi equalizer and thus do not
cause an error in the determination of the most likely data symbol
sequence.
In the receiver illustrated in FIG. 2, the digital output values from I,Q
accumulators 27 and 28 correspond to the voltage values on the capacitors
19 and 20 which are caused to follow the I,Q signals. The capacitors
perform an analog integration of successive up/down current pulses of a
given step magnitude while the accumulators perform a digital integration
of the same step magnitude given by the stepsize register of control logic
unit 25. It is, however, practically impossible to achieve exact
correspondence between the currents generated by charge pumps 26 and the
stepsize register values. There are known differences in the physics of
P-type and N-type field effect transistors and between NPN and PNP bipolar
transistors that make it difficult to obtain a negative current source of
exactly the same magnitude as the associated positive current source.
Thus, when a positive current source is enabled and a corresponding
stepsize register value V is added to an accumulator, followed by a
negative current source being enabled and the value V is subtracted from
the accumulator, the accumulator value will return to exactly the original
value while the corresponding capacitor voltage will not, owing to the
small difference between the charge and discharge currents. Thus, after a
train of up/down commands, the capacitor voltage and the accumulator
voltage will diverge. The negative feedback inherent in the delta
modulation process forces the capacitor to follow the input signal, but
the accumulator value will diverge by an increasing amount per up/down
pair and thus exhibit a slope error which could eventually cause overflow.
This problem of divergence between the accumulator values and the true I,Q
values is solved by the present invention.
One embodiment of the present invention comprises inclusion of slope error
compensation within the delta-modulation AtoD conversion process and more
specifically within the digital re-integration process. FIG. 3 illustrates
one method of compensating slope errors according to the present
invention. A number of selector gates 23,31, . . . 32 are connected to
select between a first value (considered a positive value) and a second
value (considered a negative value) according to whether the sign of the
up/down step determined by the delta-modulator's comparator is + (up) or -
(down). Each pair of positive and negative values is stored in a
corresponding pair of registers or memory positions. A person skilled in
the art will appreciate that the arrangement of registers and selectors
30,31, . . . . 32 can be conveniently implemented in an integrated circuit
by means of a small Random Access memory or Electronically Erasable and
Programmable Read Only Memory (E2PROM) with appropriate addressing
arrangements.
Each register pair and associated selector corresponds to a particular bit
in the stepsize register. In the prior art, a bit in the stepsize register
indicated a current magnitude according to its significance, the bits
being always in the series 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 . . . . relative to each
other. The sign of the current was indicated by the stepsign bit, so the
magnitude indicated by a particular stepsize bit was the same regardless
of sign. The actual positive and negative current sources cannot be
perfectly matched, thus giving rise to the slope error. In the arrangement
illustrated in FIG. 3, the magnitudes stored in the register pairs are
independent for the positive and negative stepsign. Moreover, the values
associated with different stepsize register bits are not constrained to
bear a power of two relationship to each other. Rather, each register may
be programmed with a value representing the actual current of the positive
or negative current source that is enabled by a particular bit of the
stepsize register. Thus, when a current source or combination of current
sources is enabled to increase or decrease the charge on the principal
integrator capacitor, the accumulator 38 will be increased or decreased
with an exact corresponding value. This occurs through each bit that is
equal to a binary "1" in a stepsize register 36 enabling an associated
gate 33,34, . . . 35 to pass a selected one of the register values from
selector 30,31, . . . 32 through to an adder 37. Thus, the digital values
selected to be added in the adder 37 to the accumulator 38 correspond to
the analog current source values that are enabled by stepsize register 36
and the stepsign bit to sum into the principal integrator capacitor. Thus,
the accumulator value will follow more accurately the voltage changes on
the principal integrator capacitor that in turn follow the wanted signal
component. The accuracy is optimized by programming values into
register/selector circuits 30,31, . . . 32 that accurately represent the
relative current values of the positive and negative current sources. This
could, for example, be carded out at the production stage by means of a
calibration procedure in which each current source was enabled in turn,
its current value measured, and a corresponding digital value stored in
memory. A non-volatile memory such as E2PROM is normally provided attached
to the device's main control microprocessor for storing such factory
calibration values. The stored values can later be recalled (on power-up,
for example) and downloaded into registers 30,31, . . . 32.
It is also possible to learn the correct contents of registers 30,31 . . .
. 32 during operation. After decoding a signal segment and determining its
information content, the deviation of the received signal waveform from
the waveform that would be expected for that information content can be
determined inside the digital signal processor. The deviation is expressed
as a mean slope or drift over the signal segment of the I and Q waveforms
respectively. It is helpful if in addition the number of times each
current source was enabled to generate a positive current and the number
of times it generated a negative current are determined by logic unit 25
incorporating the inventive arrangement of FIG. 3. Denoting the number of
times each current source Ii is activated by Ni, then the following
equation should hold:
##EQU1##
This may not be solvable to separate the values of Ii after processing
only one signal segment, but after processing approximately m signal
segments there are enough equations to solve. In practice, the Kalman
sequential least squares process is the preferred approach for updating
the calibration of the Ii values. The Kalman procedure is a method for
solving in the least squares sense all equations collected to date, but in
an efficient manner that expresses the changes from the previous best
solution in terms of the most recently acquired equation coefficients.
Thus, the calibration of the Ii values can be updated by the Kalman
process after processing each signal segment.
It may not be necessary to execute the Kalman procedure so often, as the
calibration of hardware-related parameters is not expected to change
rapidly. It is possible to accumulate a number of the above equations into
groups having similar Ni values and then to process the accumulated groups
only occasionally, in order to conserve processor power. For example, if
all the equations having N1 as the largest coefficient are summed into a
group 1, the sum of the N1 coefficients will increasingly come to dominate
over the sums of the others. Likewise, if all the equations having N2 as
the largest coefficient are summed into a group 2, then the sum of the N2
coefficients will come to dominate. The accumulation of equations into m
groups in this way will give a cumulative equation set that tends more to
have a diagonal coefficient matrix, such being the most well-conditioned
for solution either directly or by the sequential Kalman technique.
An alternative technique for slope compensation is illustrated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 illustrates a pair of I and Q waveforms that are represented by a
sequence of complex number samples after the digitization process.
Initially, it is assumed the I and Q accumulators were set to zero just
before information bearing signal samples were received. Since it could
not be known if the received signal plus noise was indeed zero at the
reset instant, the error known as the arbitrary constant of reintegration
is introduced, which however is now of magnitude no greater than the
wanted signal changes. FIG. 4 illustrates I,Q waveforms having both this
constant offset and a systematic slope. The offsets and slopes are
independent for the I and Q waveforms and have to be separately
determined. One simple method is to simply fit the best straight line to
the digitized value sequence of the form Y=aX+b. Curve fitting techniques
are well known in the art. The result of fitting a straight line in the
least squares sense to the I or Q sequence is to yield a value a.sub.I for
the slope of the I waveform, b.sub.I for the constant offset of the I
waveform and corresponding values for the Q waveform. Then, the slope and
offsets are subtracted from the I and Q waveforms prior to further
processing. This simple procedure can suffice in the case where signal
segments are relatively long such that information modulation averages to
zero over the segment and does not cause significant inaccuracy in the
determination of the slope and offset. In the case where this is not so,
the initial estimates of offset and slope can be refined during the
decoding of digital information which may represent a digitized voice
signal as the information waveform becomes known and can be subtracted
from the determination of slope and offset. For decoding digital
information by means of a Viterbi equalizer, the refining can be performed
successively after processing each I,Q sample preferably by the technique
known as "Kalman per Viterbi state" as described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,136,616 for updating frequency error estimates, in U.S. Pat. No.
5,204,878 for channel estimates and in U.S. patent application No.
08/305,651 entitled "Fast Automatic Gain Control" in regard to channel
gain estimates. These patents and applications are incorporated by
reference herein.
In "per-state Kalman", a Viterbi sequential maximum likelihood sequence
estimation procedure for decoding data sequences maintains a number of
as-yet unresolved data sequence hypotheses. Associated with each
hypothesis of the data sequence to date, an estimate of the slope and
offsets of the I,Q waveforms can be made with the effect of the
hypothesized data sequence removed. For each state, a path metric is
computed according to known Viterbi techniques and indicates the
likelihood of the associated data sequence hypothesis being correct. The
collection of parameters associated with each data sequence hypothesis is
known as a "State Memory". The offset and slope stored in a particular
state is used to predict the next I,Q value first on the assumption that
the next data bit is a 0 and then on the assumption that it is a binary 1.
The mismatch between the predicted and actual I,Q values is computed and
added to the cumulative path metric to obtain new path metrics. In this
way, the number of states is first doubled, but then may be halved by
selecting to retain only the best of the pairs of states agreeing in all
but their oldest bits. The retained states comprise data sequence
hypotheses that have been extended by one data symbol, and the estimates
of the slope and offset in each state may now be updated on the assumption
that the new symbol that has just been added to each extended data
sequence is true. Finally, the state having the lowest path metric is
selected to give the decoded data sequence that is most likely to be true,
and the associated I,Q slopes and offsets are the best estimates of same
with that data sequence having been specifically accounted for. The slope
errors may be used then, for example, to correct the AtoD conversion
process by the means shown in FIG. 3, or by simpler means such as
adjusting the relative values of positive and negative current sources by
feeding back a control signal. It will be understood by those skilled in
the art that the digital information can be modulated onto the radio input
signal using a variety of techniques. For example, the digital information
can be modulated using manchester-code frequency modulation, Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying, DQPSK and Pi/4-DQPSK.
The improvement to zero-IF receivers described above and comprising
correction of both offset and slope compensation of I,Q waveforms is not
meant to be limiting but rather exemplary, and a person skilled in the art
will be able to suggest other means of implementing slope compensation
that nevertheless are considered to fall within the spirit of the
invention as set out in the following claims. The scope of the invention
is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description,
and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalents
thereof are intended to be embraced therein. | 7H
| 03 | M |
The following Examples illustrate the invention.
In the Examples, the following abbreviations are used:
______________________________________
TNF.alpha. Tumour Necrosis Factor .alpha.
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
EDC 1-Ethyl-2-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide
RT Room Temperature
______________________________________
Intermediate 1
N.sup.1 -[(4-Methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N.sup.1 -(phenylmethyl)hydrazine
4-Methoxybenzenesulphonyl chloride (1.1 g, 5 mmol) was added to a
suspension of benzylhydrazie dihydrochloride (1.0 g, 5 mmol) and
triethylamine (1.5 g, 15 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) and the mixture
was stirred at RT for 18 h. The thick white suspension was evaporated in
vacuo, the residue dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ml), washed with
water and brine, then dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo to a
yellow solid. Purification by column chromatography eluting with
dichloromethane/hexane/ether (2:2:1) to provide the title compound as a
colourless solid (0.60 g, 40%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.38 [CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane/ether (2:2:1)].
Intermediate 2
N.sup.2 -[(2S)-bromo-5-phthalimidopentanoyl]-N.sup.1
-[(4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N.sup.1 -(phenylmethyl)hydrazine
(2S)-Bromo-5-phthalimidopentanoic acid (WO-A-9611209; 0.35 g, 1.1 mmol) was
added to a solution of Intermediate 1 (0.29 g, 1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran
at 0.degree. C. EDC (0.22 g) and N-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.15 g) were
added to the mixture and the resulting suspension was stirred at RT for 5
h, then evaporated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane.
The solution was washed with water and brine, then dried (MgSO.sub.4) and
evaporated in vacuo to a yellow solid. Purification by column
chromatography eluting with dichloromethane/hexane/ether (2:2:1) to
provide the title compound as a colourless solid (0.15 g, 27 %).
TLC R.sub.f 0.22 [CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane/ether (2:2:1)]
Intermediate 3
(R,S)-N-[(4-Methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]valine
4-Methoxybenzenesulphonyl chloride (10.6 g, 51 mmol) was added to a
solution of valine (6 g, 51 mmol) in dioxane (40 ml) and water (40 ml)
containing triethylamine (10 ml, 1.4 eq). The solution was stirred for 6
h, then evaporated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane.
The solution was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid, water and brine, dried
(MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo to give the crude product. This was
dissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml), extracted with aqueous sodium
bicarbonate then the aqueous solution acidified to pH2 with 6N
hydrochloric acid to precipitate the product. Filtration gave the title
compound as colourless solid (3.65 g, 25%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.42 (4% AcOH-EtOAc)
Intermediate 4
(R,S)-N-[(4-Methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]valine 1,1-dimethylethyl ester
A solution of Intermediate 3 (4.36 g, 15 mmol) was heated at reflux in a
mixture of toluene (30 ml) and dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (14
ml) for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue
partitioned between dichloromethane and water. The solution was washed
with water, sat. sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and
evaporated in vacuo to provide the title compound as colourless solid
(2.87 g, 55%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.62 (ether)
Intermediate 5
(R,S)-N-[(4-Methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N-(phenylmethyl)valine
1,1-dimethylethyl ester
Sodium hydride (0.20 g, 5 mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 4
(1.30 g, 3.8 mmol) in dimethylformamide (10 ml) at 0.degree. C. and the
cloudy solution was stirred for 30 min, then benzyl bromide (0.71 g, 1.1
eq) was added dropwise and the solution stirred for a further 18 h at RT.
The mixture was poured into water, extracted with ether, the combined
extracts washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in
vacuo to give crude product as colourless oil. Purification by column
chromatography, eluting with ether-hexane (1:2) provided the title
compound as colourless solid (1.35 g, 82%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.37 [ether-hexane (1:2)]
Intermediate 6
(R,S)-N-[(4-Methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N-(phenylmethyl)valine
Trifluoroacetic acid (10 ml) was added to a solution of Intermediate 5
(1.34 g, 3.1 mmol) in dichloromethane at RT. The solution was stirred for
4 h, then evaporated in vacuo and the residue azeotroped to dryness with
hexanes to provide the title compound as colourless solid (1.15 g, 99%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.62 (ether)
Intermediate 7
(2R,S)-Bromomethyl-[2-[N-[4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N-(phenylmethyl)amino
]-3-methyl]butyl ketone
Ethyl chloroformate (0.12 g, 1.1 mmol) was added to a solution of
Intermediate 6 (0.43 g, 1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) and
N-methylmorpholine (0.11 g, 1.1 mmol) at 0.degree. C. and the mixture was
stirred for 2 h, then filtered into a dry Erlenmeyer flask. A solution of
diazomethane (2.3 mmol) in ether (20 ml) was added and the solution
stirred for 24 h. Hydrobromic acid (48%, 2 ml) and acetic acid (3 ml)
were, the mixture stirred at RT for 1 h, then neutralised by addition of
sat. sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ether. The combined extracts
were washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in
vacuo to give a colourless oil. Purification by chromatography, eluting
with ether-hexane (1:3) gave the title compound as colourless oil (78 mg,
15%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.70 [ether-hexanes (1:1)]
Example 1
N.sup.2 -[(2S)-(Acetylmercapto)acetyl-5-phthalimidopentanoyl]-N.sup.2
-[(4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N.sup.1 -(phenylmethyl)hydrazine
Potassium thioacetate (0.20 g) was added to a solution of Intermediate 2
(0.12 g, 0.21 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) at RT and the solution was stirred
for 3 h. The mixture was then evaporated in vacuo, and the residue
dissolved in dichloromethane. The solvent was washed with water and brine,
dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by
column chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane/hexane/ether (1:1:1)
to provide the title compound as a colourless solid (0.10g,80%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.35 [CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane/ether (1:1:1)]
Example 2
N.sup.2 -[(Acetylthio)acetyl]-N.sup.1
-[(4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N.sup.1 -(phenylmethyl)hydrazine
Acetylthioacetyl chloride (0.15 g, 1 mmol) was added to a solution of
Intermediate 1 (0.19 g, 0.65 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) and
triethylamine (0.10 g, 1.5 eq) at 0.degree. C. The brown suspension was
stirred for 2 days at RT, then diluted with CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (100 ml) and
washed with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid, sat. sodium bicarbonate and brine,
dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by
column chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane/hexane/ether (2:2:1)
to give the title compound as a beige solid (0.025 g, 10%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.19 [CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane/ether (2:2:1)]
Example 3
2-(Acetylmercapto)methyl-[2-[N-[(4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N-(phenylmethy
l)amino]-3-methyl]butyl ketone
Potassium thioacetate (30 mg, 2 eq) was added to a solution of Intermediate
8 (60 mg) in methanol (5 ml) at RT and the solution was stirred for 3 h.
The mixture was then evaporated in vacuo and the residue partitioned
between water and dichloromethane. The solution was washed with brine,
dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo to provide the title compound
as a pale yellow foam (46 mg, 78%).
TLC R.sub.f 0.65 (ether)
Example 4
N.sup.2 -(Mercaptoacetyl)-N.sup.1 -[(4-methoxybenzene)sulphonyl]-N.sup.1
-(phenylmethyl)hydrazine
Aqueous ammonia (SG 0.88; 0.5 ml) was added to a solution of Example 2 (16
mg) in methanol (5 ml) at 0.degree. C. and the solution was stirred for 2
h then evaporated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in dichloromethane.
The solution was washed with brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in
vacuo to provide the title compound as a pale yellow solid (12 mg).
TLC R.sub.f 0.35 [CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /hexane/ether (1:1:1)] | 0A
| 61 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION TO THE INVENTION
Before the description of the present invention proceeds, it is to be noted that like parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout the accompanying drawings.
By referring to the drawings, embodiments of the invention are described in detail below.
It should be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described below. Furthermore, materials, shapes and other conditions of components described with respect to the embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the invention thereto, unless any restrictive description is made, and are shown only for illustrative purpose.
FIGS. 1 through 5 show an injection device according to an embodiment of the invention. The injection device according to the embodiment is for use in an injection molding machine of a screw-pre-plunger type.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing an overall arrangement of an injection device 100 , a pre-plasticizing device 200 for supplying a plasticized molding material to the injection device 100 , and molds 300 for receiving the plasticized molding material injected from the injection device 100 .
The injection device 100 comprises a cylinder 1 having an injection nozzle 11 at an end thereof, a plunger 2 sliding in the axial direction of the cylinder 1 in a position opposite to the injection nozzle 11 within the cylinder 1 , and a driving device 3 for advancing and retracting the plunger 2 . The cylinder 1 is also provided with a supply port 12 of molding material between the sliding position of the plunger 2 and the injection nozzle 11 .
The guide element 24 preferably has at least a pair of inclined guide surfaces 24 a, 24 b with approximately the same inclined angle to an axial direction of the plunger 2 in order to guide two streams of molten liquid of the molding material flowing about the smaller diameter portion and reaching the backside position toward the injection nozzle with good balance. Furthermore, it is preferable that the guide element 24 is substantially formed as an isogonal trapezoid having the pair of inclined guide surfaces 24 a, 24 b. It is preferable that in order to more reliably prevent stagnation of the molten liquid of molding material at a lower portion of the lower end of the trapezoid, the guide element 24 has the general form of an isosceles triangle having a protruding end of an apex thereof directed to the injection nozzle. Moreover, it is preferable that the guide element 24 is formed as an equilateral triangle so as to more effectively guide the molten liquid of molding material.
The plunger 2 has a larger diameter portion 21 and a smaller diameter portion 22 formed integrally in a leading end thereof, as shown in any of FIGS. 2 through 4 . The smaller diameter portion 22 is formed with a guide element 24 of a generally triangular shape in a backside position in relation to the molding material supply port 12 .
In an outer circumferential wall surface of the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger 2 , a groove 211 is provided for preventing entrainment of air from outside the cylinder. In order to prevent stagnation of the molding material in the concave area of groove 211 , the bottom of the groove 211 is rounded as shown in the figures.
In this case, a clearance between the outer circumferential wall surface of the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger 2 and an inner circumferential wall surface of the cylinder 1 is designed to be at an optimum value in relation to an axial length of the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger 2 according to the equation 1.
FIG. 7 shows a modification of the embodiment in which the molding material that goes into and comes out from the groove 211 can be cut (scrapped) by a cutting member 250 to remove the unnecessary molding material from the inside of the cylinder 1 and reliably prevent the stagnation of the molding material in the concave area of groove 211 .
In FIG. 7 , the molding material comes into the groove 211 of the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger 2 and then the molding material 499 in the groove 211 flows out from the groove 211 because of the rounded bottom corners of the groove 211 and the movement of the plunger 2 . The molding material then flows into a clearance between the upper part of the larger diameter portion 21 and the cylinder 1 . Then, the molding material in the clearance may be carbonized by heat to become carbides. The carbides move upward in accordance with the upward and downward movements of the plunger 2 and, finally, come out from the inside of the uppermost part of the cylinder. The cylindrical cutting member 250 is arranged at the uppermost part of the cylinder 1 as shown in FIG. 7 . The cutting member 250 has a body 250 c with its inner circumferential surface sliding on the outer circumferential wall surface of the plunger 2 . At its lower end it has a cutting blade 250 a for cutting the carbides 500 from around the plunger 2 . The cutting member 250 also has notches 250 b, arranged separately at equal distances, for dividing the carbides 500 while the carbides 500 are cut. The plunger 2 slides upward and downward inside the cutting member 250 fixed to the cylinder 1 , and then the cylindrical carbides 500 moved upward from the groove 211 are cut by the cutting blade 250 a and divided into many chips due to the notches 250 b. The carbides 500 are accommodated in a carbide accommodating space 110 provided in the cylinder 1 . Compressed air is blown into the space 110 from an air inlet port 101 thereof to discharge the carbides 500 together with the air through a discharge port 102 . When the air is sucked through the discharge part 102 , the carbides 500 can be more smoothly discharged from the space 110 therethrough. It is preferable that the axial direction of the air inlet port 101 is not located along the axial direction of the discharge port 102 as shown in FIG. 7 to prevent the air from being discharged generally linearly and to cause turbulent flows in the space 110 so that the carbides 500 are more effectively discharged from the space 110 . The cutting blade 250 a can have a curved surface for guiding the cut carbides 500 so as to separate the carbides 500 from the outer circumferential wall surface of the plunder 2 . The cutting blade 250 a can also have no notches.
The driving device 3 comprises a slide guide shaft 31 extending from a rear end of the cylinder 1 , a servo motor 33 mounted on a support mount 32 at the other end of the slide guide shaft 31 , a screw shaft 34 coupled at an end to the servo motor 33 for rotation, and a transmission member 35 engaged with the screw shaft 34 . The transmission member 35 is advanced and retracted along the slide guide shaft 31 according to forward and reverse rotations of the screw shaft 34 . The transmission member 35 has an end connected to a trailing end of the plunger 2 , and transmits its forward and backward movements to the plunger 2 for advancing and retracting the plunger 2 .
As shown in FIG. 1 , a check valve 4 is employed between a fluid holding part 13 and the supply port 12 in a stage before the injection nozzle 11 within the cylinder 1 for preventing a molten liquid of molding material held in the fluid holding part 13 from flowing back to the supply port 12 . The check valve 4 is cylindrical, as shown in FIG. 5C , and as shown in FIG. 5A , has a connecting shaft 25 passing therethrough which extends from the smaller diameter portion 22 of plunger toward the injection nozzle 11 (see FIG. 1 ) for sliding within the cylinder 1 in the vertical direction of the figure. At a leading end of the smaller diameter portion 22 of the plunger, a valve seat 221 in conformity with a tapered valve element 41 of the check valve 4 is provided.
A spring 27 is provided and rests on an arrowhead-shaped head 26 formed at a leading end of the connecting shaft 25 . The valve element 41 of the check valve 4 is continuously forced against the valve seat 221 of the smaller diameter portion 22 of the plunger by the spring 27 , as shown in FIG. 5 B.
As shown in FIG. 1 , the driving device 3 includes an encoder 51 associated with the servo motor 33 for detecting an angle of rotation of the servo motor 33 . The encoder 51 detects the position of the plunger 2 within the cylinder from the angle of rotation detected. The driving device 3 comprises a controller S for controlling the operation of the driving device 3 , and the controller 5 receives a detection signal from the encoder 51 for controlling the operation of the servo motor 33 of the driving device 3 .
The pre-plasticizing device 200 comprises, as shown in FIG. 1 , a hopper 201 and a screw unit 202 , and feeds a molding material plasticized in the screw unit 202 through the supply port 12 of cylinder 1 and into the cylinder 1 . After the molten liquid of molding material is fed into the cylinder 1 , it is guided toward the injection nozzle 11 by a stepped surface 23 in a boundary between the larger diameter portion 21 and the smaller diameter portion 22 of the plunger 2 , as shown in FIG. 4. A part of the molding material is divided into two streams, which flow around the smaller diameter portion 22 , and reach a backside position in relation to the supply port 12 , as shown in FIG. 8 B. The two streams are then smoothly guided along the contour of the guide element 24 toward the injection nozzle 11 as shown in FIG. 3 , thereby forming no stagnating area in the backside position.
As shown in FIG. 4 , by allowing the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger to close up to approximately one half of the molding material supply port 12 , when the molding material is supplied into the cylinder 1 , the molding material hardly leaks out of the cylinder through the clearance between the outer circumferential wall surface of the larger diameter portion 21 of the plunger and the inner circumferential wall surface of the cylinder 1 . Thus, the molding material can be easily directed toward the injection nozzle 11 .
The molding material within the cylinder 1 is forwarded to the fluid holding part 13 ahead of the plunger head 26 for weighing. Although the molding material forwarded to the fluid holding part 13 reacts to the forwarding action and thus causes the plunger 2 to be retracted slightly during the weighing process, as soon as a preset quantity (one shot) of the molding material is in the fluid holding part 13 , the plunger 2 is no longer retracted, and the weighing process is completed. The plunger 2 is advanced for compressing the molding material supplied into the cylinder 1 . The preset quantity of the molten liquid of molding material held in the fluid holding part 13 within the cylinder 1 maintains a positive pressure by the compression, and is injected due to the positive pressure to a cavity 301 of the mold 300 that is connected to the injection nozzle 11 . The molding material forced into the mold cavity 301 at a high speed under a high pressure is maintained at the injection pressure by the plunger 2 until it solidifies.
The check valve 4 closes a passage of the molding material as shown in FIG. 5B , as the valve element 41 of the check valve 4 is pressed against the valve seat 221 in the smaller diameter portion 22 of the plunger during injection, after the injection, and during the pressure-holding process. The passage is open, as shown in FIG. 5A , at the initiation of weighing, during the weighing, and when the molding material is fed, because the feeding pressure of the molding material overcomes the spring force. If the spring 27 is absent, the valve tends to be opened when it is subjected to a negative pressure during suck-back operation. However, because the check-valve 4 is continuously forced upward by the spring 27 in the injection device, it is not opened and keeps closing the passage of the molding material even if it is subjected to a negative pressure. In such manner, back flow of the molding material can be prevented, and a fixed quantity of the molding material can be supplied to the mold cavity 301 .
The molding material tends to flow back into the cylinder from inside the mold cavity 301 after injection into the mold cavity 301 until completion of the pressure-holding and compression process. Then, the controller 5 of the driving device 3 detects the position of the plunger 2 within the cylinder 1 using the encoder 51 , and controls rotation of the servo motor 33 according to a detection signal thereof. Thus, the plunger 2 is fixed at a proper position at the end of the injection process. The position control allows more reliable regulation of an injection capacity in comparison with the conventional pressure control.
Because the invention is constituted as described above, the following effects are obtained.
In the injection device, the groove is provided circumferentially along the outer circumferential wall surface of the plunger. Thus, entrainment of air from outside the cylinder to inside the cylinder can be prevented, and voids in the mold can thereby be eliminated, so that a molded product of a good quality can be produced.
In the injection device, the smaller diameter portion and the larger diameter portion are provided on the plunger, and the clearance between the outer circumferential wall surface of the larger diameter portion and the inner circumferential wall of the cylinder is defined by the specified equation. Therefore, stagnation of a molding material between the outer circumferential wall surface of the larger diameter portion and the inner circumferential wall surface of the cylinder can be prevented. As a result, a molded product of good quality can be produced without contamination by a carbide of the molding material.
In the injection device, by providing the guide element in the backside position of the smaller diameter portion of the plunger for directing the molding material toward the injection nozzle, stagnation of the molding material in that position can be prevented. Therefore, molded product of a good quality can be produced without contamination by a carbide of the molding material.
In the injection device, by forming the guide element in a generally triangular shape so that it extends toward the injection nozzle at the protruding end of the apex thereof, the molding material can be guided more smoothly, and stagnation can be further prevented.
In the injection device, by continuously applying a force in the closing direction to the check valve by the spring, time required for the check valve to be closed is reduced, back flow can be effectively prevented, a fixed quantity of molding material can be supplied to the mold cavity, and a molded product of a good quality can be produced.
In the injection device, because a fixed quantity of molding material can be supplied into the mold cavity by the position control of the plunger, a molded product of a good quality can be produced.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Application No. 8-117637 filed on May 13, 1996 including specification, claims, drawings, and summary are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims unless they depart therefrom.
| 1B
| 29 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The integral seat illustrated in the Figs. has an underframe20comprising a left and a right carrier profile22. Securement to an underbody of an automotive vehicle that has not been illustrated herein is effected via said carrier profile members. The underframe20further has front pivot arms24and rear pivot arms26. The motions of the rear pivot arms26are linked together by a tie bar28. Said underframe carries a seat pan30and a seat back32the recline of which is adjustable relative to the seat pan30.
Further, a seat belt mechanism is provided that comprises a seat belt34configured in a manner well known in the art. It has a tongue member36that cooperates with a buckle member38. Said buckle member38is firmly secured to the seat pan30. In the respective Figs., the seat belt34is in the zero position, meaning it is not fastened. The tongue member36is located opposite the buckle member38, on the opposite side of the seat.
The tongue member36divides the seat belt into a shoulder belt40and a lap belt42, both being parts of the single piece seat belt34. The lap belt42forms a lower end (not shown) of the seat belt34, which is retained in a primary automatic belt tensioner. In the position shown, the lap belt42is substantially wound inside the primary automatic belt tensioner44i.e., retracted. Also, as can be seen from the Figs., the primary automatic belt tensioner44keeps the entire seat belt34in the slightly tensioned position. The shoulder belt40passes through an upper guide means46which is configured in the form of a slot and is located approximately on the height of the left shoulder of a potential seat occupant. From said upper guide means46, the shoulder belt40is oriented substantially horizontally toward an upper end (not shown) of the seat belt34.
In the embodiment in accordance with theFIGS. 1 and 2, the upper end is located in a carriage50. Said carriage50is part of a secondary automatic belt tensioner52. The latter also includes a strut that reinforces the seat back32on the one side and is also provided as a guide for the carriage50on the other side.
The carriage50is elastically biased toward the end position shown in the Figs. by a roller spring56. Said roller spring56functions in a way similar to that of a spring tape measure. It effects a substantially constant spring force along the displacement path of the carriage50. Said spring force is greater than the spring force of the primary automatic belt tensioner44so that, in the zero position shown in the Figs., the secondary automatic belt tensioner52is in its retracted position and the primary automatic belt tensioner44in an intermediate position, and in no case in an end position.
As can be seen from theFIGS. 1 and 2, the shoulder belt40is inclined at an acute angle relative to the strut54and, as a result thereof, to the carriage50. As shown inFIG. 2, it is secured to a pivot member58that can be pivoted relative to the carriage50. As best shown inFIG. 2, the pivot member58is linked to the carriage50quite far in the rear portion thereof. A strong pull on the shoulder belt40causes the carriage50to jam as a result of the oblique pull applied in the pivot member58. Normal belt loads will not cause the carriage50to jam; they will rather allow the latter to move. A load limiter similar to that provided with the primary automatic belt tensioner44, which is a commercially available part, is thus achieved.
Typically, the secondary automatic belt tensioner52is locked at an acceleration of 0.45 g on the seat belt. In the corresponding range, the primary automatic belt tensioner44can also become locked.
It can be seen fromFIG. 1that the path that is made possible by the secondary automatic belt tensioner52is much smaller than the path the primary automatic belt tensioner44must provide. On the one side, departing from the zero position shown inFIG. 1, the primary automatic belt tensioner44must allow sufficient belt material to be released to form the lap belt over an occupant's body. Additionally, some more belt length must be pulled out for the shoulder belt, which is too short in the position shown inFIG. 1. The maximum path the secondary automatic belt tensioner is capable of providing, departing from the position shown inFIG. 1, is limited by the right edge of the carriage50abutting on the right end of the strut where two fixation points are shown. This path is but one fourth of the path the primary automatic belt tensioner44is capable of providing.
In the exemplary embodiments shown, the primary automatic belt tensioner44is secured to the seat pan30, more specifically in proximity to the upper pivot joint of the rear outboard pivot arm26. As a result, the position of the lap belt42is independent of the adjustment of the seat pan30, e.g., of a height adjustment. Put another way, the lap belt42needs not be displaced relative to an occupant when the latter is adjusting the seat pan30.
It is also possible to dispose the primary automatic belt tensioner44on the underframe20e.g., in proximity to the lower pivot joint of the rear pivot arm26.FIG. 3shows a corresponding implementation. Additionally, a lower guide means60is provided, for example in proximity to the upper pivot joint of the rear outboard pivot arm26. Said lower guide means is substantially located above the primary automatic belt tensioner44. The latter is again an automatic belt tensioner as it is currently commercially available.
As compared to the first exemplary embodiment, the secondary automatic belt tensioner52is modified inFIG. 3. It is now configured similar to the primary automatic belt tensioner, but with much smaller dimensions. This is possible because the wind-back path is considerably smaller. Further, particular provisions have been made to configure the secondary automatic belt tensioner to be as small as possible. As contrasted with the first exemplary embodiment, the second automatic belt tensioner winds the belt back and does not cause it to execute a linear movement.
Other configurations of the secondary automatic belt tensioner are possible. It is for example possible to secure the end of the shoulder belt40, that is the upper end thereof, at the site where the carriage is located in the first exemplary embodiment. An elastic means for deflecting the belt is placed in the substantially horizontal orientation thereof so that the belt is given a V-shaped orientation. If an occupant wants to move his torso forward, this V-shaped deflection is used up until straight line orientation is achieved. In the event of a crash, the V-shaped deflection is used up by a belt tightener.
| 0A
| 47 | C |
EMBODIMENTS
The recording medium, image recording method, and recorded matter of the present invention are now described in even greater detail with embodiments and comparative examples. The present invention is not in any way limited to or by these embodiments, however.
Supporting Body Fabrication
Raw material pulp comprising 50 wt. % of NBKP and 50 wt. % of LBKP was prepared to a degree of beating of 30 SR using a beater, and raw material was obtained wherein the chemical additives were added in the proportions noted below relative to the pulp. This was made into paper using a wire paper machine. This was then coated, to a coating quantity of 1.0 g/m 2 , with a coating liquid comprising the coating chemicals noted below, in a sizing press. This was than dried to yield a paper base material for the supporting body.
(1) Additive Chemicals
Clay (special class clay made by Kanaya Kogyo) 2.25 wt. % Talc (SWB, made by Nihon Talc Co.) 2.25 wt. % Melamine resin (Sumirez Resin 607SY, made by 0.23 wt. % Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) Rosin sizing (Sizepine E, made by Arakawa 0.5 wt. % Chemical Industries) Aluminum Sulfate (made by Nippon Light Metal) 2.7 wt. % (2) Coating Chemicals
Oxide starch (SK-20, made by Japan Cornstarch Co.) 20 pts/wt Polyacrylamide (Polyacet 305, made by 40 pts/wt Arakawa Kagaku) Common salt 0.5 pts/wt Water 500 pts/wt Fabrication of Recording Medium
(1 ) Fabrication of Ink Receiving Layer
The ink receiving layer coating liquid having the composition indicated below was coated with air knife coaters onto the surface of the supporting body obtained by the method described in the foregoing, to obtain a dried coating quantity of 20 g/m 2 , and drying was then implemented to provide the ink receiving layer.
(Composition of ink receiving layer coating liquid) Silica 100 pts/wt (Product name Fine Seal X37B, made by K.K. Tokuyama) Polybinyl alcohol 400 pts/wt (Product name Gorsenar T-330, 10% aqueous solution, made by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) Cationic polymer 25 pts/wt (Product name Neofix RP-70, made by Nikka Kagaku) Hindered amine compound (noted in Table 1) 5 pts/wt Water 600 pts/wt Next, ink composition liquids containing the magenta colorants noted in Table 1 were mixed and dissolved in the mixing proportions indicated below, and filtered under pressure in a membrane filter of 1 m pore diameter, to prepare ink composition liquids. The compositions indicated below indicate the types and quantities (parts by weight) of the constituents in the ink composition liquid. M-1 to M-3 in Table 1 are magenta colorants expressed by the general formula (II) indicated earlier as an example, while the compounds a to c are magenta colorants other than those expressed by the general formula (II), which have the structures diagramed below.
(Ink Composition Liquid)
Magenta colorant (noted in Table 1) 2.0 pts/wt Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether 10 pts/wt Diethylene glycol 10 pts/wt Glycerin 10 pts/wt Triethanolamine 1.0 pts/wt Ethylene diamine bisodium tetra-acetate 0.01 pts/wt (acetylene glycol surfactant made by Nissin Kagaku) Purokiseru XL-2 0.3 pts/wt (preservative, made by Senega (KK)) Ion exchange water 65 pts/wt The ink composition liquids having the composition noted above were loaded into the ink chambers of ink cartridges for a commercially available ink jet printer (PM-800C, made by Seiko Epson Corporation). Using this printer, images were recorded on the various recording media (containing a hindered amine noted in Table 1 in the ink receiving layer) obtained as described in the foregoing, yielding magenta image samples (recorded matters). Using these samples, light resistance and ink absorbency were evaluated in accordance with the evaluation methods described below. The results are noted in Table 1.
Light resistance evaluation: Using the Xenon Weatherometer Ci35A (made by Atlas Electronic Device Co.), the samples were irradiated with light for 50 hours. The ratio of residual concentration in these samples relative to samples not irradiated were measured. A Gretag concentration motor (made by Gretag Macbeth Co.) was used in measuring the concentrations.
(Light resistance (%) (magenta light reflection concentration of irradiated sample/magenta light reflection concentration of non-irradiated sample) 100)
Ink absorbency evaluation; Solid magenta printing was performed with the printer noted earlier, and visual evaluations were made according to the evaluation standards noted below.
: Good; no running even when ink applied in large amount
: Running and bleeding occur when ink applied in large amount
TABLE 1 LIGHT HINDERED RESIST- INK AMIDE MAGENTA ANCE ABSORB- COMPOUND COLORANT (%) ENCY EMBODIME COMPOUND M-1 83 NT 1 1 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-2 82 NT 2 1 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-3 84 NT 3 1 EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 75 NT 4 1 a EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 76 NT 5 1 b EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 77 NT 6 1 c EMBODIME COMPOUND M-1 86 NT 7 2 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-2 85 NT 8 2 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-3 86 NT 9 2 EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 80 NT 10 2 a EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 79 NT 11 2 b EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 78 NT 12 2 c EMBODIME COMPOUND M-1 84 NT 13 3 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-2 84 NT 14 3 EMBODIME COMPOUND M-3 83 NT 15 3 EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 76 NT 16 3 a EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 77 NT 17 3 b EMBODIME COMPOUND COMPOUND 76 NT 18 3 c COMP. COMPOUND M-1 77 X EXAMPLE 1 18 COMP. COMPOUND M-2 75 X EXAMPLE 2 18 COMP. COMPOUND M-3 75 X EXAMPLE 3 18 COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 69 X EXAMPLE 4 18 a COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 69 X EXAMPLE 5 18 b COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 70 X EXAMPLE 6 18 c COMP. COMPOUND M-1 69 EXAMPLE 7 19 COMP. COMPOUND M-2 71 EXAMPLE 8 19 COMP. COMPOUND M-3 71 EXAMPLE 9 19 COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 62 EXAMPLE 10 19 a COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 62 EXAMPLE 11 19 b COMP. COMPOUND COMPOUND 63 EXAMPLE 12 19 c COMP. NONE M-1 49 EXAMPLE 13 COMP. NONE M-2 50 EXAMPLE 14 COMP. NONE M-3 51 EXAMPLE 15 COMP. NONE COMPOUND 50 EXAMPLE 16 a COMP. NONE COMPOUND 49 EXAMPLE 17 b COMP. NONE COMPOUND 50 EXAMPLE 18 c compounds 1 to 3 in Table 1, which are hindered amine compounds, are compounds having the structure(s) indicated as examples in the foregoing. Compounds 1 to 3, here, are all compounds having a solubility within a range of 0.01 to 5%. Compounds 18 and 19 in Table 1, which are also hindered amine compounds, are compounds having the structures indicated below. Here, compound 18 is Tinuvin 622LD, manufactured by Ciba-Geigy (Japan) Ltd. (having a solubility of less than 0.01% and a molecular weight of from 3,100 to 4,000). Compound 19 is a compound having a solubility that exceeds 5%.
As is evident from the results given in Table 1, recording media (embodiments) provided with an ink receiving layer containing a hindered amine compound having a specific solubility in water exhibit both outstanding image light resistance and outstanding ink absorbency as compared to the recording media in the comparative examples. It is particularly evident that the light resistance is even more outstanding when an ink composition liquid containing a magenta colorant expressed by the general formula (II), given earlier, is used.
The recording medium of the present invention excels both in ink absorbency and image light resistance.
Based on the image forming method of the present invention, ink can be easily absorbed, and images can be formed which exhibit outstanding light resistance.
The recorded matter of the present invention has formed therein an image that exhibits outstanding light resistance.
| 2C
| 09 | D |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings to clarify the above, the other objects, features and merit.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a semiconductor device of a first embodiment of the invention.
A device region is defined by a field oxide film 2 provided in a semiconductor substrate 1 . An MOS transistor comprising a gate electrode 4 , a gate oxide film 3 and source/drain diffusion layers 6 is formed in the device region. The gate electrode 4 is formed at its sidewalls with sidewall insulating films 5 . An interlayer film 100 is provided for covering the MOS transistor. Contact holes 10 are provided on a diffusion layer 6 of the interlayer film 100 , and W plugs 12 are embedded in the contact holes 10 . The interlayer film 100 is of a three-layer structure comprising a silicon oxide film 7 , a polysilicon film 8 and a BPSG film 9 . Of these films, the polysilicon film 8 is a diffusion-preventing film of the present invention. Since the diffusion-preventing film is polysilicon film, contact sidewall insulating films 11 are provided on inner walls of the contact holes 10 for preventing short-circuit. Wire grooves 14 are provided above the contact holes 10 in an insulating film 13 formed on the interlayer film 100 , and Cu wires 15 are provided in the wire grooves 14 . Via holes 17 and wire grooves 18 are provided above the Cu wires 15 formed in the insulating film 13 . A Cu plug 19 and a Cu wire 20 are provided the via hole 17 and the wire groove 18 , respectively.
A fabricating method of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the invention will be explained using FIGS. 2 to 7 .
First, as shown in FIG. 2 , after the MOS transistor having the field oxide film 2 and the diffusion layer 6 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 1 , the interlayer film 100 comprising the silicon oxide film 7 , the polysilicon film 8 and the BPSG film 9 is deposited on the semiconductor substrate 1 , and an upper surface of the BPSG film 9 is flattened by reflowing or the CMP process. It is preferable that thickness of the silicon oxide film 7 is 50 to 500 nm, thickness of polysilicon film 8 is 20 to 100 nm, and thickness of the BPSG film 9 is 100 to 1000 nm. The polysilicon film 8 is deposited by an LPCVD process using SiH 4 or Si 2 H 6 as raw gas. At that time, the polysilicon film 8 may be doped with impurities such as B and P.
Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 3 , the contact holes 10 are formed in the interlayer film 100 and the gate oxide film 3 so that upper surfaces of the diffusion layers 6 are exposed by the lithography technique and etching technique.
Next, as shown in FIG. 4 , silicon oxide films 11 are formed on the inner walls of the contact holes 10 as the contact sidewall insulating films by the CVD process and then, the W films are embedded in the contact holes 10 , and the CMP is carried out to form the W plugs 12 . When the CMP is carried out to form the W plugs, heavy metals such as Fe included in the residual slurry on the interlayer film 100 is remained even after the cleaning step. Although the heavy metals are diffused toward the semiconductor substrate 1 in the subsequent thermal step, but since the interlayer film 100 includes the polysilicon film 8 according to the present invention, the Fe passing through the BPSG film 9 is gettered due to crystal defect of the polysilicon film 8 , and the Fe does not reach the semiconductor substrate 1 .
Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 5 , the silicon oxide film 13 , thickness of which is 200 to 1500 nm, is deposited on the interlayer film 100 , and the wire grooves 14 are formed on the W plugs of the silicon oxide film 13 . Then the Cu film 15 is deposited so as to embed in the wire grooves 14 . At that time, the Cu film 15 is formed also on the silicon oxide film 13 .
Subsequently, unnecessary Cu film 15 deposited on the silicon oxide film 13 is removed by the CMP using slurry including ferric nitrate, and Cu film is left only in the wire grooves 14 , thereby forming the Cu wires 15 as shown in FIG. 6 . At that time, as is the case when the W plugs are formed, the Cu which is heavy metal, alkaline metal and wire material such as Fe included in the slurry remained on the silicon oxide film 13 diffuse toward the substrate 1 in the subsequent thermal step, but since the interlayer film 100 includes the polysilicon film 8 , Fe and Cu which have passed through the BPSG film 9 are gettered due to crystal defect of the polysilicon film 8 , and the Fe and Cu are prevented from reaching the substrate 1 .
Next, as shown in FIG. 7 , a silicon oxide film 16 , thickness of which is 200 to 1000 nm, is formed on the silicon oxide film 13 , the via holes 17 and the wire grooves 18 are formed in the silicon oxide film 16 by the lithography technique and etching technique, and a Cu film 20 is formed such as to embed the via holes 17 and the wire grooves 18 . Then, as is the case when the wires 15 are formed, unnecessary portion of the Cu film 20 is removed by the CMP using slurry including ferric nitrate, thereby forming the Cu plugs 19 and the Cu wires 20 as shown in FIG. 1 . In the CMP of this step also, Cu of the heavy metal, alkaline metal and wire material such as Fe included in the slurry remains on the silicon oxide film 16 , and the Cu diffuse toward the substrate through the silicon oxide films 16 , 13 and the BPSG film 9 in the subsequent thermal step, these metal impurities are gettered because the polysilicon film 8 exists and thus, the metal impurities are prevented from being diffused toward the substrate.
In this embodiment, when polysilicon film including B or P is used as the diffusion preventing film 8 , since such polysilicon film has higher gettering ability with respect to heavy metal as compared with non-doped polysilicon film, gettering ability of Fe and Cu is enhanced, and the diffusion preventing effect can be enhanced.
Second Embodiment
In the first embodiment, the interlayer film 100 is of the three-layer structure in which the polysilicon film 8 is sandwiched between the silicon oxide film 7 and the BPSG film 9 so as to obtain complete insulation. Further, the contact sidewall insulating film 11 is required for insulation also on the inner wall of the contact hole 10 . Therefore, the number of steps is increased as compared with the conventional technique shown in FIG. 9. A semiconductor device that does not increase the number of steps as compared with the conventional technique will be shown below as a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a structure of a semiconductor device according to the second embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 8 , an interlayer film 300 of a two-layer structure comprising a diffusion preventing film 308 and a BPSG film 9 is provided instead of the interlayer film 100 of the three-layer structure of the first embodiment. An SIPOS (semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon) film is used as the diffusion preventing film 308 . The SIPOS film is a polysilicon film including O or N, and this film is a high insulating film having high resistance equal to 1E11 ohm/cm 2 or higher. Therefore, the SIPOS film 308 can be formed directly on the semiconductor device, and it is unnecessary to provide the insulating film on the inner wall of the contact hole 10 . Therefore, the number of steps is not increased as compared with the conventional technique shown in FIG. 9 . Since the SIPOS film 308 also includes a large number of crystal defects in the film like the polysilicon film, when the CMP is carried out for forming the W plug and when the CMP is carried out for forming the metal wires 15 and 20 by the damascene process, even if the metal impurities remained on the interlayer film diffuse toward the substrate, the SIPOS film getters the metal impurities and thus, it is possible to prevent the metal impurities from reaching the substrate.
The SIPOS film 308 in the second embodiment is formed by an LPCVD process using SiH 4 and N 2 O or Si 2 H 6 and N 2 O as raw gas. Preferable thickness of the film 308 is 20 to 100 nm, and more preferably, 50 to 100 nm.
In the second embodiment, the SIPOS film having high insulating ability is used as the diffusion preventing film, so that it is unnecessary to form the insulating film on the inner wall of the contact hole. Therefore, this is effective for forming a fine contact hole.
Also when the SIPOS film is used as the diffusion preventing film, the SIPOS film may be doped with impurities such as B or P as is the case when the polysilicon film is used. In this case also, the gettering ability is enhanced as compared with non-doped SIPOS film. In this case, however, since the insulating ability of the SIPOS film is lowered, it is preferable to employ the structure having the insulating film on the device and the inner wall of the contact hole as shown in FIG. 1 .
In the first and second embodiments, the interlayer film having the diffusion preventing film is of the three or two-layer structure. When a film having high insulating ability such as the non-doped SIPOS film is used, the interlayer film can be a single-layered diffusion preventing film.
Although the non-doped polysilicon film, the polysilicon film doped with impurities, the non-doped SIPOS film and the SIPOS film doped with impurities are indicated as the diffusion-preventing film in the above embodiments, the diffusion-preventing film is not limited to those, and another film can be used only if the film can getter the metal impurities invading from the above layers. A film having high gettering ability and high insulating ability is preferable because it is unnecessary to provide the insulating film on the contact hole.
In the embodiments, the interlayer film provided under the first layer of a metal wire 15 has the diffusion-preventing film. The insulating film 100 , 300 itself can be formed from the diffusion-preventing film.
The metal wire is not limited to the Cu wire, and another metal film may be used.
As explained above, according to the present invention, the interlayer film formed under the metal wire has the diffusion-preventing film capable of gettering the metal impurities invading from upper layers, it is possible to prevent the metal impurities from diffusing toward the semiconductor substrate. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the characteristics of the device from being deteriorated and to enhance the characteristics and reliability of the device.
It is apparent that the present invention should not be limited to the above embodiments, and the invention can appropriately be changed within a scope of technical principles of the invention.
| 7H
| 01 | L |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Methods and devices described herein provide for improved manipulation of organs and/or instruments within the body by creating working spaces within the body and adjacent to a target site. While the following disclosure discusses devices and methods for use in the thoracic cavity, such methods and devices can be applied to various body portions outside of the thoracic cavity. The methods and devices may allow for direct visualization along regions of anatomic structures not attainable with conventional approaches.
Furthermore, the methods and devices described herein may be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to the conventional approaches described herein. For example, while some surgical approaches and procedures described herein rely on entry through the diaphragm of a patient to access a regions of the thoracic cavity, the surgical approaches and procedures can be combined with various other access methods.
FIG. 1shows one example of a tissue dissection access device10configured to dissect tissue using a number of different tissue dissection modalities. As described above, devices according to the present invention that provide a number of dissection modalities, e.g., frictional dissection, wedge-type dissection, and dilation type dissection, provides a physician with a number of options to access a target site during a minimally invasive procedure.
FIG. 1shows a device with several tissue section modalities. However, certain variations of devices within the scope of this invention can have any sub-combination of tissue dissection modalities.
Turning now to the illustrated variation, the first dissection modality comprises a dilation wedge tip22or beveled tip located at the distal end of the cannula12. The wedge shaped tip provides a mechanical wedge dissection modality as the tip22can be inserted into small openings in tissue and where advancement of the tip22mechanically dilates the opening.
The second dissection mode comprises a dissection surface24located on a side of the dilation wedge22. The dissection surface24provides a frictional or abrasion dissection modality as the physician is able to apply the tip to a tissue surface and gently dissect the tissue apart by relying upon the increased friction between the dissection surface24and the tissue. The dissection surface24can dissect tissue via axial movement relative to the tissue, by rotational movement, or a combination thereof In certain variations, the dissection surface24can be configured to dissect tissue when moved in a single direction (as discussed below). For example, the dissection surface24can be configured to catch tissue as it is pulled in a proximal direction. This allows distal advancement without resistance. In any case, as the surface24moves against tissue, the increased friction of the surface24catches on tissue to gently separate fibers of soft tissue. Although the variations shown herein depict the dissection surface on an end of the dilation wedge22, the dissection surface24can be located on the cannula surface or even on a balloon dilation surface.
The third dissection mode comprises an expandable dilation balloon member26located on a surface of the cannula12. The dilation balloon member can be a distensible or non-distensible balloon. Generally, the dilation balloon member26can be used to create a temporary cavity or to separate tissue to a greater degree than a diameter of the cannula Any number of expandable members can be used in place of a balloon (e.g., a mechanical basket, axially aligned flexible strands, an expandable helical wrapped ribbon or wire, etc.
FIG. 1also shows another feature of certain devices that provides a physician with unobstructed access to tissue sites that are exposed by tissue dissection. As shown inFIG. 1, the device10includes a cannula12having a working channel14extending therethrough and terminating at a distal opening16. In certain devices the distal opening16is in-line with an axis of the working channel14. This feature provides an ability to extend a medical device through the working channel14and directly into or adjacent the tissue being dissected. Such a feature is very beneficial when using the working channel to visualize tissue being or using the working channel to advance a device therethrough to treat a tissue site that is exposed by dissected tissue.
Accordingly, a physician can advance any such medical device from a proximal end18of the device10as shown the device has an optional handle portion20on a proximal end) through the distal opening16and move the medical device relative to the distal opening10in alignment with an axis of the working channel14of the access device10. The handle can he configured to provide a textured surface to allow a physician to grip and manipulate the device.
The cannula shaft (or the portion of the cannula12between the wedge tip22and the proximal portion18or handle portion20) can he constructed to have a number of different configurations. For example, the cannula shaft can he flexible such that it can be deflected from an axis of the distal opening16. However, the cannula shaft shall have a column strength that allows a physician to push or advance the device into tissue or between organs. In some cases, the flexibility of the shaft allows flexion when medical devices are placed therethrough. This can reduce forces placed on the target tissue. Alternatively, use of rigid medical devices placed within the working channel14can change the flexibility of the shaft to increase the ease by which the device10is remotely manipulated within the body. The cannula12can be fabricated from any variety of medical grade materials. In one variation, the cannula is constructed from either silicone or C-Flex.
The device10also includes any number of fittings to couple the device to a fluid or vacuum source. As shown, the device10includes a first fluid connector28. In this variation, the fluid connector28can be connected to a vacuum or fluid source to remove fluids from the working channel14of the device or deliver fluids to the working channel14. The fluid connector28can also be connected to a vacuum source and fluid source simultaneously via the use of a two way valve or similar type of flow diverters (e.g., a two way stop cock). In those variations of the device10including an expandable dilation member26, a separate connector30can be provided to couple the dilation member26to a source of pressure (either air or fluid).
FIG. 2Adepicts a magnified view of a working end of the device10ofFIG. 1. As shown, the working channel14also includes a plurality of fluid ports32located therein. As noted above, the fluid ports32are coupled to a fluid source for delivering a fluid to irrigate the target tissue or a medical device located within the working channel14. The fluid ports32also allow a physician to remove debris or fluid from the working channel14.
In the variation of the device10shown, there are a number of fluid ports32. Additional variations of the device include a single fluid port32. However, multiple fluid ports32provide an advantage to generate a larger area of fluid flow within the working channel14. Such a feature improves the ability of the device10to clean a medical device located therein by providing a greater area to deliver or remove fluid. In the variation shown, the fluid ports32are located within the bevel of the dilation wedge22and are placed in alignment along an axis of the working channel14. However, the fluid ports32can also be arranged in a non-aligned manner or a random pattern. In addition, variations of the device10include fluid ports arranged on an exterior of the cannula12or proximal to the dilation wedge tip12within the working channel14.
FIG. 2Aalso depicts additional aspects of the device10. As shown, the dilation wedge22comprises a transition surface34along the distal opening16that provides a smooth transition to the outer surface of the cannula12. This feature aids in dilating tissue from a small opening to a larger opening that is the size of the outer diameter of the cannula12.FIG. 2Ashows another optional feature of a visualization element36located on a front lace of the device10. Such elements can include a fiber optic scope or line as well as a CCD camera or any such visualization component as commonly known and used with various medical scopes.
In addition, although the working channel14and distal opening16are frequently depicted as having a circular cross section, variations of the device contemplate the working channel14and distal opening16to have non-cylindrical openings. For example, the cross-sectional profile can include oval or rectangular shapes where a height and width of the channel are not equal. The benefit of such configurations is that multiple devices can be advanced parallel within the working channel.
FIG. 2Bshows a partial cross sectional view of a variation of a working end of a device10according to the present invention. As shown, the device10includes a plurality of fluid lumens38,42coupled to respective fluid ports32,40As noted above, fluid ports32can be placed in fluid communication with the working channel14to irrigate and remove fluids to or from the channel14for the clearing of debris from medical devices advanced within the working channel14. One or more fluid ports40also can be placed within the expandable dilation member26for pressurization of the member26to dissect or separate tissue. In certain variations, the fluid ports32located within the working channel14are angled or directed towards a proximal end of the device10(e.g., such that an axis of the port32forms an angle A that is less than 90 degrees. Directing the ports32in such a manner permits fluid to be delivered to the face of any device advanced within the working channel.
FIG. 2Balso shows an optional support member44located within a wall of the cannula12. The support member can be rigid or shapeable. A malleable or shapeable support44may be incorporated into a portion or an entirety of the cannula12to allow shaping the member into a desired configuration. The shape is selected to improve the ability of the device to direct the scope and instruments towards the desired site within the body (e.g., a region of the surface of the heart, or other anatomic structure). The support44can be placed in a support lumen such that the support44is slidable within the support lumen of the cannula12. The support44can be removable from the cannula12. In certain variations, it may be desirable to minimize a wall thickness of the cannula12to maximize the working channel14diameter and minimize the outer diameter of the cannula12. In such a case, the device will not be constructed to have a support member44or will not have the visualization element36shown inFIG. 2A.
FIGS. 3A to 3Dshow variations of different dissecting surfaces24for use with devices as described herein. In some variations a device can be equipped with more than one type of dissecting surface24. Moreover, a dissecting surface24can be placed on any portion of the device (including the expandable dilation member26). Although the figures illustrate the dissecting surfaces24on the bottom edge of the cannula12, the dissecting surfaces can extend over a full or partial perimeter of the cannula surface12.
FIG. 3Ashows as variation of a dissecting surface24that comprises a layer of material, such as a polymeric layer, a layer of cloth, or other surgical material that is textured and can be used to abraid tissue for dissection. In an additional variation, the material can comprise an absorbable surgical sponge material, such as gauze or other woven cotton. Alternatively, the material can be comprised of a polymeric material that is inserted into or onto the cannula12where the polymeric material comprises a sufficiently high coefficient of friction that the nature of rubbing the material against tissue results in abrasion and dissection of the tissue. The texture of the material abrades the tissue being dissected so that the dissection can be performed in either a distal or proximal motion of the cannula12.
The cannula12can have a relief section removed for insertion of the material24. In alternate variations, the material can be affixed to an exterior of the device. In certain variations, the material is non-absorbent and retains texture and stiffness as it encounters body tissue and fluids. The material can be glued onto the cannula12or the cannula12can have a textured or sharp surface to retain the material.
FIG. 3Bshows another variation of a dissection surface24. In this example, the dissection surface24is formed directly into the surface of the cannula12via a mechanical or chemical process. For example, the cannula12can be grounded, etched, swaged, bead-blasted, heat formed, etc. Alternatively, the textured dissection surface24could be formed in a mold such that the dissection surface24is directly molded onto the cannula12.
FIG. 3Cshows another variation of a dissection surface24formed from a plurality of surfaces that extend from a surface of the cannula12. For example, the surface24can be formed from granules deposited on the cannula12to form a sand-paper like coating. Alternatively, the surface24can comprise flexible extensions that engage and grip tissue when moved across the tissue.
FIG. 3Dshows yet another variation of a dissecting surface24. In this variation, the dissecting surface24comprises a directional dissecting surface24as shown by the saw-tooth configuration. The dissecting surface24generally does not engage the tissue when moved in a first direction fin this case a distal direction) but engages tissue when moved in a second direction (in this case a proximal direction).
FIG. 4Aillustrates a variation of a tissue dissecting device10coupled to a syringe4via a connector28. Optionally, the device10can be simultaneously coupled to a vacuum source48via a two way valve.
As described herein, the device10can accommodate a scope or medical device50such as an ablation device. Regardless of the medical device, as the tissue dissecting device10dissects tissue, various bodily debris and fluid often attach to the medical device advanced therethrough. In the case of a scope, the debris and fluid can prevent the scope from providing a clear image to the physician. In the case of energy delivery devices, debris attached to an energy transfer element can affect the energy transfer that should otherwise occur. As shown inFIG. 4B, injection of fluid through the fluid lumen38and fluid ports32into the working channel14bathes the end (or other area as appropriate) of the medical device50removing the debris and cleaning the device50.FIG. 4Cshows a state of the device10where suction is applied through the fluid lumen38to draw fluid and other debris into the fluid ports32. Placement of the fluid ports32within the working channel14.
FIGS. 5A and 5Billustrate placement of a pair of devices10within a body100of a patient in an exemplary procedure. It is noted that the device10can be used in any part of the body and through any incision or port in a minimally invasive manner. However, the device10can also be used in open surgical procedures.
FIG. 5Aillustrates creation of two incisions10210$ in the body100. In the illustrated example, the incisions are made in the abdomen of the patient so that the dissecting access devices10,11can then pass through a diaphragm of the patient to a posterior side of the thoracic cavity as shown inFIG. 5B).
FIGS. 6Ato GQ show one example where the device accesses a posterior surf of the heart106and where the multi-mode dissection attributes of the device enable a bi-atrial lesion pattern on a posterior region of the heart. Since the view is from a posterior surface, the notations of right and left are reversed.
As shown inFIG. 6A, the devices10are advanced through an epicardium using a left incision120and a right incision122. This allows a distal opening16of the devices10,11to be placed into the pericardal space around the left atrium124.
Next, as shown inFIG. 6B, a catheter60(such as a Foley catheter) passes from the right access device11to allow a guidewire62to be advanced over the left atrium124. The guidewire62is then retrieved into the left cannula10using a set of graspers or other similar device. Next, as shown inFIG. 6C, the guidewire62passes between the left11and right10access devices and ultimately extends out of the proximal ends of the access devices1011.
Turning now toFIG. 6D, with the guidewire62in place, a medical device64(such as an ablation device) is advanced over the guidewire62and through the right access device11. The end of the medical device64can be optionally viewed with a flexible scope, such as an endoscope or bronchoscope66which is also placed over the guidewire62from the left access device10. The medical device64can be any energy delivery, ablation, or coagulation device that may he advanced through the access device. Examples of coagulation devices that adhere to irregular contoured surfaces are disclosed below.
The access device64can he advanced over the wire62, to form coagulation lines150and151on the let l atrium (as shown byFIG. 6E). Coagulation line152can be created by manipulating the right access device11and pulling the device back towards the right access device11.
FIG. 6Fshows repositioning of the right access device11with a rigid scope68placed therethrough. The combination as well as the features of the device described herein permit dissection through the first pericardial reflection126in front of Watterson's groove128. The scope allows the surgeon to visually navigate through the space as the access device11dissects the pericardial reflection126. This may be accomplished by rotation of the access device11, which allows a dissection surface to gently dissect the pericardial reflection126. As shown inFIG. 6G, once through the first pericardial reflection126, the cannula can advance into Watterson's groove128and used to dissect additional tissue to create space for the medical device (coagulation or ablation device). The physician can then advance the access device11to further dissect a second pericardial reflection130leading into the transverse sinus132.
FIG. 6Hshows a catheter60advanced into transverse sinus132. Once positioned, a larger sized access device13or regular cannula can be placed through the left incision120for securing a guidewire62placed in the Foley catheter (as shown inFIG. 6I). The larger cannula allows both a rigid scope as well as a grasping instrument to be placed within the cannula13for viewing and securing the guidewire62.
FIG. 6Ishows the site once the guidewire62extends around the pulmonary veins108and extends out of the body. The physician can then advance a treatment device64over the guidewire62from the right incision122and a flexible scope66advances over the guidewire62from the left incision122. This permits the physician to view the end of the treatment device64. The physician can then advance treatment device64and scope66around the guidewire62to create coagulation lesions153,154, and155(in that order, where lesions153and155cross lesions151and152. This set of lesions, along with lesions150,151, and152isolates the pulmonary veins from the remainder of the atrium124(as shown inFIG. 6K).
Turning now toFIG. 6L, to create lesions on the right atrium134, the flexible scope66can remain within the transverse sinus132and the guidewire62can be pulled back into the flexible scope leaving the tip of the guidewire62visible to the scope66. The physician can then advance the scope66and guidewire62through the pericardial reflection130that was previously dissected and over to the right atrium134.
Next, as shown inFIG. 6M, an access device11can he inserted to view and accept the end of the guidewire over the right atrium134. The access device11can he placed either through the previously made right incision122or through another higher incision136in the pericardium that is over the right atrium134. The physician then advances the guidewire62until an end advances out of a proximal end of the access device11.
Once the guidewire62is accessible from the proximal end of the access device11, the treatment device64can be positioned using the guidewire62to create the first coagulation lesion156on the right atrium134(as shown inFIGS. 6N and 6O)
Next, the physician removes the guidewire62from the patient and two access devices10and11are inserted into either incision in the pericardium122or136. The physician situates the tips of the access devices10and11over the right atrium134as shown inFIG. 6I). The physician may need to further dissect the pericardial reflection126on the right atrium with access device10. Once the physician positions the access devices10and11, the physician passes a guidewire62between access devices. A Foley catheter, grasper or any such device (not shown) can be used to assist in passing the guidewire. Once the guidewire62forms a loop over the right atrium134, the physician places the treatment device64and the scope6through a separate access device10and11. The treatment device64and scope66can he placed through either access device10and11depending on the desired location of the coagulation lesion. The physician can then create the final coagulation lesion157as shown inFIG. 6R. The final coagulation lesions156and157each cross the previously made lesions on the left atrium124creating the pattern as shown.
The integrated vacuum coagulation probes provided by nContact Surgical, Inc., North Carolina are examples of devices that allow intimate contact specifically between a soil tissue surface and the energy portion of the device. In those examples, the electrode(s) used to transmit energy (radiofrequency or ultrasonic) is capable of heating the soft tissue until achieving irreversible injury making the soil tissue non-viable and unable to propagate electrical impulses, mutate, or reproduce. These integrated vacuum coagulation probe embodiments may be in conjunction with the access devices described herein to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or other arrhythmia substrate, or eliminating cancer in lung, or other soft thoracic tissue by destroying target cells.
Examples of such probes are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. publications and patents: US20060009762A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATMENT; US20060200124A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; US20060206113A1 entitled METHODS FOR COAGULATION OF TISSUE; US20060235381A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; US2006-0293646A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION & DISSECTION PROBES; US20070043351A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; US20080114354A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; US20080114355A1 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,893,442 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TREATMENT; U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,698 entitled VACUUM COAGULATION PROBES; the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In addition, these integrated vacuum coagulation devices may be used to heat soft tissue along the posterior heart surface resulting in heat-induced contraction of collagen in such tissue thereby resulting shrinking of said soft tissue. For example, heating the mitral valve annulus along the posterior atrio-ventricular groove may induce shrinking of the annulus thereby correcting mitral valve regurgitation. However, it is understood that the invention is not limited to the above described vacuum coagulation probes. Instead, any number of coagulation ablation, or surgical devices may be used as required.
Although the present methods and devices have been described in terms of the embodiments above, numerous modifications and/or additions to the above-described preferred embodiments would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the scope of the present inventions extend to all such modifications and/or additions and that the scope of the present inventions is limited solely by the claims of the invention.
| 0A
| 61 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a construction element 8 suitable for use with a
number of similar elements to form provisional curbstones or traffic
boundaries, and FIG. 2 is side elevation of that same construction
element. Construction element 8 includes an elongate central section 10
and two identical external cylindrical sections 20 and 30 at either end
thereof. Central section 10 is a multi-sided prism having a flat top
surface 17 and flat bottom surface 18 and two parallel sides 11 and 12. At
both ends of the parallel sides are respective inwardly tapered sides
that, if extended, would meet at an angle of substantially 90.degree..
These inwardly tapered sides for angles with the longer side walls 11 and
12 of approximately 140.degree.-145.degree.. More specifically, inwardly
sloping sides 13 and 15 are arranged at the respective ends of side wall
11, while inwardly tapered walls 14 and 16 are arranged at the respective
ends of side wall 12. The outer edges of these tapered side walls 13, 14,
15, and 16 would extend to pierce external sections 20, 30 in the center
but are cut-off by respective cylindrical wall segments 22, 32.
Cylindrical wall sections 22, 32 may be thought of as extensions of the
cylindrical walls 21, 31 of the two external sections 20, 30,
respectively.
As clearly seen in FIG. 2, the height of external cylindrical sections 20,
30, is only approximately one-half the height of central section 10. By
providing these dimensions, the external sections 20, 30 can be stacked
one upon each other and thereby make the sum equal to the height of the
central section 10 and cylindrical walls 21, 31 can lie exactly above each
other and fit into cylindrical recesses 23, 32 formed in the ends of
central section 10.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show that the construction element 8 has an aspect ratio
higher than it is wide.
In addition, external sections 20 and 30 can have central bores 23, 33,
respectively, formed therein so that upon alignment of a number of the
construction elements 8, as shown in FIG. 2, a steel pin, not shown, an be
inserted in the aligned bores 23, 33 to maintain the desired alignment of
the construction elements. In addition, the pin can be made longer so that
it may by driven into the ground and prevent the construction elements
from being misaligned.
FIG. 3 shows a typical construction of a traffic island that can be built
using a number of construction elements 8, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As
shown in FIG. 3, the respective outer sections 20 and 30 fit into the
corresponding recesses 22, 32 formed in adjacent construction elements 8
and the central sections of adjacent elements are then aligned. Steel pins
or the like may be inserted into bores 23, 33 in order to maintain correct
alignment.
As can be appreciated from FIG. 3, traffic island or curbstones built
according to the present invention can be changed at any time in order to
permit determination of the best possible layout of the highway director.
The construction elements of the present invention can also be built as
provisional steps that can be set up immediately until the construction
company is able to put up the final construction. In the case that only a
temporary traffic direction procedure is required the assembled
construction elements ca be retained.
In order to adapt this invention to the formation of so-called dry walls,
additional configurations following the present invention are shown in
FIGS. 4-7.
In FIG. 4, a construction element 8' is similar to that shown in FIG. 1,
with the elongate central section 10 being substantially the same and one
of the two external cylindrical sections 20 being the same. In
construction element 8' of the embodiment FIG. 4, however, the other
external cylindrical section 30' is rearranged to the upper surface of the
central section 10. This displacement of the two external circular
sections 20, 30' results in the alignment of one external section 30' with
the upper surface of the central section and the other of the two external
sections 20 being aligned with the lower surface of the central section
10. This permits an interlacing of the construction elements 8', without
turning the elements over, as in FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 discloses an embodiment of a construction element 40 in which only
one external section 20 is provided. In the embodiment of FIG. 6 the
construction element 50 is provided with a central section 52 that has a
height substantially equal to three times the height of the respective
external cylindrical sections 54, 56.
A corollary of the embodiment of FIG. 6 is shown in FIG. 7 in which the
central section 62 has a height substantially equal to the height of the
two external cylindrical sections 20, 30.
FIG. 8 shows a construction employing an embodiment similar to that shown
in FIG. 7 in which the height of the central section is equal to the
height of the two external cylindrical sections. In the partial wall
construction of FIG. 8 a further embodiment 80 is employed in which the
central section 82 and the external cylindrical sections 84, 86 are of
equal height and the overall height of all three elements is greater than
that of the embodiment of FIG. 7, thereby providing a zig-zag or
alternating type of wall construction.
A complete dry wall may be formed according to the present invention and
such dry wall construction is shown in FIG. 9 formed of three different
construction elements 10, 50, and 60. These construction elements
correspond to those shown in FIGS. 1, 6, and 7, respectively. In the wall
of FIG. 9, the left-hand column is formed beginning with the construction
element 50 of FIG. 6 and then has placed thereon construction elements 8
according to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. The next column has five
construction elements 8 of FIG. 2 that are topped by a construction
element 60 of FIG. 7, while the third column is similar to the first
column and commences with a construction element 50 of FIG. 6 and proceeds
with construction elements 8 of FIG. 2, with a construction element 60 of
FIG. 7 at the top. To show the versatility of this arrangements of these
construction elements, the final column can consist solely of elements 8
from FIG. 2 or a column such as the second column can be provided to cause
the step-like feature of the dry wall to continue.
In place of the central bores in the external sections, the respective male
and female parts of a snap fastener can be provided.
The above description is given on preferred embodiments of the invention,
but it will be apparent that many modifications and variations could be
effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or
scope of the novel concepts of the invention, which should be determined
by the appended claims. | 5F
| 01 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an electronic device10in which a diffused backlit display12is employed to advantage, andFIG. 2is a diagram illustrating a section view of electronic device10and backlit display12ofFIG. 1taken along the line2-2ofFIG. 1. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, electronic device10comprises a notebook computer14having a base member16rotatably coupled to a display member18. However, it should be understood that electronic device10may comprise other types of devices such as, but not limited to, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, a gaming device, a media player, a desktop computer, a cellular telephone and/or any other type of portable or non-portable electronic device. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, base member16and display member18each comprise a housing20and22, respectively, formed by a plurality of walls and/or panels for supporting and/or otherwise storing various types of components of electronic device10therein. For example, in the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1, housing22is used to support a display screen24for providing and/or otherwise displaying image content. InFIGS. 1 and 2, housing22comprises a front panel26and a back panel28. However, it should be understood that housing22and/or display, member18may be otherwise configured.
In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, backlit display12is disposed on/in display member18; however, it should be understood that backlit display12may be located elsewhere on electronic device10. Backlit display12may be formed and/or otherwise manufactured to represent any type of logo, design, picture, illustration, graphic element or other type of illustrative element. In some embodiments, display member18is formed such that light emitted by a light source disposed within display member18is emitted through an opening in a panel or support member of display member18toward an exterior of electronic device10and is diffused by one or more reflective elements50, thereby forming a diffused and/or silhouette-like light emission pattern. InFIGS. 1 and 2, two reflective elements501and502are illustrated; however, it should be understood that a greater or fewer quantity of discrete and/or joined reflective elements50may be used.
Referring toFIG. 2, backlit display12comprises a light source70disposed within display member18for emitting light through one or more openings60toward an exterior of electronic device10. InFIG. 2, two openings601and602are illustrated as extending through panel28; however, it should be understood that a greater or fewer quantity of discrete and/or joined openings60may be used. Opening(s)60may be formed in panel28during the manufacturing of panel28(e.g., during the molding process of panel28) of formed in panel28at any time thereafter. InFIGS. 1 and 2, two reflective elements50are used to correspond to the two illustrated openings60. For example, in some embodiments, reflective elements50are formed and/or otherwise constructed having a size/shape or pattern corresponding to the size/shape or pattern of openings60. In some embodiments, reflective elements50are formed and/or otherwise constructed having dimensions that match the dimensions of respective openings60; however, it should be understood that the dimensions of reflective elements50may vary (e.g., slightly greater than and/or slightly less than the dimensions of respective openings60).
In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 2, light source70comprises a light guide72configured to direct light received from one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs)741and742through openings60. InFIG. 2, light guide72is disposed between an internal side80of panel28and display screen24of display member18. Additionally, inFIG. 2, two LEDs are illustrated (LEDs741and742); however, it should be understood that a greater or fewer quantity of LEDs may be used, or a type of light source different than LEDs may be used (e.g., light from display screen24). In some embodiments, light guide72comprises a reflective and/or diffusive surface/layer84disposed on a side thereof opposite openings60to facilitate directing light emitted by LEDs741and742through openings60. However, it should be understood that light guide72may be otherwise configured. Further, inFIG. 2, light guide72is illustrated as being spaced apart from display screen24; however, it should be understood that in some embodiments, light guide72and display screen24and/or other components within display member18may abut each other. Light source70may be affixed and/or attached to panel28, attached to other structure residing in display member18, or otherwise positioned/secured within display member18. It should be understood that in some embodiments, light guide72may be omitted such that light from a different light source is used to pass through openings60such as, but not limited to, light from display screen24.
In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, backlit display12comprises an optically-transmissive layer40disposed on an exterior side82of panel28and extending over opening(s)60. Layer40is configured to transmit light therethrough that is received from opening(s)60. Layer40may comprise a transparent layer or translucent layer to facilitate the transmission of light therethrough. In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 2, layer40is formed having overall length/width dimensions corresponding to the overall length/width dimensions of panel28. However, it should be understood that layer40may be formed having more localized dimensions (e.g., having dimensions that correspond more closely with the area(s) of panel28having opening(s)60formed therein). In some embodiments, layer40comprises a transparent/translucent coating that is applied to and/or otherwise formed on side82of panel28. In some embodiments, layer40may comprise a transparent/translucent panel that is secured, attached or otherwise bonded to side82of panel28. For example, layer40may be formed on and/or with panel28in connection with the manufacturing/molding of panel28(e.g., an optically-transmissive thermoplastic and/or resin molded onto and/or otherwise cured during or after the formation of panel28), or layer40may be applied to and/or otherwise affixed to panel28after completion of panel28(e.g., a transparent/translucent panel attached to panel28or a transparent/translucent coating applied to side82of panel28after panel28has been completely molded/cured). A thickness of layer40may be varied to obtain desired light transmission/diffusion properties. For example, in some embodiments, a thickness of layer40may be approximately two to seven millimeters, or possibly one to ten millimeters. It should be understood that the thickness of layer40, as well as the level of light transmissivity of layer40, may be varied to obtain desired light transmission/diffusion properties, which may also vary based on the type of electronic device in which display12is incorporated.
Backlit display12comprises one or more reflective element(s)50to produce a diffused and/or silhouette-like lighted display corresponding to opening(s)60. For example, in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50comprises an opaque material and/or layer having a reflective surface52facing toward opening(s)60to reflect/diffuse the light received from opening(s)60. Reflective element(s)50is generally sized/shaped or patterned to correspond to the size/shape or pattern of opening(s)60. Further, reflective element(s)50is disposed over and/or is otherwise aligned with opening(s)60such that the location of reflective element(s)50coincides with a location of opening(s)60. It should be understood that reflective element(s)50may be sized having dimensions that are slightly greater than or less than the dimensions of a respective opening60. Reflective element(s)50may comprise any type of material, and reflective surface52may be formed having a variety of different textures for reflecting/diffusing light that impinges thereon. For example, in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50comprises a foil-like element that is applied and/or otherwise affixed to a side90of layer40(e.g., by adhesive or another attachment method). However, it should be understood that reflective element(s)50may be otherwise formed (e.g., formed as part of layer40). It should be understood that inFIG. 2, the thickness of reflective element(s)50, layer40, panel28and/or light source70are exaggerated to better illustrate and describe the operation/function of the various components thereof. For example, in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50resides on side90of layer40to be flush or nearly flush with the exterior surface of layer40. In some embodiments, reflective element(s)50are formed and/or otherwise located within layer40to be flush or nearly flush with the exterior surface of layer40(e.g., disposed with a recess formed on an exterior surface of layer40or located within layer40during the manufacture/curing or layer40). Thus, it should be understood that various methods and/or manufacturing techniques may be used to form layer40and/or reflective element(s)50.
In operation, light from light source70is emitted through opening(s)60as represented by arrows921and922. The light passing through opening(s)60passes through layer40and impinges against reflective surface52of respective reflective elements50. In response to impinging against reflective surface52of respective reflective elements50, the light is reflected and/or otherwise diffused in various directions within layer40as represented by arrows94. Some of the light reflected and/or otherwise diffused within layer40exits side90of layer40to produce a silhouette-like display corresponding to opening(s)60/reflective element(s)50. For example, in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50block the light from exiting layer40in the location corresponding to the location of opening(s)60, thereby producing a silhouette-effect light pattern corresponding to opening(s)60/reflective element(s)50. Thus, in some embodiments, light source70transmits light from side80of panel20toward side82through opening(s)60. The light then impinges against reflective element(s)50and is at least partially reflected back toward side82and at least partially throughout layer40. Thus, in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50cause the light received from light source70to be diffused in directions other than the directed the light is received from light source70to produce a silhouette-effect light pattern corresponding to opening(s)60/reflective element(s)50. It should be understood that in some embodiments, reflective element(s)50may be formed of a semi-opaque material that provide some level of light transmission while also providing reflective/diffusive light scattering as indicated above.
Thus, embodiments of backlit display12enable any type of graphical/design element to be formed on and/or provided on electronic device10to produce a silhouette-like lighted display of such graphical/design element. It should be understood that additional design elements may be incorporated into/onto layer40beyond the edges of reflective element(s)50and/or on side82of panel28, thereby enhancing the visual effect resulting from light being diffused through layer40.
| 5F
| 21 | V |
FIG. 1depicts a cross-section of the sealing arrangement according to the invention. A pane (1), preferably a composite glass pane, is bonded to a holding rail (3) via an adhesive bond (2). The holding rail (3) serves to connect a motor vehicle component, preferably a water box, to the pane (1). The holding rail (3) comprises a latching channel (4), wherein the latching channel (4) is formed from a guide rail (5) and a spring leg (6). The holding rail (3) includes a reinforcing insert (15). The reinforcing insert preferably includes metals and elastic plastics and can, optionally, also increase the stiffness of the holding rail (3). A cover (7), preferably of a water box, forms, with a latching rail (9) and a positioning stop (10), a guide channel (8). The guide rail (5) implemented as part of the holding rail (3) is arranged in the guide channel (8) and seals the guide channel (8) with a spring element (11). At the same time, the latching rail (9) is engaged in the latching channel (4) on a spring leg (6) and provides for secure fixing of the cover (7). In the guide channel (8), the spring element (11), preferably in the form of a polymeric, rubber-containing, elastic lip, is tensioned between a contact surface (12) on the underside of the cover (7) and the guide rail (5). The spring element (11) is preferably implemented, in cross-section, as a single, finger-shaped lip without additional recesses or protrusions. As described above, the spring element (11), together with the guide rail (5) and preferably a supporting bulge (13), seals the contact surface (12) on the underside of the cover (7) between the positioning stop (10) and the latching rail (9). At the same time, the spring element (11) supports the cover (7) on the latching rail (3).
FIG. 2depicts an enlarged cross-section of the locked spring element. The region of the cover (7) shown includes the positioning stop (10) and the latching rail (9). The contact surface (12) is formed by the intermediate space between the positioning stop (10) and the latching rail (9). The positioning stop (10) and the latching rail (9) are arranged parallel to each other. In the context of the invention, “parallel” also includes an averaged angular deviation between the contact surface (12) and the averaged imaginary straight lines A and B by the positioning stop (10) and the latching rail of as much as 30°. Preferred here is an arrangement of the straight lines A and B opening away from the contact surface (12). The angle α (alpha) between the plane (C) of the contact surface (12) and the straight line A is, consequently, preferably from 90° to 120°; the angle β (beta) between the plane (C) of the contact surface (12) and the straight line B is preferably from 60° to 90°. The spring element (11) is preferably implemented, in cross-section, finger-shaped or tongue-shaped and seals, together with the guide rail (5) and the supporting bulge (13), the contact surface (12) and the space on the right (not shown in the figure) between the cover (7) and the pane (1) (not shown). At the same time, the spring element (11) preferably has a Shore hardness from Shore A 50 to Shore A 75 as well as a length of 3 mm to 6 mm. The spring element compressed in the installed state presses against the positioning stop (10) and the latching rail (9) and thus enables centering without actual locking. In addition, the spring element is so flexible that it can compensate production tolerances in the guide channel.
FIG. 3depicts a flowchart of the method according to the invention for producing the sealing arrangement. In a first step, a holding rail (3) is bonded to a pane (1) via an adhesive bond (2) in the form of a double-sided adhesive tape. In a following steps, a guide rail (5) is arranged within a guide channel (8) between a positioning stop (10) and a latching rail (9) of a cover (7). Then, the cover (7) is pressed with a latching rail (9) into a latching channel (4) beyond a latch hook (14) under tensioning of a spring element (11) between the guide rail (5) and a contact surface (12) on the underside of the cover (7). In the following step, the cover (7) is moved back under relaxation of the spring element (11) and with the engagement of the latch hook (14) on the recesses or bulges (16) of the latching rail (9).
LIST OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS
(1) pane(2) adhesive bond(3) holding rail(4) latching channel(5) guide rail(6) spring leg(7) cover(8) guide channel(9) latching rail(10) positioning stop(11) spring element(12) contact surface(13) supporting bulge(14) latch hook(15) reinforcing insert(16) recesses or bulges
| 1B
| 60 | J |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
One embodiment of the improved screen assembly 10 is shown in FIGS. 1-8,
and it includes a frame in the form of a perforated metal plate 11, such
as steel or any other suitable metal, having a first pair of opposite
edges 12 and 13 and a second pair of opposite edges 14 and 15 and an upper
surface 16 and a lower surface 17. Plate 11 includes apertures 19 which
are bordered by elongated metal strip-like portions or members 20 which
extend between edges 12 and 13 and by shorter strip-like portions 21 which
extend lengthwise between elongated strip-like portions 20. The openings
19 are formed by a punching operation and are quadrangles of approximately
1 inch square with rounded corners but they may be any other desired shape
or size. Strip-like portions 20 and 21 are approximately 1/10 of an inch
wide, but they may be of any desired width. The length of plate 11 between
edges 12 and 13 may be approximately 31/2 feet and its width between edges
14 and 15 may be approximately 21/2 feet, and it may have a thickness of
about 1/16 of an inch. However, it will be appreciated that the size of
plate 11 may vary as required to fit different machines. The width of each
opening 19 is a small fraction of the length of the plate between edges 12
and 13. The same is true of the relationship between the height of
openings 19 and the width of the plate between edges 14 and 15.
Channel-shaped members 22 and 23 are constructed as shown in FIG. 3B and
are welded to plate 11 at edges 12 and 13, respectively. More
specifically, channel-shaped member 23 is bent to the shape shown in FIG.
3B from a single piece of metal and its ends 26 and 28 are oriented in
bracketing relationship to the edge of plate 11 and are welded thereto.
Channel-shaped member 22 is of the same construction and is welded to
plate 11 in the same manner. The foregoing description of plate 11 is
essentially set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,421. As will be apparent
hereafter, any suitable plate or any suitable frame which provides the
frame portions or members to which a screen can be attached may be
utilized.
In accordance with the present invention, the screen 24 is corrugated in
the sense that it is formed in an undulating triangular shape having
elongated substantially triangular parallel ridges 25 with downwardly
sloping sides 27. Troughs 29 are formed between the downwardly sloping
sides for conducting material which is being screened in the direction of
arrow 30 (FIGS. 1 and 6) across the width of the screen in substantially
parallel rows. This prevents the material being screened from gravitating
toward the sides 12 and 13 when the screen assembly 10 is mounted in bowed
condition on a vibratory screening machine 31, as schematically depicted
in FIG. 7.
The screen 24 includes a coarse support screen 32 having bonded thereto a
fine screening screen 33. Coarse screen 32 may be anywhere between 4 and
24 mesh, or any other suitable size. The fine screening screen 33 may be
between 50 and 400 mesh or any other suitable size. The coarseness of the
support screen and the fineness of the fine screening screen which are
used in any application would depend on the material being screened, and
whether the screening is being effected dry or wet. The fine screening
screen 33 is bonded to the coarse support screen 32 at points where their
wires intersect by a suitable adhesive such as epoxy. In addition,
wherever the apices 34 (FIGS. 4 and 5) cross over elongated frame members
20, they are adhesively bonded thereto by epoxy. Thus, there will be a
bond to thereby firmly secure screen 24 to plate 11 so that it can
withstand the high G forces to which it is subjected. Thus, for example,
there will be bonds at points such as 35 (FIG. 5). However, any other
suitable securing arrangement for rigidly securing screen 24 to plate 11
may be used.
The screen 24 is formed on a brake to the triangular shape shown after
screens 32 and 33 are bonded to each other. In the present instance, the
sides 27 extend at a 45.degree. angle to plate 11 and thus the angle
between sides 27 will be 90.degree. . However, sides 27 can extend at any
desired angle relative to each other. Additionally, the undulating shape
need not be triangular but it may be sinusoidal or any other suitable
cross sectional configuration which will provide elongated substantially
parallel ridges with troughs therebetween. Thus, the vertices at the
lowermost portions of the troughs 29 need not be a sharp angle as shown
but can be curved.
The supporting screen 32 need be sufficiently strong to maintain the
integrity of the undulating shape to bear the brunt of any rocks and heavy
debris to which the screen is subjected. Furthermore, the coarse support
screen 32 need be of a sufficiently close mesh so as to prevent tearing of
the screening screen 33 which lies on top of it.
The sides 14 and 15 of plate 11 are formed into triangles 37 and 37',
respectively, which are bent up at a right angle to the main body of the
plate, and the edges of the triangles 37 are sealed, as by adhesive or
welding, to the end edges 38 of the undulating ridges at 39 to thereby
completely close the ends of ridges 25. This prevents the material from
being screened from entering the openings closed by triangles 37. Any
other suitable arrangements can be utilized for blocking the ends of the
ridges 25.
The screen assembly 10, in addition to channeling screening material
through troughs 29, also provides a greater screening surface than a flat
screen, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,421. In this respect,
depending on the triangular configuration, the screening area is a
multiple of the screening area of the screen shown in the prior patent. In
the specific embodiment shown where the sides 27 are at an angle of
45.degree. to the plate, the screen has approximately 1.8 times the
screening area of a flat screen. In addition, because the sides 27 are at
an angle and because the oscillation of the screen is in a vertical
direction, there is less blinding because the particles which are moved up
and down hit the screening screen 33 at an angle rather than
perpendicularly, as would be the case with a flat screen. In operation,
the particles do not gravitate into the bottoms of the troughs 29 but they
are distributed along the sides 27. It is actually the sides 27 which
guide the particles in the direction of the troughs 29.
In FIG. 6 there is a schematic showing of three screens 10 in perfect
alignment with each other, that is, the troughs 29 of each of the screens
and the ridges 24 of each of the screens are in alignment so that the
material to be screened which is traveling in the direction of arrow 30
will pass from one screen to the next without being obstructed by the ends
of the screens which are blocked by triangles 37 and 37'.
The screen assembly 10 can be mounted in a vibrating screening machine 31
by means of elongated channel-shaped drawbars 40 and 41 which engage
channels 22 and 23, respectively, and are drawn up by means of nut and
bolt assemblies 42 and 43, respectively, as is well known in the art.
Screen assembly 10 rests on a frame (not fully shown) having a plurality
of elongated members 44 and 45 extending parallel to channels 22 and 23.
In its operative position, screen assembly 10 is bowed slightly so that
its center along a line parallel to edges 12 and 13 is higher than the
outer edges 12 and 13, as is well known. However, the screen assembly 10
can be mounted in any other manner by any other type of mounting
arrangement, depending on the machine in which it is used. In addition, in
certain instances, th e screen assembly 10 may be mounted flat or, if a
different type of frame is utilized rather than the plate 11, the frame
may be mounted in any suitable manner, depending on the machine.
In use, the screen assembly 10 may be inclined downwardly from upper edge
15 to lower edge 14 or it may be horizontal, or it may be inclined
upwardly from edge 15 to edge 14. Material is fed onto the screen at edge
15 and it passes toward edge 14 as screen assembly 10 is vibrated in the
conventional manner. In this respect, the vibration is an oscillation in
the plane of the direction of arrows 30 (FIGS. 1 and 6), that is it is in
the same direction as the flow of the material which is being screened.
More specifically, the oscillation is in a forward and rearward direction
coupled with an up and down motion, but there is no appreciable sidewise
motion. The oscillation is effected under high G forces between about 2G
and 9G, depending on the material being screened. It is for this reason,
namely, the high G forces that the frame 11 has to be sufficiently strong,
and the support screen 32 has to be sufficiently strong to support the
expanses of screening screen 33 bonded thereto, and support screen 32 has
to be bonded at multiple points along its length to prevent it from being
detached from the plate 11 during oscillation.
Another embodiment of the improved screen assembly is shown in FIG. 8.
Screen assembly 10a utilizes a metal frame 50 consisting of a rectangular
outer frame 51 consisting of two tubular members 52 and two tubular
members 53. Tubular frame members 54 extend lengthwise between and are
suitably secured to the two members 53 and tubular members 55 extend
lengthwise between and are suitably secured to tubular members 54.
Adjacent tubular members 55 are not aligned with each other, so that
screened material will not travel along one member 55 onto another member
55. A screen 24 is provided having a coarse screen 32 with a fine screen
33 bonded thereto, as described in FIGS. 1-8. Screen 24 is adhesively
bonded to tubular members 54. The frame members 54 and 55 define apertures
56 there-between through which screened material passes after it has been
screened by screen 24. Suitable channels, such as 22 and 23 (FIGS. 1-8),
may be welded to frame members 53 for mounting screen assembly 10a on a
vibratory screen machine, or any other suitable mounting arrangement can
be used. The screen assembly 10a is suited for mounting on a vibratory
screening machine having a flat bed, considering that the tubular frame 51
is not flexible like plate 11 of FIGS. 1-8. It is to be noted that
triangular plates, such as 37 of FIGS. 1-8, cannot be used to block off
the ends of the ridges 25 but other blocking arrangements, such as
described hereafter with other embodiments, can be used. While the frame
50 has been described above as being fabricated of tubular members, it
will be appreciated that under certain circumstances it may be fabricated
of solid rods if the weight is not excessive.
Another embodiment 10b is shown in FIG. 9. This embodiment includes a
perforated plate which may be identical to plate 11 of FIGS. 1-8 and which
has suitable channels, such as 22 and 23, affixed thereto for mounting the
screen assembly 10b on a vibratory screening machine. In this embodiment,
a coarse screen 32' and a fine screen 33' are bonded, as by epoxy
adhesive, to a perforated plate 57 having apertures 59 therein. Plate 57
and screens 32' and 33' are bent into an undulating shape having ridges
25' and troughs 29'. The troughs 29' terminate at apices 34'. The
undersides of apices 34' are welded or otherwise suitably bonded at spaced
locations along their lengths to plate 11 in the same manner described
above relative to FIGS. 2-8. Plate 11 may include bent up triangles 37 for
blocking the ends of ridges 25 in the same manner described above relative
to FIGS. 2-8. The purpose for utilizing a perforated plate 57 is to lend
strength to the screens 32' and 33' against deformation by rocks. In this
embodiment, if desired, only one screening screen may be bonded to plate
57 if plate 57 lends sufficient support to it. In fact in any of the
embodiments, a single screen can be bonded to the frame at various points
along the lengths of the troughs if the screen is sufficiently strong to
withstand the forces which are applied to it, and this would generally
apply to screens which have relatively large wire sizes, such as screens
which are between about 10 and 50 mesh which will not distort excessively
when subjected to the forces produced by the vibratory screening machine.
In FIG. 10 a further modified screen assembly 10c is shown. This assembly
may take the form of any of the preceding screens except that it does not
have the folded-up triangular ends 37 for blocking the openings to ridges
25. Instead, both screens 32 and 33 are bent over at the ends of the
ridges 25 to form a cover 60 by joining portions 61 and 62 by a seam 63,
which may be formed by adhesive or welding or brazing or in any other
suitable manner. The lowermost side of cover 60 is sealed to plate 11
along joint 66. This arrangement for sealing the ends of ridges 25 may be
utilized in any of the preceding embodiments 10, 10a and 10b.
In FIG. 11 a further modified screen assembly 10d is shown which utilizes a
triangular plastic insert 65 to seal the end of ridges, such as 25. The
plastic insert can consist of a triangular portion 67 having flanges 69
and 70, respectively, which are placed in contiguous abutting lapped
relationship with the inner end edge surfaces of plate 11 and ridges 25,
respectively. Suitable adhesive or sealant, such as epoxy, bonds flanges
69 and 70 in position. Plastic plates 65 may be utilized in any of the
preceding embodiments.
In FIGS. 12-19 a preferred embodiment of the present invention is
disclosed. This embodiment comprises a screen assembly 10' which includes
a frame in the form of a perforated metal plate 11 which may be identical
to plate 11 described above with respect to FIGS. 1-8, and accordingly the
same numerals will be applied to this plate, and a description will be
omitted at this point in the interest of brevity. It will be understood
that the numerals on this plate which are identical to the numerals of the
plate of FIGS. 1-8 represent identical elements of structure.
The screen assembly 10' of FIGS. 12-19 differs from the preceding
embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-8 in that the corrugated screen 75 of screen
assembly 10' is of an undulating curved shape rather than an undulating
triangular shape. In addition, it possesses three layers of screening
instead of the two layers shown in FIGS. 1-8. More specifically, the
screen 75 comprises a base screen 77, an intermediate screen 79 and an
uppermost screen 80. These screens are formed into an undulating curved
shape which includes curved ridges 76 and curved troughs 78. Screens 77,
79 and 80 are bonded to each other by epoxy at their contacting areas,
that is, where the wires of each screen contact the wires of the screen
which is contiguous thereto. The undersides 82 of the troughs 78 are
bonded to plate 11 by epoxy wherever they cross portions 20 and 21 of
plate 11. Base screen 77 is in the nature of a supporting screen and it
may have a mesh size of between about 3 mesh and 8 mesh. The intermediate
screen 79 may have a mesh size of between 30 mesh and 325 mesh. The
uppermost screen 80 is of finer mesh than intermediate screen 79 and it
may have a mesh size of between 40 mesh and 400 mesh. Preferably the
intermediate screen 79 should be two U.S. sieve sizes coarser than the
uppermost screen 80.
The open ends of the ridges 76 of screen 75 are sealed or blocked by
polyurethane caps 83 which are molded into place. To accomplish this, a
screen assembly consisting of plate 11 with screen 75 bonded thereto is
oriented vertically, and an end of the screen is placed into a mold 84. In
this mold, the screen 75 is placed in contiguous abutting complementary
relationship with curved surface 85, and the edge of plate 11 is placed in
abutting relationship with edge 87 of the mold. The end surfaces of the
screen 75 and plate 11 are placed in abutting relationship with the planar
bottom 89 of the mold, and the channel-shaped side edges 12 and 13 of
plate 11 are placed in mating openings 90 of the mold 84. Liquid
polyurethane is then pumped into the open end of each ridge to the proper
depth by inserting the pump 86 through the aperture 19 in the plate 11
which is proximate to the open end of the ridge 76 which is to be blocked,
and the liquid polyurethane is filled to the proper depth in the mold.
This is shown in FIG. 18. The polyurethane penetrates the screen 75 and
also adheres to the plate 11, and after the polyurethane solidifies, a cap
83 is firmly bonded to the open end of each ridge 76. The caps 83, in
addition to serving their blocking function, also rigidize the edges of
the screen 75.
Since screen 75 is of curved shape, its crests 81 are rounded, as compared
with the pointed crests or apices of the triangular screen of FIGS. 1-8.
Also, the apices 82 at the undersides of troughs 78 are rounded which
provides more contact area with plate 11 than is possible with the apices
34 of the triangular screen of FIGS. 1-8. The undersides 82 of troughs 78
are bonded to the contacting portions of plate 11 by means of epoxy, as
noted above. Since apices 82 have an effective wider tread than apices 34
of FIGS. 1-8, more secure bonding is obtained wherever the contact exists.
Additionally, the rounded crests or apices 81 provide longer life because
there are no acute stress areas due to sharp bends. Additionally, the
screen according to FIGS. 12-19 provides improved performance because the
material which is being screened does not slide sideways as rapidly from
the curved crests or apices 81 and because there is a broader base at the
bottoms 83 of the curved troughs and thus less clogging.
A screen which has proved satisfactory in operation had the following
dimensions: The plate 11 had the dimensions set forth above relative to
FIGS. 1-8. The base screen 77 was 4 mesh, the intermediate screen 79 was
180 mesh and the uppermost screen 80 was 200 mesh. Curved screen 75 had a
dimension of 1.6 inches between cycles, that is 1.6 inches between
adjacent crests and 1.6 inches between the bottom of adjacent troughs.
Also, the radii at the bottoms of the troughs was 1/4 inch and the radii
at th e crests 81 was 1/2 inch. The height of the ridges from plate 11 to
the tops 81 was one inch. It will be appreciated that the curvature may be
of any desired dimension which will provide the proper results.
The use of a triple layer consisting of screens 77, 79 and 80 produces
certain advantages. The base screen 77 provides rigidity without
significantly blocking the openings in the two screens 79 and 80 which lie
above it. Intermediate screen 79 provides support to uppermost screen 80
and it in turn is supported by base screen 77.
While the preferred way of blocking the open ends of the screen 10' has
been described above by the polyurethane caps 83, the ends of screen 75
can be blocked by any of the structures disclosed above. More
specifically, the open ends can be blocked by suitably shaped tabs such as
37 of FIG. 2 bent up from plate 11. Also, the open ends of the screens can
be blocked by the method shown in FIG. 10 or by suitably shaped plastic
inserts of the type shown and described above relative to FIG. 11.
The screen assemblies described above can be utilized for dry screening, or
can be utilized for wet screening of drilling mud which is a slurry of mud
and water, and it can also be utilized for other liquid suspensions, such
as kaolin and water. A machine of the type which performs a wet screening
operation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,054.
It can thus be seen that the improved screen assemblies of the present
invention are manifestly capable of achieving the above-enumerated
objects, and while preferred embodiments of the present invention have
been disclosed, it will be appreciated that it is not limited thereto but
may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the following claims. | 1B
| 07 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the
invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
While the invention will be described in conjunction with the 2preferred
embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the
invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended
to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be
included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the
appended claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates a lead frame 10, used according to the invention, prior
to assembly and trim operations. The lead frame 10 is formed from a thin
strip of alloy 42 material. A centrally-located die-attach paddle 12 is
provided for attachment of an integrated-circuit die. (not shown in the
Figure) to the top side thereof. A number of radially-extending leads
(typically shown as 14) are mechanically attached together by sections
16a-16b of a dambar, which are removed after the lead frame and the
attached integrated-circuit die are encapsulated in a molded package. The
leads have bonding fingers located adjacent to the edges of the die-attach
paddle. Bonding wires are connected between bonding pads formed on the
integrated-circuit die and the bonding fingers on the ends of the leads
prior to encapsulation. Locating holes 18a-18d are formed through the
corners of the die-attach paddle for receiving locating studs of a
floating heat sink member.
FIG. 2 illustrates a floating heat sink member 20 which is formed of a
conductive material such as copper. The floating heat sink member 20 is
shaped as a rectangular plate having a shallow, centrally-located recessed
area 22 formed into one side, as illustrated in the Figure. The cavity 22
is intended to contain a viscous thermal grease which is used for
resiliently fixing the heat sink 20 to the back side of the die-attach
paddle 12. Extending upwardly from each corner of the heat sink member are
locating studs 24a-24d fixed into holes located at each corner of the heat
sink 20. The studs fixed to the heat sink serve as means for coarsely
positioning the heat sink with respect to the back side of the die-attach
paddle 12.
FIG. 3 shows the heat sink 20 fixed in position adjacent to the back side
of the die-attach paddle 12 using a layer 24 of a highly viscous thermal
grease. The layer 24 serves as a means for resiliently fixing the heat
sink member to the back side of the die-attach paddle. The material used
for the viscous thermal grease is, for example, a diamond filled silicone
material or a material which after curing remains flexible. The layer 24
of viscous thermal grease provides a thermal path for heat from the die to
the head sink 20. Because the heat sink is not rigidly attached to the
die-attach paddle 12, it can be thought of as mechanically floating with
respect to the lead frame. In this manner the various stress forces
produced by differences in the thermal coefficients of expansion for the
various materials are absorbed by the viscous layer 24.
An integrated-circuit die 26 is shown fixed to the top side of the
die-attach 5paddle 12 with a layer 28 of die-attach adhesive material.
Bonding wires 30, 32 are shown typically connected between die-bonding
pads on the integrated-circuit die 26 and the inner ends of the leads 34,
36 of the lead frame. Locating studs 24c, 24d are shown extending through
holes at the corners of the die-attach paddle 12. The studs hold the heat
sink 20 in position during fabrication process steps immediately prior to
encapsulation and formation of a package body. The profile of the molded
package body is indicated by the contour line 40. In situations where no
heat sink is used, the same lead frame can be used and no studs are used
to coarsely align the heat sink member with respect to the back side of
the die-attach paddle.
FIG. 4 shows a modified lead frame 60 having enlarged 61a-61d tie-bars,
particularly near the corners of a die-attach paddle 62. This allows the
locating holes 68a-68d to be positioned in the tie bars and away from the
central area of the die-attach paddle 62. This modified arrangement of the
lead frame is provided so that the size of the die is not limited by
interference with the locating pins located at the corners of a heat sink.
FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate various locating studs designs. The distal ends of
the studs shown in FIGS. 5B, 5C, and 5D are larger than their intermediate
shank portions so that the intermediate portion of a stud is engaged
within its corresponding hole in the die-attach paddle. Note that the stud
of FIG. 5E has a base portion 72 which has a shoulder 74 With a diameter
larger than the diameter of the locating holes formed in the corners of
the die-attach paddle.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of a package assembly showing a
locating stud 70 of FIG. 5E with the shoulder 74 serving to space-apart,
or standoff, the heat sink 20 a specific distance from the die-attach
paddle 12, as indicated in the Figure.
Standard MQFP lead frames are used with certain modifications, where the
modifications can be used both with and without the heat sinks. A heat
sink is locked in place by the enlarged heads at the distal end of the
locating studs. The heat sink resiliently floats in relationship to the
lead frame on the thermal grease. For materials which have matching TCE's,
the heat sink can be connected directly to the die paddle by swaging the
ends of the locating studs using an appropriately designed locating studs
and location holes.
The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention
have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are
not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise
forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are
possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and
described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its
practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best
utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications
as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the
scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their
equivalents. | 7H
| 01 | L |
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of the system of the
present invention, denoted generally by reference numeral 10. The system
10 includes an electronic mail (e-mail) switch 12 for receiving e-mail
messages from a first location and forwarding the e-mail messages to a
second location, or destination.
The e-mail switch 12 is connected to a plurality of post offices
14a,14b,14c,14d which provide address information to the e-mail switch 12
for the various e-mail messages. Each of the post offices 14a,14b,14c,14d
shown in FIG. 1 utilizes a different e-mail packages, such as cc:Mail, MS
Mail, MHS Mail and X.400 Mail, respectively. The system 10 of the present
invention is not limited to different e-mail packages or more than one
e-mail package. The various different e-mail packages are shown for
illustrative purposes only.
The system 10 further includes a testing driver 16, such as a processor,
connected to each of the post offices 14 for transmitting and receiving an
e-mail message and verifying the e-mail message is correct in form and
content. The testing driver 16 reads data from a data file describing the
e-mail message including priority, subject, author, recipient, carbon copy
recipient, blind carbon copy recipient, main body, attachments and return
receipt indication. After the e-mail message has been successfully sent,
the testing driver 16 attempts to read the received message. If the
message is received, the testing driver 16 verifies that all parts exist
and are correct, i.e., all parts are the same as the sent message. The
testing driver 16 then forwards or replies to the e-mail message based on
corresponding flags in the data file. Return receipts are validated in a
like manner.
Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a flow diagram illustrating the
sequence of steps associated with the operation of the present invention.
The testing driver 16 first generates a test message, as shown at block
20. A typical e-mail message may have several parts to it, such as
priority, subject, author, recipient, carbon copy recipient, blind carbon
copy recipient, main body, attachments and return receipt. The test
message may include any combination of these parts. The test message may
also be configured for receipt by the same mail package or by different
mail packages.
The test message is then forwarded to the e-mail switch 12 via the post
office 14 corresponding to the configuration of the test message, as shown
at block 22. The e-mail switch 12 then forwards the test message to the
appropriate post office 14, as shown at block 24. The test message sent to
the post office 14 via the e-mail switch 12 corresponds to a received
message which is transmitted to the testing driver 16, as shown at block
26.
The testing driver 16 then compares the test message with the received
message according to a plurality of comparison tests, as shown at block
28. The plurality of comparison tests include a two-pass checksum
performed on the main body of the test message and the received message.
The first checksum pass is a strict checksum that determines a check
number based on every single character in the main body of the messages.
The second checksum pass is a loose checksum that ignores any special
characters such as color, text style, formatting, spaces and new lines.
Consider the example in which the test message read as follows:
Hello, it is so good to hear from you.
and the received message read:
Hello, it is so good to hear from you.
The first checksum pass would identify the characters responsible for the
bold face type on the word "so" and the new line character after the word
"hear". The first checksum pass would determine a different check number
for the test message than the check number determined for the received
message, which doesn't have those characters. Thus, an error would be
flagged since it appears that the e-mail switch 12 garbled the message and
lost part of the main body. However, the second checksum pass ignores the
special characters and generates the same check numbers for both the test
message and the received message.
The plurality of comparison tests also include a comparison of the address
of the test message with the address of the received message. An address
typically comprises the following:
______________________________________
DOMAIN DOMAIN
GROUP ELEMENT NATIVE
DOMAIN NAME NAME ADDRESS
______________________________________
MSMAIL ANYTHING AGinther IACTMSM2/IACTMSM2/
AGINTHER
MHS ATMHS CMOLBY CMOLBY@USWMHS
MHS ATMHS JGRAHAM JGRAHAM@USWMHS
MHS ATMS JSMITH JSMITH@USWMHS
MHS ATMS RADHA RADHA@USWMHS
CCMAIL BOULDER tremote test remote at iactccm1
______________________________________
where the first column "Domain" indicates which application the user has an
account with in terms of e-mail type only. The actual post office is
determined with the "Domain Group Name" column. The "Domain Group Name"
and the "Domain Element Name" describes the e-mail address as used by the
e-mail switch 12. The final column "Native Address" is the address for the
mailbox of the e-mail application. The "Native Address" is used to send
and receive mail from testing driver 16. Thus, the testing driver 16 uses
vendor-supplied utilities for transmitting and receiving messages. In
comparing the address of the test message with the address of the received
message, the testing driver 16 first converts the "Native Address" of each
of the messages into a corresponding common format. The common format is
represented as the domain group name and the domain element name separated
by a period, i.e., "Domain Group Name. Domain Element Name." The
comparison is then made based on the common format of the messages.
Another comparison performed includes a comparison of the priorities of the
test message and received message. The priority system is different on
each e-mail application. For example, one e-mail application may use a
system of 1 to 5 to indicate priority, while another e-mail application
may use U (urgent) and N (normal) or any other similar classifications. A
priority error exception file is utilized to cross-reference acceptable
priority classifications between the different e-mail applications. For
example, "Priority, CCMAIL, 1, MSMAIL, U" indicates that the CCMAIL
priority of "1" corresponds to the MSMAIL priority of "U".
Still further, a comparison of the subject matter of the test message and
the received message is performed. The subject matter of an e-mail message
is typically inserted into a subject line. The subject lines of the test
message and the received message are compared letter for letter. No loose
comparison for the subject line is allowed.
Another comparison between the test message and the received message
includes the comparison of the list of addressees, or recipients. There
may be some e-mail applications that do not support blind carbon copy
(bcc) recipients, and the e-mail switch 12 may simply change the bcc
recipients to carbon copy (cc) recipients. In this case, the testing
driver 16 will indicate an error in the transmission of the test message.
If this type of error is not desirable, an addressee, or recipient error
exception file may be created, such as the following:
Recipient, CCMAIL, BCC, MHS, CC,
indicating that an error is not to be flagged if a bcc recipient in CCMAIL
is received as a cc recipient in MHS.
Finally, after completion of all the comparison tests, the testing driver
16 determines if an error has occurred in transferring the test message
through the e-mail switch 12, as shown at block 30. The testing driver 16,
thus, serves to test the operation of the e-mail switch 12.
Test messages are typically developed which involve rather complex
messaging. For instance, a typical test message may include sending a
message through the system 10, receiving the message, sending a reply,
sending a return receipt, forwarding the message, receiving the reply,
receiving the return receipt and receiving the forwarded message. Every
time the message is received, it is checked for accuracy and
acceptability. Therefore, the only time the operation of the e-mail switch
12 is checked is when the e-mail message is received. Lack of receiving a
message is also checked and reported.
While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in
detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will
recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the
invention as defined by the following claims. | 6G
| 06 | F |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1shows schematically an apparatus according to the invention for reducing the amount of sludges in a pulp or paper mill. The apparatus comprises heating means1for solid fuel, i.e. a steaming apparatus in which the fuel is heated and moisture is removed therefrom by means of hot gas obtained from the pulp or paper mill.
The fuel is supplied to the steaming apparatus1from the fuel storage bin, or if the fuel consists of wood chips, directly from chipping (not shown in the drawing). In the embodiment shown inFIG. 1, the heating of the fuel takes place in two stages. In the first fuel heating phase the wood chips are conveyed to a vertical first heating part1aof the steaming apparatus1from its upper end. The fuel moves in the first heating part by means of gravity vertically downward according to the arrow A. Hot gas is conveyed to the first heating part1acrosswisely with respect to the fuel flow from gas feeding pipes2aand2b. The feeding pipes are equipped with gas distribution means, for example screens to distribute the gas evenly to the fuel flow in its cross-direction. Thus, it is possible to ensure as efficient heating of the fuel as possible. In the first heating part1athe fuel flow becomes dense and it is discharged to the second heating part1blocated in connection with the first heating part, thus forming a dense bed on top of the horizontal conveyor3arranged at the bottom of the second heating part1b. The second heating part constitutes the second heating phase of the heating process. In the second heating part1bthe speed of the conveyor is arranged in such a manner that sufficient delay is ensured for the fuel so that the heating of the fuel would be as complete as possible. In the second heating part1bthe fuel bed is conveyed substantially on the horizontal plane as shown by the arrow B through the second heating part1bby means of the conveyor3located below the fuel bed. Hot gas is conveyed to the second heating part1bvia nozzles4arranged at the bottom of the second heating phase1b. The hot gas penetrates to the fuel bed via holes arranged in the conveyor3.
The steam produced in the steaming apparatus is removed from the steaming apparatus1via a duct5arranged on the top of the second heating part1b. If desired, the steam can be returned to the steaming apparatus into heating gas by conveying it directly to the second heating part1bvia the ducts4. This is illustrated by means of broken line arrows inFIG. 1. The amount of heat contained in the steam can also be recovered in a heat exchanger (not shown in the drawing), and the thus obtained hot gas can be returned as heating gas to the steaming apparatus. The condensate produced in the steaming apparatus is removed via a condensate removing duct6arranged at the bottom of the second heating part1b.
The fuel processed in the steaming apparatus whose temperature has reached a temperature of over 100° C. is discharged from the apparatus via a duct7integrated into the second heating phase1b. The lower end of the duct7is provided with conveying means8, such as a screw that discharges the fuel. The screw8discharges the hot fuel heated in the steaming apparatus1directly to the absorption tank9for sludge.
The sludge produced in the waste water treatment plant10is guided to the absorption tank9via the line11, the dry matter content of said sludge being 20 to 25%. The waste waters produced in the different process stages of the pulp and/or papermaking process are treated in the waste water treatment plant10. The waste waters may consist of waste water or sludge collected at different process stages, or they can consist of waste water or sludge collected at a particular process stage. They can also consist of a mixture of primary sludge and biosludge. The essential aspect is that before the waste waters are conveyed to the absorption tank9, they are treated, in other words water is removed from them so that the dry matter content of the sludge conveyed to the absorption tank is 20 to 25%. In the process of dewatering the waste water it is possible to use for example mechanical water separators.
The sludge being in lower temperature in the absorption tank9cools down the hot fuel, which, while cooling down, absorbs sludge and the particles contained therein within itself. The absorption tank may also be equipped with a mixer. The fuel that has absorbed sludge, in other words the fuel-sludge mixture is removed from the absorption tank by means of a transfer means12connected thereto, such as a screw conveyor. Thereafter the fuel-sludge mixture is conveyed to be burned in the power boiler13of the pulp and/or paper mill.
If the moisture content of the fuel-sludge mixture is too high to be conveyed to the boiler to be burned, it is possible to dry the fuel-sludge mixture further in a separate drying device. One such alternative is shown in F. 2. The hot fuel obtained from the steaming apparatus (not shown in the drawing) is conveyed to the sludge absorption tank9via the duct7, as disclosed in the embodiment described hereinabove. The produced fuel-sludge mixture is conveyed from the absorption tank9to the drier14via the transfer means12, such as a screw conveyor.
The drier14that is arranged to dry the fuel-sludge mixture, can be any drier suitable for drying solid fuel. In the embodiment ofFIG. 2the drier14is a belt drier in which the fuel-sludge mixture is supplied on top of a belt15formed by an endless loop. The belt moves by means of two rolls16arranged inside the loop in a stationary position to the direction shown by means of arrow C in the figure in such a manner that the dried fuel-sludge mixture is discharged from the other end of the belt. The belt15is provided with holes through which the hot gas conveyed to the bottom of the drier14via ducts17is capable of flowing to the fuel-sludge mixture moving on top of the belt15and by means of the same. The hot gas used in the drying can be primary or secondary hot gas obtained from the mill. The dried fuel-sludge mixture is conveyed from the drier14to the power boiler13to be burned. Thus, the fuel-sludge mixture dries under the influence of hot gas. The gaseous steam produced in the drier is removed from the drier via a duct18. Depending on the composition of the gaseous steam produced in the drier14, it is conveyed either to a separate processing system for weak odorous gases (not shown in the Figure) in the mill, to be washed in a scrubber19or directly to a flue gas channel (not shown in the Figure).
The invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments presented as examples above, but the invention is intended to be applied widely within the scope of the inventive idea as defined in the appended claims.
| 3D
| 21 | C |
Referring to FIG. 1, the surgical clip applicator 11 includes a housing 12,
a jaw blade assembly 13 fixedly connected to the housing 12, a channel
assembly 14 slidably mounted in the housing 12 and enveloping the jaw
blade assembly 13, a pusher bar 15 slidably mounted in the channel
assembly 14 and means 16 for moving the pusher bar 15 and the channel
assembly 14 relative to each other. The means 16 for moving the channel
assembly 14 and pusher bar 15 includes a pair of handles 17 pivotally
connected to opposite sides of the housing 12 by link means in the form of
a pair of links 18 connected to and between the handles 17 and the channel
assembly 14 for moving the channel assembly in a distal, i.e. forward,
direction in response to closing of the handles 17 together and a second
link means in the form of two pairs of links 19, 20 connected to and
between the handles 17 and the pusher bar 15 for moving the pusher bar 15
to a proximal-most position in response to closing of the handles 17
together.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the housing 12 is formed of a bottom 21 and a
top 22 which are secured together as by three rivets 23. This housing 12
is of slender construction and is made of any suitable material, for
example, a plastic material. As indicated, the housing bottom 21 is
contoured and recessed so as to receive various components of the
applicator as further explained below. The housing top 22 is contoured for
similar purposes.
The handles 17 are pivotally connected at the distal ends to opposite sides
of the housing 11 by means of the pair of rivets 23 at the forward end of
the housing.
Referring to FIG. 7, the jaw blade assembly 13 includes an elongated jaw
blade 24 which has a pair of upwardly angled jaws 25 formed at a
bifurcated distal end for receiving a surgical clip therein. As is
conventional, each jaw 25 is provided with a small slot or groove in a
side wall so as to receive a leg of a substantially U-shaped surgical clip
therein. In addition, a tissue stop 26 is disposed below the jaws 25 and
extends proximally under the jaw blade 24. This tissue stop 26 has a
bifurcated distal end which underlies and serves as a guide to prevent
tissue from impeding movement of the clip 33 (FIG. 4) into jaws 25. The
jaw blade 24 is shaped so that the jaws 25 can be cammed towards each
other and spring-biased apart.
The jaw blade 24 is also provided with an upstanding abutment 27 at an
intermediate point to act as a distal stop for the pusher bar 15. In
addition, the rear end of the jaw blade 24 is provided with an alternating
sequence of circular openings 28, 29 and elongated slots 30, 31 for
purposes as explained below.
The jaw blade assembly 13 also includes a clip carrier 32 for supplying a
series of clips 33 to the jaws 25. This clip carrier 32 is formed as an
elongated channel having a pair of side walls or rails 34 between which
the clips 33 are slidably guided, a pusher 35 (see FIG. 4) which slides
between the rails 34 and a spring 36 for biasing the pusher 35 in a distal
direction. As indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the spring 36 is mounted about a
shaft 36' which has a head to abut at the proximal end against an abutment
37 of the clip carrier 32 (FIG. 7) and fits over a stem 35' on the pusher
35 in order to bias the pusher 35 in the forward direction.
Referring to FIG. 9, the rails 34 are aligned with the jaws 25 and are
angled downwardly so as to deliver a clip directly from between the rails
34 to directly between the jaws 25 and are spaced apart a distance equal
to the spacing between the jaws 25.
Referring to FIG. 4, the channel assembly 14 includes an elongated channel
shaped member 38 and a cover 39 which is fixed secured to the channel
shaped member 38 in order to envelope the jaw blade assembly 13 of FIG. 7.
As indicated in FIG. 6, the channel 38 has a pair of upstanding parallel
walls 40 which extend to a distal end. Each wall 40 is shaped at the
distal end to form a recess 41 and an axially extending projection 41'. A
capture plate 42 is fitted into and across the recesses 41 of the walls 40
while having a pair of apertures 42' to fit over the projections 41'. As
indicated in FIGS. 1 and 9, the capture plate 42 serves to hold down the
jaw blade 24 and is disposed between the jaw blade 24 and the clip carrier
32. Also, as indicated in FIG. 1, the channel cover 39 is inclined
downwardly at the distal end in alignment with the distal ends of the
walls 40.
In addition, the channel 38 has a depending detent 43 (see FIG. 6) at an
intermediate point of the bottom of the channel 38 as well as a pair of
recesses 44 formed in the walls 40 towards the proximal end. In addition,
the proximal end of the channel 38 is formed with a circular opening 45
and two elongated slots 46, 47.
Referring to FIG. 4, the pusher bar 15 is of elongated shape and has a
depending nose 48 at the distal end. As indicated, the forward end of the
pusher bar 15 is angled slightly downwardly from the remainder of the bar
15 and is located above the clip carrier 32 so as to slide on the bottom
of the carrier 32. In addition, the pusher bar 15 has a depending detent
49 which is secured thereto in any suitable fashion. This detent 49 is
shaped as indicated in FIG. 10 to extend rearwardly, i.e. in the proximal
direction for purposes as explained below and has a secondary detent 49'
at the distal end. As illustrated, the proximal end of the pusher bar 15
is provided with an elongated slot 50.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, a sleeve 51 in the form of a shrink-fitted
plastic tube is disposed about the channel assembly 14 for conventional
purposes.
Referring to FIG. 1, each handle 17 is articulated to the housing 12, the
channel assembly 14 and the pusher bar 15 in similar relation. Hence, only
one articulation will be discussed. As indicated in FIG. 8, each channel
link 18 is pivotally mounted at the proximal end about a pivot pin 52
which is fixed within the handle 17 while being pivotal about a pivot pin
53 (see FIG. 1) at the distal end which is secured in the circular opening
45 of the channel 38 of the channel assembly 14 (see FIG. 6). Thus, when
the handles 17 close together, the two channel links 18 push the channel
assembly 14 (see FIG. 1) forwardly in the distal direction. At this time,
the channel assembly 14 slides over the jaws 25 to close the jaws 25
together so as to crimp a clip 33 positioned therebetween.
Each pusher bar link 19 is pivotally mounted about a fixed pin 54 mounted
in the housing 11 (see FIG. 2). In addition, the proximal end of each link
19 is pivotally mounted about a pivot pin 55 which is slidably mounted
within an elongated groove or channel 56 in the handle 17. The pivot pin
55 also receives the distal end of the pusher bar link 20. The proximal
end of this link 20 is mounted about a common pin 57 (see FIGS. 1 and 2)
which, in turn, slides within the elongated slot 50 of the pusher bar 15.
As indicated in FIG. 8, each handle 17 is provided with two slots 58 to
accommodate the links 18, 19, 20. In addition, a cover plate 59 is mounted
over an opening in each handle via depending pins 60 to close off the
groove 56 and cover over the assembly opening.
When the handles 17 are brought together, the links 18 slide the channel
assembly 14 forward (distally) while the links 19, 20 initially expand
apart so that the pin 57 of link 20 (see FIG. 1) slides within the slot 50
of the pusher bar 15 until abutting against the proximal end of the pusher
bar 15. Thereafter, the pusher bar 15 is moved in the proximal, i.e.
rearward direction relative to the housing 11. Thus, when the handles 17
are first brought together, the channel assembly 14 moves forwardly and
after a slight delay, the pusher bar 15 begins to move proximally. For
example, the channel assembly 14 moves approximately 0.060 inches before
the pusher bar 15 begins to move.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, a spring assembly 60 is provided in the housing
12 in order to bias the channel assembly 14 in a proximal direction
against the force of the handles 17. As indicated in FIG. 5, the spring
assembly 60 is formed of a backing block 61, for example of plastic which
has a pair of upstanding ears 62 through each of which a bore 63 passes.
In addition, a pair of shafts 64 extend through the bores 63 of the block
61 and receive compression springs 65 thereon. Each shaft 64 has an
enlarged head at the distal end for abutting against a suitable abutment
surface of the housing top 22 (not shown) as well as a flanged stop 66 at
the proximal end for sub-assembly purposes. As indicated in FIG. 3, the
backing block 61 is mounted in the channel assembly 14 and specifically
within and across the recesses 44 formed in the walls 40 of the channel
38.
Referring to FIG. 2, a spring assembly 67 is also provided for biasing the
pusher bar 15 in the distal direction. To this end, the spring assembly 67
has a shaft 68 which has an enlarged and shouldered head 69 at the distal
end which fits into an opening of a depending lug 70 on the pusher bar 15
as well as a spring 71 which fits over a reduced portion of the shaft 68
and which abuts against a suitable abutment (not shown) in the housing
bottom 21. As indicated in FIG. 3, the lug 70 projects through a slot in
the channel assembly 38 formed by a reduced section of a wall 40 and the
cover 39.
Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, a retaining means 72 is provided on the
carrier 32 in order to retain the nose 48 of the pusher bar 15 when the
carrier 32 has been emptied. The retaining means 72 is in the form of a
channel-shaped member which is secured to the underside of the carrier 32
and which has a pair of upstanding walls 73, each of which provides a cam
surface 74 for sliding of a clip 33 thereon. The member also has an
opening 75 formed in the floor which is sized to receive the nose 48 of
the pusher bar 15 in the absence of a clip 33.
Referring to FIG. 4, a locking means 76 is provided for blocking the jaws
25 against movement towards each other in response to the nose 48 of the
pusher bar 15 being retained in the locked position, i.e. in the opening
75 (see FIG. 12). This position is obtained when there are no longer any
clips 33 in the clip carrier 32. In this respect, the distal end of the
pusher bar 15 is spring biased into the clip carrier 32 so that when clips
33 are present, the distal most clip 33 is pushed by the pusher bar nose
48 onto and across the cam surface 74 of the upstanding walls 73 of the
retaining means 72 which cams the retaining means away from the distal end
of the pusher bar 15 thus allowing the nose 48 to pass over the opening 75
when a clip is being pushed forwardly into and between the jaws 25.
However, with no clips remaining, the retaining means 72 is not cammed
away from the distal end of the pusher bar 15, thus not allowing the nose
48 to pass over the opening 75 but to drop into the opening 75 stopping
the forward motion of the pusher bar 15.
As shown in FIG. 6, the locking means 76 includes a latch 77 which is
pivotally mounted about a rivet 78 which is fixed to the circular opening
28 of the jaw blade 24. As indicated, the rivet 78 extends upwardly into
the circular opening 28 of the jaw blade 24 as well as through the
elongated slot 47 in the channel 38 of the channel assembly 14. The latch
77 is pivotally mounted below the channel 38 and has a recess 79 for
selectively engaging with the depending detent 49 of the pusher bar 15
(see FIG. 10). In addition as shown in FIG. 13D, the latch 77 is spring
biased by a spring 80 so as to pivot in a clockwise manner as viewed so as
to engage with the detent 49' of the pusher bar 15 when the pusher bar 15
is in its proximal position preventing premature feeding of the distal
most clip into the jaws 25.
The locking means 76 also includes a second latch 81, for example of sheet
metal, which is pivotally mounted on the rivet 78 in parallel relation to
the latch 77. This latch 81 has a recess 82 and a cam surface 83 forward
of the recess 82 to cooperate with the depending detent 43 of the channel
38 of the channel assembly 14.
The locking means 76 also includes an elongated cam follower 84, for
example of plastic which is also pivotally mounted above the rivet 78 in
single-arm fashion. This cam follower 84 is fixed to the latch 81 via a
detent 85 of the latch 81 fitting into a rectangular hole 86 in the
follower 84 so as to pivot therewith and includes a cam surface 87 of
triangular shape which faces toward the detent 49 of the pusher bar 15
when the applicator is in a normally opened position. In addition, the cam
follower 84 is biased by one end of the spring 80 in a clockwise direction
(as viewed) to bias the latch 81 towards engagement with the detent 43.
Should the clip carrier 32 contain clips 33, the nose 48 of the pusher bar
15 will normally be placed in a distal-most position immediately behind
the jaws 25. At this time, the detent 49 on the pusher bar 15 will be
located against the high point 87' of the cam surface 87 of the cam
follower 84 (see FIG. 13A). Thus, the latch 81 for locking the channel
assembly 14 in place will be out of line with the detent 43. As the
handles 17 (see FIGS. 13B and 13C) are squeezed together, the pusher bar
detent 49' will slide proximally past the recess 79 of the latch 77 while
the detent 43 of the channel assembly 14 slides distally past the recess
82 of the latch 81. As the handles open with clips in the clip carrier 32,
the detent 43 of the channel assembly 14 slides on the cam surface 83 into
alignment with the recess 82 of the latch 81 (FIGS. 13D, E and F). At the
same time, the detent 43 of the channel assembly 14 rotates the latch 77
counter clockwise releasing detent 49' distally. As the pusher bar 15
moves distally, the detent 49 comes in contact with the cam surface 87 of
the cam follower 84 rotating the cam follower 84 counter clockwise as the
pusher bar 15 moves distally moving surface 82, of recess 82 of the latch
81 out of line with detent 43 of the channel assembly 14. When the pusher
bar is at its distal most position (FIG. 13F), the distal side of a cross
bar 15' of the pusher bar 15 (see FIG. 4) abuts the proximal side of the
jaw abutment 27.
However, should the clip carrier 32 be empty, the nose 48 of the pusher bar
15 will drop into the opening 75 causing the detent 49 to stop at a
position away from cam surface 87 of the follower 84 leaving surface 82'
of recess 82 of latch 81 in line with detent 43 of channel 38 (FIG. 14)
upon a subsequent initial squeezing together of the handles of the
applicator (FIG. 15), the spring biased latch 81 and associated cam
follower 84 will be in a position such that surface 82' of recess 82 of
the latch 81 will impede the movement of the detent 43 of the channel
assembly 14. In this respect, the detent 49 of the pusher bar 15 is not in
a position against the cam surface 87 so as to preclude a clockwise
pivoting motion. Thus, as the handles are squeezed further, the detent 43
comes into contact with surface 82' of the recess 82 of the latch 81
causing latch 81 to rotate clockwise and is prevented from further distal
motion. The jaws 25 can, thus, not be brought together and the handles are
prevented from a further closing movement.
When the applicator 11 is to be used, the handles are first squeezed
together causing the channel assembly 14 to move forwardly and the pusher
bar 15 to move rearwardly into a position to feed the first clip 33 from
the carrier 32. As the pusher bar 15 starts to move rearwardly, the pusher
bar latch 77 is biased to rotate into the path of the detent 49 on the
pusher bar 15 and after passage of the detent rearwardly thereby prevents
the pusher bar 15 from moving forward prematurely. As the handles are
released, the channel assembly 14 moves in the rearward direction on a
return stroke while the pusher bar 15 remains stationary until the channel
assembly 14 has moved close to its rearward position at which time the
depending detent 43 of the channel 38 rotates the pusher bar latch 77 in
an opposite direction, i.e. counter clockwise as viewed in FIG. 6,
releasing the pusher bar 15 to feed the first clip 33 between the jaws 25.
At this time, the pusher bar 15 springs forwardly under the bias of the
spring assembly 67 (see FIG. 2) with the nose 48 passing over the opening
75 in the retaining means 72 since the clip 33 in the carrier 32 moves the
retaining means 72 away from the bar 15 allowing the nose 48 to pass over
the opening 75 of the retaining means. With the applicator 11 thus
prepared, a surgeon will be able to see a clip in place and can then apply
the clip where desired by squeezing the handles 17 together. At this time,
when the handles are released, the next clip in the carrier is pushed into
place between the jaws.
The invention thus provides a surgical clip applicator which is able to
provide a clip between the jaws of the applicator in a ready position for
firing upon squeezing of the handles together. This initial positioning of
the clip in place permits a surgeon not only to visually check to see if a
clip is present in the jaws but also permits the surgeon to position the
clip about a vessel or other tissue which is to be clipped.
The invention further provides a surgical clip applicator which has a
self-locking arrangement which prevents closing of the handles together
when there are no clips remaining in the applicator.
Still further, the invention provides a surgical clip applicator which is
of relatively simple compact and slender construction which can be readily
manipulated by a surgeon during a surgical procedure. | 0A
| 61 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a display apparatus
according to an embodiment of the invention.
A plasma display apparatus 100 comprises a PDP 1 of AC type constituting a
color display device of matrix type, and a drive unit 80 for selectively
tuning on a multiplicity of cells C making up a screen ES. This plasma
display apparatus 100 is used for a wall-mounted TV set, a monitor for a
computer system, etc.
The PDP 1 has a three-electrode surface discharge structure, in which first
and second main electrodes X, Y constituting a pair are arranged in
parallel, and the main electrodes X, Y cross an address electrode A making
up a third electrode in each cell C. The main electrodes X, Y extend along
the rows (horizontal direction) in the screen. The main electrode Y is
used as a scan electrode for selecting a cell in each row at the time of
addressing. The address electrode A extends along the columns (vertical
direction) and is used as a data electrode for selecting a cell in each
column. The main electrodes and the address electrodes cross each other in
a display area, i.e. a screen ES.
The drive unit 80 includes a controller 81, a frame memory 82, a data
processing circuit 83, a subfield memory 84, a power source circuit 85, an
X driver 87, a Y driver 88 and an address driver 89. The drive unit 80 is
supplied with a field data Df of each pixel indicating the brightness
level (gradation) of each of the R, G and B colors from an external unit
such as a TV tuner or computer, together with various synchronizing
signals.
The field data Df, after being stored temporarily in the frame memory 82,
is sent to the data processing circuit 83. The data processing circuit 83
is data conversion means for setting a combination of subfields to be
turned on, and outputs the subfield data Dsf corresponding to the field
data Df. The subfield data Dsf is stored in the subfield memory 84. The
value of each bit of the subfield data Dsf is information indicating
whether or not the turning on of the cells in the subfield is required, or
strictly speaking, whether the address discharge is required or not.
The X driver 87 applies a drive voltage to the main electrode X, and the Y
driver 88 applies a drive voltage to the main electrode Y. The address
driver 89 applies a drive voltage to the address electrode A in accordance
with the subfield data Dsf. These drivers are supplied with predetermined
power from the power source circuit 85.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view showing the internal structure of a
PDP according to an embodiment of the invention.
The PDP 1 includes a pair of main electrodes X, Y for each row of the
matrix screen on the inner surface of a glass substrate 11 constituting
the base of a substrate structure 10 on the front side. The row is a
horizontal cell row. The main electrodes X, Y are each made of a
transparent conductive film 41 and a metal film (bus conductor) 42, and
are covered with a dielectric layer 17 about 30 microns thick. The surface
of the dielectric layer 17 is formed with a protective film 18 of magnesia
(MgO) having a thickness of several thousand angstroms. Each address
electrode A is arranged on a base layer 22 covering the inner surface of
the glass substrate 21 on the back side and is covered with a dielectric
layer 24 about 10 microns thick. Partitioning walls 29 in the form of
linear stripes having approximately 150 microns high in plan view are
formed, one each between every adjacent address electrodes A, on the
dielectric layer 24. These partitioning walls 29 segment the discharge
space 30 into subpixels (unit luminous areas) along the rows and at the
same time define the interval of the discharge space 30. Phosphor layers
28R, 28G, 28B for color display of three colors R, G, B, respectively, are
formed in such a position as to cover the wall surface of the back side
including the sides of the partitioning walls 29 above the address
electrodes A. Each display pixel (picture element) is configured of three
subpixels aligned along the rows, and the luminous color of the subpixels
in each column is the same. The internal structure of each subpixel
constitutes a cell (display element) C. The partitioning walls 29 are
arranged in a pattern of stripes, and therefore the portion of the
discharge space 30 corresponding to each column is formed continuously
along the column over all the rows.
Now, an explanation will be given of a method of driving the PDP 1 for the
plasma display apparatus 100.
An example of a field configuration is shown in FIG. 3.
For reproducing the gradation by binary on-off control, the fields f in
time series constituting an input image are divided into eight subfields
sf1, sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5, sf6, sf7, sf8, for example. In other words, the
field f is displayed in a replacement set of eight subfields sf1 to sf8.
Each of the subfields sf1 to sf8 is allocated with an address period TA
for controlling the wall charge of each cell and a sustain period TS for
maintaining the on-state using the wall charge. In order to reduce the
number of times of addressing, the subfields sf1 to sf8 are separated into
a plurality of subfield groups sfg1, sfg2, sfg3, sfg4, each of which is
allocated with an address preparation period TR. In the shown case, there
are four subfield groups and each subfield group has two subfields, so
that two subfields are uniformly included in each subfield group. However,
the number of subfield groups may be other than four, and the number of
subfields included in each subfield group is not necessarily uniform.
According to this embodiment, the brightness weight of the subfields sf1,
sf2 of the first subfield group sfg1 is a minimum "1", and the brightness
weight of the subfields sf3, sf4 of the second subfield group sfg2 is "3".
Also, the brightness weight of the subfields sf5, sf6 included in the
third subfield group sfg3 is "9", and the brightness weight of the
subfields sf7, sf8 of the fourth subfield group sfg4 is "27". In the
second, third and fourth subfield groups sfg2, sfg3, sfg4, the weight of
each subfield is an integer multiple of the minimum weight "1" and is the
sum of the total of smaller weights and unity. Specifically,
3=1.times.2+1, 9=1.times.2+3.times.2+1,
27=1.times.2+3.times.2+9.times.2+1. With the above-mentioned field
configuration of weights 1, 1, 3, 3, 9, 9, 27, 27, the 81 gradation levels
0 to 80 can be displayed by the on-off combination of the subfields. The
address preparation period TR and the address period TA are constant,
while the sustain period TS is longer, the larger the brightness weight.
The subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4 are displayed in the order of sfg1, sfg3,
sfg4 and sfg2. According to this order, the subfield group sfg4 having the
largest total weight is displayed in the middle of the field period Tf.
Therefore, the display quality is improved as the light emission is
generated more times over the period including the preceding and following
fields.
FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing the drive sequence of erase
address type.
As described above, the combination of the subfields for tuning on the
cells is determined according to the gradation level indicated by the
field data Df In the drive sequence of erase address type, the wall charge
of an amount suitable for sustaining the on state is formed in all the
cells in the screen during the address preparation period TR, and the wall
charge of the cells not required to turn on are erased during a subsequent
predetermined address period TA.
In the case of erase address type, the subfields for which the on state is
sustained independently among the subfields included in each of the
subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4 are limited to the front side of the time
series (order of display). The cells only in the rear-side subfields
cannot be turned on. Assuming, for example, that the gradation level of a
cell intended to be reproduced is "1", the subfield sf1 of the subfield
group sfg1 is designated to sustain. Specifically, during the address
period TA of the front-side subfield sf1, the wall charge for the intended
cell is not erased, and the wall charge formed during the address
preparation period TR is left intact. As a result, the discharge for
sustaining the on state occurs a predetermined number of times during the
sustain period TS of the front-side subfield sf1. And the wall charge is
erased during the address period TA of the rear-side subfield sf2.
In the case of erase address type, assume that the subfields on both sides
of each subfield group are turned on. In such a case, the wall charge is
not erased in any address period TA for the particular subfield group.
As described above, the wall charge erase timing is changed in accordance
with the gradation to be reproduced for each of the subfield groups sfg1
to sfg4. As compared with the case in which the subfields are not
separated into subfield groups, therefore, the number of times of the
address preparation can be reduced to the number of subfield groups and
the number of times of addressing can be reduced to not more than the
number of subfield groups. No addressing operation is required when the
gradation level to be reproduced is "80".
In the case where three or more subfields belong to a subfield group, the
subfields to be sustained are selected from the leading one sequentially
according to the number of subfields involved. Specifically, in each of
the subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4, the wall charge of the cells of the
gradation level for turning on m of n (2 in the shown case) subfields
(1.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.n) is erased during the (m+1)th address period TA.
FIG. 5 shows voltage waveforms according to an example of the drive
sequence.
During the address preparation period TR, the wall charge of a
predetermined polarity is formed on the previously turned-on cells and the
previously turned-off cells through the first step of applying a positive
voltage pulse Pr to the main electrode X and the second step of applying a
positive voltage Prx to the main electrode X and a negative voltage pulse
Pry to the main electrode Y. In the first step, the address electrode A is
biased to positive potential, thus preventing the unnecessary discharge
between the address electrode A and the main electrode X. Following the
second step, in order to improve the uniformity of charge, the main
electrode Y is supplied with a positive voltage pulse Prs thereby to cause
the surface discharge of all the cells. The surface discharge inverts the
charged polarities. After that, in order to avoid charge loss, the
potential of the main electrode Y is gradually reduced.
In the address period TA following the address preparation period TR, in
order to select each line from the leading one sequentially, a negative
scan pulse Py is applied to the main electrode Y to be selected. At the
same time as line selection, the address electrode A corresponding to the
cell to be turned off (turning-off cell) is supplied with a positive
address pulse Pa. The cell supplied with the address pulse Pa in the
selected line loses the wall charge of the dielectric layer 17 due to the
counter discharge between the main electrode Y and the address electrode
A. At the time of application of the address pulse Pa, the positive wall
charge exists in the neighborhood of the main electrode X. The address
pulse Pa is offset by that wall voltage. Therefore, no discharge occurs
between the main electrode X and the address electrode A. This address
operation of erase type eliminates the need of renewed forming of the
charge unlike the write type and therefore is suitable for high-speed
operation.
During the sustain period TS, in order to prevent the unnecessary
discharge, all the address electrodes A are biased to positive potential
and a positive sustain pulse Ps is applied to all the main electrodes X
first of all. After that, the main electrodes Y and the main electrodes X
are supplied with the sustain pulse Ps alternately. The application of the
sustain pulse Ps causes the surface discharge in the cells still having
the wall charge (turning-on cells) during the address period TA. Normally,
in setting the number of times the sustain pulse Ps is applied, a sustain
pulse Ps applied to the main electrode X is paired with the following
sustain pulse Ps applied to the main electrode Y. In the example shown in
FIG. 5, therefore, it follows that the last sustain pulse Ps is applied to
the main electrode Y in all the subfields sf1 to sf8.
During the address period TA following the sustain period TS, for the
purpose of regulating the charge distribution, a voltage pulse Pr is
applied to the main electrode X while at the same time applying a voltage
pulse Prs to the main electrode Y. Like in the address preparation period
TR, the potential of the main electrode Y is gradually reduced, after
which the line-by-line address operation is performed the same way as
during the first address period TA.
FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically showing the driving sequence of write
address type.
In write address type, the wall charge of all the cells in the screen is
erased during the address preparation period TR, and the wall charge of
the cells to be turned on is formed during a predetermined subsequent
address period TA.
With the write address type, the subfields to be turned on independently
among those included the subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4 are limited to those
existing on the rear side of the time series. The cells cannot be turned
on only with the front-side subfields. In the case where the gradation
level of the intended cells to be reproduced is "1", for example, the
subfield sf2 of the subfield group sfg1 is sustained. Specifically, the
wall charge is not formed (written) for the intended cell during the
address period TA of the front-side subfield sf1, but the intended cell is
written in during the address period TA of the rear-side subfield sf2.
During the sustain period TS of both the subfields sf1, sf2, the sustain
voltage is applied, but the intended cell is not turned on during the
sustain period TS of the subfield sf1 which has not been written.
FIG. 7 is a chart showing the set number of times for the sustaining
discharge.
As described above, the brightness is weighted in such a manner as to
reproduce each of 80 gradation levels of equal width for each of the
subfields sf1 to sf8. Therefore, the subfields of each of the subfield
groups sfg1 to sfg4 have equal brightness weight.
On the other hand, according to the principle of the invention, the number
of times of sustaining discharge occurs expressed by the number of
sustaining pulse pairs is set for each subfield in such a manner as to
produce the brightness corresponding to the total sum of the weight of the
subfields to be sustained. Therefore, the set number is varied from one
subfield to another having the same brightness weight. Specifically,
assume that Q is the number of times the sustaining discharge occurs set
for one of two subfields intended to be sustained independently in each of
the subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4. The number of times the sustaining
discharge occurs set for the other subfield is given as Q+q, where q is an
integer satisfying the relation 1.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.Q which is the
brightness correction amount optimized for each of the subfield groups
sfg1 to sfg4. The subfield intended to sustain independently is the
leading (front side in the shown case) one for erase address type, or the
last (rear side in the shown case) subfield in the case of write address
type.
In the case where each of the subfield groups sfg1 to sfg4 has at least
three subfields, the brightness correction amount q for two or more
subfields can be equalized, or a different brightness correction amount
can be set from one subfield to another according to the number k of
subfields intended to sustain, in such a manner as q, 2.times.q, 3.times.q
. . . k.times.q.
As described above, according to the embodiments, the contrast can be
improved and the power consumption can be reduced, while at the same time
improving the gradation reproducibility. | 6G
| 09 | G |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings and initially toFIGS. 1-4, a faucet in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a faucet body10, a control knob30, a follower31and a switching valve20.
The faucet body10has a first portion provided with a water inlet13, a second portion provided with a water outlet12and a mediate portion provided with a switching port11connected between the water inlet13and the water outlet12. The water outlet12of the faucet body10has a distal end provided with a spout120. The switching port11of the faucet body10has a substantially circular profile.
The control knob30is movably mounted on the faucet body10and has a lower end extending into the faucet body10. The follower31is movably mounted in the faucet body10and secured on the lower end of the control knob30to move in concert with the control knob30. The follower31is provided with a through hole311.
The switching valve20is mounted in the faucet body10and includes a driven rod21secured on the follower31to move in concert with the follower31, a sealing plate22secured on the driven rod21to move in concert with the driven rod21and having a peripheral wall provided with a plurality of connecting holes223connected between the water inlet13and the switching port11of the faucet body10, a pressure release plate24mounted on the driven rod21and detachably pressing the sealing plate22to interrupt a connection between the water inlet13of the faucet body10and the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22, and an elastic member23mounted between the sealing plate22and the pressure release plate24to push the pressure release plate24to detach from the sealing plate22and to connect the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22to the water inlet13of the faucet body10.
The driven rod21of the switching valve20extends through the through hole311of the follower31. The driven rod21of the switching valve20has a first end protruding outwardly from the follower31and provided with a first retaining groove211to retain a first retaining member212which limits the follower31and a second end protruding outwardly from the pressure release plate24and provided with a second retaining groove213to retain a second retaining member214which limits the pressure release plate24. The driven rod21of the switching valve20has a peripheral wall provided with a threaded portion216and a guide portion215located beside the threaded portion216. The guide portion215of the driven rod21has a diameter smaller than that of the threaded portion216of the driven rod21. The guide portion215of the driven rod21is located between the threaded portion216and the second retaining groove213of the driven rod21. The guide portion215and the threaded portion216of the driven rod21are located between the first retaining groove211and the second retaining groove213of the driven rod21.
The pressure release plate24of the switching valve20is movably mounted on the guide portion215of the driven rod21and is limited between the threaded portion216of the driven rod21and the second retaining member214. The pressure release plate24of the switching valve20has a central portion provided with a sliding hole241movable on the guide portion215of the driven rod21. The pressure release plate24of the switching valve20closes and seals the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22when the pressure release plate24of the switching valve20compresses the elastic member23of the switching valve20and abuts the sealing plate22of the switching valve20.
The sealing plate22of the switching valve20is movable to close and seal the switching port11of the faucet body10so as to interrupt a connection between the water inlet13and the water outlet12of the faucet body10. The sealing plate22of the switching valve20has a first side220that is movable to close and seal the switching port11of the faucet body10and a second side224provided with a receiving groove222to receive the elastic member23. Preferably, the receiving groove222of the sealing plate22has an annular shape and faces the pressure release plate24. The sealing plate22of the switching valve20has a central portion provided with a screw bore221screwed onto the threaded portion216of the driven rod21to lock the sealing plate22onto the driven rod21.
The elastic member23of the switching valve20is retained in the receiving groove222of the sealing plate22and partially protrudes outwardly from the second side224of the sealing plate22to separate the pressure release plate24from the sealing plate22at a normal state. Preferably, the elastic member23of the switching valve20has an annular shape.
The faucet further comprises an end cap40secured on the first portion of the faucet body10to close the water inlet13of the faucet body10. The end cap40has a central portion provided with a mounting portion41for mounting a water supply pipe100(seeFIG. 4) and has a side provided with an entrance42connected between the water supply pipe100and the water inlet13of the faucet body10.
In operation, referring toFIGS. 3-6with reference toFIGS. 1 and 2, the water supply pipe100is connected between the entrance42of the end cap40and a shower head (not shown). In such a manner, when the sealing plate22of the switching valve20is detached from the switching port11of the faucet body10as shown inFIG. 3, the water inlet13and the water outlet12of the faucet body10are connected via the switching port11of the faucet body10, so that the water from the water supply pipe100in turn flows through the entrance42of the end cap40, the water inlet13, the switching port11and the water outlet12of the faucet body10and flows outwardly from the spout120of the water outlet12.
On the contrary, when the sealing plate22of the switching valve20is moved upward (by pulling the control knob30upward) to close and seal the switching port11of the faucet body10as shown inFIG. 4, the connection between the water inlet13and the water outlet12of the faucet body10is interrupted, so that the water from the water supply pipe100is stopped by the pressure release plate24and the sealing plate22of the switching valve20and is forced to flow into the shower head. At this time, the water pressure in the water inlet13of the faucet body10presses the pressure release plate24and the sealing plate22of the switching valve20, so that the sealing plate22of the switching valve20presses the switching port11of the faucet body10closely, and the pressure release plate24of the switching valve20compresses the elastic member23of the switching valve20and presses the sealing plate22of the switching valve20closely to interrupt the connection between the water inlet13of the faucet body10and the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22.
When the water from the water supply pipe100is stopped after usage, the water pressure in the water inlet13of the faucet body10is reduced largely, so that the pressure release plate24of the switching valve20is pushed by the restoring force of the elastic member23to detach from the sealing plate22of the switching valve20as shown inFIG. 5so as to connect the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22to the water inlet13of the faucet body10. Thus, the water in the water inlet13of the faucet body10is allowed to flow through the connecting holes223of the sealing plate22and the switching port11of the faucet body10into the water outlet12of the faucet body10to release the pressure in the water inlet13of the faucet body10completely.
In such a manner, after the pressure in the water inlet13of the faucet body10is released completely, the pressure applied on the pressure release plate24and the sealing plate22of the switching valve20is removed, so that the switching valve20is moved downward by its gravity, and the sealing plate22of the switching valve20is moved downward to detach from the switching port11of the faucet body10as shown inFIG. 6to connect the switching port11of the faucet body10to the water inlet13of the faucet body10. Thus, the water inlet13, the switching port11and the water outlet12of the faucet body10are connected at a normal state for the next usage of water to prevent the water from being introduced into the shower head at the next usage.
Accordingly, the switching valve20has a pressure release function to release the water pressure in the faucet body10automatically so that the sealing plate22of the switching valve20is moved downward by its gravity to detach from the switching port11of the faucet body10, while the water inlet13, the switching port11and the water outlet12of the faucet body10are connected at a normal state to allow entrance and passage of the water in the water supply pipe100so as to prevent the water from being introduced into the shower head at the next usage. In addition, the switching valve20is moved downward by its gravity to open the faucet body10automatically so that a user needs not to push the control knob30downward to switch the water outlet mode of the faucet, thereby facilitating the user switching and operating the faucet.
Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment(s) as mentioned above, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claim or claims will cover such modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the invention.
| 5F
| 16 | K |
The following Examples illustrate the present invention and will enable
others skilled in the art to understand it more completely. It should be
understood, however, that the invention is not limited solely to the
particular Examples given below.
Example 1 (Comparative Example)
A 2-liter five-neck round bottom flask was placed into a heating jacket. A
20 cm long glass tube (internal diameter about 4.5 cm), which was provided
with a female ground joint at its upper end with a male ground joint at
its closed off lower end, was inserted into the middle of the five necks.
Inside the tube above the male ground joint a glass grid was mounted on
which the catalyst rested. The glass tube was also provided with two
external glass tube connectors (diameter=1 cm), namely one below the glass
grid carrying the catalyst and the other below the female ground joint at
its upper end. One of the five necks of the flask was connected by means
of a glass tube to the upper of the two glass tube connectors of the tube
containing the catalyst. Another of the five necks of the flask was
connected by means of a glass tube to the straight piece of a U-tube
(diameter=1 cm); the other straight piece of the U-tube was connected by
means of a glass tube with the lower glass tube connector below the glass
grid. The tube containing the catalyst was connected at its upper end with
an intensive cooler. The system was closed to the outside by means of a
nitrogen seal. A thermometer was inserted into another of the five necks
of the flask, and a dropping funnel was inserted into the last of the five
necks. 150 ml of a platinized activated charcoal contact catalyst which
had been run in over a longer period of time was inserted into the glass
tube intended to receive the catalyst. The catalyst had a platinum content
of 0.1% by weight (particle size 1 to 2 mm, bulk density 450 g/liter). The
term "run in catalyst" is understood to mean a catalyst which has reached
its scale plant. 4.4 mols (596 g) of trichlorosilane and 4.0 mols (306 g)
of allyl chloride were introduced into the 2-liter flask by way of the
dropping funnel, and a cooling solution at -32.degree. C. was fed into the
cooling device. By heating the flask, the catalyst was sprinkled from
above with the starting compounds that condensed on the cooler surface.
The heater output was controlled so that the system remained under a
constant uniform reflux. After a reaction time of 27 hours the run was
discontinued, and the sump product which had formed was analyzed by gas
chromatography and worked up by distillation.
The gas chromatogram indicated the presence of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane in addition to propyltrichlorosilane and
unreacted allyl chloride.
The distillation of the sump product yielded 543 g of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane and 109 g of propyltrichlorosilane. This
corresponds to 200 g of propyltrichlorosilane, based on 1000 g of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane and thus an excess consumption of 152 g of
trichlorosilane per 1000 g of 3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane.
Comparative Example 2
4.4 mols (596 g) of trichlorosilane were introduced into the 2-liter round
bottom flask of the apparatus described in Example 1, and a cooling
solution at -32.degree. C. was fed into the cooler. Upon heating of the
flask contents, the catalyst was contacted from above with the condensed
trichlorosilane. After the beginning of vigorous condensate formation at
the cooler, the heat output was controlled so that the system remained
under uniform reflux. At this point of time, the addition of allyl
chloride from the dropping funnel was begun. Over the course of 24 hours
seven portions of 43 g each (0.57 mol) of allyl chloride were added at
intervals of 4 hours. Thereafter, the reaction was allowed to go to
completion by maintaining the reaction conditions for 3 hours. The sump
product formed thereby was gas chromatographically analyzed and was then
worked up by distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane in addition to propyltrichlorosilane and
unreacted allyl chloride.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 545 g of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane and 107 g of propyltrichlorosilane This
corresponds to an amount of 196 g of propyltrichlorosilane, based on 1000
g of 3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane, and thus an excess consumption of 149
g of trichlorosilane per 1000 g of 3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane.
Comparative Example 3
The run described in Example 1 was repeated, except that 4.8 mols (650 g)
of trichlorosilane and 4.0 mols (306 g) of allyl chloride were used.
The gas chromatogram of the sump product showed that it contained
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane besides propyltrichlorosilane and
trichlorosilane. The presence of allyl chloride was not detected.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 577 g of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane and 132 g of propyltrichlorosilane. This
corresponds to 229 g of propyltrichlorosilane, based on 1000 g of
3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane, and thus an excess consumption of 175 g of
trichlorosilane per 1000 g of 3-chloropropyl-trichlorosilane.
Comparative Example 4
The run described in Example 1 was repeated, except that 4.8 mols (552 g)
of methylhydrogendichlorosilane and 4.0 mols (306 g) of allyl chloride
were used.
The gas chromatogram of the sump product showed that it contained
3-chloropropyl-methyldichlorosilane besides propylmethyldichlorosilane and
methylhydrogendichlorosilane.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 519 g of
3-chloropropylmethyldichlorosilane and 68 g of propylmethyldichlorosilane.
This corresponds to 131 g of propylemthyldichlorosilane, based on 1000 g
of 3-chloropropylmethyldichlorosilane, and thus an excess consumption of
96 g of methyldrogedichlorosilane per 1000 g of
3-chloropropylmethyldichlorosilane.
EXAMPLE 5
The run described in Example 2 was repeated, except that instead of
trichlorosilane, 4.0 mols (306 g) of allyl chloride were first introduced
into the flask. Ten portions of 55.6 g each (0.41 mol) of trichlorosilane
were then added at intervals of 2.7 hours from the dropping funnel. After
completion of the reaction, the sump product was gas chromatographically
analyzed and worked up by distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane besides propyltrichlorosilane and
trichlorosilane.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 577 g of
3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane and 7.1 g of propyltrichlorosilane. This
corresponds to 12 g of propyltrichlorosilane, based on 1000 g of
3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane, and thus an excess consumption of only 9 g
of trichlorosilane per 1000 g of 3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane.
Example 6
The run described in Example 5 was repeated. 4.0 mols (306 g) of allyl
chloride were first introduced into the flask, and
then 4.0 mols (542 g) of trichlorosilane were continuously metered into the
flask over a period of 24 hours. After termination of the reaction
completion time (1 hour), the sump product was gas chromatographically
analyzed and worked up by distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane in addition to trace amounts of
trichlorosilane, allyl chloride and propyltrichlorosilane. Distillation of
the sump product yielded 577 g of 3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane.
Example 7
The run described in Example 6 was repeated, except that 4.0 mols (460 g)
of methylhydrogendichlorosilane instead of 4.0 mols of trichlorosilane
were continuously metered into the 2-liter flask containing 4.0 mols (306
g) of allyl chloride. After termination of the reaction completion time,
the sump product was gas chromatographically analyzed and worked up by
distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropylmethyldichlorosilane besides trace amounts of allyl
chloride, methylhydrogendichlorosilane and propylmethyldichlorosilane.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 519 g of
3-chloropropylmethyldichlorosilane.
Example 8
The run described in Example 6 was repeated. 4.0 mols (516 of
ethylhydrogendichlorosilane instead of 4.0 mols of trichlorosilane were
continuously metered into the 2-liter flask containing 4.0 mols (306 g) of
allyl chloride. After termination of the reaction completion time, the
sump product was gas chromatographically analyzed and worked up by
distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropylethyldichlorosilane in addition to trace amounts of allyl
chloride, ethylhydrogendichlorosilane and propylethyldichlorosilane.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 560 g of
3-chloropropylethyldichlorosilane.
Example 9
The run described in Example 6 was repeated, except that 4.0 mols (378 g)
of dimethylhydrogenchlorosilane instead of 4.0 mols of trichlorosilane
were continuously metered into the 2-liter flask containing 4.0 mols (306
g) of allyl chloride. After termination of the reaction completion time,
the sump product was gas chromatographically analyzed and worked up by
distillation. The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropyldimethylchlorosilane besides trace amounts of allyl
chloride, dimethylhydrogenchlorosilane and dimethylpropylchlorosilane.
Distillation of the sump product yielded 465 g of
3-chloropropyldimethylchlorosilane.
Example 10
The run described in Example 6 was repeated, except that only 3.5 mols (474
g) of trichlorosilane instead of 4.0 mols of trichlorosilane were
continuously metered into the 2-liter flask which contained 4.0 mols (306
g) of allyl chloride. After termination of the reaction completion time,
the sump product was gas chromatographically analyzed and worked up by
distillation.
The gas chromatogram showed that the sump product contained
3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane besides allyl chloride. No
propyltrichlorosilane was detected. Distillation of the sump product
yielded 497 g of 3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane.
While the present invention has been illustrated with the aid of certain
specific embodiments thereof, it will be readily apparent to others
skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to these particular
embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be made
without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the
appended claims. | 2C
| 07 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring toFIG. 1, a plow12is accordance with this invention is positioned at the front of an automobile14, for plowing material in front of the automobile. Portions of the plow engage the lower front trim16of the automobile, and straps18extend from the plow to clips20engaging the rear edge of the automobile hood.
Referring toFIG. 2, a plow12in accordance with the invention is readily assembled from a plurality of components. The snow plow blade22is shown to be an assembled of five identical blade sections24. However, the snow plow blade may be formed of more or less identical blade sections24, depending on the width of the automobile or other vehicle, and the width of the area to be plowed. Secured to the back of the blade22are two identical cog plates28, to each of which is secured a cog30. Such that the blade22may be tilted to the right or left with respect to the vehicle to which it is attached, a pair of cog extenders32may be placed between the blade22and a cog plate28. Secured in each of the cogs is a stud34, which extends upward and is provided with a stud cap36.
Each of the components of the snow plow12in accordance with this invention will now be described by making reference to FIGS.3and4-10,aandb.
Front and rear views of a blade section24are shown inFIGS. 4aand4brespectively. Each side of a blade section24is provided with alternating tabs38and spaces40. The tabs38and the spaces40form an interlocking connection between adjacent blade sections. Holes42are provided adjacent the spaces40and holes44in the tabs38for receiving screws to secure adjacent blade sections to each other. Holes41are provided for receiving fastening bolts to secure adjacent blade section to each other. However, other fastening members could be used.
The blade sections24as well as most of the other components of the snow plow12are constructed of injected molded structural foam, of sufficient thickness to provide for strength and durability, when plowing, even under the harsh conditions of winter. When bolted together, the combined sections create a strong, yet flexible blade in excess of six feet in length. This flexibility is provided by the material forming the blade sections24and by the multiple sections. The flexibility allows for the stress and weight of the snow to be distributed throughout the several blade sections, rather than just in the area directly affected.
The top46and the bottom48of each of the blade sections24is provided with a rounded reinforced edge that enhances the durability of the snow plow as it pushes snow over a concrete, gravel or asphalt surface. The top46and bottom48of a blade section may be rotated, so as to replace a worn bottom48with an unworn top46. The rounded edges, along with the flexibility of the blade, will keep the blade from getting stuck against cracks or solid ice. In addition, the blade is designed so that the top and bottom are the same, thus making it reversible, and thereby doubling the life of the snow plow.
Referring toFIGS. 5aand5b, a end cap26is shown. An end cap is secured to the outer side of the last blade section24on each end of the plow. Again, each of the end caps26is secures to the adjacent blade section, being provided with tabs38and spaces40. The tabs38and the spaces40form an interlocking connection between the end cap26and the adjacent blade section24. Again, holes42are provided adjacent the spaces40and holes44in the tabs38for receiving fastening members such as screws to secure adjacent blade sections to each other. Holes45are provided for receiving fastening members such as screws to secure an end cap26to a blade sections24at the outer ends of blade22. A tab47having a hole49therein is provided for accommodating the end of a strap, the other end of which strap is secured the automobile to hold the plow against the automobile when the direction of movement of the automobile is reversed from the plowing direction.
Referring toFIGS. 6aand6b, the front and back of a cog plate28are shown. Flanges50and52are provided at the back of the cog plates to be secured to the back of blade sections24. Holes54are provided in the flanges50and52to receive fastening members such as bolts, or locking pins to secure the cog plates28to the back of blade sections24.
Referring toFIGS. 7aand7b, top and bottom views respectively of a cog plate extender32are shown. A cog plate extender32has a front wall54and a back wall56which are each provided with slots58for receiving fastening members such as bolts, or locking pins to secure the cog plates extender32to the back of blade sections24and to a cog plate28. Referring toFIGS. 8aand8b, rear and bottom perspective views of a cog30which is attached to a cog plate28is shown. A cog30is provided with a flange60having holes62therein for receiving a fastening member such as a bolt, or locking pin to secure the cog30to a cog plate28. The cog30also has a curved surface64which is provided for engagement with the lower trim of an automobile, or a surface of another type of vehicle, to propel the snow plow12, when the vehicle is moved to cause the plow12to move snow or other material. The cog30is also provided with a rectangular slot or opening66, for receiving a stud34, as shown inFIGS. 1,2, and3, which extends upwardly from the plow12.
Referring toFIGS. 9aand9b, rear and bottom views respectively of a stud cap36which is secured to the top of a stud34are shown. The top of the stud cap36is provided with slots70and72for securing one end of a strap18, the other end of which is secured to a strap clip20and shown inFIGS. 10aand10b. Holes71are provided to fasten the studcap36to the stud34using screws.
The assembly of the plow is simple, such that anyone familiar with the use of a screw driver and wrench can put it together in approximately ten minutes. In the preferred assemble, two bolts attach each of the blade sections and end caps, four bolts attach each cog plate to two adjacent blade sections, or to two cog extenders, and four bolts attach the cog to two adjacent cog plates.
In the preferred embodiment, a stud34is formed of typical 2×4 lumber cut to an appropriate length to extend, for instance, above the hood of an automobile with which the plow is to be used. The 2×4 may be wrapped with a material, such as neoprene, to provide a cushion where it comes into engagement with the automobile. The neoprene cover slip may be attached to the stud with hook and loop material. Wood screws may be used to attach a stud34to a cog30and a stud cap36. In a preferred assembly, bolts and wing nuts are used to secure a cog to a cog plate. The use of the wing nuts makes it easier to adjust the vertical position of the cog30on the cog plate28, depending on the height of the surface of the vehicle against which the curved surface64will bear with respect to the bottom of the blade sections24. In addition, the cogs30can be adjusted to the right or left of center to account for the various curves of the vehicle surface to be engaged by the curved surface64of the cog30. This allows for a flush fit of the stud34to the engaging surface of the vehicle, which will keep damage and/or scratches from occurring. In addition to this adjustment, we have included a neoprene cover slip that will attach to the stud with hook and loop material to provide additional protection to the bumper.
The key to the functionality of the blade is the stud and cog assembly. A quick measurement of the height of the bumper or other portion of the engaging vehicle which engages the cog from the ground is made and the cog is tightened into an appropriate slot of the cog plate. The studs34are preferably cut to a length that allows for the stud cap to come even with height of the hood or trunk. A typical passenger car requires a 20″-24″ length, while an SUV or pickup may be 30″-36″ or higher. If the user of the plow of this invention has both types of vehicles, two sets of studs will provide for use of the plow on either vehicle. The cog extender plate can be attached to either the right or left side of the plow depending on which direction from the vehicle you want the plowed material to be displaced. The cog plate extenders32can be moved from either side of the blade easily and quickly.
Once the blade is assembled and the location of the cogs30and the height of the studs34are determined, it will take very little time to complete the attachment to the vehicle for use, regardless if attaching it to the front or back of the vehicle. You begin by leaning the snow plow12against the engaging surface of the vehicle. A strap, formed of a material such as nylon, is run through the slots70and72in the stud cap36, with the other end slid through the strap clip20, which engages the top edge of the hood or trunk. The clip20is made of, or coated with a material that will not scratch the vehicle, yet is strong enough to keep the strap in place. The strap is pull tight, but not over tightened. When the car is in motion, the weight of the snow and force of the vehicle makes the top of the blade sections and therefor the top of the studs34to lean forward away from the vehicle. The strap keeps the stud securely against the bumper thus keeping the snow plow blade upright. In addition, the cog30will provide additional support to the stud34as it engages a vehicle surface. The combination of the strap18and engagement of the cog30against the underside of the bumper distributes the stress of the plow while it's pushing snow or other material.
To keep the snow plow12attached to the vehicle when going in the opposite direction, a resilient strap or cord, such as a bungee cord is secured to an end cap26, at hole49, and the other end to a suitable structure in the wheel well of the vehicle. This allows for the vehicle to go down the driveway pushing snow, return up the driveway, and then change lanes to complete the snow removal. When the task is complete, one may simply unattach the hook clips from the vehicle and store the plow in a suitable location. When the snow plow12will not be used for an extended period, such as at the end of winter, it may be easily disassembled and put into a box or bag for easy storage.
While a preferred embodiment of the plow of this invention has been shown, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that what has been shown and described is considered at present to be a preferred embodiment of the plow of this invention. In accordance with the Patent Statutes, changes may be made in the plow of this invention without actually departing from the true spirit and scope of this invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications which fall in the true spirit and scope of this invention.
| 4E
| 02 | F |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a cradle 10 (FIG. 2) of a CT-scanner is
comprised of a baseplate 11 and a patient cushion 12. Moreover, cushion 12
is adapted to rest upon baseplate 11. It should be understood that cushion
12 is of a size suitable for an adult to rest thereon in either a supine
or a prone position. As explained hereinafter, cradle 10 additionally
includes a protective cover.
In accordance with the prior art, baseplate 11 includes lengthwise fastener
strips 14, 15, 16 (FIG. 1) that are parallel to each other. Strip 15 is
along the center of baseplate 11. Strips 14, 16 are symmetrically disposed
on opposite sides of strip 15.
Cushion 12 includes lengthwise fastener strips 18, 19, 20 on its underside
21 (FIG. 2) that are complementary to strips 14, 15, 16 (FIG. 1),
respectively. Accordingly, when cushion 12 is placed on baseplate 11,
strips 14, 18, strips 15, 19 and strips 16, 20 are fastened together.
Cradle 10 is moveably coupled to an intermediate structure 22 that houses
much of the scanner's electro mechanical components. Intermediate
structure 22 includes a motor and transmission linkages that are operable
to move cradle 10 longitudinally. Additionally, intermediate structure 22
is moveably coupled to a table base 23 that includes a motor and
transmission linkages that are operable to move intermediate structure 22
longitudinally, thereby providing a telescoping of cradle 10 and
intermediate structure 22.
Cradle 10 and intermediate structure 22 are sandwiched between table side
rails 24, 26 that are fixedly connected to intermediate structure 22. Side
rails 24, 26 are substantially as long as cradle 10. Similar control
panels 28, 30 are carried by side rails 24, 26 respectively.
In this embodiment, the protective cover includes a vinyl central sheet 31
that has a length substantially equal to the length of cradle 10. Sheet 31
has a width that causes it to drape over side rails 24, 26 and form flaps
32, 34 that extend below panels 28, 30, respectively. Because of flaps 32,
34 body fluids, such as blood and urine, and contrast solution cannot flow
onto panels 28, 30. Additionally, sheet 31 prevents the body fluids and
the contrast solution from flowing over cradle 10 onto intermediate
structure 22.
The protective cover additionally includes sheeted sections 36, 38 that are
sewn to sheet 31 near a proximal end 40 of flap 32 and near a proximal end
42 of flap 34, respectively. Sections 36, 38 are approximately the same
size as flaps 32, 34. Preferably, sections 36, 38 are sewn to sheet 31
with nylon thread.
Section 36 has on opposite sides thereof lengthwise fastener strips 43, 44
that are sewn on with nylon thread. When section 36 is tucked between
cushion 12 and baseplate 11, strips 18, 43 and strips 14, 44 are connected
together.
Section 38 has on opposite sides thereof lengthwise fastener strips 46, 47,
similar to strips 43, 44, respectively, that are sewn on with nylon
thread. When section 38 is tucked between cushion 12 and baseplate 11,
strips 20, 46 and strips 16, 47 are connected together. When sections 36,
38 are both tucked between cushion 12 and baseplate 11, sheet 31 is
securely maintained upon cushion 12.
Preferably, sheet 31 has a foot 48 with a central portion that is integral
with a tongue, 50. Tongue 50 has on opposite sides thereof centrally
disposed lengthwise fastener strips 51, 52. When tongue 50 is tucked
between cushion 12 and baseplate 11, strips 15, 51 and strips 19, 52 are
connected together.
Sheet 31 additionally has a contoured head end 54 that is adapted to fit
over a head rest (not shown). The head rest has an end that fits between
the protective cover and baseplate 11. End 54 creates a funnel that causes
fluid from the head of the patient to be funneled towards the center of
sheet 31.
A central part of sheet 31, near end 54, is sewn to a tongue 56 similar to
tongue 50 described hereinbefore. It should be understood that tongue 56
is extendable below end 54 (FIG. 1). Tongue 56 has on opposite sides
thereof centrally disposed velcro strips 58, 60. When tongue 56 is tucked
between cushion 12 and baseplate 11, strips 15, 58 and strips 19, 60 are
connected together.
Preferably, flaps 32, 34 include grommeted holes 62, 64, respectively,
where catheter bags may be suspended.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by
those skilled in the art that changes in form and detail may be made
therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. | 0A
| 47 | G |
3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, a dispersion for the manufacturing of a resin-impregnated paper is provided which preferably comprises the following so components in weight percent: 20 to 75% water; 10 to 65% corundum particles with a particle size of F400 to F2000; 0.5 to 15% anionic dispersing agents, or 0.5 to 15% of a mixture of anionic dispersing agents and nonionic tensides; and 0.01 to 2% thickening agents.
Preferably, the dispersion comprises the following components in weight percent: 30 to 75% water; 10 to 65% corundum particles with a particle size of F400 to F2000 (according to FEPA-Standard); 0.05 to 5% anionic dispersing agents and/or 0.1 to 5% nonionic tensides; 0.05 to 5% of sodium polyacrylate and 0.01 to 2% thickening agents.
It has been shown that in such a dispersion also relatively fine corundum particles with a particle size of only F400 to F2000 (corresponding to a particle size of about 18 to 1 μm) can be very homogeneously dispersed and also can remain in dispersion for a long time, i.e. do not settle and do not form agglomerates. It is almost more important that this dispersion cooperates very well with the usual resins, such as particular amino resins, without leading to those problems which are described in the prior art, such as a sedimentation of corundum particles, a clouding of the resin or an insufficient film formation and the like. The dispersion according to the invention allows for the use of corundum particles with the specified small particle size, surprisingly leading to, if properly used, surfaces with very good micro scratch-resistance (abrasion-resistance) even at very low additional quantities.
Usually particles with larger diameter are desirable, if particularly high abrasion values should be achieved. However, large particles do not lead to improved scratch-resistance values, i.e. while the large particles protect well against large and heavy mechanical impacts, they may not prevent the formation of micro-scratches (up to about 6 μm deep) which can already be formed for example by cleaning operations with a cloth.
In general, preferably, the dispersion is built up (in weight percent) as follows or comprises the following rates: 35 to 70% water; 20 to 60% corundum particles with a particle size of F400 to F2000; 0.06 to 4% anionic dispersing agents; 0.06 to 4% sodium polyacrylate; 0.15 to 4% nonionic tensides and 0.02 to 2% thickening agents.
More preferably, the dispersion is structured as follows or comprises the following rates: 40 to 68% water; 30 to 58% corundum particles with a particle size of F400 to F2000; 0.07 to 3.5% anionic dispersing agents; 0.07 to 3.5% sodium polyacrylate; 0.2 to 3.5% nonionic tensides and 0.03 to 2% thickening agents.
The thickening agents are preferably used as sheet silicate and/or polysaccharides.
It has been shown that a particularly good embedding of the fine particles in a later resin matrix is possible, if the used corundum particles are silanized.
In general, the inventive dispersion even allows for use of corundum particles with a particle size of only F500 to F2000 and most preferably, the particle size ranges from F600 to F1000. The terms F400, F600, etc. are known to the person skilled in the art for determining the particle size from the FEPA-Standard 42-2 (2006). The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing of a laminate material, which is suitable for the manufacturing of furniture and floor panels, which comprises the following steps of:
Starting point for the manufacturing method is a dispersion, as described above. This dispersion is introduced in an aqueous, i.e. liquid resin mixture (preferably amino resin mixture), wherein preferably 0.5 to 7 kg of dispersion are introduced to 100 kg of resin (relating to the solid content in the liquid resin mixture), more preferably 0.5 to 5 kg, and most preferably 0.6 to 3 kg. The solid content of the resin is used as basis for the calculation in this case. Such resins are commercially provided in aqueous solution, wherein the solid content generally varies between 50-60%. The solid content is provided by the providers of such resin mixtures or may be determined in the manner known to the person skilled in the art. It is exemplary referred to the EN 827 (2005.7.6.1), in which the determination of the solid content of binding agents is regulated. After stirring and a homogeneous distribution of the dispersion in the resin mixture, hereby, a paper is impregnated, for example, a roller application. The paper, however, can also be passed through a bath of the resin mixture. Then, the so impregnated paper is applied e.g. on a support layer made of wood or a wood material and is then cured on this support layer under the influence of heat and pressure. Preferably, thereby, the resin is an amino resin, namely in particular a melamine resin and/or urea resin, as are conventionally used in the manufacturing of laminate floors. Further, additional manufacturing steps can be carried out of course.
For example, phenol resin-impregnated kraft papers are combined in the laminate manufacture, wherein the number and grammage depends on the desired final material strength. On these core layers of kraft paper an amino resin-impregnated decorative paper is applied and an overlay is used as top layer. This overlay is impregnated, for example with the dispersion containing the resin mixture. If no overlay should be used also the decorative paper can be impregnated with the dispersion containing the resin mixture. Then, the composite is pressed in a manner known to the person skilled in the art under the influence of heat and pressure.
It has been shown that a relatively high shear rate is advantageous for the manufacturing of the dispersion according to the invention during the stirring of the dispersion, namely in particular when the dispersion is stirred, prior to introducing into the resin mixture for at least 10 minutes at a shear rate of at least 10 m/sec, preferably at least 12 m/sec, and most preferably 15 m/sec.
Laminate materials can be manufactured with the help of the dispersion according to the invention or the manufacturing method according to the invention, which comprise new and not achievable properties to date. Laminates or Laminate materials that are manufactured with the present dispersion or by means of the present method, namely comprise excellent scratch-resistance, although they are only provided with very fine abrasion-resistant particles with a particle size from F400 to F2000 and they are also preferably applied only in an extremely small mass, namely from 0.3 to 3 g/m2, preferably from 0.3 to 2 g/m2, even more preferably from 0.4 to 1.5 g/m2, and most preferably from 0.4 to 1 g/m2.
Accordingly, the invention also relates to laminate materials comprising a support layer of wood, a wood material or a laminate, wherein a main face of the support layer in the preferred top layer comprises an amino resin-impregnated paper, which comprises corundum particles with a particle size from F400 to F2000. Such a pressed surface comprises a micro scratch-resistance according to EN16094: 2012-04 of at least MSR-A2, preferably MSR-A1 and also comprises a resistance class of at least MSR-B2 and preferably even MSR-B1. The laminate is obtainable by impregnating of the paper with the above-described method, namely with a dispersion according to the invention, which was introduced into a liquid resin mixture in a defined ratio. If the laminate material according to the invention is used for example as a floor covering, or for the manufacturing of a floor covering, so additional high abrasion values can be achieved by additionally applying e.g. corundum with a particle size of 40-140 μm according to the known methods.
The support plate or support layer preferably consists of a plate of MDF or HDF with a plate thickness of 4-40 mm and the used resin is in turn preferably an amino resin, in particular a melamine resin and/or urea resin.
In the following the invention will be described with reference to several exemplary embodiments in more detail:
Example 1: Manufacturing of a Micro Corundum Dispersion
40 kg of water, 4 kg of a low ethoxylated fatty alcohol (e.g. Lutensol TO3 from BASF), 4 kg of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (Lutensit A-BO from BASF), 4 kg of sodium polyacrylate (e.g. Lopon LF; BK Giulini) are submitted. This mixture is stirred for 5 min at room temperature. Subsequently, 47.5 kg of corundum with a particle size of F1000 are added while stirring. Thereafter, 0.5 kg sheet silicate (corresponding to the thickening agents) (Betone EW; Elementis) are added. It is now dispersed for 10 minutes at a shear rate of 15 m/min. Instead of the sheet silicate, equal rates of a polysaccharide (gum arabic or carob flour) may be added. Also combinations of gum arabic and Bentone EW can be submitted.
Example 2: Manufacturing of an Impregnating Resin Mixture
The micro corundum dispersion from example 1 as well as 90 kg of a commercially available melamine formaldehyde impregnating resin with a solid content of 60% are used as starting point. This is treated with 0.37 kg of a suitable melamine resin curing agent, 0.21 kg of a wetting agent, 0.45 kg of a releasing agent and 8.15 kg water. The clouding time should range from 5:00 to 5:30 min. While stirring, 0.82 kg of micro corundum dispersion described in example 1 are added (this therefore corresponds to 1.52 kg of dispersion per 100 kg of solid content of the impregnating resin). The so manufactured resin is put into an impregnating bath of a commercially available impregnating channel.
Example 3: Manufacturing of a Laminate Floor with a Micro Scratch-Resistant Surface
A corundum containing overlay paper with a grammage of 60 g/m2is impregnated with the resin mixture of example 2. Therefore, a resin application of 280% is set, i.e. the grammage (“Flächenmasse”) of the impregnator is 228 g/m2. The person skilled in the art understands the impregnator here as the impregnated paper after drying but before curing of the resin. Thus, the measurement takes place after the impregnated paper was dried. This has practical reasons, since a dryer follows directly to the impregnating bath or the impregnating channel in industrial plants, so that a sampling for measuring the resin content is usually possible or meaningful after drying. Then, the taken sample is cut into a sheet of 100 cm2and weighted. The difference between the weight of the raw paper (here the 60 g/m2) and the weighted value roughly corresponds to the applied amount of resin (any differences in the unavoidable residual moisture after drying are very low and negligible). In the present example the impregnator contains about 168 g/m2resin application 280% of 60 g/m2). The impregnator is then further processed as follows: On the lower side of a HDF-support plate with a thickness of 8 mm, a conventionally impregnated counteracting paper is provided and on the upper side of the support plate, a conventionally impregnated decorative paper. Then, the impregnated overlay is arranged on this decorative paper as the uppermost layer. This sandwich composite is entered into a short-cycle press and pressed for 15 seconds at 185° C. After cooling and depositing the thus obtained coated laminate material plate, dividing and the known profile cutting into floor panels takes place. A floor panel thus produced reaches the abrasion class AC5 according to EN 13329 and the highest micro scratch-resistance level MSR-A1 as well as MSR-B1 according to EN 16094.
Example 4: Manufacturing of a Laminate with a Micro Scratch-Resistant Surface
An overlay with a grammage of 25 g/m2is impregnated with the resin mixture, as described in example 2. The resin application is set at 300%, so that the grammage of the impregnator is about 100 g/m2. A double belt press (such as available from the company Hymmen) is then assembled from bottom to top as follows: Parchment Paper 50 g/m2, two phenolic resin impregnated core layers, each having a grammage of 278 g/m2, a melamine resin-impregnated decorative paper and the overlay, as described. This sandwich composite is passed through the double belt press at a surface temperature of 180° C. and a speed of 12 m/min. The thus obtained laminate material or the laminate is ground on the back and glued onto a 38 mm thick chipboard. In this way, a kitchen worktop with the highest micro scratch-resistance classification MSR-A1 and MSR-B1 according to EN 16094 is obtained. In a comparative test with a conventional melamine resin surface only the classification MSR-A3 and MSR-B4 is obtained.
Example 5: Manufacturing of a Directly Coated Chipboard for Furniture Surfaces
A decorative paper with an oak reproduction and a grammage of 70 g/m2is impregnated with the impregnating resin mixture from example 2. The resin application is 135%, i.e. the grammage of about 164.5 g/m2for the impregnator (i.e. 70 g/m2Paper Plus 94.5 g/m2resin application). A chipboard with a thickness of 18 mm is combined on both sides with the decorative impregnator and pressed in a short-cycle press for 18 s at 185° C. The thus obtained laminate material has a surface with the highest micro scratch-resistance classification MSR-A1 and MSR-B1.
These embodiments show that one can completely surprisingly achieve the highest micro scratch-resistance classification with the described procedure with very small additives of micro corundum. In example 5 the micro corundum content is for example 0.7 g/m2. Thereby, the process is robust, there is no separation of the product (“Absatzerscheinungen”) in the impregnating bath, even over longer production time periods. Another advantage of the extremely low concentration of micro corundum is of course also the fact that further processing operations will not be affected disadvantageously and that the surface remains highly transparent and is not clouded by the additives.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the FIGURES, wherein
FIG. 1is a diagram showing a method according to the invention.
InFIG. 1, a method according to the invention is illustrated exemplary. The skilled person will appreciate that the steps S1to S7of the illustrated method not necessarily have to take place in the order given, but can take place in any logical order. In particular, it is for example irrelevant whether the steps S1and S2take place before S3and S4. In a first step S1of the exemplary method a carrier layer of MDF is provided, such as an about 6 mm thick MDF plate. In step S2, a paper is provided, such as a decorative paper, i.e. printed paper sheet with a decorative pattern. Then, in step S3a dispersion according to the invention is then prepared according to the above indications and is introduced in step S4into a liquid resin mixture of melamine resin and is introduced into the usual additives and stirred. In step S5, this resin-dispersion mixture is fed to the paper, and this is impregnated with the mixture. The so impregnated paper is intermediate-dried and then applied on the support layer of MDF. Then, the so impregnated paper is cured on the support layer under the influence of heat and pressure, so that a laminate material is formed, that comprises an excellent micro scratch-resistance and can be further processed, for example to floor panels or furniture plates.
| 3D
| 21 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In the following description similar components are referred to by the same
reference numeral in order to simplify the understanding of the sequential
aspect of the drawings.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the non-rotary power lawn mower 20
in its preferred embodiment comprises a cutter head 22 preferably attached
to wheels 24 and handle 26. Also, cutter head 22 is powered by an electric
motor or gasoline engine 28 preferably having a power output of
approximately two horsepower for a twenty-two inch wide cutting head.
Mower 20 moves in the direction indicated in FIG. 1.
Cutter head 22 is assembled from two layers, including top plate 32, and
bottom wear plate 36. Top plate 32 is preferably constructed of a die cast
aluminum and bottom wear plate 36 is preferably injection molded using an
engineered plastic such as nylon or Delrin 500 series. Alternatively,
bottom wear plate 36 can be constructed of two plates, a bottom plate and
wear plate. In this configuration, the bottom plate could be constructed
from a die cast aluminum and wear plate could be injection molded of
engineered plastic. Bottom wear plate 36 contains holes 38 in its
structure to allow cut grass to easily fall through to the ground.
On the front of top plate 32 are a plurality of top fingers 40. Top fingers
40 have a major dimension parallel to the direction of motion of the
mower. On the front of bottom wear plate 36 are a plurality of bottom
fingers 42. Bottom fingers 42 also have a major dimension parallel to the
direction of motion of the mower. In the preferred embodiment, bottom
fingers 42 are longer so that they extend farther forward than top fingers
40. As the mower moves forward, grass enters the spaces between bottom
fingers 42 first, which stand up the grass blades and then top fingers 40,
thus standing up the grass fully to be cut.
Extending downwardly from the tip of top fingers 40 of top plate 32 are
rods 44, preferably integral with top plate 32, that intersect bottom
fingers 42 of bottom wear plate 36. Rods 44 in combination with the two
sets of fingers 40, 42, prevent rocks, twigs and other debris from
entering the interior of cutter head 22, yet allows grass to be channeled
into cutter head 22 by top and bottom fingers 40, 42. By preventing
foreign objects from entering the interior of the mower, the user and the
interior of the mower 20 are protected.
A plurality of blades 52, assembled together around belt 54 are located
between top plate 32 and bottom wear plate 36. Blades 52 are preferably
assembled together on a continuous link or V-belt 54, or other conveyors
such as a chain or a notched belt, so that, during operation of cutter
head 22, blades 52 move continuously across fingers 40, 42 in a direction
transverse to the direction of mower. Belt 54 passes around a driving
sheave 62, a driven sheave, 64 and, in a preferred embodiment, an idler
sheave 66.
Driven sheave 64 and idler sheave 66 are each mounted on a shaft 70. Shaft
70 rotates freely in top plate 32 and bottom wear plate 36. Driving sheave
62 is mounted on and turned by a drive shaft 72, extending from engine 28.
In the preferred embodiment of the cutter head 22, engine 28 is mounted on
one side of mower 20, and then connected to drive shaft 72 at that point.
It is possible to mount engine 28 in a different location on the cutter
head 22 as long as engine 28 rotates driving sheave 62 through drive shaft
72.
Top plate 32 and bottom wear plate 36 are aligned and secured by a
plurality of clamping bolts 56 and nuts 58 running from top plate 32
through rods 44 of top fingers 40 as well as the remainder of the
periphery of top plate 32 to bottom wear plate 36. Nuts 58 hold clamping
bolts 56 tightly to secure top plate 32 in spaced relation to bottom wear
plate 36.
Blades 52 are preferably displaced vertically and horizontally. In the
preferred embodiment, blade 80 (see especially FIG. 8a) is constructed
from one piece of metal split and bent to form an upper cutting edge 82
and a lower cutting edge 84. A bracket 88 holds them to belt 54.
Preferably, lower cutting edge 84 is bent downwardly rather than upper
cutting edge 82, so that there is a vertical stagger of edges 82, 84.
Moreover, by this configuration, upper cutting edge 82 extends farther
forward than lower cutting edge 84. The object of this blade arrangement
is to have upper cutting edge 82 cut grass before the lower cutting edge
84 cuts the grass. Thus, the grass blades are cut at multiple levels,
mulching the grass and eliminating the need for a bagging device.
Both upper cutting edge 82 and lower cutting edge 84 have a concave leading
edge 86 in the direction of motion of blades 52. By having concave leading
edge 86 on both cutting edges 82, 84 the grass is shear cut instead of it
being chopped or torn.
In an alternative embodiment of the blades 52 a single blade 90 may be used
(see especially FIG. 8b). It is also possible to mount this blade 90 at
separate heights along belt 54 by bracket 88. By mounting at different
heights, the same object of cutting grass blades multiple times is
accomplished. Single blade 90 also has a concave cutting surface 86 to
shear or slice the grass instead of it being chopped or torn. Additionally
blade 80 may be mounted at different heights.
Referring now to FIG. 9, sweeper 130 is attached by bracket 132 to belt 54
in place of one of blades 52. Sweeper 130 sweeps grass cuttings from the
blade area inside cutting head 22 along bottom wear plate 36 and bottom
fingers 42. As sweeper 130 circulates throughout cutter head 22, it
brushes the cut grass through holes 38 in bottom wear plate 36. Sweeper
130 is constructed in a cup shape with plurality of holes 134 and a
plurality of fingers 136. Holes 134 are located about the mid-section of
sweeper 130 and are present to decrease wind resistance when belt 54 is in
motion. Fingers 136 are located at the end of sweeper 130 and are used to
better brush the cut grass from the bottom finger 42 and bottom wear plate
36.
Now referring to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, an alternative embodiment of the
present invention is shown. In this embodiment the top plate 110, bottom
wear plate 120, top fingers 112, and bottom fingers 122 are substantially
different from the preferred embodiment.
On top plate 110, top fingers 112 extend in the same direction and
configuration as the preferred embodiment. However, top fingers are longer
and extend farther forward than bottom fingers 122. As top fingers 112
extend forward, they curve downwardly (see especially FIG. 6) along curved
portion 114 above, but forward of bottom fingers 122. After curved portion
114, top fingers 112 curve again forward of bottom fingers 122.
Bottom wear plate 120 and bottom finger 122 have a unique finger design.
Bottom fingers 122 alternate having an extending finger 124 and a shorter
extending finger 126 and are uniformly spaced apart (see especially FIG.
7).
The function of the top fingers 112 in this embodiment is to lift objects
(such as golf tees, twigs, or rocks) from the path of the mower thereby
protecting the blades 52 and other interior components of the mower 20
from damage.
Once belt 54, carrying blades 52, is rotating around sheaves 62, 64, 66
lawn mower 20 moves across an area of grass to be cut. As lawn mower 20
moves in a direction of motion over an area of grass, fingers 40, 42,
extending parallel to the direction of motion, the blades of grass enter
mower 20 in the spaces between fingers 40, 42 for cutting.
As grass enters the spacing between fingers 40, 42, blades 52 moving across
fingers 40, 42 shear the entering grass at each vertical level of the
blades. The grass is cut cleanly and evenly at each level, unlike rotary
mowers that tend to pull and tear the grass. The freshly cut grass
clippings fall below cutter head 22 through the openings provided in the
front and rear areas of bottom wear plate 36.
The separation between the axes of rotation of driving sheave 62 and driven
sprocket 64 can be made as large as desired for mowers capable of mowing a
wider path. For a wider mower 20, belt 54 would be longer and more blades
52 would be used but blades 52 would be the same size as for a smaller
mower 20 as well as blade tip speed, engine RPM, and external drive speed
ratio. A conventional power rotary mower requires more horsepower per inch
of width than a mower according to the present invention.
Because of the design, "scalping" a lawn is avoided, rather, floating or
contour cutting and cutting close to boundaries is made possible by the
oval cutting path of the blades for trimming. Furthermore, in addition to
forming mulch of the cut grass, a mower according to the present invention
leaves topsoil in place because it relies on the fingers to set up and
capture the grass rather than a vacuum from a high-speed blade that
vacuums up soil particles and sand.
The present mower is safer than conventional power mowers because it is
much more difficult to have serious injuries to arms or legs. Objects
cannot be propelled at high speed from the mower. It is much more
difficult for a user to come into contact with the blades. Furthermore,
the blades will stay sharper longer because large objects cannot enter
between the fingers of the mower.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and
substitutions can be made to the preferred embodiment herein described
without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as
defined by the appended claims. | 0A
| 01 | D |
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, embodiments of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.FIG. 2illustrates a block diagram showing a system of a washing machine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, andFIGS. 3A–3Iillustrate flow charts each showing the steps of a method for guiding use of a washing machine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Referring toFIG. 2, the washing machine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes an interface part20for carrying out data modulation so as to make data exchange with a PC10connected according to RS-232C communication standards, a key application part30for selecting a washing course, and a washing function, of user's preference, a storage part40for storage of washing guide information for washing courses, and washing guidance for respective courses, an LCD90for displaying the washing course, and the washing guide information selected at the key application part30, a system microcomputer50for providing a control signal so that a load is driven according to the washing condition the user selects at the key application part30with reference to the washing guide information displayed on the LCD90, a drive microcomputer60for controlling driving of the load according to the control signal from the microcomputer50, and miscellaneous load driving parts80for driving various loads, such as the motor70, the water supply valve (not shown), the drain valve (not shown), and the like, in accordance with a control signal from the drive microcomputer60.
The steps of a method for guiding use of a washing machine in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference toFIGS. 3A–3I.
At first, a power to the washing machine is turned on (S1). Then, a guided washing is selected from menu displayed on the LCD90(S2), to display at least one washing cycle (S3). The washing cycles in the guide washing may be a washing according to a course guidance, a washing only, a rinsing only, a spinning only, a rinsing+spinning, a scheduled washing, a steeped washing, and a water supplied rinsing, and the like.
If the user selects ‘the washing according to a course guidance’ from the displayed washing cycles, a guide message of ‘press a course button to select a desired course’ is displayed (S4–S5). Then, user's press on the course button is determined (S6). As a result of the determination (S6), if the user does not press the course button, an error message is presented, and the washing process returns to the step5(S7). On the other hand, as the result of the determination (S6), if the user presses the course button, the selected course, and an operation button pressing message are displayed (S8). When the user presses the operation button, cycles are progressed in an order of washing→rinsing→spinning (S9–S12).
If the user selects ‘the washing only’ from the displayed washing cycles, a guide message of ‘press a washing button to select a desired washing time period (except lingerie', wool)’ is displayed (S13–S14). Then, user's press on the washing button is determined (S15). As a result of the determination (S15), if the user does not press the washing button, an error message is presented, and the washing process returns to the step14(S16). On the other hand, as the result of the determination (S15), if the user presses the washing button, the washing time period the user selects, and an operation button pressing message are displayed (S17). When the user presses the operation button, only the washing cycle is carried for the set time period (S18–S19).
If the user selects ‘the rinsing only’ from the displayed guided washing, a guide message of ‘press a rinsing button to select a desired number of rinsing times (except lingerie', wool)’ is displayed (S20–S21). Then, user's press on the rinsing button is determined (S22). As a result of the determination (S22), if the user does not press the rinsing button, an error message is presented, and the washing process returns to the step21(S23). If the user presses the rinsing button, the selected rinsing time period, and an operation button pressing message are displayed (S24). When the user presses the operation button, the rinsing cycle is carried for the number of rinsing times set by the user (S25–S26).
If the user selects ‘the spinning only’ from the washing cycles in the displayed guided washing menu, a guide message of ‘press a desired spinning button to select a desired spinning time period (except lingerie', wool)’ is displayed (S27–S28). Then, user's press on the spinning button is determined (S29). As a result of the determination (S24), if the user does not press the spinning button, an error message is presented, and the washing process returns to the step28(S30). On the other hand, as the result of the determination (S24), if the user presses the spinning button, the spinning cycle is carried for the spinning time period set by the user (S32–S33).
If the user selects ‘the rinsing+spinning’ from the washing cycles in the displayed guided washing menu, a guide message of ‘press a rinsing button to select a desired number of rinsing times (except lingerie', wool)’ is displayed (S34–S35). Then, user's press on the rinsing button is determined (S36). If the user does not press the rinsing button, an error message is presented, and the washing process returns to the step35(S37). On the other hand, if the user presses the rinsing button, both the selected number of rinsing times, and a guide message ‘press a spinning button to select a desired spinning time period’ are displayed (S38). Then, the user's press on the spinning button is determined (S39). As a result of the determination (S39), if the user does not press on the spinning button, an error message is presented, and the process returns to the step39(S40). As a result of the determination (S39), if the user presses the spinning button, the selected number of rinsing times, and spinning time period, and a message for pressing an operation button, are displayed (S41). If the user presses the operation button, the rinsing cycle is carried out for the set number of rinsing times, the spinning cycle is carried out for the set spinning time period, and process ends (S422–S44).
If the user selects ‘the scheduled washing’ from the washing cycles in the displayed guided washing menu, a guide message of ‘put detergent in the detergent recess, and press a course button to select a desired course’ is displayed (S45–S46). Then, user's press on the course button is determined (S47). As a result of the determination (S47), if the user presses the course button, the selected course, and ‘press a scheduled washing button to select a desired washing time’ is displayed (S49). Then, user's press on the desired washing time button is determined (S50). As a result of the determination (S50), if the user does not press the desired washing time button, an error message is presented, and the process returns to the step S49(S51). On the other hand, as a result of the determination (S50), if the user presses the desired washing time button, the selected course, and operation button pressing message are displayed (S52). If the user presses the operation button, after waiting for the desired washing time, a washing cycle,→a rinsing cycle→a spinning cycle are carried out in succession (S53–S57).
If the user selects ‘the steeped washing’ from the washing cycles in the displayed guided washing menu, a guide message of ‘press a course button to select a steep course’ is displayed (S58–S59). Then, user's press on the course button is determined (S60). As a result of the determination (S60), if the user does not press the course button, an error message is presented, and the process returns to the step59(S61). On the other hand, as the result of the determination (S60), if the user presses the course button to select the steep course, a message that the steep course is selected, and the operation button pressing message are displayed (S62). When the user presses the operation button, an amount of laundry is sensed, and water is supplied as required for the laundry (S63–S65). Upon finishing the water supply, the steep cycle is carried out as much as the set time period, a washing cycle,→a rinsing cycle→a spinning cycle are carried out in succession (S66–S69).
If the user selects ‘the water supplied washing’ from the washing cycles in the displayed guided washing menu, a guide message of ‘press a course button to select a desired course’ is displayed (S70–S71). Then, user's press on the course button is determined (S72). As a result of the determination (S72), if the user does not press the rinsing button, an error message is presented, and the process returns to the step71(S73). On the other hand, as the result of the determination (S72), if the user presses the course button, the selected course is made sure, and a guide message ‘press a rinsing button to select the water supplied rinsing, and a number of the rinsing’ is displayed (74). The user's press of the rinsing button is determined (S75). As the result of the determination (S75), if the user does not press the rinsing button, an error message is presented, and the process returns to the step S74(S76). Opposite to this, as the result of the determination (S75), if the user presses the rinsing button, a selected course, a water level, a water supplied rinsing, a number of rinsing times, and operation button pressing message are displayed (S77). Then, if the user presses the operation button, the washing cycle→the water supplied rinsing cycle→the spinning cycle are carried out according to the set conditions (S78–S81).
Embodiments of washing guidance for each washing cycle displayed on the LCD90according to the guided washing of the present invention will be explained with reference toFIGS. 4–11.
{circle around (1)} Washing According to a Course Guidance
When a cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (1)} Washing according to a course guidance’ as shown inFIG. 4A, and an ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a course button to select a desired course’ as shown inFIG. 4B, and a course guide screen as shown inFIG. 4Care displayed. For an example, if the user presses the course button to select a standard course with reference to theFIG. 4C, a guide message ‘1. A standard course is selected. 2. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 4D. Then, when the user presses the operation button, washing cycles are progressed according to the standard course.
{circle around (2)} Washing Only
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (2)} Washing only’ as shown inFIG. 5A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a washing button to select a desired washing time period (except lingerie, and wool)’ as shown inFIG. 5B, and a screen for selecting the washing time period as shown inFIG. 5Care displayed. For an example, if the user selects thee minutes with reference to theFIG. 5C, a guide message ‘1.3 min. washing is selected. 2. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 5D. Then, when the user presses the operation button, washing cycles are progressed for three minutes.
{circle around (3)} Rinsing Only
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (3)} Rinsing only’ as shown inFIG. 6A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a rinsing button to select a desired number of rinsing times (except lingerie, and wool)’ as shown inFIG. 6B, and a screen for selecting the desired number of rinsing times as shown inFIG. 6Care displayed. For an example, if the user select one time of rinsing from a screen inFIG. 6C, a guide message ‘1. One time of rinsing is selected. 2. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 6D. Then, when the user presses the operation button, the rinsing cycle set by the user is progressed for one time.
{circle around (4)} Spinning Only
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (4)} Spinning only’ as shown inFIG. 7A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a spinning button to select a desired spinning time period (except lingerie, and wool)’ as shown inFIG. 7B, and a menu for selecting the spinning time period as shown inFIG. 7Care displayed. For an example, if the user selects three minutes of spinning time period from the menu inFIG. 7C, a guide message ‘1. Three minutes of spinning time period is selected. 2. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 7D. Then, when the user presses the operation button, the three minutes of spinning is carried out.
{circle around (5)} Rinsing+Spinning Only
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (5)} Rinsing+spinning only’ as shown inFIG. 8A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a rinsing button to select a desired number of rinsing times (except lingerie, and wool)’ as shown inFIG. 8B, and a menu for selecting the desired number of rinsing times as shown inFIG. 8Care displayed. For an example, if the user selects three times of rinsing from the menu inFIG. 8C, a guide message ‘1. Three times of rinsing is selected. 2. Press a spinning button to select a desired spinning time period.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 8D. If the user selects three minutes of spinning time period from the menu inFIG. 8E, a guide message ‘1. Three times of rinsing is selected. 2. Three minutes of spinning time period is selected. 3. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 8F. Then, when the user presses the operation button, the three times of rinsing followed by three minutes of spinning is carried out.
{circle around (6)} Scheduled Washing
When the cursor is positioned at {circle around (6)} Scheduled washing as shown inFIG. 9A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘put detergent in a detergent recess, and press a course button to select a desired course’ as shown inFIG. 9B, and a menu for selecting a course as shown inFIG. 9Care displayed. For an example, if the user selects a powerful course from the menu inFIG. 9C, a guide message ‘1. The powerful course is selected. 2. Press a wash scheduling button to select a desired wash schedule’, and a screen for selecting ‘the desired wash schedule’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 9E. Then, If the user selects after a ten hours from the menu inFIG. 9E, a guide message ‘1. The powerful course is selected. 2. The washing schedule is fixed to be after 10 hours from now. 3. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 9F. Then, when the user presses the operation button, the powerful course is carried out after 10 hours from now.
{circle around (7)} Steeped Washing
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (7)} Steeped washing’ as shown inFIG. 10A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, a guide message ‘press a course button to select a steeping course as shown inFIG. 10B, and a menu for selecting a course as shown inFIG. 10Care displayed. Then, if the user selects the steeping course from the menu inFIG. 1C, a guide message 1. The steeping course is selected. 2. Press an operation button.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 10D. Then, when the user presses the operation button, an amount of laundry is sensed, and water is supplied for the sensed amount of laundry. Then, after the steeping cycle is carried out as much as a set time period, the washing cycles are carried out.
{circle around (8)} Water Supplied Rinsing
When the cursor is positioned at ‘{circle around (8)} Water supplied rinsing’ as shown inFIG. 11A, and the ‘enter’ key is pressed, after a guide message ‘press a course button to select a desired course’ as shown inFIG. 11Bis displayed, a menu for selecting the desired course as shown inFIG. 11Cis displayed. For an example, if the user selects a blanket course from the menu inFIG. 11C, a guide message ‘1. The blanket course is selected. 2. Press a water level button to select a desired water level for an amount of laundry.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 11D. For an example, if the user selects an intermediate water level, a guide message ‘1. The blanket course is selected. 2. The intermediate water level is selected., and 3. Press the rinsing button to select the water supplied rinsing, and a number of rinsing times.’ is displayed as shown inFIG. 11F, and a menu for selecting water supply, and a number of rinsing times as shown inFIG. 11Fis displayed. If the user selects two times of water supply, and two times of rinsing, with reference toFIG. 11F, a guide message ‘1. The blanket course is selected., 2. The intermediate water level is selected., two times of water supply, and rinsing are selected respectively., 4. Press an operation button.’ is displayed. Then, when the user presses the operation button, the washing cycle→the water supplied rinsing→the spinning cycle are carried out in a succession after water is supplied to the intermediate course in the blanket course.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the washing machine, and method for guiding use of the washing machine of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
As has been explained, the washing machine, and method for guiding use of the washing machine of the present invention have the following advantages.
First, the guided washing provides conveniences to beginners as well as all users of the washing machine.
Second, the ascertaining of washing conditions set according to requirements of the user permits to an exact conduction of the washing cycles.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to the accompanying drawings and initially to FIG. 1, a pot
spinning device in accordance with the present invention is schematically
represented and identified as a whole by reference numeral 1. Such pot
spinning devices are known in principle and are relatively extensively
described in existing publications, for example in German Patent
Publication DE 196 37 270 A1.
Customarily such pot spinning devices have a spinning centrifuge 3
rotatably supported in a spinning housing 2 by bearings 4. Such spinning
centrifuges are preferably driven by a single electric motor 5. As
described in German Patent Publication DE 196 37 270 A1, the bearings are
designed for example as permanent magnetic bearings.
The entire spinning housing 2 can also be displaced in the vertical
direction by means of a drive 6, only schematically indicated in the
drawing figures.
The pot spinning device 1 furthermore has a yarn guide tube 7, which can be
introduced axially into the spinning centrifuge 3 and is reciprocably
displaceable by means of a drive 8. A rewinding tube 9 is fixed in place
in a rewinding tube holder 21 on the yarn guide tube 7. In this case the
rewinding tube holder 21 has an arresting device 10 which fixes the
rewinding tube in a resting position 11 during the normal spinning process
and, as indicated in FIG. 1, during the rewinding process fixes the
rewinding tube in a rewinding position 12.
In most cases such pot spinning devices 1 have a yarn break sensor, for
example an opto-electronic sensor device. In the present exemplary
embodiment the yarn break monitoring takes place by means of an
opto-electronic sensor device 13, 13', which monitors the rotating yarn
leg during the spinning process.
Furthermore, a yarn detaching device 14, which can be displaced by means of
a drive 23 in parallel relation with the inner centrifuge wall 26, is
provided for initiating the rewinding process after a yarn break. The yarn
detaching device 14 has a cutting edge 16, which can be placed against the
lower conically wound portion 32 of the spinning cake 15, as well as a
yarn guide contour 17 extending along the cutting edge 16 in the axial
direction.
In addition, the yarn detaching device 14 can be equipped with a force
transducer 18 for detecting an axial force component 19. A comparable
sensor device 20 can also be installed in the area of the rewinding tube
holder 21. This sensor device 20, designed as a torque transducer, detects
the torque 22 acting on the rewinding tube 9 during the rewinding process.
In an advantageous embodiment, represented in FIG. 3, the yarn detaching
device 14, which is represented on a larger scale in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6,
has a base body 40, on which a tubular yarn guide device 42 is fixed in
place by means of threaded bolts, or the like. At its leading end, this
yarn guide device 42 has a yarn guide contour 43, and in the area of its
outer cylindrical wall 44 has a slit-like opening 45 for a pivotably
seated yarn detaching element 46.
A guide block 50, slit in the upper portion, is fixed in place on the
tubular yarn guide device 42 from the inside by means of at least one
threaded bolt 49. The pivotable yarn detaching element 46 is seated almost
free of play in the guide slit 51 of the guide block 50 and is rotatable
to a limited extend around a bolt 47. The pivotable yarn detaching element
46 has a cutting edge 48 on its upper end, which can have various
cross-sectional shapes, preferably rectangular, as indicated in FIG. 6.
The maximum range of pivotal movement of the yarn detaching element 46 can
be definitively set via a detent or stop surface 52, which is adjustable
by means of threaded bolts 53, 54. The detent 52 is located in
correspondence with, and for abutment by, a rear contact surface 55 of the
yarn detaching element 46.
In a preferred embodiment, the yarn detaching element pivotably seated
around a bolt 47 can be acted upon in an elastic or resilient manner,
i.e., the yarn detaching element 46 can either be pivoted pneumatically,
as indicated in FIG. 4, or electrically, as represented in FIG. 5.
In the exemplary embodiment represented in FIG. 4, the pneumatic pivoting
device 61 comprises two compressed air nozzles 56, 57, which are connected
with a vacuum source 64 via pneumatic lines 62, 63. In this case a 2/2-way
directional valve 65, as well as a throttle device 66, are provided in the
pneumatic line 62, while the pneumatic line 63 merely contains a 2/2-way
directional valve.
In the exemplary embodiment represented in FIG. 5, the electrical pivoting
device 35 comprises two electromagnetic coils 36, 37, which can be
definitively provided with current from a current source (not represented)
via current conductors 38, 38', 38", 38"". As shown by means of the
example of the current conductors 38" and 38'", controllable electric
contact switches 60 are connected into the current conductors.
Advantageously, at least the current conductor 38" has a potentiometer 39,
which makes possible the defined setting of the current strength effective
at the magnetic coil 37, and therefore the exact setting of the contact
pressure of the yarn detaching element 46 against the lowest winding layer
of the spinning cake 25.
The functional operation of the device may thus be understood with
reference to FIGS. 3 to 5. A sliver drafting device arranged above the
spinning centrifuge 3, for example a drafting arrangement 24, is supplied
with a sliver from a spinning can (not represented) or, as indicated in
FIG. 3, with a roving yarn 27 from a speed frame bobbin (also not
represented).
A yarn 25 is created by the combined effect of the drafting device 24 and
the rotating spinning centrifuge 3 as the drafted sliver or roving is
delivered into the interior of the spinning centrifuge 3 via the yarn
guide tube 7 and the yarn 25 is deposited as a spinning cake 15 on the
inner wall 26 of the spinning centrifuge. During this yarn deposition,
which in the present case starts in the upper area of the spinning
centrifuge, the yarn guide tube 7 is reciprocated vertically by the drive
8. Simultaneously, the spinning housing 2 is continuously raised by the
drive 6. As a result, the yarn is deposited in the form of a so-called cop
winding on the inner centrifuge wall 26 of the spinning centrifuge 3, i.e.
with tapered conically wound portions at the upper and lower ends of the
centrifuge wall 26.
The rotating yarn leg exiting from the yarn guide mouth is continuously
monitored during the formation of the spinning cake 15 by a sensor device,
preferably the opto-electronic sensor device connected via a signal line
with a control device 30 as represented in FIG. 1.
A yarn break is immediately detected by the sensor device because of the
missing yarn leg and is reported to the control device 30, whereupon the
control device 30 immediately activates a stubbing stop device in the area
of the drafting arrangement 24, so that further delivery of roving 27 is
interrupted. In addition, the control device 30 activates the arresting
device 10 on the rewinding tube holder 21 via a signal line 34, which
releases the rewinding tube 9 to slide from its rest position 11 into its
rewinding position 12.
Thereafter the yarn detaching device 14 in accordance with the present
invention is introduced upwardly into the spinning centrifuge 3 by means
of its drive 23. The yarn detaching device 14, with the yarn detaching
element 46 positioned in the rest position II, moves into the spinning
centrifuge parallel with the inner centrifuge wall 26 and is positioned,
for example, in the position represented in FIG. 5.
Thereupon, the yarn detaching element 46 is elastically pivoted out of the
rest position II represented in FIG. 5 into the work position I indicated
in FIGS. 3 and 4, and gently places its cutting edge 48 in contact with
the lowest winding layer of the spinning cake 15, i.e. the yarn detaching
element 46 is pivoted inwardly either by means of the pneumatically
actuable pivoting device 61 or by means of the electrically operating
pivoting device 35.
With the placement of the cutting edge 48 of the yarn detaching element 46
against the lowest winding layer, the latter is braked and the winding
process is thereby initiated. In the course of this step, the lower
winding layers, which are located relatively far downwardly along the
lower conical portion of the yarn cake, are lifted by the yarn guide
device 42, in particular by the yarn guide contour 43, sufficiently far
that the winding of yarn around the yarn detaching device 14 is dependably
prevented.
If the pneumatic pivoting device 61 with two compressed air nozzles 56, 57
is provided, the 2/2-way directional valve 65 is switched to an open
position to permit airflow therethrough, as represented in FIG. 4, so that
a stream 59 of compressed air exits from the compressed air nozzle 56. The
pressure level of this stream of compressed air can be definitively set by
means of the throttle device 66. The compressed air impacts on the
deflecting surface 58 arranged on the back (i.e. the radially inwardly
facing side) of the yarn detaching element 46, so that the yarn detaching
element 46 is pivoted into the work position I represented in FIG. 4. In
this work position I, the cutting edge 48 of the yarn detaching element 46
rests against the lowest winding layers of the spinning cake 15, and
therefore initiates the previously described rewinding process.
The return of the yarn detaching element 46 into the rest position II takes
place either by means of a second compressed air nozzle 57 or a spring
element (not represented) acting upon the axially lower end of the yarn
detaching element 46. With an arrangement of two compressed air nozzles,
the directional valves 65, 67 are switched such that valve 65 is closed
whereby no compressed air is delivered to the compressed air nozzle 56,
while the valve 67 is opened to charge the compressed air nozzle 57 with
compressed air.
When using the electrically operating pivoting device 35, the electric
switch 60 placed into the current conductor 38" is closed by the control
device 30, so that the electromagnetic coil 37 is provided with current.
The yarn detaching element 46 is at least partially made of a
ferromagnetic material, whereby the magnetic currents thereby created by
the coil 37 charge, i.e. attract, the yarn detaching element 46 and pivot
it into work position I indicated in FIGS. 3 and 5.
A potentiometer 39 in the current conductor 38" makes possible a defined
setting of the effective magnetic force, so that a gentle contact between
the cutting edge 48 of the yarn detaching element 46 and the spinning cake
15 can be assured.
The return of the yarn detaching element 46 into its position of rest II
can also take place, as with the pneumatic pivoting device, either through
a spring element (not represented), or by the appropriate supply of
current to a second magnetic coil 36 acting upon the lower end of the yarn
detaching element 46.
Other electrical drive variants in place of the above described magnetic
coils are of course also conceivable, without departing from the general
scope of the invention. For example, the pivoting of the yarn detaching
element could also be performed by means of a bimetallic drive or the
like.
It will therefore be readily understood by those persons skilled in the art
that the present invention is susceptible of broad utility and
application. Many embodiments and adaptations of the present invention
other than those herein described, as well as many variations,
modifications and equivalent arrangements, will be apparent from or
reasonably suggested by the present invention and the foregoing
description thereof, without departing from the substance or scope of the
present invention. Accordingly, while the present invention has been
described herein in detail in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is
to be understood that this disclosure is only illustrative and exemplary
of the present invention and is made merely for purposes of providing a
full and enabling disclosure of the invention. The foregoing disclosure is
not intended or to be construed to limit the present invention or
otherwise to exclude any such other embodiments, adaptations, variations,
modifications and equivalent arrangements, the present invention being
limited only by the claims appended hereto and the equivalents thereof. | 3D
| 01 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now toFIGS. 1,2,3a-3band4a-4b, there is shown one waste disposal apparatus embodiment of the present invention utilizing an integrated twist-and-cut system for packing and disposing of waste materials.
InFIG. 1, reference numeral10generally represents a waste storage and disposal apparatus having a body100, a collar200and a lid300. Body100serves as a receptacle for temporarily storing waste materials introduced into apparatus10through lid300and sealed in packets in the collar section200, as will be explained more in detail with reference toFIGS. 2 and 3below. Body100as shown is substantially cylindrical in shape. However, alternative shapes for body100can also be used including rectangular or cubical. Body100has a hinged base105and a latch115to lock and release the bottom base of the receptacle to provide access to stored waste products inside the receptacle. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the hinged base105can be located at any other surface of body100, such as the side.
Collar200is substantially cylindrical in shape and has a diameter substantially the same size as at least one the diameter of body100to provide a sealing engagement of the collar with the body along the conjoining portions. If an alternative shape of body100is used, such as rectangular or cubical, then the corresponding mating shape would also be used for collar200to provide a sealing engagement of the collar with the body along the conjoining portions.
Lid300provides the function of housing the mechanisms for the ITAC system of the present invention. The lid and the integrated twist-and-cut system therein will be described more in detail in the preferred embodiments shown inFIGS. 2,3a-3band4a-4bbelow. Lid300as illustrated is also substantially cylindrical in shape and has a diameter substantially the same size as the diameter of collar200to provide a sealing engagement of the lid with the top along the conjoining portions. Lid300is pivotally connected to collar200by a lid hinge preferably in the rear (not shown inFIG. 1). Lid300has a lid slot305formed therein. Lid slot may comprise a button for ease of latching and unlatching. Lid slot305may be a u-shaped channel that is operably connected to a lid latch205to allow user to open and close lid300. Lid latch205is better seen inFIGS. 2 and 3bdiscussed below.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention involves a handle310operably interconnected to a button320, both formed in lid300, as shown inFIG. 1. Handle310is configured to be mechanically rotatable by hand. Rotatable handle310engages and rotates in unison a rotary twist drive360and a cutting tool370. Thus, rotatable handle310performs not only the conventional function of forming continuous waste packets227, such as shown inFIG. 3a, from a flexible film223, but also the function of severing the packets from the film; however, without having to open the lid and performing additional steps. This is accomplished, according to the present invention, by depressing button320which automatically disengages the rotary twist drive360and continuing with the rotating action of the handle only to expose now a nonmoving, stationary flexible film223to a rotating cutting tool377, such as a blade, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 3b.
Aspects of an embodiment of the present invention are shown inFIG. 2a, which is an exploded view of collar200and lid300ofFIG. 1. Lid300is pivotally connected to collar200by a lid hinge at207preferably in the rear, as shown inFIG. 2a. Lid300can easily be opened or sealably closed over collar200by engaging or disengaging lid latch205to and from lit slot305. Lid300is configured to house the various components of an integrated twist-and-cut, ITAC, embodiment system, including wave spring330, clutch plate340, yoke350, rotary twist drive360, and blade shoe370, as explained below in detail, so that, when opened, the lid carries with it all the ITAC components, and provides direct access to a flange209of the collar where a cassette of film is placed. Cassette220is shown inFIG. 3.
Collar flange209is formed circumferentially about the inner circular wall210of the collar as shown inFIG. 2a. Circular wall210extends substantially vertically upward from flange209. As used here, horizontal refers to the direction between collar latch205in the front and lid hinge207in the rear as oriented inFIG. 2a, which is substantially perpendicular to the sidewalls defining collar200. Vertical refers to the direction between lid300and collar200. Circular wall210has a diameter larger than the diameter of cassette220as shown inFIGS. 3a-3band4a-4b(not shown inFIG. 2a). Circular wall210provides support for cassette220to prevent it from moving in a horizontal direction yet allowing it to rotate about the center of the collar.
Referring again toFIG. 3b, cassette220stores the flexible film which emanates from the cassette through gap225and then fords flange209area (hidden underneath the film). Rotatable handle310then engages the rotary twist drive360, thereby twisting the film223having waste material, such as a soiled diaper, garbage, etc. previously introduced into the film through the open lid, and sealing the film in a tubular form, thus sequestering the waste material in packets227. The same rotatable handle is then used to sever, for example, the last packet from the film of the cassette when receptacle100is full and ready to be emptied by releasing latch105inFIG. 1.
In one embodiment of the present invention shown in the exploded view inFIG. 1, rotatable handle310has a substantially round upper portion311and a cylindrical neck313which extends through all the openings centrally formed in the components of the ITAC system, in the order starting from lid300, wave spring330, clutch plate340, yoke350, rotary twist drive360and engages shoulder373of blade shoe370. Handle310is, therefore, capable of imparting rotational motion directly to blade shoe370with rim375. In one embodiment, it is preferred that the engagement of neck313to shoulder373is in the form of a split spline as shown inFIG. 2a, although it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the engagement of the neck to the shoulder can be accomplished in different ways, including a press fit neck into a sleeve.
In an embodiment of an aspect of the invention, wave spring inFIG. 2acomprises an undulating shape with opening335, and the undulating portions press upon the upper portion of lid300(not shown) when inserted about the neck313. The bottom surface of the wave spring has protrusions333as shown in the same Figure. It will be understood that springs of other shapes, including types of protrusions other than shown inFIG. 2acan also be used. Protrusions333of the wave spring press against corresponding recesses (not shown) formed in a lower surface of clutch plate340shown inFIG. 2a. Clutch plate340has an upper surface341in the form of a ring with geared teeth343. Teeth343engage rotatably with teeth located in lid300(not shown) when button320is depressed. The clutch plate locks the rotary twist drive360in place when button320is pressed.
In another embodiment of an aspect of the invention, clutch plate340has a plurality of vertical projections345formed on its lower surface, as shown inFIG. 2a. Vertical projections345of clutch plate340engage in corresponding openings363that are formed in rotary twist drive360shown inFIG. 2a. In operation, any rotational motion imparted by handle310is transmitted to the blade shoe370, which is operably connected to the handle via neck313of the handle. In turn, vertical projections345of the clutch plate transmit the rotational motion to the rotary twist drive360. It will be noted inFIG. 2athat the blade shoe370nests inside the dome-like cavity365under the rotary twist drive360, wherein blade377(there may be two or more blades although only one is shown in the diagram) is positioned coplanarly with ribbed surface367of the rotary twist drive.FIG. 2a, therefore, shows an embodiment which may be employed in an aspect of the invention, wherein the rotation of handle310provides zero, or stationary, relative motion between the rotary twist drive360and the blade shoe370, thereby providing only a twisting action of the film223on the rim250of the cassette230shown inFIGS. 2band3ato seal refuse previously deposited into the film, and form packets227. The cassette rim250contains ribs260(FIG. 2b) that allow the twist drive teeth to engage it and rotate it.
A tubing refill cassette is shown inFIG. 2abas cited in U.S. Application 60/499,443. A rotary grip ring or a rotary twist drive may be used to rotate the cassette body230effectively twisting the flexible tubing240which emanates through a gap245between rim250of cassette230and the open cassette core area235, and is folded down through the open cassette core area235into an interior bin space. The bottom rim230of the film cassette rests on several glide buttons that are affixed, for example, to the flange support which may be affixed to the internal wall side of a waste bin. Glide buttons alleviate friction between the bottom of cassette body230and the surface it rests on, and allow the refill to freely rotate in the body100.
Another aspect of the present invention involves a yoke350positioned between clutch plate340and rotary twist drive360. Yoke350is generally u-shaped having lateral projections351and a curvilinear shoulder353, as shown inFIG. 2a. In assembly, lateral projections351straddle vertical projections345of clutch plate350and slidably press against the lower surface347of the clutch plate. The curvilinear portion of shoulder353protrudes beyond the periphery of the clutch plate340to accommodate the seating of a button320in a recess355on the shoulder of the yoke, without interference by the clutch plate. Button320is operably connected to lid300, and is better seen inFIGS. 4aand4b. In its normal position, that is, when the button is not depressed as seen inFIG. 4a, vertical projections345can rotate freely in between lateral projections351when set into motion by rotating handle310, thus also rotating the rotary twist drive360, as described above. Rotary twist drive360has a drive collar361with a plurality of openings363corresponding to the plurality of clutch plate projections345which engage the openings to rotate the rotary twist drive360.FIG. 4ashows a cross-sectional view of the positions of the components of the ITAC system in the twist mode, only.
An embodiment of an aspect of the present invention provides a means for lifting the clutch plate vertically and disengaging the vertical projections345of the clutch from openings363in the rotary twist drive360, thereby allowing only the blade shoe370to rotate when set into motion by rotating handle310and sever the flexible film223from the rim of the cassette, as shown inFIGS. 3aand3b. This function is provided by button320, which, when depressed, causes the shoulder353of the yoke to move downward, while moving the lateral projections351upwards to lift the clutch plate340. It will be noted that in the absence of any twisting action, flexible film223inFIGS. 3aand3bremains stationary, and hence the relative motion between the blades377and film223will cut the film. Although it may be preferred that a pair of diametrically opposed blades be used along the periphery of the circular blade shoe370of the invention, it will be understood by workers in the field that any plurality of various shapes of blades can also be used.
FIG. 4bshows a cross-sectional view of the positions of the various components of the ITAC system in the cut mode, only. Specifically, it will be noted that button320is pushed downwards into lid200, and yoke350is tilted so that vertical projections345of clutch340are lifted out of the recesses363of the rotary twist drive360.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes in form and details may be made without departing form the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the handle and button operations can be automated. Furthermore, an indent can be provided for the button so that one need not hold down both the button and the handle during the cutting operation. Also, a number of clicks can be incorporated to the turning of the rotatable handle to signal positively the end of twisting of the film material in forming waste packets. In addition, a sighting can be provided to show the waste bin reaches the full capacity. Cutting blade shown inFIG. 2acan also be made replaceable for ease to the user as depicted by blade cartridge379in the sameFIG. 2a.
| 1B
| 66 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a general representation of a single-channel communication bus
system. Line 20 represents the channel, for example a twisted pair of
conductors. There are provided three stations 22, 24, 26, each of which
comprises a respective interface circuit 28, 30, 32. The stations may be
of various complexities. Apparatus of this kind may be simple or complex,
for example a television receiver, a washing machine, a microwave oven, a
central timer, a sensor for ambient temperature/solar radiation, an
illumination (sub)system. Some apparatus will act as a master station viz
a viz the bus, and other apparatus as a slave station. Some apparatus act
as transmitters of data, and some apparatus as receivers. The operations
described below take place on the communication bus system and are
executed by the interface circuits.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUS PROTOCOL
FIG. 2 shows the structure of a communication operation at the frame level.
The Figure shows the time axis as a meandering line 40 along which the bit
cells are assumed to be arranged in a contiguous manner. The reference
numeral 42 indicates the start bit. The reference numeral 44 concerns the
mode indication which indicates the bit rate at which subsequently data is
to be transmitted; this concerns 3 bits at the most. A limited number of
standardized transmission frequencies have been defined. The reference
numeral 46 indicates the address of the relevant master station; this
address contains 12 bits, followed by a parity bit P. An arbitration
operation is performed on the mode indication, and on the master address.
For the mode choice the lowest (=slowest) mode prevails. For the addresses
the station having the highest priority prevails. Mode indication and
master address together constitute a priority signal. After the
transmission of the master address, only one master station remains. This
station subsequently transmits the slave address 48. This address contains
12 address bits, one parity bit P and space for an address acknowledge bit
A. When a slave station recognizes its own address, it transmits an
address acknowledge bit in the block A. When the latter bit is not
received, the intended slave station is either absent or does not operate,
or the address has an incorrect parity. In that case the frame shown in
FIG. 2 is immediately terminated. When the acknowledgement by the slave
station is correct, the master station transmits a control signal 50. This
signal contains four control bits, one parity bit P and space for a
control acknowledge bit A. The treatment of the P and A bits is identical
to that in the case of the slave address. If the control acknowledge bit
does not appear, the frame is directly terminated. When the
acknowledgement by the slave station is correct, a data byte is
transmitted (52). The description will be based on a master transmitter
station. The data byte contains 8 bits, a signalling "last" data byte
(EOD), one parity bit P and space for a data acknowledge bit A. The EOD
signalling indicates whether the transmitter station considers the byte
concerned as the last byte or as a non-last byte of the message. The frame
length amounts to at the most 2 bytes in mode 0; in mode 1 it amounts to
32 bytes from (master station) or 16 bytes from (slave station); in the
mode 2 it amounts to 128 bytes from (master station) or 64 bytes from
(slave station), but shorter messages are also permissible. The parity bit
P is determined also on the basis of the EOD bit. If the data acknowledge
bit is not received, there may be a variety of reasons: a parity error,
slave station deactivated since the reception of the control signal 50, or
slave station incapable of receiving and buffering the data byte, for
example because the processing of the data had taken too much time. In all
these cases the master station is set to the repeat state. In this state
the relevant data byte, including the facilities for EOD, P, A, is
repeated until ultimately the data acknowledge bit is received. Then, if
the relevant data byte was not the last byte, the repeat sate is left and
the next data byte is transmitted (for example 54). If, however, it was
the last data byte, the frame and the message are terminated. Subsequently
a new message/frame may commence. Upon transmission of a data byte, each
time a counter position is incremented. When the counter reaches the
maximum frame length, or when the message is completed, the "last" data
byte is indicated (the first one of the two limits occurring is decisive).
The frame is terminated after the "last" byte. If the data acknowledge bit
is not correctly received after the "last" byte, the "last" byte is
repeated, for as long as it fits within the defined frame length. When the
message has not yet been completed when the maximum frame length is
reached, a new frame is started. The first data byte thereof is taken as
the first not yet transmitted data byte of the message, or as the data
byte for which no correct data acknowledge bit had vet been received.
Consequently, this implies no double transmission of a data byte already
transmitted successfully. Normally, the "lock" mechanism is used in this
respect, so that the relevant slave remains reserved for the actual
transmission. This will be described in detail hereinafter. According to
this lock mechanism, another master station having a higher priority can
meanwhile obtain the monopoly over the bus, but cannot gain access to the
slave station that had been locked. This organization simplifies the
procedure in the slave station.
FURTHER ORGANIZATIONS
The master station can set/reset the lock flag at the slave by means of a
given control signal, thus instructing the slave to listen only to the
master station concerned. The slave station is unlocked by the master
station in that the latter transmits a 1-byte-data frame, containing the
release or unlock command. The lock flag should be set/reset by the slave
after at least 1 byte of the associated frame has been correctly
transmitted/communicated.
A slave address acknowledge bit is not given if:
the slave is absent
the slave cannot handle the mode (speed) of the frame
a parity error occurs in the master address and/or slave address
timing is incorrect, causing bus errors, so that synchronization or parity
errors occur.
The master responds to a negative address acknowledge bit by either
repeating the frame, possibly in a lower mode
requesting the status for the relevant slave in the mode 0 (possibly
repeatedly). The highest mode in which the slave can operate is derived
from the status. Subsequently the message is repeated in the highest
feasible mode.
When the transmission repeatedly stops at the negative slave address
acknowledge bit, it must be concluded that the slave is absent. In that
case further repetition does not make sense.
A control acknowledge bit is not given in the case of:
parity error
timing error
inability of the slave to execute the requested function.
The master may respond by repeating the message in first instance. If again
no control acknowledge bit is received, it requests the master station at
the slave in order to determine why it did not receive this acknowledge
bit.
A negative data acknowledge bit is caused by:
parity error
timing error
full receiver buffer.
In the case of a parity error or in the case of a full receiver buffer,
this byte will be repeated, as far as possible, until either the byte has
been acknowledged or the frame length has been used up. If the byte has
not been transmitted within the frame, a new frame will be initiated for
this byte.
The following control signals are defined:
HEX 0(0000): read the status of the interface circuit of the slave station.
If this operation is not followed by an acknowledge signal, the conclusion
is that the interface circuit of the slave station is defective. However,
a repeat operation may be undertaken. If correct acknowledgement is
received, the slave station subsequently outputs a data byte in which its
status is shown.
HEX 2(0010): read the status and apply the lock signal to the slave
station. When the slave station is locked by another master station, this
circumstance is signalled in the data byte; the requesting master must
attempt again.
HEX 3(0011): read data and apply the lock signal to the slave station. If
no answer is received, the status is interrogated, which is specified as
follows:
bit 0=0: the transmitter buffer of the slave station is empty; this is
signalled to the control system
bit 2=1: the slave station is locked by another station; the control system
receives the instruction to attempt again
bit 4=0: the slave station cannot transmit data; this is signalled to the
control system. In all other cases for the bits 0, 2, 4 a new frame is
initiated with the same control code.
HEX 4(0100): read the two least-significant tetrades of the address whereto
the slave station is locked. If the slave station is not locked, this fact
is signalled to the control system of the master, by means of a negative
acknowledge bit.
HEX 5(0101): ditto for the most-significant tetrade.
HEX 6(0110): read the status of the slave and unlock. If the slave station
is locked by another master station, this is signalled by a negative
acknowledge bit, and the master stops its attempts.
HEX 7(0111): read the data and unlock. Except for the unlock, this
corresponds to the code 0011.
HEX 8(1000): write possession request; if a negative acknowledge bit
ensues, a query for the properties/status of the slave station is made.
The latter are interpreted as follows:
bit 1=1: the receiver buffer of the slave is not empty; signal to the
control system of the master station.
bit 2=1: as above.
bit 3=0: slave does not have a memory which means that the slave is not
able to answer requests for property/status.
If none of the three bits has a result, a new attempt is made.
HEX A(1010): write command and lock. Subsequently the status is read, in
case of a negative acknowledge bit, interpreted as follows:
bits 1, 2 as above; if none of these bits has a result, a new attempt is
made.
HEX B(1011): write data and lock. Subsequently the status is read, in case
of a negative acknowledge bit; interpretation is the same as with HEX A.
HEX E(1110): write command and unlock; remainder is identical to HEX A.
HEX F(1111): write data and unlock; remainder is identical to HEX A.
At the end of each frame the transmitting station (slave station or master
station) checks whether all necessary bytes have been transmitted. If this
is not the case, the master station starts a new frame and the
transmitting station loads the remaining bytes into the local transmitter
buffer.
DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERFACE CIRCUIT
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of an interface circuit. The circuit (60)
comprises the following connections, viewed clock-wise from the oscillator
(6 MHz): --power supply VCC, ground GND, test control test, 8 bits data
for the local control system, with a synchronization (strobe) pin DS,
read/write control R/W, selection between address and data (A/D), an
interrupt signal Int, three preset address bits therefor (A0, A1, A2), two
lines for data at the TTL level, and a twisted wire pair for the
single-channel communication (D.sup.2 B) as described above. Element 62
comprises the clock and the control components for the resetting of the
circuit when the supply voltage appears (POR=Power-On Reset). A
"chip-ready" signal, the POR signal and the clock signals 0P, 1P originate
herefrom. The "chip-ready" signal indicates that the circuit is
operational again after power on and reset.
Block 64 is a circuit for the filtering, detection and controlling of
signals on the D.sup.2 B and TTL lines. The data contents of the signals
on D.sup.2 B and TTL are identical, except for the following electrical
differences: TTL is unidirectional versus D.sup.2 B which is
bidirectional, and the voltage levels differ. On lines 65 the line bits
are transported at the TTL level. In block 66 a translation takes place
between the line bits and the logic bits. The blocks 67 constitute two
unidirectional latch circuits between the blocks 66 and 68. Line 69
carries a signal for activating the next bit. Block 68 constitutes the
core of the interface circuit. Therein the parity bits are formed, the
acknowledge bits are detected and the various control bits and status bits
are analyzed or stored for interrogation, if any. Furthermore, the
information is exchanged with the control system and the interaction with
RAM buffer 70 is organized. Buffer 70 has a data width of 8 bits; the
number of bytes is determined by the application. The addresses appear on
line 71; block 72 is a data gate having a width of 8 bits for connection
to the local control system (not shown). The signals mode 0P, 1P, are
secondary clock signals having the same frequency as 0P, 1P, or a
frequency which is a factor 4 lower, depending on the operation mode on
the external bus D.sup.2 B. Line 76 controls the switching over of the
clock to the bit level for the various bit lengths, which need not be the
same for the start bit, mode/address/control bits and data bits. Line 75
has the same function at the frame level. Line 77 is an enable line (EN);
lines 78 and 79 provide synchronization handshake.
In a simple embodiment the circuit is suitable for use in the mode 0 and 1;
moreover, it is suitable for master operation as well as slave operation.
After a reset signal (power-on-reset, POR), the circuit is initialized.
The microprocessor can make the address of the circuit available to the
interface circuit by loading of some free-accessible registers. Moreover,
some flag bits which indicate the capacities of the application are set
(when a local memory is present and the slave station can also act as a
transmitter). The signal POR also causes an interrupt signal for the local
control system. The bus status of the slave part of the circuit is stored
in the slave status register. When the circuit is locked by another
station, the address of the latter station is stored in the lock address
register. In order to activate a circuit as a master station, the control
circuit of the application should provide the following information:
the slave station address, the control code and, in the case of a write
operation, the data bytes to be transmitted in order to be loaded into the
master station buffer,
the mode signal, indicating the line mode to be used, and the master
station request signal are loaded into the master station command
register.
The station subsequently initiates a message and participates, if
necessary, in the relevant arbitration procedure. When the frame is
terminated after a positive arbitration result, an interrupt signal for
the local control system (INT) is given. The local control system can
subsequently read the reason of the interrupt signal in the interrupt
register (master interrupt, slave transmitter interrupt or slave receiver
interrupt). The master status register contains the number of positive
acknowledge bits and indicates whether the message was successful. The
latter register thus acts as a counter. Moreover, after an interrupt
signal in the case of a read operation, the master buffer contains the
data received. The interrupt register is reset after having been read:
this is effected by an explicit write operation in the register question.
Virtually the same operations are performed for a slave receiver function.
The number of positive acknowledge bits is then stored in the slave
receiver register. When the slave receiver buffer has been read, the slave
receiver command register is filled with the information 00(HEX).
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a transmitter station procedure. For this
example, the maximum frame load is assumed to be 32 bytes, excluding
overhead like start bit, header, master address, slave address, slave
control signalization, etc. The maximum message length for the kind of
non-locked transfer considered is substantially less, for example 16
bytes. This boundary depends inter alia on the size of the receive buffer:
the larger the receive buffer, the more probable the transfer success will
be. In block 100 the start is undertaken. In block 102, the message
transfer is initialized. As shown, the message is loaded, the frame is
arbitrated, the frame byte counter is reset and the message byte counter
is reset. It is presumed that the transfer is with master transmitter,
that the arbitrage is effectively been won and that the slave receiver
responds correctly to slave station address and slave control
signalization. If slave transmitter, the operations are the mirror images
of those shown here. In block 104 a byte is transmitted and if applicable,
the end of message is signalled. In block 106, the frame length counter is
incremented. In block 108 the ensuing reception of an acknowledge bit is
awaited. If negative, in block 114 the completion of the allowable frame
length is tested. If no, the latest byte must be sent once more and the
system goes back to block 104. If yes, the message is a failure and must
be completely resent, and the system in consequence reverts to block 102.
If the acknowledge is positive, in block 109 the message length counter is
incremented. In block 110 the completion of the message is tested. If
ready, the system exits to block 112. If the message is not yet completed,
the system goes also to block 114. In practice, various waiting limits
have been realised, for example, exiting if no further bytes arrive during
a particular time interval.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a receiver station procedure, that to a certain
degree mirrors the operations in FIG. 5. The process begins in block 116,
in the same way as has been described with respect to block 100 in FIG. 5.
In block 117 the receive frame counter is set to zero. In block 118 a data
byte is received. In block 120 a check for correct reception is made, such
as by checking for correct panty (also block 121), and by checking for
correct storability in the receiver buffer. If negative, the receiver
station in block 119 sends a negative acknowledge, and reverts to block
118. If positive, in block 122 the acknowledge bit is sent. Store
management of the receiver buffer, such as in the manner of a FIFO store,
has not been considered for brevity. If the reception was not OK, and also
the parity was wrong, the receiver in block 124 detects whether the
end-of-message was received. In block 123 detection of the end-of-frame
signalization is done. If negative, the receiver reverts to block 118. In
block 124 detection of the end-of-message signalization is done. If
positive, the message has been fully received and can be processed further
(block 126). If negative, the transfer of the (partial) message has
failed, and the system reverts to block 117, while ignoring the reception
of any data byte of the frame in question. The system has been kept
simple, in that the receiver knows the maximum length of the frame (block
123). the transfer from block 121 to block 124 usually signals that the
receive buffer is full. In the above, the formation of the partial
messages is usually executed by the station application process that knows
the maximum lengths of messages and partial messages, when applicable, and
formats them. By itself, the formatting of messages is conventional. | 7H
| 04 | J |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This disclosure pertains primarily to dual mode input split compound split configuration EPPV transmission drive systems and the described principles are set forth in particularity with reference to an IC/electric parallel path variable transmission. However, although the discussion herein focuses upon an IC/electric version of this system, it will be appreciated that the disclosed principles also have beneficial applicability with respect to other systems such as IC/hydrostatic power systems.
FIG. 1is a simplified schematic view of power system100including an IC/electric parallel path continuously variable transmission101. The particular details of the transmission101will be discussed in greater detail with respect to other figures. The transmission101receives rotary power from an IC engine103. However, the IC engine is not directly coupled to the transmission output105. Rather, the IC engine is coupled to the transmission output105via a series of planetary gear systems that also receive rotary power from a number of other power sources including a first electric motor107and a second electric motor109. The power sharing and effect of the various power sources is established by a number of internal elements within the transmission101, e.g., one or more brakes and clutches (not shown). A controller111coordinates the operation of the first electric motor107and the second electric motor109as well as the mode and ratio of the transmission101.
The operation of the transmission101is advantageously such that the transmission provides variable output speeds in multiple modes, with generally greater volume density and energy efficiency than was provided by prior systems. The multiple modes may include, e.g., a low speed range and a high speed range. The transmission101also supports synchronous mode changes, improving the user experience, and the use of a dry clutch, improving system compactness. The first electric motor107and the second electric motor109are used to vary the output speed at the transmission output105within each mode, while the clutch and brake are used to select the mode of the transmission101. The planetary gear systems within the transmission101may include one or both of single and double-pinion gear sets.
FIG. 2is a schematic illustration of an implementation of first drive system200including an implementation of the transmission101in keeping with the disclosed principles. The power system ofFIG. 2includes the elements shownFIG. 1, namely the transmission101, IC engine103, transmission output105, first electric motor107, second electric motor109and the controller111(not shown expressly inFIG. 2). However, the planetary gear systems and associated components within the transmission101are also shown in detail with respect to the first drive system200ofFIG. 2.
In the implementation shown inFIG. 2, the transmission101of the first drive system200includes a first planetary gear system201and a second planetary gear system203that are selectively linkable as will be described more fully below. The first planetary gear system201comprises a first sun gear S1coupled to a first ring gear R1via one or more planet gears set in a first carrier C1. The second planetary gear system203comprises a second sun gear S2coupled to a second ring gear R2via one or more planet gears set in a second carrier C2.
The IC engine103is coupled into the first ring gear R1and the transmission output105is coupled out of the second carrier C2. The first carrier C1is coupled to the second carrier C2. The first sun gear S1receives power from the first electric motor107, while the second electric motor109is linked to the second ring gear R2. A first clutch205selectively links the first sun gear S1to the second sun gear S2, and a second clutch207selectively brakes the second sun gear S2. Although the exact gears and pinion ratios are not critical, an exemplary tooth count ratio is as follows: first planet gear ratio is 3.5, second gear ratio is 2.14.
In operation, activation of the first clutch205places the transmission101in a high speed range, whereas activation of the second clutch207places the transmission101in a low speed range. Considering first the movement of the various components of the transmission101in the low speed range, when the IC engine103rotates the first ring gear R1, the first carrier C1rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the first electric motor107and in a direction dictated by the direction of rotation of the first electric motor107. The rotation of the first carrier C1is transferred to the second carrier C2. With the second clutch207selectively braking the second sun gear S2, the movement of the second carrier C2, in addition to providing output rotation at the transmission output105, also causes the second electric motor109to rotate, generating electrical power for consumption or storage.
When the first clutch205is engaged, linking the first sun gear S1to the second sun gear S2, and a second clutch207is disengaged, freeing the second sun gear S2, the transmission101is in the second or “high speed” mode. In this configuration, when the IC engine103rotates the first ring gear R1, the first carrier C1rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the second electric motor109and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the second electric motor109. The rotation of the first carrier C1is transferred to the second carrier C2. With the second sun gear S2linked to the first sun gear S1, the rotation of the second electric motor109is conveyed to the first electric motor107via the first sun gear S1.
Although the first drive system200provides for an efficient and compact drive train, certain variations of the same principles will be appreciated from this description. By way of example,FIG. 3includes a schematic illustration of an implementation of second drive system300including an implementation of the transmission101in keeping with the disclosed principles. The power system ofFIG. 3again generally includes the primary elements shownFIG. 1, and also includes a detailed view of an exemplary planetary gear system and associated components within the transmission101.
In the implementation shown inFIG. 3, the transmission101of the second drive system300includes a third planetary gear system301and a fourth planetary gear system303that are selectively linkable. The third planetary gear system301comprises a third sun gear S3coupled to a third ring gear R3via a double-pinion planet gear set in a third carrier C3/C3. The fourth planetary gear system303comprises a fourth sun gear S4coupled to a fourth ring gear R4via one or more planet gears set in a fourth carrier C4.
The IC engine103is coupled into the double-pinion planet gear set in the third carrier C3/C3and the transmission output105is coupled out of the fourth carrier C4. The third ring gear R3is coupled to the fourth carrier C2. The third sun gear S3receives power from the first electric motor107, while the second electric motor109is linked to the fourth ring gear R4. A third clutch305selectively links the third sun gear S3to the fourth sun gear S4, and a fourth clutch307selectively brakes the fourth sun gear S4. Although the exact ratios of the various gears and pinions are not critical, exemplary ratios are as follows: first planet gear ratio is 2.76, second gear ratio is 2.14.
In operation of the second drive system300, activation of the third clutch305places the transmission101in a high speed range, whereas activation of the fourth clutch307places the transmission101in a low speed range. Considering the movement of the various components of the transmission101in the low speed range, when the IC engine103rotates the double-pinion planet gear set in the third carrier C3/C3, the third ring gear R3rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the first electric motor107and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the first electric motor107. The rotation of the third ring gear R3is transferred to the fourth carrier C4. With the fourth clutch307selectively braking the fourth sun gear S4, the movement of the fourth carrier C4, in addition to providing output rotation at the transmission output105, also causes the second electric motor109to rotate, generating electrical power for consumption or storage.
When the third clutch305is engaged, linking the third sun gear S3to the fourth sun gear S4, and the fourth clutch307is disengaged, freeing the fourth sun gear S4, the transmission101is in the second or “high speed” mode. In this configuration, when the IC engine103rotates the double-pinion planet gear set in the third carrier C3/C3, the third ring gear R3rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the second electric motor109and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the second electric motor109. The rotation of the third ring gear R3is transferred to the fourth carrier C4. With the fourth sun gear S4linked to the third sun gear S3, the rotation of the second electric motor109is conveyed to the first electric motor107via the third sun gear S3.
FIG. 4is a schematic illustration showing yet another implementation of the disclosed principles. In the third drive system400, the components are largely though not precisely the same as those illustrated with respect to the first drive system200and the second drive system300. In particular, the third drive system400includes a fifth planetary gear system401and a sixth planetary gear system403that are selectively linkable. The fifth planetary gear system401comprises a fifth sun gear S5coupled to a fifth ring gear R5via a planet gear set in a fifth carrier C5. The sixth planetary gear system403comprises a sixth sun gear S6coupled to a sixth ring gear R6via a double-pinion planet gear set in a sixth carrier C6/C6.
The IC engine103is coupled into the fifth ring gear R5and the transmission output105is coupled out of the sixth ring gear R6. The fifth ring gear R5is coupled to the fifth carrier C5. The fifth sun gear S5receives power from the first electric motor107, while the second electric motor109is linked to the sixth sun gear S6. A fifth clutch405selectively links the fifth sun gear S5to the sixth carrier C6/C6, and a sixth clutch407selectively brakes the sixth carrier C6/C6. Although the exact ratios of the various gears and pinions are not critical, exemplary ratios are as follows: first planet gear ratio is 2.56, second gear ratio is 2.04.
In operation of the third drive system400, activation of the fifth clutch405places the transmission101in a high speed range, whereas activation of the sixth clutch407places the transmission101in a low speed range. Considering the movement of the various components of the transmission101in the low speed range, when the IC engine103rotates the fifth ring gear R5, the fifth carrier C5rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the first electric motor107and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the first electric motor107. The rotation of the fifth carrier C5is transferred to the sixth ring gear R6. With the sixth clutch407selectively braking the sixth carrier C6/C6, the movement of the sixth ring gear R6, in addition to providing output rotation at the transmission output105, also causes the second electric motor109to rotate, generating electrical power for consumption or storage.
When the fifth clutch405is engaged, linking the fifth sun gear S5to the sixth carrier C6/C6, and the sixth clutch407is disengaged, freeing the sixth carrier C6/C6, the transmission101is in the second or “high speed” mode. In this configuration, when the IC engine103rotates the fifth ring gear R5, the fifth carrier C5rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the second electric motor109and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the second electric motor109. The rotation of the fifth carrier C5is transferred to the sixth ring gear R6. With the fifth sun gear S5linked to the sixth carrier C6/C6, the rotation of the second electric motor109is conveyed to the first electric motor107via the fifth sun gear S5.
Another implementation of the disclosed principles is illustrated via the fourth drive system500shown schematically inFIG. 5. The fourth drive system500includes a seventh planetary gear system501and an eighth planetary gear system503that are selectively linkable. The seventh planetary gear system501comprises a seventh sun gear S7coupled to a seventh ring gear R7via a planet gear set in a seventh carrier C7. The eighth planetary gear system503comprises an eighth sun gear S8coupled to an eighth ring gear R8via a planet gear set in an eighth carrier C8.
The IC engine103is coupled into the seventh sun gear S7and the transmission output105is coupled out of the eighth carrier C8. The seventh sun gear S7is coupled to the seventh carrier C7. The seventh ring gear R7receives power from the first electric motor107, while the second electric motor109is linked to the eighth sun gear S8. A seventh clutch505selectively links the seventh ring gear S7to the eighth ring gear S8, and an eighth clutch507selectively brakes the eighth ring gear S8. Although the exact ratios of the various gears and pinions are not critical, exemplary ratios are as follows: first planet gear ratio is 2.56, second gear ratio is 2.04.
In operation of the third drive system500, activation of the seventh clutch505places the transmission101in a high speed range, whereas activation of the eighth clutch507places the transmission101in a low speed range. Considering the movement of the various components of the transmission101in the low speed range, when the IC engine103rotates the seventh sun gear S7, the seventh carrier C7rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the first electric motor107and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the first electric motor107. The rotation of the seventh carrier C7is transferred to the eighth carrier C8. With the eighth clutch507selectively braking the eighth ring gear R8, the movement of the eighth carrier C8, in addition to providing output rotation at the transmission output105, also causes the second electric motor109to rotate, generating electrical power for consumption or storage.
When the seventh clutch505is engaged, linking the seventh ring gear R7to the eighth ring gear R8, and the eighth clutch507is disengaged, freeing the eighth ring gear R8, the transmission101is in the second or “high speed” mode. In this configuration, when the IC engine103rotates the seventh sun gear S7, the eighth carrier C8rotates at a speed dictated by the speed of the IC engine103and the second electric motor109and in a direction dictated by the rotation of the second electric motor109. The rotation of the seventh carrier C7is transferred to the first electric motor107via the seventh ring gear R7.
As previously noted, the transmission101provides efficient and compact operation. The torque and power characteristics provided by drive system described in various implementations above with reference toFIGS. 2-5are illustrated graphically inFIG. 6as a function of machine speed and system mode. The abscissa of the chart600shown inFIG. 6represents the output shaft speed, while the ordinate represents the torque and power available from the drive system. As can be seen, the maximum torque provided by the system is highest at low speed in the low speed mode. The maximum output torque remains essentially unchanged in low speed mode, even as the machine speed increases. At shift point601, the system mode changes from low speed to high speed mode, and the output torque drops asymptotically as a function of machine speed to a final torque value TF.
With respect to available power, the power output of the system increases linearly from near zero at zero ground speed up to a maximum power PMat the shift point601. After the shift point601, the output power remains flat as a function of output speed. It can bee seen that there are no discontinuities in the zeroeth order, i.e., the torque and power do not exhibit any step-wise movements as a function of mode or speed. This ensures that the operator experience is satisfactory and reliable as the system transitions between modes, as well as when the system accelerates and decelerates.
FIG. 7shows a graph700illustrating motor speed characteristics for the first electric motor107and second electric motor109as the machine is accelerated using a drive system in keeping with the disclosed principles. It can bee seen that the speed of the first electric motor107(“motor a speed”) increases up to the shift point601and then begins to decrease and eventually changes direction. In contrast, the speed of the second electric motor109(“motor b speed”) increases monotonically as the machine accelerates. Thus, in this arrangement, at least one of the electric motors should be capable of sustained operation at high speeds, e.g., 20,000 RPM.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present disclosure has applicability to series hybrid electric drive systems for machine propulsion, and in particular to IC/electric parallel path variable transmission systems. series hybrid electric drive systems according to the disclosed principles are usable to provide smooth propulsion over a wide speed and torque range while maintaining compact layout and efficient operation. The disclosed principles may be beneficially applied to many types of propelled machines including, without limitation, wheel-loaders, off-highway trucks, truck-type tractors, excavators, and other on-highway and off-highway machines.
Using the disclosed drive system, such machines are able to maintain the required speed and torque, while at the same time exhibiting increased efficiency of operation and improved operator experience. In one aspect, the disclosed design also allows a dry clutch to be utilized, improving compactness and simplicity.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of the disclosed system and process. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features, previously known or otherwise, is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
| 5F
| 16 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A preferred embodiment of a pair of eyeglasses adjustable in wearing angle
in the present invention, as a continuation of a U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,535,
includes a lens body 1, two connecters 2, 2' and two temples 3, 3'
combined together.
An upper protective wall 10 is formed to extend rearward from an upper end
of the lens body 1, a side protective wall 11, 11' respectively formed to
extend rearward right-angled from two side ends of the lens body 1,
continual position holes 12, 12' respectively bored vertically in each
side protective wall 11, 11', and a notch 13, 13' respectively formed in a
rear vertical edge of each side protective wall 11, 11'.
The two connecters 2, 2' are made of plastics, respectively connected with
each side protective wall 11, 11', having a sidewise projecting bar 20,
20' extending inward from an upper end, an engage means 21, 21'
respectively formed under each bar 20, 20', an oval stop means 22, 22'
fixed on an outer end of each bar 20, 20', a projection 23, 23'
respectively formed near an inner side near a lower end of the connecter
2, 2' to engage the notch 13, 13' of each protective wall 11, 11', and a
projecting ear 24, 24' with a hole 240, 240' formed under a lower end of
the connecter 2, 2'.
The two temples 3, 3' are pivotally combined with the two connecters 2, 2',
respectively having a fix means 30, 30' formed in a front end and bored
with a hole 300, 300', a notch 31, 31' formed in the fix means 30, 30' and
engaging with the projecting ear 25, 25' of the connecter 2, 2', and a
slowly curved rear end 32 for resting on an ear.
In combining, referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the stop means 22, 22' of the
connecters 2, 2' are respectively pressed through the continual position
holes 12, 12' of the lens body 1. Then the connecters 2, 2' is swung with
its lower end moving upward until the stop means 23, 23' fit in the
notches 13, 13' of the side walls 11, 11', as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, with
the stop means 22, 22' contacting and stopped by the inner surface of the
side wall 11, 11', with the bar 20, 20' fitting in one of a position of
the continual position holes 12, 12', finishing combination of the
connecters 2, 2' with the two protective side walls 11, 11'. After that,
the fix means 30, 30' of the two temples are respectively fitted in the
projecting ears 25, 25' of the connecters 2, 2', with the holes 300, 300'
of the fix means 30, 30' aligned to the holes 250, 250' of the ears 25,
25' and screws N, N' screwing therein, finishing combination of the
temples 3, 3' with the connecters 2, 2'.
In using, referring to FIG. 5, the fitting position of the projecting bars
20, 20' and the engage means 21, 21' in the continual position holes 12,
12' of the projecting side walls 11, 11' may be adjusted, with the
engaging point of the stop means 23, 23' fitting with the notches 13, 13'
as a fulcrum. Besides, the engage means 21, 21' surely fit in a position
in the continual position holes 12, 12', permitting the connecters 2, 2'
adjusted to move up and down and the temples 3, 3' also swinging up and
down together with the connecters 2, 2' to change its angle relative to
the lens body 1. Instead of moving the temples 3, 3, the lens body 1 can
be moved to adjust the angle of the temples 3, 3' relative to the lens
body 1 in the same principle. Thus the angle of the temples relative to
the lens body is adjusted to suit to different sized faces of users, who
then feel comfortable in wearing this pair of eyeglasses. | 6G
| 02 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The device represented in the drawings is intended to allow the agitation
of a liquid L in a reactor as well as the injection of a gas into this
liquid, this gas being preferably, but not exclusively, oxygenated.
The device comprises a drive device 1, for example a motor, arranged above
the surface of the liquid L, provided with a rotary output shaft 2
extending vertically and partially immersed in the liquid L. The output
shaft 2 is equipped at its lower end 3 with a propeller 4 immersed in the
liquid L. The shaft 2 also carries, arranged between the propeller 4 and
the surface of the liquid L, an auto-suction turbine 5 which is
consequently immersed in the reactor and can be driven by the output shaft
2 at the same speed as the propeller 4. The output shaft 2 is enveloped
coaxially by a cylinder 6 linked at its upper end to the drive device 1,
with interposition of a leakproofing device 7 known per se, and whose
lower end 6a opens out into the turbine 5 coaxially with the shaft 2.
The auto-suction turbine 5 consists of two superposed discs 8, 9 placed
horizontally, and of a set of radial vanes 11 placed between the discs 8,
9 and fixed to them. Made in the upper disc 8 is a central hole 12
delimited by a projecting collar, and into which hole the lower end 6a of
the cylinder 6 penetrates, hence delimiting together with the edge of the
said hole 12 an annular space 13.
In the upper end of the cylinder 6 is drilled an aperture 14 for injecting
a gas into the annular gap 15 delimited by the shaft 2 and by the cylinder
6. The system for injecting gas into the orifice 14 is known per se and
not represented.
The output shaft 2 passes axially through the discs 8 and 9 while being
fixed to the lower disc 9, so that when the drive device 1 is actuated,
the shaft 2 drives the turbine 5 and the propeller 4 in rotation at the
same speed. The rotation of the turbine 5 creates the suction of the gas
arriving through the orifice 14, by way of the cylinder 6, as well as the
suction of part of the liquid which is introduced through the annular gap
13 left free between the turbine 5 and the cylinder 6. This gas/liquid
dispersion is manifested as a population of bubbles whose size is mainly
between 100 .mu.m and 2 mm.
The device also comprises means for directing towards the propeller 4 the
gas/liquid dispersion expelled radially by the turbine 5 between its vanes
11. In the embodiment described, these means comprise an annular box 16
forming a deflector, drilled with two superposed central apertures 17, 18
coaxial with the shaft 2, the diameter of the lower aperture 18 being
substantially greater than that of the upper aperture 17 and substantially
equal to that (d) of the turbine 5.
The means for directing towards the propeller 4 the gas/liquid dispersion
also comprise a set of substantially vertical plates 19 forming
counter-blades, arranged radially around a deflector box 16 and fixed to
the latter. For this purpose, each counter-blade 19 penetrates radially
over a certain distance inside the deflector box 16, to which it is fixed
by appropriate means known per se, for example welding or riveting. The
counter-blades 19 can be arranged around the turbine 5 and the propeller 4
in appropriate number at specified angular intervals. A notch 21 into
which may penetrate ends of the blades of the propeller 4 is cut into the
interior edge of each counter-blade 19, at the level of the propeller 4.
The counter-blades 19 extend vertically from a level corresponding
substantially to that of the liquid L, over a total height H of between
0.7 times and 12 times the diameter d of the turbine 5 (FIG. 1).
The device for agitating the liquid and for injecting gas into this liquid
which has just been described operates as follows.
Once the drive device 1 has been switched on, the output shaft 2 drives the
auto-suction turbine 5 and the terminal propeller 4 in rotation at the
same speed. The gas is injected or sucked through the aperture 14 into the
annular gap 15 from where it is sucked towards the turbine 5, as is part
of the liquid L in the annular gap 13 between the upper plate 8 and the
cylinder 6 (as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 1). At least 90% of the
dispersion of bubbles is recovered by virtue of the presence of the
counter-blades 19 and of the deflector 16 which directs the stream towards
the propeller 4, as indicated by the two lateral arrows in FIG. 1. The
propeller 4, consisting of at least two blades 4a, propels the dispersion
of bubbles at a speed of between for example 1 and 5 m/second towards the
bottom of the basin. The dimensioning and the operating conditions applied
may enable the bubbles to be propelled to a depth of 10 meters whilst
preserving a horizontal speed at the floor which is sufficient (that is to
say greater than 0.1 m/s) to prevent or warn of the formation of zones of
deposits or of solid particles on the bottom of the basin.
The bubbles thrown to the bottom of the basin subsequently rise at the
periphery of the agitation mobile assembly (4, 5) around the central axis
2. The residence time of the gas bubbles in the liquid is sufficient to
ensure the transfer of oxygen from the gas phase (if the gas injected is
oxygenated) to the liquid phase. The oxygen can thus be used for the
purposes of biomass respiration or oxygenation of certain compounds.
The pumping flow induced by the presence of the recouping propeller 4 and
of the counter-blades 19 makes it possible to ensure the churning of the
liquid volume around the agitation mobile assembly 4 within a radius which
depends on the power dissipated by the propeller 4 (power of between 40
and 90% of the power applied to the motor shaft 2). This churning enables
the sludges and/or solid particles to be placed in suspension so as to
ensure that the concentration of sludges and/or of particles in all the
volumes churned by the propeller 4 is rendered homogeneous.
When the gas injected through the orifice 14 is oxygenated, the device
described above makes it possible to carry out biological treatment of
industrial or urban effluents, by transferring the oxygen to the activated
sludge and by agitating the biomass so as to render the concentration of
sludges homogeneous. The deflector 16 which envelopes the turbine 5 pushes
the gas/liquid dispersion down towards the propeller 4 which propels the
gas bubbles towards the bottom of the reactor, and creates a liquid
pumping flow allowing agitation of the reactor. The counter-blades 19 make
it possible to direct the various liquid and gaseous streams so as to
maximize the performance in terms of transfer and agitation.
Example of Implementation of the Device
Dimensioning of the Turbine 5
The extrapolation and dimensioning criteria for the turbine 5, after
optimization trials, are the following (FIG. 1):
H1=0.1 to 5d (d being the diameter of the turbine 5)
H2=0.5 to 2d
H3=0.1 to 5d
d1=0.01 to 0.1*d (d1 is the radial distance between the turbine 5 and each
counter-blade 19)
d2=0.01 to 0.1*d (d2 is the radial distance between the bottom of a notch
21 and the ends of the blades 4a)
Lcp=0.5 to 2*d (Lcp is the width of each counter-blade)
Dh=1 to 2*d (Dh=diameter of the propeller 4)
The counter-blades 19, four in number in the example illustrated in the
drawings, are oriented radially with respect to the axis of the turbine.
They are at least two, the contour of which hugs the geometrical shape of
the rotor (propeller).
The counter-blades have been added so as to transform the tangential stream
into an axial stream oriented towards the bottom of the vessel. Their
number has been defined experimentally with the aim of distributing over
the entire circumference the zones of Gas/Liquid dispersion rising towards
the surface.
These counter-blades start from the surface of the liquid, and may
advantageously descend down to a depth equal to at most 12 times the
diameter of the turbine. Their positioning with respect to the surface is
necessary so as to avoid the formation of a vortex which would lead to the
shutting down of the turbine.
In respect of the propeller for recovering the Gas/Liquid dispersion, the
number of blades 4a varies from 2 to 12. It is defined in such a way as to
limit the risks of choking with respect to the operating range of the
turbine in terms of Gas/Liquid ratio.
The rate of recovery of the gas/liquid dispersion can advantageously be
increased by adding an additional mobile assembly 22 (FIG. 2), for example
a propeller with two or more blades. This mobile assembly 22 can be fixed
to the output shaft 2 as represented, and makes it possible to increase
the peripheral speed of the liquid in the annular box.
The operating parameters of the turbine are:
the immersion I which is the distance between the level of the liquid and
the upper disc of the turbine.
the speed of rotation N
the gas flow rate Qg
the gas injection pressure Pg
The extrapolation criteria for these operating parameters are the
following:
I/d from 0.01 to 5: nominal value=0.4
Modified Froude number=Fr*=N.sup.2 *d.sup.2 /g*I=inertial forces/gravity
forces
Fr*=from 0.1 to 25: nominal value=1.1 to 2.5
Fr*<0.1=>very weak gas suction
Fr*>24=>risk of choking
Power consumed=N.sup.3 *d.sup.5 *Np with Np power number=f(Fr*)
The modes for running the device which are addressed by the invention may
be the following:
Continuous Operation:
operation at fixed speed of rotation, regulation of the gas flow rate being
effected by a flow rate control member placed on the fluid line,
operation at variable speed and variable gas flow rate so that the optimal
conditions of operation of the turbine always hold.
Alternating/Sequenced Operation:
Operating in cycles by alternating phases of agitation with injection of
gas and phases of agitation without injection of gas, and/or alternating
phases of agitation with variable speeds. Such operation finds its full
justification and interest in particular in respect of single-basin
nitrification/denitrification.
The ranges of operating conditions are the following:
The net specific inputs (NSI) measured in KgO2/kWh absorbed may vary from
0.5 to 8.
The suction capacity of the turbine 5 may reach 50 Nm3/h of gas per kWh
consumed by this turbine.
The agitation speeds are from around 50 to 1000 rev/min.
The immersion/diameter ratio of the turbine 5 varies from 0.01 to 5.
The modified Froude number is between substantially 0.1 and 25
The height of water in the basin may conventionally be between 2 and 10 m.
The dissipated power ratio between the propeller 4 and the turbine 5 may
vary from 40/60 to 90/10.
The liquid may be one of the following: activated sludges, industrial or
urban waste effluents, "process" water, sea water, concentrated sludges.
The system described above can be included
either within an enclosed or open biological or/and chemical reactor which
may or may not operate under pressure, coupled with physico-chemical
separation processes (settling tank, flotation agent, membranes, filters
etc.)
or within an enclosed biological and/or chemical reactor operating under
pressure with control of the gas content within the gaseous headspace by
way of a vent.
In the case of deep basins (with a water height of greater than around 7
meters) or stations already kitted out, the system can operate with air or
oxygen type basin bottom transfer systems such as "Ventoxal".
The device according to the invention has the following advantages:
suction of gas at low pressure (from 0.7 bar absolute) allowing suction of
atmospheric air or the use of oxygen produced on site with no
recompression step or originating from other steps or processes of the
site using gases,
limiting of the problems of pH reduction attributable to the reinjection of
CO2 produced by bacteria,
the recouping mobile assembly (4) whose power is tailored to the
requirements, possesses a wide radius of action and enables the gas/liquid
mixture to be propelled to the bottom of the basin whilst achieving
satisfactory levels of agitation, even for considerable depths of water
(around 7 to 10 meters),
possibility of decoupling the agitation and the injection of gas, thus
allowing the various modes of running set forth earlier (continuous and
alternating/sequenced operation).
As compared with the Ventoxal system, the system according to the invention
has the advantages of enabling gas to be injected at atmospheric or
slightly lower pressure, and of increasing the transfer efficiencies by at
least 10% to 50% depending on the water height and the gas flow rate.
The system can be equipped with one or more axial-flow mobile assemblies
such as propellers mounted coaxially on the shaft 2. | 1B
| 01 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Please refer toFIGS. 1A and 1Bfor schematic views of a circuit connection and an embodiment of the invention. The invention includes a piezoelectric plate10which is electrically connected to an input voltage source20to generate a boosting voltage or reducing voltage through a polarization process to be output. The piezoelectric plate10shown in the drawings is circular to serve as an example. It has an input electrode12electrically connected to the input voltage source and an output electrode13to output a polarized voltage to a load30, and a ground electrode11which is electrically connected to the voltage source20and the load30. The piezoelectric plate10adopts the principle previously discussed, and forms a voltage difference between the input electrode12and the output electrode13after having received the input voltage.
Adopted the “Unipoled PZT” piezoelectric structure taught by Berlincourt that requires a change of the thickness relationship of the output/input area and the corresponding polarization area of the piezoelectric structure, the piezoelectric plate10should have a selected thickness to generate a corresponding change on the output voltage. Hence on the piezoelectric plate10two surfaces are formed normal to the polarization direction A to hold electrodes. The circular piezoelectric plate10is sandwiched between the two surfaces at a sufficient thickness. The invention aims to change the location of the electrodes on the piezoelectric plate10. On the two surfaces of the piezoelectric plate10in the same polarization direction, there are an independent electrode and two separated concentric annular electrodes to serve respectively as the input electrode12, output electrode13and ground electrode11. The input and output electrodes12and13are located respectively on the independent electrode and separated electrode. Referring toFIGS. 1A and 1B, the inner annular electrode is the output electrode13, the outer annular electrode is the ground electrode11. The independent electrode12is the input electrode12. It is a feature of the invention to position the independent electrode and the separated electrodes on two different surfaces. Hence the input electrode12and output electrode13are spaced from each other by the piezoelectric plate10which is dielectric and pressure-resistant. Refer toFIGS. 2,3and4for other embodiments of the invention that also adopt the same principle. InFIG. 2, the input electrode12is the outer annular electrode, the ground electrode11is the inner annular electrode, and the output electrode13is the independent electrode located on another surface. InFIG. 3, the input electrode12is the inner annular electrode, the ground electrode11is the outer annular electrode, and the output electrode13is the independent electrode located on another surface. InFIG. 4, the ground electrode11is the inner annular electrode, the output electrode13is the outer annular electrode, and the input electrode12is the independent electrode located on another surface.
In short, the invention has the output electrode13and input electrode12spaced by the piezoelectric plate10. The piezoelectric plate10is not limited to circular, or the electrodes on the same surface are not necessary to be concentric. Different shapes of the piezoelectric plate10can be used. The ground electrode11, input electrode12(or output electrode13) may be formed in other configurations different from the concentric ones previously discussed.FIG. 5illustrates a further embodiment in which the piezoelectric plate10has a rectangular body, the ground electrode11and input electrode12are located respectively on two ends of one surface of the rectangular body, and the independent electrode is located on another surface of the rectangular body. It can function equally well. The feature of the invention is that: the input electrode12and the output electrode13are located on two surfaces normal to the polarization direction A. The input electrode12and output electrode13are spaced by the piezoelectric plate10that is dielectric and pressure-resistant. Hence sparking phenomenon between the input electrode12and the output electrode13caused by voltage difference can be prevented.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been set forth for the purpose of disclosure, modifications of the disclosed embodiments of the invention as well as other embodiments thereof may occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to cover all embodiments which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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| 03 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring particularly to FIGS. 1, 5, and 6, a preferred hang rod mounting
bracket 10 of the present invention is shown. The mounting bracket 10 is
generally of unitary construction with a back section 12 and a front
section 14 hingedly attached by hinge 16. The hang rod mounting bracket 10
is usually of plastic construction with the hinge 16 being a very thin
strip connecting the back section 12 with the front section 14.
The back section 12, at its upper end 13, includes a pair of horizontally
extending slots 22a and 24a therein to receive stringers 68 (FIGS. 2 and
2a) therethrough. The slots 22a and 24a are in registration with
vertically extending slots 22b and 24b in front section 14 which also
receive stringers 28 therein.
The back section 12 is also provided with a plurality of aligned recesses
26a, 26c, 26cc and 26e to receive a support bar 54 of a shelf 52 as seen
in FIGS. 2 and 2a. Back section 12 also includes another alignment of
recesses identified by numerals 28a, 28c, 28cc and 28e therein to receive
a second support bar 54. The alignment of the recesses 28a, 28c, 28cc and
28e are aligned so that support bar 54 received therein is parallel to the
support bar 54 which is received within the recesses 26a, 26c, 26cc, and
26e. The aforementioned recesses 26 and 28 are generally semi-cylindrical
in shape.
The front section 14 also includes aligned recesses 26b, 26d, and 26f which
are also semi-cylindrical in configuration. When the front section 14 and
the back section 12 are in a closed position, the semi-cylindrical
recesses in each section are in registration with recesses in the other
section. For example, recess 26a is in registration with recess 26b to
form an opening therebetween. Recess 26b is positioned between recesses
26c and 26cc. Recess 26e is in registration with recess 26f to define an
opening therethrough.
Recesses 28b, 28d, and 28f are also provided in front section 14 for
registration with recesses 28a, 28c, 28cc and 28e in back section 12 in
the same manner as recesses 26a, 26b, 26c, 26cc, 26d, 26e, and 26f.
Each of the front and back sections 14 and 12, respectively, are provided
with registering semi-cylindrical hang rod retainers 18a and 18b which in
a closed position form a cylindrical hang rod support and retainer.
The hang rod mounting bracket 10 is also provided with a tongue and groove
connection for aligning the back section with the front section. As shown,
the groove portion 27 is disposed in the back section 12 and the tongue 29
is longitudinally extending of the front section 14. When the hang rod
mounting bracket 10 is in a closed position the tongue 29 is received
within the groove 27.
The hang rod mounting bracket 10 is also provided with means to receive a
screw 60 therethrough to hold the front and back sections together. As
best shown in FIGS. 1, 4, and 5 the back section 12 includes a
conical-shaped receiving collar 30 having an opening 33 therethrough and a
recess therearound. The screw 60 is received through said opening 33. The
front section 14 is provided with a conical shaped screw connector 34
which receives an end of the screw 60 therein. The conical-shaped screw
connector 34 is received within recess 31 around the conical-shaped
receiving collar 30 when the bracket 10 is in a closed condition.
Transverse wire retaining ribs 32a and 32b are provided in the front
section 14 for maintaining the stringers 50 in secured condition therein
when the hang rod mounting bracket 10 is in the closed condition.
As shown in FIG. 3, the hang rod mounting bracket 10 may also be supported
by a wall 62 with the use of a wall support brace member 58. One end of
the support wall brace 58 is mounted to the hang rod mounting bracket 10
by the screw 60 and the opposite end of the wall support brace 58 is
attached to wall 62 by a mounting screw 64.
As shown in FIG. 3a, the hang rod mounting bracket 10 may be supported by
an elongated vertically extending pole 63. Pole 63 is generally mounted to
a floor and extends upwardly towards, and may engage a ceiling. The screw
60 is received within a pair of spaced aligned apertures (not shown) in
pole 63 and the mounting bracket opening 30 (FIG. 1).
In operation, the hang rod mounting bracket 10 receives the parallel
support bars 54 transversely therethrough and a hanger rod 56 is received
within the semi-cylindrical hang rod retainers 18a, 18b in parallel with
bars 54. Moreover, the stringers 68 are received within the mating slots
24a, b, c, and d and extend longitudinally of the hang rod mounting
bracket 10. It is also realized that the hang rod mounting bracket may be
used to attach shelves in end-to-end relation. For example, as shown in
FIG. 5, a support bar 54a of one shelf is received within recesses 26a and
26b (FIG. 6) and in axial alignment therewith, a support bar 54b from a
second shelf is received within recesses 26e and 26d (FIG. 6). Moreover,
two hang rods may also be mounted in end-to-end relation by the hang rod
mounting bracket 10. As shown in FIG. 5, two hang rods 56a and 56b are
placed end-to-end within the semi-cylindrical hang retainers 18a. Upon
closure of the back and front sections 12 and 14, respectively, of the
hang rod mounting bracket 10, the two hang rods 56a and 56b are held in
place.
It is realized that various changes in the details, materials of
construction, steps and arrangements of the parts which have been
described herein as shown in the drawings in order to explain the nature
of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art without
departing from the principals and scope of the invention as expressed in
the claims appended hereto. | 0A
| 47 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF
In general, erected tire display assembly 10 of the invention, shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2, is comprised preferably of nine folding blanks cut by
conventional techniques from a suitable material which is capable of being
folded such as, for example, cardboard, corrugated cardboard, corrugated
plastic, plastic coated cardboard or the like. The folding blanks of the
invention are folded along score lines which may be made by conventional
techniques developed for scoring the material chosen for the blanks. As
the folding blanks of the preferred embodiment are made of a double sided
corrugated plastic, a score line constitutes a cut on the side of the
double sided corrugated plastic. The score line by its location and depth
defines the extent of the angle of fold along the score line. The score
line is preferably made on the side of each respective panel which defines
the angle of fold.
The blanks of the invention may be secured together to form the tire
display assembly of the invention by any conventional securing means known
in the art, such as adhesive, hot melt or staples. As used herein the word
"adhesive" and variations thereof includes any of the means of fastening
known in the art which might be used to secure the blanks together. In the
preferred embodiment the folding blanks are secured together by providing
the blanks with flaps which are held in place by double sided adhesive
tapes. Although in the description particular panels are described as
having flap portions, it is to be understood that when two panels are to
be attached to each other, the flap portion may be an extension of either
panel and, therefore, many variations which are equivalent to each other
are available for the arrangement of the flap portions. In the
description, the term "concealed" surface refers to a surface of a blank
which is not exposed to the observer once the blank is properly folded.
Referring to the Figures and, particularly to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, three
folding blanks, generally comprising vertical support 24, base folding
blank 50 and front folding blank 86, shown separately in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8
respectively, are folded and adhesively connected to form seat assembly 20
shown assembled in FIGS. 1 and 2. Another four blanks of the invention,
shown generally in FIG. 9, and comprising first rectangular support 123,
second rectangular support 130, first tapered support 108 and second
tapered support 115, are perpendicularly connected to each other via slits
to form mass support 106 shown assembled in FIG. 4. Another two blanks of
the invention, generally comprising header panel 140 and easel 146, as
shown generally in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, are folded and adhesively
connected to form header 138 as shown assembled with seat assembly 20 in
FIGS. 1 and 2.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 6, vertical support 24 is formed of a blank
generally comprising spine 28, first side panel 30 and second side panel
40. Spine 28 of vertical support 24 is in the general shape of a
rectangle, and is defined by floor end 29, top end 27, a first vertical
side coinciding with score line 37 and a second vertical side coinciding
with score line 47. Side panel 30 of vertical support 24 in its general
shape resembles the profile of a car seat, and is also defined by floor
end 31, front end 32, knee end 33 and cushion end 34 which together
resemble the profile of a car seat cushion, and is further defined by
backrest end 36 and top end 39 which together resemble the profile of a
car seat backrest. First side panel 30 of vertical support 24 is foldably
connected to spine 28 along a vertical end coinciding with first score
line 37.
Side panel 40 of vertical support 24 is identical in shape and size to side
panel 30 of vertical support 24, and is defined by floor end 41, front end
42, knee end 43 and cushion end 44 which together resemble the profile of
a car seat cushion, and is further defined by backrest end 46 and top end
49 which together resemble the profile of a car seat backrest. Second side
panel 40 of vertical support 24 is foldably connected to spine 28 along a
vertical end coinciding with second score line 47.
Referring to FIG. 7, base folding blank 50 of the invention is generally
comprised of floor panel 53, front board 63, knee board 73 and cushion 83.
The panels comprising base folding blank 50 are generally in the shape of
symmetrical trapezoids of varying heights and widths. Hereinafter, the
term "symmetrical trapezoid" refers to a geometrical shape of a trapezoid
having a base, two oblique sides which are disposed at each end of the
trapezoid base at identical angles, and a side opposite and parallel to
the base and which is shorter than the base. The trapezoid height is
measured from the base of the trapezoid to the side opposite the base and
at a right angle to the base.
Beginning at base flap 55, the width of base folding blank 50 increases,
reaches its maximum width at score line 64 between front board 63 and knee
board 73, and then decreases in width ending at cushion end 80 at a width
about twice the width of base flap 55.
The panels comprising base folding blank 50 are each provided with two side
flaps which are foldably connected at each of the two ends that comprise
the oblique sides of each of the trapezoids. Floor panel 53 is provided
with flaps 51 and 52, front board 63 is provided with flaps 61 and 62,
knee board 73 is provided with flaps 71 and 72, and cushion 83 is provided
with flaps 81 and 82. Floor panel 53 is also provided with base flap 55
foldably connected to the floor panel 53 at the end comprising the base of
the trapezoid.
Referring to FIG. 8, front folding blank 86 of the invention generally
comprises backrest 93, top 103 and top flap 100. Backrest 93 is provided
with two side flaps 91, 92 and center flap 94. The panels comprising front
folding blank 86 are generally in the shape of symmetrical trapezoids of
varying heights and widths. Beginning at score line 95, where the width of
flap 94 is substantially equal to the width of cushion end 80 of base
folding blank 50, the width of front folding blank 86 decreases towards
top end 99, where the width is substantially equal to that of base end 54
of base folding blank 50 which itself is substantially equal to the width
of spine 28 of vertical support 24.
The combination of panels which constitute base folding blank 50 and front
folding blank 86 may be varied to meet particular display and design needs
or particular aesthetical considerations. For example, front board 63 and
knee board 73 of base folding blank 50 can be replaced by a single panel.
Similarly, base folding blank 50 and front folding blank 86 may be made of
a single folding blank.
In FIG. 5 seat display assembly 20 is shown in a partial cutaway view. Mass
support assembly 106, shown in FIG. 9, is omitted to better show the
details of the flaps as adhered to the blanks. The oblique sides of the
flaps of the invention are each cut at a calculated angle so that when the
respective panels are folded to their correct respective positions, the
oblique side of one flap will touch the oblique side of the other flap.
Thus, for example, when floor panel 53, front board 63, knee board 73 and
cushion 83 are folded and the respective flaps are adhered into position,
oblique side 67 of flap 61 coincides with oblique side 58 of flap 51,
oblique side 77 of flap 71 coincides with oblique side 68 of flap 61, and
oblique side 87 of flap 81 coincides with oblique side 78 of flap 71.
Referring to FIG. 9, mass support 106 generally comprises two identical
tapered supports 108, 115 and two rectangular supports 123, 130. Tapered
support 115 is defined by horizontal base 121, first side 116 formed at an
angle .alpha. at one end of horizontal base 121, second side 117, which is
shorter than first side 116, formed at a right angle at an opposite end of
horizontal end 121, and upwardly and outwardly sloping slant end 120
disposed opposite to horizontal end 121 and extending from first side 116
to second side 117.
Angle .alpha., shown in FIG. 6, is defined by floor end 41 of side panel 40
of vertical support 24 and broken line 42b extending from point 41a to
point 43a of side panel 40 of vertical support 24. The selection of angle
.alpha. is somewhat arbitrary and was selected in the preferred embodiment
to meet aesthetical considerations and the desired objective of simulating
a car seat. Although in the preferred embodiment, angle .alpha. is
slightly larger than a right angle, it can conceivably be varied
considerably to meet othrr aesthetical or design requirements.
Sides 110 and 116 of tapered supports 108 and 115 respectively, shown in
FIG. 9, are erected at the angle .alpha. so that when mass support 106 is
properly positioned in tire display assembly 10, cushion 83 is supported
by tapered supports 108 and 115 along the entire trapezoid height of
cushion 83, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Two slits 118 and 119 are cut in tapered support 115 extending from slant
end 120 towards horizontal end 121 and in a direction perpendicular to
horizontal end 121 and terminating about mid-way between horizontal end
121 and end 120. Tapered support 108 is identical in shape and size to
tapered support 115 and includes slits 113 and 114 which are identical in
shape and size to slits 118 and 119 respectively.
Rectangular support 123 is in a general shape of a rectangle, having lower
horizontal end 124, upper horizontal end 125 disposed opposite and
parallel to lower horizontal end 124, and first side 126 and second side
127 disposed opposite and parallel to each other. Two slits 128 and 129,
identical to each other, are cut in first rectangular support 123
extending perpendicularly from lower horizontal end 124 and terminating
about mid-way towards upper horizontal end 125. Second rectangular support
130 is also in a general shape of a rectangle, but smaller in size than
rectangular support 123. Rectangular support 130 comprises lower
horizontal end 131, upper horizontal end 132 disposed opposite and
parallel to lower horizontal support 131, and side 133 and side 134
disposed opposite and parallel to each other. Two slits 135 and 136,
preferably identical to each other, extend perpendicularly from lower
horizontal end 131 and terminate approximately mid-way towards upper
horizontal end 132.
Referring to FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, header 138 comprises header board 140
and easel 146. Header board 140, shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, is in the
general shape of a symmetrical trapezoid and includes connector 142 which
is generally rectangular in shape. Easel 146, shown in FIGS. 10 and 12, is
generally triangular in shape and includes flap 148. Fin 147 is cut in
easel 146 in a manner creating notch 149 in easel 146 and indentation 150
in fin 147.
Assembly
Referring to FIG. 3, when tire display assembly 10 is assembled side panel
30 of vertical support 24 is folded along spine score line 37 and side
panel 40 is folded along spine score line 47 to a position where the
concealed inner surfaces of sides 30 and 40 are facing each other.
Base flap 55 is folded along score line 54 to a position perpendicular to
floor panel 53 and is adhesively connected, via the double sided adhesive
tape, to spine 28 at spine floor end 29 (as shown in FIG. 3) so that score
line 54 is contiguous with floor end 29 of spine 28. Side flap 51 of floor
panel 53 is folded to a position perpendicular to floor panel 53 and is
adhesively connected to first side panel 30 at floor end 31. Side flap 52
is similarly folded and connected to side panel 40 at floor end 41.
Front board 63 is folded to a position forming the angle .alpha. with floor
53, thus having side flaps 61 and 62 coincide with front ends 32 and 42 of
vertical support 24 respectively. Side flaps 61 and 62 are then folded and
adhesively connected to the concealed surface of side panels 30 and 40 at
front ends 32 and 42 respectively.
If mass support 106 is to be used to provide additional support for the
displayed tire, mass support 106 should be assembled before proceeding
further on assembly of base folding blank 50. Referring to FIG. 9, mass
support 106 is assembled by engaging slit 113 of tapered support 108 with
slit 129 of rectangular support 123 so that tapered support 108 and
rectangular support 123 are perpendicular to each other. Similarly, slit
114 of tapered support 108 is engaged with slit 135 of rectangular support
130, slit 118 of tapered support 115 is engaged with slit 128 of
rectangular support 123, and slit 119 of tapered support 115 is engaged
with slit 136 of rectangular support 130. Mass support 106 is then placed
in the hollow defined by base folding blank 50 and vertical support 24
and, more particularly the hollow defined by spine 28, first side panel
30, second side panel 40, floor panel 53 and front board 63, as shown in
FIG. 4.
When mass support 106 is placed in tire display assembly 10 it is situated
so that shorter sides 111 and 117 of tapered supports 108 and 115
respectively are positioned squarely against spine 28 of vertical support
24. The plane occupied by second rectangular support 130 is parallel to
the plane occupied by spine 28 and the plane formed by first rectangular
support 123 is facing the plane occupied by front board 63 and is parallel
to second rectangular support 130. The planes occupied by first tapered
support 108 and second tapered support 115 face the planes occupied by
side panel 30 and side panel 40 respectively; however, because of the
tapered shape of floor panel 53 the planes occupied by first tapered
support 108 and second tapered support 115 are purposely not made parallel
to the planes occupied by side panel 30 and side panel 40 so as to achieve
the desired seat appearance.
Knee board 73 is then folded so that side flaps 71 and 72 are contiguous
with and adhesively connect to vertical support 24 at knee ends 33 and 43
respectively. Similarly, cushion 83 is folded so that side flaps 81 and 82
are contiguous with and adhesively connected to cushion ends 34 and 44
respectively, thus having cushion panel 83 resting on mass support 106 and
making an angle B with the horizontal (FIG. 6).
Center flap 94 of front folding blank 86 is folded along score line 95 and
adhesively connected to base folding blank 50 so that score line 95 is
contiguous with cushion end 80. Backrest 93 is then folded so that side
flaps 91 and 92 are contiguous with and adhesively connected to sides 30
and 40 at backrest ends 36 and 46 respectively. Top 103 is folded so that
score line 99 is contiguous with spine top end 27 and top flap 100 is
folded along score line 99 and is adhesively connected to the exposed
surface of spine 28. Flap 100 is adhered to the exposed instead of the
unexposed surface of spine 28 which enables spine 28 to provide additional
support and prevent top 103 from collapsing under the added weight of
header 138.
Referring to FIGS. 10, 11, and 12, easel flap 148 of easel 146 is folded to
a position perpendicular to easel 146 and is secured in that position by
folding fin 147 so that indentation 150 fits into notch 149. Flap 148 is
adhesively connected to the rear surface of header panel 140. Connector
142 is then inserted into slit 104 on top 103 of front folding blank 86 as
shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, when on display, a tire T, shown in dashed
lines, is placed on cushion 83 and leans against backrest 93. Cushion 83
was designed to, when assembled, make an angle .beta. with the horizontal
so that it forces a tire placed on it to lean against backrest 93, thereby
preventing the displayed tire from rolling off tire display assembly 10.
As shown in FIG. 6, angle .beta. is the angle that cushion end 44 makes
with floor end 41. Since floor end 41 is horizontal, angle .beta. is also
defined as the angle cushion end 44 makes with the horizontal.
For shipment purposes the upper half of vertical support 24 is preferably
folded through 180 degrees along fold line 25 which is located preferably
about half way between floor end 29 and top end 27 of spine 28. Side panel
30 is folded through 180 degrees along score line 38 extending
perpendicularly from floor end 31 to point of coincidence 35 of seat
cushion end 34 and backrest end 36. Similarly, second side panel 40 is
folded through 180 degrees along score line 48 extending perpendicularly
from floor end 41 to point of coincidence 45 of seat cushion end 44 and
backrest end 46. All other blanks are preferably similarly folded flat and
stacked together to form a flat package which can be easily handled and
transported.
Just as the dimensions of car seats vary, the dimensions of tire display
assembly 10 may vary. Generally, however, the lengths of cushion ends 34
and 44 are calculated and measured to accommodate the various widths of
the tires sought to be displayed, and the lengths of back rest ends 36 and
46 are calculated and measured to accommodate the various diameters of the
tires sought to be displayed.
It should also be appreciated that the tire display assembly of the
invention may be used as described or with appropriate modifications to
support and display other objects in addition to or instead of tires.
While the present invention has been described with reference to particular
embodiments thereof, it will be understood that numerous modifications may
be made by those skilled in the art without actually departing from the
scope of the invention. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to
cover all such equivalent variations as come within the true spirit and
scope of the invention. | 0A
| 45 | D |
LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
1bearing mount carrier block half2gripper receiving carrier block half3chain pin grooves4carrier block bores5chain pin face6gripper mounting face7carrier block8bearing mount face9bearing mounts11bolts12gasket13gripper14coiled tubing side15carrier block side16non gripper receiving carrier block half17short pin carrier block component17afirst short pin carrier block component17bsecond short pin carrier block component17chex screw18bolts to secure the gripper to the split carrier block19gripper receiving carrier block half20gripper receiving carrier block half
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Introduction
We show the particulars shown herein by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only. We present these particulars to provide what we believe to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of various embodiments of the invention. In this regard, we make no attempt to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the invention. We intend that the description should be taken with the drawings. This should make apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention are embodied in practice.
The embodiments of the invention herein pertain to an improved apparatus and methods for mounting and removing carrier blocks used for coiled tubing injector chain assemblies. More specifically, the embodiments disclosed herein provide a split carrier block that is used for coiled tubing injector head chains. The split carrier block concept allows for any type of installation of the carrier block onto or away from pre-assembled injector head chains without the need to remove the chains or pins or other components of the injector head chains.
Still further, in such embodiments, the aforementioned apparatus and methods generally eliminate the need to disassemble the chain assemblies or scrap the used injector chain head. Alternatively or additively, the aforementioned apparatus and methods generally eliminate the need to scrap one or more used carrier blocks.
Still further, certain embodiments of the invention herein pertain to apparatuses and methods for mounting and removing carrier blocks to coiled tubing injector chain assemblies generally without the need to disassemble the chain assemblies or scrap the used injector chain head, or one or more of the used carrier blocks.
Certain embodiments of the invention pertain to a split carrier block apparatus. In such embodiments, the split carrier is mountable or removable from chain pins of coiled tubing injector chains generally without disassembling the coiled tubing injector chains. In such embodiments, grippers for coiled tubing are generally mountable or removable from the split carrier block.
In certain further embodiments, grippers for coiled tubing are mountable or removable from the split carrier block.
In certain embodiments pertaining to the carrier block, the split carrier block has at least two components. One component in this embodiment has an outside face that faces away from the coiled tubing. In certain embodiments, this outside face is adapted for mounting bearings used on injector chains. Another component in this embodiment has an outside face which faces the coiled tubing. This outside face, in many embodiments, is adapted to receive a third component. In certain further embodiments, the third component is a gripper adapted to grip the coiled tubing so that the tubing is pushed downhole or pulled out.
Regarding the first and second component, each of these components has an inside face with grooves, that when aligned with each other, are adapted to receive chain pins of the injector chain. The inside faces of the blocks are generally in contact with each other such that the grooves form substantially circular bores around the chain pins. However, in certain other embodiments, it is conceivable that the faces, while gripping or securing the chain pins, do not completely or do not contact each other.
In the embodiments wherein the first component and second component are adapted to receive chain pins, the components are secured together to prevent the two components from falling off the chain pins via screws, bolts, pins, and the like. In such embodiments, the first component and the second component typically have bores perpendicular to the chain pin through which screws, bolts, rivets, or pins can pass for this aforementioned securement. However, it is conceivable that in certain embodiments the first and second components are secured by a hinge and latch mechanism, are slidably disposed on their respective chain pin facing sides, or one component has permanently attached bolts capable of traversing the bores on the other component which are then secured by nuts. In these embodiments, the first component and the second component, which make up the split carrier block, are movable with respect to each other in an open position wherein they are not in contact with the chain pin. In other mechanisms, they are interlocking. Still further, bushings of various materials can be added at the interface of the chain pin and the split carrier to reduce fiction and increase wear life. The bushings can be metal or non-metal materials and, in various embodiments, can be either removable or could be added after the interface of the split carrier block wears beyond its required tolerances.
Generally, both halves are movable to a fixed position to engage chain components. Further, the halves are moveable with respect to each other to an open position to engage the chain components. The halves are moveable to a fixed position with respect to each other so that they can be affixed together and be affixed to the chain components.
In still further embodiments pertaining to the split carrier block, the block is capable of being mountable and removable from chain components of coiled tubing injector chains, generally without disassembling the coiled tubing injector chains.
Still further in the aforementioned embodiments, there is a third component which is a gripper component. The outside face of the second component, which faces the coiled tubing, is adapted to receive or to otherwise attach to the gripper component. The gripper component has a face or groove facing the coiled tubing that grips the coiled tubing and aids in the pulling or pushing of said tubing for downhole operations. The second component is secured to the third component by bolts, screws, pins, and the like. It is contemplated that any of the methods used to secure the first component to the second component can likewise be used to secure the gripper component to the second component. However, in certain embodiments, the gripper component and the second component form a unitary component where these components are forged, cast, welded, or milled together.
A further embodiment provides a method by which the split carrier blocks, namely the first and second component, are attached as two separate pieces and are affixed to the chains. The two separate pieces can be preassembled and alternatively or additively can be pre-stressed. This method results in surrounding the chain pin components and then affixing the split carrier block pieces to the coiled tubing injector head chains. This method generally results in surrounding the chain pin components and then affixing the pieces together with fasteners suitable for this purpose.
In still further embodiments concerning the first and second components, the faces of these components which face and interact with the chain pins are parallel to each other when secured. In other embodiments, the faces are diagonal to each other when secured. One possible advantage, in certain applications, of having the faces diagonal to each other is that stress from the chain pin is not uniform over the entire section.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present invention, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Referring toFIGS. 1-6, there is a gripper receiving carrier block half2with chain pin grooves3. Further seen in the gripper receiving carrier block half2is a plurality of carrier block bores4extending from the chain pin face5to the gripper mounting face6. Likewise, extending through the bearing mount carrier block half are carrier block bores4extending from the bearing mounting face8to the chain pin face5. These allow attachment of the gripper receiving carrier block half2to the bearing mount carrier block half1with bolts11and the like through the carrier block bores4.
Still referring toFIGS. 1-6, the bearing mount carrier block half1has a chain pin face5capable of aligning with the gripper receiving carrier block half2. The bearing mount face is adapted to receive, in this embodiment, bearings used for the injector chain. Additionally, the bearing mount face8comprises bearing mounts9which are depicted as being perpendicular to the axial orientation of the chain pin grooves3. When properly aligned, the chain pin grooves3extend the length of the split carrier block7. After alignment over injector head chain pins (not shown), the gripper receiving carrier block half2and the looped carrier block half1are secured or locked together with bolts11and the like through the carrier block bores4.
In yet another embodiment, as seen inFIGS. 5 and 6, the gripper13is a third component which attaches to the gripper mounting face6of the gripper receiving block half2. In this particular embodiment, between the gripper mounting face6and the gripper13is an gasket12for vibration dampening and contamination impingement. As further seen inFIGS. 5 and 6, the gripper13has a coiled tubing side14, and a carrier block side15. Still further, the gripper is pictured as attached to the split carrier block7via bolts18.
As seen inFIGS. 7aand 7b, is an illustration of a non-gripper receiving carrier block half16facing a gripper receiving carrier block half2. In this embodiment, the gripper (not shown) has yet to be bolted to the split carrier block.FIG. 7billustrates the assembled view.
FIG. 8aillustrates another embodiment wherein at least three components are used for chain pins which do not go all the way through the split carrier block. In certain instances, the chain pins do not connect one side of the carrier block to another side of the carrier block. In this instance, while there is still a gripper receiving carrier block half2, the chain pins are secured by this aforementioned component, along with two short pin carrier block components17, one on each end.
WhileFIG. 8ais an illustration for a carrier block for use with chain pins that do not go all the way through the carrier block, the concept of multiple components making up a carrier block is contemplated by the disclosure herein. WhileFIG. 8acontains two short pin carrier block components and a gripper receiving carrier block half, such that this illustration has three components, the carrier block system can have many different components to achieve the same goal of assembling carrier blocks on chain pins. In some instances, the chain pins do not go all the way through the carrier block, in other instances the chains do go all the way through the carrier block. As seen inFIG. 8bfor example, the gripper receiving carrier block can comprise three or more components itself. In this case, there could be a first short pin carrier block component17aand a second short pin carrier block component17bon either side of the gripper receiving carrier block half2. Then the two components on each side can be secured to the gripper receiving carrier block half with a hex screw17cfor example, thus making a carrier block of five components.
From the foregoing description, one of ordinary skill in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to adapt the invention to various usages and conditions. For example, we do not mean for references such as above, below, left, right, and the like to be limiting but rather as a guide for orientation of the referenced element to another element. A person of skill in the art should understand that certain of the above-described structures, functions, and operations of the above-described embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an exemplary embodiment or embodiments. In addition, a person of skill in the art should understand that specific structures, functions, and operations set forth in the above-described referenced patents and publications can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice.
The invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. A person of skill in the art should consider the described embodiments in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. A person of skill in the art should embrace, within their scope, all changes to the claims which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims. Further, we hereby incorporate by reference, as if presented in their entirety, all published documents, patents, and applications mentioned herein.
| 1B
| 65 | H |
Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently
throughout the attached drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention comprises an apparatus and process for cooling gas
flow in a pressurized pipeline, as used in the transportation of natural
gas in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Typically, such gas is
compressed to a very high degree, on the order of 2,200 psig (pounds per
square inch, gauge reading) or more, which raises the temperature of the
gas in accordance with known physical gas laws (i.e., Boyle's and
Charles's Laws). The gas is then cooled to about the freezing point of
water under standard pressure, or about zero degrees Celsius.
Conventionally, some form of heat exchange and/or mechanical refrigeration
means is used for this cooling step. Frictional losses through the
pipeline result in a pressure drop between compressor stations along the
line, with the pressure drops resulting in temperature drops in accordance
with the above referenced gas laws.
The pressure drops in the length of the pipeline require periodic
repressurizing of the gas in order to provide efficient flow of the gas
through the entire length of the line, which may run for several hundred
miles. This repressurization of the gas is usually by means of relatively
high volume, low differential pressure compressors, such as turbine
compressors, in order to preclude heating the gas to a great degree and
also to handle the volume of gas flowing through the line.
It is important to maintain the pipe, and thus the gas within the pipe
which conducts its Temperature to the pipe, at a temperature appropriate
to the ambient terrain. Most, if not all, of the terrain across which
Arctic and sub-Arctic pipelines are run, comprises continuous or
discontinuous permafrost. As noted further above, a pipeline having a
temperature above the freezing point of water, or zero degrees Celsius, in
permafrost, will result in the ice melting and the potential for pipe
settling or sagging into the terrain, with undesirable loads being imposed
on a pipe over any appreciable span. Alternatively running a pipe at below
freezing temperatures in ground which is above freezing, may result in ice
forming around the pipe, with the expansion of the frost susceptible soils
as they freeze resulting in a frost heave which may push the pipe
completely out of the ground.
Accordingly, it will be seen that precise temperature control of the gas
flowing through a pipeline in Arctic and sub-Arctic conditions, is
critical to the well being of the pipeline. Typically, pipeline systems
have been constructed to operate entirely in either the warm mode, i.e.,
with the gas above zero degrees Celsius, or the cold mode, i.e., with the
gas below zero degrees Celsius, for the entire length of a run between
compressor stations. However, due to the pressure and corresponding
temperature drop between stations, this results in a relatively warm gas
temperature, i.e., several degrees above freezing, at the discharge of the
upstream compressor station in order to maintain a temperature above
freezing by the time the lower pressure gas arrives at the suction or
entry end of the next compressor downstream. Conversely, operation in the
cold mode for the entire distance, results in the lower pressure gas being
several degrees below freezing by the time it arrives at the suction end
of the next compressor station.
It will be seen that such operations are less than desirable where pipeline
flow and ambient conditions may change with changing seasons, and
accordingly, some thought has been given to warming or cooling the gas at
intermediate points between compressor stations, by mechanical or heat
exchanger means. The art is silent regarding the use of the expansion
means of the present invention for cooling the gas at some intermediate
point between compressor stations.
The present invention contemplates sufficient compressor surplus power to
more than compensate for the relatively small pressure drop which occurs
when using the present apparatus to lower the gas temperature only a few
degrees. In fact, as the present device requires no external energy input
for operation (other than instrumentation), it will be seen that there may
well be a net savings in energy, by eliminating any need for intermediate
mechanical heating or cooling systems between compressor stations. Also,
the present cooling means is adaptable to high or low pressure pipelines,
and may be used with dense phase gases, in which there are no distinct gas
and liquid phases.
FIG. 1 provides a schematic view of a first embodiment of the present
invention, which might be used in an area of discontinuous permafrost. A
pressurized gas pipeline 10 includes a Joule-Thomson expansion valve 12
installed in a branch as bypass section 14 thereof with a shutoff valve 16
disposed within main section 18 of the line 10. The Department of
Transportation rules require isolation valves to be placed in the pipeline
10 at various locations in the line, in order to shut off flow along a
given section of pipe. Accordingly, the J-T valve 12 of the present
invention could be placed in a parallel loop 14 at an isolation valve,
such as the shutoff valve 16, or in other sections of the pipe 10 as
desired. In fact, the isolation valves could be positioned with the J-T
valves as desired along the length of the pipeline, to provide maximum
efficiency for the J-T valves.
Alternatively, it will be seen that such J-T valves 14 could be placed in
series with the pipeline 10, by eliminating the pipe section 18 having the
shutoff valve 16 installed therein. Such series placement of the J-T
valves in the mainline pipe would be applicable to pipeline systems which
will not require periodic "pigging," or remote internal inspection, of the
line. In fact, a series of two or more such J-T valves 12 could be placed
along the length of such a pipeline 10 at predetermined locations,
according to the temperature drop desired at each of the locations. Such
J-T valves may be provided with conventional adjustment or regulation
means, which are known in the art for controlling or regulating the
pressure drop (and thus the temperature drop) of gas flowing through the
valve. Such regulated valves are also known as "throttle valves," and in
fact serve to adjustably control the gas flow therethrough, in the manner
of a throttle for an engine.
In FIG. 1, the J-T valve 12 is located along the pipeline such that the
temperature of the entry gas at location 20 immediately upstream of the
J-T valve 12, is above the freezing point of water, or greater than zero
degrees Celsius, as indicated. This would be the case for pressurized gas
downstream of a compressor, compression heater, heater or other station,
where the station discharge gas has not been cooled to below freezing.
This is known as the "warm mode" of operation, when the gas in a section
of pipe is at a temperature above freezing. Accordingly, all gas may be
routed through the J-T valve 12 by shutting off flow at the shutoff valve
16 (or by placing the J-T valve 12 in series in the pipe 10, as noted
further above) with the expansion of gas flowing through the J-T valve 12
resulting in a drop in pressure, and a corresponding drop in temperature.
The pressure drop, and corresponding temperature drop, may be regulated by
known means in order to achieve the desired exit gas temperature.
In the example of FIG. 1, the pressure has been reduced sufficiently to
result in a temperature drop to at or below the freezing point of water,
as indicated at the exit or discharge location 22 of the system. The gas
flow downstream from the exit point 22, i.e., to the right in FIG. 1, will
remain at or below the freezing point until reaching another compressor
station, due to the inherent drop in pressure due to friction within the
pipe, and corresponding drop in temperature. Thus, the below freezing gas
within the pipe is compatible for passage through or across areas of
permafrost conditions.
FIG. 2 provides a schematic view of a second embodiment of the present
invention, where the incoming gas is at a temperature at or below the
freezing point of water, with the pipe operating in the "cold mode." The
configuration of the system of FIG. 2 is identical to that of FIG. 1, with
a pressurized gas pipeline 10 having at least one (or a plurality of)
Joule-Thomson expansion valves 12 installed in a section 14 of the pipe 10
at some predetermined location thereof. As in the embodiment of FIG. 1,
the bypass pipeline 14 may comprise a parallel loop associated with a
shutoff or isolation valve 16 in the main pipeline 18, or may be in series
with the pipe 10, by eliminating the shutoff valve 16 and its section of
pipe 18. In any event, all of the gas flowing through the pipe 10 is
routed through the J-T valve(s) 12, rather than passing only a fraction of
the gas through the valve(s) 12 with the remainder passing through the
shutoff valve 16.
The primary difference between FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, is that the temperature
of the entry gas immediately upstream of the J-T valve 12, at location 20,
is at or below the freezing point of water, with the pipe operating in the
"cold mode." The J-T valve in the system 10 of FIG. 2, serves to expand
the gas passing therethrough to drop the pressure and corresponding
temperature further, so the gas remains below the freezing point at the
exit or discharge location 22. Such an operation with the pipe operating
entirely in the cold mode, both upstream and downstream of the valve 12,
is compatible for pipelines in permafrost areas.
Seasonal changes in the temperature of the permafrost terrain over or
through which the pipe 10 may be laid, including variation in the active
layer depth, may influence the flowing temperature of the pipeline.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide some means of adjusting the
pressure drop across the J-T expansion valve 12 used with the present
invention. Conventional automated monitoring and control means, such as a
thermostat controlling a regulator within valve 12, may be used in order
to maintain the predetermined exit gas temperature/pressure. A temperature
sensor and/or controller 30 may be installed at the outlet point of valve
12 for such monitoring, with the regulator controlling the partial opening
or closing of the valve 12 to adjust the pressure and corresponding
temperature drop as required. As the pressure and temperature
characteristics of the gas are directly interrelated, it will be seen that
a pressure transducer may be used to provide control, if so desired.
Also, the location of the valve(s) 12 and operation of the upstream station
may be used to control a predetermined temperature of the pipeline gas
upstream of the valve(s) 12. A conventional temperature/pressure sensor
and/or controller 30 may be installed immediately upstream of the valve(s)
12 to provide a temperature indication required to regulate control of
equipment upstream of the valve(s) 12 in order to maintain the upstream
pressure and/or temperature as desired in either the warm or the cold
mode. Such temperature sensors could be installed at some distance from
the valve(s) 12 as desired, with signals from the sensors being used to
control the valve(s) 12 or upstream facilities remotely at some distance,
if so desired.
As noted above, relatively long gas pipelines conventionally include
several compressor stations disposed periodically along the route of the
line, to compensate for frictional pressure losses along the length of the
line, and to maintain a warm or cold operational mode across areas where
such is desired. Additionally, heaters and/or coolers may be located along
the pipeline to control the flowing temperature of the pipeline. The
present invention provides for installation of one or more J-T valves
interspersed with the series of spaced apart compressor stations or other
facilities installed along the line. Thus, as each station or facility
adjusts the pressure and/or temperature of the gas in the line, one or
more Joule-Thomson expansion valves 12 may be installed therewith or at
some distance therefrom to control the temperature of the gas along the
pipeline, as predetermined according to the characteristics of the terrain
through which each section of the pipeline passes.
Compressor stations typically include some means for lowering the
temperature of the exit gas from the station. Accordingly, the means for
controlling the inlet gas temperature at a J-T valve downstream from the
station, may comprise controlling the outlet temperature of the gas from
the upstream compressor station. As the frictional pressure losses and
thus the temperature reductions, through a given length of pipeline are
well known and established, such adjustment of the exit gas temperature at
the upstream compressor station relative to the J-T valve, will
correspondingly regulate the inlet temperature at the downstream J-T
valve.
Conventionally, relatively long pressurized gas pipelines include several
compressor stations, along with gas compression or combustion heaters for
increasing the temperature of the gas as the temperature drops in the
line, heat exchangers, and/or mechanical refrigeration units for reducing
the temperature of the gas within the line at various points as desired.
These gas characteristic control components (heaters, coolers, etc.) will
benefit by the inclusion of J-T expansion valves in the line in accordance
with the present invention, by requiring smaller temperature changes from
such other control devices, and a corresponding savings in energy used to
operate such devices. FIGS. 3 and 4 disclose respective prior art means
for lowering the gas temperature in a pipeline, respectively by means of a
refrigeration unit (FIG. 3) or expansion turbine (FIG. 4). While an
expansion turbine may be used to produce some work from the pipeline gas,
the energy removed from the gas results in a greater than desirable
pressure loss.
In contrast, the present invention with its use of Joule-Thomson expansion
valves for controlling the temperature of the gas flowing in a gas
pipeline, does not require any additional energy for the operation of the
valves, other than for instrumentation. Typically, the temperature and
pressure changes at each valve are relatively small, thus requiring little
in the way of additional capacity for a corresponding downstream
compressor station. As an example of the above, the gas pressure at the
entrance to a J-T valve may be on the order of 2,200 psig, with a
temperature of plus thirty four degrees Fahrenheit, or just above
freezing. If an area of permafrost lies downstream of the J-T valve, it is
desirable to lower the temperature of the gas to a point below freezing.
The corresponding pressure drop required to lower the gas temperature to
thirty degrees Fahrenheit, is only about 133 psi, assuming pure methane
for this example. In other words, the gas pressure at the exit of the J-T
valve would be on the order of 2,067 psig.
In another example, the pipe may be operating entirely in the cold mode,
with the entrance gas temperature at the J-T valve about 31 degrees
Fahrenheit, or about one half degree below zero Celsius. With an entrance
gas pressure of 2,200 psig, a drop in temperature to about 25 degrees
Fahrenheit, or about four degrees below zero Celsius, using a J-T valve
according to the present invention would result in a pressure drop of
about 196 psi (again assuming pure methane), to an outlet pressure of
about 2,204 psig. Other pressure drops associated with different
temperature reductions may be calculated easily, in accordance with known
physical gas laws.
As pipelines typically provide excess compressor capacity in anticipation
of future production and use, enabling the gas to be compressed to a much
greater degree, the present invention would not require additional
compressor capacity or energy input, other than a slight increase in
compressor output to compensate for the pressure drops produced by the J-T
valves. However, the use of J-T valves in a pipeline according to the
present invention, would likely result in a net savings of energy as
additional compressors, heaters, coolers, etc. conventionally used to
control the gas temperature as it flows through the pipeline, could be
eliminated.
In summary, the present invention provides a significant advance in the
art. By determining the actual and desired temperatures of gas flowing in
a pipeline at various points along the line, and installing J-T valves at
predetermined points along the line in accordance with the present
invention, precise control of the flowing temperature profile of the gas
pipeline may be achieved through regions of continuous or discontinuous
permafrost. It will be seen that measuring the gas temperature at any
given point, comparing it to the desired temperature, and installing and
adjusting a J-T valve at that point, will provide the desired temperatures
downstream of the valve.
Also, while the above discussion has not considered elevational changes, it
will be seen that the present process of using J-T valves for the control
of the temperature profile of a pressurized gas line also lends itself
well to the control of temperatures in the line due to elevation changes.
For example, a pressurized gas pipeline may be routed over a ridge or
mountain range, with the increasing elevation resulting in a loss of
pressure head in the gas as the elevation increases. This loss of pressure
results in a corresponding loss of temperature. Accordingly, the
installation of a J-T valve at the base of an uphill grade to reduce the
temperature at the exit side of the valve to zero degrees Celsius or
below, will result in the entire pipeline slope operating in the cold
mode, due to the pressure drop due to increasing elevation, and the
corresponding temperature drop.
While much of the discussion of the present invention has related to the
control of temperatures downstream of a compressor station in a pipeline,
it will be recognized that gas pipelines may conventionally include other
gas control facilities installed therein as well. The J-T valve(s) of the
present invention may be used in a pipeline to regulate gas flowing
temperatures in the line downstream of any appropriate gas control
facility, such as a compression or other heating facility and/or cooling
facility, as well as downstream of a compression station, as desired.
Accordingly, the present inventive apparatus and process provide a much
needed means of controlling the gas flow temperature profile in a gas
pipeline, particularly through regions of continuous and discontinuous
permafrost. The present invention will provide much needed increases in
efficiency and corresponding cost savings in the gas pipeline
transportation industry, by greatly reducing or eliminating the need for
much of the energy consuming equipment heretofore used for controlling the
temperature of gas in a pressurized pipeline, and by mitigating adverse
impacts on the pipeline due to thaw settlement and frost heave through
prevention of extreme pipeline operating temperatures which produce these
impacts.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the
embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments
within the scope of the following claims. | 5F
| 25 | B |
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Reference is now made to the drawing figures schematically illustrating the method of the present invention for making an article from natural or synthetic fiber and a resinous binder. The method10includes feeding a fiber yarn, bundle or roving30into a chopping device32(note feeding step12). Specifically, a strand feeder of a type known in the art comprising one or more strand feeding mechanisms feeds at least one continuous reinforcing fiber strand from a spool source34to the chopping device32. The reinforcing fiber may be a continuous strand of natural fiber selected from a group consisting of, for example, kenaf, jute, sisal, hemp and mixtures thereof. The use of natural fibers allows for the production of an environmentally friendly product that is more readily recyclable. It should also be appreciated, however, that the continuous fiber strand may be a synthetic fiber such as, for example, polyester, glass, carbon, polyolefin, and any polymer known to be useful for the particular end product article, copolymers and blends and mixtures thereof. Specific synthetic fibers that have been found to be useful in the present invention include but are not limited to A glass, C glass, E glass, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and mixtures thereof.
It should be appreciated that the strand feeder can feed a wide variety of natural and/or synthesis fibers so that one can quickly switch the method from one type of fiber to another thereby allowing a manufacturer to utilize several different supply streams of materials depending upon the end product being produced or even material availability.
The chopping device32utilized in the present invention may be of any type known in the art and useful for this particular application including but not limited to the devices disclosed in the Jander '387 and '897 patents. The continuous fiber strand is fed into the chopping device at a rate of about 2 to about 50 meters/minute so as to allow a commercially acceptable speed of production. The step14of chopping the fiber yarn, bundle or roving into fiber segments takes place in the chopping device. Specifically, the resulting fiber segments are about 0.1 inch to about 10.0 inches and more commonly 0.5 inch to about 5.0 inches in length.
This is followed by the step16of texturizing the fiber segments. Specifically, the fiber segments are passed through a texturizing gun36at a rate of about 1 to about 15 meters/minute while simultaneously injecting a pressurized fluid such as air from a pressurized air source38into the texturizing gun36at a pressure of about 0.1-7.0 bar and more typically about 1.0-2.0 bar. As the fiber segments pass through the texturizing gun36the fiber segments40are expanded and fluffed into a wool-like product. The texturized fiber segments have an overall density of from about 50 grams/liter to about 500 grams/liter.
Next is the step18of simultaneously introducing the texturized fiber segments and a resinous binder into a mold. More specifically, the binder is fed from a source50through a conduit52to a nozzle54. As illustrated, the nozzle54is connected to the texturizing gun36by a bracket58. Both the chopped fiber segments40and resinous binder42may be delivered directly into a cavity of, for example, a fabric, vinyl or leather door skin44as illustrated inFIG. 2and then placed in a mold, or directly into a mold for heat and/or pressure molding into a desired article shape. Articles which may be manufactured by the present invention include but certairdy are not limited to headliners, door panel liners or interior trim parts. The final product should have a density range of fibers of between about 100-1000 grams/square meter at a thickness ranging from about 2 mm to about 15 mm. The thickness of the resulting product is easily controlled. The thicker regions provide structural rigidity and absorb sound and impact energy while the thinner regions may, for example, act as a speaker panel which may be excited by NXT technology as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,324,294 to Adzima et al.
The resinous binder utilized in the present method may be a thermoset or a thermoplastic resin. The resinous binder may be a solid resin powder, a solid resin fiber, liquid resin, foamable resin or any mixture thereof. Appropriate resinous binders useful in the present invention include but are not limited to acrylic, urethane, epoxy, vinyl acetate, epoxy-acrylic hybrids and any mixtures thereof. The chopped fiber segments are introduced into the mold at a weight percentage of about 35-85% while the resinous binder is introduced into the mold at a weight percentage of about 15-65%. Generally, this weight percentage fiber range produces a lower cost product and shortens production process cycle times while still providing the desired performance characteristics. For example, desirable performance characteristics for headliners and other vehicle trim panels include good acoustical and/or thermal insulating properties.
The following examples are provided to further illustrate the invention but the invention is not to be considered as limited thereto.
EXAMPLE 1
A door panel is produced in accordance with the present method from 70% natural fibers (jute) texturized with 30% urethane resin. The door panel meets the current industry flex modulus and tensile strength specifications for trim panels.
EXAMPLE 2
An interior trim panel is produced in accordance with the present method from 70% natural fibers (50% flax and 50% hemp) with 30% binder powder (acrylic-epoxy).
EXAMPLE 3
An interior trim panel is produced by the present method as described above from 70% natural fiber (50% hemp and 50% kenaf) with 30% urethane resin. The panel provides a flex modulus between 40 Kpsi and 60 Kpsi and a tensile strength at yield between 500 psi and 1500 psi.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings.
The embodiment was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled.
| 3D
| 21 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The geared motor 1 shown in FIG. 1 has a crown gear 2 with a large axial
displacement. The gear housing 3 has pinion 4 on the drive side and a
crown gear 6 on the power take-off side in the form of a radially serrated
crown wheel.
In the represented embodiment the axial displacement of the axis A of the
crown gear 6 and the axis R of the pinion 4 with respect to the diameter
of the crown gear 6 is approximately 1/4, so that the axis R of the pinion
4 and a radius r of the crown gear 6 form an angle of approximately
45.degree. with respect to the application point of the pinion 4 thereto.
This axial displacement is of an optimum nature. However, different, large
axial displacements can be chosen, without the axial displacement
representing half the diameter of the crown gear 6, i.e , the crown gear
according to the invention is not a worm gear. Preferably the axial
displacement is between 2/10 and 4/10 of the crown gear diameter.
The gear housing 3 has a motor-side mounting support 7 for the pinion 4. In
the represented embodiment the mounting support 7 is constructed in a
motor-side bearing bracket 8, which is here constructed in one piece on
the gear housing.
The gear housing 3 is provided on a top surface which is not traversed by
the axes A and R with an assembly opening 9, which is closable by a
closure part 11.
The mounting support 7 has a bearing ring 12, on which on the gear side is
connected an inwardly directed shoulder 13. In the mounting support 7,
within the bearing ring 12, is positioned a (ball) bearing 14 for the
pinion 7. The bearing is axially secured in the bearing ring 12 between
the shoulder 13 and a snap ring 17 (circlip) inserted in a groove 16 of
the ring 12.
The pinion 4 is constructed as a hollow pinion. It is axially held in the
bearing 14 by means of a shoulder 18 constructed thereon and a snap ring
engaging in a groove 19 of the pinion 4, accompanied by the interposing of
in each case one supporting disk 21, 21a. Towards the interior of the
housing 3, it is sealed by a radial shaft packing ring 22.
A main shaft 23 of an electric motor 24 of the geared motor 1 engages in
the interior of the pinion 4. The main shaft 23 is frictionally connected
to the pinion 4 by a bonded joint, e.g. using Loctite or some similar,
suitable adhesive.
The main shaft 23 is also mounted in the electric motor 24 solely on the
gear-remote side by means of a conventionally designed, per se known
bearing, without there being a further bearing in the electric motor. The
mounting by the bearing 14 is completely adequate both for the main shaft
23 and also for the pinion 4 engaging positively therein on one side and
therefore positively with respect to buckling movements and frictionally
for transferring the rotary movement in the described manner.
FIGS. 2a and b show a section along line 2a-2a and 2b-2b respectively in
FIG. 1 in the case of a crown gear 6 without a flange and having a solid
driven shaft 26. The comparison of FIGS. 2a and 2b shows that a right and
left-side power take-off can be obtained by a corresponding arrangement of
the shaft 26, the crown gear 6 being located at the same point in the
housing.
This is achieved in that the shaft 26 has a stepped construction and is
namely symmetrical over part of its length. It has a maximum diameter
central part 27 symmetrical in installation with respect to the axis R of
the pinion 4 and on which on beth sides are connected randomly usable
support areas 28 for the crown gear 6 having a reduced diameter, so that
between the central part 27 and the support areas 28 a shoulder 29 is
formed, which optionally serves to engage the crown gear 6. To the support
areas 28 are connected on either side further diameter-reduced bearing
portions 31, 32, whose diameter and length are identical. Subsequently the
mirror symmetry is not continued, because to a bearing portion 31 are
connected the shaft packing seat and a shaft end 32, to which are
connectable the shafts of the equipment to be driven by the geared motor
1.
In the direction of the axis A of the toothed wheel 6 are constructed in
the gear housing 3 symmetrically to the axis R of the pinion 4 bearing
areas 36, 37 for the shaft 26, in which are arranged (ball) bearings 38,
39, which are axially retained on the one hand by a spacing sleeve 41 and
the crown gear 6 and on the other on their side remote from the pinion 4
or the crown gear 6 by snap rings 43 (circlips) located in the grooves 42
of the housing 3.
On the side facing the shaft end 32 is provided between the housing 3 and
the shaft 26 in the vicinity of the extended bearing portion 31 a radial
shaft packing 44 for sealing purposes, whereas on the opposite side the
opening is sealed by a tightly fitted cover 46.
FIGS. 3a and 3b show a basically similar construction to FIGS. 2a and 2b,
only the design of FIGS. 3a and 3b is not flangeless, but instead has a
flange 51 for fixing or connecting to the apparatus to be driven, the
flange 51 simultaneously serving for the mounting of the shaft 26a.
Here again a two-sided construction is possible. Reference should be made
to the explanation of FIGS. 2a and 2b of features common to FIGS. 2a, 2b
and 3a and 3b in order to avoid unnecessary repetition.
The flange 51, which is identically constructed in both FIGS. 3a and 3b, is
fixed by means of screws 61 to the housing 3. The flange 51 is internally
provided with a stepped bearing ring 63 for a bearing 64 of the shaft 26a,
which is axially retained between the shoulder and a snap ring 67 inserted
in a ring flange 66 of the flange 51 and to which is externally connected
the radial shaft packing 44.
The constructions of FIGS. 4a and 4b differ from those of FIGS. 2a/b and
3a/b through the provision of a hollow shaft 71, which is symmetrically
constructed in its interior in the extension direction of its axis A to
the axis R of the pinion 4. Therefore it does not have to be rotated
independently of the connection of the equipment to be driven, as is the
case with the shaft 26, 26a, so that a symmetrical construction starting
from the central part 27a is not necessary and consequently the different
diameter sections of shaft 26 of FIGS. 2a to 3b are not required.
Otherwise the mounting of the shaft 71 takes place in the same way as the
shaft 26 of FIGS. 2a and 2b, so that reference should be made to the
description in connection therewith. In accordance with the construction
of the shaft as a hollow shaft 71, two radial ring shaft packings 44, 44a
are provided on both sides.
In the construction of FIG. 4a a bearing flange 51a is fixed to the housing
3 by several screws 61a for connection to the equipment to be driven. | 5F
| 16 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Please refer to FIG. 2. The present invention relates to a multi-functional
display rack, comprising a base structure having two metallic rectangular
posts 10 disposed at both rear corners as supporting legs. A rear wall 11
forming an arch at the top is fabricated by a number of metallic rods
disposed therebetween the two metallic rectangular posts 10. And two
lateral side walls 12, each defining a descending slope at the top, are
fabricated by a number of metallic rods extending forwardly at one side of
each metallic rectangular post 10. A table face 13 provided with a drawer
14 therebeneath is located at a proper height within the space enclosed by
the rear wall 11 and the two lateral side walls 12 thereof. An upper layer
15 fabricated by transverse metallic rods with a shallow surface is
disposed above the table face 13 and a lower layer 16 fabricated also by
transverse metallic rods with a deeper surface is disposed under the table
face 13.
By means of the base structure above, two pivoting plates 17 having through
holes thereon are disposed at both upper and lower outer sides of each
metallic rectangular post 10 respectively. And both outer sides of the
table face 13, the upper layer 15 and the lower layer 16 are welded with
an arched supporting plate 18 respectively. A movable wall 20 fabricated
by a pivoting post 21 and a supporting leg 21' with several metallic rods
welded therebetween is capable of foldably engaged with the lateral side
walls 12 of the base structure via the pivoting post 21. The length of the
pivoting post 21 is shorter than the distance between the two pivoting
plates 17 which, leaving a gap therebetween, enables a plastic fixing
block 23 to be inserted into both ends of the pivoting post 21
respectively.
The pivoting post 21 of the movable wall 20 can be located between the two
pivoting plates 17 disposed at both upper and lower outer side of the
metallic rectangular post 10. Both ends of the pivoting post 21 are then
matched and locked to the pivoting plates 17 by screws 24 passing through
the through holes of the pivoting plates 17 and the plastic fixing blocks
23 inserted at both ends of the pivoting post 21, so as to engage the
movable wall 20 with the metallic rectangular post 10 of the base
structure. Three transverse beams 22', each provided with two annular
tubes 221' by welding, are disposed at the movable wall 20 at a height
corresponding respectively to that of the table face 13, the upper layer
15, and the lower layer 16 of the base structure. Both annular tubes 221'
of each transverse beam 22' are previously and pivotally jointed to one
side of a fan-shaped side rack 25. One other side of the fan-shaped side
rack 25 is adapted to match the arched supporting plate 18 welded at the
outer side of the table face 13, the upper layer 15, and the lower layer
16 respectively. The movable wall 20 must be slightly lifted upwardly to
juxtapose the pivoting post 21 in alignment with the rear wall 11 of the
base structure while the fan-shaped side racks 25 are attached at one
other side to the arched supporting plates 18 of the table face 13, the
upper layer 15, and the lower layer 16 respectively. Finally, the movable
side wall 20 and the attached fan-shaped side racks 18 are retained stably
on ground by the supporting leg 21' disposed at one side of the movable
side wall 20 to manifest an unfolded display shelf as shown in FIG. 4a.
Please refer to FIG. 3. The fan-shaped side racks 18 disposed at both
lateral sides of the base structure can be folded up if not in use. The
movable side wall 20 is slightly lifted upwardly, detaching the supporting
leg 21' from the ground and then swinging slightly backwards. The
fan-shaped side racks 25 attached to the arched supporting plates 18 of
the table face 13, the upper layer 15, and the lower layer 16 will come
off from said arched supporting plates 18 respectively. The first two
upper fan-shaped side racks 25 are then swung downwards while the third
lowerest fan-shaped side rack 25 turned upwards so as to collect said
racks 25 against the movable side wall 20. Finally, the movable side wall
20 retained at one side by the supporting leg 21' is aligned against the
lateral side of the base structure to display a folded-up structure of the
display rack as shown in FIG. 4b.
By the above arrangement, the movable side wall 20 can be flexibly adjusted
in accordance with different occassions to achieve the most sufficient use
of space--either fully displayed at both lateral sides of the base
structure, partially unfolded at only one lateral side of the base
structure, or simply folded up against both lateral sides of the base
structure. | 0A
| 47 | F |
EXAMPLES
The examples below serve to further illustrate the invention, to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. In the examples, unless expressly stated otherwise, amounts and percentages are by weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. The examples are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Subcutaneous Injection Using Pig Bladder
Table 1 describes the formulations employed. The macromers were PVA of the molecular weights noted substituted with the noted amounts of N-acrylamidoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal. The macromers were made substantially as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,674. The formulations were as follows for 10 grams of 10% macromer solutions. The stock solutions were 41.5 M Fe lactate; 415 M peroxide, 1 M acetate buffer, pH 4.1, 415 M ascorbate.
1) R (reductant): 300 l Fe, 160 l ascorbic acid, 200 l acetate buffer O (oxidant): 160 l peroxide, 200 l buffer
2) R (reductant): 150 l Fe, 160 l ascorbic acid, 200 l acetate buffer O (oxidant): 160 l peroxide, 200 l buffer
3) R (reductant): 600 l Fe, 160 l ascorbic acid, 400 l acetate buffer O (oxidant): 400 l peroxide, 400 l buffer
4) R (reductant): 400 l Fe, 160 l ascorbic acid, 200 l acetate buffer O (oxidant): 160 l peroxide, 200 l buffer
crosslinks per gel time sample PVA chain formulation (sec) firmness 1 4-88 6 2 7.70 1 (most firm) 31 kDa 2 4-88 6 3 2.94 1 31 kDa 3 3-83 2.5 1 6.23 2 14 kDa 4 3-83 2.5 4 5.38 2 14 kDa 5 3-83 2 1 8.40 3 14 kDa 6 4-88 3 1 8.47 4 31 kDa 7 4-88 3 4 6.75 4 31 kDa 8 3-98 2 1 16 5 (least firm) 16 kDa The compositions were injected into the subcutaneous space of freshly excised pig bladders. The device for injection included separate syringes for the reductant and oxidant solutions placed into a syringe manifold. One or more mixers were placed between female and male diffusers. A 20 gauge by 3.5 inch needle was used for final delivery. The compositions injected easily into the subcutaneous space to show demonstrable bulking with limited tracking as the needle was withdrawn. Sample 8 could be injected through a 22 gauge needle and through a 3 Fr single lumen catheter after crosslinking.
Modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the forgoing detailed description. All modifications and variations are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| 0A
| 61 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 3shows a removable type of a non-vented automatic dispensing cap formed of body4that is threaded to conventional tube5. Threadably secured to body4is retainer cap1having product-dispensing hole8shown inFIG. 2, which operates in a two chamber cylinder formed by body4and retainer cap1. The large diameter of piston2has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of retainer cap1. The hollow rod of piston2has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of body4. Piston2has integral valve6that engages and seals product-dispensing hole8. Coil spring3operates between piston2and body4. Chamber10is vented to the atmosphere by venting hole11.
When tube5is squeezed, a pressure develops causing the product in tube5to flow through port7of piston2into pressure chamber9formed by piston2and retainer cap1. As the pressure increases on piston2in chamber9, the preset biasing force of coil spring3is exceeded, causing piston2and valve6to move away from the position that seals dispensing hole8, thus allowing the product to flow through dispensing hole8until the squeezing action on tube5ceases.
When the squeezing action ceases, the pressure will drop and the force from coil spring3will cause piston2and valve6to return to the sealing position. As this occurs, any product at dispensing hole8will be expelled as valve6seals hole8, therefore preventing any opportunity for ambient material or air to enter hole8. After the squeezing action ceases, the consumer merely wipes the product from the flat surface of retainer cap1and the nearly flush surface of valve6.
FIG. 3Bshows the automatic dispensing cap in the locked position. To lock the automatic dispensing cap, retainer cap1is generally rotated in a clockwise direction, advancing on threads15until retainer cap1, being engaged with valve6at dispensing hole8, forces piston shoulder16against face17of body4. When this occurs, the rotation of retainer cap1is stopped and dispensing hole8is sealed by valve6.
To return the automatic dispensing cap to the operating position, as shown inFIG. 3A, retainer cap1is rotated in the opposite direction until rotation stop12, shown inFIG. 10, engages stop lug13. Deflection of stop lug13is limited by lug14. The configuration of lugs13and14allows rotation stop12to deflect stop lug13sufficiently for rotation stop12to pass over lug14, during the assembly of retainer cap1.
FIG. 4shows a removable type of a non-vented automatic dispensing cap formed of body20that is threaded to conventional tube28. Threadably secured to body20is retainer cap24having product-dispensing hole8shown inFIG. 2. Piston2operates in a two chamber cylinder formed by body20and retainer cap24. The large diameter of piston2has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of retainer cap24. The hollow rod of piston2has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of body20. Piston2has integral valve6that engages and seals product dispensing hole8. Leaf springs21, seen inFIG. 7, which are integral with body20, operate between piston2and body20. Chamber26is vented to atmosphere by venting hole27.
The operation of the automatic dispensing cap4is identical to the operation of the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 3.
FIG. 4shows the automatic dispensing cap in the operating position. The locking feature works the same as the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 3. However, when retainer cap24is rotated to the operating position, rotation stop23, seen inFIG. 5, engages stop lug22, thereby preventing any further rotation. The configuration of stop lug22allows it to be deflected by rotation stop23during the assembly of retainer cap24to body20.
The automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 8has a retainer cap30with an extended nozzle33. Piston34has valve extension31and integral valve32. Valve32is configured to seat in the tapered dispensing hole of nozzle33.
The operation of the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 8is identical to the operation of the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 3. The locking feature also is the same.
FIG. 11shows a variation of a retainer cap for a non-vented automatic dispensing cap modified to provide a floatation ring. Retainer cap37is provided with an outer air chamber38formed by integral circular base wall40, and integral outer ring39. Sealing cap41is secured to retainer cap37and outer ring39, thereby forming air chamber38to provide the desired floatation.
FIG. 12shows a class 1, removable type of vented automatic dispensing cap formed of body46that is threaded to squeezable bottle59. Threadably secured to body46is retainer cap45having product-dispensing hole56shown inFIG. 13. Piston47operates in a two chamber cylinder formed by body46and retainer cap45. The large diameter of piston47has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of retainer cap45. The hollow rod of piston47has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of body46. Piston47has integral valve51that engages and seals product-dispensing hole56. Coil spring49operates between piston47and body46. Chamber50is vented to atmosphere by vent hole53. Piston47has shallow venting groove58and venting hole57shown in enlarged section inFIG. 14. The lower face near the outside diameter of flapper valve48is secured to piston47. The lower face near the inside diameter of flapper valve48is stretched over shallow conical surface60of piston47, thereby providing a seal between pressure chamber54and vented chamber50when the pressure in both chambers are nearly equal as shown inFIG. 12.
Generally the class 1 (inverted), vented automatic dispensing cap is used with a squeezable bottle that is stored in the inverted position. When the inverted bottle59is squeezed, a pressure develops causing the product in bottle59to flow through port52of piston47into pressure chamber54formed by piston47and retainer cap45. As the pressure increases on piston47in chamber54, the preset biasing force of coil spring49is exceeded, causing piston47and valve51to move away from the position that seals dispensing hole56, thus allowing the product to flow through dispensing hole56until the squeezing action on bottle59ceases.
When the squeezing action ceases on bottle59, the pressure will drop and the force from coil spring49will cause piston47and valve51to return to a position that seals hole56. After the squeezing action ceases, the consumer merely wipes the product from the flat surface of retainer cap48and the nearly flush surface of valve51. Since the vented automatic dispensing cap is generally used with a bottle that is stored with the cap down, a shallow concave surface for retainer cap45may benefit the stability for storing and provide a slight clearance at dispensing hole56. As bottle59tries to return to its original volume it must make up for the amount of product dispensed. This causes a vacuum to occur in container59and in chamber54, which in turn will cause atmospheric pressure present in the vented side of piston47by means of vent hole53in body46to enter venting port57and shallow venting groove58of piston47and unseat flapper valve48as shown inFIG. 14. This allows air to enter container59by way of chamber54and make up the volume lost during dispensing. Since it requires a pressure differential to unseat flapper valve48, flapper valve48acts as a check valve, therefore there can be no chance of reverse flow or product leakage through flapper valve48. After the replacement air volume is introduced in container59, flapper valve48reseals the pressure side of piston47.
FIG. 16shows a class 2 (upright), removable type of vented automatic dispensing cap formed of body75that is attached to squeezable bottle78. Threadably secured to body75is retainer cap70having product-dispensing hole81shown inFIG. 17. Piston73operates in a two chamber cylinder formed by body75and retainer cap70. The large diameter of piston73has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of retainer cap70. The hollow rod of piston73has a sealing lip that contacts the inner surface of body75. Piston73has integral valve72that engages and seals product-dispensing hole81. Coil spring79operates between piston73and body75. Chamber74is vented to atmosphere by vent slot76of body75. Body75has shallow groove80and venting hole84shown in enlarged section inFIG. 18. The upper face near the outside diameter of flapper valve77is secured to the lower face of body75. The upper face near the inside diameter of flapper valve77is stretched over shallow conical surface83of body75, thereby providing a seal between container78and vented chamber74when the pressure in container78and chamber74are nearly equal, as shown inFIG. 16. Tube85is secured to body75and extends to the lower portion of bottle78.
The class 2 (upright), vented automatic dispensing cap is used with a squeezable bottle that is stored in the upright position. When the upright bottle78is squeezed, a pressure develops causing the product in bottle78to flow through tube85and port82of piston73into pressure chamber71formed by piston73and retainer cap70. As the pressure increases on piston73in chamber71, the preset biasing force of coil spring79is exceeded, causing piston73and valve72to move away from the position that seals dispensing hole81, thus allowing the product to flow through dispensing hole81until the squeezing action on bottle78ceases.
When the squeezing action ceases on bottle78, the pressure will drop and the force from coil spring79will cause piston73and valve72to return to a position that seals hole81. After the squeezing ceases, the consumer merely wipes the product from the flat surface of retainer cap70and nearly flush surface of valve72.
As bottle78tries to return to its original volume, it must make up for the amount of product dispensed. This causes a vacuum to occur in container78, which in turn will cause atmospheric pressure present in chamber74to enter venting hole84and shallow venting groove80of body75and unseat flapper valve77, as shown inFIG. 18. This allows air to enter container78and replace with air the product volume lost during dispensing. Since it requires a pressure differential to unseat flapper valve77, flapper valve77acts as a check valve. Therefore, there can be no chance of reverse flow or product leakage through flapper valve77. Alter the replacement air volume is introduced in container78, flapper valve77reseals the pressure side of body75.
The class 2 (upright), vented automatic dispensing cap shown inFIGS. 20 and 21has retainer cap90with dispensing hole92leading through outlet spout91to port93.
When the upright bottle78is squeezed, the product will flow through dispensing hole92as described previously for class 2 (upright), vented automatic dispensing cap shown inFIG. 16, from dispensing hole92, the product will flow through port93and exit spout91. During the squeezing action, the product is dispensed into the palm of the consumer's hand. For very low viscosity products a slight angle port may be used to prevent drippage.
A side outlet retainer similar to the one shown inFIG. 20can be used with the squeezable tube shown inFIG. 1. For certain applications, this may be preferred by the consumer.
FIGS. 12 and 16show the vented automatic dispensing cap in the operating position. A locking feature similar to the one for the non-vented automatic dispensing cap shown inFIG. 3can be used with the vented automatic dispensing cap.
FIGS. 22 and 23show another automatic dispensing cap on a conventional tube103.FIGS. 24 and 25show an automatic dispensing cap on a resilient bottle124.
FIG. 26shows a removable non-vented automatic dispensing cap including of body102that is threaded to squeezable tube103. Body102has lip seal105, port117and valve106. In addition, body102has two horizontal lugs107, two primary vertical lugs108and two secondary vertical lugs111shown inFIG. 27. Operating with body102is cap101including of dispensing hole104, two cantilever springs109having knob113that are attached to inside of cap101at area110. When assembled, diameter115of cap101engages lip seal105of body102forming pressure chamber116.
After cap101is assembled to body102and rotated to the locked position ofFIG. 32, the lower surfaces of primary vertical lugs108are engaged with area110of springs109forcing dispensing hole104of cap101against valve106of body102, thereby sealing the automatic dispensing cap for storage. This initial rotation also causes cantilever springs109to be deflected by horizontal lugs107and for knobs113of springs109to engage lugs107at angled surfaces112.
To set the automatic dispensing cap to the automatic dispensing positioning,FIG. 30, the rotation of cap101is reversed to a positive stop where knob113of springs109will then be engaged in notch114at stepped portion of lug107. In this position, the cantilever spring109develops a biasing force on cap101, which causes dispensing hole104to engage valve6to effectively seal the automatic dispensing cap.
The engagement of knob113in notch114provides a detent to prevent cap101from accidentally being rotated from the automatic dispensing position. With the automatic dispensing cap in the auto position, secondary vertical lugs111will limit the vertical travel of cap101contacting area110of cantilever spring109if an accidental separating force is applied to cap101.
When tube103is squeezed, while the automatic dispensing cap is in the automatic dispensing position, a pressure develops causing the product in tube103to flow through port117into pressure chamber116. As the pressure increases on cap101in pressure chamber116, the biasing force of cantilever springs109is exceeded, causing cap101to move away from the position that seals dispensing hole104with valve106,FIG. 26B, thus allowing the product to flow through dispensing hole104until the squeezing action on tube103ceases.
When the squeezing ceases, the pressure will drop and the force from cantilever springs109will cause valve106to return into dispensing hole104of cap101. As this occurs, any product at dispensing hole104will be expelled as valve106seals dispensing hole104, therefore, preventing any opportunity for ambient material or air to enter hole104. After squeezing action ceases, the consumer merely wipes the product from the flat surface of cap101and the flush surface of valve106.
FIG. 26Cshows cap101being formed of cup101A and spring ring101B. These separate parts may be produced with less costly molds. Multiple cups101A having various size dispensing holes104A may be matched to a common spring ring118for further cost consideration. Effectively, cup101A and spring ring101B become one part, i.e. cap when they are pressed together. Alternately, the manufacturer may consider one piece cap101,FIG. 26more efficient because fewer parts need to be handled.
FIG. 33shows a class 1 (inverted) vented automatic dispensing cap secured to squeezable bottle124and formed of body121and cap120. Cap120is configured much like cap101shown inFIG. 26and in some cases can be used interchangeably. Body121has many of the elements of body102shown inFIG. 26such as the primary and secondary vertical lugs shown as item128and horizontal lug129. Referring to enlarged sectionFIG. 35, body121has venting hole125that connect to venting groove131. Highly flexible flapper valve126is secured to body121by retainer-seal127that is pressed into body121and engages the neck face of bottle124. During installation, flapper valve126is stretched over conical face128of body121effectively sealing venting groove131. Again referring toFIG. 33, a tapered ring123of bottle124is shown engaging and securing taper ring122, of body121such that when body121is pressed onto the neck of bottle124, the taper rings will deflect sufficiently to cause the engagement indicated. If required, slots in appropriate portions around hub132of body121could be added to allow easier assembly of body121to bottle124. It should be noted that the above is one of several means of securing the vented automatic dispensing cap to a squeezable bottle.
It should also be noted that the elements and function shown inFIGS. 27,28,29,30,31, and32and described in previous text apply to the vented automatic dispensing cap.
Generally the Class 1 vented automatic dispensing cap is used with a squeezable bottle that is stored in the inverted position. When the inverted bottle124with the automatic dispensing cap in the automatic dispensing position (FIG. 30) is squeezed, a pressure develops causing the product in bottle124to flow through port133of body121into pressure chamber134formed by lip seal129and inside diameter of cap120. As pressure increases on cap120in pressure chamber134, the preset biasing force of cantilever springs135is exceeded causing cap120to move away from the position that seals dispensing hole130of cap120with valve128of body121, thus allowing the product to flow through dispensing hole130until the squeezing action on bottle124ceases.
When the squeezing action ceases, the pressure drops and the force from cantilever springs135will cause cap120to return dispensing hole130to seal against valve128. As this occurs, any product at dispensing hole130will be expelled as valve128seals dispensing hole130. At this point, the consumer merely wipes off the product from the flat surface of cap120.
As bottle124tries to return to its original volume to make up for the amount of product dispensed, a vacuum occurs in container124, which in turn causes atmospheric pressure to enter venting port125and venting groove131of body121and unseat flapper valve126as shown inFIG. 35. This allows replacement air to enter container124and make up the product volume lost during dispensing. Since it requires a pressure differential to unseat flapper valve126, flapper valve126acts as a check valve, therefore there can be no chance of reverse flow of product leakage through flapper valve126. After the make up volume is introduced in container124, flapper valve126reseals the pressure side of body121.
The class 2 (upright) vented automatic dispensing cap is shown inFIG. 36. It is identical to the class 1 automatic dispensing cap shown inFIGS. 33,34,35with the exception of adding pressure tube140. Pressure tube140is secured into port133of body121and extends to the lower part of the bottle.
When upright bottle124is squeezed with the automatic dispensing cap in the automatic dispensing position, the pressure in bottle124forces the product through tube140and port133into pressure chamber134. All functions relating to the dispensing cycle and the introduction of replacement air back into bottle124are the same as the class 1 automatic dispensing cap described above and shown inFIG. 33.
The class 2 vented automatic dispensing cap shown inFIGS. 37 and 38has cap141, dispensing hole142, outlet port143and side outlet spout144.
When the upright bottle124is squeezed, the product will flow through dispensing hole142as described previously for class 2 vented automatic dispensing cap shown inFIG. 36. From dispensing hole142, the product will flow through outlet port143and exit spout144. During the squeezing action, the product is dispensed into the palm of the consumer's hand. For very low viscosity products, a port that is angled slightly upward may be used to prevent dripping.
The automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 39has a cap148with an extended nozzle150. Body149has valve extension and integral valve151. Valve151is configured to seat in tapered dispensing hole152of nozzle150. The operation of the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 39is identical to the operation of the automatic dispensing cap inFIG. 26. The locking feature is also the same.
The valve that is integral with the piston or body can be configured to suit the application. The drawings disclose a flat face seal, a spherical faced seal and a tapered seal.
It should be noted that all configurations of the automatic dispensing cap could use either the coil spring or the leaf spring design and the associated locking arrangement. It should also be noted that a class 2 vented automatic dispensing cap could be used as a class 1 (inverted), vented automatic dispensing cap by eliminating tube85.
A resilient material, such as plastic is used to create the automatic dispensing cap. The material selected must have the necessary stress relaxation times and rates to perform as described herein.
Many features have been listed with particular configurations, options, and embodiments. Any one or more of the features described may be added to or combined with any of the other embodiments or other standard devices to create alternate combinations and embodiments.
Although the examples given include many specificities, they are intended as illustrative of only one possible embodiment of the invention. Other embodiments and modifications will, no doubt, occur to those skilled in the art. Thus, the examples given should only be interpreted as illustrations of some of the preferred embodiments of the invention, and the full scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
| 1B
| 67 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The fireplace shown comprises a hollow base 1 constituted by a box of
square section in plan, which base is surmounted by a liftable cover 2 of
polyhedral section, in the form of a pyramid with four faces in the
embodiment in question. This cover 2 comprises in fact reinforcing irons
2a between which are fixed transparent plane walls 2b. Between the bottom
of this cover 2 and the upper face of the base 1 there is interposed an
air admission duct 3 which extends over the periphery of said base 1 and
which advantageously supports a grate 4, thus disposed at a certain height
above the upper face of the base.
It should be observed that one of the sides of the bottom of the cover 2 is
articulated on the corresponding side of the duct 3 by means of a compass
element 5 and at least one compensating spring 6. The cover 2 is thus
capable of taking either a low, operational position (FIG. 2) for which it
defines with the base 1 and the duct 3 a combustion chamber 7, or a raised
position (FIG. 1) allowing fuel (wood) to be charged in said chamber 7.
At the level of each of the edges of the pyramidal profile of the cover 2,
there is provided a fume collector tube 8 of which the upper end opens out
at the apex of said cover, whilst its slightly bent bottom traverses the
admission duct 3 to open out in the base 1. In this base 1 there also
opens out a lower tube 9 which, through a cleaning box 10, is connected to
a vertical flue 11 for evacuation of the smoke, the horizontal conduit 12
arranged between the tube 9 and the flue 11 being disposed, with the box
10, in a cavity made in the floor of the premises.
In the same way, there is provided in the floor a pipe 13 of which one end
opens to the outside, whilst the opposite end is joined to a vertical tube
14. This latter traverses the base 1 to open out in the admission duct 3.
The upper wall of this duct 3 is pierced with slots 3a located level with
the bottom of the cover 2 in order that the air licks the transparent
walls 2b thereof, avoiding their blackening under the effect of the smoke;
the vertical wall of this duct 3 which faces the grate 4 itself has at
least one opening 3b cut out therein for the admission of
combustion-supporting air inside the combustion chamber 7.
Functioning and use of the fireplace described hereinabove are readily
understood.
Once the wood has been laid on the grate 4 and the fire suitably lit, the
cover 2 is folded down against the duct 3. The smoke and hot gases
released by combustion are evacuated via collector tubes 8; the ashes
collected beneath the grate 4 may, by dismantling a central trap 1a in the
base 1, themselves be evacuated through the cleaning box 10. The fresh air
admitted in the duct 3 heats up during its passage in the base 1.
It will be noted that combustion is visible on the four faces of the cover
2. | 5F
| 24 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The polyurea thickener of the invention is formed by the reaction of a
diisocyanate, a monoamine, a diamine and a copolymer in lubricating oil.
The copolymer is either a glycol of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene
or a diamine of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene.
The grease reaction is carried out by contacting the four reactants in a
reaction vessel, at a temperature between about 60.degree. F. and
320.degree. F., preferably 100.degree. F. to 300.degree. F. for a period
of from 0.5 hours to 5 hours, preferably 1 hour to 3 hours. The reaction
vessel is typically a grease kettle, which may be operated as a batch
reactor or as a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
The monoamine used in the formulation of the polyurea will form the
terminal end groups. These terminal end groups will have from 1 to 30
carbon atoms, but are preferably from 5 to 28 carbon atoms, and more
desirably from 10 to 24 carbon atoms.
Illustrative of various monoamines are pentylamine, hexylamine,
heptylamine, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine,
hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, eicosylamine, dodecenylamine,
hexadecenylamine, octadecenylamine, octadecadienylamine, abietylamine,
aniline, toluidine, naphthylamine, cumylamine, bornylamine, fenchylamine,
tertiary butyl aniline, benzylamine, .beta.-phenethylamine, etc.
Particularly preferred amines are prepared from natural fats and oils or
fatty acids obtained therefrom. These starting materials can be reacted
with ammonia to give first amides and then nitriles. The nitriles are then
reduced to amines, conveniently by catalytic hydrogenation. Exemplary
amines prepared by the method include stearylamine, laurylamine,
palmitylamine, oleylamine, petroselinylamine, linoleylamine,
linolenylamine, eleostearylamine, etc. The unsaturated amines are
particularly preferred.
The diamines which form the internal hydrocarbon bridges between the ureido
groups usually contain from 2 to 40 carbons and preferably from 2 to 30
carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Exemplary
diamines include ethylenediamine, propanediamine, butanediamine,
hexanediamine, dodecanediamine, octanediamine, hexadecanediamine,
cyclohexanediamine, cyclooctanediamine, phenylenediamine, tolylenediamine,
xylylenediamine, dianiline methane, ditoluidinemethane, bis(aniline),
bis(toluidine) and piperazine.
Representative examples of diisocyanates include hexane diisocyanate,
decanediisocyanate, octadecanediisocyanate, phenylenediisocyanate,
tolylenediisocyanate, bis(diphenylisocyanate), methylene
bis(phenylisocyanate), etc.
The copolymers of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,506 to
E. A. Cross and G. S. Bright incorporated herein by reference. The
polyoxyalkylene glycol copolymers have an average molecular weight of
about 300 to about 15,000. The polyoxyalkylene diamines have an average
molecular weight of 500 to 18,000. The preferred copolymers contain from
about 50 to 75 parts by weight of propoxy groups and from 25 to 50 parts
by weight of ethoxy groups and have an average molecular weight of from
about 1500 to about 10,000. These copolymers are sold by Witco Chemical
Company as Witbreak DPG.RTM.-15. Witbreak DPG.RTM.-15 contains about 75 to
90 parts by weight of propoxy groups and from about 25 to 10 parts by
weight ethoxy groups. The preferred polyoxyalkylene diamine has an average
molecular weight of about 3000 to 12,000, comprises 75 to 90 parts by
weight propoxy groups and 25 to 10 parts by weight ethoxy groups and is
sold by Petrolite Industrial Chemicals as Tolad.RTM. 9302.
The copolymer is employed in an effective amount to substantially increase
the resistance of the grease composition to water. The amount will vary
according to the substituents of the polyurea component. In general 0.1
parts by weight to 5.0 parts by weight of copolymer per hundred parts by
weight of the finished grease represents the extremes of the polymer
content. A more useful range of about 0.1 to 0.6 parts by weight of
copolymer produces greases which have good properties and consistently
pass water resistance tests and therefore are preferred.
The base oil forming the major component of the grease composition may be
any oil having lubricating characteristics. Any conventionally refined
base stocks derived from paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed mineral oil base
crudes can be employed. In general, the naphthenic or paraffinic base oils
or their blends will have Saybolt Universal viscosities in the range of
from about 35 seconds to 300 seconds at 210.degree. F. When a lubricating
oil blend is employed in the grease making process, the oils may be
blended as they are being used or they may be blended separately
beforehand. The preferred mineral base oils are those having Saybolt
Universal viscosities in the range of from about 67 seconds to about 87
seconds at 210.degree. F.; they may be blends of lighter or heavier oils
in the lubricating oil viscosity range.
This invention is shown by way of Example.
EXAMPLE 1
Comparative
A grease kettle was charged With 14.0 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 (600
[email protected]. F.) and 3.7 lbs diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
After heating and mixing under a shear pressure of 100-110 psi, 3.8 lbs
octadecylamine and 0.4 lbs ethylenediamine were added and the mixture
thickened immediately. The resulting grease was heated with stirring for 3
hours at 375.degree. F. Then, 11.1 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 and grease
additives were added slowly to the grease. An NLGI Grade No. 1 grease with
a 488.degree. F. dropping point, worked penetration of 347 and 10,000
stroke penetration of 357 was recovered. This grease absorbed 80% water.
EXAMPLE 2
A grease kettle was charged with 14.0 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 (600
[email protected]. F.) and 3.7 lbs diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
After heating and mixing under a shear pressure of 100-110 psi, 3.8 lbs
octadecylamine and 0.4 lbs ethylenediamine were added and the mixture
thickened immediately. The resulting grease was heated with stirring for 3
hours at 375.degree. F. Then, 10.9 lbs solvent neutral oil 600, 0.2 lbs
copolymer (DPG.RTM.-15) and other additives were added slowly to the
grease. An NLGI Grade No. 1 grease with a 527.degree. F. dropping point,
worked penetration of 308 and 10,000 stroke penetration of 337 was
recovered. This grease absorbed 55% water.
EXAMPLE 3
A grease charged with 14.0 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 (600
[email protected]. F.) and 3.7 lbs diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate.
After heating and mixing under a shear pressure of 100-110 psi, 3.8 lbs
octadecylamine, 0.4 lbs ethylenediamine and 0.2 lbs copolymer
(DPG.RTM.-15) were added and the mixture thickened immediately. The
resulting grease was heated with stirring for 3 hours at 375.degree. F.
Then, 10.9 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 and grease additives were added
slowly to the grease. An NLGI Grade No. 2 grease with a 531.degree. F.
dropping point, worked penetration of 255 and 10,000 stroke penetration of
315 was recovered. This grease absorbed 25% water.
EXAMPLE 4
A grease kettle was charged 14.0 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 (600
[email protected]. F.) and 3.7 lbs diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate. After
heating and mixing under a shear pressure of 100-110 psi, 3.8 lbs
octadecylamine and 0.4 lbs ethylenediamine were added and the mixture
thickened immediately. The resulting grease was heated with stirring for 3
hours at 375.degree. F. Then, 10.9 lbs solvent neutral oil 600, 0.2 lbs
Tolad.RTM.9302 and other additives were added slowly to the grease. An
NLGI Grade No. 2 grease with a 560.degree. F. dropping point, worked
penetration of 293 and 10,000 stroke penetration of 330 was recovered.
This grease absorbed 70% water.
EXAMPLE 5
A grease kettle was charged 14.0 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 (600
[email protected]. F.), 0.2 lbs Tolad.RTM.9302 and 3.7 lbs
diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate. After heating and mixing under a shear
pressure of 100-110 psi, 3.8 lbs octadecylamine and 0.4 lbs
ethylenediamine were then added and the mixture thickened immediately. The
resulting grease was heated with stirring for 3 hours at 375.degree. F.
Then, 10.9 lbs solvent neutral oil 600 and other additives were added
slowly to the grease. An NLGI Grade No. 2 grease with a 562.degree. F.
dropping point, worked penetration of 287 and 10,000 stroke penetration of
320 was recovered. This grease absorbed 45% water.
Grease compositions were formed as described above. The composition had the
following compositions and properties:
______________________________________
Comp.
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5
______________________________________
Components:
Weight %
SNO 600 71.70 71.20 71.20 71.20 71.20
Octadecylamine
10.98 10.98 10.98 10.98 10.98
Ethylenediamine
1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19
Additives 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
15G .RTM. 0 0.50 0.50 0 0
Tolad .RTM. 9302
0 0 0 0.50 0.50
Inspections:
Dropping Point, .degree.F.
488 527 531 560 562
Penetration
Unworked 325 275 215 275 250
Worked
60 347 308 255 293 287
10K 357 337 315 330 320
100K 373 353 330 337 325
% Change 7.5 14.6 29.4 15.0 13.2
(60 vs 100K)
Water Absorption,
80 55 25 70 55
Wt %
Worked Penetration
Original 317 287 230 283 268
Wet 335 313 268 309 302
Rust Prevention,
1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 3-3-3 3-3-3
5% SSW
Copper Corrosion
1a 1a 1a 1a 1a
PDSC, Temp. Prog.
First Deviation, .degree.C.
217 215 217 206 226
Extrapolated 264.1 262.4 262.8 262.7 263.8
Onset, .degree.C.
______________________________________
TABLE OF COMPOUNDS
SNO 600 lubricating oil - 600 Saybolt @ 100.degree. F.
15G .RTM.
copolymer of polyoxyethylene glycol and
polyoxypropylene glycol
Tolad .RTM. 9302
polyoxyalkylene diamine
TABLE OF TEST METHODS
Dropping Point ASTM D-2265-88 Equivalent
Water Absorption Texaco Test SP-344
Rust Prevention ASTM D-1743, Modified
(5% Synthetic Sea Water - SSW)
Copper corrosion ASTM D-4048
PDSC, Temp. Prog. Pressure Differential
Scanning Calorimetry
NLGI Grease Classification ASTM D-217
NLGI Grade No. 1 - 310 to 340 Penetration
NLGI Grade No. 2 - 265 to 295 Penetration
NLGI Grade No. 3 - 220 to 250 Penetration
______________________________________
While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will
be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since
many modifications may be made, and it is, therefore, contemplated to
cover by the appended claims any such modifications as fall within the
true spirit and scope of the invention. | 2C
| 10 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Please refer to FIG. 4 to FIG. 6. FIG. 4 to FIG. 6 are cross sectional
diagrams of a method for forming a CMOS transistor 70 on a semiconductor
wafer 40 according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the
semiconductor wafer 40 comprises a silicon substrate 42, a p-well 44
positioned on the substrate 42, an n-well 46 positioned on the substrate
42 adjacent to the p-well 44, a gate 50 positioned on the p-well 44 to
form an NMOS transistor 66 of the CMOS transistor 70, a gate 51 positioned
on the n-well 46 to form a PMOS transistor 68 of the CMOS transistor 70,
and a field oxide layer 48 positioned on the p-well 44 and the n-well 46
that surrounds the gates 50, 51 and serves as an insulation layer.
In the method for forming the present invention CMOS transistor 70, a thin
film deposition process is performed using a CVD method to deposit a
silicon dioxide layer on the surface of the semiconductor wafer 40. Then,
an etching-back process is performed to remove the silicon dioxide layer
down to the surface of the n-well 46 and the p-well 44, leaving each of
the two lateral surfaces of each of the two gates 50, 51 with only a
residual layer of silicon dioxide. These residual silicon dioxide layers
form spacers 54. The thickness W.sub.1 of the spacer 54 is about 200-300
angstroms at the face of the substrate 42, i.e., on the surface of the
p-well 44 and the n-well 46. The spacers 54 are used to adjust positions
of doped regions in the NMOS transistor 66 and PMOS transistor 68 that are
subsequently formed. A photolithographic process is performed to form a
photoresist layer on the areas that are outside of the region
predetermined to form the PMOS transistor 68. Using the gate 51 and the
spacer 54 as hard masks, an ion implantation process is performed to dope
p-type dopants into the n-well 46 so as to form a pair of HDD 52 of the
PMOS transistor 68, oppositely adjacent to and abutting the spacer 54. The
p-type dopants are chosen from group IIIA, such as boron or BF.sub.2.sup.+
atoms. The photoresist layer is then stripped.
As shown in FIG. 5, a clean process is performed using RCA standard clean
solution or dilute HF (DHF) solution to reduce the thickness of the spacer
54. The thickness W.sub.2 of the spacer 54 is reduced to 100-200 angstroms
at the face of the substrate, that is, on the surface of the p-well 44 and
n-well 46. A photolithographic process is performed to form a photoresist
layer on the areas that are outside of the region predetermined to form
the NMOS transistor 66. Using the gate 50 and the spacer 54 as hard masks,
an ion implantation process is performed to dope n-type dopants into the
p-well 44 so as to form a pair of HDD 56 of the NMOS transistor 66,
oppositely adjacent to and abutting the spacer 54. The n-type dopants are
chosen from group VA, such as phosphorous or arsenic atoms. The
photoresist layer is then stripped.
Because the spacers 54 are thinner when forming the HDD 56, the channel
length of the NMOS transistor 66 will be less than that of the PMOS
transistor 68. This is shown in FIG. 5 as the HDD 52 of the PMOS
transistor 68 no longer abuts the spacers 54. In this way the channel
lengths of the transistors 66, 68 can be adjusted relative to each other.
Also, in this manner, the differing diffusion values of the dopants in the
HDD 56 and the HDD 52 can be taken into account.
After the formation of the HDD 56, 52 of the NMOS transistor 66 and the
PMOS transistor 68, a dry etching process or a wet etching process is
optionally performed to strip the spacers 54. The spacers 54 can, however,
be kept to combine with a liner oxide in the subsequent process. In the
present invention embodiment, the spacers 54 are kept.
As shown in FIG. 6, CVD processes are performed to deposit a silicon oxide
layer and a silicon nitride layer onto the semiconductor wafer 40. A dry
etching process is performed to remove the silicon nitride layer and the
silicon oxide layer down to the surface of the p-well 44 and the n-well
46, leaving each of the two lateral surfaces of each of the two gates 50,
51 with only residual layers of silicon oxide and silicon nitride. These
residual layers form liner oxides 58 and spacers 60. As before, a
photoresist layer is formed over the surface of the semiconductor wafer
40, except in the region of the PMOS transistor 68. Using the gate 51 and
the spacers 60 as hard masks, an ion implantation process is performed on
the n-well 46 to form a pair of p-type doped regions 64 in the substrate
42, oppositely adjacent to and abutting the spacer 60. The doped regions
64 form the source/drain for the PMOS transistor 68. The photoresist layer
is then stripped. Another photoresist layer is formed on the areas that
are outside of the NMOS transistor 66. Using the gate 50 and the spacers
60 as hard masks, an ion implantation process is performed on the p-well
44 to form an n-type doped region 62, oppositely adjacent to and abutting
the spacers 60. The doped regions 62 form the source/drain of the NMOS
transistor 66. The photoresist layer is then stripped.
Please refer to FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a cross sectional diagram of a CMOS
transistor 70 according to the present invention in which the doped
regions 62, 64 and the HDD 52, 56 have become diffused. After the
formation of the CMOS transistor 70, some thermal processes may be
performed on the semiconductor wafer 40. These thermal processes will
result in diffusion of the dopants in the HDD 52, 56 and the doped regions
62, 64. Spacers 54 are formed adjacent to the present invention gates 50,
51 of the CMOS transistor 70 and are used to control the positions of the
doped regions. A sufficient distance is maintained in the channel length
of the CMOS transistor 70 so as to prevent short channel effects. In the
present invention method, an ion implantation process is performed first
to form a doped region for the PMOS transistor 68. Then a clean process is
performed to reduce the thicknesses of the spacers 54. Then another ion
implantation process is performed to form another doped region for the
NMOS transistor 66. Since this method uses the different thicknesses of
the spacers 54 as hard masks in the two ion implantation processes, the
positions of the doped regions can be controlled by the spacers. Also, the
different diffusion rates of the NMOS transistor 66 and the PMOS
transistor 68 can be balanced, and the channel length can be kept to
design specifications so as to prevent short channel effects.
Additionally, when the doped regions 64 of the PMOS transistor 68 have
become diffused, the area of drain under the gate 51 is less than that of
the prior art. Hence, overlap capacitance between the gate and the drain
is reduced and the electrical performance of the CMOS transistor is
improved.
In the present invention method for forming the CMOS transistor, an
alternative method may also be used to adjust the positions of the doped
regions of the NMOS transistor and the PMOS transistor. First, an ion
implantation process is performed on the p-well to form a pair of doped
regions in the substrate oppositely adjacent to and abutting the gate of
the NMOS transistor. Then, spacers are formed on both lateral surfaces of
the two gates. Another ion implantation process is performed on the n-well
to form another pair of doped regions oppositely adjacent to and abutting
the spacers of the PMOS transistor. By using the spacers as hard masks in
the ion implantation process, this method also adjusts the HDD distances
in the PMOS transistor and in the NMOS transistor, so as to balance the
different diffusion rates of the dopants in the NMOS transistor and in the
PMOS transistor.
In contrast to the prior art method for forming the CMOS transistor, extra,
exterior spacers are formed on both lateral faces of the two gates of the
CMOS transistor. By controlling the thicknesses of the spacers, the doped
areas of the HDD and the doped regions can be adjusted and the diffusion
rate of the dopants in the NMOS transistor and in the PMOS transistor can
be balanced. As a result, short channel effects in the CMOS transistor can
be prevented.
Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications
and alterations of the device may be made while retaining the teachings of
the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as
limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims. | 7H
| 01 | L |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of the systems and methods described herein include the use of a heating element having a thermal barrier for directing heat transfer from the de-icing heating element toward the skin of an aircraft and away from the internal structure of the aircraft. The thermal barrier is formed by structures creating a layer of air between the heating element and the internal structure of the aircraft.
Alternative embodiments of the system described herein include a heating element with an outer heater skin on one side and a thermal barrier on the other side for attaching to the outside surface of the structural skin of an aircraft. The outer heater skin is non-structural and is designed for maintainability and finish. The heater skin may be formed from metal, plastic, composite materials, or a wide range of non-structural materials.
If the heating element108is in physical contact with either the internal structures100, skin102inFIG. 1Aor skin106inFIG. 1B, described in more detail below, heat transfer will typically occur from the heating element108to internal structures that do not need to be heated, in addition to the outer skin to be heated for ice prevention or removal. A certain portion of the thermal energy produced by the heating element108will be transferred to the skin106of the aircraft or heater skin layer112resulting in the prevention of ice accumulation and proper performance of the aircraft, however the inefficiency of the system will require more power from the aircraft power systems than would otherwise be necessary.
The inefficiency results because another portion of thermal energy will be transferred from the back of the heating element108into the internal structure100of the aircraft and away from the skin where ice accumulation is likely to occur. Since the internal structure100is often formed from metal or other thermally conductive materials, the internal structure100may act as a heat sink, rapidly conducting thermal energy away from the skin of the aircraft and dissipating it in the much larger internal structure. In such a scenario, a large portion of the thermal energy generated by the heating element may be lost to dissipation in the internal structure of the aircraft, greatly increasing the power requirements of the heating element required to meet safety regulations for de-icing systems and necessitating the use of more expensive electrothermal heating components.
Since the de-icing systems are required to meet certain levels of de-icing capability, thermal energy lost to the internal structure of the aircraft results in the selection of heating elements that produce more thermal energy than would otherwise be necessary. This in turn requires more power from the aircraft power systems than would be necessary in a more efficient design with a smaller heating element. Potential upgrades to aircraft power systems to meet de-icing demands also may increase the weight of an aircraft and thereby the cost of its operation. Similarly, increases in efficiency in the heating element may allow the reduction in size of aircraft power systems resulting in reduced weight and expense in the aircraft.
A number of designs have been utilized to reduce the transfer of thermal energy from the heating element108away from the aircraft skin. These designs often include heating elements108with a layer of thermally-insulating materials disposed between the active electrothermal heating element and the internal structure100of the aircraft. By slowing heat transfer in the direction of the internal structure100, the addition of the insulating layer causes a higher percentage of the thermal energy generated by the heating element to flow to the aircraft skin for preventing ice accumulation.
Despite the improved efficiency and operation of the heating elements that incorporate the insulating layers, these materials add weight to the heating element, thus increasing the overall weight of the aircraft and increasing the cost of its operation. They also add complexity and expense to the manufacturing process. The improved heating element described herein addresses these limitations by utilizing air and an improved heating element design to reduce heat transfer from the heating element to the internal structure100of the aircraft. At the same time it is less complex to make and install, adds less to the weight of the aircraft, and allows the drainage of condensation and other liquid from the insulating layer.
Referring now toFIGS. 1A and 1B, partial cross-sectional views of a wing of an aircraft are depicted. The embodiments of the thermal insulation barrier shown in these Figures are incorporated into the wing; however the thermal insulation barrier described herein could also be incorporated into other aircraft structures susceptible to ice accumulation.
FIG. 1Adepicts a partial cross-section of a wing, specifically the leading edge of the wing where ice accumulation is most severe and has the most undesirable consequences on aircraft performance. The thermal insulation barrier may be utilized on other areas of the aircraft in a similar manner to that shown here for the wing.
The wing has an internal airframe structure100comprised typically of ribs, spars and internal skin elements, although the internal structure of the wing is not part of or limiting of the thermal insulation barrier described herein. The wing structure may also include slats or other moving or extending structures on the leading edge of the wing not shown in the figures. The airframe structure100may be fully or partially covered by a internal skin102. The internal structure100and skin102of the wing is often entirely or partially formed from metal or other materials susceptible to dissipation of heat applied to the skin of the aircraft.
The airframe of the aircraft also includes a structural skin106. In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 1A, the heating element104is applied to the interior surface of skin106to provide heat to the skin106for heating it and shedding ice. The heating element104comprises an electrothermal heater108, a thermal barrier110and a heater skin. The electrothermal heater108is separated from the internal structures100and102of the wing by thermal barrier110. The thermal barrier110reduces heat transfer from the electrothermal heater108to the internal structures100and102of the airframe. A heater skin may be provided between the heating element108and the inside surface of skin106.
FIG. 1Bdepicts a partial cross-section of a wing with a heating element104disposed on the outer surface of structural skin106. In this embodiment the heating element is located outside the airframe of the aircraft.
In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 1B, the structural skin106of the aircraft, comprising part of the airframe, is disposed over the internal airframe structure100. The heating element104comprises a heater skin layer112, an electrothermal heating layer108and a thermal insulation barrier layer110. The heater skin layer112does not provide structural support for the airframe but is designed for maintainability and finish. It may be formed from metal, plastic, composite materials or any similar material suitable for the application.
Referring now toFIG. 2, a detailed exploded cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the structure of a wing of an aircraft incorporating an embodiment of the thermal insulation barrier is depicted. The cross-sectional view is along the axis and in the direction specified by area2-2shown onFIG. 1B. The electrothermal heater108is disposed between and in contact with the heater skin112and the thermal barrier110. The thermal barrier110separates the electrothermal heater108from the internal structure100and skin106of the airframe. The airframe of the aircraft, in this situation skin106, supports the heating element104. A single electrothermal heater104is depicted inFIG. 2, but in typical applications multiple electrothermal heaters104would be disposed on the internal structure100, separated by filler strips200.
Each heating element104comprises an electrothermal heating layer or element108which is encased in a protective mat, or covering,202. The protective mat, or covering, comprises a first sheet205and a second sheet206. A plurality of heater supports204are disposed on the inner surface, or sheet,206of the mat202for supporting the heating element104adjacent to the outer skin112and separating it from the internal structure100and skin106. The area between mat202and skin106or internal structure100that is not filled by the supports204is filled with air. This layer of air and the supports204comprise thermal barrier110. The heater supports204are sufficiently rigid and non-compressible to maintain a desired separation between the skin106or internal structure100and the heating element108, and to support the areas of the heater skin112located directly adjacent to the heating elements104.
The mats may be formed of any suitable material such as plastic, rubber, silicone, or similar materials. In an embodiment of the heating element, the heater skin and supports are formed from uncured silicone sheets which are then cured into the desired shape. The uncured silicone sheets may be formed into the desired shape with the supports by vacuum forming the sheet over a metal form. In one embodiment, the form may be a perforated metallic sheet that creates supports at each perforation.
Some embodiments may have a layer of an insulating material such as glass beads or epoxy adhered to the inner surface206of the mat202that creates an insulating layer between the heating element104and the internal structure100. As previously mentioned, insulating layers of this type are not optimal for reasons of weight, cost and complexity. An alternative insulating layer is desirable for providing the insulating effect while avoiding extra weight and complexity.
The heater supports204described herein facilitate efficient heat transfer to the outer skin102while adding little weight, complexity or expense to the design of the aircraft. The volumes between the heating element, the heater supports and the internal structure of the aircraft define an air-filled insulating layer to reduce heat transfer to the internal structure of the aircraft. In embodiments, the air is trapped within the volumes, as reduced circulation will increase the insulating effect of the air layer.
The extra weight of the heater supports204is minimal and most of the volume of the insulating layer is composed of air and adds no weight to the aircraft. The air provides a good thermal insulator to reduce heat transfer in the direction of the internal structure100. The air layer also provides a space for condensation and other liquids to drain down through the wing structure.
Referring now toFIG. 3, a perspective view of an embodiment of the thermal insulation barrier is depicted. In this embodiment, the heater supports are cylindrical, with a circular cross-section when viewed along an axis perpendicular to the surface of mat202. Depending on the material used for the supports, the sizes and shapes of supports may vary in other embodiments of the thermal insulation barrier. Depending on the material used and the size of the supports, the separation between the supports may also vary in embodiments of the invention.
The thicknesses for the various layers may vary depending on the circumstances in which the heating element will be utilized and the materials utilized for each element. A thicker layer provides a greater barrier to heat transfer, but also takes more space in the aircraft that is necessary for the internal structure of the aircraft. Thinner sheets require less wattage in the heating element by allowing greater transfer to the skin of the aircraft, but would require more supports to provide adequate support to the heating element. Also increasing the radius of curvature of the skin creates a stiffer skin that requires fewer supports. As a result, the specific design of the supports and the thickness of the protective mat will depend on the application in which the heating element is utilized.
Referring now toFIG. 4, a detail cross-sectional view of a portion of an embodiment of the thermal insulation barrier is depicted. Specifically, the figure depicts the cross-section of a single heater support204and the protective mat202. The electrothermal heater108and heater skin112are not depicted. In the depicted embodiment the support204is a solid cylinder of the mat material. In other embodiments the support may be hollow in the center, and may also be open on one or both ends.
In some embodiments of the heater, the plurality of support members comprise a plurality of columns, sometimes with a polygonal cross-section as shown inFIG. 5or a circular cross-section as shown inFIG. 3. In other embodiments, the plurality of support members comprise a plurality of ridges extending laterally across the mat inFIG. 7or a plurality of pyramids as shown inFIG. 6.
Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not depart from its scope. A skilled artisan may develop alternative means of implementing the aforementioned improvements without departing from the scope of the present invention.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. Not all steps listed in the various figures need be carried out in the specific order described.
| 1B
| 64 | D |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is elucidated with
reference to the accompanying drawings FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.
As shown in these drawings, first stationary contact holder 1 having a
first stationary contact 2 and a second stationary contact holder 8 having
a second stationary contact 7 are disposed parallel and in opposite
directions to each other. A pair of parallel disposed moving contact arms,
namely a first moving contact arm 4 and a second moving contact arm 5 are
pivoted by a pin 10 to a driving member 120. The first moving contact arm
4 and the second moving contact arm 5 are electrically connected by a
flexible conductor 16, for instance braided wires 16c whose both ends are
hardened by, for instance, high temperature heating and pressing, to form
hard end parts 16a and 16b. Alternatively, the hardened parts 16a and 16b
may be hardened by silver-soldering. The hardened ends of the braided
wires are electrically and mechanically fixed by welding or
silver-soldering to the upper edge parts near the pivoted ends of the
first moving contact arm 4 and the second moving contact arm 5,
respectively. Thus, the first and second moving contact arms 4, 5 are held
movably above the first stationary contact holder 1 and the second
stationary contact holder 8, in a manner that the first moving contact 3
and the second moving contact 6 contact the first stationary contact 2 and
the second stationary contact 7, respectively, when the moving contact
arms 4, 5 are driven down by a known driving member (not shown). The
moving contact arms 4, 5 are movably pivoted by a pin 10. A torsion spring
11 is provided being coupled at one end thereof to a part of the first
moving contact arm 4, at the other end to an arm 121 of a driving member
120, and at its middle wound part to the pin 10, thereby urging the first
moving contact arm 4 downward to the first stationary contact 2 so as to
provide a contact pressure therebetween. Similarly, the other torsion
spring 17 is provided being coupled to a part of the second moving contact
arm 5, the other arm 121' of the driving member 120, and the wound medium
part around the pin 10, thereby urging the second moving contact arm 5
downward to the second stationary contact 7 so as to provide another
contact pressure therebetween. The above-mentioned components are
assembled on a base casing 12 which is made of an insulative plastic
material. The base casing 12 has a partition wall 15 thereon to define a
first arc extinguishing space 13 on one side thereof and a second arc
extinguishing space 14 on the other side thereof.
The driving member 120 is linked to a known driving mechanism, such as a
tripping mechanism or a remote driving electromagnet, through a known
cross bar 123. Usually, the cross bar 123 links similar driving members of
three similar circuit breakers of three phases.
The above-mentioned general double break type circuit breaker operates as
follows. To close the circuit breaker, the moving contact arms 4, 5 are
driven counter-clockwise by the driving member 120 to the closing state,
wherein the first moving contact 3 and the second moving contact 6 contact
the first stationary contact 2 and the second stationary contact 7,
respectively. Then, the current flows from the first stationary contact
holder 1, through the first stationary contact 2, the first moving contact
3, the first moving contact arm 4, the flexible conductor 16, the second
moving contact arm 5, the second moving contact 6, the second stationary
contact 7 and to the second stationary contact holder 8, or in the
opposite direction to the above. To break the circuit, the moving contact
arms 4, 5 are driven in clockwise direction in the drawings by the known
driving mechanism. Then, the moving contacts 3 and 6 depart from the
stationary contacts 2, 7, respectively, and arcs are generated between the
parting contacts 3 and 2 as well as the other parting contacts 6 and 7.
Since the two contact pairs 3-2 and 6-7 are each isolated by the partition
wall 15 and the distance of twice length of the moving contact arms 4, 5,
the two arcs generated by the contact pairs are each isolated, and hence
are in series-connected relation. Therefore, total length of the arc
columns is as long as twice of that of the single contact type breaker.
According to the above-mentioned configuration of the present invention,
since the first moving contact arm 4 and the second moving contact arm 5
are pivoted separately from each other on a pin 10, urged by respective
contact pressure springs 11 and 17 and are connected with each other by
the flexible conductor (such as the braided wires 16c), both the moving
contact arms 4 and 5 are freely movable from each other in a rotational
way around the pin 10 (or vertically) in the direction to apply contact
pressure to the stationary contacts 3 and 6, respectively, in a left or
right direction slightly, and even obliquely, slightly, from the vertical
face of the moving contact arms 4, 5 when a predetermined tolerance is
provided between the pin 10 and the holes on the moving contact arms 4, 5.
A stable and appropriate impression of contact pressure from the moving
contacts 3 and 6 to the stationary contacts 2 and 7, respectively, is
achievable.
Furthermore, since the first and the second moving contact arms 4 and 5 are
electrically connected by a flexible conductor 16, such as the braided
wires, at the opposite end parts to the moving parts where the moving
contact points are fixed, namely at the distant part from the contact
pairs 3-2 and 6-7, substantially the total length of the moving contact
arms 4 and 5 can be utilized as insulation distance between the two arcs.
Furthermore, by welding or soldering the hardened end parts 16a, 16b of the
flexible conductor 16c at the upper edges of the above-mentioned opposite
end parts of the moving contact arms 4 and 5, the flexible conductor 16 is
short and straight without forced sharp bending and hence can smoothly
follow the movement of the moving contact arms 4, 5. Therefore, the welded
part or soldered part has large and stable strength for long service time.
Although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a
certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present
disclosure of the preferred form has been changed in the details of
construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted
to without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as
hereinafter claimed. | 7H
| 01 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1, taken from U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,210, is a side view of a circuit
breaker structure used according to the preferred embodiment of the
invention. It shows a one-pole circuit breaker with its handle 37
protruding outside of the housing 2. U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,210 is
incorporated-by-reference in order to provide a full description of the
internal parts of the circuit breaker, that it be the operating mechanism
27 (including a contact arm 31 used for moving the movable contact 23 away
from the stationary contact 21, in a conventional manner), or the housing
(shown opened, by its four freed fixing pins 12, and having a flat surface
FS out of which the handle 37 is shown protruding). Handle 37 is shown in
one of two opposite positions (ON and OFF) with the front side FRS
inclined at an angle toward the upper flat surface FS of the housing 2.
The opposite position with its front side FRS' is shown in dotted line.
As shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C, according to the preferred embodiment of the
present invention, upon the flat surface FS of the circuit breaker of FIG.
1 is placed and mounted flush thereon, a linkage member LM having
underneath a flat surface FS' and provided at one end with a cavity CS,
specially designed so as to contain the protruding portion of the handle
37, whether it be in its open, or in its closed position. At its other
end, the linkage member possesses an extension which serves as a handhold
portion HLD to handle the linkage member by sliding it along the flat
surface FS so as to push, or pull, the handle into, or out of, its closed
position. Such handhold portion has a recess RC which permits the
insertion of a finger, or a thumb, while the front end FND of the linkage
member allows the operator to grasp with it the linkage member and to
actuate it slidably, forward or backward.
The cavity CS has a squared section (shown in FIG. 2C) open at both ends 8
and 9. Upward, end 8 allows to see, by the position of the upper face 7 of
the handle 37 how it actually stands, OPEN or CLOSED, depending upon on
which side it has been stably shifted by rotation of the contact arm.
Downward, is an opening 9 in the flat surface FS' which is larger than the
upper opening 8. From two opposite break lines 11 and 11', the square
section is widening along inclined faces 10 and 10' reaching the opening
9. This widening accommodates the round base of the handle 37. Thus, the
sectional difference within cavity CS establishes at the junction opposite
inner edges 11 and 11'. The handle has a circular transversal hole 20.
Aligned with it, the linkage member has a somewhat larger hole 21 disposed
laterally across the sidewalls of the cavity CS, on both sides. When it is
pulled to the right, the linkage member will engage by its inner edge 11
the arm 37 and cause it to be moved to the right, the final position being
shown in FIG. 2A. Conversely, when pushing linkage member LM to the left,
the other edge 11' will engage handle 37 and cause the circuit breaker to
adopt the opposite position. A knurled pin 100 is passed across the holes
20 and 21 in order to hold together the linkage member and the handle,
while maintaining the handle inside cavity CS. The lateral hole 21 of the
linkage member is somewhat larger than the handle transversal hole 20 and
elongated in a direction normal to the flat surface FS'. This has been
chosen in order to allow the pin, bound by the handle hole 20, to follow
the arcuate trajectory imposed to it when the handle rotates from one
position to the other. The two extreme circles defining hole 21 correspond
to the two resulting extreme higher and lower positions of the pin in
motion. Although, not shown, the pin is knurled to hold it in place.
As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the cross dimensions of the linkage member are
within the limits 71 and 72 of the flat surface FS of the housing of the
circuit breaker.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the linkage member LM taken in the
middle plane thereof. The recess RC appears to be defined by a sidewall
having a circular edge 16 and by a cylindrical bottom surface 15. The
latter is shown having a series of equally spaced ridges 14 of minimal
height, just enough to create a braking barrier against sliding for a
finger or a thumb applying a parallel forces against the curved surface
15, whether it be to the right, or to the left. Cavity CS appears with its
upper opening 8 and its wider lower opening 9 due to the opposite widening
inclined walls 10 and 10'. The narrower upper portion defined by opposite
vertical walls 13 and 13' forms a squared column ending upwardly with the
opening 8. Laterally are two inner holes 21, both as shown FIG. 3. The
inner holes have opposite circular ends of respective centers C1 and C2.
The vertical distance between centers C1 and C2 defines the play allowed
in relation to the arcuate trajectory of the transversal pin moving with
the handle 37.
FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are front, top and side views of the linkage member LM,
with the same specific dimensions as in FIG. 3 being given as an example
for the preferred embodiment.
These dimensions are summarized in the following table:
TABLE
______________________________________
(all Dimensions in Inches)
______________________________________
LM length 1.843 width .625 height .344
RC bottom surface .625 radius
sidewall edge .625 radius
from upper surface to peak depth of
bottom edge: .188
CS upper opening: .376 .times. .440
lower opening: .376 .times. .706
radius from centers C1 and C2: .066
distance between C1 and C2: .045
vertical depth of edges 11 and 11':
.204 and .218, respectively
height of ridges 14: .016
distance between ridges 14: .098 (center to center)
Handle 37
(front side in stable position)
highest level above surface FS of front side: .344
distance between opposite front sides: .374
______________________________________
Several circuit breakers like the one shown in FIG. 1 may be placed side by
side in a cabinet, their upper surfaces appearing on a front panel with
the handles 37 regularly placed for an easy control and observation of
their status by the operator. According to the present invention, so many
linkage members such as earlier described will be placed on top of such
front panel, and such linkage member may have been designed with a height
permitting the panel to be closed.
Variations from the preferred embodiment just described can be made in
accordance with the present invention. For instance, instead of using
ridges as shown at 14, it is possible to apply on the bottom surface 14 of
the recess RC a layer of rough surface which will prevent the operator's
finger, or thumb, from gliding when an attempt to slide the linkage member
and control the circuit breaker handle 37 is effected.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are related to another embodiment of the invention, an
opening 90 has been provided at the bottom and in the center of the
recessed portion of the handhold HLD in order to expose the upper surface
FS of the circuit breaker holding as the linkage member LM is resting upon
it in position ON or OFF, or TRIPPED for the circuit breaker. As generally
known, between the opposite positions ON and OFF taken by the handle 37,
there is an intermediary position resulting from an internal automatic OFF
switching of the movable contact, called tripping. As shown in FIG. 5B,
between the opposite lines 71 and 72, the upper surface FS is colored
according to an international code in areas corresponding to these three
successive handle positions: red for the ON position (to the right in FIG.
5B), green for the OFF position (to the left in FIG. 5B) and white for
TRIPPED (in between). The frame of the window 90 projected on the surface
FS has been shown in dotted line. For the sake of clarity, the projection
of the opening CS under the opening 8 has also been shown in dotted line.
Other changes or modifications can be made without ceasing to be within the
scope of the present invention. | 7H
| 01 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring now toFIG. 1, the semiconductor device10according to the present embodiment is a DRAM that is integrated in a single semiconductor chip. As external terminals of the semiconductor device10, an address terminal11, a command terminal12, power-supply terminals13and14, a reset terminal15, a clock terminal16, and a data input/output terminal17are provided. While other terminals such as a data strobe terminal are provided in the semiconductor device10, these are omitted from the drawings.
The address terminal11is supplied with an address signal ADD. The address signal ADD is supplied to an address buffer21. The output signal ADD from the address buffer21is supplied to a row address latch circuit51and a column address latch circuit52. Among address signals ADD latched by the row address latch circuit51, a row address XADD is supplied to a row decoder62, and a column address YADD is supplied to a column decoder63.
The command terminal12is supplied with command signals COM including a row-address strobe signal RAS, a column-address strobe signal CAS, a write enable signal WE, and a chip select signal CS. These command signals COM are supplied to a command buffer31. These command signals COM supplied to the command buffer31are then supplied to a command decoder32. The command decoder32is a circuit that generates various types of internal commands such as ACT, READ, and WRITE by holding, decoding, and counting these command signals. The generated command signals are supplied to the row address latch circuit51, the column address latch circuit52, and the column decoder63.
The power-supply terminals13and14are supplied with a power-supply voltage VDD and a ground potential VSS, respectively. The power-supply voltage VDD and the ground potential VSS supplied to these power-supply terminals are then supplied to an internal-power-supply generating circuit91, and the internal-power-supply generating circuit91generates an internal voltage VPERI. Furthermore, the internal-power-supply generating circuit91also generates potentials for program signals PROG_A and PROG_B that are necessary for programming an anti-fuse described later.
The reset terminal15is supplied with a reset signal RESETB, which is activated at the time of turning the power on. The supplied reset signal RESETB is supplied to a fuse control circuit80.
The clock terminal16is supplied with an external clock signal CK. The external clock signal CK supplied to the clock terminal16is then supplied to an input buffer41and a DLL circuit42. The input buffer41generates an internal clock signal ICLK upon reception of the external clock signal CK. The DLL circuit42generates an internal clock signal LCLK, and the generated internal clock signal LCLK is supplied to an input/output buffer72.
The data input/output terminal17is a terminal that outputs read data DQ0to DQn and inputs write data DQ0to DQn, and is connected to the input/output buffer72. The input/output buffer72outputs read data synchronously with the internal clock signal LCLK at the time of a reading operation.
The row decoder62selects any of word lines WL included in a memory cell array61based on the row address XADD. A plurality of the word lines WL and a plurality of bit lines BL are intersecting each other in the memory cell array61, and memory cells MC are arranged at each of the intersections (only one word line WL, one bit line BL, and one memory cell MC are shown inFIG. 1). The bit line BL is connected to a corresponding sense amplifier SA in a sense circuit64.
The column address YADD is supplied to the column decoder63. The column decoder63selects any of the sense amplifiers SA included in the sense circuit64based on the column address YADD. The sense amplifier SA selected by the column decoder63is connected to a read/write amplifier71. The read/write amplifier71further amplifies read data amplified by the sense amplifier SA at the time of a reading operation, and the further amplified read data is supplied to the input/output buffer72. On the other hand, at the time of a writing operation, write data supplied from the input/output buffer72is amplified and the amplified write data is supplied to the sense amplifier SA.
The fuse control circuit80supplies a precharge signal PREB, a detection signal DETECT, and a bias voltage BIAS to an anti-fuse circuit94upon reception of the reset signal RESETB. Details of the fuse control circuit80are explained later.
The anti-fuse circuit94is constituted by a plurality of anti-fuse sets (AF sets)92and a plurality of latch circuits93. The internal voltage VPERI generated by the internal-power-supply generating circuit91is supplied to the anti-fuse circuit94.
Among the anti-fuse circuits94, the anti-fuse circuit94shown on the leftmost side ofFIG. 1is an anti-fuse circuit for power-supply adjustment, and its output is input to the internal-power-supply generating circuit91. Furthermore, the anti-fuse circuit94that is shown on the right side ofFIG. 1and is connected to a comparison circuit95is an anti-fuse circuit94for relieving row addresses. In addition, the anti-fuse circuit94that is shown second from the left side ofFIG. 1is an anti-fuse circuit for adjusting other functions.
The anti-fuse circuit94reads whether an anti-fuse element included in each of the anti-fuse sets92is programmed or not, based on the detection signal DETECT generated from the fuse control circuit80having received the reset signal RESETB, which is activated at the time of turning the power on, and the read result is held in each of the latch circuits93. Details of the anti-fuse circuit94are explained later.
Each piece of information held in each of the latch circuits93is respectively compared with each bit of the row address XADD by the comparison circuit95, and a hit signal HIT is activated when there is a match between the information and the bit. Thereafter, based on the hit signal HIT, a redundant row decoder66is operated simultaneously with stopping of an operation of the row decoder62corresponding to a matched row address, and a redundant memory cell65is selected. On the other hand, when there is no match between the information and the bit, the hit signal HIT is not activated, and thus an operation of the row decoder62corresponding to the row address is performed, and the redundant row decoder66is not operated. In this manner, a normal cell with a defect is replaced by a redundant cell.
Turing toFIG. 2, the fuse control circuit80is configured to include a control-signal generating unit801, a delay circuit802, and a bias generating circuit803.
The control-signal generating unit801generates the precharge signal PREB, the detection signal DETECT, and a first bias control signal BIAS_CONT1upon reception of the reset signal RESETB. The first bias control signal BIAS_CONT1is supplied to the delay circuit802. The delay circuit802outputs a second bias control signal BIAS_CONT2that is delayed for a predetermined time from the first bias control signal BIAS_CONT1. The first and second bias control signals BIAS_CONT1and BIAS_CONT2are supplied to the bias generating circuit803, and the bias generating circuit803combines the first and second bias control signals BIAS_CONT1and BIAS_CONT2and outputs the combined signal as the bias voltage BIAS. Specifically, the bias voltage BIAS is set to be a relatively low level upon activation of the first bias control signal BIAS_CONT1, and the bias voltage BIAS is set to be a relatively high level upon activation of the second bias control signal BIAS_CONT2.
Turing toFIG. 3, the anti-fuse readout circuit90is included in a predetermined anti-fuse set92shown inFIG. 1.
As shown inFIG. 3, the anti-fuse readout circuit90is configured to include a driver circuit901, a transistor-type anti-fuse902, a selective transistor (an N-type transistor)903, a precharge transistor (a P-type transistor)904, a bias transistor (a P-type transistor)905, and a detection circuit906. The first program signal PROG_A is input to the driver circuit901. In the anti-fuse902, a source electrode and a drain electrode are connected to a node B to which the second program signal PROG_B is supplied, and a gate electrode is connected to a node C to which an output from the driver circuit901is supplied. The selective transistor903is connected between a detection node A and the gate electrode of the anti-fuse902, and the detection signal DETECT is input to the gate electrode. The precharge transistor904is connected between the internal voltage VPERI (a power-supply line) and the detection node A, and the precharge signal PREB is input to a gate electrode of the precharge transistor904. In the bias transistor905, the bias voltage BIAS is input to a gate electrode. The detection circuit906detects the potential of the detection node A.
The detection circuit906includes an inverter INV that is serially connected between the internal voltage VPERI and the ground potential VSS. The inverter INV is constituted by a P-type transistor907and an N-type transistor908. An input terminal of the inverter INV is connected to the detection node A, and fuse latch data FLD is output from an output terminal of the inverter INV according to the potential of the detection node A.
The anti-fuse readout circuit90further includes a feedback transistor909(a P-type transistor) which is connected between the internal voltage VPERI (a power-supply line) and the bias transistor905and a discharge transistor910(an N-type transistor) which is connected between the detection node A and the ground potential VSS. The fuse latch data FLD is input to the gate electrode of the feedback transistor909and the gate electrode of the discharge transistor910.
In order to program the anti-fuse902in the anti-fuse readout circuit90with the above configuration, the first program signal PROG_A is set to a high voltage, and the second program signal PROG_B is set to a low voltage. With this setting, a gate dielectric film of the anti-fuse902is broken-down, thereby the node B and the node Care electrically connected (short-circuited), and the anti-fuse902is in a programmed state.
A reading operation of the anti-fuse902is explained next.
An outline of the reading operation is explained first. The present embodiment has a technical feature such that reading of the anti-fuse902is performed with two steps.
That is, at the first step, the supply of a bias current to an end (the node C) of each anti-fuse902is increased by reducing the potential of the bias voltage BIAS. Thereby, the anti-fuse902having a high conducting level is read first. Meanwhile because current draw amount is small relative to the current supply amount in the anti-fuse902having a low conducting level, the reading time of the anti-fuse902having a low conducting level becomes longer, or the reading itself becomes impossible. That is, the first step is a step of reading the anti-fuse902having a high conducting level.
The second step is a step where the potential of the bias voltage BIAS is increased so as to reduce the supply of a bias current to the end (the node C) of each anti-fuse902, thereby accelerating the reading of the anti-fuse902having a low conducting level.
Accordingly, any anti-fuse having either a high conducting level or a low conducting level can be read without any erroneous determination by these first and second steps.
The reading operation of the anti-fuse902is explained next with reference to a timing diagram ofFIG. 4.
First, the precharge signal PREB is activated to a low level for a predetermined period of time by activating the reset signal RESETB to a low level. By this activation, the precharge transistor904is turned on, and the detection node A is precharged to a VPERI level (a high level). After turning off the precharge transistor904, the level of the bias voltage BIAS is increased to some extent according to the first bias control signal BIAS_CONT1. Thereafter, the detection signal DETECT is activated to a high level. At this time, the driver circuit901is in an off-state, and the second program signal PROG_B is equal to the ground potential VSS.
In this state, when the anti-fuse902is non-programmed (that is, not being insulation broken-down), the detection node A is kept to be a high level, and thus the level of the detection node A does not become lower than an inversion level (a threshold value) of the inverter INV of the detection circuit906, and the fuse latch data FLD is settled to be a low level. That is, it is detected that the potential of the detection node A is at a high level and determined that the anti-fuse902is not programmed.
On the other hand, when the anti-fuse902is programmed, a current path is formed between the node B that is equal to the ground potential VSS and the feedback transistor909, via the bias transistor905and the selective transistor903. At this time, the level of the detection node A to which the anti-fuse902with a high conducting level (that is, its resistance is low) is connected is smoothly reduced to a low level, and this level quickly becomes lower than the inversion level (the threshold value) of the inverter INV of the detection circuit906(see “NODE A TO WHICH LOW RESISTANCE FUSE IS CONNECTED” inFIG. 4). Consequently, the fuse latch data FLD, which is an output of the detection circuit906, becomes a high level. In this manner, because the gate electrode of the feedback transistor909becomes a high level, the feedback transistor909becomes an off-state, and the supply of a current to the detection node A is stopped. Furthermore, because the discharge transistor910becomes an on-state, the potential of the detection node A is reduced to the ground potential VSS. Therefore, in the anti-fuse readout circuit90including the anti-fuse902with a high conducting level (that is, its resistance is low), the fuse latch data FLD as an output of the anti-fuse readout circuit90is settled to be a high level. That is, it is detected that the potential of the detection node A is at a low level and determined that the anti-fuse902is programmed.
In the state described above, an accurate determination has not been made yet for some anti-fuses902with a poor disconnection state (their conducting level is low) at the time when a period of time T1has elapsed.
When the anti-fuse902is programmed and its conducting level is low (that is, its resistance is high), a current path is formed between the node B that is equal to the ground potential VSS and the feedback transistor909, via the bias transistor905and the selective transistor903. However, in this state, because the conducting level of the anti-fuse902is low, the potential of the detection node A is hardly reduced. Therefore, in the time period T1, the potential of the detection node A cannot be lower than the inversion level (the threshold value) of the inverter INV, and thus the output of the inverter INV remains to be a low level. However, in the present embodiment, as the time period T1elapses from activation of the detection signal DETECT, the bias control signal BIAS_CONT2as an output of the delay circuit802(seeFIG. 2) becomes a high level, and correspondingly the level of the bias voltage BIAS is further increased. Accordingly, the current supplying capability of the bias transistor905is decreased, and thus the current supplied to the detection node A is reduced (becomes less). Therefore, it becomes easier to reduce the potential of the detection node A even with the anti-fuse902with a low conducting level, and thus, in a period of time T2, the potential of the detection node A can be lower than the inversion level of the inverter INV, and the fuse latch data FLD as an output of the anti-fuse readout circuit90can be set to a high level. Thereafter, similarly to the anti-fuse readout circuit90including the anti-fuse902with a high conducting level described above, in the anti-fuse readout circuit90including the anti-fuse902with a low conducting level, the gate electrode of the feedback transistor909becomes a high level, the feedback transistor909is in an off-state, the current supply to the detection node A is stopped, and the discharge transistor910is in an on-state, thereby reducing the potential of the detection node A to the ground potential VSS. Therefore, the fuse latch data FLD as an output of the anti-fuse readout circuit90is settled to be a high level. That is, it is detected that the potential of the detection node A is at a low level and determined that the anti-fuse902is programmed.
With the above configuration, an accurate determination can be made even for the anti-fuses902with a poor disconnection state (their conducting level is low) at the time when the time periods T1and T2have elapsed.
As described above, in the present embodiment, reading of the anti-fuse902is performed with two steps. That is, by setting the potential of the bias voltage BIAS from low to high (that is, the amount of a bias current to the detection node A is reduced in a stepwise manner), it is possible to read the state of each of the anti-fuses902in various conductive states without any erroneous determination.
In this connection, for example, when the bias voltage BIAS is set to a high level from an initial stage (that is, when the amount of a bias current to the detection node A is small), currents flow instantly in many anti-fuses902, and therefore there is a possibility of an erroneous determination due to the level of the node B (VSS) being up. Therefore, in the present embodiment, reading of the majority of the anti-fuses902is completed at the first step and the bias voltage BIAS is set to a high level only at the second step, thereby enabling to prevent occurrence of erroneous determinations due to the level of the node B being up.
Furthermore, because reading of the majority of the anti-fuses902is completed at the first step and reading of the rest of (a small number of) anti-fuses902is performed at the second step, the second time period T2is set to be shorter than the first time period T1.
When the bias voltage BIAS is maintained to be a low level by using along determination time, respective leakages of the anti-fuse readout circuit90including a non-programmed anti-fuse902(particularly, leakages due to the discharge transistor910) causes the potential level of the detection node A to be lower. Therefore, there is a possibility that even non-programmed anti-fuses902may be erroneously determined as programmed ones (see the level lowering of “NODE A TO WHICH NON-PROGRAMMED FUSE IS CONNECTED” inFIG. 4). Therefore, it is not preferable to have the time period T1to be excessively long. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the bias voltage BIAS is set to be high only at the second step so that a determination is made quickly before charge emissions due to the leakage during the time period T1ends.
Turning toFIG. 5, in the time period T2where the level of the bias voltage BIAS is increased, the potential of the detection node A to which the non-programmed anti-fuse902is connected is largely reduced as compared to the case in the time period T1, and the level is lowered to be close to an inversion level of the inverter INV at the end of the time period T2. In this sense, it is not preferable to set the time period T2to be excessively long. Therefore, it is necessary to set the time period T2to a time where the potential of the detection node A to which the anti-fuse902having a high resistance is connected can be lower than the inversion level of the inverter INV, and the potential of the detection node A to which the non-programmed anti-fuse902is connected can be maintained to be higher than the inversion level of the inverter INV.
It is apparent that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but may be modified and changed without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
For example, an anti-fuse circuit for relieving row addresses, an anti-fuse circuit for power-supply adjustment, and an anti-fuse circuit for adjusting other functions have been exemplified as the anti-fuse circuit according to the present invention; however, in the present invention, it is also possible to provide an anti-fuse circuit for relieving column addresses and anti-fuse circuits for adjusting still other functions.
In the above embodiment, while there has been explained an example where, in reading of the anti-fuse902, the bias voltage BIAS is applied at separated two steps, the steps can be separated for three or more, and changing of the reading is not limited to a stepwise manner and can be a continuous manner. Furthermore, as for the level of the bias voltage BIAS, it is not essential to change it from low to high, and for example, when an N-channel MOS transistor is used as a bias transistor, contrary to the explanations of the above embodiment, the level of the bias voltage BIAS can be changed from high to low.
| 6G
| 11 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to the field of shelters, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for an outdoor, aboveground shelter for protection from destructive weather that is relatively inexpensive to construct and transport. The present apparatus provides an improved weather shelter and the method provides an easy and inexpensive way of constructing the weather shelter.
Referring to FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the weather shelter 10 comprises dome 12 , base 14 , tie-bars 16 , tie-down rods 18 , and attachment means 20 . Base 14 can be made from materials such as concrete, reinforced concrete, stone, aggregates, asphalt or any relatively heavyweight, relatively strong, stable material. For example, in one embodiment, base 14 can be a 4 to 8 thick circular slab of concrete having a predetermined diameter depending on the desired final shelter size and use. Base 14 can have a slightly smaller diameter than dome 12 so that dome 12 extends over base 14 and the interior surface of dome 12 can be in contact with or be proximal to the circumferential edge (periphery) 5 of base 14 . The use of a slab adds weight to shelter 10 , helping to prevent shelter 10 from moving or blowing away in even the fiercest storm, such as a tornado. Base 14 either can constructed on site, or can be prefabricated and delivered to the site. Base 14 has a plurality of peripheral holes 30 or bolts 32 serving as the attachment means 20 for dome 12 . Base 14 also may have a central hole 28 to serve as an additional tie-down location.
Referring to FIG. 2 , dome 12 in one embodiment is a half-sphere or somewhat less than a half-sphere, unitary structure made of fiberglass, metal, plastic, Kevlar , carbon fiber or other relatively lightweight, relatively strong material. Dome 12 has door 22 with hinges 24 and handle 26 for entry and exit.
Referring to FIG. 3 , which is a front elevational view of shelter 10 with door 22 open, and FIG. 4 , which is a side cross-sectional view of shelter 10 as shown in FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, door 22 has hinges 24 on the top edge of door 22 and reversibly closes doorway 48 by securing door 22 to the remainder of dome 12 by a sealant material such as, for example, a Velcro hook and loop type of is fastener, a zipper or zippers, snaps, hooks and eyes, or the like. Handle 26 allows the user to open and close doorway 48 . It is understood that a single or a plurality of hinges can function as hinges 24 and that a simple opening can function as doorway 48 .
As disclosed above, the periphery of door 22 and doorway 48 , which can include the part of base 14 immediately below door 22 , are partially or completely surrounded with a reclosable sealant material fastener such as a Velcro hook and loop type of fastener. The use of a Velcro hook and loop type of fastener allows air to enter and exit shelter 10 for breathing, and also allows the pressure inside of shelter 10 to equalize to the pressure outside of shelter 10 . This is very important when a tornado 100 passes by shelter 10 , as the ambient pressure created by a tornado 100 may be, and generally is, less than the pressure within a structure, such as shelter 12 . Further, the use of a Velcro hook and loop type of fastener allows door 22 to pop open and close in doorway 48 easily if the pressure outside of shelter 10 suddenly drops.
Referring to FIG. 5 , which is a top view of one embodiment of shelter 10 without dome 12 , and FIG. 7 , which is a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 5 with dome 12 , tie-bars 16 are at least one, and generally no more than four, bars. Tie-bars 16 can be made from any relatively high strength relatively rigid material such as, for example, steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber reinforced polymers, other metals and polymers or the like. Alternatively, tie-bars 16 can be made from any relatively high strength relatively flexible material such as, for example, steel cable or other metal or high tensile strength cable. Tie-bars 16 are of a strength designed to hold shelter 10 safely to the ground during even the fiercest storm.
Tie-bars generally can be example approximately 1 thick and 4 wide, if a bar, or an appropriately sized cable. If a bar, each tie-bar 16 has end hole 34 proximal to each end and optionally central hole 35 midway along the length of tie-bar 16 . If a cable, tie-bar 16 has an appropriate loop 40 , as shown in FIG. 10 . Tie-bars 16 are somewhat longer than diameter 15 of base 14 , such that proximal holes 34 or loops 40 extend beyond the periphery of base 14 so that attachment means 20 may be inserted through peripheral holes 34 or loops 40 and be is anchored into the ground without being interfered with by base 14 . If more than one bar-style tie-bar 16 is used, central holes 35 of each tie-bar 16 must line up with each other.
Whether tie-bars 16 lie on top of base 14 or are constructed within base 14 depends on the method employed by the user or builder to construct shelter 10 , or on the user's preferences. For illustrative purposes, if base 14 is constructed on-site, tie-bars 16 can be placed within the material of base 14 during the formation of base 14 , or can be laid on top of base 14 after base 14 has been poured and set, if made on-site, or merely laid on top of base 14 after base 14 has been delivered and placed on the appropriate generally level surface. For example, if based is constructed from concrete and the concrete for base 14 is poured on-site, about half of the concrete for base 14 will be poured, tie-bars 16 laid in a cross-like manner on the wet concrete, and the remainder of the concrete poured on top of tie-bars 16 . For another example, if base 14 is prefabricated and delivered to the site, tie-bars 16 can be laid in a cross on top of base 14 with peripheral holes 34 extending over the edge of base 14 , and central holes 35 aligned with each other over central hole 28 of base 14 .
Referring to FIG. 6 , which is a top view of one embodiment of shelter 10 , dome 12 surrounds and fits completely over the top surface of base 14 and is attached to base 14 via attachment means 20 . Tie-bars 16 extend beyond the outer edge of base 14 far enough so that peripheral holes 34 are not over or obscured by base 14 . Door 22 and hinges 24 provide for entry and exit into and out of shelter 10 .
Referring to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 , which are side cross-sectional views of alternative embodiments of shelter 10 , the securing of shelter to the ground is shown in more detail. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 , tie-bars 16 are integral with base 14 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 , tie-bars 16 are laid over the top of base 14 . In both embodiments, tie-down rods 18 can be barbed rods such as those used in supporting utility poles. In effect, tie-down rods 18 are very large stakes approximately 1 in diameter and 10 long and individual tie down rods 18 are placed through each peripheral hole 34 and central hole 28 . In one embodiment, one tie-down rod 18 is placed through each of the peripheral holes 34 of tie-bars 16 and one additional tie-down rod 18 is placed through the aligned central holes 35 of the crossed tie-bars 16 and the central hole 28 of the base 14 . This is shown from the top in FIG. 5 . Tie-down rod 18 inserted through central hole 28 is optional and adds more security. Tie-down rods 18 are inserted into the ground generally at approximately a 45 angle, and even more generally at approximately a 30 to 60 angle, but can be inserted at an angle of the user's discretion. Barbs 42 shown in FIG. 8 assist in holding base 14 , and therefore shelter 10 , securely to the ground.
Although the penetration angle of tie-down rods 18 into the ground can vary from 0 to 180 , an approximately 45 angle is preferred for at least two reasons. First, having several tie-down rods 18 anchored into the ground at 45 angles can help prevent shelter 10 from floating, which may happen if tie-down rods 18 are pounded into the ground at 90 angles. Second, a 45 angle allows any water traveling down through the ground to only contact tie-down rods 18 for a short time (the water wants to travel at a 90 , that is, straight downward), thus lessening the chance of corrosion of tie-down rods 18 . Tie-down rods 18 anchor shelter 10 to the ground.
Referring to FIG. 9 , various example embodiments of attachment means to hold dome 12 to base 14 are shown. Attachment means 20 can be bolts 32 or spikes 36 that fit within peripheral holes 30 on base 14 . In a first alternative embodiment, for example, when the concrete for base 14 is formed, peripheral holes 30 can be formed in the circumferential edge of base 14 while the concrete is still wet to later receive bolts 32 or spikes 36 . In a second alternative embodiment, for example, when the concrete for base 12 is poured, bolts 32 can be placed in the wet concrete with the threaded end of bolts 32 extending outward from the concrete, so that dome 12 is secured via nuts 38 . In a third alternative embodiment, for example, if base 14 is prefabricated and delivered to the site already hardened, base 14 can be prefabricated either with peripheral holes 30 or extruding bolts 32 . In a fourth alternative embodiment, for example, nuts 38 can be placed within peripheral holes 30 for receiving and securing bolts 32 . In a fifth alternative embodiment, hooks 44 can be placed within peripheral Is holes 30 , or placed within the wet concrete, and hooked onto dome 12 . In each embodiment, spike 36 , bolt 32 , or hook 44 , is inserted through attachment holes of dome 12 to secure dome 12 to base 14 .
Attachment means 20 can depend on the method by which shelter 10 is constructed and the user's preferences. For example, if the concrete for base 14 is poured on-site, dome 12 can be placed over the wet concrete so that the interior surface of dome 12 will be proximal to or contact the circumferential edge or periphery of base 14 . Spikes 36 can be driven through the material of dome 12 itself, or inserted through pre-formed attachment holes 20 in dome 12 into the wet concrete of base 14 , one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 9 A. Similarly, bolts 32 can be inserted through pre-formed attachment holes 20 into the wet concrete, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 9 B. When the concrete dries, a unitary shelter 10 structure results, which can be difficult to disassemble.
Alternatively, if the concrete for base 14 is poured on-site, and bolts 32 are placed threaded end outward in the wet concrete, when the concrete dries, bolts 32 are permanently anchored in base 14 . Dome 12 then can be placed over base 14 , bolts 32 passed through pre-formed attachment holes 20 in dome 12 , and nuts 38 screwed onto bolts 32 , thus releasably holding dome 12 to base 14 . If base 14 is pre-fabricated and delivered to the site already hardened, base 14 can be pre-fabricated either with peripheral holes 30 for receiving spikes 36 or with bolts 32 for receiving nuts.
Alternatively, threaded receptor nuts 38 can be placed in the wet concrete of base 14 , either on-site or during prefabrication, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 9 C. If threaded receptor nuts 38 are set, when dome 12 is placed over base 14 , bolts 32 can be inserted through pre-formed attachment holes 20 in dome 12 and threaded into the threaded receptor nuts 38 .
Referring to FIG. 10 , cable tie-bars 16 are shown. The number of tie-bars 16 used depends on the strength of the tie-bars 16 themselves and the strength of the desired connection between the shelter 10 and the ground. Tie-bars 16 such as the cable tie-bars shown in FIG. 10 alternatively can be attached to tie-down rods 18 using hooks or turnbuckles if tie-down rods 18 have corresponding eyelets.
It is contemplated that shelter 10 can have no openings except for door 22 and doorway 48 , thus preventing excess wind or rain from entering shelter 10 . Although this may make the interior of shelter 10 hot and stuffy, such discomfort should be tolerable for the short duration for the user is likely to be in shelter 10 during a tornado or other extreme weather situation.
The above detailed description of the preferred embodiments, the appendix and the appended figures are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope and spirit of the invention, and its equivalents, as defined by the appended claims. One skilled in the art will recognize that many variations can be made to the invention disclosed in this specification without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
| 4E
| 04 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
A steam system iron10, acting as a steam device, is shown inFIG. 1comprising a base unit20and a steam iron head30. The steam system iron10is configured to generate steam to be emitted against a fabric to be treated. Although the invention will be described herein by reference to a steam system iron, it will be understood that alternative arrangements are envisaged. For example, the steam device may be a handheld steam iron, a garment steamer or a wallpaper steamer.
The base unit20has a steam generator27. A water reservoir21in the base unit20holds water to be converted into steam. A pump22is provided to supply water from the water reservoir21to the steam generator27. A valve23is provided to control the flow of steam from the steam generator27. The base unit20fluidly communicates with the steaming head30via a hose24. The hose24is configured to allow the flow of steam from the base unit20to the steam iron head30. The hose24communicates with the steam generator27via the valve23. The hose24includes a tube (not shown) forming a path along which steam is able to flow. The hose24may also include, for example, at least one communication cable (not shown) along which electrical power and/or control signals may be sent between the base unit20and the steam iron head30. The base unit20also includes a power supply unit (not shown) for supplying power to components of the steam system iron10. A base user input25is on the base unit20for controlling operation of the steam system iron10. The base unit20also has a stand26for receiving the steam iron head30. A controller (not shown) is configured to control operation of the steam system iron10.
Although the steam generator27is in the base unit20in the present embodiment, it will be understood that the arrangement of the base unit20may differ. For example, the steam generator27may be in the steam iron head30. In such an arrangement, the hose24may supply water from the base unit20to the steam iron head30. Alternatively, the water reservoir21may be in the steam iron head30, and the base unit20omitted.
The steam iron head30has a body31and a soleplate32. The soleplate32defines a lower end of the steam iron head30. The body31comprises a handle33. The handle33enables a user to hold and manoeuvre the steam iron head30. A user input34is on the body31for operating the steam system iron10. Steam is provided to the steam iron head30via the hose24. The steam iron head30comprises a steam inlet36through which steam is supplied to the steam iron head30. The supply of steam to the steam iron head30is controlled by the base unit20, however, it will be understood that the steam iron head30may have a steam feed unit to control the mass-flow of steam from the steam iron head30.
The steam iron head30has steam vents (not shown) through which steam flows from the steam iron head30to be provided to a fabric, for example. The steam vents are in the soleplate32. A steam pathway40(refer toFIG. 2) is defined from the steam inlet36to the steam vents. The soleplate32has a soleplate panel37. The soleplate panel37defines the steam pathway40. The soleplate panel37has a main body38(refer toFIG. 2). The soleplate panel37also has an ironing plate39. The ironing plate39defines a fabric contact surface41. The steam vents extend through the ironing plate39. The fabric contact surface41is configured to be positioned against a fabric to be treated. The steam vents are formed to open to the steam contact surface41. The fabric contact surface41is planar.
The ironing plate39, defining a lower side of the soleplate panel37defines the fabric contact surface41. The soleplate panel37is formed from a heat conductive material, for example aluminium. The soleplate panel37is formed from a plurality of layers, for example in the present embodiment the main body38and ironing plate39are mounted together, and the ironing plate39has a non-stick layer (not shown). The soleplate panel37may be formed from a single layer. The soleplate panel37has at least one chamber or pathways defined therein. It will be understood that the number of steam vents (not shown) may vary. One steam vent may be present, or a plurality of steam vents may be distributed along the fabric contact surface41. The soleplate32also has a cover42(refer toFIG. 3). The cover42defines an upper end of the soleplate32. The cover42is mounted to the main body38of the soleplate panel37. It will be understood that the soleplate panel37and cover42may be integrally formed.
A heater (not shown) is received in the soleplate panel37. In the present embodiment the heater is embedded in the main body38. The heater extends longitudinally along the soleplate panel37. The heater has a U-shaped arrangement with the apex of the heater disposed proximal to a front end of the steam iron head30. The heater is substantially internally received in the soleplate panel37. The heater conducts heat to the soleplate panel37, when operated. It will be understood that the arrangement of the heater may differ.
Referring toFIGS. 2 and 3, the soleplate32of the steam iron head30is shown.FIG. 2shows the soleplate32of the steam iron head30with the cover42omitted. The soleplate32defines the steam pathway40. The steam pathway40extends from the steam inlet36to the steam vents (not shown). Therefore, steam flows into the steam iron head30through the steam inlet36, flows along the steam pathway40and flows from the steam iron head30through the steam vents. The soleplate32is formed from, for example, but not limited to aluminium or magnesium alloys.
The steam pathway40comprises a first steam flow section50and a second steam flow section60. The first steam flow section50is defined between the steam inlet36and the second steam flow section60. The second steam flow section60is defined between the first steam flow section50and the steam vents (not shown). A linking passage70, acting as an intermediate steam flow section, communicates between the first steam flow section50and the second steam flow section60. The linking passage70may be omitted. An outlet passage80, acting as an outlet steam flow section, communicates between the second steam flow section60and the steam vents (not shown). The outlet passage80may be omitted.
The steam inlet36comprises a pipe. The steam inlet36fluidly communicates with the hose24, such that steam flowing along the hose24is provided to the steam inlet36. The steam inlet36communicates with the first steam flow section50of the steam pathway40. The steam inlet36communicates with the first steam flow section50at one end of a steam path defined by the first steam flow section50. A first steam flow section outlet51is at the other end of the steam path defined by the first steam flow section50.
The first steam flow section50comprises a base wall52and sidewalls53. The sidewalls53comprise an outer sidewall54and internal sidewalls55. The internal sidewalls55act as baffles to direct the fluid flow through the first steam flow section50. Three internal sidewalls55, a first sidewall55a, second sidewall55b, and third sidewall55c, are shown inFIG. 2, although it will be understood that the number and configuration of the internal sidewalls55may vary dependent on the desired flow path through the first steam flow section50.
The outer sidewall54defines the maximum extent of the first steam flow section50and forms a flow chamber through which steam is able to flow. The outer sidewall54acts as a baffle to direct the fluid flow through the first steam flow section50. It will be understood that the configuration of the outer sidewall54may vary dependent on the desired flow path through the first steam flow section50.
The outer sidewall54extends from the base wall52. The base wall52and outer sidewall54are formed by the main body38of the soleplate panel37. The internal sidewalls55extend from the base wall52. The internal sidewalls55are formed by the main body38of the soleplate panel37. In the present embodiment, the sidewalls53are integrally formed with the soleplate panel37, however it will be understood that the configuration may vary. The sidewalls53extend from the base wall52to help maximise heat conduction to the sidewalls53from the heater. This helps to ensure that the sidewalls53are heated.
The base wall52and sidewalls53form steam contact walls of the first steam flow section50. The corresponding part of the cover42also forms a steam contact wall of the first steam flow section50. Surfaces of the base wall52and sidewalls53form steam contact surfaces. The corresponding part of the cover42also forms a steam contact surface.
In the present embodiment, steam flows into the first steam flow section50of the steam pathway40via the steam inlet36. Steam flows from the first steam flow section50through the first steam flow section outlet51. In the present embodiment, the first steam flow section outlet51is formed in the outer sidewall54. The first steam flow section outlet51is spaced from the steam inlet36. The sidewalls53direct the fluid flow from the steam inlet36to the first steam flow section outlet51.
The flow path defined in the first steam flow section50of the steam pathway40is an indirect flow path. That is, fluid flowing along the flow path must change direction at least once as it passes along the flow path. This helps cause a collision of fluid flowing along the flow path with at least one sidewall53. In the present embodiment, the flow path defined in the first steam flow section50has a labyrinth configuration. That is, fluid flowing along the flow path must make multiple changes in direction as it flows along the flow path from the steam inlet36to the first steam flow section outlet51. This helps cause multiple collisions of fluid flowing along the flow path with sidewalls53. The internal side walls55, acting as baffles, direct the flow of steam through the first steam flow section50.
Preferably, the first steam flow section is bounded on two sides by the heater. The temperature control sensor is located adjacent to the first steam flow section. The general thickness of the base37is preferred between 1 to 2.5 mm to maximise the heat flow to the steam flow section.
Preferably, the floor of the labyrinth area is of grid structure to facilitate the water evaporation. The labyrinth baffles are connected to the cover42with sealing means. The cover42is preferred to be made from aluminium of general thickness 1.0 mm to 2 mm.
The first internal sidewall55aextends partially around the steam inlet36. The steam inlet36communicates through the cover42, although alternative arrangements are possible. The first internal sidewall55ais U-shaped. The first internal sidewall55aforms a multicursal arrangement, that is forming multiple flow branches in the first steam flow section50. The second internal sidewall55bis L-shaped. The second internal sidewall55bforms a unicursal arrangement, that is forming a single flow branch in the first steam flow section50. The third internal sidewall55cis also L-shaped. The third internal sidewall55cextends to the first steam flow section outlet51.
The arrangement of the first steam flow section50may vary. The first steam flow section50causes multiple changes in direction to fluid flowing along the flow path. By providing an indirect steam path, the direction of flow of steam passing along the first steam flow section is forced to deviate. Heavier water droplets in the flow are more resistant to deviations in flow direction and therefore impinge against the sidewalls53of the first steam flow section50and are dispersed as smaller water droplets. These smaller water droplets may be more easily evaporated. Water droplets in contact with a surface of the sidewalls53of the first steam flow section50may be evaporated by the heat of the surface.
The second steam flow section60comprises a cyclonic chamber61. The cyclonic chamber61acts as a fluid separator. The cyclonic chamber61has a cyclonic chamber inlet62and a cyclonic chamber outlet63. Steam from the first steam flow section50flows into the cyclonic chamber61through the cyclonic chamber inlet62. The cyclonic chamber inlet62communicates with the linking passage70.
The linking passage70, acting as an intermediate steam flow section, communicates between the first steam flow section50and the second steam flow section60. The linking passage70extends from the first steam flow section outlet51and the cyclonic chamber inlet62. The linking passage70has a linking passage base71. The linking passage base71is defined by a stepped portion72. The stepped portion72is stepped from the base wall52of the first steam flow section50. Therefore, the flow area of the linking passage70is less than the flow area of the first steam flow section50. It will be understood that the reduction in flow area may be achieved by alternative arrangements. The reduction in flow area at the linking passage70causes a restriction at the cyclonic chamber inlet62. The restriction increases the velocity of steam flow. The linking passage70is inclined relative to the first steam flow section50. The linking passage base71is inclined relative to the base wall52of the first steam flow section50. In the present embodiment, the incline is about 5 degrees. The incline causes the steam flow entering the cyclonic chamber61to follow a helical path. The steam flow therefore enters the cyclonic chamber at a non-perpendicular angle to the longitudinal axis of the cyclonic chamber61.
The cyclonic chamber61has a base64and a peripheral sidewall65. The peripheral sidewall65extends from the base64. The peripheral sidewall65converges from the base64. The cyclonic chamber61forms a substantially frusto-conical shape. A top wall66of the cyclonic chamber61faces the base64. The cyclonic chamber inlet62is disposed proximate to a lower end of the cyclonic chamber61. The cyclonic chamber inlet62is formed at the peripheral sidewall65. The cyclonic chamber inlet62is configured to guide steam flow to enter the cyclonic chamber61tangentially. In the present embodiment, the peripheral sidewall65and top wall66are formed by the cover42. The surfaces of the cyclonic chamber61are heated by heat conducted through the soleplate32from the heater (not shown).
The cyclonic chamber outlet63is disposed proximate to an upper end of the cyclonic chamber61. A conduit67extends in the cyclonic chamber61. In the present embodiment, the conduit67is a tube. The conduit67upstands in the cyclonic chamber61and extends from the base64. The conduit67defines the cyclonic chamber outlet63. This arrangement provides for steam exiting from the cyclonic chamber61to be simply supplied to the steam vents (not shown). The conduit67extends along the longitudinal axis of the cyclonic chamber61. A free end68of the conduit67is proximate to the upper end of the cyclonic chamber61. In the present arrangement the conduit67is cylindrical. That is, the outer surface69of the conduit67is cylindrical. However, it will be understood that the conduit67may converge towards the free end68, or have an alternative configuration. The conduit67is heated by heat conducted from the heater (not shown).
The conduit67has an opening at its free end68. The opening forms the cyclonic chamber outlet63. In the present embodiment, the cyclonic chamber outlet63forms the end of the conduit67, however it will be understood that the cyclonic chamber outlet63may be formed by at least one opening in the outer surface69of the conduit67proximate to or at the free end68. The opening is circular. The cyclonic chamber outlet63defines a path through the conduit67. The cyclonic chamber outlet63communicates with the outlet passage80, acting as an outlet steam flow section. The outlet passage80communicates between the second steam flow section60and the steam vents (not shown).
The outlet passage80is formed by the soleplate32. The outlet passage80is defined between the main body38and the ironing plate39of the soleplate panel37. Therefore, steam flow from the second steam flow section60is simply provided to the steam vents (not shown). Furthermore, the outlet passage80is heated.
The cyclone chamber61acts as a fluid separator. The cyclone chamber61is configured to separate any water droplets, for example condensation, from steam flow by centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is caused by the inertia of a body; its resistance to change in its direction of motion. By providing a cyclonic steam path, any remaining water droplets are centrifugally urged against a peripheral sidewall of the second steam flow section. These may be smaller water droplets formed in the first steam flow section50. Water droplets in contact with a surface of the cyclone chamber61may be evaporated by the heat of the surface. Dry steam, that is steam from which water droplets are at least substantially absent, is then able to flow through the cyclonic chamber outlet63.
Use of the steam system iron10will now be described with reference toFIGS. 1 to 5. The user actuates the steam system iron10by operating the base user input25. Water is fed to the steam generator27from the water reservoir21by the pump22. The steam generator27is operated to evaporate the water into steam under pressure. The flow of steam from the steam generator27is controlled by the valve23. The valve23is operable by the user input34on the steam iron head30so that a user is able to control the flow of steam through the steam vents (not shown). It will be understood that the valve23may be omitted, or steam flow may be controlled in an alternative manner.
The user is able to hold the steam iron head30by the handle33and manoeuvre the steam iron head30to a desired operating position, for example against a fabric to be treated. The hose24is flexible to allow movement of the steam iron head24relative to the base unit20. When the valve23is opened, steam flows along the hose24to the steam iron head30. Steam flows to the steam inlet36. It has been found that steam may condense as it flows along the hose24so that water droplets are carried along with the steam flow.
Steam enters the steam pathway40through the steam inlet36. The steam then flows into the first steam flow section50of the steam pathway40. The steam flows in the first steam flow section50along an indirect flow path. The sidewalls53direct the fluid flow from the steam inlet36to the first steam flow section outlet51. The indirect path defined in the first steam flow section50causes collision of fluid flowing along the flow path with at least one sidewall53. As the steam flows along the steam path defined in the first steam flow section50, the steam flow is forced to change direction. The lighter steam particles tend to change direction easier than heavier water droplets in the steam flow. The heavier water droplets therefore collide with the sidewalls53. Water droplets impinge against the sidewalls53of the first steam flow section50and such water droplets are dispersed as smaller water droplets. Heat is also transferred to water droplets by the surface of the sidewalls53and so water droplets evaporate and rejoin the steam flow. The labyrinth configuration of the first steam flow section50helps cause multiple collisions of fluid flowing along the flow path with sidewalls53.
Once steam has passed along the first steam flow section50, the steam flows through the first steam flow section outlet51into the linking passage70. The flow area of the linking passage70is less than the flow area of the first steam flow section50. Therefore, the steam flow velocity is increased. The steam flow passes into the second steam flow section outlet52through the cyclonic chamber inlet62. The steam flow enters into the cyclonic chamber61tangentially. That is, the flow of the fluid is tangential to the peripheral sidewall65. The steam also enters at an inclined path due to the incline of the linking passage70. The increased velocity of the steam flow entering the cyclonic chamber61maximises the centrifugal force acting on the flow.
The fluid entering the cyclonic chamber61is a mixture of steam and any remaining water droplets that were not evaporated in the first steam flow section50. The cyclonic chamber inlet62introduces the fluid flow into the cyclonic chamber61through the peripheral sidewall65. Therefore, fluid flow is required to change direction when it enters the cyclonic chamber61due to the frusto-conical arrangement of the cyclonic chamber61.
As the fluid changes direction it resists the change to its state of motion. Particles with a larger mass, such as water droplets, resist the change to their state of motion more than particles with a smaller mass, such as steam particles. Therefore, the heavier water droplets resist the change in direction of the flow of the fluid more than the lighter steam particles. Consequently, the heavier water droplets move radially outwardly into contact with the peripheral sidewall65of the cyclonic chamber61. Therefore, water droplets in the steam flow are urged away from cyclonic chamber outlet63and so do not pass to the steam vents (not shown). When water droplets come into contact with the peripheral sidewall65, heat is transferred from the heated peripheral sidewall65therefore causing the water droplets to evaporate. This helps minimise water droplets in the steam flow. Furthermore, any water droplets that flow to the base64of the cyclonic chamber61due to gravity flow away from the cyclonic chamber outlet63and may be evaporated by the heated base64.
The steam flow passes in a helical manner around the cyclonic chamber61and flows towards the upper end of the cyclonic chamber61. The steam flow is then able to pass through the cyclonic chamber outlet63to flow to the steam vents (not shown). Steam passing through the cyclonic chamber outlet63is generally “dry” steam, that is say steam without water droplets carried therewith due to the combined effects of the first and second steam flow sections50,60. It has been found that the combination of the indirect path of the first steam flow section50and the cyclonic path of the second steam flow section60has a synergistic effect of removing water droplets from a steam flow passing along the steam pathway40from the steam inlet36to the steam vents. It has been found that the first steam flow section50breaks down larger water droplets, and that the second steam flow section60helps to ensure evaporation of any remaining water droplets. The steam is known as dry steam because all the water is in a gaseous state. That is, there is a minimal amount of water droplets present in the fluid.
Steam passing through the cyclonic chamber outlet63then flows to the steam vents (not shown) via the outlet passage80. It will be understood that the outlet passage80is heated by the heater (not shown) and so the steam flowing therealong is restricted from condensing.
The dry steam, with minimal or no water droplets, is then discharged through the steam vents (not shown) and onto the fabric to be treated. The user manoeuvres the steam iron head30across the fabric to distribute the steam and remove wrinkles.
The above embodiments as described are only illustrative, and not intended to limit the technique approaches of the present invention. Although the present invention is described in details referring to the preferable embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the technique approaches of the present invention can be modified or equally displaced without departing from the spirit and scope of the technique approaches of the present invention, which will also fall into the protective scope of the claims of the present invention. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The features of this invention are best understood by reference to the
attached drawings.
In FIG. 1 there is shown the holster of this invention. The holster
comprises three separate components; namely, the pouch 20, the magazine
carrier 30, and the spring 32. This drawing also shows a magazine 31 which
is intended to be carried in the holster of this invention, although the
magazine 31 is well known in the prior art and is not, therefore, claimed
as any part of this invention separate from the holster.
Pouch 20 is a rectangular box-like container generally elongated in the
vertical direction and having four vertical walls, a closed bottom, an
upper open end 22, an internal cavity 33, and a cover flap 23 to close
over open end 22 when desired. Flap 23 is a stiffly flexible strip of
leather or a leather-like material having one end 24 firmly attached to
the back of pouch 20 by way of screws, rivets, adhesive or the like. Free
end 25 of flap 23 has the female portion 26 of a snap fastener attached
thereto which cooperates with the corresponding male portion 27 of the
fastener, rigidly attached to the front side of pouch 20. Pouch 20
preferably is a molded plastic material having good abrasion-resistant
properties. Such materials include polyolefins, polyacetals,
polycarbonates, polyesters, phenolformaldehydes, urea-formaldehydes, and
the like. Each vertical wall is covered with a thin sheet of leather 59
laminated to the wall to provide a quality leather appearance to the pouch
20. The vertical corners are not covered with leather panels 59 so as to
take advantage of the wear-resistant properties of the plastic in
preventing wear damage from auto seat belts and the like to mar the outer
appearance of pouch 20. Panels 59 may be made of Porvaire or other
leather-like materials. Flap cover 23 is also leather or a leather-like
substitute that can be heat- or pressure-set to be given a permanent bend
causing free end 25 to over-hang open end 22 when fastener portions 26 and
27 are not engaged. Laminated leather material, such as that disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,437 is suitable for this purpose.
Inside of pouch 20 in cavity 33 is a sliding magazine carrier 30 in which
magazine 31 is carried. Spring 32 is compressed between the closed lower
end 42 of carrier 30 and the inside closed bottom 21 of pouch 20 biased to
urge carrier 30 upward toward open end 22. FIG. 1 shows the extent to
which magazine 31 and carrier 30 project upwardly and out of pouch 20 when
snap fastener 26/27 is opened allowing flap cover 23 to flex upwardly
somewhat, and allow magazine 31 to be caught and stopped by the edge of
female portion 26 of the snap fastener 26/27. It is desirable that
magazine not fall out of pouch 20 until it is pulled out by the fingers of
the one wearing the holster.
In FIGS. 2-4 there are shown the details of pouch 20. The main body of
pouch 20 is a rectangular open-top box having four vertical walls 51, a
closed bottom 21 and an open top 22. Walls 51 are covered on the outside,
except for the corners, with leather panels 59 which provide the desired
appearance of the pouch being made of leather. Walls 51 are flat and
unmodified except for two parallel grooves 35 and two parallel lands 34 in
walls 51 which form guides from open end 22 to the upper end 52 of spring
chamber 53. Lands 34 are small rectangular rails or guides in rear wall 51
which project inwardly into cavity 33 to reduce friction between the
carrier 30 and pouch 20, and provide space for air to move into or out of
cavity 33 as carrier 30 is moved upward or downward like a piston in a
cylinder. Grooves 35 are recesses which receive lands 37 of carrier 30
(see FIGS. 7-9) and function as guides for the sliding movement of carrier
30 in pouch 20. Grooves 35 extend from about upper end 52 of spring
chamber 53 to an upper end 54 short of, but close to, open end 22 of pouch
20. The inside bottom of pouch 20 is shown to be formed with a
circumferential groove 55 around a raised annular base 44. This forms a
seat in groove 55 for spring 32 (see FIGS. 10-11).
Pouch 20 is closed or opened by means of flap cover 23 having a fixed end
24 rigidly attached to pouch 20 by fastening means such as screws 28,
rivets, adhesive, or the like. Flap 23 is leather or a leather-like
material which is stiffly flexible and has a permanent bend heat-set or
otherwise caused to be present in flap 23 as at 45. The bend is to cause
flap 23, when fastener 26/27 is open to raise to about the position shown
in FIG. 3 where it over-hangs open end 22, so that it will catch the upper
end of magazine 30 (as seen at FIG. 1) and guide magazine 30 into female
fastener portion 26 to stop magazine 30 from coming out of pouch 20. The
wearer of the holster can easily force flap 23 to open further for easy
removal of magazine 30. A fastening device of any type is affixed to free
end 25 of flap 23; preferably female portion 26 of a snap fastener wherein
the male portion 27 is on the front side of pouch 20.
On the back outside of pouch 20 is a belt loop locking piece 56 fastened to
pouch 20 by screws 28 and 57 leaving an open space 29 for a belt to be
passed through. Backing piece 56 may be fashioned in several sizes and
shapes to produce different sizes and shapes of space 29 so as to fit
whatever belt the wearer may desire.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show a prior art design of an automatic pistol magazine 31
having a forward end 46 from which bullets are dispensed in firing the
pistol and a rearward end 47. Forward end 46 fits into carrier 30 with
rearward end 47 extending upwardly and out of carrier toward open end 22.
The carrier 30 must be designed to fit whatever magazine 31 is employed
and with that modification the holster of this invention is useful for any
and all types and designs of magazines.
FIGS. 7-9 show carrier 30 into which the forward end 46 of magazine 31 is
pushed to obtain a snug fit. Only about the forward one-third of magazine
31 is contacted by carrier 30 while the remaining two-thirds extends
upward beyond the upper edges of carrier 30. Carrier 30 is a rectangular
box-like article with four vertical side walls 58, a closed bottom portion
42, an upper end 40 and an internal cavity 41. Lower closed end is tapered
inwardly to fit forward end 46 of magazine 31 and for the outside to fit
inside of coil spring 32. The inside of walls 58 contain a plurality (six
shown here) of vertically or longitudinally running lands 36 which are
sized and spaced to touch and guide the outside surfaces of magazine 31
into a snug fit with magazine 31 being manually slidable into and out of
carrier 30. On two opposite walls 58 on the outside thereof are two lands
37 which engage corresponding grooves 35 on the inside of walls 51 of
pouch 20. Carrier 30 moves upwardly and downwardly in its operations in
the holster of this invention. When flap 23 is closed over the rearward
end 47 of magazine 31 inside pouch 20, carrier 30 will be moved to its
lower limit of travel, and, conversely, when flap 23 is open, carrier 30
will be moved to its upper limit of travel extending above open end 22 as
shown in FIG. 1. The longitudinal length of land 37 and the extent of
grooves 35 will determine these limits of travel. The ends 38 of lands 37
are tapered from the height of land 37 to a zero height above the outside
surface of wall 58 so that carrier 30 may be manually inserted or removed
from pouch by using enough force to cause walls 58 and 51 to flex
sufficiently for that purpose. The choice of thickness of such walls and
the inherent stiffness of the materials from which pouch 20 and carrier 30
are made will provide such flexibility. Carrier 30 preferably is made of a
moldable plastic material such as those exemplified above with respect to
pouch 20.
FIGS. 10-11 merely show a coil spring formed into a rectangular shape to
fit the inside of pouch 20 and the annular groove seat 55 in the bottom of
pouch 20. Carrier 30 is preferably formed with a ledge 39 separating the
main body from the lower portion 42 of carrier 30. Ledge 39 forms a seat
for the upper end of spring 32 which is in a compressed state while inside
pouch 20 and under carrier 30 biased to expand and to lengthen when flap
cover 23 is opened causing carrier 30 to move to its upper limit of travel
above the open end 22 of pouch 20. When the cover 23 is closed and
magazine 31 completely holstered the bottom wall of carrier 30 is very
close to touching the inside of bottom 21 of pouch 20.
FIG. 12 shows two holsters side-by-side illustrating how one can be open
and the other closed and yet provide easy access to the magazine 31 in the
open holster without interference by the closed holster. If desired the
two holsters could be combined into a single article of manufacture.
While the invention has been described with respect to certain specific
embodiments, it will be appreciated that many modifications and changes
may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit
of the invention. It is intended, therefore, by the appended claims to
cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit
and scope of the invention | 5F
| 42 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Description will now be given in detail of the exemplary embodiments, with reference to the accompanying drawings. For the sake of brief description with reference to the drawings, the same or equivalent components will be provided with the same reference numbers, and description thereof will not be repeated.
FIG. 1is a side sectional view of a washing machine in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. As shown inFIG. 1, a washing machine according to one exemplary embodiment may include a cabinet100defining an appearance and forming a receiving space therein, a tub110disposed within the cabinet100in a back-and-forth direction to store washing water therein, a drum120rotatably disposed within the tub110, and a driving motor130to rotate the drum120.
An opening101through which laundry is introduced or taken away, may be formed at a front surface of the cabinet100, and a door102for opening or closing the opening101may be disposed at an adjacent position of the opening101.
The tub110which has a cylindrical shape having an open front may be disposed within the cabinet100. A plurality of springs140which are contractible and expandable up and down may have one end connected to an upper surface of the cabinet100and the other end connected to an upper surface of the tub110. Here,FIG. 1shows only one spring, but it is merely illustrative. The spring may be provided in plurality.
A plurality of dampers150for reducing vibration generated in a vertical direction of the tub110may be disposed below the tub110. Here,FIG. 1shows only one damper, but it is merely illustrative. The damper may be provided in plurality. The driving motor130may be mounted onto a rear surface of the tub110.
The drum120may have a cylindrical body rotatably disposed within the tub110, and accommodate laundry therein. A plurality of drain holes121may be formed through an outer circumferential surface of the drum120. Accordingly, the laundry may be rotated with being sunk in the washing water contained in the tub110.
The driving motor130may apply a driving force for rotating the drum120. The driving motor130may be coupled to the rear surface of the tub110. A rotational shaft131may be coupled to the drum120to transfer the rotational force of the driving motor130. A bearing132may rotatably support the rotational shaft131. Here, the driving motor130may include a stator133and a rotor134, and the rotational shaft131may be press-fit into the rotor134.
FIG. 2is a schematic view of a weight sensing unit. As shown inFIG. 2, one end140aof the spring140may be hung on a weight sensing unit160to be coupled to a frame103of the cabinet100. That is, the spring140may be installed between the tub110and the frame103of the cabinet100.
The weight sensing unit160may be mounted onto the frame103of the cabinet100to which the one end of the spring140is coupled. Referring toFIG. 2, the weight sensing unit160may include a case161coupled to the frame103of the cabinet100, a load cell162supported with being accommodated within the case161, and a pressure distributing member163mounted onto the road cell162and having one end of the spring held thereover.
FIG. 3is a perspective view of the pressure distributing member163. As shown inFIG. 3, the pressure distributing member163may correspond to a portion where the weight sensing unit160contact the one end140aof the spring140. Therefore, the pressure distributing member163may include a holding recess163arecessed to hold the one end140aof the spring140in a contact state.
Here, the contact between the holding recess163aand the one end140aof the spring140at one position may be allowed by a curved surface which forms an inside of the holding recess163aas shown inFIGS. 4 and 5.
FIG. 4is a sectional view of the pressure distributing member taken along the line A-A ofFIG. 3. As shown inFIG. 4, the holding recess163amay have a curved surface163bwhich is recessed to have a predetermined curvature. Here, the one end140aof the spring140may have a circular section. The predetermined curvature may be smaller than a curvature of the section of the spring140. Accordingly, the one end140aof the spring140may contact the curved surface163bat one point.
In the meantime,FIG. 5is a sectional view of the pressure distributing member taken along the line B-B ofFIG. 3. As shown inFIG. 5, an extension line C-C formed by the lowest points of the curved surface163bmay define a curved line, which is convex with a predetermined curvature in a direction orthogonal to the direction that the curvature of the curved surface163bis formed. That is, the extension line C-C formed by the lowest points of the curved surface163bmay also be formed as a curved line to have a curvature. Accordingly, the one end140aof the spring140may contact the extension line C-C formed by the lowest points of the curved surface163bin a lengthwise direction at one point.
Referring toFIGS. 4 and 5, the one end140aof the spring140may contact the pressure distributing member163at the single point. Here, even if the position or posture of the spring changes due to vibration generated by rotation of the drum, the one end of the spring may contact the pressure distributing member at the single point. This is allowed by virtue of the shape of the curved surface of the holding recess having the different curvatures in the two directions.
This configuration may allow the spring to contact the holding recess at one point even if the position or posture of the spring changes due to the vibration, thereby preventing the change in a portion of the load cell to which pressure is applied. Consequently, pressure by a point contact may be evenly applied only to a specific portion of the load cell by virtue of the pressure distributing member, enhancing accuracy in sensing a laundry weight via the load cell.
Meanwhile, the pressure distributing member163may further comprise a surface contact portion163cwhich is mounted onto the load cell162to achieve a surface contact with the load cell162. The surface contact portion163cmay have both ends extending in a longitudinal direction to contact side walls of the load cell162, and a central part extending in a horizontal direction in correspondence with a mounting portion162aof the load cell162, which will be explained later. The surface contact portion163cmay thus contact the surface of the load cell162to stably secure the pressure distributing member163onto the load cell162. Accordingly, the pressure applied to the holding recess163aby the point contact with the spring may be evenly transferred to the mounting portion162aof the load cell162in a distributing manner by the surface contact.
FIG. 6shows the load cell. As shown inFIG. 6, the load cell162may have an arcuate shape. More precisely, a surface of a central portion162b, the surface facing the case161downwardly, may be concave. The load cell162may have a mounting portion162athereon for mounting of the pressure distributing member163. The mounting portion162amay be formed on an arcuate peak of the load cell162.
The configuration may allow generation of a surface contact such that pressure applied from the spring can be uniformly transferred to the mounting portion of the load cell by virtue of the pressure distributing member. Also, the surface contact portion may be concentrated on the central portion of the load cell which is a portion to be transformed, enhancing accuracy in the sensing of the laundry weight. This may result from strain gages (not shown) mounted to a lower side of the central portion162bof the load cell162for preventing the transformation of the load cell.
FIG. 7shows a case of a weight sensing unit. As shown inFIG. 7, the case161may include a receiving portion161afor receiving the load cell therein, and side walls161bforming side surfaces of the receiving portion161a. The load cell162may be supported between the side walls161bwith being received in the receiving portion161a.
FIG. 8is a planar view of the case. As shown inFIG. 8, an interval between the side walls161bmay change in a lengthwise direction of the load cell. That is, an interval d1between the side walls of both sides162cof the load cell may be narrower than an interval d2between the side walls at the central portion162bof the load cell.
FIG. 9is a planar view showing the load cell mounted onto the case. It may be noticed as shown inFIG. 9that side surfaces of the both ends162cof the load cell may be closely adhered with the side walls161b(see a circle D). Accordingly, the case may stably secure the load cell. However, it may also be noticed that the portion162bto be transformed in the load cell162is spaced apart (see a circle E) from the side walls161bby a predetermined interval. Accordingly, the central portion162bto be transformed in the load cell may not be secured by the case, thereby being smoothly transformed by pressure applied from the spring. That is, the case may stably secure the posture of the load cell with allowing the portion to be transformed to be smoothly transformed, thereby enhancing accuracy in the sensing of the laundry weight via the load cell.
In the meantime, inFIG. 7, the case161may further comprise coupling portions161ceach having a coupling hole161dand coupled to the frame of the cabinet using a screw.FIG. 10is a disassembled perspective view of the weight sensing unit. The frame103may include a coupling opening103afor insertion of the weight sensing unit therein, and coupling holes103bcoupled by use of screws. After the load cell162and the pressure distributing member163are received in the case161, the case161is inserted into the coupling opening103aand screws may be inserted through the coupling holes161dof the case161and the coupling holes103bof the frame103, thereby stably mounting the weight sensing unit onto the frame103.
In the meantime, a method for sensing a laundry weight in a washing machine according to one exemplary embodiment may comprise saving an initial value sensed via a load cell at the moment of an initial installation of the washing machine (S100), sensing the laundry weight via the load cell after the laundry is introduced into the drum (S200), activating a driving motor for driving the drum and sensing the laundry weight by measuring a rotating speed of the driving motor via a sensor provided in the motor (S300), and compensating for the laundry weight sensed via the load cell to the laundry weight sensed by using the driving motor or the laundry weight sensed by using the driving motor to the laundry weight sensed via the load cell (S400).
The step of saving the initial value sensed via the load cell at the moment of the initial installation of the washing machine (S100) may refer to saving an initial measurement value via the load cell in a state that any laundry is not stored in the drum and the drum is not driven yet at the initial installation of the washing machine.
The reason why the initial value is saved is to prevent the situation that the load cell is able to correctly sense the laundry weight when a user puts the laundry into the drum after turning the washing machine on, but the washing machine is unable to sense the laundry weight when the user turns the washing machine on after putting the laundry into the drum. That is, even if the washing machine is turned on after the laundry is put into the drum, if the initial measurement value is already saved, the saved initial value may be compared with a measurement value obtained after turning the washing machine on, so as to calculate the weight of the laundry.
The step of sensing the laundry weight via the load cell after the laundry is put into the drum (S200) may refer to sensing the weight of the laundry within the drum via the load cell after the laundry is put into the drum.
The step of activating the driving motor for driving the drum and sensing the laundry weight by measuring the rotating speed of the driving motor via the sensor provided in the motor (S300) may refer to driving the driving motor, sensing a changed level of the rotating speed of the drum via the sensor provided in the driving motor, comparing the changed level of the rotating speed with the previously saved value, and determining the weight of the laundry.
The step of compensating for the laundry weight (S400) may refer to calculating the laundry weight by adding a preset weight to each of the laundry weight sensed via the load cell and the laundry weight sensed by using the driving motor. This is to precisely compensate for the laundry weight based on the value directly measured via the load cell with reference to the value inferred by using the driving motor. In other words, because an error may be generated in the value measured via the load cell due to the laundry being biased to a specific area within the drum, the laundry weight may be compensated for based on a laundry weight measured after driving the drum for a preset time. For example, a compensation method, in which A % of weight is given to the laundry weight measured via the load cell and (100−A) % of weight is given to the laundry weight inferred by using the driving motor and the laundry weights are added to each other, may be employed.
With the configuration, the weight sensing via the load cell for directly sensing the laundry weight within the drum and the weight sensing via the driving unit for indirectly sensing the laundry weight within the drum may be performed simultaneously, and a measurement value may be compensated for based on those values, allowing for more accurate sensing of the laundry weight.
The foregoing embodiments and advantages are merely exemplary and are not to be construed as limiting the present disclosure. The present teachings can be readily applied to other types of apparatuses. This description is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit the scope of the claims. Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The features, structures, methods, and other characteristics of the exemplary embodiments described herein may be combined in various ways to obtain additional and/or alternative exemplary embodiments.
As the present features may be embodied in several forms without departing from the characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above-described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, unless otherwise specified, but rather should be construed broadly within its scope as defined in the appended claims, and therefore all changes and modifications that fall within the metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalents of such metes and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the appended claims.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a perspective assembly view of a monitor hinge of the present invention referred to by the general reference number 10 . The monitor hinge 10 includes first and second hinge leaves 12 and 14 , a center pin 16 , a switch plug 22 , and a magnet plug 24 . The magnetic plug 24 includes a magnet 25 (FIG. 4 ). The switch plug 22 includes a magnetic field sensitive switch 23 (FIG. 5 ). Electrical wires 28 provide an electric connection between contacts within the switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) and an external system such as a security system, a system for detecting possible entry or exit, a light, an alarm, a fire control system, and environmental system, or the like.
The first hinge leaf 12 includes one or more first knuckles 32 . The second hinge leaf 14 includes one or more second knuckles 34 . The pin 16 passes through the first and second knuckles 32 and 34 for rotationally connecting the first and second hinge leaves 12 and 14 . The hinges leaves 12 and 14 have fastening holes 36 having countersink rings 38 . Countersink screws 42 having screwdriver drive notches 43 pass through the fastening holes 36 to fasten the monitor hinge 10 to a first hinge object shown in FIG. 3 as a wall jamb 44 and second hinge object shown in FIG. 3 as a door jamb 46 . Preferably, in order to camouflage the monitoring aspect of the hinge 10 , the switch and magnet plugs 22 and 24 have cross notches 48 A and 48 B, respectively, having the appearance similar to the screwdriver drive notches 43 .
The switch plug 22 and the magnet plug 24 are inserted through a mirror image pair 36 A and 36 B of the fastening holes 36 . Any pair of the fastening holes 36 that form a mirror image about a center axis 50 of the pin 16 may be selected as the mirror image fastening holes 36 A and 36 B. Latch fingers 52 on the magnet plug 24 retain the magnet plug 24 in the fastening hole 36 B. Latch fingers 56 of the switch plug 22 retain the switch plug 22 in the fastening hole 36 A.
In operation, the first and second hinge leaves 12 and 14 rotate about the center axis 50 between an open position and a closed position. FIG. 1 shows the monitor hinge 10 in the open position and the switch and magnet plugs 22 and 24 aligned for insertion in fastening holes 36 A and 36 B.
FIG. 2 shows the monitor hinge 10 in the closed position with the switch and magnet plugs 22 and 24 installed. When the monitor hinge 10 is in the closed position, the magnet plug 24 and the switch plug 22 are juxtaposed.
The magnet 25 ( FIG. 4 ) in the magnet plug 24 provides a magnetic field that increases as the distance to the magnet 25 ( FIG. 4 ) decreases. When the magnet plug 24 and the switch plug 22 are separated by opening the hinge leaves 12 and 14 , the relatively small magnetic field received by the switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) causes the switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) to take a first electrical state.
When the magnet plug 24 and the switch plug 22 are brought together by closing the hinge leaves 12 and 14 , the increased magnetic field received by the field sensitive switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) causes the switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) to take a second electrical state. In alternative embodiments, the first and second electric states may be open and closed electrical contacts, respectively; closed and open electrical contacts, respectively; electrical contact between a C terminal and A and B terminals, respectively; or the like. Switches known as reed relays may be used for the magnetic field sensitive switch 23 (FIG. 5 ). The switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) may be classed as normally open, normally closed, form C, or the like.
FIG. 3 illustrates the monitor hinge 10 in the open position installed with screws 42 ( FIG. 1 ) through fastening holes 36 to the first hinge object shown the wall jamb 44 and the second hinge object shown as the door jamb 46 . It should be noted that the hinge objects can actually be any objects that are to be connected with a hinge. For example the monitor hinge 10 may connect edges or front or rear surfaces of hinge objects such as doors, windows, panels, a wall, or the like. The switch plug 22 is installed through the fastening hole 36 A into the wall jamb 44 . Of course, their positions could be reversed so that the switch plug 22 inserts into the door and the magnet plug 24 inserts into the wall. The magnet plug 24 is installed through the fastening hole 36 B into the doorjamb 46 . The wires 28 are pushed or fished through the wall jamb 44 to connect into the external system.
FIG. 4 is an assembly drawing of the magnet plug 24 of the present invention. The magnet plug 24 includes the magnet 25 , a magnet plug housing 62 , a spring 64 , and an end plug 66 . The housing 62 includes a hollow cylindrical body 72 extending from a countersink head 68 . The countersink head 68 seats in the countersink ring 38 of the fastening hole 36 B when the monitor hinge 10 is installed.
The housing 62 is molded of an elastic plastic so that the latch fingers 52 compress and/or bend inward when the magnet plug 24 is inserted and then spring back in order to hold the magnet plug 24 in the fastening hole 36 B. For fastening holes 36 of a standard diameter of about {fraction (5/16)} inches, the radius of the projection of the latch fingers 52 is in a range of 0.165 to 0.200 inches with respect to a center line 73 of the magnet plug housing 62 . Preferably, the plastic is paintable so that the top of the head 68 can be painted to look like a metal screw head. ABS plastic can be used.
The magnet plug 24 is assembled by inserting the spring 64 into the hollow within the body 72 , inserting the magnet 25 into the body 72 against the spring 64 , and then threading the end plug 66 into the body 72 to press on the magnet 25 and compress the spring 64 . Preferably, the end plug 66 has self-tapping threads for cutting threads in the inner surface of the body 72 .
The position of the magnet 24 with respect to the head 68 may be adjusted by threading the end plug 66 in or out to the distance between the magnet 25 and the head 68 , thereby adjusting the angle of opening of the monitor hinge 10 where the intensity of the magnetic field causes the switch 23 ( FIG. 5 ) to change between first and second electrical states. Typically, for installation on a door of a building, this angle is adjusted so that the switch 23 indicates a door opening of less than two inches. Alternatively, the position of the switch 23 or positions of both the switch 23 and the magnet 25 may be adjusted.
In an alternative embodiment, the diameter of the magnet 25 is a tight fit with the inner diameter of the body 72 . The friction of the tight fit holds the magnet 25 in place. The spring 64 and the end plug 66 are not used. The opening angle of the door where the switch 23 changes state is adjusted by moving the magnet 25 inward or outward against the friction of the tight fit.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the switch plug 22 of the present invention. The switch plug 22 includes a switch plug housing 82 , the magnetic field sensitive switch 23 disposed within the switch plug housing 82 , and the wires 28 electrically connected to switch contacts within the switch 23 .
The housing includes a cylindrical body 84 extending from a countersink head 86 and latch fingers 56 projecting outward from the body 84 . The countersink head 86 seats in the countersink ring 38 of the fastening hole 36 A when the monitor hinge 10 is installed.
The housing 82 is molded of an elastic plastic so that the latch fingers 56 compress and/or bend inward when the switch plug 22 is inserted and then spring back in order to hold the switch plug 22 in the fastening hole 36 A. For fastening holes 36 of a standard diameter of about {fraction (5/16)} inches, the radius of the projection of the latch fingers 56 is in a range of 0.165 to 0.200 inches with respect to a center line 87 of the switch plug housing 82 . Preferably, the plastic is paintable so that the top of the head 86 can be painted to look like a metal screw head. ABS plastic can be used. The end of the body 84 where the wires 28 exit can be potted to hold the switch 23 in place.
It should be noted that the switch plug 22 and magnet plug 24 may be used as a conversion kit for converting a standard hinge into the monitor hinge 10 . Hinges defined by the American National Standards Institute, Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (ANSI/BHMA) are considered within the building industry art as standard hinges. The fastening screws 42 for a typical standard hinge are 12-24 machine screws or 12 wood screws. The switch plug 22 and magnet plug 24 are inserted in place one of the fastening screws 42 in each one of the hinge leaves 12 and 42 as described herein. Templates and installation instructions for such standard hinges are available over the Internet from ANSI/BHMA, from Hagar Companies, or from most major manufacturers of building industry hinges. ANSI has its headquarters is located in Washington, D.C. BHMA has its headquarters located in New York city, N.Y. Hagar Companies has it headquarters in Saint Louis, Mo.
FIG. 6 is flow chart of a method of the present invention for installing the monitor hinge 10 .
In a step 102 the monitor hinge 10 of the present invention is provided by the installer. It should be noted that the hinge leaves 12 and 14 , the pin 16 , the fastening holes 36 , and the screws 42 may be used as a standard (non-monitoring) hinge. A standard non-monitoring hinge may be received from one source while a monitor hinge conversion kit having the switch plug 22 and the magnet plug 24 may be received from another source.
In a step 104 the wall jamb 44 and doorjamb 46 are prepared in a standard manner for the standard hinge leaves 12 and 14 , the pin 16 , the fastening holes 36 , and the screws 42 .
In a step 106 a longitudinal passageway that aligns with the selected fastening hole 36 A is made in the wall jamb 44 and the wall behind the wall jamb 44 for pushing or fishing the wires 28 . It should be noted that the steps 104 and 106 may be performed in either order.
In a step 108 the hinge leaves 12 and 14 and the pin 16 are installed to the wall jamb 44 and the door jamb 46 in a standard manner with the fastening screws 42 . Optionally, the fastening screws 42 in the selected mirror image fastening holes 36 A and 36 B may be omitted at this stage or installed and then backed out. Many standard commercial hinges have fastening holes of approximately {fraction (5/16)} diameter. The switch plug 22 and magnet plug 24 can be installed into such holes as is without drilling or enlarging the holes.
In a step 112 , using only a drill and bit, round holes are drilled through the selected fastening holes 36 A and 36 B into the wall and door jambs 44 and 46 of sufficient depth into a wall and a door to accept the switch plug 22 and the magnet plug 24 .
In a step 114 the switch plug 22 is inserted into the fastening hole 36 A. In a step 116 the wires 28 are pushed or fished through the passageway. In a step 118 the magnet plug 22 is inserted into the fastening hole 36 B. In a preferred embodiment the switch and magnet plugs 22 and 24 are retained in the monitor hinge 10 by the fingers 52 and 56 .
In a step 122 the door is rotated back and forth with respect to the wall and the end plug 66 is adjusted until the opening between the door and the wall where the magnetic field causes the switch 22 to change state is satisfactory. Typically, in a commercial building the opening where the switch 22 changes state is specified to be less than two inches.
FIG. 7A is an alternative embodiment of the magnet plug 24 of the present invention referred to by a reference number 24 A. The magnet plug 24 A includes the magnet 25 , the spring 64 , the plug 66 , and the countersink head 68 as described above. The magnet plug 24 A also includes a magnet plug housing 62 A having a hollow cylindrical body 72 A analogous to the housing 62 and body 72 described above. The body 72 A includes an annular notch 52 A. A spring clip 53 A snaps into the annular notch 52 A for retaining the magnet plug 24 A to the hinge leaf 14 .
FIG. 7B is another alternative embodiment of the magnet plug 24 of the present invention referred to by a reference number 24 B. The magnet plug 24 B includes the magnet 25 , the spring 64 , the plug 66 , and the countersink head 68 as described above. The magnet plug 24 B also includes a magnet plug housing 62 B having a hollow cylindrical body 72 B analogous to the housing 62 and body 72 described above. The body 72 B includes exterior threads 52 B for retaining the magnet plug 24 B to the hinge leaf 14 by threading to the fastening hole 36 B or to a nut capturing the hinge leaf 14 or to the doorjamb 46 behind the hinge leaf 14 .
FIG. 8A is an alternative embodiment of the switch plug 22 of the present invention referred to by a reference number 22 A. The switch plug 22 A includes the switch 23 , and the countersink head 86 as described above. The switch plug 22 A also includes a switch plug housing 82 A having a cylindrical body 84 A analogous to the housing 82 and body 84 described above. The body 82 A includes an annular notch 56 A. A spring clip 57 A snaps into the annular notch 56 A for retaining the switch plug 22 A to the hinge leaf 12 .
FIG. 8B is another alternative embodiment of the switch plug 22 of the present invention referred to by a reference number 22 B. The switch plug 22 B includes the switch 23 , and the countersink head 86 as described above. The switch plug 22 B also includes a switch plug housing 82 B having a cylindrical body 84 B analogous to the housing 82 and body 84 described above. The body 82 B includes exterior threads 56 B for retaining the switch plug 22 B to the hinge leaf 12 by threading to the fastening hole 36 A or to a nut capturing the hinge leaf 12 or to the wall jamb 44 behind the hinge leaf 12 .
Although the present invention has been described in terms of the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such disclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art after having read the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as covering all alterations and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
| 7H
| 01 | H |
BEST MODE IN CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Illustrated in FIG. 1 is an equipment boom with a body 10 and a connecting
link 12. The equipment boom body, which is shown in greater detail in FIG.
3, has two telescoping shafts 14. Each telescoping shaft has a hollow
outer beam 16 and an inner beam 18 which slidably fits within the hollow
outer beam. The inner beams are longer than the outer beams. The inner
beams can be hollow or solid (not shown). Considerations of strength
required by intended equipment uses versus added weight will dictate which
type of inner beam is to be used.
The telescoping shafts are positioned and attached together so that they
are parallel to one another and their ends are adjacent. When the
equipment boom as presented in this embodiment is in use, the shafts are
side by side in a horizontal plane. As shown in FIG. 3, the outer beams
are attached to spacers 22 placed between their adjacent areas. Spacer
brackets 25 also are used in the same manner with an additional upright
that extends outwardly beyond the outer beams to provide an attachment
point for other parts of the equipment boom.
In this embodiment, the inner and outer beams all have substantially square
cross sectional shapes. The attachments between the outer beams are made
between adjacent sides 26. As shown in FIG. 4, the beams can also have a
rectangular cross sectional shape. Other embodiments with beams having a
variety of cross sectional shapes are contemplated. Practical
considerations, such as ease of fabrication and ability of the inner beam
to slide smoothly within the outer beam without excess twisting or
binding, are the only limitations on the configuration of the beams.
Similarly, the choice of materials for the equipment boom is broad. While
success has been had with common steel, any material that provides
sufficient strength and allow fabrication of the necessary parts can be
used.
An end plate 27 attached to one adjacent pair of the outer beam ends of the
outer beams also strengthens the equipment boom body, as well as serve
other purposes. The outer beams are attached to the spacers by welding.
The outer beams can be attached together in number of other different ways
well known to those skilled in agricultural and construction equipment
design and manufacture.
Similar to the outer beams, the inner beams are positioned so that their
ends 28 are adjacent. An end bracket 30 connects one adjacent pair of
inner beams ends together, creating a connected pair and leaving an open
pair of inner beam ends. The end bracket has a pair of hollow tubes 32
that have interior cross sections large enough, and are positioned
adjacent and parallel to one another so that the end bracket slidably fits
over the connected end pair. The end bracket is secured to connected end
pair by aligning a plurality of aligned holes 34 in the end bracket and a
plurality of aligned holes 36 in the inner beams proximate the connected
end pair and passing a fastening bolt 38 through all the aligned holes.
The fastening bolt then is secured with a nut 39. Extending outward from
opposite sides of the end bracket are end bracket uprights 40.
The connecting link 12 includes a receiving box and locking mechanism.
Receiving box 42 in this embodiment is constructed from two hollow tubes
44. As with the end bracket described above, the receiving box tubes each
have interior cross sections large enough to slidably fit over the inner
beams. Further, they are positioned adjacent and parallel to one another
enabling the receiving box to slide over the open end pair of the inner
beams.
The locking mechanism as shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, involves a plurality
of aligned holes 46 in the inner beams proximate the open end pair, and
similarly, a plurality of aligned holes 48 through the receiving box. When
the open end pair slides into the receiving box, the open end pair holes
and the receiving box holes are aligned and a locking rod 50 is placed
through the holes in the receiving box and the open end pair. In turn, a
quick release locking pin 52 is used to secure the locking rod in place.
This embodiment of the locking mechanism for the carrier length allows a
quick, simple method of attaching working implements to the equipment
boom. To remove a working implement, the locking pin is removed, the
locking rod pulled from the holes in the receiving box and inner beams,
and the receiving box slid from the open end pair. The operation can be
accomplished in a matter of seconds. Fitting the next desired working
implement can be accomplished just as quickly. It should be noted that the
holes in the inner beams, the end bracket and the receiving box can be
centered vertical so that they are vertically symmetrical and positioned
upside down without difficulty or lose of function.
As illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 1B the receiving box portion of the
carrier length can be attached to the working implements of widely
differing configurations. FIG. 1 shows the receiving box being used with a
wood splitting implement 60 which also doubles as the spacer element
between the receiving box tubes that insures the proper spacing between
the tubes for alignment with the inner beams. In FIG. 1A, a receiving box
42a has an L-shaped bracket 62 which enables a post hole digger 64 to be
attached to the equipment boom body. FIG. 1B shows a receiving box 42b
that is bolted to the top of a frame 66 that enables a disk implement 68
to be used with the equipment boom body. These implements are but a few of
the different applications available using the present invention. Although
the exact method of attachment of the receiving box to the implement
changes in fact the flexibility of the connecting length in the present
invention enables the use of virtually any construction or agricultural
implement desired by an operator.
The equipment boom can be attached to different vehicles with a variety of
different mounting systems, most of which are well know to those skilled
in the art of agricultural and construction equipment design and
manufacture. One type of attachment mechanism which can be used with this
preferred embodiment is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. On the equipment boom
body, two attachment brackets 70 are affixed to one of the outer beams and
which extend rearward from the beam. The attachment brackets also are
substantially aligned with one another. Affixed to the same outer beam
between the attachment brackets is a attachment socket 72. The attachment
socket is formed from a short piece of hollow tubing, positioned so that
it opens in an upwardly direction. Slidably fit within and fixedly
attached to the attachment socket is a vertical support 76 which extends
upward from the equipment boom body. The vertical support has an upper end
77 and has a pair of brackets 78 affixed on opposite sides of the vertical
support proximate the upper end.
From the vehicle side there is an attachment frame 80 with a main brace 82
and two mounting arms 84 which are substantially parallel to the main
brace. The mounting arms extend rearward from the main brace and are
fixedly mounted to the frame of the vehicle (not shown) to which the boom
is to be attached. Extending upwardly from and fixedly attached to each of
the mounting arms proximate the main brace is a vertical frame member 86.
Pivotally attached to each vertical frame member and extending forward
from either side of the attachment frame is an attachment arm 88. A cross
brace 90 with angular supports 92 fit between the attachment arms to
provide additional strength.
Pivotally attached to and extending forward from the upper end 94 of each
vertical frame members is an upper frame arm 96. Each upper frame arm is
substantially aligned with the corresponding attachment arm. The forward
end 98 of each upper frame arm is attached to the corresponding attachment
arm by an auxiliary support 100 which is pivotally attached to both arms.
An upper cross member 102 attaches the forward ends of the upper frame
arms together and strengthens the upper frame arms.
The upper cross member also is serves as the pivotally attachment point for
a lever arm 104. The rearward end 106 of the lever arm is pivotally
connected to a vertical cylinder 108. The lower end 110 of the vertical
cylinder is pivotally connected to the main brace.
To attach the equipment boom to the attachment mechanism, the attachment
brackets are placed near the attachment arms and holes 112 in each of the
attachment brackets aligned with holes 114 in the attachment arms.
Similarly, holes 116 in the vertical support brackets are aligned with a
hole 118 in the forward end 120 of the lever arm. When the corresponding
holes are aligned, the same type of locking rod and quick release locking
pin described above for the receiving box locking mechanism can be used to
secure the attachment of the equipment boom to the attachment mechanism.
Thus, the entire equipment boom can be removed in this embodiment by
pulling three locking pins and locking rods.
In any of the above uses of the locking rod and locking pin, a standard nut
and bolt can be substituted If quick removal and attachment of pieces of
equipment is not important. Other attachment and locking mechanisms are
well known to those skilled in the art and can be used with the present
invention.
The equipment boom is moved vertically by activating the vertical cylinder.
The vertical cylinder in this embodiment is a double action cylinder,
which exerts force both in the contractiona and extension phase. In this
embodiment, the cylinder is hydraulic and connected by lines 122 to the
vehicle's hydraulic source (not shown). Other power sources, such as
electric motor, could be used. When the vertical cylinder is contracted,
the lever arm forward end raises, lifting the vertical support and thereby
the equipment boom. Similarly, extending the vertical cylinder lowers the
lever arm forward end and the equipment boom.
The open end pair and any attached working implement are moved horizontally
by a horizontal driver. In this embodiment, a pair of hydraulic cylinders
124 are used as the horizontal driver. Each cylinder has a fixed end 126
attached to the spacer upright and a movable end attached to end bracket
upright. As with the lifting cylinder, the horizontal driver cylinders are
attached to the vehicle's hydraulic source by lines 128. Electric motors
could also be used as the horizontal drivers. When the cylinders are
contracted, the connected end pair are pulled toward the vehicle and the
open end pair and any attached working implement pushed outward from the
vehicle. To move a working implement closer to the vehicle, the cylinders
are extended.
If a task requires that the working implements be changed from one side of
a vehicle to the other, the locking rods holding at the attachment
brackets and the upper end of the vertical support are removed and the
vertical support removed from the attachment socket. The removal of the
vertical support can be facilited by the use of locking rod and pin to
affix the vertical support to the attachment socket. The equipment boom
then can be turned upside down, the vertical support placed back within
the attachment slot, and the boom reattached to the vehicle. Thus, it is
possible to accomplish this by hand without the use of tools. The
equipment boom shown in this reversed orientation is shown in FIG. 5.
As discussed briefly above and illustrated in FIG. 4, an alternative
preferred embodiment of an equipment boom uses a single shaft 200 with an
outer beam 202 and an inner beam 204 that have rectangular cross sectional
shapes. The receiving box 206 and the end bracket 208, similarly, are made
from single pieces of hollow, rectangular tubing. This embodiment
functions in much the same way as the above described embodiments,
including the implements that can be used and the manner of attachment to
a vehicle.
The wood splitter shown in FIG. 1 is operated by placing a piece of wood
between the splitting implement 60 and the end plate 27. The horizontal
driver cylinders then are extended which pulls the splitting implement
toward the end plate and splits the wood. The splitting implement can be
used as shown with the wood being placed on the inner beams, or receiving
box can be turned so that the splitting implement is beneath the inner
beams and wood can be placed on the ground.
In FIG. 1A, the receiving box 42a has the L-shaped bracket 62 which enables
the box to be locked on the equipment boom while keep the post hole digger
64 to be placed perpendicular to the ground as needed. The implement is
powered by a hydraulically powered motor 65 that is connected to the
vehicle hydraulic source by lines 65a. Other types of power could be used.
When the post hole digger is in use, downward force is exerted by the
boom.
In FIG. 1B, the receiving box 42b is attached to a frame 66 which, in turn,
is attached to a disc implement 68. The receiving box is attache by a bolt
66a which allows the angle of the implement relative to the receiving box
and equipment boom to be adjusted as desired.
The above application are only a few of the possibilities of the implements
that can be used with this invention. Others uses and implements include a
brush rake, a post driver and puller, a spray boom for liquids, a grape
hiller and cultivator, a windrow turner, an air compressor mounted in
place of one of the horizontal driver cylinders, a weed burner, a portable
cement mixer, a mower, rototiller, a wire spooler, a rope tow, and a small
crane for lifting.
An equipment boom constructed in accordance with the present invention
allows a plurality of different working implements to be used with a
single vehicle without requiring that the boom itself be changed. In
addition, the connecting link not only allows the changing of implements
but reduces it to a matter of minutes or even seconds. All of this is
accomplished while also allowing operator flexibility as to the placement
of any implements. The equipment boom is simple, relatively lightweight,
and can be used with existing attachment mechanisms already found on
tractors and truck.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is applicable in any situation where it is desirable
to use a variety of different working implements with a single vehicle and
to use the implements in different locations.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in
language more or less specific as to structural features. It is
understood, however, that the invention Is not limited to the specific
features shown, since the means and construction herein disclosed comprise
preferred forms of putting the invention to effect. The invention,
therefore, is claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the
legitimate and valid scope of the claims that follow. | 1B
| 66 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring first toFIG. 1, three-phase (3.ø), fixed frequency AC electric power is supplied to the apparatus via a supply line1, typically an electric umbilical cable, from a platform or vessel to a subsea control module (SCM)2of the apparatus, mounted on a well tree. The SCM2houses a subsea electronics module (SEM)3and an actuator electronic module (AEM)4. The input AC power feeds via a connector through the SCM2to the SEM3, to provide basic low voltage supplies for the electronic circuitry of the apparatus, and to an input sensing unit5in the AEM4.
FIG. 2shows the unit5which contains devices6to sense voltage (V) in respective ones of the three input phases and devices7to sense current (I) in respective ones of the three input phases, to enable measurement of these parameters, which are required by logic circuitry installed in electronic circuitry housed in the SEM3, outputs of devices6and7being connected to the SEM3for that purpose. The input sensing unit5has dual outputs (channels A and B) feeding motor drive units8and9respectively. Since only one motor drive unit is in operation at a time, the other motor drive unit provides 100% redundancy in the event of a fault.
The motor drive units8and9are high power electronic inverter units, each of which provides both a variable voltage and a variable frequency output under the control o f the SEM3. The output voltage and current of each of motor drive units8and9(i.e. the voltage (V) applied to and the current (I) taken by the motor connected to the system at the time) are also sensed and fed back to the SEM3to enable measurement of these parameters for use by the logic circuitry in the SEM3.
Further redundancy is provided in an emergency if both motor drive units were to fail, by by-passing them with high power, solid state relays (SSR's)10and11.
The output of a chosen one of motor drive unit8(channel A) and motor drive unit9(channel B) is available to drive devices on the well tree which, in the example illustrated, are three-phase electric motors M1to M10. The channel selection is effected by the SEM3, which switches on via an output36the appropriate one of SSR12(for channel A) or SSR13(for channel B), thus providing power to a power distribution rail34(feeding motor selection SSR's14,16–32) or a distribution rail35(feeding motor selection SSR's15,17–33).
The logic circuitry in SEM3decides selection of the motor drive channel A or B. Initially, channel A is selected with SSR12switched on and SSR13off. The operational requirements of the well are fed to the SEM3, such as which motor is to be operated and in which direction, the operation of the motors being multiplexed by control of the SSR's14,16–32via output36. The start-up of each motor is achieved by the motor drive unit8outputting a low frequency, low voltage output, initially, which increases in frequency and voltage as the motor speeds up. The characteristics of each motor start requirement are stored in a memory of the SEM3. During the operation of each motor, the logic circuitry in the SEM3uses the monitored motor drive unit output current and voltage information (i.e. the motor demand) from motor drive unit8with the input current and voltage information monitored by the input sensing unit5and, taking into account the quiescent power requirements of the motor drive unit, assesses whether there is a fault in either the motor drive unit or the motor. If motor drive unit8for channel A is detected to be faulty, for example when motor M1is in operation, the SEM3will, via output36, open SSR's12and14,16–32and close SSR's13and15,17–33, thus switching to channel B. If the SEM3senses a fault in the motor drive unit9of channel B, then it will turn off the drive of motor drive unit9and close SSR11, reverting to emergency fixed frequency and voltage power. Likewise, a failure of supply in this situation allows SSR10to be closed and SSR11opened as an alternative emergency power path.
Thus the system is a fully automatic redundant system, which by multiplexing the output of a variable frequency, variable voltage electronic motor drive unit, reduces the overall complexity of the system The overall effect is to achieve high reliability, making the configuration ideal for the subsea, production fluid extraction environment where replacement costs, in the event of a failure, are prohibitive, and loss of production is unacceptable.
| 4E
| 21 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Since an engine of a vehicle cannot be independently started, a flywheel ring gear should be rotated by driving a starter motor with a starting switch.
That is, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, a starter motor10includes a limit switch11and an electric motor12. A starting switch21includes four steps such as LOCK, ACC, ON, and START in order to start the engine of the vehicle.
When the starting switch21is positioned in the START step, a current flows through a battery22. When the limit switch11is activated, a plunger13moves to a BM terminal14while being electromagnetized and at the same time, the lever15rotates around a center shaft16to be turned.
In various embodiments of the present invention, the electric motor12includes a motor shaft17which can protrude forwards from the front side of the electric motor12. The motor shaft17includes a spool member19to slidably receive one end portion of the lever15.
Accordingly as the plunger13retracts backwards by the starter motor10, the motor shaft17protrudes forwards from the front side of the electric motor12, a pinion gear23integrally formed at a front end of the motor shaft17is engaged with a flywheel ring gear24and then a large current flows to the electric motor12, thereby starting driving of the electric motor12.
When the electric motor12is driven, the rotation force of the motor shaft17is transmitted to a crankshaft25through the pinion gear23and the flywheel ring gear24, and a piston16of the engine is operated by the rotation force of the crankshaft25, thereby starting the vehicle.
When the vehicle is started and a driver releases a starting key, the starting key21is restored to the ON step which is a previous step of the START step to be short-circuited and the current stops to flow, thereby terminating the driving of the electric motor12.
At the same time, the motor shaft17retreats to the electric motor12, and as engagement between the pinion gear23and the flywheel ring gear24is released, all mechanical devices are restored to a state before starting the vehicle and prepares for the next operation.
Meanwhile, in various embodiments of the present invention, the starter motor10may be commonly used for an MDPS motor.
That is, when the motor shaft17retreats to the electric motor12, the engagement between the pinion gear23and the flywheel ring gear24is released. From this time, the pinion gear23is joined to a power transmission bearing member30.
The power transmission bearing member30is co-axially provided on the motor shaft17between the electric motor12and the pinion gear23.
As shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, a plurality of joining protrusions23aare provided on a lateral surface of the pinion gear23facing the power transmission bearing member30and a plurality of joining grooves32amale and female-joined with the joining protrusions23aof the pinion gear23are provided on a lateral surface of the power transmission bearing member30facing the pinion gear23.
The joining protrusions23aare freely inserted and joined to the joining grooves32ain linear movement of the motor shaft17. In addition, the joining protrusions23aare freely separated from the joining grooves32aand thus are decoupled from the joining grooves32a.
The power transmission bearing member30includes an inner wheel31engaged with the motor shaft17so that the motor shaft17moves linearly in a lengthwise direction of the motor shaft17, an outer wheel32having the plurality of joining grooves32aremovably inserted with the joining protrusions23aon a lateral surface thereof, and a ball bearing33connecting the inner wheel31with the outer wheel32.
A gear groove32bis formed on an outer circumference surface of the outer wheel32.
When the motor shaft17rotates in a state that the pinion gear23is joined to the power transmission bearing member30, the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30rotates integrally with the motor shaft17. When the motor shaft17rotates in a state that the pinion gear23is not joined to the power transmission bearing member30but engages with the flywheel ring gear24, the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30does not rotate irrespective of the motor shaft17.
The outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30is connected to a wormwheel42constituting the MDPS through a power transmission belt41.
That is, the power transmission belt41is joined to the gear groove32bof the outer wheel32through a gear groove provided on an outer circumference surface of the wormwheel42, thereby connecting the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30with the wormwheel42.
The wormwheel42is pierced by a steering shaft43and is joined integrally with the steering shaft43in the MDPS. Since a joining structure of the wormwheel42and the steering shaft43is a general structure of the MDPS, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
When the pinion gear23is joined to the power transmission bearing member30and the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30rotates with the motor shaft17simultaneously, the rotation force of the motor shaft17is transmitted to the steering shaft43through the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30and the wormwheel42, thereby rotating the steering shaft43.
The MDPS includes a torque sensor44detecting information on a steering angle of a steering wheel and a controller45receiving the information from the torque sensor44. The controller45controls a driving time and a driving direction and driving speed and the driving time of the electric motor12on the basis of the information received from the torque sensor44.
Accordingly, in various embodiments of the present invention, in starting the vehicle, the pinion gear23engages with the flywheel ring gear24and thus power of the electric motor12is transmitted to the crankshaft25to start the vehicle. After the starting of the vehicle is terminated, the pinion gear23and the flywheel ring gear24is disengaged from each other, while the pinion gear23is joined to the power transmission bearing member30, thereby transmitting the power of the electric motor12to the steering shaft43through the power transmission belt41and the wormwheel42.
In such a state, when the steering angle of the steering wheel is generated, the torque sensor44detects the information on the steering angle of the steering wheel and transmits the information to the controller45, and the controller45controls the driving of the electric motor12by calculating the information received from the torque sensor44, and engine speed and a vehicle speed.
When the electric motor12is driven by the control of the controller45, the rotation force of the motor shaft17is transmitted the steering shaft43through the outer wheel32of the power transmission bearing member30, the power transmission belt41, and the wormwheel42, to the steering shaft43. Therefore, it is possible to improve steering force.
As described above, according to various embodiments of the present invention, the starter motor10used in starting the vehicle may be also used for the MDPS motor after the starting is terminated, thereby decreasing the number of components and manufacturing cost.
In various embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to improve design flexibility for an installation structure and more efficiently utilize a space of an engine compartment in consideration of the narrow space of the engine compartment.
In detail, in various aspects of the present invention for the apparatus for driving a steering shaft in a motor-driven power steering system, a starter motor used in starting a vehicle may be also used for an MDPS motor after the starting is terminated, whereby it is possible to decrease the number of components and manufacturing cost, and to more efficiently utilize a space of an engine compartment by improving design flexibility for an installation structure and in consideration of the narrow space of the engine compartment.
According to an aspect of the present invention, after a starting operation is terminated, a starter motor used in the starting operation is used as an MDPS motor, thereby decreasing the number of components and manufacturing cost, and improving design flexibility with respect to an installation structure in consideration of a narrow space of an engine compartment. Therefore, it is possible to more efficiently utilize the space of the engine compartment.
For convenience in explanation and accurate definition in the appended claims, the terms “front” and etc. are used to describe features of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the positions of such features as displayed in the figures.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
| 1B
| 62 | D |
EXAMPLES
The following formulation is used to make a polyolefin foam in an extrusion
process for the examples, unless otherwise noted.
20.0 pounds per hour of an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer (3 acrylic acid
percent by weight of copolymer) (EAA)
3.71 pounds per hour of HCFC-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane)
0.06 pounds per hour of a nucleator (talc)
0.2 pounds per hour glycerol monostearate (GMS)
The ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer, nucleator and GMS are heat plastified
into a flowable gel in an a 11/2 inch (3.8 cm) screw type extruder. The
temperatures of the flowable gel out of the extruder range from about 176
to about 192 degrees centigrade. The flowable gel is then passed to a
piece of equipment which provides mixing and cooling capabilities prior to
exiting the die. The temperatures of the flowable gel exiting the
mixer/cooler equipment range from about 137 to about 143 degrees
centigrade.
Tables 1 and 2 indicate the amount of the quaternary ammonium salt used in
each example, based on resin weight. In Table 1 the quaternary ammonium
salt as sold is in an unknown liquid carrier. This formulation is sold as
LAROSTAT HTS 905. In Table 2 the quaternary ammonium salt is CYASTAT LS is
in solution with 0.025 pounds per hour of methanol.
Samples of the foam are then prepared by aging the foam for three days at
10 percent relative humidity and a temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit
for static decay testing and surface resistivity testing.
TABLE 1
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of Surface
LAROSTAT HTS 905
Static Decay
Resistivity
(parts per hundred)
(seconds) (ohms/square)
______________________________________
0.4 0.09 3.9 .congruent. 10.sup.12
0.8 0.07 5.2 .congruent. 10.sup.12
1.2 0.06 1.8 .congruent. 10.sup.12
1.6 0.05 8.4 .congruent. 10.sup.11
______________________________________
TABLE 2
______________________________________
CYASTAT LS
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of Surface
CYASTAT LS Static Decay
Resistivity
(parts per hundred)
(seconds) (ohms/square)
______________________________________
0.25 0.45 3.7 .congruent. 10.sup.13
0.50 0.26 3.0 .congruent. 10.sup.13
1.00 0.14 2.1 .congruent. 10.sup.14
______________________________________
As can be seen in Tables 1 and 2 the static decay time is well below 2
seconds, which is the minimum requirement for specimens under
MIL-B-81705B.
COMATIVE EXAMPLES
In Table 3 the formulation of the examples was used, except, rather than
using a quaternary ammonium salt, an amine (ethoxylated cocoamine) called
VARSTAT K22 (from Sherex Chemical Co., Dublin, Ohio.) was used. In Table 4
the formulation of the examples was used except 0.2-0.6 pounds per hour of
only GMS (1, 2 and 3 pph) was used.
TABLE 3
______________________________________
VARSTAT K22
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of Surface
VARSTAT K22 Static Decay
Resistivity
(parts per hundred)
(seconds) (ohms/square)
______________________________________
0.4 0.6 2.5 .congruent. 10.sup.14
0.8 0.9 9.1 .congruent. 10.sup.14
1.2 1.2 6.2 .congruent. 10.sup.14
______________________________________
As can be seen in Table 3 the static decay time has increased overall as
compared to the examples and rather than decreasing with increasing
amounts of ethoxylated amine, the static decay time appears to increase.
Also the surface resistivity appears to have increased significantly when
compared with the examples of Tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 4
______________________________________
Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of Surface
Glycerol Monostearate
Static Decay
Resistivity
(parts per hundred)
(seconds) (ohms/square)
______________________________________
1 4.2 8.9 .congruent. 10.sup.14
2 2.2 9.6 .congruent. 10.sup.14
3 1.3 1.5 .congruent. 10.sup.14
______________________________________
Table 4 shows that GMS by itself has a static decay time that is
significantly greater than the examples and at low levels does not
function well as an antistatic agent.
ADDITIONAL FOAM EXAMPLE AND FOAM COMATIVE SINGLE ADDITIVE EXAMPLES
TABLE 5
______________________________________
Antistatic Composition versus Components
Amount of Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905
Glycerol Monostearate
Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.00* 1.0 2.5
0.60* 0.0 Greater than
30
0.60 1.0 0.2
______________________________________
*Not examples of the present invention
Using the same basic formulation to prepare EAA foam as described in Tables
1-4, Table 5 shows that the use of both additives produces a much lower
static decay time than either additive used singly.
FILM EXAMPLES AND FILM COMATIVE EXAMPLES
The following film examples and film comparative examples are made by
blending the formulation for ten minutes at 50 revolutions per minute and
150 degrees centigrade. The resultant homogeneously mixed blend was then
pressed into a thin film and tested for static decay. The polyolefin resin
used, unless otherwise stated, is an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer (3
percent acrylic acid by weight of the copolymer) (EAA). The additive
weights are parts by weight based on the weight of the resin.
TABLE 6
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.15 23.0
0.20 2.49
0.40 1.54
0.50 2.7
0.60 0.83
______________________________________
TABLE 6A
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
with no Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.15 23.0
0.20 Greater than
30
0.40 Greater than
30
0.50 2.7
0.60 9.5
0.80 3.0
0.96 0.07
1.0 0.09
1.32 0.03
2.0 0.15
______________________________________
As can be seen in comparing Tables 6 and 6A (examples versus comparative
examples) the static decay time is significantly reduced with the addition
of as little as 1 part per hundred (pph) of GMS to a formulation having
only 0.20 pph of the quaternary ammonium salt. As a comparison, it takes
0.50 pph of the quaternary ammonium salt alone to produce approximately
the same static decay time.
TABLE 7
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.50* 0.35
______________________________________
*Resin 80 pph polyethylene/20 pph EAA by total weight
TABLE 7A
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
and 1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.50* Greater than
30
______________________________________
*Resin polyethylene
TABLE 7B
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
with no Glycerol Monostearate
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.66* Greater than
30
0.96* Greater than
30
1.32* Greater than
30
______________________________________
*Resin polyethylene
As can be seen in comparing comparative example Tables 7A and 7B with
example Table 7, the addition of as little as twenty weight percent, based
on total resin weight, of an ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer with three
weight percent by copolymer weight acrylic acid functionality into a
polyethylene resin (density of 0.923 grams/cubic centimeter and melt index
of 2.1 grams/10 minutes) (PE) (thus providing 0.06 weight percent acrylic
acid functionality in the PE/EAA resin blend total) provides a static
decay time significantly less than two seconds, while the PE having the
quaternary ammonium salt alone or in combination with GMS still provides
an unacceptable static decay time.
TABLE 8
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.50* 2.7
0.50** 1.6
______________________________________
*1 pph Glycerol Monostearate
**1 pph Glycerol Monobehenate
TABLE 8A
______________________________________
LAROSTAT HTS 905
Amount of
LAROSTAT HTS 905 Static Decay
(parts per hundred)
(seconds)
______________________________________
0.50* Greater than 30
0.50** Greater than 30
0.50*** Greater than 30
0.00**** Greater than 30
0.00***** Greater than 30
______________________________________
Includes:
*1 pph Ethylene Glycol Monostearate
**1 pph Glycerol Tristearate
***1 pph Stearyl Stearamide
****1 pph glycerol Monostearate
*****1 pph glycerol Monobehenate
As can be seen in comparing the comparative examples of Table 8A with the
example of Table 8, not all partial esters of a long chain fatty acid with
a polyol appear to work with the same efficacy in the antistatic
composition of the present invention. The preferred partial esters appear
to be those which are a combination of glycerol and a single long chain
fatty acid, such as for example glycerol monostearate.
The words CYASTAT, LAROSTAT, MARKSTAT, VARSTAT and HEXCEL used herein are
trademarks.
While the subject matter of this specification has been described and
illustrated by reference to certain specific embodiments and examples in
this specification, these certain specific embodiments and examples should
not in any way be interpreted as limiting the scope of the claimed
invention. | 2C
| 08 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The invention is generally embodied in a modular scaffolding system
comprising a plurality of scaffold sections of different lengths and
configurations which can be combined in various ways to meet the
requirements of exterior building maintenance jobs on buildings of various
different exterior configurations. FIG. 1 illustrates a short straight
modular scaffold section 10a interconnected between two relatively longer
straight modular scaffold sections 10a. The straight modular sections 10a
are shown connected with modular scaffold section connectors 12a. Each
section generally comprises a pair of side trusses 32 with a floor or deck
20 supported therebetween with a vertically adjustable guard rail on each
side truss.
Modular scaffold section stirrup connectors 12b are provided at the ends of
the modular scaffolding system of FIG. 1 as stirrup connectors which
provide yokes for the connection of a power hoist 14 which draws wire rope
or cable 16 therethrough. The preferred power hoist 14 is the Hi-Lo
Climbers high speed Model FD-35I which provides open breach reeving in
which the cable 16 is reeved therethrough allowing the power hoist 14 to
climb the cable 16 thus elevating the scaffold. The Model FD-35I is
modular, versatile and low maintenance and easily installed on the stop
lock bracket 18 of the modular scaffold stirrup connectors 12b. The Model
FD-35I features a speed up to 35 feet per minute for up to a 1000 pound
load.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D graphically illustrate some of the many
configurations which may be constructed with the modular scaffolding
system described herein. FIG. 2A, for example, represents the
interconnection of five modular scaffold sections 10a and 45-degree corner
scaffold sections 10b designed to fit around the contours of bay windows,
comprising two 45-degree corner sections 10b connecting three straight or
linear sections 10a. FIG. 2B illustrates two straight sections 10a
interconnected between a 90-degree modular scaffolding section 10c to fit
along the corner of a building. FIG. 2C shows a combination of straight
sections 10a with 90-degree and 45-degree corner sections 10b and 10c to
form a house-shaped structure which may encompass a pentagonal tower or
which may be used within a building to provide access to all sides of a
chandelier or other ceiling structures. FIG. 2D shows three straight
sections 10a of various lengths interconnected by two 90-degree corner
sections 10c.
Examples of the modular components are shown in greater detail in FIG. 3,
which shows straight modular scaffold section 10a and a 90-degree corner
section 10c. While only a straight and 90-degree modular scaffold corner
section is shown, it should be noted that desirable lengths include 2, 4,
6, 8 and 10-foot straight sections and angled sections having standard
corners of 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees.
The modular scaffold section assembly of FIG. 3 includes a straight deck 20
and an angled deck 24. The modular scaffold section connectors 12a
illustrated with one modular scaffold section stirrup connector 12b having
yokes 18. The former modular scaffold section connector 12a does not have
the brackets 18. As discussed, the brackets 18 provide for the connection
of the power hoist 14. The modular scaffold section connector 12a without
the yokes 18 is preferred between intermediate modular scaffold sections
allowing persons to walk therethrough.
When it is desired to walk through a modular scaffold section connector and
also include a power hoist at the connector, a walk-through stirrup type
modular scaffold connector 22 is employed which utilizes side mounted
yokes 28. When a power hoist may thus be connected to the yokes 28 of the
walk-through stirrup type modular scaffold connector 22, the cable 16 is
extended through a top fairlead sheave 30 which employs pulley wheels and
guides for routing the cable 16 therethrough. The top fairlead sheave
extends upward and curves over the walkway of interconnected modular
scaffold sections 10a and 10c allowing a person to walk therethrough from
section to section of the modular scaffolding system of the embodiment.
The modular scaffold connectors 12 and 22 may additionally provide for the
connection of casters or wheels 26 allowing movement over ground surfaces,
e.g. to position the scaffolding system.
A pair of side walls or side trusses 32 are shown as part of a straight
modular scaffold section and angled side trusses 34 and 36 are used in the
90-degree angled modular scaffold section. A toe board 38 is provided
along the lower outside side of the side trusses 32, 34 and 36. The toe
board 38 extends upwardly from the bottom of the side truss about one-half
foot and is reinforced by a toe board reinforcement rail 40.
An elongated lower truss member 42 and an elongated upper truss member 44
are supported between end beams 46 and a plurality of struts or web
members 48 for supporting the elongated upper truss member 44 at a
predetermined height over the elongated lower truss member 42. The web
members 48 are shown as struts and may be affixed in a triangularized
orientation for supporting the elongated lower truss member 42 and the
elongated upper truss member 44.
Guard rails 50 may be elevated above the elongated upper truss member 44
and supported by adjustable guard rail supports 52 extendable from the
modular scaffold section connectors 12 or at the corner of an angled
modular scaffold section 10c as shown.
The deck 20 is supported between a pair of the side trusses 32. Likewise,
the angled deck 24 is supported between angled side trusses 34 and 36. To
prevent the deck 20 from being blown upward from wind, holes 54 are
provided therein, and, as discussed below in connection with FIGS. 4A and
4B, the deck 20 is also latched at modular scaffold section connectors 12
to prevent movement. According to safety standards, the holes 54 may not
be so large as permit a ball larger than 9/16 inch to pass through the
holes 54.
In FIG. 3A a foreshortened end view of the elongated upper truss member 44
shows an end view wherein the cross-section of the upper truss member 44
is rectangular (wider than tall); added width is provided to prevent
buckling in a horizontal plane. The side walls 58 are reinforced with
additional material such that holes 60 provided at the ends of the
elongated upper truss members withstand shear loads from supporting pins
under tension when the upper truss member 44 ends are connected to a
modular scaffold section stirrup connector 12b or walk-through stirrup
section connector 22.
The end view of FIG. 3A showing the end of the elongated lower truss member
also shows added material at the bottom thereof at 62 providing thickened
side walls similar to that on the upper truss member 44 to resist shear
loads from supporting connecting pins under tension. The elongated truss
member 42 thus provides a reinforced elongated U-shaped channel having a
pair of vertical webs extending from a horizontal web. Further, the
elongated truss member 42 also provides an elongated L-shaped member 64
having a vertical web for positioning the deck 20 and a horizontal web for
supporting the deck 20. A web member sill 66 is provided for connecting
plural side truss web members 48 and ends 46 thereto and for connecting
the U-shaped channel walls 62 to the L-shaped member 64. A deck support
sill 68 is provided for connecting the U-shaped channel side wall 62 to
the horizontal web of the L-shaped member 64. The toe board 38 and
reinforcement rail 40 are extruded as an integral member with the
elongated truss member 42.
A lower truss member connecting pin 70 is shown locked in place by roll
pins 72. This locked pin 70 allows drop-in placement at the ends of
elongated link members 74 having a recess therein for receiving the pin 70
at the lower end of modular scaffold section connectors 12 and 22. The
elongated link members 74 are made of steel, as such they provide for
strong connections and avoid shear at welded areas where scaffolding
sections are interconnected.
The elongated lower truss member 42 and the elongated upper truss member 44
may, of course, be composed of any appropriate material providing
structural support and strength, but in this preferred embodiment extruded
aluminum is utilized. The truss members 42 and 44 with the described pin
connections facilitate the drop-in interconnection at the lower truss
member 42 ends and the pinning connection at the ends of the elongated
upper truss member 44. Thus, the extrusions described herein facilitate
easy set-up and take-down of the described modular scaffolding system.
Upper elongated link members 76 are provided for receiving pins
therethrough and through the ends of the elongated upper truss members 44.
The described pin-link interconnections provide an easily assembled and
strong fastening scheme. Additionally, elongated link members 78 provide
for connection to guard rail 50.
FIGS. 4A through 4F and particularly FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the various
aspects of the modular scaffold section stirrup connector 12b in detail.
The modular scaffold section connector 12 is made of zinc-plated steel and
includes a pair of upstanding support members 80 connected to a base
support member 82. End supports 84 are connected to the base member 82 for
supporting the deck 20 at its ends. A meshed metal screening 86 is
provided between the base member 82 and the brackets 18 when employing
stirrups 18 with the modular scaffold section stirrup connector 12b. The
adjustable guard rail post 52 extends into the upstanding support members
80 and a cap 88 may be provided at the top thereof.
In FIG. 4B the open U-shaped recess 90 at the ends of the lower elongated
link members 72 is shown. The recess 90 receives the pin 70 of the
elongated lower truss member to facilitate drop-in connection and
fastening thereof. Pin connection holes 92 are provided at the ends of the
upper elongated link member 76 and elongated holes 94 are provided in the
link 78 for the adjustable guard rail 50. A pin and lanyard assembly 96 is
provided for connection of the upper truss member 44 and gravity pins 98
are provided for connection of the guard rail 50 and safety support of the
wheels 26.
FIG. 4B further illustrates side trusses 32 connected with the section
stirrup connector 12b. Of course, typically the section stirrup connector
12b is at the end of a scaffold but it may be positioned intermediate the
scaffold as shown. The arrows illustrate the way in which the side truss
32 may be dropped into position and then fastened to the section stirrup
connectors.
The enlarged views in FIGS. 4C, 4D, 4E and 4F illustrate the drop-in
interconnections of the side trusses 32 and the spring loaded latches for
securing the deck 20. The latch assembly includes pivot bars 100 attached
to an anchoring plate 102 which is mounted with a roll pin 104. The pivot
bars 100 extend over the deck 20 and rotate about a hole 106. A latch
spring 108 connected to the opposing ends of the pivot bars 100 cause the
pivot bars 100 to extend outwardly. A cover 110 shown in dashed lines
covers the latched spring and top portions of the pivot bars 100. A roll
pin 112 acts as a stop for the pivot bars 100. When the deck 20 is dropped
into place into a modular scaffold section, the pivot bar 100 moves inward
and then outwardly to secure the deck 20 into position. To remove the deck
20 the pivot bar 100 is simply pushed inward allowing the deck 20 to be
removed.
In FIG. 4C an enlarged view of the spring latched pivot bar 100 is shown.
The pivot bar 100 is provided for securing a scaffold deck in position.
FIG. 4D shows the drop-in connection of the lower elongated truss member
connecting pin 70 with a U-shaped recess 90 of the lower elongated link
member 74. FIG. 4E shows the truss and connecting pin 70 positioned over
the elongated lower link member 74. FIG. 4F shows the truss dropped into
position with the deck locked with the spring latched pivot bar 100.
While an embodiment has been described to illustrate concepts of the
invention, other embodiments of modular scaffolding systems in accordance
with the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art
from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention
disclosed herein. It is intended, therefore, that the specification be
considered only exemplary with the true scope and spirit of the invention
being indicated by the following claims. | 4E
| 04 | G |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings, the present invention is a misting system and is generally referred to with numeral10. It can be observed that it basically includes external compartment20, interior housing70, container housing110, at least one outlet252, electrical compartment190, and lid assembly260.
As seen inFIGS. 1 and 2, misting system10comprises external compartment20, which houses container housing110.
External compartment20comprises electrical cover panel46that mounts onto electrical compartment190with screws56, and cover panel216of electrical compartment190that mounts onto external compartment20with screws220.
Lid assembly260covers external compartment20and electrical compartment190, and latches onto external lateral face26with locking tab264. When lid assembly260is in a closed configuration, panel locking tab274blocks access panel112and prevents it from opening. It is noted that external compartment20is a “wet compartment” comprising chemical container140, seen inFIG. 3. It is noted that electrical compartment190is a “dry compartment” comprising electrical components as defined below and is an opposite side of external compartment20.
Switch232, external battery charger receptor234, connector236, and hooks228, secured by screws230, are positioned on cover panel216of electrical compartment190. Switch232is an “on/off” switch to able and disable present invention10. Hooks228are used to store exterior tubing300in shipping and in portable travel. External battery charger receptor234is a receptacle for charging from a fast/float charger, solar charger or an external 12V source like a car or boat battery or cigarette lighter plug. Connector236is utilized to secure exterior tubing for chemical composition304to travel through, seen inFIG. 9. Chemical composition304is therefore a premixed, self contained chemical.
As seen inFIGS. 3 and 4, lid assembly260comprises spear280, which enters into external compartment20at hole38. Upper bridge plate58has grommet62that receives tubing276therethrough and into present invention10. When lid assembly260is in an opened configuration, panel locking tab274does not block access panel112. Thereby, allowing access panel112to open, wherein container housing110pivots upon pivoting protrusions122positioned with respective pivot holes90of interior housing70, seen inFIG. 5. Container housing110houses chemical container140. Chemical container140comprises premixed chemical composition304, seen inFIG. 9, and the shipped chemical container140itself is a temporary container until it expires. Chemical container140requires no mixing of chemical composition304, seen inFIG. 9, and there is no chemical exposure from chemical mixing.
It is noted that chemical container140arrives with cap146on, covering foil150below. However, cap146must first be removed and can be stored inside container housing110since spear280is not designed to pierce cap146, instead it is designed to pierce foil150. In a preferred embodiment, container housing110tolerances prevent it from being closed while cap146is still on chemical container140. Therefore, once cap146has been removed, container housing110is first closed, and then lid assembly260is closed, causing spear280to pass through hole92and pierce foil150and travel to a lower biased corner of chemical container140as a chemical pickup.
As seen inFIG. 5, external compartment20comprises top face22, internal lateral face24, external lateral face26, bottom face28, frame34with stop lip66, gasket40, and interior faces30to define cavity32. External compartment20further comprises electrical cover panel46, which has tab48with hole52to receive pin50. Electrical cover panel46further comprises screw holes54to receive screws56.
Interior housing70comprises top face72with hole92, lateral faces74, bottom face76, and interior faces80. Lateral faces74each comprises pivot hole90.
Container housing110comprises access panel112, lateral faces114, interior faces118, bottom face120and instruction placard124. Instruction placard124may for example read “Push here to open”. Lateral faces114each comprises pivoting protrusion122, which fit into a respective pivot hole90.
Battery housing160comprises top face162, bottom face164, exterior lateral faces166, and interior faces170with positioning walls172. Battery housing160houses battery176. In a preferred embodiment, battery176is a rechargeable battery that charges from its fast/float switching charger able to accept any AC power source 110-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz, or solar charger or except a charge from a 12 VDC source like a car or boat cigarette lighter or battery connection.
Electrical compartment190comprises upper external face192with tubing support ribs212, external lateral face194, internal lateral face196with pump mount hole204and access hole210, bottom face198, interior lateral faces200, cover panel216, and water-tight grommet240.
Pump mount hole204is built up thick to strengthen and acts as a much needed spacer with this style of pump assembly180.
Electrical compartment190further comprises panel mount holes206. Electrical cover panel46covers gasket214to mount onto electrical compartment190. Cover panel216comprises tab222with hole224to receive pin226. Screws220extend through holes218to mount cover panel216onto external compartment20as seen inFIG. 2.
Lid assembly260comprises lid262having locking tab264secured by pin266. Lid assembly260further comprises pivot holes272, which allow lid assembly260to be secured to tab48of electrical cover panel46with pin50, and tab222of cover panel216with pin226, as seen assembled inFIGS. 2 and 4. Lid assembly260further comprises hinge and handle268, tubing276, latching-limiter rod278with rod end288, and spear280with spear tip286.
Chemical container140comprises sidewalls142, handle144, cap146, and foil150. It is noted that cap146can be stored in container housing110, and foil150is unpierced in this illustration. Chemical container140, houses chemical composition304seen inFIG. 9.
In one embodiment, present invention10is a portable RF remote controllable apparatus, whereby a receiver antenna is internal to the electrical compartment190and not exposed. Such a remote controllable apparatus can be for example wireless remote330.
Seen inFIG. 6is internal cavity250that serves as a third compartment containing both electrical and wet elements like pump head assembly186and fluid tubes as well as power wires and switches as defined herein, whereby chemical container140is positioned in container housing110, container housing110is positioned in interior housing70, and interior housing70is positioned in cavity32of external compartment20. Protrusions84of interior housing70are fixed to interior rails36of external compartment20. Pump assembly180comprises pump motor181, positioned in electric compartment190, and pump head assembly186, positioned in internal cavity250. This allows pump motor181to enjoy the dry compartment while pump head assembly186inhabits a non-dry environment. In an alternate embodiment, external compartment20can be larger, whereby components within internal cavity250would be instead inside external compartment20, thus eliminating internal cavity250
Battery176is secured by battery housing160with positioning walls172. Battery housing160is fixed to electrical compartment190by mounting tabs174on interior rails208. Pump assembly180with output tubing182is positioned on pump mount hole204, seen inFIG. 5, of internal lateral face196.
Upper bridge plate58and lower bridge plate60are each fixed to exterior rails42of external compartment20and exterior rails238of electrical compartment190. Latching-limiter rod278passes through hole68of upper bridge plate58as seen inFIG. 5.
Spear base284secures spear280on lid assembly260. In addition, tube retainer282secures tubing276. As lid assembly260is being closed, spear280, guided by hole38of external compartment20, passes through hole92of internal housing70, then pierces foil150to be positioned inside chemical container140. Lid assembly260closes when locking tab264engages onto clasp64positioned on external lateral face26of external compartment20. In a preferred embodiment, spear280has sufficient curvature or radial arc to enter chemical container140through foil150and extend approximately diagonally towards, but without reaching, container base152. It is noted that spear tip286will not contact container base152. Present invention10operates when lid assembly260is in the closed configuration and switch232is in “on” position. Wedge94is located at one corner of bottom face120to tilt chemical container140. More specifically, wedge94inside bottom of container housing110tips chemical container140towards spear280to allow chemical composition304to be biased in favor of being picked up by spear280when chemical container140is near empty. Cap146may optionally be placed within container housing110.
As seen inFIGS. 7 and 8, electrical compartment190houses pump assembly180, battery176, controller178with an RF receiver, watertight connections from pump assembly180to pump motor181and from external battery charger receptor234to battery176by way of access hole210utilizing water-tight grommet240.
Tubing276extends from spear280and passes through grommet62to connect to pump assembly180. When operating present invention10, chemical composition304, seen inFIG. 9, flows through spear280, through tubing276, and is pumped through output tubing182to outlet252having connector236mounted thereon at cover panel216, seen inFIG. 2. Connector236is a fitting to connect exterior tubing/line from present invention10. Controller178is positioned on interior back face202of electrical compartment190. Rod end288is a stopper to prevent spear tip286from exiting external compartment20when lid assembly260is opened. Detent292props lid assembly260up to safely swap out chemical container140, whereby cantilever290acts like a spring and pushes latching-limiter rod278aside when lid assembly260is opened a predetermined distance. Detent292engages upper bridge plate58to temporarily lock lid assembly260in the up position. By placing a predetermined force onto latching-limiter rod278(leftward direction inFIGS. 7 and 8), cantilever290will deflect. Thus, releasing detent292from resting on upper bridge plate58, and lid assembly260closes. More specifically, latching-limiter rod278will stop lid assembly260from over rotation, whereby detent292stays engaged upper bridge plate58. An angle of uppermost detent292is designed to release upon lid assembly260being pushed down, which in turn pushes down on latching-limiter rod278, causing detent292to return to a down position by glancing off upper bridge plate58due to an angle of face.
As seen inFIG. 9, exterior tubing300may attach to connector236. Exterior tubing300may comprise at least one nozzle302to emit chemical composition304in a mist, sprayed, and/or stream manner. In a preferred embodiment, chemical composition304is a premixed insecticide to repel and/or kill insects and particularly mosquitos, no-see-ums, and black fly.
As seen inFIG. 10, spear base284secures spear280on lid assembly260. Tube clamps294and tube retainer282secures tubing276at all operating angles. Tubing276connects to pump assembly180. Pump assembly180comprises pump motor181, pump seal183, spacer185, pump head assembly186. When operating present invention10, chemical composition304, seen inFIG. 9, flows through spear280, through tubing276, and is pumped through output tubing182to outlet252having connector236.
Present invention10dispenses chemical composition304of chemical container140through remote misting nozzles to drift onto or be blower assisted to contact its subjects. Present invention10provides a plurality of functions depending on chemical composition304utilized. Although primarily intended for mosquito pest control, killing insects and pests; present invention10also can be used for the application of fungicide, surfactants, insecticides, scents, herbicide, enzyme solutions, fertilizers, biocides, oxidizers, and/or any combinations thereof. In another embodiment, present invention10can control an oscillating fan remotely through a line carrier controlled relay allowing present invention10to turn on the fan, not seen, only while spraying to improve range. Present invention10is lightweight and portable suitable for campers, boats, and barns, and can run months on a single charge of battery176. Present invention10may also comprise a charger.
The foregoing description conveys the best understanding of the objectives and advantages of the present invention. Different embodiments may be made of the inventive concept of this invention. It is to be understood that all matter disclosed herein is to be interpreted merely as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense.
| 0A
| 01 | M |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A clothes hanger in accordance with the present invention has a
double-T-shaped cross-section. It has a vertical web wall 3, and an upper
flange 4 and a lower flange 5 having a width greater than the width of the
web wall 3 so as to form the double T-shape. The ends of the clothes
hanger are identified with reference numerals 6 and 7 and each provided
with a clamp. Each clamp has a substantially rigid abutment part 8 and a
tongue 9 formed of one piece with the abutment part 8. The tongue 9
contacts the abutment part 8 in the region of a hump 12. The gap 11
between the rigid abutment part 8 and the tongue 9 expands in a
funnel-shaped manner for facilitating an insertion of an article of
clothing to be clamped.
The tongue 9 is connected with the abutment part 8 through a substantially
freely lying ring-shaped arc 10 which is interrupted by the gap 11. The
arc 10 is composed of a synthetic plastic material. Its cross-section is
greater than the cross-section of the upper flange 4 or the lower flange 5
by at least 100%, preferably by 200%.
Due to the material accumulation in the synthetic plastic arc 10, during
hot removal of the clothes hanger from the injection mold the synthetic
plastic arc 10 is cooled faster on the outer periphery than in the inner
region. During cooling the produced shrinkage acts so that the tongue 9 is
pressed against the hump 12 of the abutment part 8 with a prestress.
The gaps 11 of the clamps located at the ends of the hanger are directed
downwardly and outwardly. Therefore for example a collar of underpants can
be easily inserted in the gaps 11.
The clothes hanger can be additionally provided with further clamps in a
known manner. For example, clamping tongues 15 can be provided at the
lower side of the clothes hanger and tongues 16 can be provided on the
upper side of the clothes hanger. In contrast to the tongues 9, the
tongues 15 and 16 do not abut against the respective abutment with a
prestress.
For making the new clothes hanger also suitable for hanging of shirts and
the like, a shoulder projection 17 can be formed on the freely lying
synthetic plastic arc 10 as shown in the left half of FIG. 1. The shoulder
projection operates so that a shirt can be conveniently arranged on the
clothes hanger. The shoulder projection 17 has a cross-section which is
similarly to the tongue 16 substantially corresponds to the upper flange
4. The shoulder projection 17 is arranged substantially in alignment with
the upper flange 4 and overlap the arc 10 at a distance therefrom.
The tongue 9 which abuts with a prestress is reinforced by a web wall 18,
so that the spring action is produced solely from the synthetic plastic
arc 10.
The prestress with which the tongue 9 abuts against the abutment part 8
increases with the increase in the thickness of the synthetic plastic arc
10 or with the increase of the difference between the inner diameter and
the outer diameter of the synthetic plastic arc 10, and respectively with
increase in the speed of cooling of the outer periphery of the synthetic
plastic arc 10. This fast cooling is insured in that the arc 10 is
substantially freely lying and is connected with a remaining portion of
the clothes hanger 1 only by the relatively thin web wall 3. A part,
especially 1/3-1/4 of the synthetic plastic arc 10 is completely free.
Therefore in this region the arc can be bent against the prestress, and as
a result not very thin, but instead also relatively thick articles of
clothing, such as the collar of the underpants and the like can be
inserted in the gap 11.
The tongue 9 is reinforced by the reinforcing wall 18 which corresponds to
the web wall 3. The abutment part 8 is bordered by the lower flange 5 and
merges in the synthetic plastic arc 10.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or
more together, may also find a useful application in other types of
constructions differing from the types described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a
clothes hanger of a synthetic plastic material, it is not intended to be
limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural
changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the
present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of
the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge,
readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that,
from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential
characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention. | 0A
| 47 | G |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1shows a reversible vessel seal assembly1according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that, although the vessel seal according to the present invention is described herein in regard to contraceptive procedures, the vessel seal may be used in any procedure for which a vessel is to be sealed off indefinitely but which may need to be re-opened at a later date. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the vessel14may be situated in either a human or an animal body where long term blockage is desired. The vessel14may be a vessel (e.g., fallopian tubes, vasa deferntia, etc.) that is connected to any organ (e.g., testes, ovaries, etc.) which needs to be blocked off without permanently altering or damaging the vessel and the surrounding tissue.
The vessel seal assembly1according to the present invention is preferably moveable between a compressed, insertion configuration and an expanded sealing configuration. This allows the vessel seal assembly1to be delivered/implanted in a vessel14in a compressed form thereby minimizing the trauma associated with the delivery. Once the vessel seal assembly1has been delivered to the vessel14, it is released to expand to the block the vessel14. The collapsibility of the vessel seal assembly1allows it to be delivered to the vessel14using minimally invasive means (e.g., via a catheter as described in further detail below), so that the outside walls of the vessel14remain intact. As described above, the vessel seal assembly1may remain in the vessel14indefinitely. However, if in the future the patient desires to reverse the effect of the blockage, the procedure is reversed by removing all or part of the vessel seal assembly1as described below.
As shown inFIG. 1, the vessel seal assembly1may include an intraluminal stent10and a removable vessel seal20. The stent10may be comprised of a wire body11which may be constructed in any known manner as, for example, known configurations of self-expanding polymer or metal stents, such as the WALLSTENT® Endoprosthesis, the ULTRAFLEX® Precision Clonic Stent System and the POLYFLEX® Esophageal NG Stent System available from Boston Scientific Corporation of Natick, Mass.
A cross-section of the wire body11may, for example, be substantially round. Those skilled in the art will understand that other shapes (e.g., ellipsoidal, etc.) may also be utilized with the present invention depending upon the geometry of the lumen to be sealed. As would be understood by those of skill in the art, the wire body11may be composed of an elastic alloy which provides radial elasticity for the stent10and may more preferably comprise a nitinol alloy which has superior elasticity and fatigue resistance as well as shape memory properties. Alternatively, any biocompatible material of sufficient strength and elasticity may be used to form the wire body. Suitable materials include, for example, stainless steel, tantalum, titanium, or any one of a variety of plastics.
The stent10may also include a therapeutic coating over the wire body11to minimize trauma to the vessel14such as scarring or other damage that may be caused by the wires.
The wire body11may, for example, comprise a wire member13, adjacent portions of which are interconnected with one another via coupling hoops12to form a mesh. More specifically, the stent may be composed of a wire member13which, when in the expanded configuration, extends along a zig-zag or sinusoidal path. An axis15about which this path oscillates (e.g., a zero axis of this sinusoidal or zig-zag path) extends along a helix with maximum amplitude portions of this path connected to points of maximum amplitude of the longitudinally adjacent windings of the wire member13via coupling hoops12. Thus, the wire member13forms a cylinder with adjacent sections of the helix forming the cylinder supporting one another to increase an overall hoop strength of the stent structure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that this may minimize the risk of plaque hernitation. The coupling hoops12may, for example, be ligatures of suture material with ends tied together to form a loop. This material may be polypropylene or any other biocompatible material of sufficient strength to indefinitely bind the adjacent helical portions the wire member13to one another despite stresses placed thereon in the environment into which the stent10is to be deployed. Although sutures are the preferred connecting means, other connecting means such as staples and rings made of metal or plastic may perform the same function.
The stent10is one of a plurality of support structures that may be used in the vessel seal assembly1. There are a number of other embodiments that may be utilized as well. For instance, instead of having a mesh structure, as shown inFIG. 6, the stent10may have a coil structure50having the shape and form, when in the expanded configuration, of a substantially helical length of wire.
In each of the embodiments, a vessel seal20is located inside a central opening of the support structure which provides protection and structural support for the vessel seal20. For example, in the case of the stent10, the vessel seal20is securely attached to the stent10so that it will not detatch therefrom even if the vessel seal20remains in place for the life of the patient. For instance, one or more loop members12may connect the vessel seal20to the wire body11. In addition or alternatively, a locking mechanism (not shown) may be used to releaseably attach the vessel seal20to the stent10to facilitate later removal. The vessel seal20may also be pre-sutured to the stent10allowing for later removal by cutting these sutures.
As described above, the vessel seal20may have a substantially cylindrical shape or any other shape suitable to the geometry of the lumen to be sealed and is preferably composed of a compressible material or membrane that will expand with the stent10once the stent10has been delivered to the vessel14as discussed in detail below. The length of the vessel seal20may be selected based on the particular application and may extend outside of the support structure (e.g., stent10). Alternatively, the vessel seal20may be shorter than the support structure, residing entirely therewithin, or may be coextensive therewith. The vessel seal20may be manufactured using any of a plurality of biocompatible, but not biodegradable materials (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), dacron, etc.).
Certain materials and drugs may also be used to enhance the effectiveness of the vessel seal20. For instance, metal particles known to have a contraceptive effect (e.g., copper) may be incorporated into the vessel seal20. Furthermore, the vessel seal20may be coated with chemicals or drugs to create more effective blockage of the vessel14. For instance, a vessel seal20to be implanted in the vasa deferntia, may be coated with spermicide to provide for additional contraception.
An exemplary method of implanting the vessel seal assembly1of the present invention includes the steps of: 1) forming a stent of a shape memory material (e.g., a Nitinol alloy) and impressing a memorized shape thereon corresponding to the expanded configuration; 2) coupling a vessel seal20thereto; 3) compressing the stent10and the vessel seal20into the insertion configuration; 4) introducing the stent10and the vessel seal20to a desired location within a body lumen to be sealed; and 5) releasing the stent10and the vessel seal20into the lumen so that the body heat of the patient induces the stent10to revert to the memorized shape of the expanded configuration. More specifically, as would be understood by those of skill in the art, the stent10may be formed of a Nitinol alloy selected to have a critical temperature slightly lower than the temperature of the environment in which the stent10is to be deployed (i.e., body temperature). Thus, the stent10may be manipulated into an insertion configuration (e.g., a minimum diameter shape such as a series of substantially straight wires) without regard to the stress placed thereon by this manipulation. The stent10may then be inserted into the body lumen via an introducing apparatus16and ejected therefrom at the desired location. Then, when the stent10is warmed above the critical temperature by the temperature in the lumen, the stent10will revert to its memorized shape (i.e., its expanded, deployed configuration). Alternatively, the stent10may be made of self-expanding material as with, for example, the wall stent, polyflex prostheses, ultraflex prostheses, etc., so that it expands to a memorized shape when deployed from the introducing apparatus16.
The stent10and the vessel seal20may be introduced by known means introducer apparatus16may include a catheter18and a piston member19(e.g., a smaller diameter catheter) slidable within a central lumen of the catheter18. The stent10and the vessel seal20are inserted into the central lumen of the catheter18in the compressed, insertion configuration and are advanced therethrough by the piston member19which is slid through the central lumen proximally of the stent10and the vessel seal20, as shown inFIGS. 3 and 4. The stent10abuts the piston member19so that, if the catheter18is withdrawn proximally relative to the piston member19, the stent10is exposed10to the body lumen.
Those skilled in the art will understand that the catheter18may be inserted to the desired location via natural passages of the patient's body after entering the body via a naturally occurring body orifice or may enter a body lumen through a small incision. For example, as shown inFIG. 5, in a tubal ligation procedure, the catheter18is inserted through the patient's vagina32in order to implant the vessel seal assembly1in one of the fallopian tubes30. The catheter18is then withdrawn proximally relative to the piston member19until the stent10and the vessel seal20are exposed with the piston member19holding the stent10at the desired location within the body lumen. The final step involves removal of the catheter19to allow the stent10to expand. As the stent10expands, its diameter approaches the diameter of the vessel14. Since the vessel seal20is made of a compressible material it conforms to the shape of the stent10. In addition, due to the expansion of the stent10, the vessel seal20also expands to fill the entire diameter of the vessel14and as a result seals the lumen thereof.
In an alternative exemplary embodiment of the present invention where the wire body11is made of a nitinol metal, a user may reduce a diameter of the stent10by first cooling it (e.g., by submerging it in ice water). This cooling places the nitinol in a martensitic phase and facilitates reduction of the diameter as stresses placed on the material will not impact the memorized shape to which the wire body11will revert when it is heated above the critical temperature. This allows for the insertion of the stent10into the central bore of a smaller diameter introducing apparatus16. The vessel seal20may also be compressed at the same time as it is securely attached to the stent10.
The introducer apparatus16and the sheath18restrain the stent10until it is deployed at the target location within the vessel14. As described above, once the stent10has been positioned at the desired location, ambient environment warms the stent10to body temperature moving the nitinol into an austenitic phase which is the stable phase of this metal that corresponds to a fully opened or expanded configuration of the stent10. As described above, the stent10and the vessel seal20are preferably selected to achieve a diameter substantially equal to an inner diameter of the body lumen at the target location to seal the vessel14.
The expanded diameter of the stent10may also be selected to be slightly larger than the inner diameter of the body lumen so that the stent10urges the inner wall of the vessel14radially outward. Thus, the stent10provides a dilating force which supports the vessel14and the vessel seal20. The structure of the stent10also provides flexibility which allows the stent10to follow the curvature of the vessel14in which it is placed.
The blockage of the vessel14via vessel seal assembly1can be reversed by removing the vessel seal20while leaving the stent10within the vessel14to provide support and protection thereto. The removal of the vessel seal20restores the fluid connection formerly provided by the vessel14and the functionalities to the organ to which the vessel14is connected. The vessel seal20may be removed in a variety of ways.
One exemplary technique for removing the vessel seal20, is a laser removal procedure. In this laser removal procedure, laser energy is used to evaporate and remove the blockage (i.e., the vessel seal20). In particular, the procedure involves placing a laser catheter in the vessel14and advancing it to the site of the vessel seal20as would be understood by those skilled in the art. The laser is powered, and laser energy is delivered to the vessel seal20to evaporate it. The laser catheter is then removed.
Another method for removal of the vessel seal20from the vessel14utilizes a rotational atherectomy procedure, as with the ROTOBLATOR® Burr Catheter. Rotational atherectomy utilizes a high speed rotational “burr” coated with microscopic diamond particles to drill through and break up the vessel seal20. The “burr” rotates at a high speed (approximately 200,000 rpm), breaking up the vessel seal20into very small fragments (smaller than red blood cells) which pass harmlessly through the vessel14.
Besides destroying the vessel seal20using any of the above-described techniques, the vessel seal20may be also coupled to the stent10by removable means (e.g., a suture). Such attachment means may facilitate removal by allowing the user to sever the vessel seal20from the stent10(e.g., by cutting the sutures) and removing the vessel seal20from the vessel14.
The present invention allows for placement of a vessel seal assembly in a minimally invasive procedure reducing damage to the patient's body and the resulting discomfort. In addition, since the vessel14and surrounding blood vessels are not damaged during this procedure, the flow of vital materials to the connected organ is not interrupted and the organ will be better able to maintain its functionality.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the structure and the methodology of the present invention, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
| 0A
| 61 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings, the invention will be described in more detail. As best shown inFIG. 1, the present invention is an internally mounted security system, designated generally as A, used to secure doors closing an entryway for a storage compartment, designated generally as B. Typically the storage compartment is a large storage container of the type often found at construction sites, carried by semi-tractor trailers, and of the type generally used in the shipping industry. Generally, these storage containers have two large doors10and12which are located at one end of the container for closing the entryway and preventing access to the container interior11. The major locking components of the security system used to secure the doors to the container are advantageously mounted on the interior sides of the doors within the storage container interior, when closed, in order to reduce tampering and unauthorized access to the contents of the storage container.
Referring toFIG. 1, the security system includes a latch assembly, designated generally as14, carried on interior side15of first door10for latching the door closed to prevent access to the storage container interior. Because the latch assembly is disposed entirely within the container interior when door10is locked closed, there are no parts of the latch assembly on the outside of the storage container that may be tampered with to attempt to gain access the container interior. Latch assembly14has a closed position for latching door10to the contain in which the entryway for the container interior is closed off, and an open position wherein door10may be opened to provide access to the container interior.
In order to latch door10to the storage container in the closed position, latch assembly14includes reciprocating latch elements16,18,20, and22. Latch elements16and18are vertical reciprocating latch elements aligned to engage door header24and door footer25of storage container B when latch assembly14is in the closed position. Header and footer24and25preferably include receiving members26for receiving latch elements16and18to latch door10in the closed position. The receiving members can be formed from holes, with or without reinforcement, cut into the header and footer, having a sufficient diameter to receive latch elements16and18. In the preferred embodiment, receiving members26are made from hardened metal sleeves flush mounted into the header and footer of the storage container doors, best shown in FIG.1. In the preferred embodiment, the latch elements are formed from hardened metal rods resistant to bending, breaking, or cutting.
Latch element20and22are horizontally disposed reciprocating latch elements. Latch element20is aligned to engage second door12and secure both doors10and12together in a closed and locked position. Latch element22is aligned to engage receiving member26acarried by sidewall23of the storage container. Preferably, a secondary latch assembly14ais carried on interior side15aof door12for latching the door in a closed position to prevent access to the storage container interior. When doors10and12are moved to close off the entryway and latch assembly14is moved to the closed position, latch element20is moved horizontally to interlock with door12, preferably by engage a securing bracket28carried by door12, which locks doors10and12together. In the preferred embodiment, secondary latch assembly14aincludes secondary reciprocating latch elements16aand18avertically aligned to engage receiving members26b. Secondary reciprocating latch element22ais horizontally aligned to engage receiving member26acarried by sidewall27of the storage container. In this construction and arrangement, second door12can be locked in the closed position together with first door10such that each side of the doors10and12is locked directly to the storage container of the adjacent door so that each latch element must be defeated before the door can be removed. In the preferred embodiment, secondary latch assembly14ahas no components operable from outside the storage container and may only be moved to the open position by rotating latch handle21from the interior of the container after latch assembly14has been unlocked and the door opened.
Referring now toFIG. 4, latch assembly14is shown carried on interior side15of door10by mounting plate30. Because many doors on storage containers do not have flat surfaces where the latch assembly can be mounted, mounting plate30can be anchored to the door to provide a flat surface for the latch assembly to be carried on the door. As well, the mounting plate provides a solid reinforcing barrier that must first be defeated before the latch assembly components can be tampered with. Bolts31are inserted through mounting plate30and into door10. As the bolts are tightened into the door, mounting plate30is secured against door10and provides a solid reinforcing structure to the door that increases the tamper-resistance of the latch assembly and storage container door. Referring toFIG. 1, mounting plate30is also used to carry secondary latch assembly14aon the interior side15aof door12.
Latch assembly14includes a latch actuator, designated generally as32, disposed in latch housing34affixed to mounting plate30. Latch actuator32is connected to latch elements16,18,20and22for reciprocating the latch elements to engage and disengage the storage container walls to position the latch assembly between open and closed positions. Latch actuator32is moved by rotating an operator36(FIG. 5) disposed an exterior side of door10. Operator36includes, or is connected to, an elongated shaft38that engages the latch actuator through door10from outside the container to move the latch assembly between open and closed positions.
In the preferred embodiment, latch actuator32is formed using a rack and pinion mechanism where pinion40is engaged by elongated shaft38. Referring toFIGS. 4 and 7, elongated shaft38includes a keyway43which receives key41carried by pinion40. Toothed pinion40meshes with toothed racks42,44,46, and48to complete the conversion of rotary movement of the pinion by the operator to linear movement of the racks to engage and disengaged the latch elements. The racks are connected to latch elements16,18,20and22to position the latch assembly between opened and closed positions with the storage container when the pinion is rotated. Latch housing34include channels33(FIG. 3) that hold racks42,44,46, and48, allowing them to slide through the housing. As shown inFIG. 4, as pinion40is rotated in direction50to move the latch elements, racks42,44,46, and48are extended in directions52a,52b,52cand52dsimultaneously to force latch elements16,18,20and22into receiving members26of storage container B and securing bracket28of door12to interlock with second door12, respectively. As shown inFIG. 7, the rotation is reversed to disengage the latch elements from the storage container receiving members and securing bracket28of second door12to position the latch assembly in the open position.
Referring now toFIG. 4, a master lock assembly54is operatively connected to elongated shaft38for controlling whether latch actuator32, and ultimately the entire latch assembly14, can be moved between closed and open positions. As shown inFIG. 4, the master lock assembly is capable of interlocking with the elongated shaft38to prevent rotation of pinion40by operator36, as described herein below. As shown inFIG. 3, master lock assembly54is carried by master lock mounting plate56, which is affixed to the outside of latch housing34on interior side15of container door10. In this construction and arrangement the primary locking component of the security system is carried well within the interior of the storage container to prevent tampering. Referring toFIGS. 3 and 7, master lock assembly54includes a first locking part58that interlocks with a second locking part43carried by the portion of elongated shaft38which extends beyond latch housing34. As shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, master lock assembly54has an engaged position wherein first locking part58is interlocked together with keyway43forms a part of the second locking part of the elongated shaft to prevent latch actuator32from moving latch assembly14between open and closed conditions. Referring toFIGS. 5,6,and7, master lock assembly54also has a disengaged position wherein first locking part58and second locking part43are unlocked to allow elongated shaft38to be rotated to in turn rotate pinion40to move the latch assembly and thereby extend or retract the latch elements as described above.
In the preferred embodiment, first locking part58is a hardened metal deadbolt having a key60which can be inserted into second locking part43of elongated shaft38. Preferably, second locking part43is the same keyway of elongated shaft38that engages pinion40. The keyway simply extends along the length of the elongated shaft into the portion extending beyond the latch housing. Additionally, various other means of interlocking first locking part58and second locking part43are well know to those skilled in the art and within the scope and spirit of the present invention. In the preferred embodiment, master lock assembly54is a mechanical lock capable of retracting first locking part58from second locking part43and then interlocking again. Mechanical locks are well-known in the art and only a description necessary to the understanding of the present invention is disclosed herein. A suitable mechanical lock which works well for purposed of the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,388.
Referring toFIGS. 5 and 6, as is described in further detail below, a removable master lock actuator62operable from the exterior side of the storage container door is provided for extending and retracting the first locking part to position the master lock assembly between engaged and disengaged positions with second locking part43of elongated shaft38.
Moving to the exterior operating component of the security system, as shown inFIG. 2, operator36is disposed on exterior side63of door10outside the storage container for operating the latch assembly through the door. In the preferred embodiment, a housing64is disposed on the exterior side of the door. Referring toFIG. 5, housing64includes an operator slot66for receiving and stowing the operator when not in use to prevent tampering with and rotation of the operator. As shown inFIGS. 3 and 4, the operator has a first position, designated generally as68, recessed within recess66for preventing use of the operator to move the latch assembly to the open position. Preferably, when in the first position, the operator is flush across the front of housing64when recessed in the operator slot, leaving nothing to tamper with on the doors exterior. Referring toFIGS. 5 and 6, the operator has a second position, designated generally as70, extended out from the operator slot allowing the operator to be used to rotate pinion40and move the latch assembly between the closed and open positions, assuming master lock assembly54is in the disengaged position. As noted above, elongated shaft38is connected to the operator and extends through housing64and door10for engaging with latch actuator32to move the latch assembly between closed and open positions. A spring72is disposed around elongated shaft38between operator36and mounting plate30through door10to assist in moving the operator to the second extended position when unlocked. Other spring mechanisms may be used that would may not extend between mounting plate30and operator36. These mechanisms are well known to a person skilled in the art and are included within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, access to the storage container interior is prevented when the operator is recessed within housing64since the operator cannot be rotated to move latch actuator32, and the latch assembly remains in the closed position.
An operator lock assembly, designated generally as74, is carried on exterior side63of door10for locking the operator in the recessed first position within housing64. The operator lock assembly has a locked condition for locking the operator in the first position, and an unlocke condition for allowing the operator to extend to the second position and operate the latch assembly to open or close the door. In the illustrated embodiments, operator36is shown as an oval shaped operating handle for manually manipulating the latch assembly between the open and closed positions when the operating handle is rotated. The operating handle is received in the corresponding oval shaped recess66as described above. The operator lock assembly is conveniently carried by the operating handle for locking the handle to housing64in the operator slot when in the first position.
Referring toFIGS. 2 and 5, to lock the handle in the operator slot, the operator lock assembly includes a main locking member76carried by the operator and a minor locking member78formed along an axial wall of recess66carried by housing64. The main locking member interlocks with the minor locking member to provide the locked condition when the operator is recessed in the operator slot. The unlocked condition is provided when main locking member76is disengaged from minor locking member78. Preferably, main locking member76is a reinforced metal arm that engages a slot formed in the wall of recess66that creates minor locking member78. In one practical and durable embodiment, operator lock assembly74comprises a mechanical key operated locking mechanism commonly known in the art. In this arrangement, when operator36is recessed into operator slot66, a key80is inserted into the operator lock assembly to rotate the reinforced metal arm that is the main locking member. The arm is then received into the recess in housing64, which secures the operator to housing64in a locked recessed condition.
Referring toFIG. 8, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, operator lock assembly74comprises an electronic locking mechanism carried by the operator for rotating the main locking member to engage and disengage the minor locking member, as described above. Electronic locks are well-known to a person skilled in the art and only a description necessary to the understanding of the present invention is disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the mechanical key operated locking mechanism noted above is replaced by a more secure electronic locking system, which can only be activated to release the operator from its recessed position when the correct code is entered using a special electronically encoded key96. To receive the electronically encoded key, the electronic locking mechanism includes a keyway98. A microprocessor100is included in the electronic locking mechanism in electronic communication with keyway98through an input/output device99for reading and verifying, according to instructions from a computer readable medium102in electronic communication with microprocessor100, an electronic code stored by electronically encoded key96. The electronic locking mechanism moves the main locking member between the locked condition and the unlocked condition upon verification of the electronic code by the microprocessor when the electronically encoded key is inserted into the keyway. The electronic locking mechanism includes an electric motor104, which is operatively associated with main locking member76to rotate the main locking member in directions76aor76bto engage and disengage with minor locking member78. Upon verification of the correct electronic code from electronically encoded key96, microprocessor100closes switch106to deliver power from power supply108, included in the electronic locking mechanism, to electric motor104to move main locking member76between engaged and disengaged positions. In this manner, only the correct code will allow for the operator lock assembly to be set to the unlocked condition, allowing operator36to extend from operator slot66to the second position where it may be rotated to move the latch assembly to the open position.
Referring toFIGS. 3 and 5, as noted above, master lock assembly54is operatively associated with a removable master lock actuator62operable from outside the storage container through door10for moving first locking part58to the unlocked position. When latch assembly14is in the closed position with door10closed and master lock assembly positioned to the engaged position, access to the storage container interior is prevented. The removable master lock actuator must be inserted through door10from outside the container in order to unlock the master lock assembly and allow latch assembly14to be moved to the open position so that the door may be opened. In the preferred embodiment, removable master lock actuator62comprises an elongated key which is inserted through a keyhole82, which passes through housing64and door10, and is received by master lock assembly54. Turning key62will then disengage master lock assembly54by retracting first locking part58from second locking part43carried by elongated shaft38.
Advantageously, a tamper-resistant control84is carried by the door for controlling access to the master lock assembly through keyhole82. The tamper-resistant control has a deployed position, designated generally as86, shown inFIGS. 2 and 3, in which the keyhole is blocked to prevent removable master lock actuator62from being inserted through door10to access the master lock assembly, and a retracted position, designated generally as88, shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, wherein the keyhole is open and the removable master lock actuator may be inserted through the door to engage and operate master lock assembly54.
In the preferred embodiment, tamper-resistant control84comprises a slide-bolt disposed within a channel90including in housing64for allowing slide-bolt84to move between the deployed and retracted positions to block and open the keyhole, respectively. The tamper-resistant control includes a tab92extending into operator slot66for manually moving the slide-bolt between deployed position86and retracted position88when the operator is in the second position extending out of the operator slot. In deployed position86, the slide-bolt extends perpendicularly through the keyhole to block the keyhole and prevent the removable master lock actuator from being inserted through the door, as well as, preventing tampering with the master lock assembly. The slide-bolt is slid into position by manually pushing tab92. To prevent the slide-bolt from being backed out of the keyhole, tab92is received in operator recess94(FIG. 5) when the operator is in the first position recessed in housing64. Tab92is then interlocked with the operator when recessed in the housing in the first position to lock the slide-bolt in the deployed position to block access to said master lock assembly, as shown in FIG.3. Accordingly, only when operator36is unlocked and moved to the second extended position can tamper-resistant control84be moved to retracted position88so that removable master lock actuator62can be used to disengaged master lock assembly54from elongated shaft38so that the operator can be rotated to move the latch assembly to the open position.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims.
| 4E
| 05 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.
A one-time-programmable (OTP) anti-fuse cell and the methods of forming the same are provided. The intermediate stages of manufacturing a preferred embodiment of the present invention are illustrated. The operations of the preferred embodiments are then discussed. Throughout the various views and illustrative embodiments of the present invention, like reference numbers are used to designate like elements.
In a first embodiment, an OTP anti-fuse cell, which has a via-like structure, is formed simultaneously with a via structure. Both the OTP anti-fuse and the via structure comprise lower-level metal lines and upper-level metal lines interconnected by vias.FIG. 1illustrates two regions100and200over a semiconductor substrate20, which have devices (not shown) formed thereon. Region100is used for forming an OTP anti-fuse cell, and region200is used for forming a via.FIG. 1also illustrates a metallization layer m over the semiconductor substrate20, wherein metallization layer m includes a dielectric layer22, a lower-level metal feature102in region100and a lower-level metal feature202in region200. Metallization layer m may be any of the metallization layers except the top metallization layer. Dielectric layer22preferably comprises a material having a dielectric constant (k value) of less than 3.9, and may contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and combinations thereof. More preferably, dielectric layer22is a porous film with a k value of less than about 3.5. Dielectric layer22may be formed using commonly used methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), spin-on, atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), and the like. For simplicity, semiconductor substrate20is not shown in subsequent drawings.
In the preferred embodiment, metal lines102and202are formed using a single damascene process, in which trenches are formed first, followed by the formation of diffusion barrier layers104and204and metal lines102and202in the trenches. Diffusion barrier layers104and204are used to prevent copper in metal lines102and202from diffusing into and poisoning the neighboring dielectric materials. The preferred materials for diffusion barrier layers104and204include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium nitride, and other alternatives. Preferably, metal lines102and202comprise copper or copper alloys, although they may comprise other metallic materials such as aluminum, silver, gold, and the like. In the preferred embodiment, the formation of metal lines102and202includes depositing a thin layer of seed copper or copper alloy, then plating to fill the trenches. In other embodiments, commonly used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods such as plasma enhanced CVD can be used. A chemical mechanical polish (CMP) is performed to remove excess material and level the surfaces of the metal lines102and202. Cap layers (not shown) may be formed on metal lines102and202to prevent copper from being in direct contact with low-k dielectric materials.
Referring toFIG. 2, a via inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer24and a trench MD layer26are successively formed. Via IMD layer24preferably has a low k value of less than about 3.9 and may comprise carbon-doped silicon oxide, fluorine-doped silicon oxide, organic low-k materials, and/or porous low-k materials. It is preferably formed by spin-on, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or other known methods. More preferably, dielectric layers24and/or26are porous films having low dielectric constants of less than about 3.5. In the preferred embodiment, the materials of dielectric layer22and IMD layers24and26have different etching characteristics, so that one layer may be used as an etch stop layer when the overlying layer is etched. In alternative embodiments, etch stop layers (not shown) are formed between layers22,24and26.
FIG. 3illustrates the formation of via openings128and228and trench openings130and230in regions100and200, respectively. To form via openings128and228, a photo resist (not shown) is formed and patterned over trench IMD layer26. An anisotropic etching cuts through trench IMD layer26and via IME layer24and stops at the metal lines102and202, respectively. The photo resist is then removed. Similarly, with the masking of an additional photo resist (not shown), trench openings130and230are formed, preferably by an anisotropic etching cutting through trench IMD layer26.
FIG. 4illustrates the formation of a diffusion barrier layer32, which is preferably formed of a material resistive to diffusion of copper, such as titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, and the like, and which may have a composite structure comprising more than one layer.
A thin insulation layer34is then formed, as shown inFIG. 5. Preferably, insulation layer34includes a material having a low breakdown field/voltage. In the preferred embodiment, insulation layer34includes a low-k dielectric material, although oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and high-k dielectric materials can also be used. More preferably, insulation layer34has a k value of less than about 3.9, and even more preferably less than about 3.5. The preferred materials include Black Diamond® from Applied Materials (SiOCH), Coral from Novellus, fluorinated silicate glass (FSG), hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), carbon-doped silicon oxide, fluorine-doped silicon oxide, organic low-k materials, and/or porous low-k materials. In other embodiments, insulation layer34includes high-k materials (k value greater than about 3.9) that are easy to breakdown, such as HfO2, Ta2O5, ZrO2, Pr2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, and the like. Preferably, the formation methods include plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), spin on, and the like. In an exemplary embodiment, insulation layer34comprises Black Diamond and is formed using CVD. The process conditions include a reaction gas trimethylchlorsilane (TMS) at a flow rate of between about 10 sccm and about 1200 sccm, oxygen at a flow rate of between about 10 sccm and about 500 sccm, a RF power of between about 100 W and about 1000 W, a deposition temperature of between about 300° C. and about 400° C., and a deposition time of between about 0.1 seconds and about 100 seconds.
The thickness and material of the insulation layer34partially determine the breakdown field/voltage, hence the write voltage of the OTP anti-fuse. Since the electric field in a dielectric layer is inversely proportional to its thickness, a thin insulation layer34is more likely to be broken down, and the write voltage can be lowered. In the preferred embodiment, insulation layer34has a thickness of less than about 1000 Å, and more preferably between about 50 Å and about 200 Å.
Insulation layer34is preferably formed conformally on sidewalls of trench opening130and via opening128. Preferably, the thickness of the insulation layer34on the sidewalls of trench opening130and via opening128should not cause the breakdown of the insulation layer34when applied with a read voltage, for example, 1.2V. To make OTP anti-fuses fully compatible with CMOS circuits, the optimum thickness and material of the thin insulation layer34is preferably determined by the voltages that can be supplied by CMOS circuits. In the preferred embodiment, a write voltage of 5 volts or lower is preferred.
InFIG. 6, a photo resist36is formed and patterned. In the preferred embodiment, only the region over trench opening130is masked by photo resist36. The remaining portions of photo resist36are removed. Alternatively, the entire region100is masked, and region200is exposed. The exposed portions of insulation layer34are then removed, preferably by etching, and the remaining portion of the insulation layer34is denoted as dielectric layer134. Next, photo resist36is removed.
In alternative embodiments, the formation of insulation layer134includes forming a photo resist (not shown) covering region200while leaving region100exposed, and blanket forming the dielectric layer134. When the photo resist is removed, the portion of insulation layer34on the photo resist is also removed.
Referring toFIG. 7, a second diffusion barrier layer38is formed. The materials and formation methods are similar to those of first barrier layer32, thus are not repeated herein.
FIG. 8illustrates the formation of upper-level metal lines142and242connecting to vias140and240in regions100and200, respectively. As is known in the art, metal lines142and242may be formed by filling trench openings130and230and via openings128and228with a metallic material, preferably copper or copper alloys. A CMP is then performed to remove excess material. First diffusion barrier layer32, insulation layer134, and second diffusion barrier layer38may have portions over the top surface of trench IMD layer26. Preferably, these portions are also removed by CMP. The remaining portions of first diffusion barrier layer32and second diffusion barrier layer38form diffusion layers132and138in region100and diffusion layers232and238in region200.
In the previously-discussed embodiment, dual damascene processes are performed to form vias140and240and upper-level metal lines142and242. In alternative embodiments, vias140and240and upper level metal lines142and242may be formed separately by using single damascene processes. In addition, although vias and upper-level metal lines are illustrated as formed in two dielectric layers, one skilled in the art will realize that they can be formed in a single dielectric layer.
In alternative embodiments, metal lines142and242and connecting vias140and240shown inFIG. 8can be formed in the form of contacts, and the corresponding structure is shown inFIG. 9. A preferred formation process is briefly described as follows. After the formation of lower-level metal lines102and202in dielectric layer22, a diffusion barrier layer and a thin insulation layer are formed and patterned, leaving a diffusion barrier layer132and a thin dielectric layer134in region100and a diffusion barrier layer232in region200. A metal layer, which preferably comprises tungsten, aluminum, silver, gold, metal alloy, metal nitride, and combinations thereof, is then formed. By patterning the metal layer, contacts140and240are formed in regions100and200, respectively. Dielectric layer24is then formed.
In the embodiments shown inFIG. 9, upper-level metal lines142and242and lower-level metal lines102and202may also be formed using the same methods as used for forming contacts140and240, although damascene processes are preferably used. Alternatively, the anti-fuse cell in region100may be formed using methods for forming contacts, while the via structure in region200is formed using damascene processes. However, the embodiment shown inFIG. 9requires additional process steps.
Referring back toFIG. 8, metal line142, via140and diffusion barrier layer138form one electrode of an OTP anti-fuse cell150, and metal line102and diffusion barrier layer132form the other electrode. Insulation layer134electrically insulates the two electrodes, forming the anti-fuse cell150. The anti-fuse cell150can be used as an OTP memory cell, which has a high-resistance state and a low-resistance state. To program the OTP anti-fuse cell150, a voltage may be applied between the two electrodes, causing a breakdown in insulation layer134. The resulting OTP anti-fuse cell150will be in a low-resistance state.
In a second embodiment, an OTP anti-fuse having a crown-type MIM capacitor structure is formed. Referring toFIG. 10, a semiconductor substrate310is provided with an insulation layer314formed thereon. A metal line316, for example, a copper line316, is formed over insulation layer314, followed by the deposition of an inter-metal dielectric (IMD) layer320over metal line316. A damascene opening312is etched through IMD layer320, exposing metal line316.
Referring toFIG. 11, a first diffusion barrier layer322is deposited conformally within the damascene opening312and on IMD layer320. First diffusion barrier layer322may comprise titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, titanium silicon nitride, and/or tantalum silicon nitride. A first copper layer324is formed over first diffusion barrier layer322, for example, by electroplating or electroless plating. The copper is formed on the bottom and sidewalls of the damascene opening. First copper layer324will form a portion of the bottom plate of the crown-type anti-fuse. A second diffusion barrier layer326is conformally deposited over copper layer324. Second diffusion barrier layer326preferably comprises materials similar to those of first diffusion barrier layer322.
An insulation layer328is conformally deposited over second barrier layer326. Insulation layer328preferably comprises materials similar to those described for insulation layer34(refer toFIG. 5).
Next, a third diffusion barrier layer330, which is similar to first and second diffusion barrier layers322and326, is formed. A second copper layer334is then deposited to fill the damascene opening.
Referring now toFIG. 12, the previously formed layers are polished down until the layers remain only within the damascene opening312. The second copper layer334forms the top electrode of the capacitor. An OTP anti-fuse, which has dielectric layer328as the insulation layer, and metal lines316and334as portions of a bottom electrode and a top electrode, respectively, is thus formed.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, an OTP anti-fuse having a planar MIM structure, as is shown inFIG. 13, is formed. The planar anti-fuse includes a top plate412, a bottom plate414and an insulation layer410therebetween. Bottom plate414is preferably bigger than top plate412. Contact plugs416and418connect to the bottom plate414and top plate412, respectively. Each of the top and bottom plates412and414may further include diffusion barrier layers. One skilled in the art will realize the respective formation steps.
In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, an OTP anti-fuse having a convex stack, as is shown inFIG. 14, is formed. The OTP anti-fuse includes a dielectric structure510over a dielectric layer518. If viewed from the top, dielectric structure510preferably has the shape of a rectangle, and more preferably a square. The length and width of dielectric structure510are preferably similar to the dimensions of opening128shown inFIG. 5. A bottom plate516is formed on dielectric structure510, followed by the formation of an insulation layer514and a top plate512. Bottom plate516, insulation layer514and top plate512preferably extend on sidewalls of dielectric structure510. Again, each of the top and bottom plates512and516may further include diffusion barrier layers. One skilled in the art will realize the respective formation steps.
In the formation of integrated circuits, due to the size limit, it is hard to form a capacitor with a big capacitance, thus a capacitor typically requires a great area to increase the capacitance. An anti-fuse, however, does not have such a requirement, and thus its dimensions (length and width) may be small. In the preferred embodiment, the dimensions of the insulation layer are less than about 110 percent of the minimum dimension allowed by the forming technology (or design rules). More preferably, the dimensions of the insulation layer are as small as the minimum dimension allowed by the forming technology. For example, in 65 nm technology, the diameter and thickness of the insulation layer are about 100 nm and about 10 nm, respectively. The anti-fuses are preferably formed simultaneously with the formation of capacitors having similar structures in order to save cost. Preferably, the via-like, crown-type and planar anti-fuses are formed in metallization layers, and more preferably use damascene processes, so that their formation is compatible with the existing interconnect structure formation processes.
The previously discussed anti-fuse will be operated under two voltages: a relatively low voltage for read operations and a relatively high voltage for write operations. The anti-fuses are configured (formed) such that the write voltage is high enough to cause the breakdown of the insulation layer, while the read voltage is not high enough to cause the breakdown. The material and the thickness of the insulation layer will be determined accordingly.
Exemplary connections of the anti-fuse cells are illustrated inFIGS. 15 through 17.FIG. 15illustrates a preferred connection for an anti-fuse cell. The schematically illustrated OTP anti-fuse cell150is coupled in series to a low-voltage node having a source-line voltage VSLat one end and a bitline having a voltage VBLat the other end. In an exemplary embodiment, a transistor154is connected so that the selection of the anti-fuse cell150is controlled by a selection gate having a voltage VSG. VSLis preferably 0V. When a voltage VSGgreater than the threshold voltage of the transistor154is applied, the OTP anti-fuse cell150is selected. If a high-resistance state is to be written, the bitline VBLvoltage is 0V. Since voltage applied on OTP anti-fuse cell150is 0V, OTP anti-fuse cell150remains intact with a high resistance. Conversely, if a low resistance state is to be written, VBLis applied with a high voltage, such as 5V. Insulation layer134is non-conductive, thus the entire voltage (VBL−VSL) is applied on the insulation layer134, resulting in breakdown. The two electrodes of the OTP anti-fuse cell150are thus electrically connected, and the OTP anti-fuse cell150is in a low-resistance state. One skilled in the art will realize that the high-resistance state or low-resistance state can be denoted as either state “0” or “1”, depending on the design preference.
In a read operation, a voltage is applied to the selection gate to turn on the transistor154. A low voltage VBLgreater than 0V but lower than the breakdown voltage of the OTP anti-fuse cell150, such as 1.2V, is applied to the bitline. VSLis preferably 0V. If the OTP anti-fuse cell150is in a high-resistance state, a low current IBLis detected. Conversely, if the OTP anti-fuse cell150is in a low-resistance state, a high current IBLis detected. The current IBLis thus used to determine the state of the OTP anti-fuse cell150.
FIG. 16illustrates a simpler form for connecting anti-fuse cells. A voltage V, which may be either the write voltage or the read voltage, is applied between the two plates of the anti-fuse. When a write voltage is applied, insulation layer134breaks down, and the two plates are electrically connected. When a read voltage is applied, the magnitude of the current I is used to determine the state of the anti-fuse.
FIG. 17illustrates two mirror bits controlled by a MOS device. The read and write operations of the anti-fuse on the left is controlled by VBL1and VSL2, while the read and write operations of the anti-fuse on the right is controlled by VBL2and VSL1. Both bits are controlled by a gate voltage VSG.
FIG. 18illustrates a series of parallel anti-fuses1601through160n, which are connected to a drain region of a common MOS device162. Using this connection, the n anti-fuses are all controlled by MOS device162. The read and write operations of each bit are controlled by voltages VSL, VSGand the respective bitline voltages VBL1through VBLn.
The anti-fuse cells of the present invention can be used in various applications. A common use is for replacing malfunctioning circuits, such as memory cells. By breaking down the insulation layer and causing the anti-fuse to be conductive, a redundant memory cell connected to the OTP anti-fuse cell will replace a malfunctioning memory cell. Anti-fuses can also be used to represent a chip identification number, which is preferably defined by breaking down a series of OTP anti-fuse cells while leaving the rest intact. Use of the present invention also includes selecting circuit functions by enabling/disabling certain circuits and adjusting resistances for analog or digital circuit.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, and composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such applications, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A top oxide process is needed for vertical transistors to isolate the gate conductor from the substrate and to form an electrical connection between a gate conductor wiring layer and the vertical gates. Isolation is important, because, among other reasons, the gate conductor is used at the same time as a gate electrode for planar transistors in the support region of the substrate. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20020196651, filed Jun. 22, 2001, entitled Memory Cell Layout with Double Gate Vertical Array Transistor, describes a method for top oxide formation by deposition and planarization, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure provides an improved method for forming a top trench isolation layer over a storage node in a deep trench, wherein an array is covered by a nitride liner preventing out doping, and a stud is not exposed to a gate oxidation.
Referring toFIGS. 1A to 1C, a method for forming a top oxide over an isolation trench of a storage node comprises forming an isolation trench (IT), wherein the IT is filled and polished101. The IT electrically isolates each active array region formed on each side of the deep trench. An oxide deglaze can be performed to remove contaminants and a pad nitride can be removed to expose the substrate102. Array implants can be formed on the device103. Optionally, a portion of the pad oxide can be removed104, for example, by hydrofluoric acid (HF), and a layer of sacrificial oxide can be formed over the device105. An etch support (ES) nitride liner can be deposited over the device106. Optionally, an in situ steam generation (ISSG) oxidation can be performed to create an oxide layer to be structured by resist. The pattern in the oxide can be used for etching the ES nitride liner with high selectivity. The ES nitride liner can be masked107, followed by an ES nitride liner etch to pattern the ES liner108. Implants can be added to wells and support devices as needed109. Support devices include, for example, read/write/erase control circuits and decoders. A sacrificial oxidation strip can remove the layer of sacrificial oxide110. Support gate oxidation111prepares the surface of the device for a support polysilicon. An etch array (EA) polysilicon can be deposited112, followed by the application of an EA mask113. The support polysilicon or EA polysilicon can be etched from the array (e.g., by block-mask)114. An ES nitride etch (of the material deposited in109) can expose the oxide on the substrate and IT by removing portions of the ES nitride liner115. This can also be performed as a spacer-etch. Any desired array implants can be formed116. A top oxide can be deposited117.
An organic planarizing coating118, e.g., an antireflective coating (ARC), can be deposited. The organic planarizing coating can be planarized119. A reactive ion etch (RIE) of the coating layer, e.g., with a selectivity of 1:1 (organic coating to oxide), selective to polysilicon, can be performed to open the polysilicon stud120, wherein the polysilicon in the support is high enough to clear the top oxide. Alternatively, a second ES mask can be used to remove the oxide on the polysilicon.
Referring now toFIG. 2, a storage node200comprises a deep trench (DT) filed with polysilicon201formed in a substrate202, an IT203is polished, for example, by chemical-mechanical polish (CMP), to a pad nitride surface204. A DT nitride cap205is above a portion of a spacer206and the polysilicon201. The spacer206may be formed of nitride. The spacer206may be omitted. Also shown are the top trench oxide207, the trench collar oxide208, and a polysilicon209of the lower portion of the deep trench. The polysilicon209can be highly doped when deposited to form a buried strap (described with respect toFIG. 11). A node dielectric210lines the lower portion of the deep trench. Techniques for forming the top trench oxide207, the trench collar oxide208, the polysilicon209, and node dielectric210would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art.
An oxide deglaze is performed to remove contaminants. The pad nitride is removed to expose the pad oxide in the substrate, e.g., the p-well. Array implants can be formed on the device. Optionally, a portion of the pad oxide can be removed. A layer of sacrificial oxide can be formed over the device.
Referring toFIG. 3, an ES liner301can be deposited over the device. Optionally, an ISSG oxidation can be performed to form a hardmask for structuring the ES liner301. The ES liner can be masked, followed by an ES nitride liner etch to pattern the ES liner301. The etch can be by, for example, RIE or using the oxide hardmask above with a hydrofluoric acid (HF) etch. Implants can be added to wells and support devices as needed.
Referring toFIG. 4, a sacrificial oxidation strip removes the layer of oxide (not shown) in the support. Support gate oxidation prepares the surface of the device for receiving a support polysilicon401. An EA mask402can be applied.
Referring toFIG. 5, the EA polysilicon401in the array can be etched, with a block mask. An EA nitride-etch can expose the pad oxide on the substrate202and isolation trench203by removing portions of the ES liner301. This can also be performed as a spacer-etch. Any desired array implants can be formed. A top oxide501can be deposited.
An organic planarization coating601, as shown inFIG. 6, can be formed. The organic planarization coating601can be for example, an ARC.
Referring toFIG. 7, an RIE of the ARC layer, e.g., with a selectivity to oxide of 1:1, and selective to polysilicon, can be performed to open the polysilicon stud701, wherein the polysilicon in the support401is either high enough to clear the top oxide501or, where the top oxide in the support area can be removed by an ES mask. Alternatively, an RIE of the ARC layer601, e.g., oxide 1:1, can be performed having an endpoint upon the exposure of the top oxide501, as shown inFIG. 8. An oxide etch of the top oxide501can be performed as shown inFIG. 9, e.g., ARC 1:>2, selective to polysilicon, having an endpoint upon the removal to the ARC layer601. Further, a timed RIE oxide 1:1 can be performed, removing a portion of the top oxide501as shown inFIG. 9. The RIE can be an oxide-etch selective to polysilicon401until the polysilicon stud701is free as shown inFIG. 10.
Referring toFIG. 11, a wordline/support gate stack is illustrated along the cleave line A shown inFIG. 10taken through an active array region on each side of the deep trench. A buried plate (not shown) forms one plate of the capacitor. A dielectric layer, formed of oxide or nitride, or a combination, lines the deep trench forming a node dielectric as shown inFIG. 2. A trench collar oxide208is formed in the trench below the top trench oxide207. Doped polysilicon209formed within a lower portion of the deep trench acts as a second plate. A buried strap1101is a lower junction, wherein the polysilicon201forms a gate between the buried strap1101and the upper junction1106. The structure shown inFIG. 11can be manufactured given the unstructured gate stack ofFIG. 10by known techniques. For example, by depositing a metal stack followed by a gate nitride layer, performing gate/mask structuring, and a spacer process. The spacer process forms a spacer around the wordline. More particularly, as shown inFIG. 11, a wordline stack1102is deposited over the polysilicon stud701and top oxide501. The wordline stack1102is preferably a multi-layer stack of polysilicon and tungsten. The spacer1103encompasses the wordline1102. Also shown are a transition region1107and a support isolation trench1104underlying a support gate stack1105.
Having described embodiments for a system and method for forming a top oxide with a nitride liner, it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments of the invention disclosed which are within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, simultaneous reference will be made toFIGS. 1 and 2whereFIG. 1is an exploded plan view of one of two assemblies included in a dearmer positioning system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 2is a perspective view of two of the assemblies illustrated inFIG. 1assembled to define the present invention's dearmer positioning system that has been clamped onto a dearmer's barrel100in preparation for being placed in gun's barrel (not shown) having a projectile stuck therein.
The dearmer positioning system of the present invention includes two of the assemblies shown inFIG. 1. A complete assembly is referenced generally by numeral10. Assembly10includes two C-shaped half rings12and14made of a rigid plastic material that may be joined to one another to define a full ring16whose periphery16A lies on or within a circle having a diameter “D2”. Threaded bolts18may be used to join half rings12and14where threaded bolts18may engage aligned threaded sleeves12A and14A provided in half rings12and14, respectively. When half rings12and14are joined to define full ring16, a central circular opening20of diameter “D1” is defined through full ring16. Diameter D1is selected such that dearmer barrel100may pass through opening20and such that full ring16clamps onto dearmer barrel100when threaded bolts18are tightened to draw half rings12and14together. To assure that the heads of threaded bolts18stay within the circle of diameter D2, half rings12and14may be notched at12B and14B, respectively, to keep bolts18recessed within the confines of diameter D2. For reasons that will be explained further below, radially-extending holes22are defined in the periphery of full ring16. In the illustrated example, holes22are in diametric opposition to one another.
For purposes of versatility, diameter D2may be selected to allow full ring16to slide within a particular caliber of gun barrel (e.g., a 105 millimeter gun barrel). In this way, two of full ring16may be used to clamp onto a dearmer barrel. Since lodged projectile removal often requires a gun barrel to be flooded with water, each of half rings12and14may incorporate axially-extending through holes12C and14C, respectively. The inclusion of holes12C and14C facilitates the sliding of full ring16down a flooded gun barrel.
Assembly10also includes a one-piece outer ring30made of a rigid plastic material having a central circular opening32of diameter “D3” that is sized such that full ring16slidingly fits in opening32. Full ring16is coupled to outer ring30using threaded fasteners34. In the illustrated example, two threaded fasteners34are threaded into/through diametrically-opposed threaded sleeves30A that radially extend through outer ring30. When full ring16is to be coupled to outer ring30, threaded fasteners34extend into opening32to engage aligned holes22of full ring16. Threaded fasteners34are sized such that they do not extend beyond the diametric periphery of outer ring30when they engage full ring16.
The outer diameter “D4” of outer ring30is selected to allow outer ring30to slide within a particular larger caliber of gun barrel (e.g., a 155 millimeter gun barrel). Two of assembly10(as shown inFIG. 2) are coupled to dearmer barrel100when a stuck projectile is to be removed from a gun barrel whose caliber permits outer ring30to slide therein. Axially-extending through holes30B may be included in outer ring30to facilitate the sliding of each outer ring30down a flooded gun barrel.
In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, holes22(in full ring16) and threaded sleeves30A (in outer ring30) are each in diametric opposition (opposite) to facilitate alignment of holes22with sleeves30A during the assembly process. To keep full ring16from pivoting about threaded fasteners34while also assuring alignment of threaded sleeves30A with holes22, full ring16may be indexed to outer ring30. For example, tabs36may be provided along opening32for engagement by depressions or receptacles16B defined in the periphery of full ring16. More specifically, in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, tabs36are in diametric opposition (opposite) to one another and are each located 90° from threaded sleeves30A. To balance any pivoting loads acting on full ring16, each receptacle16B is formed partially in half ring12and partially in half ring14.
The advantages of the present invention are numerous. The positioning system securely and accurately positions a dearmer barrel in the central region of a gun's barrel. The system is adaptable to a variety of gun barrel calibers. The system may be expanded to even larger caliber guns by adding an additional outer ring sized to mate with such larger caliber guns.
Although the invention has been described relative to a specific embodiment thereof, there are numerous variations and modifications that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.
Finally, any numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations (for example, by using the term “about”) that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be at least construed in light of the number of significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIGS. 1 and 2show a baler10of generally conventional configuration with a baling chamber12. Beyond that, there is provided a wrapping arrangement14, constructed in accordance with the present invention, for the wrapping of a bale16in the baling chamber12with an enveloping material18.
The baler10may be any known conventional configuration, that is, with a baling chamber12of constant or variable size, that is surrounded exclusively or in combination with belts, chains or, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, by fixed rolls20.
Such a baler10may be applied in agriculture for the forming of bales16of harvested crop such as, for example, straw, hay or grass. But an application in industrial usage is also conceivable.
In the present embodiment the wrapping arrangement14is provided on the front side of the baler10. The enveloping material18is conducted into the balling chamber12through a slot between two adjacent roll20where it is carried along by the bale16that has been brought into rotation. The wrapping arrangement14may be arranged in a central region of the baler10or ahead of or above the baling chamber12.
The bale16is wrapped by the enveloping material18and is thereby prevented from falling apart after leaving the baler10. The enveloping material18may consist of foil, net, woven fabric, paper or the like.
As can best be seen inFIG. 2, the wrapping arrangement14is provided with a housing22, a propulsion roll, designated in the following as propulsion element24and a separating arrangement26. The housing22contains a support floor27on which the enveloping material18is supported in bearings as roll28. The support floor27may also be configured in such a way that it stores several rolls28and/or is provided with several steps or cavities for their secure storage.
The propulsion element24is in the form of a roll and provided on its circumferential surface with a coating with a high coefficient of friction and can be brought into rotation. Initially the rotation assists in withdrawing the enveloping material18from the roll28. The roll28is located above the support plane of the support floor27and comes into contact in its operating position with the propulsion element24in a region that corresponds approximately to a 6 to 9 o'clock position. The enveloping material18is withdrawn from the roll28by means of the propulsion element24and conducted into the baling chamber12through the slot between adjacent rolls20. During a proper operation, the enveloping material18grasped by the rotating bale16and envelopes it.
The separating arrangement26is provided with a knife32that is fastened to an arm34pivoting about a bearing36in order to enter the enveloping material18and to cut through the latter or to the effect its tearing off, when the wrapping process is completed. The knife32is pivoted by a hydraulic motor38that is actuated by a known control or regulating arrangement (ECU).
Beyond that, a further arm, which carries a belt tensioning pulley48, is connected to the arm34, with the position of the arm and, hence, the pulley48, also being determined by the hydraulic motor38. In the present embodiment a guide arrangement51is provided, free to pivot, about the arm34. Such a guide arrangement51can be derived from U.S. Pat. No. 6,886,307, granted May 3, 2005, whose disclosure is hereby incorporated into the present patent application.
If the hydraulic motor38is in its retracted position, as shown inFIG. 2, then the knife32is in such a pivoted position that it does not affect the course of the enveloping material18. Referring now toFIG. 3, it can be seen that the propulsion element24operates by means of a drive shaft39, with which it is rigidly connected, a clutch arrangement41, and with a drive belt42. The drive belt42is engaged with a first belt drive pulley44, that interacts with one of the rolls20, that can be brought into rotation by a drive (not shown), and is engaged with a second belt drive pulley46that is applied, free to rotate, to the drive shaft39. Moreover, it can be seen that the tensioning pulley48is disposed so that it may apply more or less pressure to an upper run of the drive belt42at a location between the belt drive pulleys44,46in such a way that the drive belt42can be tensioned by means of the tensioning pulley48, in order to bring the second belt drive pulley46into rotation. If the tensioning pulley48does not apply tension to the drive belt42, then the second belt drive pulley46is not driven by the drive belt42.
Reference will now be made toFIG. 3, in which the propulsion element24, the drive shaft39, the clutch arrangement41and the second belt drive pulley46are shown in an enlarged view.
The second belt drive pulley46is applied by means of a sliding bearing50, free to rotate, to an end region52of the drive shaft39spaced away from the propulsion element24. The second belt drive pulley46is connected to a clutch disk56by means of a safety device54, in the form of a screw, the clutch disk is also applied to the end region52, but is not directly connected to the drive shaft39.
The safety device54is inserted through a hole58in the clutch disk56and is loaded by a spring60in the form of a compression spring provided on the safety device54at a location between a head of the device54and the clutch disk56, in such a way that the belt drive pulley46is biased towards the clutch disk56.
Moreover, a clutch element62is applied to the drive shaft39, and is provided with a bearing region64that is connected, fixed against rotation, to the end region52of the drive shaft39by means of an appropriate connection66, for example, in the form of a feather key.
A clutch region68extends from the bearing region64between the belt pulley46and the clutch disk56. The clutch region68is provided with a high friction coating70on its side facing the belt drive pulley46as well as the side facing the clutch disk56.
For the sake of completeness it should be noted that the drive shaft39extends further through a bearing72in a side wall74of the baling chamber12and that a spacer bushing76is provided between the bearing72and the clutch element62.
In the following, the method of operation of the arrangement14shall be described in greater detail. For this purpose, reference is here made toFIG. 1as well as toFIGS. 2 and 3.
If the formation of the bale16in the baling chamber12has been completed, which can be determined in known manner by a sensor, not shown, which mechanically or optically determines the diameter of the bale16, for example, then the wrapping arrangement14is activated. This occurs in that the hydraulic motor38is brought into its retracted position, shown inFIG. 2, as controlled by the control or regulating arrangement (ECU).
This retraction of the hydraulic motor38causes the arm34to be swung counter clockwise about the pivot bearing36, which, in turn, causes to tensioning pulley48to effect a tensioning of the drive belt42so as to cause the second belt pulley46to be brought into rotation.
The belt pulley46in turn operates by means of the friction coating70facing it as well as indirectly by means of the clutch disk56and the friction coating70facing it on the clutch element62and carries these along or brings the clutch element62and with it the drive shaft39and the propulsion element24into rotation.
The propulsion element24that is now driven in rotation withdraws the enveloping material18from the roll28and conveys it in the direction of the bale16. The guide arrangement51operates here as a support in that it guides the enveloping material18to the bale16.
When the enveloping material18is grasped by the rotating bale16, the bale applies a force to the enveloping material18. Since provision has been, made for the belt drive40to drive the propulsion element24with a speed that is less than the rotational speed of the bale16, preferably by approximately 15% to 30% or even less, the enveloping material18is braked by the action of the propulsion element24and is thereby stretched or tensioned, regardless of the type, of harvested crop that is processed or in what condition it is. This is desirable in order for the enveloping material18to adhere closely to the bale16and enclose it tightly.
The clutch arrangement41has the effect that the force applied to the enveloping material18by the bale16and thereby the stretching of the enveloping material18remains constant independently of the rotational speed of the bale. If the applied force exceeds a predetermined value, then the clutch element62begins to slip relative to the second belt pulley46and the clutch disk56in such a way that only the predetermined force is applied to the enveloping material18and thereby a certain stretching of the latter is attained.
The force that is to be applied or the desired stretching can be charged or predetermined by tightening the safety device54to a greater or lesser degree into the second belt pulley46against the force of the spring60so that the clutch arrangement41is preloaded in the desired manner.
Having described the preferred embodiment, it will become apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.
| 1B
| 65 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Vehicle 10 has a liftgate 12 that is attached to the aft end of the vehicle
roof by two hinge assemblies. The typical right hand hinge assembly 14 is
shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
Hinge assemblies 14 have hinge portions 16 that are secured to the vehicle
10 and hinge portions 18 that are secured to the liftgate 12. Hinge
portions 18 are attached to hinge portions 16 by pivot pins 20 so that
liftgate 12 pivots about a pivot axis indicated at 21 in FIGS. 2 and 3
from a raised open position shown in FIG. 2 to a closed position shown in
FIG. 3. Pivot axis 21 is generally substantially horizontal and liftgate
12 is generally permitted to pivot about 90.degree. about pivot axis 21.
However, the range of movement can be varied substantially from one
vehicle 10 to another.
Lift gate 12 is opened and closed by a power operating system that includes
two indentical drive units 22 that are installed in the aft end of the
vehicle roof. Drive units 22 are laterally spaced from each other and near
the respective vertical body pillars at the aft end of vehicle 10 that
define the rear opening that is closed by lift gate 12. The typical drive
unit 22 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 with the cover 23 removed to show
internal detail.
Each drive unit 22 comprises a bracket 24 that is secured to the vehicle
body in a fixed position for supporting several parts including a
reversible electric motor 26, a gear train 28, a rack 30 and a cradle 32
that are mounted on bracket 24. Bracket 24 has two parallel plates 24a and
24b. Electric motor 26 is attached to the outboard side of bracket 24b. It
has a worm gear output 27 that drives a compound pinion gear 28a that is
located between bracket plates 24a and 24b. Pinion gear 28a in turn drives
a compound intermediate gear 28b which in turn drives a compound output
gear 28c to provide a first stage of speed reduction and torque
multiplication. Output gear 28c drives rack 30 to provide a second stage
of speed reduction and torque multiplication. Gears 28b, 28c and rack 30
are located between bracket plates 24a and 24b.
Rack 30 slides in cradle 32 on roller 33. Cradle 32 is pivotally mounted on
bracket 24 between plates 24a and 24b so that cradle 32 pivots about the
axis 29 of output gear 28c. The purpose of cradle 32 is to hold the teeth
of rack 30 in engagement with the teeth of the output gear 28. This is
necessary to accommodate a slight rocking movement of rack 30 as it moves
from the retracted position shown in FIG. 2 to the retracted position
shown in FIG. 3.
Each drive unit 22 further includes a track 34 and a moveable link 36 that
is pivotally attached to the liftgate 12 and guided by track 34. Track 34
is secured to the vehicle body in a fixed position and is preferably
shaped to hug the aft end of the vehicle roof, particularly the box beam
that carries the hinge portions 16 as best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, in
order to maximize unobstructed load height at the liftgate opening.
Track 34 is also preferably arcuately shaped with a radius of curvature
that is centered on the hinge axis 21 of lift gate 12. Link 36 is also
preferably arcuately shaped with a curvature that matches that of track 34
so that link 36 slides back and forth in track 34 pivoting about axis 21
between the extended position shown in FIG. 2 and the retracted position
shown in FIG. 3. This concentric path of movement enables link 36 to be
sealed at the vehicle body exit easily and even allows the body exit for
link 36 to be placed in the vertical body pillar outside the liftgate
perimeter seal (not shown). The inboard end of link 36 is pivotally
connected to the end of rack 30 and the outboard end of link 36 is
pivotally connected to liftgate 12. The inboard end of link 36 may carry a
roller 38 to facilitate sliding movement on track 34.
The power operating system further includes a conventional power source
such as the vehicle battery (not shown) and a suitable motor control for
energizing and shutting off the reversible electric motor 26. Motor
controls are well known to those skilled in the art and thus need not be
described in detail.
The power operating system operates as follows. Assuming that the liftgate
12 is open as shown in FIG. 2, electric motor 26 is energized to close
liftgate 12. Electric motor 26 is energized to rotate pinion gear 28a
clockwise. Pinion gear 28a in turn rotates intermediate gear 28b
counterclockwise. This rotates output gear 28c clockwise driving rack 30
from the extended position shown in FIG. 2 to the retracted position shown
in FIG. 3. This slides link 36 in track 34 from the extended position
shown in FIG. 2 to the retracted position shown in FIG. 3 lowering
liftgate 12 from the raised open position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 to the
closed position shown in FIG. 3. When the liftgate 12 is fully closed, a
limit switch or the like is actuated to shut off electric motor 26.
Liftgate 12 is opened by reversing electric motor 26 so that gear train
28a, 28b, 28c drives rack 30 and link 36 to the extended position shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2.
With a proper motor control circuit, electric motor 26 can be deenergized
at any time in which case liftgate 12 can be stopped at any intermediate
position and held in the intermediate position by the friction in gear
train 28 without any need for a brake, detent or the like. The liftgate 12
can then be moved by energizing electric motor 26 or the liftgate 12 can
then be moved manually because gear train 28 can be designed with
sufficient efficiency to permit back drive to electric motor 26.
The power operating system can be designed to work alone or in conjunction
with gas cylinders 40 which are well known in the art with the primary
adjustment being the size of the electric motor 26.
The power operating system described above preferably includes two
identical drive units 22 for balanced operation and reduced manufacturing
costs. However, the drive units need not be identical and in some
instances, a single drive unit may be sufficient.
It is also possible to use two drive units with a single reversible
electric motor driving both gear trains 28. In such an arrangement the
axis of the electric motor is parallel to the axis of the several gears of
gear train 28 thereby eliminating the need for a cross axis gear
arrangement and possible need for a clutch in order to back drive the
electric motor and thus operate the liftgate manually. The same is true
with a power operating system having two identical drive units where the
axes of the individual electric motors 26 are parallel to the axes of the
respective drive trains.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention in
light of the above teachings may be made. It is, therefore, to be
understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention
may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. | 1B
| 60 | J |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The dispenser shown in FIG. 1 comprises a support 1 for a container 2 to be
filled by liquid through a dispensing head 3. The support 1 carries the
weight of the container with the assistance of the action of a spring 4.
The support 1 is pivoted about horizontal axis 5.
In operation, the support or cradle 1 is lowered manually, against the
action of the spring 4, and the container 2 is fitted on the support 1.
The force of the spring 4 urges the neck of the container into the
dispensing head 3. This action, described in more detail below, moves
magnet 7 upwards.
The magnet 7, which replaces the usual coil, is mounted on a solenoid valve
9 and as it moves along the valve stem it causes the valve 9 to open.
Water from a source (not shown) can therefore pass along pipe 8, through
valve 9, through the backflow preventer 10 and to the venturi 11 where it
entrains concentrated chemical fed through pipe 12 in a conventional
manner. The diluted liquid is then filled into the container 2 through the
filling head 3.
With the increasing weight of the container as it fills, the cradle 1 and
the container are lowered, thereby allowing the magnet 7, pushed by valve
spring 13, to move back down the valve stem. This movement, at a
predetermined point, closes the valve and stops the flow of water and
chemical to the container. Overflowing of the container is thus
automatically prevented.
The filled container is then manually released from the support 1, which is
pulled back up by the spring 4 but in the absence of another container
does not actuate the valve.
Also seen in FIG. 1 is a drip container 14 and a slidable drip tray 15,
which is urged towards the container position by means of a spring 16,
Although in FIG. 1 the cradle 1 is shown to be pivotally mounted, but this
is not essential. The cradle could alternatively be mounted for vertical
movement against a spring force without a pivotal mounting.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show schematically the operable connection between the
container 2 and the dispensing head 3. FIG. 2 shows the connection for a
relatively large diameter neck container and FIG. 3 shows the connection
for a smaller diameter neck container.
The dispensing head 3 consists of two fixed concentric tubular members 20,
21, the liquid being supplied to inner tubular member 20 for filling of
the container. An annular member 22 is slidably mounted between the
tubular members 20, 21. When the container is mounted on cradle 1, the
neck 24 of the container is forced by the spring 4 upwards and into the
gap between the members 20, 21, thereby forcing the annular member 22 and
thus magnet 7 upwards.
In FIG. 2, the tubular member 20 is formed with flange 20A around its
bottom edge. The purpose of this is to prevent the wrong containers, in
particular containers with a neck of smaller diameters being filled. It
will be understood that the flange 20A will not fit inside a container
neck whose inner diameter is less than that of the flange. Thus, such a
container neck cannot contact the annular member 22 to move it upwards and
actuate the switch.
Other means to prevent the incorrect filling of containers are described
below, in relation to FIGS. 4 and 5.
In FIG. 3, the filling of the wrong containers--here containers of a larger
diameter neck--is prevented by means of a ring 25 fitted on the bottom of
tubular member 21. The ring 25 has a smaller inner diameter than the
member 21 so that containers with an outer neck diameter above a certain
size cannot contact the annular member 22.
In addition, in FIG. 3, a depending wing 26 is fitted at one point around
the ring 25. This slots into a corresponding recess 27 in the shoulder of
the container. Thus, containers without this special recess will not be
able to contact the annular member 22, even if their neck diameter is less
than the inner diameter of the ring 25.
The opening and closing of the valve 9 is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A
shows the container in a position free of the filling head, ie the
position it is in when it is empty and before the cradle is released or
the position it is in when it is full. FIG. 4B shows the container in a
position contacting the filling head, ie, the position it is in when being
filled.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show the filling of the smaller neck container of FIG. 3,
but it will be understood that the larger neck container of FIG. 2 is
filled in the same manner.
Valve 9 comprises valve body 91 including an inlet 92 for water along pipe
8, an outlet 93 and valve stem 94. Valve spring 13 is fitted around the
valve stem 94, and is contacted by the magnet 7 which in turn is contacted
by the annular member 22.
The outlet 94 is closed by valve disc 95 mounted on a flexible diaphragm
96. The valve disc 95 has a central opening 97 connecting to the outlet
and a lateral opening 98 which admits water from the inlet. The central
opening 97 is closed by a core member 99 which is urged upwardly by a weak
core spring 100.
The disc 95 is forced against the outlet 93 by the differential pressure of
the water, and thus the valve 9 is shut, as seen in FIG. 4B When the
container 2 moves upwardly into the filling head 3, annular member 22
pushes the magnet 7 upwards to the position seen in FIG. 4B. In this
position, the magnet 7 pulls the core member 99, which is magnetically
attractive, away from the valve disc 95.
This allows water through the central opening 97, thereby equalizing the
pressure on either side of the disc 95 and allowing it to move away from
the outlet 94. Water can thus pass through the valve, to the venturi 11 as
previously described.
When the container is full, its weight in effect releases the core member
99 so that the valve is shut again.
FIG. 5 shows the mounting of the smaller container 2 on the cradle 1. The
cradle is formed with a pair of forwardly extending arms 30, 30' with a
slot 31 defined therebetween. On the inside of each arm is a shoulder 32,
32' with a recess 33, 33' at one point along its length. The recesses are
formed opposite each other, across the slot, and each has a generally
U-shape which tapers outwardly towards the top.
Drip tray 15 is seen at the left hand side of FIG. 5. The drip tray is
shown in a retracted position to which it would be pushed by a container.
Without the container present in the slot 31, the drip tray 15 would
normally be pulled forward by the spring 16 to a position over the
recesses 33, 33', i.e. beneath filling head 3 in order to catch drips
therefrom.
Underneath the drip tray 15, the slot 31 is closed and extending forwardly
from the closed end of the slot is a pair of pins 34. The pins are
arranged in two of five possible positions.
The container 2 has segmental recesses 35 on either side, below shoulder 36
(only one recess is seen in FIG. 5). The narrowed portion formed by
recesses 35 has a width just less than the gap between the shoulders 32,
32'. A lug 37 depends from the top of each recess 35.
In the side of the container, between the recesses, slots 38 are formed, in
two of five possible positions (two alternative positions are shown in
dashed lines; the third one is out of view).
As previously mentioned, a recess 27 is formed in the shoulder 36 of the
bottle, just below the neck 24.
In use, the cradle 1 is lowered and the container 2 is slotted into the
cradle 1, along the slot 31, thereby pushing back drip tray 15. The pins
34 register in the slots 38 and the container 2 can then be allowed to
hang on the cradle 1, with its lugs 37 fitting into the recesses 33, 33',
on the shoulders 32, 32'.
As discussed above, the cradle is then released and the spring 4 lifts it
upwards so that the neck 24 actuates the switch which controls its
filling.
As the cradle pivots upwards, and then downwards again when it fills up,
the shape of recesses 33, 33' allows the lugs 37 to pivot, thereby
allowing the container to remain vertical.
It will be understood that unless the slots 38 of the container are in the
correct position, the container cannot be pushed far enough into the
cradle for it to actuate the switch. The arrangement of five pin positions
and five slot positions allows ten different discrete arrangements for
different dispensers filling different chemicals, using two pins.
As seen in FIG. 6, with a large neck container the segmental recesses 35,
the lugs 37 and the slots 38 are formed immediately below the neck, rather
than below the shoulder. Apart from this, the fitting of the container
into the cradle is as described with reference to FIG. 5.
The large neck container has, for example, a volume of 2 liters. The small
neck container has, for example, a volume of 0.75 liters. For the
avoidance of any doubt, it should be mentioned that the vertical distance
between the lug 37 and the top of the neck 24 of the containers seen in
FIGS. 5 and 6 is the same in each case. Thus, the same dispenser can be
used with both containers, and indeed containers of other sizes, with the
appropriate adjustment made to the filling head 3 (FIGS. 2 and 3) and to
the arrangement of pins 34 (FIG. 5).
In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the container
support is arranged differently from FIG. 1 In the latter figure, the
containers are suspended from a cradle, but in FIG. 7 the container is
placed onto the support which is in the form of a platform. In other
respects, the dispenser of FIG. 7 is similar and so the same numerals are
used to denote corresponding parts.
In FIG. 7, the platform 1 can be manually lowered by means of a pivoting
handle 40 to allow a container 2 to be placed thereon. Release of the
handle 40 allows the springs 4 to urge the bottle neck upwards into the
dispensing head 3. As shown in FIG. 8, movement of the bottle neck into
the dispensing head causes annular member 22 to move upwards, thereby
moving magnet 7 on the valve 9. As the weight of the container increases,
the container moves out of the dispensing head 3 and the valve is turned
off.
Needless to say, other types of switches can be used to control the flow of
liquid through the filling head than the type described above. For
example, a conventional solenoid valve could be used, together with a
microswitch operated by movement of the annular member. Alternatively,
optical switches or proximity detectors could be used to detect the
position of the container and turn on or off the valve. The important
feature of the switch means is that it is operated by the upward movement
of the empty container and the opposite movement of the filled container.
The coil spring 4 described in relation to the illustrated embodiments
could of course be replaced by other resilient members, for example, leaf
springs or elastomeric springs (rubber bands), or even pneumatic springs.
Furthermore, the force urging the cradle upwards could be obtained by
means of a weight attached to a cord running over a pulley above the
cradle, and connected to the cradle, or by means of a weight on a
counter-balance arm on the opposite side to the pivot from the cradle. All
means of urging the support for the container upwards, allowing the
support to fall as the container fills, and again lifting the support with
another empty container, are covered by the invention as defined in the
attached claims.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention are described herein in
detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations
may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or
the scope of the appended claims. | 1B
| 65 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
InFIG. 1, a protective helmet1has been represented comprising a crown2, a neckband3and an adjustment device4of the position of the neckband3with respect to the crown2. The crown2is preferably made from plastic, for example from injected polycarbonate, from expanded polystyrene or from thermoformed plastic material. The neckband3can be a strip of flexible or semi-rigid plastic having two opposite ends EX1, EX2and able to be in the shape of an Omega. The neckband3is located laid back from the inner edge of the crown2. The crown2can further comprise a headband5extending along the inner edge of the crown2. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1, the headband5is not adjustable. Such a helmet1is particularly suitable for rock-climbing, mountaineering, and more generally for any sports activity or for working at heights.
The position of the neckband3is adjustable by the adjustment device4which comprises an adjustment button6accessible from the outside of the crown5. The helmet1can comprise a single adjustment device4to adjust the position of one end of the neckband3. Preferentially, the protective helmet1comprises two adjustment devices situated on the opposite lateral sides of the crown2.
InFIGS. 2 and 3, the adjustment device4has been represented respectively in an exploded view of the components of the device4and a cross-sectional view of the device4where its components are assembled. In general manner, the adjustment device4enables the position of a first part3ato be adjusted with respect to a second part2a.Such an adjustment device4is particularly suitable for protective helmets1, and in this case, the first part3ais fitted on the neckband3of the helmet1, and the second part2ais fitted on the crown2of the helmet1.
The adjustment device4comprises the adjustment button6, a blocking part7, and a retaining washer8. The adjustment button6comprises a foot9extended at a first end by a head10to enable gripping of the button6, and extended at a second opposite end by a base part11. The adjustment button6is mounted movable in translation in a groove12provided in the second part2a.The groove12forms a pass-through elongated opening and the foot9of the adjustment button6can slide in the groove12. The groove12can be rectilinear or curved. The groove12preferably has a longitudinal shape inside which the adjustment button6moves in translation. The groove12serves the purpose of guiding the movement of the adjustment button6in translation. The adjustment button6can thus translate along the groove12in two possible opposite translation directions A, B.
The blocking part7, first part3aand retaining washer8respectively comprise three pass-through holes13to15to allow passage of the foot9of the adjustment button6. When the components of the adjustment device4are assembled, the blocking part7is situated between the first and second parts3a,2a,the second part2ais situated between the head10of the adjustment button and the blocking part7, and the foot9of the button6passes consecutively through the groove12, the pass-through hole13of the blocking part7, the pass-through hole14of the first part3a,and the pass-through hole15of the retaining washer8. The retaining washer8enables the components of the adjustment device4to be kept together. Thus, the adjustment button6, blocking part7, first part3aand retaining washer8are securely fixed to one another and can be translated together with respect to the second part2a.When assembly of the components is performed, the foot9of the adjustment button6is inserted along an axis C normal to the groove12, and the retaining washer8is then fitted to secure the assembly together.
The blocking part7prevents the first part3afrom translating along the groove12when the adjustment button6is in an initial position. The adjustment button6in the initial position has been illustrated inFIG. 3. In the initial position, if the user pulls on the first part3a,in either of the two translation directions A, B, the blocking part7blocks the first part3aand prevents it from translating. There is therefore no possible incorrect adjustment of the first part3awith respect to the second part2a.In this case, the blocking part7is said to be in a locked position in which the blocking part7prevents the first part3afrom translating along the groove12. On the contrary, when the user translates the adjustment button6, in either the first or the second translation direction A, B, the button6cooperates with the blocking part7to move the blocking part7to an unlocked position and to translate the first part3awith respect to the second part2aalong the groove12. In the unlocked position, the blocking part7enables the first part3ato translate along the groove12.
For example, the second part2acan comprise position indexing means16, for example a position indexer, designed to maintain the second part2ain a chosen position. InFIG. 1, the indexing means16are fitted on the crown2. For example, the indexing means16are formed on the crown2by moulding. In a general manner, the indexing means16are oriented in the direction of the first part3a,i.e. they are situated facing the first part3a.In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1, the indexing means16are located on the inner edge of the crown2. The indexing means16can comprise at least one rack16a,16b.Each rack16a,16bcomprises a series of teeth and a series of notches, in which two successive teeth are separated from one another by a notch. Preferably, the indexing means16comprise two racks16a,16bparallel to one another and separated from one another by the groove12.
The blocking part7comprises at least one spigot17to20configured to engage in the indexing means16in order to block the first part3ain position, i.e. to prevent the first part3afrom translating along the groove12when the adjustment button6is in its initial position and does not translate. In the locked position of the blocking part7, at least one spigot17to20engages in a notch of at least one rack16a,16b.According to a variant, the blocking part7comprises two spigots17,20situated opposite one another along an axis parallel to the groove12. In this case, in the locked position of the blocking part7, the first spigot17prevents translation of the first part3ain the first direction A, and the second spigot19prevents translation of the first part3ain the second direction B. Advantageously, when the indexing means16comprise two racks16a,16b,the blocking part7comprises a first pair of spigots17,18designed to respectively engage in the notches of the two racks16a,16bto prevent translation of the first part3ain the first direction A, and a second pair of spigots19,20designed to respectively engage in the notches of the two racks16a,16bto prevent translation of the first part3ain the second direction B.
When the adjustment button6translates along the groove12, it cooperates with the blocking part7so as to disengage the spigots17,18of the first pair from the notches where they are located in order to release the first part3a. The adjustment button6thus moves the blocking part7to the unlocked position and can translate the first part3aalong the groove12.
In general manner, the blocking part7is flexible to disengage the spigots17to20from the indexing means16by deformation when the adjustment button6translates along the groove12. For example, the blocking part7can comprise two flexible blades21,22to make the blocking part7deformable. The blades21,22deform to enable disengagement of the spigots17to20from the indexing means16, and to move the spigots into the next notches after they have passed the teeth which were blocking them. The blades21,22are located on each side of the pass-through hole13of the blocking part7.
The adjustment part7can further comprise at least one unlatching arm23,24. When the adjustment part7comprises a spigot17, or a pair of spigots17,18, it comprises an unlatching arm23located at the level of the spigots17,18, preferably located between the two spigots17,18. When the adjustment part7comprises two opposite spigots17,19located on the same axis parallel to the groove12, or two pairs of spigots17to20, it comprises two unlatching arms23,24. A first arm23presses against a main stop25situated on the first part3a.The first part3acan also comprise a secondary stop26to enable pressing of the second arm24. Each unlatching arm23,24is designed to deform the blocking part7when the adjustment button6translates in a translation direction A, B. In particular, when the button translates in the first direction A, it exerts a pressure force on the first arm23to disengage the first pair of spigots17,18from the indexing means16. When the adjustment button6translates in the second direction B, it exerts a pressure force on the second arm24to disengage the second pair of spigots19,20from the indexing means16. In other words, when the adjustment button6translates in a direction A, B, it pushes the unlatching arm23,24which presses on a stop25,26of the first part3ato translate the spigots17to20in the direction of the first part3aalong an axis normal to the groove12. Pressing of a latching arm23,24against a stop25,26is performed by an extension of the arm which forms a pressing head27,28coming into contact with a stop24,25of the first part3a.As the pressing head27is situated against the stop25, the latching arm23performs according to an axis perpendicular to the translation direction A of the adjustment button6and perpendicular to the axis C normal to the groove12. Rotation of the unlatching arm23results in a deformation of the flexible blades21,22which tend to be flattened. Deformation of the blades21,22then disengages the spigots17,18from the racks16b,16a.An unlatching arm23,24thus transmits the force exerted by the adjustment button6along the axis of the groove12into a force on the spigots along an axis normal to to the groove12in order to disengage the spigots from the notches where they were located. The blocking part7is moved to the unlocked position when the spigots are disengaged. Furthermore, when the spigots disengage from the notches, only the adjustment button6translates with respect to the first and second parts3a,2a.A free space29further exists between the retaining washer8and the stops25,26to enable translation of the adjustment button6in order to disengage the spigots. Translation of the adjustment button6enabling the spigots to be disengaged is also called first translation. More particularly, the first translation is performed when the pressure force exerted increases and remains lower than a threshold. Then translation of the adjustment button6continues, prolonging the force exerted on the unlatching arm, the spigots pass the teeth which were keeping them in the notches, and the first part3atranslates, with the adjustment button6and in the same direction, with respect to the second part2aalong the groove12. Translation of the adjustment button6enabling the spigots to pass the teeth is also called second translation. The second translation is performed when the pressure force exerted is higher than the above-mentioned threshold. In other words, when the second translation takes place, an unlatching arm pushes the stop against which it is pressing, and therefore pushes the first part3ain the same direction as that of the adjustment button6.
It can be noted that the adjustment button6comprises at least one recess30,31to house an unlatching arm23,24. Preferably, the adjustment button6comprises two recesses30,31to respectively receive the two unlatching arms23,24. These recesses30,31enable a free space to be created for movement of the adjustment button6with respect to an unlatching arm23,24when the adjustment button6exerts a pressure on the other unlatching arm23,24, and vice versa.
The disengaged spigots17to20pass the teeth and come and house themselves in the next notches, by means of the bias force of the flexible blades21,22. In particular, when the first pair of spigots17,18pass the teeth, the opposite spigots19,20also pass the teeth which were retaining them by means of an inclination of the spigots. In a preferred embodiment, the blocking part7comprises spigots17to20extending in two directions D, E respectively inclined with respect to two axes C1, C2normal to the groove12. Furthermore, the directions D, E of the spigots are inclined in two opposite directions A, B. The adjustment device4thus enables the spigots17,18of the first pair to be disengaged by moving the adjustment button6in the first direction of movement A, and the spigots19,20of the second pair pass the teeth due to their inclination. When the adjustment button6translates in the opposite direction B, the spigots19,20of the second pair are disengaged from the racks16b,16a,and the spigots17,18of the first pair pass the teeth due to their inclination. As a variant, the spigots17,18of the first pair can have a different inclination from that of the spigots19,20of the second pair, in order in particular to make one of the directions of translation A, B of the adjustment button6more difficult.
The adjustment device4also operates with a single unlatching arm and a single spigot (or two spigots) which are disengaged in one direction or in the other by exerting a force on one side or the other of the unlatching arm by means of the adjustment button6which is translated in one direction A or the other B. Any change of adjustment results in an audible click being emitted by the spigots17to20following movement of the blocking part7.
As a variant, the heads27,28of the unlocking arms are inserted in pass-through apertures32,33provided in the first part3a.The first part3acan thus be movable in rotation around the axis C normal to the groove12to incline the first part3awith respect to the second part2a.Preferably, each head27,28of the unlatching arms23,24can comprise a rounded tab34which cooperates with slots provided in the stops25,26so as to be able to adjust the angular position of the first part3a.
Adjustment of the position of the neckband3is performed by translating the adjustment button6. More particular, when the protective helmet1comprises two adjustment devices4, the user moves the adjustment buttons in translation, using both hands, either towards the front of the helmet1to tighten the helmet1on his neck, or towards the rear of the helmet1to loosen the helmet. The spigots disengage from the notches to release the ends EX1, EX2of the neckband3. Then the spigot of each device4passes a tooth and engages again in the next notch, again performing blocking of the adjustment of the neckband in the selected position. The user moves the adjustment button of a device1in translation in the groove12until the neckband comes into contact against the user's neck.
The length of the neckband remains constant during adjustment, whereas its attachment point is made to vary by means of the indexing means16situated on the inner wall of the crown2.
| 0A
| 42 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1-5 show a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein
like reference numerals designate like or corresponding parts throughout
the several views. Therefore, only one detailed description of similar
parts is given.
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a needle threading apparatus for a two-needle
sewing machine. Character D designates a needle-threading mechanism which
includes a frame member F, a rotary shaft 2 and a conventional thread
catcher 6. These parts are lowered by pressing a lever L, thereby allowing
a pin 3 extended through shaft 2 to slide along an oblique slot Fa formed
in the frame member F (see FIGS. 7A, 7B) so that the thread catcher 6 may
be rotated in the direction of needles N1 and N2.
A mounting plate 7 provides the support for needle-threading mechanism D
and also vertically and slidably supports frame member F. Plate 7 is also
adapted to hold the upper end of a first spring S2 which provides bias to
upwardly urge frame member F.
A needle bar 1 for use with a two-needle sewing machine is provided with
first and second needles N1 and N2 which are horizontally spaced a
distance W apart. Needles Nl and N2 have eyes 01 and 02 which are
vertically out of alignment with each other by a distance H.
A movable mechanism including rotary portion C and a locking portion B will
be explained by reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 2 is a view of the threading apparatus for the two-needle sewing
machine when looking in the direction of X in FIG. 1. The rotary portion C
includes a block Cl that is secured to the frame of the sewing machine,
and a rotary arm C2 rotatably supported by a pin P on block C1. The rotary
arm C2 supports mounting plate 7 secured thereto. The rotary portion C is
capable of horizontally rotating the threading mechanism.
The locking portion B includes a cylindrical rod B2 and a tenter B1. The
cylindrical rod B2 is formed of elastic material and is mounted on the
mounting plate 7. As shown in FIG. 3A, cylindrical rod B2 passes through a
U-shaped orifice U of tenter B1 which is fixed to the sewing machine frame
M. Tenter B1 allows cylindrical rod B2 to move in orifice U over a
distance W.
In other words, locking portion B causes the threading mechanism D to move
over the distance W. Placing cylindrical rod B2 in the leftmost position,
shown in solid lines in FIG. 3A, allows thread catcher 6 of the threading
mechanism D to engage the first needle N1, as shown in FIG. 3B. On the
other hand, placing the cylindrical rod B2 in the rightmost position,
shown in dotted lines in FIG. 3A, allows thread catcher 6 to engage the
second needle N2, as shown in FIG. 3C.
A position aligning portion will be detailed hereinafter. In FIG. 1,
character A designates a position aligning portion which includes an
annular member A1 mounted on the rotary shaft 2 of the threading mechanism
D and a retainer A2 disposed on the needle bar 1.
FIG. 4 is a perspective and partly broken away view showing the arrangement
of the position aligning portion. As shown, annular member A1 has a cap
shape and is rigidly mounted on rotary shaft 2. Annular member A1 includes
a pin 3 which passes through both annular member A1 and shaft 2, and
annular member A1 is adapted for downward movement and rotation with pin
3.
Although the embodiment has been described with respect to pin 3 which
passes through the annular member A1, annular member A1 may be mounted
upon rotary shaft 2 without use of such a pin.
Retainer A2 is formed with a semi-cylindrical recess 8 and is secured
downward of annular member A1 on needle bar 1. The depth of recess 8 is
equal to the difference H in the vertical displacement level of the two
needles. Downward movement of the lever L allows annular member A1 to abut
against retainer A2. A further downward movement of lever L causes pin 3
to slide along the oblique slot Fa and thereby rotate shaft 2 (see FIG.
7A).
When annular member A1 abuts against the top of retainer A2, as shown in
FIG. 5A, threading mechanism D engages the first needle N1, as shown in
FIG. 5B. Thus, when annular member A1 is held at the height as shown in
FIG. 5A, thread catcher 6 is at the same height as needle eye 01 of the
first needle N1, as seen in FIG. 5B and the first needle N1 can be
threaded by means of the thread catcher 6.
On the other hand, when annular member A1 abuts retainer A2 within recess
8, as shown in FIG. 5C, threading mechanism D engages the second needle
N2, as shown in FIG. 5D. As shown in FIG. 5C, the retainer A2 is lowered
by the difference (height) H from the position shown in FIG. 5A.
Thus, thread catcher 6 will be at the same height as needle eye 02 in
second needle N2, as seen in FIG. 5D so that the second needle N2 can be
threaded by means of the thread catcher 6.
According to the invention, the threading apparatus for the two-needle
sewing machine includes a threading mechanism with a hook, a movable
portion for reciprocating the threading mechanism between two juxtaposed
needles, and a position aligning portion for maneuvering the threading
hook opposite to each of the needle eyes at different heights, thereby
facilitating threading the respective needles and greatly improving sewing
efficiency.
Although the invention has been described in detail herein by way of
reference to the disclosed embodiments, it should be understood that the
invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but should be
interpreted in accordance with the claims which follow. | 3D
| 05 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a pushbutton 1 adapted to be mounted on an actuator rod 2 of a
pump or a valve for dispensing a fluid which may be a liquid or a
semi-liquid, such as a perfume, a cosmetic, or a medicine, or some other
fluid. The pushbutton 1 forms a portion of a small spray assembly adapted
to be held in the hand and enables the pump or valve to be actuated by
means of a finger, even though automatic actuation is also conceivable
without going beyond the ambit of the invention.
The pushbutton 1 is generally molded in plastics material. It includes a
duct 3 in which the actuator rod 2 is engaged. The actuator rod 2 has a
central channel 2a that enables the fluid to be emitted and that
communicates with the duct 3. The pushbutton also includes a swirling
chamber 5 which opens out sideways to the outside of the pushbutton. The
swirling chamber 5 has a circularly cylindrical side wall 20 and an end
wall 10 pierced by a central orifice 4 which communicates with the duct 3.
In this case the end wall 10 is conical in shape, with its concave side
facing the chamber 5. It should be observed that the chamber 5 could
equally well be disposed in line with the duct 3 instead of being disposed
laterally.
The chamber 5 receives a socket-shaped part 21 molded out of plastics
material and referred to as a spray insert. The insert 21 comprises an end
wall 6 and a side wall 22. To prevent the insert 21 from being expelled
from the chamber 5 by the pressure of the fluid, it is firmly secured to
the pushbutton 1. In the example shown, the side wall 22 of the insert
includes an outer annular rib 23 that is barb-shaped and is snapped by
force into a complementary groove in the side wall of the chamber 5. The
end wall 6 of the insert 21 thus closes the open end of the swirling
chamber 5. Nevertheless, the end wall 6 of the insert is pierced by a
central outlet orifice 7 of very small diameter, having an enlarged
portion that flares towards the inside of the chamber 5. The end wall 6 of
the insert also includes an inside face 6a in which non-radial swirling
grooves 8 are formed that extend between the enlarged portion of the
outlet orifice and the outer periphery of the inside face 6a. As can be
seen in FIG. 4, the grooves 8 are oriented to impart swirling motion to
the fluid on arrival in the flared portion of the orifice 7.
With reference again to FIG. 1, an elastomer core 9 is placed in the
swirling chamber 5, being resiliently compressed against the end wall 6 of
the insert and the end wall 10 of the swirling chamber. The core 9 is
advantageously made of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), e.g. Kraton.RTM.
(Shell). This type of elastomer has the advantage of accepting
considerable elastic deformation and of being suitable for injection
molding, thereby facilitating manufacture thereof.
As shown in FIG. 2, the core 9 is a circularly cylindrical part which
extends axially between a rear face 9b and a plane front face 9a that is
optionally provided with a central projection 9c that penetrates into the
enlarged portion of the outlet orifice. In the example shown, the core 9
may typically have a diameter of 2.5 mm to 5 mm, and a length of 3 mm to
10 mm. In special circumstances, its length may possibly go down to 1 mm
or up to 20 mm to 30 mm. Nevertheless, these dimensions are given purely
by way of non-limiting example.
When the core 9 is mounted in the pushbutton 1, as shown in FIG. 1, the
initially plane rear face 9b is deformed by elastic compression against
the end wall 10 of the chamber 5, with deformation taking place in an
outer annular zone 9d, thereby guaranteeing excellent sealing. This
ensures that the duct 3 is closed between two squirts. Advantageously, as
shown in FIG. 1, the annular zone 9d does not extend radially all the way
to the central orifice 4 so that fluid under pressure coming from the duct
3 exerts its pressure on a maximum area of the rear face 9b of the core.
As shown in FIG. 1a, the core 9 may include an outwardly-directed flange
31 on its rear face 9b so as to maximize the area of the rear face 9b on
which the pressure of the fluid coming from the duct 3 acts. In FIG. 1a,
the flange 31 is received between a rear end of the side wall 22 of the
insert and the end wall 10 of the chamber 5. In a variant, as shown in
FIG. 1b, the end wall 10 of the chamber 5 may include an annular sealing
ridge 30 disposed around the orifice 4 in the vicinity of the outside
diameter of the core 9, and against which the rear face 9b of the core
presses: the fluid under pressure from the duct 3 can thus exert its
pressure over the entire area of the rear face 9b situated inside the
ridge 30. In this variant, the end wall 10 of the chamber 5 may be flat.
In addition, the core 9 may also include an outwardly directed flange 31
as in FIG. 1a: the ridge 30 is then placed facing the flange 31, thereby
further increasing the area of the rear face 9b of the core against which
the pressure of the fluid from the duct 3 acts.
The front face 9a of the core is pressed in sealed contact against the
inside face 6a of the end wall of the insert, and an annular space 11 is
left free between the side wall 22 of the insert and the core 9. Thus,
when the fluid is emitted under pressure and penetrates into the duct 3,
it pushes away the rear face 9b of the core, by causing the core to deform
elastically in an axial direction. The fluid then flows towards the
annular space 11 and then along the swirling grooves 8 prior to being
sprayed through the outlet orifice 7.
The side wall 22 of the insert 21 may optionally include internal axial
ribs 18 or other portions in relief for positioning the core 9. In a
variant, axial ribs or other portions in relief could be formed on the
core 9.
As shown in FIG. 3, in order to increase its axial flexibility, the core 9
may optionally include a central portion 24 of narrower section.
FIG. 5 shows a pump 12 for operating together with the pushbutton of FIG.
1. The pump 12 comprises a pump body 25 molded in plastics material and
defining a cylindrical pump chamber 13. The pump chamber 13 extends
between an open end 25a and an end 25b provided with an inlet orifice 15.
The inlet orifice 15 communicates with a tank of said fluid (not shown)
either directly or else via a dip tube (not shown). A piston 14 molded in
plastics material slides inside the pump chamber 13. The piston 14 has an
actuator rod 2 which projects through the open end of the pump body and
which is pierced by a central channel 2a that opens out into the pump
chamber 13. The inlet orifice 15 is provided with an inlet valve made up
of a valve member 16 of elastomer adapted to bear in sealed manner against
a valve seat 17 formed around the inlet orifice 15. The inlet valve allows
fluid only to enter the pump chamber 13. The valve member 16 is kept close
to the valve seat 17 by a carrier 26.
A helical metal return spring 19 is mounted between the piston 14 and the
carrier 26 and it urges the piston 14 towards the open end 25a of the pump
body. The piston is held inside the pump body 25 by a metal cap 27 crimped
onto the pump body and capable of being crimped onto the neck of said tank
of fluid.
The pushbutton 1 is mounted on the actuator rod 2. The core 9 and the end
wall 10 of the swirling chamber 5 then constitutes the outlet valve of the
pump 12.
A second embodiment of a spray nozzle is shown in FIG. 6. Characteristics
in common with the first embodiment are not described again and are
designated by the same reference numerals. The core 9 is now in the form
of a resilient disk made of TPE or of a foam having closed cells. The
thickness of the disk is small, and may go down to a few tenths of a
millimeter. It is wedged between the annular surface 10 and the inside
face 69 of the end wall 6 which includes the swirling channels 8. The disk
is thus disposed under prestress in such a manner that the channels 8 are
completely isolated from one another. This resilient prestress also serves
to provide good sealing at the annular surface 10. In the invention, the
annular surface 10 has an inside diameter that is larger than the outside
diameter of the inside face 6a. Thus, when the fluid is put under pressure
in the outlet duct 3, the outer peripheral portion 9a of the disk 9 bends
towards the swirling chamber 5, as shown in dashed lines in FIG. 6.
Contact between the disk and the annular surface is thus broken, thereby
establishing a passage for the fluid under pressure. Unlike the first
embodiment where the core deforms by axial compression, in this case the
disk is subjected to deformation by bending. The core (disk) is thus
restricted to a mere slice of flexible elastomer.
This type of thin core is particularly adapted for use in nozzles for
dispensing gel or cream without spraying. It also makes it possible to
provide nozzles/valves of very small thickness, given its own compactness. | 0A
| 62 | C |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawing, wellbore 10 has penetrated upper zone 12 and
lower zone 14. Lower zone 14 is separated from upper zone 12 by a distance
of about 50 to about 300 feet or more. Wellbore 10 communicates fluidly
with upper zone 12 and lower zone 14 by perforations 16. An annular space
or annulus 20 is formed via the outside wall of wellbore 10 and a tubing
string 24 centrally located within the wellbore. Tubing string 24
communicates fluidly with the surface via tubing string conduit 22. Tubing
string conduit 22 communicates fluidly with a "frac" fluid supply means
(not shown) and a pumping means (not shown). Annulus or annular space 20
fluidly communicates to the surface via annulus conduit 18. Annulus
conduit 18 is connected to a "frac" fluid supply means (not shown) and a
pumping means (not shown).
In order to create two simultaneous fractures at different spaced apart
zones of the formation, a hydraulic fracturing fluid is directed down
annulus conduit 18 so as to enter upper zone 12 through perforations 16.
Hydraulic fracturing pressure is applied while simultaneously directing a
fracturing fluid which is heavier than the first fracturing fluid into
tubing string 24 via tubing string conduit 22. The heavier fracturing
fluid is directed by tubing string 24 into lower interval or zone 14 via
perforations 16. Hydraulic fracturing fluid is continually directed into
annulus conduit 18 and tubing string conduit 22 so as to simultaneously
enter upper zone 12 and lower zone 14 respectively. The rate and pressure
of the hydraulic fracturing fluid entering upper zone 12 and lower zone 14
is at a rate and pressure sufficient to simultaneously create within upper
zone 12 one fracture 26 while simultaneously creating another fracture 28
in lower zone 14. Tubing string 24 is open-ended where it is located in an
area adjacent to perforations 16 in wellbore 10 within lower zone 14.
As fracture 26 which is created in upper zone 12 propagates through that
zone, it completely covers that zone. Additionally, since a lighter
density hydraulic fracturing fluid is utilized in upper zone 12, less
pressure is generated in that zone so the fracture does not propagate out
of zone 12. Less fracturing force is required because less pressure is
generated in zone 12 because its depth is less than that in zone 14.
Because lower zone 14 is at a greater depth, a higher density "frac" fluid
is needed to generate greater pressures in zone 14. Thus, fracture 28 does
not propagate upwardly into zone 12 and problematic fracture growth is
eliminated. If the fracture created in zone 12 does communicate with the
fracture in zone 14, density differences will help keep fluids separated
into their respective zones.
Since the hydraulic fracturing fluid of a lighter density is entering upper
formation 12 at the same time that a heavier fracturing fluid is entering
lower zone 14, with substantially the same injection rate and pressure
without co-mingling of the fracturing fluids, a mechanical packer is
therefore not required to separate upper zone 12 from lower zone 14. Since
both zones are being simultaneously hydraulically fractured, only one
fracturing operation need be conducted in both zones. Conducting one
hydraulic fracturing operation in both zones at the same time saves both
time and money.
The effectiveness of fracturing at each zone of the formation can be
determined by available methods. One such method is described in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,415,805 that issued to Fertl et al. This patent is incorporated
herein by reference. This method describes a multiple stage formation
operation conducted with separate radioactive tracer elements injected
into the well during the fracturing operation. After completion of the
fracturing operation, the well is logged using natural gamma ray logging.
The resulting signals are sorted into individual channels or energy bands
characteristic of each separate radio tracer element. Results of the
simultaneous fracturing operation are evaluated based on disbursement of
the individual tracer elements.
Wellbore 10 can be cased or uncased. If the wellbore is cased, the casing
is cemented into wellbore 10. Thereafter, the casing is selectively
perforated in a manner so that in subsequent treatments, fluids being
pumped therein will pass through all perforations at a substantial rate.
While the pumping rate of the hydraulic fracturing fluid is formation
dependent, it should be at least about 1 to about 10 barrels per fracture.
Perforations are made within wellbore 10 at a spacing of about 10 to about
100 feet apart so a desired fracture spacing can be obtained. These
perforations should comprise two sets of perforations which are
simultaneously formed on opposite sides of wellbore 10. Preferably, these
perforations should have diameters between about 1/4 to about 1 inch. They
should be placed circumferentially about the casing in the anticipated
plane where it is desired to induce a fracture into the zone. The number
and size of perforations are determined by the fracture treatment pumping
rate and the pressure drop necessary to divert sufficient fluid through
all the perforations to create simultaneously fractures in the upper and
lower zones.
Fracture fluids which can be utilized herein include simple Newtonian
fluids, gels described as Power Law fluids, and acids. Use of acids as a
fracturing fluid is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,609 issued to
Haafkens et al. on Feb. 10, 1981. This patent is herein incorporated by
reference. Use of a gel as a fracturing fluid is disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,415,035 issued to Medlin et al. on Nov. 15, 1983. This patent is
herein incorporated by reference. These fracturing fluids as well as a
method for fracturing a formation by limited entry is disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,867,241 issued to Strubhar on Sep. 19, 1989. This patent is
hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Although the present invention has been described with preferred
embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may
by resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of this
invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. | 4E
| 21 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
Referring to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, a
tubular seat frame, generally indicated at 10, is shown. The tubular seat
frame 10 is formed of a seat base frame 12 and a seat back frame 14
pivotally connected through a bracket 16 via pivot pin 18. The tubular
seat frame 10 further includes a substantially U-shape tubular head rest
frame 20 attached by conventional means, such as welding to the seat back
frame 14.
The seat base frame 12 is a substantially U-shaped tubular member having a
front member 22 and corresponding side members 24. The end 25 of the side
member 24 is compressed or flattened together to form a substantially flat
plate-like member 25a , the sides of which are orientated substantially
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the respective side members 24. The
end 25 is curved in an upright manner. Pads 26 are attached to the side
members 24 and are used to secure the seat base frame 12 to the vehicle
base or floor pan (not shown). Adjustment means 28 for adjusting the
position of the seat back frame 14 with respect to the seat base frame 12,
are attached, through suitable attachment brackets 30, to the side members
24. The adjustment means 28 may be of any suitable electrical or
mechanical type; e.g., screw and nut, pneumatic or hydraulic systems. The
end 25 of the side member 24 is attached to an upright outer side wall 40
of the bracket 16. The bracket 16 further includes a base 42 transverse
the outer side wall 40 and an inner side wall 44 including an inwardly
extending section 46 and a second upright section 48. The second upright
section 48 includes an aperture 50 through which the pivot pin 18 extends.
As shown more clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3, the end 25 of the side member 24 is
mechanically connected to the outer upright side wall 40 of the bracket
16, through some type of permanent means, usually welding. Other fastening
or connection means such as threadable fasteners or rivets can also be
used.
The seat beck frame 14 is an inverted substantially U-shaped member which
includes a transverse top portion 34 and upright side portions 32. A
transverse brace 36 extends between the upright side portions 32 and
provides additional stability and rigidity to the seat back frame 14. The
end 33 of the upright side portion 32 is also flattened to form a
substantially flat plate-like portion 38. The fiat, plate-like portion 38
includes an aperture 39 defining a pivot point about which the seat back
frame 14 rotates. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the end 33 of the upright side
portion 32 extends downwardly, past the pivot pin 18, and forms a lever
arm to which the adjustment means 28 is engaged via a yoke and pin
assembly 41.
During assembly, the seat base frame 12 is welded to the outer upright side
wall 40 of the bracket 16. The planar or flat, plate-like ends 33 of the
upright side portions 32 are pivotally secured through aperture 39 about
pivot pin 18 which extends between the outer side wall 40 and the second
upright portion 48 of the inner side wall 44 of the bracket 16. A bushing
52, to provide proper alignment, is positioned between the end 25 of the
side members 24 and the end 33 of the upright side portion 32 to form the
entire tubular seat frame 10.
Further, as shown in FIG. 1, a cushion brace 54 extends between the
brackets 16 to further support and provide rigidity to the seat frame 10.
It should be appreciated that a tubular seat frame 10, according to the
present invention, may be manufactured from a lightweight material, such
as a magnesium alloy, to reduce the overall weight of existing seat frames
by 40 to 50 percent, while at the same time retaining strength and
integrity.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a first alternative embodiment of the present
invention is shown. The bracket 16 is formed in an elongated manner
whereby the inner and outer side wall portions of the bracket are
longitudinally extended and form the side members 24 of the seat base
frame 12.
Utilizing the bracket 16 shown in FIG. 4 enables a reduction in the mount
of tubular material used. The bracket 16 may be formed from various
materials and through various methods such as stamping, extrusion or
otherwise.
It should be appreciated that the invention set forth above reinforces the
seat back frame 14 through the use of an extra wall section at the pivot
pin 18. The invention provides a tubular seat frame 10 which is
reinforced, while offering reduced weight and minimal fabrication time. | 1B
| 60 | N |
DESCRIPTION
The present invention can utilize a number of tree species as the source of the pulp, paperboard and paper fibers. Coniferous and broadleaf species and mixture of these can be used. These are also known as softwoods and hardwoods. Typical softwood species are various spruces (e.g., Sitka Spruce), fir (Douglas fir), various hemlocks (Western hemlock), tamarack, larch, various pines (Southern pine, White pine, and Caribbean pine), cypress and redwood or mixtures of same. Typical hardwood species are ash, aspen, cottonwood, basswood, birch, beech, chestnut, gum, elm, eucalyptus, maple oak, poplar, and sycamore or mixtures thereof. Recycled cellulosic material can be used as starting material for the fibers. The present invention can use chemical, mechanical, thermomechanical and chemithermomechanical pulp. Kraft, sulfite and soda chemical pulps can be used. The fibers can be bleached or unbleached. The present invention can be used with unbleached Douglas fir chemical pulp fibers.
The use of softwood or hardwood species may depend in part on the fiber length desired. Hardwood or broadleaf species have a fiber length of 1-2 mm. Softwood or coniferous species have a fiber length of 3.5 to 7 mm. Douglas fir, grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and southern pine have fiber lengths in the 4 to 6 mm range. Pulping and bleaching may reduce the average length slightly because of fiber breakage.
In the manufacture of pulp woody material is disintegrated into fibers either in a chemical or mechanical type process. The fibers can then optionally be bleached. The fibers are then combined with water in a stock chest to form a slurry. The slurry then passes to a headbox and is then placed on a wire, dewatered and dried to form a pulp sheet. Additives may be combined with the fibers in the stock chest, the headbox or both. Materials may also be sprayed on the pulp sheet before, during or after dewatering and drying.
Traditionally, pulp has been added to other materials either in sheet, bale or fibrous form after the pulp sheet or bale has been comminuted or slurried. It would be advantageous to have pulp in alternative form, such as particles, that could be metered in metering devices well known in the art. In the present invention it has been found that cellulosic wood pulp fibers can be made into particulate form and the shape of these particles will determine the speed and uniformity by which the fiber can be metered and processed. A particle having a hexagonal shape can be fed faster and more uniformly than a particle having a square shape.
In one embodiment the particles are placed in a metering system. The particles are placed in a volumetric or weight loss system and metered and conveyed to the next process step. In one embodiment a single or twin screw feeder is used to meter and convey the particles into the next process step. The next process step will depend on the material with which the particles are being mixed. The material can be a thermoset or thermoplastic material, an aqueous solution for cement such as portland cement or a dry material such as clay or loam. In some embodiments the particles will be formed into fibers, fiber bundles or a mixture of fibers and fiber bundles before or during the mixing. In other embodiments the particles may substantially remain as particles during the mixing.
A partial list of plastic or polymeric materials which can utilize the cellulose wood pulp fibers can include polyolefins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, ABS, polyamides, mixtures of these, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylterephthalate, ethylene-carbon monoxide and styrene copolymer blends such as styrene/acrylonitrile and styrene/maleic anhydride thermoplastic polymers, polyacetals, cellulose butyrate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, certain methyl methacrylates, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene polymers. A complete list of thermoset or thermoplastic material which can utilize cellulose wood pulp fiber is known to those skilled in the art.
Cellulosic wood pulp fibers can be in the form of commercial cellulosic wood pulps, bleached board and paper. These materials are typically delivered in roll or baled form. The thickness of the pulp sheet, paper or board (the fiber sheet) is one factor that can determine the thickness of the particle. The fiber sheet has two opposed substantially parallel faces and the distance between these faces will be the thickness of the particle. A typical fiber sheet can be from 0.1 mm to 4 mm thick. In some embodiments the thickness may be from 0.5 mm to 4 mm. One of the other factors affecting the particle thickness is the presence of any pretreatment to the fiber sheet. Thus the particle can be thicker or thinner than the fiber sheet.
The fiber sheet, and the particles, can have a basis weight of from 12 g/m2(gsm) to 2000 g/m2. In one embodiment the particles could have a basis weight of 600 g/m2to 1900 g/m2. In another embodiment the particles could have a basis weight of 500 g/m2to 900 g/m2. For a paper sheet one embodiment could have a basis weight of 70 gsm to 120 gsm. In another embodiment a paperboard could have a basis weight of 100 gsm to 350 gsm. In another embodiment a fiber sheet for specialty use could have a basis weight of 350 gsm to 500 gsm.
Pulp additives or pretreatment may also change the character of the particle. A pulp that is treated with debonders will provide a looser particle than a pulp that does not have debonders. A looser particle may disperse more readily in the material with which it is being combined.
The particle has a hexagonal shape, one embodiment of which is shown inFIG. 1. The hexagon can be of any type from fully equilateral to fully asymmetric. If it is not equilateral, the major axis may be from 4 to 8 millimeters (mm) and the minor axis may be from 2 to 5 mm. Some of the sides of the hexagon may be of the same length and some or all of the sides may be of different lengths. The circumference or perimeter of the hexagon may be from 12 mm to 30 mm and the area of the upper or lower face24or26of the particle may be from 12 to 32 mm2. In one embodiment the particles could have a thickness of 0.1 to 1.5 mm, a length of 4.5 to 6.5 mm, a width of 3 to 4 mm and an area on one face of 15 to 20 mm2. In another embodiment the particles could have a thickness of 1 to 4 mm, a length of 5 to 8 mm, a width of 2.5 to 5 mm and an area on one face of 12 to 20 mm2.
Two examples of a hexagonally shaped particle are shown.
InFIGS. 1-3, particle10is hexagon shaped and has two opposed sides12and18which are equal in length and are longer than the other four sides14,16,20and22. The other four sides14,16,20and22may be the same length, as shown, or the four sides may be different lengths. Two of the sides, one at each end such as14and20or14and22may be the same length, and the other two at each end,16and22or16and20, may be the same length or have different lengths. In each of these variations, the sides10and18may the same length or of different lengths. The edges of the particles may be sharp or rounded.
The distance between the top24and bottom26of particle10may be from 0.1 mm to 4 mm.
FIGS. 4 and 5illustrate an embodiment in which each of the six sides the hexagon is of a different length. The embodiment shown is illustrative and the order of the lengths of the sides and size of the lengths of the sides can vary.
Particles of the shape, size and basis weight described above can readily be metered in weight loss and volumetric feeder systems well known in the art.
The alignment of the fibers within the particle can be parallel to the major axis of the hexagon or perpendicular to the major axis of the hexagon or any orientation in between.
The hexagonal particles can be formed on a Henion dicer, but other means could be used to produce a hexagonal particle.
The hexagonal particles have a number of advantages over square or rectangular particles. A particle with a hexagonal circumference can be produced faster than a particle with a rectangular or square circumference and can be metered faster than a particle with a rectangular or square circumference. In one embodiment, hexagonal particles are produced at 1.6 times the rate of square particles.
As an example of the benefits provided by hexagonal particles, a CF 405 pulp from the Weyerhaeuser NR Company, Columbus, Miss. mill was formed into a hexagonal particle 6.14 mm (˜¼ inch) on the long axis and 3.36 mm (˜⅛ inch) on the short axis, a 3/32 inch (2.38 mm) square particle and a ⅛ inch (3.18 mm) square particle. The particles were metered through both a twin screw and single screw feeder. Standard vibration agitation as routinely practiced in the art was used to prevent bridging. The rotational speed range was the same for the three particles for each test. The amounts fed through the twin screw feeder in pounds/hour/rpm were 1.61 for the hexagonal particles, 1.16 for the 3/32″ square particles and 0.905 for the ⅛″ square particles. The amounts fed through the single screw feeder in pounds/hour/rpm were 1.73 for the hexagonal particles, 0.45 for the 3/32″ square particles and 0.65 for the ⅛″ square particles.
| 1B
| 27 | N |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 , both the signaling and voice paths for a type voice (e.g., PSTN-based communication) over IP (e.g, data network-based communication) phone call are illustrated. It should be appreciated that PSTN is referred to herein by example only and should not be taken as a limitation of the voice communication aspects invention.
Referring to FIG. 1 , the following numbered events generally occur during the creation of a voice over IP (VOIP) call:
1 A user dials a number from the originating PSTN phone 101 .
2 The PSTN network 103 on the originating side signals (e.g., using the SS7 signaling protocol) the originating Media Gateway Controller (MGC) 105 that a VoIP connection is requested.
3 The originating MGC 105 signals (e.g., using the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)) the originating Media Gateway (MG) 107 instructing it to allocate encoding and IP resources to handle the originating side of the call.
4 The originating MGC 107 signals (e.g., Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)) the terminating MGC 109 to set up the terminating side of the call.
5 The terminating MGC 109 signals (MGCP) the terminating MG 111 instructing it to allocate decoding and IP resources to handle the terminating side of the call.
6 The terminating MGC 109 signals (e.g., SS7) the terminating PSTN network 113 to terminate a call to the terminating PSTN phone 115 .
7 The originating MG 107 encodes voice stream into IP packets and transmits (e.g., utilizing Real Time Protocol (RTP)) the IP packets over a data network (e.g., Internet) 119 to the terminating MG 111 , where the terminating MG 111 decodes the packets into a voice stream and presents the stream to the terminating PSTN network 113 which carries it to the terminating PSTN phone 115 .
In the basic call flow, once a call is established, the originating and terminating MGs 107 / 111 generally encode and decode the voice stream with a common codec (coder/decoder) algorithm stored within codec modules 117 and 118 located within MGs 107 and 111 , respectively, throughout the duration of the call. With the application of the invention, the codec algorithm in use can be changed during the call by the person who originated the call.
Referring to FIG. 2 , signaling and voice paths are shown where the steps that are generally needed in order for the caller to change the codec 217 during the call are implemented. The following steps are followed during call setup:
1 A user dials a number from originating PSTN phone 201 .
2 The PSTN network 203 on the originating side signals the originating Media Gateway Controller (MGC) 205 .
3 The originating MGC 205 signals the originating Media Gateway (MG) 207 instructing it to allocate encoding and IP resources to handle the originating side of the call.
4 The originating MGC 205 signals the terminating MGC 209 to set up the terminating side of the call.
5 The terminating MGC 209 signals the terminating MG 211 instructing it to allocate decoding and IP resources to handle the terminating side of the call.
6 The terminating MGC 211 signals the terminating PSTN network 213 to terminate a call to the terminating PSTN phone 215 .
7 The originating MGC 205 signals the originating MG 207 instructing the MG 207 to notify the MGC 205 if the originating caller dials the change QoS key sequence on the phone 201 .
8 The originating MG 207 encodes the voice stream into IP packets and transmits the IP packets to the terminating MG 211 . The terminating MG 211 decodes the packets into a voice stream and presents the stream to the terminating PSTN network 213 which carries it to the terminating PSTN phone 215 .
9 Once the call is established, the originating MG 207 monitors for the originating caller's entry of the change QoS key sequence.
Assuming the above steps were followed, the originating MG 207 may monitor for caller entered command (e.g., keystrokes) indicating he or she wants to change QoS.
When the caller enters the specified keystrokes, the QoS for the call is changed in the following way:
1 The originating MG 207 receives the user's dialed change QoS key sequence (e.g., a sequence such as 4 ).
2 The originating MG 207 signals the originating MGC 205 that 4 has been entered.
3 The originating MGC 205 interprets the, 4 to mean change quality of -service, to level four and signals the, originating MG 207 to change the codec algorithm within codec module 217 to a codec algorithm that is supported by the receiving MG 211 codec module 218 (e.g, that is of level four ). The mapping from level four to one of the available codecs algorithms should be implementation dependant.
4 The originating MG 207 changes the codec algorithm and continues transmitting media packets to the terminating MG 211 .
5 The terminating MG 211 determines the new codec algorithm from data contents of the packets it is receiving. It changes codec algorithm within codec module 218 to match and the call continues with the, new codec algorithm implemented by codec module 217 .
By further example, a long distance carrier may accept calls from the PSTN and carry them across an IP network. By default, the calls are generally at the lowest QoS available and at the cheapest rate. After the call is connected, the caller may upgrade the QoS by entering a code (e.g., n ) at the terminal keypad. Once the user changes QoS, they can be billed at a higher rate for the duration of the call (or until the QoS is reduced).
Monitoring for caller commands is provided via a DTMF (dual tone multifrequency) monitoring module that may be associated with the MG 207 . The DTMF module monitors the caller line for DTMF commands. Monitoring of the callers line may be continuous, which is resource intensive, or upon a caller invoked flash signal prior to entering commands at the terminal 201 keypad.
How an originating MG would monitor for the change QoS key sequence and signal the originating MGC with the received keys has been described. Alternatively, the MGC could instruct the MG at the beginning of the call how to handle the change QoS key sequence when the MG detects it. The MG would then perform the required action when it detects the QoS key sequence, and not signal the MGC.
In addition to simply changing the codec in use, the originating MG can be instructed to set a Type of Service (ToS) value in the IP packets it is sending to the terminating MG. For purposes of the following claims of the invention, QoS should be interpreted to also mean ToS. Routers in the IP network can interpret the ToS value to give priority to certain packets so they arrive at the MG more reliably. Giving the foregoing teachings, it should be appreciated that the invention is widely applicable. For example, in a 3 G digital cellular network, the caller (or the receiver) may choose to upgrade (or downgrade) the QoS used by the air interface. By upgrading, the caller uses more air resources, but pays a premium. By downgrading, the caller uses less air resources, but pays a lesser rate.
| 6G
| 01 | R |
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The belt retractor10respectively illustrated in the comprehensive views shown inFIGS. 1 and 2has a U-shaped frame11in whose side shanks a belt shaft12is rotatably mounted. Furthermore, an electric motor13is flange mounted on the frame11of the belt retractor10, the electric motor operating as the drive of a reversible belt tightening device whose function in individual details is not comprised as part of the subject matter of the invention and which is, in any event, conventionally known. The electric motor13is configured to be coupled via a drive14with the belt shaft12so that the belt tightening operation is, in detail, realized. An additionally arranged transmission shaft15can be already seen inFIGS. 1 and 2, the transmission shaft having on one of its end a drive gear16that acts as the coupling to the drive14of the belt tightening device and having, on its other end, a worm gear17acting as the drive for the hereinafter-to-be described adjustment setting of the force limitation device. It is provided that the belt tightening device, which operates in dependence upon the parameters of a buckled in passenger, to adjustably set the force limitation device as a function of the passenger data, correspondingly sets the drive gear16into rotation.
The configuration of the force limitation device is shown in individual details inFIG. 3. The force limitation device comprises a housing18which is fixedly secured to the frame11of the belt retractor10and which comprises a rear wall18aacting as an outer limit. The rear wall18aof the housing18is disposed opposite a central shaft24that the opposed rear wall of the housing interior volume, together with a radial extension18bof the housing18and a Z-shaped bent portion, extends inwardly and forms thereat a projection26extending inwardly through the annular-shaped housing18. The central shaft is provided with a coupling tooth set25in which a not-illustrated blocking member which is engaged by a blocking member supported for excursion movement relative to the belt shaft12, if the configuration comprises a belt sensitive and/or vehicle sensitive controlled blocking of the belt retractor10.
An axially displaceable switch ring22is arranged between the projection26of the central shaft24and the ring pistons21of the force limitation device, this switch ring forming the inner circumferential wall of the housing18. This switch ring22is provided with teeth23on its outer side which are in form lock connection with teeth formed on the inner side of the ring pistons21so that, upon teeth meshing engagement, the switch ring22and the ring pistons21are secured to one another for rotation together. A transmission lever19is arranged in an axially displaceable position on the inner side of the projection26, the transmission lever penetrating through the projection26via a slot27thereof and being fixedly connected with the switch ring22. An axial displacement of the transmission lever19thus leads to an axial displacement of the switch ring22so that, in connection with a displacement of the switch ring22toward the right in the illustration shown inFIG. 3, initially, the ring piston21most closely adjacent the rear wall18aof the housing is moved out of operation with the switch ring22so that, upon a rotation of the central shaft24coupled to the belt shaft12, only two of the ring pistons21are rotated therewith, whereby the limitation forces are reduced. Correspondingly, upon a still further displacement of the switch ring22toward the right, only one of the ring pistons21is rotated therewith. Correspondingly, the count or number of the ring pistons21arranged in the housing18provides for the capability to achieve further gradation of the limitation forces.
To carry out its axial displacement, the transmission lever19is configured as it extends out of the housing18of the force limitation device with a corresponding bent portion and engages in the worm gear course of the worm gear17of the transmission shaft15. Thus, when the transmission shaft15is rotated via the electric motor13, the transmission lever19is correspondingly axially displaced and correspondingly controls the switch ring22.
The features of the subject matter of this application disclosed in the afore-noted description, the patent claims, the summary, and the drawings can be individually important as well as important in desired combinations with one another in effectuating the invention in its various embodiments.
The specification incorporates by reference the disclosure of German priority document DE 102 04 927.0 filed Feb. 7, 2002 and PCT/EP03/00996.
The present invention is, of course, in no way restricted to the specific disclosure of the specification and drawings, but also encompasses any modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
| 1B
| 60 | R |
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Features of the present invention described above and other advantages will be more clearly understood by the following non-limited examples and comparative examples. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not restricted to the specific matters stated in the examples below.
EXAMPLE 1
1,000 kg of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was maintained at 80° C. and combined with 80 kg of calcium chloride and 48.67 kg of p-phenylenediamine which was then dissolved to prepare an aromatic diamine solution.
After putting the aromatic diamine solution and fused terephthaloyl chloride in a molar quantity equal to p-phenylenediamine simultaneously into a polymerization reactor20equipped with an agitation device which is installed in the reactor20and consists of a rotor3having a plurality of pins3aand a stator4having a plurality of pins4a, both of these compounds were agitated and became poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) polymer with intrinsic viscosity of 7.0.
Herein, the spin speed of the rotor3was controlled to about 30 times of the feeding rate of polymeric monomer while the contact frequency between the pins3aand the pins4awas regulated to about 500 Hz.
Continuously, the obtained polymer was dissolved in 99% concentrated sulfuric acid to form an optical non-isotropic liquid dope for spinning with 18% of polymer content.
The formed liquid dope was spun through the spinneret40as shown inFIG. 1to form spun material. After passing the spun material through an air layer with thickness of 7 mm, it was fed into a coagulant tank50containing water as the coagulant, thereby forming filament.
After that, to the formed filament, water was injected at 25° C. to rinse the filament, followed by passing the filament through a double-stage dry roller having the surface temperature of 150° C. and winding the rolled filament to result in poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament before heat treatment.
Various physical properties of the produced poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament were determined and the results are shown in the following Table 1.
EXAMPLE 2
The poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament resulting from Example 1 was subject to heat treatment at 300° C. under 2% tension for 2 seconds to yield a final product, that is, poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament after heat treatment.
Various physical properties of the produced poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament were determined and the results are shown in the following Table 1.
Comparative Example 1
The production of poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament before heat treatment was carried out in the same procedure and under similar conditions as Example 1 except that the aromatic diamine solution B and the fused terephthaloyl chloride prepared in Example 1 were fed into a conventional polymerization reactor equipped with only a screw instead of the agitation device illustrated inFIG. 2.
Various physical properties of the produced poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament were determined and the results are shown in the following Table 1.
Comparative Example 2
The poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament resulting from Comparative Example 1 was subject to heat treatment at 300° C. under 2% tension for 2 seconds to yield a final product, that is, poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament after heat treatment.
Various physical properties of the produced poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) filament were determined and the results are shown in the following Table 1.
TABLE 1Evaluation results of physical properties of filamentComparativeComparativeSectionExample 1Example 2example 1example 2Polydispersity index (PDI)1.61.52.72.6ParacrystallineBefore heat1.80%—1.66%—parameter(gII)treatmentAfter heat—1.56%—1.91%treatment at300° C. under 2%tensile for 2secondsStrength (g/d)27262221Modulus (g/d)8401,080740930
The foregoing listed physical properties of the filament according to the present invention were determined and/or evaluated by the following procedures:
Strength (g/d):
After measuring force g at break point of a sample yarn by means of Instron tester which is available from Instron Engineering Corp., Canton, Mass., using the sample yarn with 25 cm of length, the measured value was divided by denier number of the sample yarn to give the strength. Such strength is the average calculated from values yielded by testing the sample yarns five times. In this examination, the tension velocity was defined as 300 mm/min and the initial-load was defined as fineness×1/30 g.
Modulus (g/d):
Under the same conditions as with the strength, a stress-strain curve for the sample yarn was obtained. The modulus was determined from a slope of the stress-strain curve.
Intrinsic Viscosity:
A sample solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1250 g of a sample, that is, polymer or filament in 25.0 ml of 98% sulfuric acid as a solvent. Then, after measuring flow time (fluid falling time by seconds) of each of the sample solution and the solvent (that is, sulfuric acid) in a water tank with constant temperature of 30° C. by using a capillary viscometer called Cannon Fenske Viscometer Type 300, a relative viscosity ηrel was calculated by dividing the flow time of the sample solution by the flow time of the solvent. The calculated viscosity ηrel was divided by the concentration of the sample solution to yield the intrinsic viscosity.
Polydispersity Index PDI:
Using Gel Permeation Chromatography (referred to as “GPC”), PDI was determined by the following procedures:
(i) Synthesis of Wholly Aromatic Polyamide Polymer Derivative
Wholly aromatic polyamide filament as a sample and potassium ter-butoxide were added to dimethyl sulfoxide and dissolved at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, to the solution, added was allyl bromide to produce wholly polyamide polymer substituted by allyl group (see Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4390).
(ii) Determination of PDI
The produced wholly polyamide polymer was dissolved in CHCl3and submitted to determination of PDI by using Shodex GPC of Waters manual injector kit at 35° C. and a flow rate of 10 ml/min, which is equipped with a refraction index detector.
Paracrystalline Parameter gII:
Using XRD and Hosemann diffraction theory based on unit-cell area, paracrystalline parameter gIIwas determined by the following procedures:
(i) Sampling
Wholly aromatic polyamide filament samples having a thickness of about 1,000 to 2,000 deniers were aligned as regularly as possible, and then fixed to a sample holder with a length of 2 to 3 cm.
(ii) Measurement OrderAfter fixing the prepared sample on a sample attachment, β-position is set up to 0° (the sample is fixed on the sample attachment in an axial direction of the filament to set up β-position).XRD equipment is ready to measure the crystallinity X by gently raising electric voltage and current up to 50 kV and 180 mA, respectively, after warming-up the equipment.Meridional pattern capable of calculating paracrystalline parameter gIIis measured.Set up are the following measurement conditions in principle:
Goniometer, continuous scan mode, scan angle range of 10 to 40°, and scan speed of 0.5. [since the peak intensity is very small, given is a beam exposure time with step/scan time sufficient to increase the peak intensity up to 2,000 CPS]Measured is 2θ position of a peak (200 plane) appearing between 10 and 15° of a profile in which the scanning was carried out.
The measured profile is applied in the following Hosemann equation to deduce the paracrystalline parameter gII:
(δS)02=(δS)c2+(δS)II2=1Lwd2+(πgII)4m4dwd2
wherein δsmeans dispersion degree of diffraction peak, L is crystal size, d is spacing of lattice face, and m means order of diffraction peak.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
As described above, the present invention is effective to manufacture wholly aromatic polyamide filament with excellent strength and modulus.
| 3D
| 01 | F |
FIG. 1 illustrates a barrel assembly 10 of the type described having spaced projectiles 11 loaded within the barrel 12 in spaced relationship and separated by respective propellant blocks 13 . As illustrated each projectile 11 , which may be formed of lead or other malleable material, is provided with a part-conical recess 14 at its trailing end to accommodate the correspondingly shaped leading portion 15 of the propellant block 13 . The main body 16 of the propellant block 13 is cylindrical and its rear end is recessed to closely accommodate the nose 17 of the next-in-line projectile 18 . In this embodiment, external primers 19 extend through the wall of the barrel 12 whereby ignition of the respective propellant blocks can be controlled by an external electronic control circuit, not illustrated.
In use, the firing of a forward projectile 11 results in a reaction force being applied of the next projectile 18 which either moves rearwardly over the conical portion of the propellant to wedge into tight sealing engagement with the inner wall of the barrel 12 or deforms without movement relative to the projectile by metal flow towards the rear of the projectile to effect the seal with the inner wall of the barrel 12 . Thereafter, upon ignition of the following propellant block, the seal so formed will provide the necessary barrier against propellant gases escaping to ensure effective energy transfer to the projectile 18 .
The barrel assembly 20 illustrated in FIG. 2 is similar to that illustrated in FIG. 1 except that the projectile 21 is a two part projectile containing a head part 22 and an anvil part 23 which abuts the relatively flat front face of the propellant block 24 and which performs the same sealing function as the conical portion of the propellant of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 3 illustrates portion of a further barrel assembly 30 of the type described in which a series of projectile assemblies 31 are spaced apart by solid propellant charges 32 which have a plain cylindrical leading portion 33 and a recessed rear portion 34 to accommodate the nose of the following projectile. In this embodiment, the projectile has a steel spine 36 integral with a nose 35 and end cap 37 which is a sliding fit within the barrel 38 and seats against the front face of the propellant charge 32 . A collar 39 of more dense material such as lead or the like extends about the forwardly expanding spine portion and into recesses 26 formed in the bore. The collar may be encased in a thin-walled metal jacket in known manner.
In this embodiment, the projectile assembly is seated fully in position either by tamping against the nose 35 during assembly so as to force the spine 36 rearwardly, whereby the interaction of the complementary conical faces 27 and 28 expands the collar 39 outwardly into sealing engagement within the grooves 26 in which they are initially set, or by the reaction from ignition of the leading propellant. The leading faces of the grooves 26 are more inclined than the rear faces of the groove, as illustrated, so as to assist in disengagement of the collar upon firing.
In such embodiments as described above, the amount of propellant supported between projectile assemblies is not limited by the length of the spine between propellants as in a barrel of the type described and having slender columns independent of the propellant separating the projectiles. Thus such embodiments may be useful in providing high muzzle velocity projectiles.
In my earlier barrels of the type described, the firing of the propellant has been achieved by the use of externally mounted primers associated with an external electronic control circuit. However in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 4 , each projectile assembly 40 includes an electrically conductive spine assembly 41 having a central portion which abuts with the adjacent projectile assemblies to form a continuous column and an electrical circuit branch throughout the length of the barrel.
The spine assembly 41 , which in this embodiment also includes a central tapered mandrel portion 42 is insulated by an insulating layer 43 from the projectile head 44 . The spine assemblies 41 abut at 45 whereby the electrical circuit is continued through the column of superimposed spine assemblies. A spring contact portion 48 extends forwardly from the leading end portion 46 of the spine assembly 41 and contacts the spine of the next projectile to complete the circuit branch and a fixed contact 49 is supported in the insulated space 43 between the spine assembly 41 and the head 44 . The fixed contact 49 is connected by lead 47 to one side of an electrically operated primer 50 which is also connected by lead 51 to the electrically conductive head 44 which is in electrical contact with the barrel 53 .
In this embodiment, each primer 50 is pulse sensitive for ignition upon receipt of a suitable signal and the contacts 48 and 49 are spaced apart by an insulating fuse 52 which extends through the nose of the projectile for ignition by the burn of the leading propellant charge. Thus in operation, an electrical pulse may be sent to the outermost primer to ignite the associated propellant and propel the first projectile assembly from the barrel.
That action will ignite the insulating fuse 52 which will maintain the contacts 48 and 49 apart for sufficient time to ensure that the following propellant is not ignited until after the contacts 48 and 49 come together to close the open circuit condition. The following primer may then be ignited at any time by sending the appropriate pulse through the circuit.
It is considered that reliability of the front contacts will be assured after firing as the carbon remnants of the charge or fuse will provide the appropriate electrical path between the contacts 48 and 49 even if they do not come into contact with one another. Thus, no external electrical wiring is required and such barrels may be stacked in close abutting relationship to form a compact weapon.
FIG. 5 illustrates a embodiment which is similar to FIG. 4 . However the electrical circuits for igniting the primers 50 are individually hard wired along the column 55 through the insulated space 43 , which also extends along the rear spine extension 56 , and operated separated by a control circuit. These wires 54 break away upon firing the respective projectile.
FIG. 6 a illustrates a preferred form of double-tap round 60 comprising a shell 61 having a flanged base 62 supporting a centre-fire primer 63 and a rim-fire primer 64 , a leading projectile 65 , a trailing projectile 66 and propellant charges 67 and 68 associated with the respective projectile 65 and 66 .
Each projectile includes a spine part 69 which has a trailing column portion and a leading tapered mandrel portion 71 about which the nose 72 of the bullet extend such that firing of the projectile will force the mandrel 71 into the nose part to spread it into sealing engagement with the barrel. The column portion of the trailing projectile is hollow and is provided with leading outlet ports 73 which communicate with the leading propellant charge 67 .
This arrangement is provided so that firing of the centre-fire primer 63 will ignite the leading propellant charge 67 only, the rear propellant charge 68 being ignited by the rim-fire primer 64 . The firing rate of the two projectiles may be set as desired by arranging the firing pin associated with the rim-fire primer to engage its primer slightly behind the firing pin for the centre-fire primer.
As shown in the sequenced drawings of FIG. 6 b, the sequence commences with initial contact of the centre-fire primer directing the primer burn to the leading propellant 67 which then ignites resulting in firing of the leading projectile. This firing forces the trailing projectile nose rearwardly over the mandrel part effecting a seal with the barrel preventing consequent ignition of the second propellant charge 68 . This occurs upon the delayed striking of the firing pin associated with the rim fire primer causing ignition of the propellant and firing of the second projectile.
After both projectiles have been fired, the empty case is mechanically ejected in conventional manner to enable a further cartridge to be loaded from the magazine. Both projectiles can be fired independently if desired or set to fire automatically in quick succession up to a rate of 45,000 rounds per minute, for example.
FIG. 7 a illustrates a further form of double tap ammunition. In this embodiment, the projectiles are spineless, the leading projectile 74 being of conventional form and being spaced from the trailing projectile 75 by a propellant charge 76 . The centre fire primer 77 is supported at the nose of the trailing projectile 75 and is associated with a pin extension 78 extending through a central spine 79 associated with the centre fire primer. In this embodiment, the firing pin extension 78 seals the central passage within the second projectile 75 after firing has been effected to prevent gas leakage from the second propellant burn.
In a further variation of cased ammunition according to the present invention, shown cutaway in FIG. 7 b, ignition of the propellant associated with the trailing projectile may be achieved through a fuse 81 in the end cap 84 interconnecting the centre fire primer 82 with the rim primer 83 such that the centre fire primer 82 may be utilised to fire the propellant 88 for the first projectile 89 whereafter the second projectile 85 will fire at a preselected time delay determined by the time required for ignition of the second primer 83 through the fuse 81 , igniting the propellant 86 . Ignition of the leading propellant, not shown, is through the hollow spine 87 .
In the cased ammunition embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 7 c and 7 d locating means are utilised to positively locate the projectiles in place in their respective barrels. In the FIG. 7 c embodiment retractable wedge shaped rings 58 locate in grooves 59 in the casing and retract into their projectile grooves 90 upon firing. Alternatively as illustrated in FIG. 7 d, the casing 91 may be provided with a internal annular ledge 92 against which the projectile seats.
The electrically fired form of cased ammunition 93 illustrated in FIG. 8 utilises a spine 94 independent of the 35 projectile and electrically operated primers 95 connected by leads 96 to contacts for completing the firing circuit formed by the leads and the casing.
Of course the projectile assemblies of the present invention can be bullet shaped as previously illustrated or as illustrated in FIG. 9 they may include a steel spine portion 97 having a wedge shaped central portion 98 of sufficient size to cause rupturing of the hollow nose part 99 when the latter is slowed by impact with an object. Thus in this embodiment the wedge shaped central portion 98 performs the dual functions of a mandrel for sealing engagement of the nose part with the barrel during firing and for shattering the nose part upon impact. The nose part and the central portion may be so formed as to cooperate in such manner that, upon striking an object, the energy of the central part is mostly dissipated in an outward splaying and/or shattering of the nose part, or so that much of the energy of the central portion remains therewith, such as to enable it to penetrate protective vests and the like.
The double tap ammunition of the present invention is provided as a means for increasing the probability of a user striking the target with one shot. This can be further enhanced in a multi barrel type weapon by, for example, arranging three barrels concentrically about a longitudinal axis and inducing a lateral deflection in the projectiles propelled from the barrels. Suitably this is achieved, as illustrated in FIG. 10 , by providing a barrel assembly 100 having a bleed bypass passage 101 which exits to the muzzle so as to provide a lateral force on the projectile 102 as it exits the muzzle. Suitably the bypass passage 101 is provided with a control valve 103 which may be slid forwards to close the passage 101 for normal non-deflected operation. The on/off valve 103 is associated with a pistol grip or other means so that a user may quickly change the mode of operation of the weapon. Placing three barrels, or more, concentrically about a longitudinal axis and forming the bypass passage 101 along their innermost portions, ensures that the combined lateral forces acting on the weapon as a result of the bypass reactions will total zero.
If desired, the inlet to the bypass passage 101 may be positioned for receipt of gases from a trailing propellant burn, sacrificing some energy of a trailing projectile for deflecting a leading projectile without loss of energy of the leading projectile.
The barrel assembly of the present invention may be in the form of a replaceable cartridge. For example, a barrel assembly containing projectiles, primers and propellant as illustrated in FIG. 4 or 5 may constitute a replacement cartridge for a single barrel hand gun. In such an arrangement a hand gun could be provided with a battery operated control circuit in the handpiece controlled by a switch so that an operator could control firing of the weapon to single round firing or firing of all six rounds at a rapid rate.
Furthermore, by using the barrel assembly of the type illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 , the barrels may be arranged in a honeycomb fashion such as is illustrated diagrammatically in section in FIG. 11 which shows a pod of two hundred and eighty, 9 mm barrels, each containing respective projectile and propellant assemblies occupying a 50 mm length of the barrel of which the projectile constitutes about 20 mm. Thus for example, a barrel containing twenty projectiles would be in the order of one and one half metres long, providing a free barrel end space beyond the outermost projectile of about 500 mm. Such barrels in a pod of two hundred and eighty, would contain 5,600 projectiles which could be fired in rapid succession or in bursts to suit the situation. Typically such barrel pods would be formed as disposable units but if desired, the barrel assembly could be adapted to be reloaded with armed sleeves.
Typical weapons which may utilise replacement cartridges include a machine gun which could include an LCD screen enabling an operator to program the firing sequence required. Single barrel sleeves could also be loaded into a conventional style revolver having a loading gate containing six chambers, three of which may be in a firing position at any one time, the other three being in a reloading position.
A preferred form of machine gun like weapon 104 according to the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 12 , utilises double tap ammunition having a barrel and breech block 105 in somewhat conventional manner, however as illustrated in this embodiment, both the barrel and breech block are provided with respective recoil return springs 106 and 107 . The ammunition is arranged to fire both projectiles from each cartridge prior to either the breech block or the barrel assembly reaching its recoil travel limit so that the projectiles are not deflected from their course by the recoil action. In this respect it will be seen that the barrel and breech block 105 recoil together against the action of the recoil spring 107 associated with the barrel which reaches its limits prior to contact between the breech block and its recoil spring 106 such that the breech block may recoil to a greater extent than the barrel assembly, ejecting the empty case in the process and receiving a further round from the magazine for loading into the barrel assembly. This sequence is illustrated in FIGS. 13 a to 13 e.
In weapons in which the recoil would effect the stability of the article or person carrying the weapon, either passive muzzle vents may be used to reduce recoil, such as is illustrated diagrammatically in FIGS. 14 a and 14 b, or an active system may be used may fire blank changes or the like in an opposing direction to reduce the direction to an extent where it has a substantially negligible effect.
The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 15 utilises a fall away sabot assembly 110 to increase the bore diameter of the barrel 111 whereby the length of the propellant space may be minimised enabling more rounds to be carried in a given barrel length. In this embodiment the sabot assembly comprises anvil sectors 112 which form an annular inner ring engaged about the projectile nose 113 and located in circumferential grooves 114 in the projectile nose. These parts also form a rear flange 115 which extends to the barrel wall to form a rear abutment for outer malleable sectors 116 which form a complementary collar about the anvil sectors 112 .
It will be seen that the complementary joining faces 117 of the sabot sectors 112 and 116 taper rearwardly and outwardly whereby relative rearward movement of the outer sectors 116 over the inner sectors 112 will force them into sealing engagement with the barrel as the projectile is propelled through the barrel with propellant thrust on the flange 115 being transmitted to the projectile through its engagement with the grooves 114 .
Immediately upon exit from the barrel, the non-streamlined sabot parts will be free of the barrel constraint holding them together and will subsequently fall away or spin off from the projectile. As the projectile has a diameter which is less than the diameter of the barrel bore, the trailing stem portion 118 can be provided with trailing fins for enhanced directional stability.
The four barrel embodiment 120 illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17 utilises cased propellant charges 121 in which the propellant is encased in a metal casing 122 which provides the longitudinal stiffness required for maintaining the spaced projectiles on their operative positions. Each casing 122 has an embedded primer 123 formed with a retractable contact 124 , which normally extends outwardly beyond the bore 125 , but which may be retracted to enter the bore for movement of the casing 122 to its operative position in the barrel coincident with a recessed electrical contact 129 . Once in position the retractable contact 124 , extends to make operative contact with the recessed electrical contact 129 .
In this embodiment the wires for the recessed electrical contacts 129 are contained in the central space 126 about which the barrels 127 are symmetrically arranged. It will also be seen that the front end of the casing 122 is flat and abuts the flat rear end of the projectile body 128 . The intermediate portion of the body 128 is frusto-conical shaped and supports an axially slidable malleable collar 130 . A portion of the collar 130 abuts with the trailing end of the casing 122 so that the collar is forced rearwardly and thus expanded radially to provide an effective barrel seal upon application of the rearward force imparted by the leading casing 122 associated with firing of the propellant therein.
Thus a relatively simple and barrel assembly may be formed in which the electrical components are concealed and which and which may be simply loaded and possibly reloaded.
It will of course be realised that the above embodiments have been given only by way of illustrative example of the invention herein and that all such modifications and variations thereto as would be apparent to persons skilled in the art are deemed to fall within the broad scope and ambit of the invention and particularly as is defined in the appended claims.
| 5F
| 41 | A |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 3, the crystal pulling apparatus consists essentially of
a double-walled tank 4 which is set up on the likewise double-walled tank
bottom plate 3 of the frame of the apparatus, and which forms a vacuum
chamber 52. A supporting tube is 5 disposed in the tank 4 and mounted on
the tank bottom plate 3 with a thermal insulation 6 surrounding it, an
annular pan 7 being held by the supporting tube 5 and containing graphite
felt plates 8. Two power feeders 9 are held on the tank bottom plate 3 for
a bottom heater 10 held above the pan 7, two additional power feeders 11
are held in the tank bottom plate 3 and have clamping jaws 12 screwed to
each of them which in turn bear a top heater 13. A melting crucible 14 is
surrounded by a tubular radiation shield 15 supported on the pan 7 and
having lateral thermal insulation 16. A cover plate 17 borne by the
tubular radiation shield 15 includes an upper face-end thermal insulation
18 and a top plate 17a. A through-passage 19 with a glass lens 21, a
sleeve 20, a charge replenishing tube 23, and a funnel 24 pass through the
cover plate 17, 17a, 18. A rotatable crucible shaft 25 holds the crucible
supporting shaft 26 upon which the crucible 14 and crucible insert 28 are
mounted.
The bottom heater 10 held by the two power feeders 9 consists of two heater
shanks 31 and the two heating coils 33 (of which only one is shown) of
zig-zag shape connected with them. The heating coils 33 together form an
opening in the center of the bottom heater 10, through which the crucible
supporting shaft passes. The top heater 13 is formed by a circular, flat
portion 38 provided with radial slots 36, and a hollow cylindrical side
portion 39. The hollow cylindrical portion 39 is provided on two opposite
portions with heater legs 40 reaching downward, engaging each in pockets
41 which are provided in the two clamping jaws 12 held by the power
feeders 11. In order to assure a reliable transfer of power to the two
pockets 41 holding the clamping jaws 12, additional wedges 42 are driven
into the trapezoidal pockets 41.
The radiation shield tube 15 has four rectangular openings 43, 43a, . . .
distributed uniformly on the circumference of the radiation shield tube 15
and arranged on its bottom margin. The heater shanks 31 of the bottom
heater 10 on the one hand, and on the other hand the clamping jaws 12, are
brought through these openings 43, 43a, . . . Furthermore, the radiation
shield tube 15 is provided with a slanting bore 45 which is in line with
the glass lens 21 in the cover plate 17, 17a and the lens 46 of the tube
47 fastened in the wall of the tank 4. Additional openings in the side
wall of the radiation shield tube 15 permit the unhampered passage of gas
from the upper section of the interior of the tank 4 into the lower
section. The tank 4 is furthermore provided in the area of its cover
portion 4a with a collar 48 which permits the entry of the pulling means
49. Also, in the cover portion 4a of the tank 4 there is provided a second
connection 50 with an inspection glass 51, a third connection 63 with a
lens 64 and a fourth connection 82 with a lens 83 and a signal emitting
pyrometer signal emitter 80.
The bottom heater 10, which is slotted to form a serpentine pattern, is
fastened to the two power feeders 9 by graphite nuts 27. The purpose of
the bottom heater 10 is to heat the crucible 14, 28 and the melt from the
bottom side. The top heater 13 improves the melting of the charge
material. The top heater 13 in the case of a silicon melt can be coated or
shielded with silicon carbide so as to prevent graphite particles from
falling into the melt resulting in carbon contamination. The broken line
indicates a stream of argon gas which can be guided through the collar 48,
through the central opening 53, over the melt and around the crucible 14
and can be carried downward through the slots in the bottom heater 10, and
exit through the pipe 60. In the center of the heating system is the
graphite crucible 14 into which is inserted the liner 28 which is formed
from a material that does not react with the melt.
To assure that the bath will remain quiet when it is replenished during the
pulling process, an additional ring 29, which is also formed of a material
that does not react with the melt, is inserted into the crucible 28. In
the ring 29 openings 30 are situated at its bottom end, through which the
melted charge material can flow into the center of the crucible insert 28.
Around the two heaters 10 and 13 there is provided a thermal insulation 8,
16, 18 which consists of graphite felt plates 8 mounted in the pan 7, a
lateral thermal insulation 16 which is in the form of a cylinder and
placed over the radiation shield tube 15, and an upper, ring-shaped
thermal insulation 18. The upper covering plates 17 and 17a are supported,
together with the thermal insulation 18, on the cylindrical inside surface
of the tank 4. Additional details of the above described melting apparatus
may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,562.
On the cover 4a of the tank 4, beside the collar 48 for the introduction of
the pulling means 49, there is fastened a guiding tube 32 in which a rod
34 is mounted for longitudinal displacement, the upper end of which is a
threaded spindle 37 engaged by a drive shaft 57 which in turn can be
driven by a gear-motor unit 54. The crucible end (lower end) of the rod 34
is provided with a chuck 58 in which a thin rod 56 of a highly doped
material is held in line with the opening 22 in the guide 20 and with the
slot 36. To be able to keep the composition of the melt constant, the
highly doped thin rod 56 can be lowered or raised perpendicularly by means
of the gear-motor unit 54. When the thin rod 56 is dipped into the molten
bath, the immersed end of the thin rod 56 is melted away, so that the
composition of the melt can be regulated and kept constant.
The level of the melt in the crucible insert 28 is monitored by a signal
generator 65 (of a laser light source) which is placed on the connection
63 with lens 64 and whose measuring beam (laser beam) is aimed at the melt
surface 55. The reflection of the measuring beam (laser beam) is then
received by the pulse detector 68 (laser light receiver) which is placed
on the connection 66, and it is evaluated in the electrical circuit or
controller 74 (a device for monitoring the level of a molten bath is
further described in DE 39 04 858). Also, the signals from the pyrometer
80 which is held by the connection 82 with lens 83 are fed through the
signal conductor for evaluation in the controller 74. The apparatus can
produce signals which correspond to the momentary melt level and the
momentary melt temperature and feed them to a controller 74, which in turn
regulates the granulate feeder 76.
The replenishment of the material for melting is performed via the feed
tube 23 and the funnel 24 from the replenishing apparatus 72 so that the
melt level is kept as constant as possible. To achieve this constancy, the
replenishing apparatus 72 operates in accordance with electrical input
signals emitted by the programmed controller 74. The charge replenishing
apparatus includes an upper container 75 in which the material is in
granular form, a lower container or granulate feeder 76 with a shaker
system or a conveyor by which the charge material is introduced into the
feed tube 23, and an airlock 71 and its corresponding actuator 70 which
are inserted into a section of tubing that connects the two containers 75
and 76 to one another. A replenishing apparatus of the type in question is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,143.
Referring to FIG. 1, the controller 74 takes into account not only the
parameters bath temperature and bath level detected by the two sensors 68
and 80, but also elements which include intuition and empirical knowledge.
While the controllers used heretofore had to be recalibrated whenever the
working point shifted during operation, the controller 74 makes possible a
"feed-forward" process and assumes in this sense the functions of an
experienced operator of the system. The program controller 74 is a fuzzy
controller which includes human experience and the feed-forward concept
and thus improves the quality of the crystal and on the other hand renders
the experienced operator superfluous.
More particularly, the fuzzy processor utilizes a field of empirically
learned data to determine a desired output from measured inputs. For
example, the parameters melt level, bath temperature, and granulate feed
rate may be correlated by testing to determine the ideal feed rate for
every melt level and bath temperature; the ideal feed rate would be that
which results in the desired uniformity of the crystal being pulled. FIG.
2 shows such an empirically learned data field as a three dimensional
surface representing the three mentioned parameters. When used by the
fuzzy processor, the inputs melt level and bath temperature are plotted on
the surface to determine the correct feed rate for the desired crystal
properties.
The outstanding conditions for a maximum quality of the crystal are:
An absolutely uniform crystal pulling rate,
an absolutely constant melt bath temperature, and
an absolutely uniform melt bath level.
These conditions can be achieved essentially only if the replenishing
apparatus 72 always adds only as much granulate from the upper container
75 as the growing crystal has just withdrawn from the melt bath 55. A
practical difficulty is only that the granulate added affects the bath
temperature, i.e., the bath temperature lowers after a replenishment and
it takes a certain amount of time before the set temperature is
reestablished. The graph represented in FIG. 2 on which the controller 74
operates is so constructed that in very minimal steps only just enough
granulate is added that no substantial temperature drop adverse to the
pulling process can occur. In this case the bath level is plotted on the
x-axis, the bath temperature on the y-axis, and the rate of replenishing
on the z-axis. Since the rate of advancement is to be kept as constant as
possible, an actuator 70 for actuating the airlock 71 only in large steps
of "fully on" and "fully off" is not suitable, since it would result in a
process that would be subject to great "swings," so that the crystal would
grow irregularly. As the graph in FIG. 2 shows, setting out from an "ideal
state" (situated, say, in the center of the graph), if a temperature rise
occurs an increase in the replenishing rate would result, and the same
would happen if the bath level drops; on the other hand, the replenishing
rate will decrease if the temperature decreases and if the bath level
rises. The controller 74 is equipped with a fuzzy logic 3/86 DX processor
of the firm of Inform of Aachen (for such applications a great number of
fuzzy processors are available on the market, e.g., the Togai FC 110/3 or
the Omron EP-3000/4). The temperature sensor 80 is a bicolor pyrometer (of
the firm of Ircon) and the beam source 65 is a laser (of the firm of
Ibel). As FIG. 3 shows, the data measured by the sensors 80 and 68 enter
into the controller 74 via the signal lines 77, 78 and 81, the shaker or
conveyor 76 being started via the signal line 79. As FIG. 1 shows, the
controller 74 consists of a data bus 90 linking together, in a known
manner, the analog-digital converters 85, 86, the microprocessor 87 the
controller memory 88, and the fuzzy processor 84. The AD output converter
85 operates the actuator 89, which in turn operates the granulate feeder
76 and the actuator 70 for the airlock 71.
Years of observation have shown that process stability can be achieved only
if all control circuits of a crystal apparatus are tied together in
several planes to form a hierarchical control structure.
Essentially, they are the following control modes:
Heater power--Voltage of the power supply
Heater temperature--Heater power
Melt temperature--Heater temperature
Rate of growth--Heater temperature
Average pulling rate--Heater temperature
Crystal diameter--Pulling rate
Level of melt--Granulate feeder
The above-described apparatus relates only to the last-named control
circuit, although it is true accordingly of all other control circuits
that interactions clearly exist between the individual parameters, so that
the corresponding input signals can be processed through a fuzzy-logic
processor.
In the above-described control circuit (bath-level/feeder) the following
chain of causality exists for the crystal growth:
a) During the pulling process a slight but measurable lowering of the level
of the melt occurs.
b) Thus, a difference between the set level of the bath (L) and its actual
value occurs, and the bath level controller reacts with a corresponding
change in the size of the adjustment (operation of the feeder F).
c) The difference between the bath levels is compensated by a higher feed
rate of the feeder (which also corresponds to the desired operation of the
level control circuit).
d) In addition, however, an undesirable effect on the temperature
equilibrium occurs if the increased rate of feed of unmelted granulate
causes a cooling of the outside melt in the heating zone, which then
e) due to the thermal coupling of the heating zones can affect the inner
heating zone where under certain circumstances it causes an intensified
crystal growth on account of the slightly cooler bath temperature.
f) This leads to an increase in the diameter of the growing crystal, which
is compensated by the diameter control by increasing the pulling rate.
g) The average pulling rate increase due to the cooler bath temperature in
the inner heating zone is compensated meantime by an increase in the
heater power. If the process conditions are unfavorable or the controller
setting is inappropriate through the system, the entire system can begin
undesirable fluctuations.
According to the invention, therefore, a linking of level control and
temperature control is provided, which operates on the principle of a
fuzzy control structure. The reaction of the control circuits coupled in
the manner described is soft and flexible. Both the slow "drifting off" of
individual parameters as well as the occurrence of poorly controllable
fluctuations are prevented in the manner described.
Note that the three dimensional example of FIG. 2 is just an example; the
principles of the invention may be used with an empirically determined
n-dimensional data field using additional factors mentioned above, e.g.
crystal pulling rate and heater power. Likewise, the three dimensional
field could utilize different parameters than those in the example.
The foregoing is exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of the
claims which follow. | 2C
| 30 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, a lock assembly
in accordance with the present invention generally includes a base member
10 having a bottom 11 with a peripheral wall extending from a periphery
defining the bottom 11, three rods 12 extending from the bottom 11 and at
three openings 121 defined through the peripheral wall so as to access the
rods 12 via the openings 121. A tube 14 extends from one of two ends of
the base member 10 and an aperture 13 defined through the peripheral wall,
wherein the aperture 13 is located beneath the tube 14.
Each of the rods 12 has a disk 20 and a board 21 are respectively and
rotatably mounted thereto. Each of the boards 21 has a protrusion 210
extending therefrom which has two sides, and the disks 20 can be accessed
from the openings 121. Numbers 0 through 9 (as shown in FIG. 1) are marked
on a top surface of each of the disks 20. The disks 20 each have a
plurality of bosses 201 extending from the top surface thereof and the two
boards 21 each have a plurality of cavities 211 defined in an underside
thereof so that the boards 21 are rotated with the disks 20 when at least
one of the bosses 201 are received in a specific cavity 211.
A slide 30 has a slot 31 defined therethrough so as to slidably mount to
the rods 12. A periphery defining the slot 31 has three pairs of opposite
sides 32, a width between each of the two opposite sides 32 being smaller
than a length of the protrusion 210 and larger than a width between the
two sides of the protrusion 210. A spring 33 is disposed between a first
end of the slide 30 and the peripheral wall of the base member 10, a
second end of the slide 30 inserted through the aperture 13.
A cover 34 is fixedly disposed to the base member 10 by a bolt 35 so as to
receive the slide 30 between the bottom 11 of the base member 10 and the
cover 34.
A limit means is disposed to the base member 10 and controlled by a
movement of the slide 30. The limit means includes a shaft 40 rotatably
extending through the tube 14 on the base member 10 and a tongue 41 is
fixedly connected to a distal end of the shaft 40. The shaft 40 has a
second protrusion 42, such as a cam means, extending radially therefrom. A
lever 43 extends laterally to the shaft 40 that when pushing the lever 43,
the shaft 40 is rotated. The second protrusion 42 contacts the second end
of the slide 30.
Referring to FIG. 4, when the two sides of the protrusion 210 are located
perpendicular to any of the opposite sides 32 and the boards 21 are
respectively inserted through the slot 31, the slide 30 is limited from
being moved for the width between the opposite sides 32 being smaller than
the length of the protrusion 210. The tongue 41 now is in a locked
position. Referring to FIG. 5, when rotating the disks 20 to a certain
position, the two sides of the protrusion 310 are parallel to the opposite
sides 32 so that the slide 30 is able to be moved by pushing the lever 43.
The shaft 40 is rotated with the movement of the lever 43 so as to shift
the tongue 41 to an opened position.
FIG. 3 shows how to preset or change the unlock number on the disks 20. The
bosses 201 are first moved to a position not received in the cavities 211
as shown, then rotating each of the disks 20 to let a specific cavity 211
which is located corresponding to a specific number on the disk, receives
a boss 201. Therefore, the board 21 can be rotated with the disk 20
corresponding thereto only when the disk 20 is rotated to show the preset
number via the opening 121.
FIGS. 6 through 8 show a second embodiment of the lock assembly of the
present invention, the second embodiment includes two parts, one of which
is similar to that of the first embodiment mentioned above except the
shaft 40, the tube 14 and the tongue 41, the other part of the second
embodiment is a fixedly portion which is fixedly connected to one of two
halves of a suitcase for example. The second part has a lower member 50
receiving a plate 51 therein and an upper member 52 which is fixedly
connected to the lower member 50 by bolts 62. The plate 51 has two hooks
510 which extend through two recesses 501 defined in the lower member 50.
The base member 60 of the first part has two holes 61 defined through a
peripheral wall thereof and a slide 70 is slidably received in the base
member 60. Similar to the first embodiment, the slide 70 is also
controlled by three sets of disks 80 and boards 81. The slide 70 has two
L-shaped recesses 71 defined in one of two sides thereof, the two L-shaped
recesses 71 located corresponding to the two holes 61. When in a locked
position, the two hooks 510 are received in the two L-shaped recesses 71
of the slide 70 via the two holes 61. The slide 70 is limited from being
moved if a proper process of the disks 80 and the boards 81 is not
operated. When the proper process is operated to the disks 80 and the
boards 81, the slide 70 is allowed to slide and the two hooks 510 are then
removed from the L-shaped recesses 71 so as to separate the first and the
second part.
Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred
embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications
and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of
the invention as hereinafter claimed. | 4E
| 05 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As already stated briefly, the invention relies on the principle of using hydrostatic pressure from the column of drilling mud in the trench above the plate of the drilling assembly for the purpose of increasing the apparent weight of the tool and thus improving the effectiveness of the cutters. For this purpose, at least partial sealing is provided between the plate and the wall of the trench by using sealing means disposed at the periphery of the plate, and a flow of drilling mud is established in one direction or the other through the plate with this flow being controlled in such a manner that the pressure of the drilling mud beneath the plate is well below the hydrostatic pressure, for example it can be about atmospheric pressure, and in addition the flow is controlled so as to take place at a rate which is sufficient to extract the spoil that results from drilling implemented by the drilling tools.
A first embodiment of the drilling apparatus is described with reference to FIG.2. In this figure, there can be seen the frame14, the bottom plate18having the drilling wheels24and26mounted on its underside, the pump20for sucking out the drilling mud containing the spoil, and the flexible hose22for removing the spoil. The pump20is associated with a suction nozzle40whose openings are located beneath the plate18. The suction nozzle takes in the drilling mud together with the spoil. The figure also shows the trench42whose top portion42ahas already been drilled and whose bottom portion42bis being drilled. In the invention, the bottom plate18is fitted around its periphery with a sealing gasket44that provides sealing between the plate18and the wall of the trench42. Suitable gaskets are described in greater detail below. The plate18in the particular example described also has two tubes46and48passing through it to put the top portion42aof the trench into communication with the bottom portion42bthereof. These tubes are fitted with non-return systems and with means46′ and48′ for controlling the flow rate passing through them. It will thus be understood that the overall flow rate of drilling mud entering and leaving the bottom zone42bof the trench can thus be controlled so as to control the pressure in said zone to have some value, e.g. about atmospheric pressure. Adjusting the flow rate of the suction pump makes it possible simultaneously to take account of the leakage flow that exists through the sealing zone. Nevertheless, the drilling mud flow rate must necessarily be sufficient to extract the spoil produced by the cutters24and26.
FIG. 3shows a first embodiment of the sealing between the plate18and the wall of the trench42. The periphery of the plate18is provided with a vertical rim50. A deformable rubber gasket52is anchored in the outside face50aof the rim. The gasket52is made of rubber and is preferably hollow so as to be able to comply more effectively with unevenness in the wall of the trench.
FIG. 4shows a second embodiment of the sealing between the plate18and the wall of the trench42. The periphery of the plate18is likewise fitted with a vertical rim54which goes all the way round the periphery of the plate. This rim54has a resilient lip gasket56fixed thereto which likewise goes all the way round the plate18. The lip gasket56is oriented so that the effect of the end of the gasket being pressed against the wall of the trench is increased by the column of mud located above the plate18. To make the drilling apparatus easier to raise after the trench has been made, it is preferable to provide lifting bars such as58which can be moved relative to the plate18so as to move the free end of the gasket56away from the wall of the trench42.
In the improved embodiment shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B, the apparent weight of the drilling apparatus is increased by combining the action of hydrostatic pressure as described above with reference toFIGS. 2 and 4and the action of actuators on the drilling assembly which is then made to be movable relative to the main frame comprising the top portion of the drilling apparatus, with the top frame then being anchored, i.e. prevented from moving in a vertical direction relative to the trench. As explained in greater detail below, the anchoring means consist in inflatable elements such as inflatable cushions which are placed on the main faces of the top frame of the drilling apparatus and which, when inflated, enable force to be transmitted between the top portion of the frame and the facing walls of the trench being dug.
InFIGS. 5A and 5Bthere can be seen the main frame14of the apparatus and the drilling assembly16with its plate18, the drilling assembly16being movable relative to the main frame10under drive from actuators28and30.
In this embodiment, inflatable elements such as64are fixed to at least a portion of the main faces60and62of the main frame10. By way of example, these inflatable elements occupy the entire width of the main faces and are placed substantially side by side. Each inflatable element64is constituted by an inflatable cushion defined by a wall of elastically deformable leakproof material. Each deformable cushion is fixed via one of its faces64ato the main face60or62of the main frame, and it is connected to an individual inflation tube66in turn connected to a main inflation tube68. These tubes can have adjustable pressure limiters for controlling the magnitude of the anchoring force.
To avoid overcrowdingFIGS. 5A and 5B, these figures do not show the dispositions that are shown inFIGS. 2,3, and4that enable hydrostatic pressure to act in the manner explained above. The flow rate control means20,40,46′, and48′ are mounted on the plate18of the moving portion. The sealing means44,52, and56can also be mounted at the periphery of the plate18of the moving portion. It is also possible to provide a sealing gasket at the bottom end of the main portion of the frame of the machine beneath the inflatable cushions64, and also to provide a sealing gasket between the fixed portion of the frame and the moving bottom portion that carries the cutters. In either case, hydrostatic pressure acts on the top face of the moving portion in addition to the force applied by the actuators28and30.
In this first embodiment, described with reference toFIG. 7A, each inflatable cushion64is covered by a strip70of a reinforced rubbery element whose edges70aand70bare anchored in the wall60of the top frame. This figure also shows one of the walls72of the trench being drilled. It will be understood that when a fluid (preferably liquid) under pressure is injected into the inflatable elements64via the tubes66and68, the inflatable element increases in volume and presses the strip of rubbery material70against the wall72. The pressure that exists inside the inflatable element64then develops a force against the wall72of the trench that has a horizontal component F which is converted into a vertical anchoring force F′. It will be understood that by placing a sufficient number of inflatable elements60on the main faces, it is possible to obtain a total vertical anchoring force that is very high without the pressure applied by the inflatable elements via the deformable strips70being high. Thus sufficient anchoring effect is obtained even if the nature of the material in which this portion of the trench has been dug is of limited strength.
In contrast, as shown inFIG. 7B, when the inflatable element64is no longer under pressure, the strip70is moved away from the inside wall72of the trench and the drilling apparatus can be moved so as to drill a new section of trench.
A second embodiment of the anchoring means are described below with reference toFIGS. 6A and 6B.
These anchoring means are constituted by inflatable elements64, e.g. comprising inflatable cushions that are identical to those shown inFIGS. 7A and 7B. Each cushion64has one of its faces fixed to the wall60,62of the main frame and connected to pressurized fluid tubes. In this second embodiment, a rigid plate76covers the entire surface area occupied by the inflatable elements64and is secured to the wall60via a hinged link element78. The link element78is constituted by a connecting rod, for example, or more particularly by a plurality of connecting rods disposed above the top inflatable cushion64a. It will be understood that when the inflatable elements64are indeed inflated, the rigid plate76is pressed against the wall72of the trench. This makes it possible to obtain high anchoring force while applying only limited pressure to the wall of the trench given that it is the plate76which is of large area that is pressed continuously against the wall of the trench.
| 4E
| 02 | F |
DESCRIPTION
Referring toFIG. 1an adjustable pool light10comprises an adjustable lamp assembly12mounted in a standard pool light housing14. The housing14includes a flange16for affixing it to a pool wall (not shown) during construction, preferably before plastering. The housing14also includes a conduit port18for coupling to an electrical supply (not shown). When the pool light10is installed, the lamp assembly12is retained by the housing14, and a collar20of the lamp assembly12is covered by a trim cover22to provide a decorative appearance. In one exemplary embodiment, to create a smooth uniform appearance, the trim cover22may engage the collar20with low profile clips24that ‘snap’ the trim cover22in place on the collar20.
The lamp assembly12includes a diffuser26attached or coupled to a lamp base or lamp body (body)28(FIGS. 2-6). The body28is nested in and retained by the collar20. The diffuser26may blur and scatter light to help prevent illumination hot spots. A tilt adjustment control30allows users to change the angle of the diffuser26(i.e., the body28) relative to the collar20and trim cover22to customize the direction of pool illumination according to user preference.
Referring toFIG. 2, components of the lamp assembly12are shown. Nested in the collar20and surrounded by the trim cover22, the diffuser26covers LEDs34on a printed circuit board (PCB)32retained against the body28. The LEDs34on the PCB32supply illumination and are preferably high-output LEDs34. PCB screws36secure the PCB32to the body28in the illustrated embodiment, although any effective attachment method is contemplated. To prevent water from reaching the PCB32and LEDs34, lamp gaskets38, including, for example, multiple o-ring type lamp gaskets38are disposed between the diffuser26and body28.
A set of electric terminals40(pins in the illustrated embodiment) in the body28connect the PCB32to a powered connector42with complimentary sockets44. The connector42preferably includes a keyed profile46for ease of installation. Like the diffuser26and body28, connector gaskets48including, for example, multiple o-ring type connector gaskets48prevent water intrusion when the connector42is plugged and secured in the body28. For a more secure connection, a connector nut50holds the connector42against the body28in a threaded engagement. The connector42receives power through a cable52that preferably includes a molded strain relief54.
The body28includes fins56to reduce material volume and weight, and may operate as heat sinks, dissipating any excess heat from the LEDs34. Opposing posts58on the body28engage a cowl portion60of the collar20, the cowl portion60having slots62for accommodating the posts.58. The cowl portion60is sized smaller than the body28to prevent the body28from passing through the collar20and to maintain the posts58in position in the slots62. Fastener seats64are provided on the collar20, for securing it to the housing14, and are obscured by the trim cover22. In one embodiment, when the body28is pressed into the collar20with appropriate pressure, the cowl portion60deforms slightly, allowing the posts58to snap into the slots62. With the posts58anchored in the slots62and the body28engaged by the cowl portion60, the body28is confined to back-and-forth movement about a central axis66defined by the posts58.
Lamp assembly12movement about the central axis66is governed by an adjustment screw68in the adjustment control30, extending through the collar20. The adjustment screw68is retained relative to the collar20by a plug70in the collar20. The adjustment screw68travels through the plug70to engage an adjustment nut72having a threaded insert74. The adjustment nut72moves back-and-forth as the adjustment screw68turns, and includes a screw retainer76to prevent the adjustment nut72from disengaging the adjustment screw68.
The adjustment nut72is hingedly coupled to a frame78by a hinge pin80. The frame78includes rails82that slidably engage the body28. When the adjustment screw68is rotated, the plug70holds its position relative to the collar20and the adjustment nut72is urged forward or backward along the adjustment screw68, causing an accompanying movement of the frame78and rails82, and corresponding rotation of the body28about the central axis66
Referring toFIGS. 3-5, the pool light10is shown in various stages of adjustment.FIG. 3shows the pool light10aimed straight forward (i.e., similar to conventional pool lights). In this position the adjustment nut72is disposed midway along the adjustment screw68and the rails82are substantially vertical. The body28defines a portion of a spherical space84where it engages the cowl portion60, with the LEDs34disposed near the middle of the spherical space84and the spherical space84is centered on the posts58along the central axis66.
FIG. 4shows the pool light10adjusted to point downward. In this configuration the adjustment screw68has been rotated, urging the threaded insert74and adjustment nut72toward the collar20where they meet the plug70which stops them from travelling further. The adjustment nut72pulls the top of the frame78, rotating the frame78on the hinge pin80. As the frame78rotates relative to the adjustment nut72the rails82deflect and change the orientation of the body28, in the illustrated embodiment a maximum of ten degrees downward.
FIG. 5shows the pool light10adjusted to point upward. In this configuration the adjustment screw68has been rotated in the reverse direction, urging the threaded insert74and adjustment nut72away from the collar20until they meet the screw retainer76which stops them from travelling further. The adjustment nut72pushes the top of the frame78, rotating the frame78on the hinge pin80. As the frame78rotates relative to the adjustment nut72, the rails82deflect and change the orientation of the body28, in the illustrated embodiment a maximum of ten degrees upward. Because the posts58bisect the spherical space84and the LEDs34are clustered near the center of the spherical space84, the body28rotates in the collar20changing the orientation of the LEDs34without changing their position in the pool light10, thereby providing an attractive and aesthetically pleasing ocular-like tilting movement.
FIG. 6shows a cross section of the pool light10along the central axis66. The rails82are held in a sliding arrangement in the body28by channels86formed in the fins56. Since the rails82are out of alignment with the central axis66, the channels86allow the rails82to slide up and down as they rotate the body28. In this view the fasteners88for affixing the collar20to the housing14are also shown.
FIGS. 7A and 7Bshow the sliding nature of the connector nut50when the cable52is disconnected (FIG. 7A) and connected (FIG. 7B). The connector nut50urges the connector gaskets48into the body28for a water-proof connection with the connector42. Preferably, the strain relief54serves as a stop for the connector nut50, preventing it from sliding down the cable52when disconnected from the body28.
The pool light10apparatus having been shown and described, its method of use will now be discussed.
To install the pool light10, a user first anchors the housing14in the pool wall (or pool bottom) prior to plastering by securing the flange16against a mounting surface (not shown). The electrical supply is attached to the conduit port18, with the cable52terminating in the connector42. The connector42is inserted into the body28to connect the electric terminals40, and the connector nut50is tightened to drive the connector gaskets48into the body28to form a water-tight connection. Any excess cable52is pushed into the housing14and the collar20is connected to the housing14by installing fasteners88in the fastener seats64. The trim cover22is then attached over the collar20around the diffuser26. The pool light10is then connected to a power supply for operation.
To adjust the pool light10, a user inserts a tool (not shown) such as a screwdriver or Allen key in the tilt adjustment control30on the collar20. The tool travels through the tilt adjustment control30until it engages the adjustment screw68. By rotating the adjustment screw68in one direction, it acts on the threaded insert74, pulling the adjustment nut72toward the collar20. As the adjustment nut72moves toward the collar20, the hinge pin80translates linear movement into rotational movement of the frame78. As the frame78rotates, the rails82urge the body28into rotational movement. With the posts58secured in the slots62, the body28moves about the central axis66, aiming it (i.e., the LEDs34) in an increasingly downward direction. The rails82slide relative to the body28in the channels86, thereby avoiding binding as they rotate the body28. When the adjustment nut72reaches the plug70, the pool light10has reached is maximum downward angle, in one embodiment ten degrees from an un-tilted position. The pool light10can remain in the downward adjusted configuration indefinitely, or changed according to preference. Because the diffuser26is disposed on the body28forward of the conical portion60of the collar20, the diffuser26can be easily removed and replaced with a diffuser26of a different color.
To counter-adjust the pool light10, the user re-inserts the tool and rotates the adjustment screw68in the opposite direction. The adjustment screw68urges the threaded insert74and adjustment nut72away from the collar20. The hinge pin80translates linear movement of the adjustment nut72into rotational movement of the frame78. As the frame78rotates, the rails82urge the body28back toward an un-tilted position, and with continued rotation of the adjustment screw68, into a new position tilted in the opposite direction (i.e., upward). During this process the body28continues rotating on the posts58along the central axis66, and the rails82slide through the channels86as necessary. When the adjustment nut72reaches the screw retainer76, the pool light10has reached its maximum upward angle, in one embodiment ten degrees from an un-tilted position. The pool light10can also remain in an upward adjusted configuration indefinitely, or changed according to preference.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the Invention is sufficient in detail to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention. It is understood, however, that the detail of the preferred embodiment presented is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, in as much as equivalents thereof and other modifications which come within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this specification.
| 5F
| 21 | V |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the FIGURE, a multi-sensor network10is shown. The multi-sensor network10includes a communication line12connected to a first receiver14, a second receiver16, a first sensor18and a second sensor20. Connected to the first receiver14and the second receiver16is a controller22.
The first receiver14and the second receiver16have a first variable voltage source24and a second variable voltage source26respectively, The first and second variable voltage sources24and26are connected to the controller22. As will be fully described later, the controller22selectively controls the output of the first and second variable voltage sources24and26which will provide the current to communication line12. The current provided by the receivers14and16to the sensors18and20via the communication line12will correspond with the current modulated output of the sensors18and20.
Connected to the first variable voltage source24is a first current sensor28. Connected to the second variable voltage source26is a second current sensor30. The first and second output current sensors28and30will measure the amount of current to the communication line12provided by the first and second receivers14and16, respectively. Connected to the first and second output current sensors are first and second current-to-voltage converters32and34. The first and second current-to-voltage converters32and34will monitor the output current sensors28and30, respectively, and output a voltage value corresponding to the amount of current provided by the first receiver14and the second receiver16to the communication line12.
As stated earlier, the current provided by the receivers14and16to the sensors18and20via the communication line12, will correspond with the output of the sensors18and20. Therefore, the voltage values produced by the current-to-voltage converters32and34will correspond with the output of the sensors18and20. The voltage values produced by the current-to-voltage converters32and34will then be transmitted to outputs36and38respectively. The outputs36and38may be connected to a safety device control system (not shown) which may activate one or more safety systems based on the voltage values received.
As stated previously, the first sensor18and second sensor20are connected to the communication line12. The first sensor18and the second sensor20are both current modulated output sensors. When in operation, the first sensor18and second sensor20will modulate the current provided by one of the receivers14or16to correspond with a sensed condition. The current modulated by the first and second sensors18and20may be representative of acceleration, deformation or other types of conditions.
Additionally, the first sensor18and the second sensor20contain a logic device which prevents the first sensor18and the second sensor20from outputting their data to the communication line12during the same time interval.
Although the above embodiment only shows two sensors18and20and two receivers14and16connected to the common line12, a plurality of sensors and receivers may be connected to the common line12. Like the first and second receivers14and16, the plurality of receivers will be individually connected to and controlled by controller22. Like the first and second sensors18and20, the plurality of sensors will individually have a logic device that will prevent the plurality of sensors from outputting their data to the communication line12simultaneously.
The preceding paragraphs described the components of the multi-sensor network10. The following paragraphs will describe the operation of the multi-sensor network10.
As stated earlier, a controller22controls the first and second variable voltage sources24and26. The controller22can adjust the variable voltage sources24and26so that one of the variable voltage sources24and26will have a higher voltage than the other variable voltage source24and26. The receiver14or16with the higher variable voltage source24or26will provide all the current to the communication line. The first sensor18or the second sensor20, depending on which sensor is outputting data, will modulate the current provided by the variable voltage source24or26having the higher voltage.
For example, assume that the controller22has instructed the variable voltage output24to provide a voltage that is greater than the variable voltage output26, thereby “activating” the first receiver14. The voltages provided by the variable voltage output sources24and26will both be provided to the communication line12. However, because the voltage provided by the first variable voltage source24is greater than the voltage provided by the second variable voltage source26, the current provided to the communication line12will only be provided by the first variable voltage source24. Because only the first variable voltage source provides current to the communication line12, the output current sensor28will be able to monitor all the current provided to the communication line12. In turn, the current-to-voltage converter32will be able to measure a voltage that is representative of the amount of current flowing from the first variable voltage source24to the communication line12. This amount of current provided to the communication line12will correspond to the output of the either the first sensor18or the second sensor20.
The first sensor18and the second sensor20both have a logic device to prevent both the first sensor18and the second sensor20from modulating the current provided by the communication line12at the same time. Initially, a synchronization pulse will be provided by either the first variable voltage source24or the second variable voltage source26to the communication line12. The logic devices of the first sensor18and the second sensor20will receive the synchronization pulse and the logic device of the first sensor18will instruct the first sensor18to transmit its data by current modulation before the second sensor20. After the first sensor18has transmitted its data by current modulation, the logic device of the second sensor20will instruct the second sensor20to transmit its data by current modulation during a second time interval.
In operation, the controller22will have the first variable voltage source24output a voltage that is greater than the variable voltage source26when the first sensor18is transmitting data to the communication line12. Conversely, the controller22will instruct the second variable voltage source26to output a voltage that is greater than the variable voltage source24, when the second sensor20is transmitting its data to the communication line12.
Although the above method only details the operation of two receivers and two sensors, a plurality of sensors and receivers may be employed. The method permits one of the plurality of sensors and one of the plurality receivers to communicate via the communication line12during a specific time interval. The other sensors and receivers will be allowed to communicate via the communication line12at different time intervals.
As a person skilled in the art will appreciate, the above description is meant as an illustration of implementation of the principles this invention. This description is not intended to limit the scope or application of this invention in that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change, without departing from the spirit of this invention, as defined in the following claims.
| 6G
| 08 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the following description, like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views. Also in the following description, it is to be understood that such terms as “forward,” “rearward,” “left,” “right,” “upwardly,” “downwardly,” and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms.
Referring now to the drawings in general andFIG. 1in particular, it will be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose of describing a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention thereto. As best seen inFIG. 1, a stairway system, generally designated10, is shown constructed according to the present invention. The stairway system10includes three major sub-assemblies: a plurality of spaced apart treads12; a handrail16; and at least one baluster per tread14.
The handrail16may be pieced together from a two-piece handrail assembly16thereby providing accommodation for the lower carpentry skill found in the labor market and in the “do-it-yourself” market.FIG. 2shows the two-piece handrail assembly16looking from the bottom segment28toward the top segment29that provides a view of a mating groove30that may be created by plowing into a bottom of top segment29and milling a corresponding mating ridge on a top of bottom segment28. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, alternatively, the mating may be created by plowing into the top of the bottom segment28and milling a corresponding mating ridge on the bottom of top segment29. The spacing between the plowed portion and the milled portion of the mating groove30may be such to accommodate a head or extended portion of fasteners that may be used to secure handrail16, a baluster14or lateral support20. While not shown, additional grooves could be added in both the plowed bottom of the top segment29and the milled top of the bottom segment28. These additional grooves are optional and may further accommodate various types of fasteners when bottom segment28is secured to a baluster14or lateral support20.
Various fastening techniques and structures may be used to secure the handrail16to baluster14or lateral support20.FIG. 2shows an attachment means32as a plow in the bottom of bottom segment28. The means for attaching may further include without limitation screwing, bolting, nailing, gluing or any fastening technique or structure that accomplishes securing the bottom segment28to a baluster14or lateral support20. Also shown inFIG. 2in the plow in the bottom of bottom segment28is an optional smaller groove.
An alternative view of two-piece handrail assembly16is shown inFIG. 3. As inFIG. 2, the top segment29mates with the bottom segment28by means of mating groove30. Likewise, there may be additional grooves within both the top segment29and the bottom segment28at the mating groove30that may be used, for example, to accommodate the head or extended portions of fasteners. For example, the top of a screw as shown here is shown substantially flush with the top surface of a groove in the milled top of bottom segment28. Also, the attachment means32is shown as a plow in the bottom of bottom segment28.
Various styles of balusters14may be used with the two-piece handrail assembly16when assembling a stairway system10according to the present invention. Popular styles of balusters14may include square top balusters and pin top balusters. To that end, attachment means32may include further techniques and structures to finish or enhance the aesthetics of the stairway system10. Among these further techniques and structures may be a fillet strip35that is shown inFIG. 4as a slat of wood finished to fit into the plow in the bottom of the bottom segment28. When pin top balusters are used, fillet strips35may be used to accommodate the difference between the width of the plowed groove of the attachment means32and diameter of the pin top baluster. Holes may be formed within the slats to create pin top adapters34. In addition, to provide flexibility for accommodating a variety of angles for the rise of the handrail26that may be encountered in installing a stairway system10, such angles typically run from about 38 to about 42 degrees. The holes having play may be cut to allow for such a variation in angle between the pin top baluster longitudinal direction and the handrail longitudinal direction. When pin top adapters34are used, fillet strips35may be placed between pin top adapters34to accommodate baluster spacing variation resulting from varying either the number of balusters per tread and/or the riser angle.
With respect to manufacturing a stair system according to the present invention, there are advantages that may inure to the manufacturer of a two-piece handrail assembly16. These advantages relate to the practices and pricing for buying and selling lumber pieces in the market used to manufacture a part, such as a handrail16, from an assembly. A handrail16may be made from a single piece of lumber or from multiple pieces of lumber. For this invention it is advantageous to manufacture a handrail16from a multiple-piece assembly—preferably a two-piece assembly. In addition to the low cost of manufacturing a handrail16, an ease of assembly for those having less than an adequate competence level in carpentry and “do-it-yourselfers” is believed to be desirable. To that end, a two-piece handrail assembly16may be particularly advantageous. Another desirable attribute for a two-piece handrail assembly16is that when finished with a clear varnish, stain or lacquer, the lumber used is clear lumber to accentuate the wood grain and beauty.
Typically, a manufacturer obtains rough-cut lumber that has traditionally been sold in the United State in quarters, i.e. X/4 (e.g., ¼, 2/4, ¾, 4/4, 5/5, 6/4, 7/4 8/4 . . . etc.). The X/4 designation means that the lumber in rough-cut form is nominally X quarters of an inch thick. Traditionally, in the manufacture of handrails16the finished bottom-to-top dimension is about 2⅜ to 2½ inches where 2⅜ is typically about the smallest standardized size. A manufacturer has available to him rough-cut lumber ranging from ¼ to 8/4 and greater as summarized below in Table 1.
TABLE 1NUMBER OF MILLEDROUGH-CUTRANGE OFSIZE RANGE INSIZE RANGEPIECES TO GETUNITTOTALDESIGNATIONACTUAL SIZESIXTEENTHAFTER MILLINGAT LEAST 40/16COSTCOST1/41/8–1/42/16–4/160/16–2/16201/420/42/43/8–2/46/16–8/164/16–6/1672/414/43/45/8–3/410/16–12/168/16–10/1643/412/43½/46/8–3½/412/16–14/1610/16–12/1643/412/44/47/8–4/414/16–16/1612/16–14/1634/412/45/49/8–5/418/16–20/1616/16–18/1635/415/45½/410/8–5½/420/16–22/1618/16–20/1625/410/46/411/8–6/422/16–24/1620/16–22/1628/416/47/413/8–7/426/16–28/1624/16–26/16213/426/48/415/8–8/430/16–32/1628/16–32/16220/440/4
Rough-cut lumber designations are nominal, so the actual size may range in a manner as set fourth in column 2 of Table 1. For example a 5/4 piece of rough-cut lumber may range in size from about 9/8 of an inch to about 5/4 of an inch. Prior to assembling a multiple-piece assembly, rough-cut lumber is milled to smooth furring and saw blade marks, if present. During milling the dimension for each surface is reduced by 1/16 of an inch. Since both surfaces of a piece of lumber are milled, the range in thickness of a piece of lumber is decreased by about ⅛ of an inch as set fourth in column 4 of Table 1. To achieve a milled overall thickness of about 2⅜ to 2½ inches after assembly and further milling, an assembled thickness of about 2½ to 2⅝ inches is desired. Thus a thickness of at least about 2½ inches may be desired, or as expressed in sixteenths 40/16.
Set fourth in column 5 of Table 1 is the number of pieces of a particular rough-cut designation a manufacturer would need to achieve 40/16. For example, either three pieces of 4/4 rough-cut lumber, three pieces of 5/4 or two pieces of 6/4 rough-cut lumber may be used to make a multiple-piece handrail having an after assembled and milled dimension of about 2⅜ inches.
Different rough-cut lumber designations have different unit costs as set fourth in column 7 of Table 1. The cost of 4/4 rough-cut lumber designations may be taken as a standard of about 1 unit (i.e., 4/4 in Table 1). Various factors affect the unit of cost rough-cut lumber including overall length, clearness, which is an absence of knots or other types of defects that may occur in the lumber, and nominal thickness. The general availability of rough-cut lumber having a greater nominal thickness and longer length may be low; therefore, the unit cost may be high.
Another factor affecting unit price of rough-cut lumber is seasoning time (for example the time for kiln drying a piece); therefore, the unit cost for rough-cut lumber having a greater nominal thickness increases with greater thickness. For example, a 4/4 piece of rough-cut lumber may have an about 30 day kiln dry time; a 6/4 piece of rough-cut lumber may have an about 48 day kiln dry time; and a 8/4 piece of rough-cut lumber may have more than an about 72 day kiln dry time.
Within the scheme of rough-cut lumber size, availability and cost is a heretofore-unrecognized unique combination in manufacture of two-piece handrails where the use of about 5/4 to about 6/4 rough-cut lumbers provides both a cost and a skill level advantage. In particular, this advantage occurs at a location that may be designated, for example, as an about 5½/4 piece rough-cut lumber. A substantial cost advantage may be realized by a manufacturer when using two about 5½/4 pieces of rough-cut lumber to create two-piece handrail16as described above and shown inFIGS. 2,3,4, and5. Likewise, a substantial product advantage is also realized for the low skilled labor market and “do-it-yourself” market. The cost advantage may be understood with reference to Table 1 above, Table 2 below andFIG. 6.
TABLE 2ROUGH CUTNUMBERTOTALNUMBERTOTALNUMBERTOTALNUMBERTOTALDESIGNATIONOF PIECESCOSTOF PIECESCOSTOF PIECESCOSTOF PIECESCOST1/4N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A2/4N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A714/43/4N/AN/AN/AN/A412/4721/43½/4N/AN/AN/AN/A412/4721/44/4N/AN/A312/4416/4728/45/4N/AN/A315/4420/4735/45½/4210/4315/4420/4735/46/4216/4324/4432/4756/47/4226/4339/4452/4791/48/4240/4360/4480/47280/4
Table 2 presents the data of Table 1 from a different perspective. Specifically, Table 2 presents the same number of pieces of the different rough-cut designations required to achieve at least 40/16 and the resulting total costs for using incrementally thicker rough-cut designations. For example, when using two pieces of rough-cut lumber to create a two-piece handrail assembly, one may use two pieces from the minimum of 5½/4 rough-cut designation to the 8/4 rough-cut designation and more as set fourth in column 2 of Table 2. When using three pieces of rough-cut lumber to create a multiple-piece handrail assembly, one may use three pieces from the minimum of 4/4 rough-cut designation to the 8/4 rough-cut designation and more as set fourth in column 4 of Table 2.
For each of the two-piece handrail assembly and the three-piece handrail assembly there is a minimum rough-cut lumber designation below which the smaller rough-cut lumber designations will not create a thick enough assembly. Likewise, when four pieces are used the minimum rough-cut lumber designation is ¾ as set fourth in column 6 of Table 2. When seven pieces are used the minimum rough-cut lumber designation is 7/4 as set fourth in column 8 of Table 2. When using the ¼ rough-cut lumber designation, a twenty-piece assembly is needed. For a single piece assembly, the minimum rough-cut lumber designation would be 1¼. The data of Table 2 presents graphically the total cost as a function of rough-cut lumber designation used to manufacture a multiple-piece assembly to achieve a thickness of at least 2⅜ after assembly and further milling.
FIG. 6is the graphical presentation of the data for two-piece, three-piece and four-piece assemblies plotted as three curves. Each curve begins with a data point having a dot within a circle. The dot within the circle indicates the minimum thickness that can be used to achieve the overall thickness for a multiple-piece assembly after assembly and further milling. For example, for a four-piece assembly the minimum rough-cut lumber designation is ¾ having a unit cost of about 4/4 units for a total cost of about 12/4 which is shown for convenience as 12 arbitrary relative units inFIG. 6. Likewise, for a three-piece assembly, the minimum rough-cut lumber designation is 4/4 having a unit cost of about ¾ unit for a total cost of about 12/4 which is shown for convenience as 12 arbitrary relative units inFIG. 6. Also, for a two-piece assembly, the minimum rough-cut lumber designation falls somewhere between 5/4 and 6/4 having a unit cost of about 5/4 for a total cost of about 10/4 which is shown for convenience as 10 arbitrary relative units inFIG. 6.
A dashed line, designated A inFIG. 6, has been used to join total cost for the minimum rough-cut of three curves. This dashed line is a minimum cost boundary for the manufacture of a handrail. Between the 5/4 and 6/4 rough-cut lumber designations lies the minimum total cost for many possible multiple-piece assemblies—designated as 10/4 in Tables 1 and 2, identified by the letter B and designated for convenience as 10 arbitrary relative units inFIG. 6.
Again referring to the stairway system10ofFIG. 1, the at least one baluster14may be at least two balusters14including a first baluster and a second baluster. Each baluster may include a top length segment25, a turning length segment26and a bottom length segment27. The spaced treads12include a foot support surface22. Typically, the width of the tread is greater than the depth of the tread. There is a means for attaching the stairway system10to a structure. One method includes a stringer. Other methods are wall supports or floor supports. The handrail16may be separated from the spaced treads12by a lateral support20. Various types of lateral supports20may be a newel.
With respect to the at least two balusters14, it may be particularly desirable for the bottom length features to align with the foot support surface22of the tread and the top length feature to align with the handrail slope. To accomplish this it is desirable to incrementally change the turning length segment26of the second baluster to the first baluster.
In the stairway system10, the number of treads is based on the finished floor to finished floor height in a structure. The number of treads is dictated by the riser height. Typically, the riser height is uniform and ranges from about 6″ and about 9″. Within the United States the riser height more typically is designated at about 7½″. In a two baluster per tread configuration the spacing between the balusters is the tread depth divided by two (e.g., D/2), which is the number of balusters per tread. In a three baluster per tread configuration the spacing between the balusters is D/3 or the tread depth divided by the number of balusters. Each baluster in the system may include a top length segment25, a turning length segment26and a bottom length segment27.
It may be particularly desirable to have the top length segment25align from baluster to baluster and with the handrail16while the bottom length segment27aligns from baluster to baluster and with the tread. To accomplish this, the turning length segment26from one baluster to the next may be incrementally changed. Unexpectedly, the amount of incremental change is not substantially dependent on the tread depth; however, it may be only dependent on the number of balusters per tread.
To create stairway system10as depicted inFIG. 1, while minimizing the amount of baluster inventory for accomplishing the alignment features with the foot support surface22and the rail slope, an increment may be added as was previously discussed. To determine the minimum number of baluster lengths needed to accomplish a system that could either have two or three balusters per tread there is one reference baluster that is exchangeable for the two baluster per tread system or the three baluster per tread system.
To be able to maintain an inventory that would allow the manufacturer a two baluster per tread system and a three baluster per tread system, the minimum number of baluster lengths may be 4. That is, the reference baluster or the first baluster, a second baluster having an increment of 3¾ units for the two baluster per tread system and 2½ units for the three baluster per tread system as well as a baluster having a turning length increment of 5 units for the three baluster per tread system thus making a total of four baluster lengths.
In creating inventories for a system that can accommodate 4, 3 or 2 balusters per tread, the inventory would include 6 baluster lengths. To create an inventory that can accommodate 5, 4, 3 or 2 balusters per tread, the inventory would include 10 unique baluster lengths. To create an inventory that could accommodate 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 balusters per tread, an inventory of 12 unique baluster lengths would be used. The number of balusters per tread might be extended further to higher numbers and in each case the minimum number of baluster lengths needed to accommodate the patterns to have the alignments of features with the tread and the handrail changes.
Table 3 below provides a description of a number of features in baluster designations A–V. In particular, there are features that would align with the tread and features that would align with the handrail as well as a turning length segment26that would be incrementally changed to accommodate the alignment of the bottom length segment27with the tread12and the top length segment25with the handrail16. However, “W” and “X” are contemporary square baluster which are substantially uniform along their whole length and do not have a top, bottom or turning segments per se.
TABLE 3BALUSTERDESIGNATIONBALUSTER FEATURE DESCRIPTIONAWilliamsburg Baluster with Pin Top, Roped Design &Architectural SquareBWilliamsburg Baluster with Square Top, FlutedDesign & Architectural SquareCWilliamsburg Baluster with Pin Top, Plain Design &Architectural SquareD1800's Baluster with Pin Top, Reeded Design &Stacked VasesE1800's Baluster with Square Top, Plain Design &Stacked VasesF1800's Baluster with Pin Top, Octagonal Design &Stacked VasesGCarolina Baluster with Square Top, Plain Design &Elongated VaseHCarolina Baluster with Pin Top, Twist Design &Elongated VaseICarolina Baluster with Pin Top Fluted Design &Elongated VaseJJefferson Baluster with Pin Top, Fluted Design &Inverted VaseKJefferson Baluster with Pin Top, Roped Design &Inverted VaseLJefferson Baluster with Pin Top, Octagonal Design &Inverted VaseMJefferson Baluster with Pin Top, Plain Design &Inverted VaseNHampton Baluster with Pin Top, Plain Design &Stacked VasesOHampton Baluster with Square Top, Plain Design &Stacked VasesPHampton Baluster with Square Top, Plain Design &Stacked VasesQBaluster with Pin Top, Plain Design & VasesRHampton Baluster with Pin Top, Plain Design &Stacked VasesSBaluster with Square Top, Plain Design & VasesTBaluster with Square Top, Plain Design & ElongatedVaseUBaluster with Pin Top, Plain Design & VaseVBaluster with Pin Top, Plain Design & VaseWContemporary Square BalusterXContemporary Square Baluster with Design along itslength
In creating the stairway system10of the present invention, it may be advantageous to anchor it to various portions of a structure.FIG. 7depicts a lateral support20, in particular a newel, that is made as an assembly of materials according to the present invention that may be easily installed by those in the labor market having a lower than an adequate competence level of skill and those in the “do-it-yourself” market. In particular,FIG. 7shows a three-piece newel assembly20that includes a center core36and substantially identical outer members38. An advantage of the three-piece newel assembly20is illustrated byFIGS. 7A and 7B. In particular, an installation of the three-piece newel assembly20may eliminate a need for complex drilling and cutting for joining either to a handrail16or a riser of the stair system10. Since three-piece newel assembly20may come as an unassembled assembly, outer member38may be fastened either to a handrail16or a riser of the stair system10by one or more fasteners such as screws, bolt and nut combinations, and nails. Thereafter, the core member36and the remaining outer member38may be added to the fastened outer member38to hide the fasteners and create an aesthetically pleasing piece.
FIGS. 8A and 8Bshow exploded versions of the three-piece newel assembly20ofFIG. 7. In particular, details ofFIGS. 8A and 8Bemphasize mating alignment grooves39for aligning the outer surfaces of the center core36and the outer surfaces of the two substantially identical outer members38.FIG. 8Adepicts the alignment grooves39within the center core36whileFIG. 8Bshows the alignment grooves39within the two substantially identical outer members38. Again, these configurations permit one of the outer members to be fastened either to a handrail16, a riser, or the floor using standard fasteners such as screws, nails, nuts, bolts and the like. A joining of the center core36and the remaining substantially identical outer member38permits the hiding of these fasteners. Further, the features of the alignment grooves39allow unskilled laborers and “do-it-yourselfers” to create a lateral support20that might otherwise require a skilled carpenter.
An alternative anchoring of a lateral support20to a tread12is depicted inFIG. 9Aas being done using an anchor42. The anchor42may include a bolt44, a plate52, a mounting column46that is in communication with the plate52to create a biasing of the plate52against the bottom of the tread12, and the bolt44has on its other end a wood screw50which engages the lateral support20to create a good firm attachment of the staircase to the tread12.
An alternative method of using the anchor42is shown inFIG. 9B. In this case, the plate52including the mounting column46is fastened to the floor and the bolt44has a length such that it can extend through the tread12into the mounting column46over the riser height. Then the wood screw end50engages the lateral support20.
A more detailed drawing of the flexible anchor42is shown inFIG. 10. Here it is seen that the plate52can include apertures for attaching the plate52either to the floor by use of, for example, a fastener such as a wood bolt, or alternatively to the bottom of a tread12. Again there is a bolt44that engages the mounting column46and a wood screw end50that engages the lateral support20. Although not depicted inFIG. 7, there could be a tread12placed between the lateral support20and the plate52and as previously described the plate52can either be in contact with the tread12or mounted directly to the floor.
Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the foregoing description. By way of example, the top segment of the two-piece handrail is normally glued to the bottom segment but it could also be screwed to the bottom segment through the bottom of the bottom segment. It should be understood that all such modifications and improvements have been deleted herein for the sake of conciseness and readability but are properly within the scope of the following claims.
| 4E
| 04 | F |
MODE FOR THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 4is a side-sectional view illustrating a linear compressor applied with a suction muffler according to the present invention,FIG. 5is a side-sectional view illustrating the suction muffler according to the present invention, andFIG. 6is a graph showing a mass flow of refrigerant passing through the suction muffler according to the present invention.
Referring toFIG. 4, in a linear compressor100according to the present invention, a piston300is linearly reciprocated inside a cylinder200by a linear motor400in a hermetic shell110so as to suck, compress and discharge refrigerant. The linear motor400includes an inner stator420, an outer stator440, and a permanent magnet460positioned between the inner stator420and the outer stator440. The permanent magnet460is linearly reciprocated due to a mutual electromagnetic force. Here, since the permanent magnet460is driven in a state where it is connected to the piston300, the piston300is linearly reciprocated inside the cylinder200to suck, compress and discharge refrigerant.
The linear compressor100further includes a frame520, a stator cover540and a rear cover560. In the linear compressor100, the cylinder200can be fixed by the frame520, or the cylinder200and the frame520can be integrally formed. A discharge valve620is elastically supported by an elastic member at the front of the cylinder200, and selectively opened and closed due to a pressure of refrigerant in the cylinder200. A discharge cap640and a discharge muffler660are installed at the front of the discharge valve620, and fixed to the frame520. One ends of the inner stator420and the outer stator440are supported by the frame520, and also supported by a special member such as an O-ring of the inner stator420or an elevated portion of the cylinder200. The other end of the outer stator440is supported by the stator cover540. The rear cover560is installed on the stator cover540, and a suction muffler700is positioned between the rear cover560and the stator cover540.
In addition, a supporter piston320is coupled to the back of the piston300. Main springs800with respective natural frequencies are installed at the supporter piston320to allow the piston300to resonate. The main springs800are divided into a front main spring820with both ends supported by the supporter piston320and the stator cover540, and a rear main spring840with both ends supported by the supporter piston320and the rear cover560. In this embodiment, the center of the rear main spring840corresponds to the center of the piston300. Since only one rear main spring840is used, the number of the main springs800is reduced. Consequently, the component production cost can be lowered and the piston300can be precisely reciprocated. However, the present invention is not limited to the above-described structure, but can be applied to other spring support structures.
Moreover, a suction muffler700is provided at the back of the piston300. The refrigerant is introduced into the piston300through the suction muffler700, which suppresses refrigerant suction noise. At this time, an outer diameter of some portion of the suction muffler700is fitted into an inner diameter of the rear main spring840.
The piston300is hollowed so that the refrigerant introduced through the suction muffler700can be sucked into and compressed in a compression space defined between the cylinder200and the piston300. A valve (not shown) is installed at a front end of the piston300. The valve (not shown) opens the front end of the piston300so as to allow the refrigerant to flow from the piston300to the compression space, and blocks the front end of the piston300so as to prevent the refrigerant from returning from the compression space to the piston300.
When the refrigerant is compressed over a predetermined pressure in the compression space by the piston300, the discharge valve620positioned at a front end of the cylinder200is opened. The discharge valve620is installed inside the supporting cap640fixed to one end of the cylinder200to be elastically supported by a spiral discharge valve spring630. The high pressure compressed refrigerant is transferred into the discharge cap660through a hole formed in the supporting cap640, discharged to the outside of the linear compressor100through a loop pipe (not shown), and circulated in a freezing cycle.
The respective components of the linear compressor100are supported by a front supporting spring (not shown) and a rear supporting spring (not shown) in an assembled state, and spaced apart from the bottom of the shell110. Since the components are not in contact with the bottom of the shell110, vibration generated in each component of the linear compressor100compressing the refrigerant is not transferred directly to the shell110. Therefore, vibration transferred to the outside of the shell110and noise generated by vibration of the shell110can be remarkably reduced.
The supporter piston320is coupled to the back of the piston300, and transfers a force from the main springs820and840to the piston300so that the piston300can be linearly reciprocated in the resonance condition.
The center of the supporter piston320corresponds to the center of the piston300. Preferably, a step difference is formed at a rear end of the piston300so that the centers of the supporter piston320and the piston300can be easily adjusted to each other.
In terms of the main springs800applying a restoration force to the supporter piston320so that the piston300coupled to the supporter piston320can be driven in the resonance condition, the number of the front main springs820is reduced into two and the number of the rear main springs840is reduced into one. Consequently, the entire main springs have a low rigidity. In addition, when the rigidity of the front main springs820and the rigidity of the rear main spring840are reduced respectively, the manufacturing cost of the main springs can be cut down.
Here, in a case where the rigidity of the front main springs820and the rear main spring840is reduced, when the mass of the driving unit such as the piston300, the supporter piston320and the permanent magnet460is reduced, the driving unit can be driven in the resonance condition. Accordingly, the supporter piston320is preferably manufactured of a non-ferrous metal having a lower density than a ferrous metal, instead of the ferrous metal. As a result, the mass of the driving unit is reduced, corresponding to the low rigidity of the front main springs820and the rear main spring840, so that the driving unit can be driven in the resonance condition. For example, when the supporter piston320is manufactured of a metal such as Al, even if the piston300is manufactured of a metal, the supporter piston320is not affected by the permanent magnet460. Therefore, the piston300and the supporter piston320can be more easily coupled to each other.
When the supporter piston320is manufactured of a non-ferrous metal having a low density, it can satisfy the resonance condition and can be easily coupled to the piston300. However, the portions of the supporter piston320brought into contact with the front main springs820are easily abraded due to friction against the front main springs820during the driving. Here, the front main springs820can be provided in a pair to be symmetric in up-down or left-right portions of the supporter piston320. If the supporter piston320is abraded, the abraded pieces float in the refrigerant and circulate in the freezing cycle, which may damage the components existing on the freezing cycle. Thus, the portions of the supporter piston320brought into contact with the front main springs820are surface-processed. An NIP coating or anodizing treatment is carried out thereon so that a surface hardness of the portions of the supporter piston320brought into contact with the front main spring820can be higher than at least a hardness of the front main springs820. This configuration prevents the supporter spring320from being abraded into pieces due to the front main springs820.
The suction muffler700is mounted at the back of the supporter piston320by means of a fastening bolt. The refrigerant to be compressed is sucked into the piston300with noise reduced by the suction muffler700.
When the supporter piston320and the suction muffler700are fixed by the fastening bolt, preferably, a mounting portion and a guide groove are provided to prevent them from being dislocated in the up-down or left-right direction. As described above, since the center of the suction muffler700corresponds to the center of the supporter piston320, the center of the piston300corresponding to the center of the supporter piston320also corresponds to the center of the suction muffler700.
In addition, the rear main spring840is mounted on the outer diameter of the suction muffler700. The inner diameter of the rear main spring840is fitted into the outer diameter of the suction muffler700. Therefore, the center of the suction muffler700corresponds to the center of the rear main spring840.
Accordingly, the piston300can be linearly reciprocated, maintaining the resonance condition with the front main springs820reduced in number and rigidity on the basis that the number of the rear main springs840is reduced into one and the rigidity thereof is subsequently lowered. In this configuration, since the number and rigidity of the main springs are reduced, the manufacturing cost of the main springs can be remarkably cut down.
Here, the refrigerant is introduced into the hermetic shell110through a suction pipe150, sucked via the suction muffler700, sucked into and compressed in a compression space defined by the piston300and the cylinder200, and discharged through the discharge valve620, the discharge cap640and the discharge muffler660.
FIG. 5shows the detailed configuration of the suction muffler700which is the major object of the present invention. When the piston300is reciprocated inside the cylinder200, the suction muffler700fastened to the rear surface of the supporter piston320is reciprocated together, so that low pressure refrigerant filled in the hermetic shell110is sucked into the compression space defined by the piston300and the cylinder200through the suction muffler700.
In detail, the suction muffler700includes a cylindrical muffler casing720of a relatively large diameter having an inlet and an outlet at front and rear ends in an axis direction to let refrigerant in and out, an inner suction pipe730installed inside the inlet740of the muffler casing720, a vertical partition wall760for separating an inner space defined by the inside of the muffler casing720and the inner suction pipe730, a horizontal partition wall770bonded to the vertical partition wall760to surround a part of the inner suction pipe730, and an outer suction pipe750extended long to the outside of the outlet of the muffler casing720. Here, a flange portion790for coupling the suction muffler assembly to the supporter piston320, and a step difference780for coupling the outer suction pipe750between the supporter piston320and the muffler casing720are formed at the muffler casing720. In this case, refrigerant is introduced into the inlet740of the muffler casing720, flows along the inner suction pipe730, passes through the space defined by the vertical partition wall760and the horizontal partition wall770, and flows along the outer suction pipe750. Preferably, the muffler casing720is made of a metal to be firmly coupled to the supporter piston320. The other components such as the inner suction pipe730, the vertical partition wall760, the horizontal partition wall770and the outer suction pipe750can be made of a plastic or metal. However, taking processing and assembly convenience into consideration, it is better to form such components by means of a plastic injection molding and to assemble them by means of a press-fit, etc.
Here, the outer suction pipe750includes a suction volume755with a larger sectional area in a central portion than in both ends. The suction volume755can serve as a temporary storage for maintaining a flow of refrigerant to be constant. That is, if a flow amount of refrigerant is large, the refrigerant is stored in the suction volume755, and if a flow amount of refrigerant is deficient, the refrigerant stored in the suction volume755is discharged.
Variations of the mass flow of the refrigerant passing through the suction muffler700according to the present invention can be better understood with reference toFIG. 6. The mass flow of the refrigerant passing through the outer suction pipe750shows the same wave as that of the operating frequency of the linear motor as in the prior art. However, if the flow amount of the refrigerant is deficient, the refrigerant stored in the suction volume755is discharged, so that the mass flow average of the refrigerant increases. In the graph ofFIG. 6, in a case where the refrigerant is sucked through the suction muffler700having the suction volume755according to the present invention, the mass flow average of the refrigerant increases from (a) to (b).
FIG. 7is a side-sectional view illustrating an outer suction pipe with a suction volume formed therein according to an embodiment of the present invention. An inlet end753and an outlet end757are identical to those of the conventional outer suction pipe. However, a suction volume755defined between the inlet end753and the outlet end757slowly inclines from both ends and has the largest sectional area in a central portion to thereby temporarily store refrigerant. Here, the section of the suction volume755is an almost rhombus.
FIG. 8is a side-sectional view illustrating an outer suction pipe with a suction volume formed therein according to another embodiment of the present invention. A suction volume755between an inlet end753and an outlet end757has a section gradually increased toward a central portion. The section of the suction volume755forms arcs facing each other.
FIG. 9is a side-sectional view illustrating an outer suction pipe with a suction volume formed therein according to a further embodiment of the present invention. A suction volume755between an inlet end753and an outlet end757has an almost octagonal section where sides parallel to a longitudinal direction of a piston are relatively long.
FIG. 10is a view illustrating a simplified flow modeling in an outer suction pipe of a suction muffler according to the present invention.
When a suction volume755is provided between an inlet end753and an outlet end757of an outer suction pipe750, in a case where inflow of refrigerant into the inlet end753is deficient, refrigerant stored in the suction volume755is discharged, so that a flow of refrigerant can be constant in the outlet end757.
FIG. 11is a view illustrating an equivalent modeling of an outer suction pipe of a suction muffler according to the present invention to a capacitor of an electric circuit.
A suction volume of the outer suction pipe provided in the suction muffler according to the present invention can be modeled into the capacitor of the electric circuit. First, the capacitor of the electric circuit indicated by a dotted line at the top of the drawing charges and discharges a current to maintain an output voltage to be constant as shown in a graph at the bottom of the drawing. In the same manner, according to the present invention, the outer suction pipe of the suction muffler is provided with the suction volume to store and discharge refrigerant, thereby maintaining a flow of refrigerant to be constant.
Here, the outer suction pipe750cannot be easily shaped by a metal processing. Meanwhile, the outer suction pipe750can be easily formed by integrally injection-molding a plastic material, or by injection-molding two or more plastic members and bonding them. It has been publicly known that an expansion portion can be provided to the outlet end757of the outer suction pipe750. According to the present invention, the outer suction pipe750can be easily assembled between the supporter piston320and the muffler casing720by using an edge of the inlet end753. That is, since an outer diameter of the inlet end753is slightly larger than an inner diameter of the supporter piston320, the edge of the inlet end753is put on the supporter piston320to be suspended on the rear surface of the supporter piston320, and the muffler casing720is fastened to the supporter piston320, so that the outer suction pipe750is fixedly installed between the supporter piston320and the muffler casing720. In this case, when the step difference780sufficiently large to accommodate the edge portion of the inlet end753is formed at the muffler casing720, the outer suction pipe750can be completely installed.
As discussed earlier, the muffler casing720is preferably formed of a metal material to be firmly fastened to the supporter piston320. In a case where the outer suction pipe750is injection-molded with a plastic, the outer suction pipe750can be easily fixedly installed between the supporter piston320and the muffler casing720by means of the aforementioned coupling structure.
That is, in the assembly, the piston300, the supporter piston320, the outer suction pipe750and the muffler casing720are put on an assembly jig in order, and coupled by means of separate fastening bolts, thereby obtaining a firmly-coupled moving member.
As set forth herein, the suction muffler of the linear compressor according to the present invention includes the outer suction pipe to provide the suction volume for storing and discharging the refrigerant. The suction volume maintains the flow of the refrigerant to be constant, so that the linear compressor can obtain high efficiency performance. Moreover, load is not excessively applied to the moving member for compressing the refrigerant for a high cooling force.
The present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments and the accompanying drawings. Therefore, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various displacements, modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the technical ideas of the invention.
| 5F
| 04 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The embodiment of the invention will be described below in conjunction with the appended drawings.
FIGS. 1A and 1Bare diagrams illustrating a complex harness in the present embodiment, whereinFIG. 1Ais a plan view andFIG. 1Bis a cross sectional view taken on line1B-1B.
As shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B, a complex harness1is provided with a composite cable5composed of an electric brake cable2and an ABS sensor cable3which are integrated by covering with a common outer sheath4. In addition, the complex harness1is configured such that the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3are separated at end portions of the composite cable5and a connector6is provided at an end portion of least at one of the cables2and3.
The electric brake cable2is composed of two power wires7and is mainly used as a conducting path for passing an electric current which is caused to flow therethrough by pressing a given button after stopping a vehicle to operate a mechanism of preventing rotation of wheels (an electric parking brake (EPB) mechanism). In addition, it is obvious that the electric brake cable2can be a cable for a general electric brake other than for an electric parking brake (EPB) (e.g., a cable including a control signal wire, etc., in addition to the two power wires7).
The power wire7is formed by covering a center conductor7awith an insulation7b. The insulation7bis formed of, e.g., XLPE (crosslinked polyethylene) or ETFE (tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer), etc. In the electric brake cable2, the two power wires7are generally covered with a sheath but, in the invention, the common outer sheath4is used in substitution for the sheath.
Note that, in the present embodiment, it is defined that the composite cable5is composed of the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3which are integrated by covering with the common outer sheath4but it can be said, in other words, that the composite cable5is composed of the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3which is integrated therewith by being embedded into a sheath (the outer sheath4) of the electric brake cable2.
The two power wires7of the electric brake cable2extend from both end portions of the composite cable5. A connector6ato be connected to a brake caliper (not shown) is provided at one of the end portions and a connector6bto be connected to a control device (not shown) is provided at another end portion. A protector8formed of a tube or hose, etc., is provided around the two power wires7extending from the composite cable5on each side in order to provide a protection for the power wires7against chipping, etc., caused by a flipped stone.
The ABS sensor cable3is formed by covering two signal wires9with an inner sheath10all together. The signal wire9is formed by covering a center conductor9awith an insulation9b. The insulation9bis formed of, e.g., XLPE, etc. In the present embodiment, the ABS sensor cable3is provided so as to be in contact with the power wires7.
In the present embodiment, the outer sheath4is formed of a thermoplastic resin, in more detail, a thermoplastic urethane, and the inner sheath10is formed of a crosslinked thermoplastic resin, in more detail, a crosslinked thermoplastic urethane. As shown inFIG. 1B, the outer sheath4is provided around the power wires7and the ABS sensor cable3so as to be interposed therebetween. Although the outer sheath4is formed by extrusion molding, it is possible to reduce melting of the inner sheath10due to heat and fusion-adhesion of the inner sheath10to the outer sheath4resulting therefrom at the time of forming the outer sheath4around the inner sheath10(at the time of extrusion molding) by crosslinking the inner sheath10. As a result, the ABS sensor cable3can be easily separated from and taken out of the outer sheath4at the end portions of the composite cable5.
Since the thermoplastic urethane used for the outer sheath4and the inner sheath10is strong against chipping caused by a flipped stone, etc., portions covered with the sheaths4and10(around the composite cable5and around the ABS sensor cable3extruding from the composite cable5) do not need to be covered with a protector. In addition, the thermoplastic urethane is easily bent and is suitable for the complex harness1which is used for a wiring under a spring and is repeatedly bent.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, a thermoplastic urethane having a silane coupling agent added thereto is crosslinked and is used as the inner sheath10, and a sensor portion (sensor head)11of the ABS sensor is integrated at an end of the ABS sensor cable3by a resin mold. Nylon is used as the resin mold. A connector6cto be connected to a control device (not shown) is provided at another end of the ABS sensor cable3.
In case that the thermoplastic urethane is crosslinked, it is not possible to ensure adhesion to the resin mold (nylon, in the present embodiment). However, by performing the crosslinking treatment after adding the silane coupling agent to the thermoplastic urethane, silane coupling agent is activated and this allows adhesion to the resin mold to be improved. As a result, it is possible to ensure adhesion between the inner sheath10and the sensor portion11, thereby reducing water intrusion into the sensor portion11. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce troubles of the sensor portion11such as breakdown.
Grommets12to which a clamp for attaching the composite cable5to a vehicle body is fixed are attached to the composite cable5. The grommet12is formed of, e.g., EPDM (ethylene propylene diene rubber). An inner diameter of the grommet12is expanded by air for attaching the grommet12to the composite cable5, and at this time, it is difficult to attach the grommet12if the surface of the outer sheath4is not flat. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the outer sheath4is formed by performing extrusion molding twice to obtain the outer sheath4having a flat surface, thereby forming the composite cable5having a substantially regular outer shape.
Effects of the present embodiment will be described.
The complex harness1in the present embodiment is provided with the composite cable5composed of the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3which are integrated by covering with the common outer sheath4.
Since the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3are integrated, it is possible to effectively use wiring space in a vehicle and to facilitate wiring work. In addition, it is possible to reduce the number of wiring parts, which facilitates parts control.
In addition, in the present embodiment, the ABS sensor cable3is formed by covering the two signal wires9with the inner sheath10all together, the outer sheath4is formed of a thermoplastic resin and the inner sheath10is formed of a crosslinked thermoplastic resin.
Therefore, it is possible to reduce melting of the inner sheath10due to heat and fusion-adhesion of the inner sheath10to the outer sheath4resulting therefrom at the time of forming the outer sheath4(at the time of extrusion molding), and accordingly, the ABS sensor cable3can be easily separated from and taken out of the outer sheath4at the end portions of the composite cable5.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, a thermoplastic urethane having a silane coupling agent added thereto is used as a material of the inner sheath10, and the sensor portion11of the ABS sensor is integrated at an end of the ABS sensor cable3by the resin mold.
This allows the inner sheath10and the resin mold to be air-tightly integrated and it is thereby possible to reduce breakdown etc., of the sensor portion11due to water intrusion thereinto. In addition, the number of wiring parts is further reduced by integrally providing the sensor portion11at an end portion of the ABS sensor cable3and it is thus possible to further facilitate wiring work.
Meanwhile, the electric brake cable2is used as a conducting path for passing an electric current which is caused to flow therethrough by pressing a given button after stopping a vehicle to operate a parking brake mechanism. Therefore, the ABS sensor cable3which is in operation during running a vehicle does not need measures against noise from the electric brake cable2. Therefore, it is possible to integrate the electric brake cable2with the ABS sensor cable3without providing a noise suppression shield on at least one of the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3.
Next, another embodiment of the invention will be described.
A complex harness21shown inFIG. 2is based on the complex harness1shown inFIG. 1and has a separator22provided between the outer sheath4and the inner sheath10to reduce fusion-adhesion thereof.
By providing the separator22, the ABS sensor cable3can be easily separated from and taken out of the outer sheath4at the end portions of the composite cable5even when both of the outer sheath4around the inner sheath10are formed of a thermoplastic urethane.
Furthermore, in case that the separator22is formed of a metal and is provided so as to cover the ABS sensor cable3, the separator22serves as a shield and this allows external noise into the signal wire9of the ABS sensor cable3to be reduced. Note that, a material of the separator22is not limited thereto and it is possible to use, e.g., non-woven paper, non-woven fabric (formed of, e.g., PET) or resin tape, etc.
Complex harnesses31and32respectively shown inFIGS. 3A and 3Bare based on the complex harness1shown inFIG. 1and have a shield conductor33provided so as to cover the two power wires7of the electric brake cable2.FIG. 3Ashows a case where the shield conductor33is provided so as to cover all of the two power wires7and the ABS sensor cable3andFIG. 3Bshows a case where the shield conductor33is provided so as to cover only the two power wires7. Both structures are adoptable. Alternatively, the shield conductor33may be provided so as to cover only the ABS sensor cable3. In case that the shield conductor33is provided so as to cover all of the power wires7and the ABS sensor cable3as shown inFIG. 3A, an inclusion34is inserted inside the shield conductor33, i.e., around the power wires7and the ABS sensor cable3. Meanwhile, by providing the shield conductor33so as to cover only the two power wires7as shown inFIG. 3B, it is possible to reduce noise into the ABS sensor cable3which is in operation during running a vehicle even when the electric brake cable2is also used for passing an electric current during running a vehicle to slow down the vehicle, not only after stopping the vehicle. This allows the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3to be integrated even when the electric brake cable2is also used for passing an electric current during running a vehicle to slow down the vehicle, not only after stopping the vehicle.
Providing the shield conductor33allows radiation noise from the power wires7to be suppressed, thereby taking EMI (electromagnetic interference) measures. In addition, when providing the shield conductor33, the shield conductor33serves as a separator which separates the ABS sensor cable3from the outer sheath4, which reduces fusion-adhesion of the inner sheath10to the outer sheath4and allows the power wires7and the ABS sensor cable3to be easily separated.
Furthermore, it is possible to provide non-woven paper, non-woven fabric (formed of, e.g., PET) or resin tape, etc., in place of the shield conductor33inFIG. 3A. Providing the non-woven paper or non-woven fabric in place of the shield conductor33allows fusion-adhesion of the inner sheath10to the outer sheath4to be reduced, and at the same time, rubbing between the power wires7or the ABS sensor cable3and the outer sheath4to be reduced and the power wires7or the ABS sensor cable3to easily move (slip) in the outer sheath4, which reduces stress due to bending and thus allows flexing endurance to be improved.
It should be noted that the invention is not intended to be limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and it is obvious that the various kinds of modifications can be added without departing from the gist of the invention.
For example, the ABS sensor cable3is formed by covering the two signal wires9with the inner sheath10all together in the embodiments, it is possible to omit the inner sheath10as shown inFIGS. 4A and 4B. In this case, the signal wires9extend from the end portions of the composite cable5and it is therefore necessary to provide protectors42formed of a tube or hose, etc., on the exposed portions of the signal wires9in order to provide a protection against chipping, etc., caused by a flipped stone. However, in this case, adhesion of the insulation9bof the signal wire9(e.g., XLPE) to the resin mold (e.g., nylon) is not good enough and it is not possible to integrate the sensor portion11by the resin mold. Therefore, a connector43is provided on the signal wires9at one end and the sensor portion11is connected to the connector.
In addition, the electric brake cable2may also be covered with an inner sheath in the same manner as the ABS sensor cable3even though it is not mentioned in the embodiments. In this case, in order to prevent fusion-adhesion of the inner sheath to the outer sheath4, a crosslinked thermoplastic urethane is used for the inner sheath, or, a separator is interposed between the inner sheath and the outer sheath4. This allows the protector8to be omitted and wiring work to be facilitated.
Furthermore, although the outer sheath4formed of a thermoplastic urethane has been described in the embodiments, it is not limited thereto and the outer sheath4may be formed of EPDM. Since compression set (creep) is less likely occur in EPDM, forming the outer sheath4from the EPDM allows a clamp to be directly fixed to the outer sheath4without attaching the grommet12and it is thus possible to further facilitate wiring work. Note that, since compression set (creep) is likely occur in the thermoplastic resin, it is not possible to directly fix a clamp thereto and the grommet12needs to be provided.
Still further, it is obviously possible to integrate another insulated wire such as disconnection detection line in addition to the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3even though it is not mentioned in the embodiments.
FIG. 5is a diagram illustrating a complex harness in a vehicle in an embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 5, in an exemplary aspect of the present invention, a vehicle includes an electric parking brake mechanism including a power source, unshielded power wires connected to the power source and covered by an outer sheath, and a brake caliper configured to receive a power from the power source via the unshielded power wires, and an ABS mechanism including an ABS sensor detecting a rotation speed of a wheel, unshielded signal wires connected to the ABS sensor and covered by the outer sheath together with the unshielded power wires, and a control device for conducting an ABS control based on a signal input from the ABS sensor via the unshielded signal wires.
Composite cable5, attached to a vehicle body, includes the electric brake cable2and the ABS sensor cable3. A connector6b, which is connected to the control device, is provided at an end portion of the electric brake cable2. A connector6c, which is connected to a control device, is provided at an end of the ABS sensor cable3.
| 7H
| 01 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The support arm system represented in FIG. 1 comprises a wall connector
element 12, by means of which a horizontal support arm 13 is fastened on
the wall 11. An articulated joint comprising articulated joint elements 15
and 16 connects the support arms 13 and 17, so that they can pivot about a
vertical axis of rotation with respect to each other. A vertical support
arm 19 is connected with the horizontal support arm 17 by means of an
angle element 18. The lower end of the support arm 19 supports an
articulated joint 20, comprising the articulated joint elements 21 and 22.
The articulated joint 20 allows a limited pivoting of the control device
10 on the support arm system. The articulated joint 20 can be fixed in
place by means of an arresting device 23, so that the control device 10
maintains a previously set pivot position.
Additional elements 24, 27 are positioned between the articulated joint 20
and the control device 10, which are used for preventing contact between
the control device 10 and the support arm system, which will be explained
later.
As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, elements comprise a cup-shaped and ring-shaped
housing element 24 and a disk-shaped and ring-shaped housing element 33,
which together form a housing for a connecting element 27, which have
centered openings 38, 39 and 40, as shown in FIG. 3, so that control lines
can be conducted to the control device 10. The control device 10 has an
associated insertion opening 37.
The cup-shaped housing element 24 has bores 25 for screws 26, which are
screwed into associated threaded receptacles in the articulated joint
element 22. The screws 26 can be passed through the widened through-bores
29 of the connecting element 27 without contact, as shown in FIG. 5.
The housing for the connecting element 27 is completed by the disk-shaped
housing element 33. Both housing elements 24 and 33 are screwed together
with screws 35, wherein the housing element 33 has bores 34 and the
housing element 24 has correspondingly distributed threaded receptacles.
The control device 10 has bores 36 distributed around the insertion opening
37 for screws 35, which are screwed into continuous threaded receptacles
30 of the connecting element 27, as shown in FIG. 6. With a lower end, the
connecting element 27 partially projects out of the assembled housing,
wherein the diameter of the opening 38 in the housing element 33 is
greater than the exterior dimensions of the part of the connecting element
27 projecting out of the housing, as shown by the sectional view in FIG.
4. It is thus assured that the housing does not contact the connecting
element 27.
In the exemplary embodiment, the connecting element 27 has four flanges 28
projecting away from a circumference, onto which pocket-shaped, resilient
cushioning elements 31 with corresponding receptacles 32 are pushed, as
shown in FIG. 3. In the mounted position, the cushioning elements 31 are
supported vertically, i.e. in the direction of the pivot axis of the
articulated joint 20, on the facing inner sides of the housing elements 24
and 33. Perpendicular to the pivot axis, the cushioning elements 31 are
supported on the inner wall of the housing element 24, as shown in FIG. 4.
Cushioning is thus achieved in both directions via the housing and the
connecting element 27 housed therein, so that vibrations coming from the
support system can reach the connecting element 27 and the connected
control device 10 only in a strongly cushioned manner.
The articulated joint element 22 of the articulated joint 20 can be
designed in such a way that it also assumes functions of the cup-shaped
housing element 24. It is thus possible to reduce the cost outlay for
preventing vibrations coming from the support arm system from reaching the
control device 10. | 4E
| 04 | G |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the past ten years or so, private tennis courts, etc., have become very
popular. Aggressive court play requires an anti-skid yet flexible surface
to avoid injuries.
Recently, various types of court surfaces have been proposed, all of which
as noted in the prior art statement, are relatively expensive to install
and maintain.
The need for a durable, all weather, inexpensive, easy to repair and
maintain, yet cushioned surface court with customized (fast/slow) ball
finish and being anti-skid is apparent.
It should be understood at this time that an important and advantageous
feature of the present invention is the ability to readily and
inexpensively install and maintain a tennis court and other sporting
surfaces.
Generally speaking, the invention includes, but is not limited to, an
anti-skid cushioned sports surface installed on an existing surface 10,
and comprises a basemat 11, a primer coat or layer 12, a grip layer 13, a
leveler coat or layer 14, a texture coat or layer 15, and a color coating
16.
With reference now to FIGS. 1,2, and 2A, the new sports floor/surface and
method of installation and renovation of an existing sports court will be
described.
The base or existing surface 10 may be, for example, cinder, gravel,
asphalt, wood, concrete, clay, etc. The base surface 10 may be constructed
or comprise an existing tennis court, running track or gymnasium which is
being resurfaced (see FIG. 2) using the present system. Any holes 21 or
major cracks 22 in the base should be first filled with appropriate
material for example concrete 23,24 and all loose debris removed.
The basemat 11 is pre-manufactured, generally in roll form (similar to
wall-to-wall carpet) or in flat square/rectangular sections (similar to
floor tile), from rubber particles (for example, recycled SBR-rubber)
mixed with and bound together by a polyurethane adhesive. The basemat 11
is engineered and fabricated into a uniform thickness and density. The
thickness and density may be selected to accommodate the needs and desires
of the persons having the tennis/sports court/track installed.
The basemat 11 is laid on the existing surface and preferably is secured
thereto, for example, glued/bonded atop the wood or concrete etc. surface
being installed 10 or refurbished 10a. If tile like sections are used, the
sections should be snugly abutted along their edges to substantially avoid
gaps or spaces along juxtaposed sides.
Both tile like and roll form basemat are commercially available from
DODGE-REGUPOL, INC. having offices in LANCASTER, Pa.
The basemat 11 is selected, empirically or by specification, to provide a
customized cushioning or resilience for the particular surface, for
example a tennis court or running court or gymnasium, etc. In this manner,
substantial protection is provided to avoid back and leg
injuries/discomfort/fatigue while utilizing the sport/tennis court.
It is also noted that polyethylene foam may be used under the "SBR" Basemat
on different surfaces (e.g., cinder, asphalt, concrete, wood or the like)
as an added shock pad to facilitate the cushioning process.
The primer coat 12 is basically a mixture of two parts of dry silica sand
with ten parts of a urethane based type sub-floor and construction
adhesive. The primer coat 12 is applied, for example, with a stiff hard
rubber squeegee in an amount generally sufficient to fill in or abridge
the imperfections or gaps or fissures 21,22 that are typical in the
generally available "SBR" basemat.
Although the application of primer coat 12 generally increases the surface
tensile power or strength of the basemat, it has been found not to
detrimentally affect the flexibility or resiliency of the "SBR" Basemat 12
in accordance with one feature or aspect of the invention.
In this manner, it was discovered that the primer coated basemat 11 was
relatively resistant to extreme heat and substantially prevents the
sports/tennis surface from becoming sticky. Thus, in accordance with
another feature of the invention, a more consistent surface texture is
maintained which facilitates the sports activity while providing a
relatively safer anti-skid surface.
The primer coat 12 generally makes the basemat 11 substantially waterproof,
while having chemical (bonding) compatibility with the "SBR" basemat 11
and the subsequently applied acrylic latex compound(s) 14.
The grip coating 13 is applied over the primer coat 12 while the primer is
still wet. The grip coat 13 consists of dry silica sand generally ranging
from a minimum of a #100 grit to a #40 grit. The sand is sprayed over the
wet primer 12 and left to dry and cure over the following 24 hours or
more. A soft brush (not shown) or lower pressure blower (not shown) is
typically used to remove any excess (not bonded) sand off the surface
area.
The grip (sand) coating becomes an integrally bonded sand layer atop the
primer coating 12 and basemat 11, forming a strong and flexible base that
is a distinguishing feature over the prior art does not require additional
urethane, water or solvent base adhesive or non-woven fabric sheet.
It should be recognized that in many prior art systems or sports surfaces a
water base, solvent base or urethane base adhesive is used with a fiber or
non-woven fabric in order to obtain a proper bonding to acrylic layers.
This results in a process that is relatively expensive, timely and
difficult to install. Such surfaces can also become sticky in hot
temperatures and are, therefore, relatively dangerous.
The Leveler or filler coating 14 comprises a sand filled acrylic latex
compound, which is a none pigmented concentrate. The Leveler coating 14
may be applied with a rubber squeegee.
The Leveler coating 14 mixture may, for example, comprise 30 gallons of
acrylic latex, 100 lbs of either #60 grit or #40 grit silica sand and
diluted with 15 gallons of water.
The acrylic latex compound is commercially available, for example, from the
Koch Asphalt Company which has Offices in Chicago, Ill., and is referred
to as "DECOBASE" 920-05.
The leveler coating 14 may be applied with a soft rubber squeegee or wide
floor broom, used as a squeegee. The first application preferably should
be made parallel to one of the directions of the surface.
Care must be exercised not to leave ridges of coating where adjoining
applications overlap.
When the first application or coat has dried, another application may be
applied if desired. The following applications should,preferably, be
applied at right angle to the proceeding application and left to dry.
The leveler coating 14 provides a finish like surface having excellent
toughness and also fills in low spots, and levels minor imperfections.
The texture coating 15 comprises a fine sand filled acrylic latex compound,
which may be applied to effect a fine surface texture.
The texture coating 15 is similar to the leveler coating 14 except that, if
desired, a fine or smaller grit size silica sand is used.
In this manner, the surface texture may be varied or selected for desired
traction and/or ball-on-court response, e.g., bounce and speed variations.
The sports/tennis court is generally coated with several color coatings 16.
In contrast to the prior, another feature of the present invention is that
the color coating(s) 16 is applied without mixing the paint or coloring
agent with any silica sand ingredient or texture ingredient. In this
manner, it has been discovered that the color coated surface is long
lasting with relatively little or virtually no surface ware.
Depending on the type of sports field being installed (or repaired), for
example, tennis court or track field etc., the appropriate playing lines
17 may be painted on the color coated 16 surface.
METHOD OF REFURBISHING
With reference now to FIG. 2 and 2A, the method of renovating a prior art
sports surface/court 10a will now be discussed.
Basically speaking, the renovation comprises the following steps:
filling in or repairing any cracks 23 or holes 24 in the existing sports
surface 10a;
applying a basemat 11 over the existing surface, said basemat 11 may be
secured to the existing surface 10a by means of an adhesive, polyethylene
foam 30 or other suitable fasteners (not shown);
applying a primer coat 12 over said basemat 11;
applying a grip layer 13 over said primer coat 12;
applying a leveler coat(s) 14 over said grip layer 13;
applying one or more texture coat(s) 15 over said leveler coat(s) 14; and
applying one or more color coating(s) 16 over said texture coat 15.
METHOD OF REPAIR
With reference now to FIG. 3 and 3A, the method of repairing a
sports/tennis surface 27 which was installed in accordance with the
present invention, consisting of the following steps:
cutting out and removing the damaged section 25 of the sports surface 27;
applying an adhesive 30 over the exposed subsurface 31;
installing a section of basemat 11a dimensioned to fit snugly within the
cut-out area 28;
applying a primer coat 12a over the basemat 11a and filling any gaps
between said basemat section 11a and the juxtaposed surfaces 29 of the
existing court 27;
applying a grip layer 13a over said primer coat 12a;
applying one or more leveler coatings 14a over said grip layer 13a;
applying one or more texture coatings 15a over said leveler coat 14a;
applying one or more color coatings 16a over at least said leveler coating
14a and/or over a larger (or entire) portion of the sports/tennis surface
27;
applying/restoring the desired sports playing lines 17a on the appropriate
portions of the sports surface 27.
Thus in accordance with the invention, the present invention provides a new
and improved sports/tennis surface (court) which enables relatively
inexpensive installation and repair.
It is to be understood that the above described arrangements are
illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Other
arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing
from the spirit and scope of the invention. | 4E
| 01 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference now to FIG. 1, we describe a well-known optical
communication system comprising a source 12 of signal light .lambda..sub.s
to be amplified, a utilization device 14 to which the signal light is to
be delivered, and a FAMP 30 for amplifying the signal light. The source
and utilization device may be pieces of terminal equipment, sections of
transmission fiber, or other FAMPs in the system, etc. In the latter case,
the system would include a multi-stage FAMP configuration. The FAMP 30 is
illustratively depicted as being double pumped; i.e., two pump lasers 1
and 2 are coupled to fiber gain medium 16 via suitable couplers such as
WDMs 10 and 20, respectively. Pump laser 1 provides co-propagating pump
light .lambda..sub.p1, whereas pump laser 2 provides counter-propagating
pump light .lambda..sub.p2. However, depending on the gain one desires to
generate in gain medium 16, as well as other system, cost and complexity
considerations, it may suffice to employ only a single pump laser and
hence a single WDM.
In accordance with one embodiment of our invention, a FAMP is provided with
a pump laser, illustratively a fiber laser 40 of the type shown in FIG. 2.
Advantageously, our pump laser design reduces reliability and MPI
problems, as well as the tendency of the laser 40 to lase at undesired
wavelengths. Laser 40 comprises a section 43 of single mode fiber designed
to provide optical gain when suitably pumped and a pair of single mode
fiber grating reflectors 42 and 44 which form an optical resonator with
the gain section 43 therein. (Grating reflectors 42 and 44 are referred to
herein as input and output gratings, respectively.) Note, in an
alternative embodiment (not shown), grating reflectors 42 and 44 may be
closely spaced (i.e., spaced apart a distance which is a small fraction of
the total length of the active medium, resulting in a laser
oscillator/amplifier combination of the type described by one of us (S.
Grubb) in U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,622 issued on Dec. 5, 1995 and incorporated
herein by reference.
In the FAMP of FIG. 2, a segment 46 of single mode transmission fiber
couples pump light .lambda..sub.p to, for example, the FAMP gain section
16 of FIG. 1 via a WDM. On the other hand, the gain section 43 of the pump
laser 40 itself is energized (i.e., pumped) by a diode laser 49 which, as
shown in FIG. 2, is coupled via a lens arrangement 47 and input grating 42
to gain section 43. Lens arrangement 47 may be a single lens or a
combination of lasers, but in any case is optional; other well-known
coupling schemes, such as a butt coupling, are also suitable and may even
be preferred in some cases. Importantly, in order to reduce the intensity
of spurious pump light (.lambda..sub.p) transmitted through input grating
42 toward laser diode 49, a section 51 of multimode fiber is interposed
between input grating 42 and the laser diode 49. Preferably, fiber section
51 supports multimode light, but has no single mode core to support single
mode light. The larger cross-section of the core of the multimode fiber
(compared to the core of the single mode gain section 43) effectively
attenuates the spurious light, thereby providing significant protection of
the diode laser from damage. MPI is likewise reduced inasmuch as any
signal light, which reaches the pump laser via the imperfect WDM, is
reflected back to the WDM at significantly reduced power levels. Hence, at
the output of the FAMP any delayed signal light is also at considerably
reduced power levels.
Another advantage of reducing the power level of spurious pump light
incident on the laser diode, is the reduction of mode-hopping which can be
induced when such pump light enters the active region of the laser diode;
e.g., this problem is extant in fiber lasers which generate 1060 nm pump
light in a Yb doped-core silica fiber gain section 43 when pumped by
700-985 nm light.
Still another advantage is that the multimode section 48 reduces the
effective reflectivity at the end of input grating 42 by as much as
several orders of magnitude, thereby greatly reducing the likelihood that
undesired wavelengths will lase. (An example of an undesired wavelength is
the high gain 1100 nm line in a fiber laser (Nd or Yb-doped) designed to
lase at 1060 nm.) This same feature finds application in an amplified
spontaneous emission (ASE) fiber source, e.g., the device of FIG. 2 in
which gratings 42 and 44 are omitted and the single mode fiber 46 is
either omitted or replaced with a suitable multimode fiber.
Although not explicitly shown in the schematic figures, the joining of the
various sections of fibers, including the multimode fiber section 51 to
the fiber section containing input grating 42, may be accomplished by
well-known, low loss fusion splices of the type described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,074,633 granted to L. G. Cohen et al. on Dec. 24, 1991 and incorporated
herein by reference. Moreover, the fiber sections are shown in FIG. 2 with
schematic breaks in order to depict that these sections are typically part
of much longer lengths of fiber (often several meters long to tens of
meters long). The fiber laser 40 is preferably designed to enhance the
coupling between the pump light from laser diode 49 and the single mode
gain section 43. To this end, the "star" fiber design described by one of
us, D. DiGiovanni, in copending application Ser. No. 08/561,682 filed on
Nov. 22, 1995 is particularly advantageous. This application is
incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, an exemplary star fiber
includes a single mode silica core or gain section 43 (having a nominally
circular cross-section) surrounded by a lower refractive index silica pump
cladding 45 (having a star-like cross-section). The latter is, in turn,
surrounded by a yet lower index polymer cladding 50 (having a nominally
circular cross-section). In addition, the cross-sectional area of the core
of the multimode fiber 51 is preferably slightly less than or equal to
that of the pump cladding 45; furthermore it has a numerical aperture less
than or equal to that of cladding 45. The cladding (not shown) of
multimode fiber 51 may comprise silica or a polymer having a lower
refracture index than its core.
In operation, the pump light (.lambda..sub.d1) from laser diode 49
propagates through the core of multimode fiber 51 into the pump cladding
45 of the fiber laser 40. The star-like cross-section of the pump cladding
serves to reflect the pump light .lambda..sub.d1 so that it intersects the
single-mode core of gain section 43 a plurality of times, thereby causing
it to lase at a wavelength .lambda..sub.p.
The fiber gratings are advantageously Bragg gratings which are UV-written
in single mode fiber using, illustratively, the technique described in
Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No. 15 (Aug. 1, 1989), pp. 823-825, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
The WDMs 10 and 20 and other devices for routing signals are described, for
example, in "Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Design & System Applications, "
Bjarklev, Artech House, Inc., Boston-London 1993, p. 160-161, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
The laser diode 49 may be single laser, an array of lasers, a single laser
with multiple active stripes, or any other design suitable for coupling
sufficient power at .lambda..sub.d1 into the multimode fiber 51. The
composition of the laser diode, in particular its active region, is
determined by the desired wavelength .lambda..sub.d1 ; for example, AlGaAs
laser diodes are suitable for operation at .lambda..sub.d1 wavelengths in
the range of about 800-870 nm, whereas InGaAs laser diodes are suitable
for wavelengths in the range of about 870-1000 nm.
EXAMPLE 1
This example describes a FAMP for amplifying signal light at .lambda..sub.s
=1550 nm using an Er-Yb-doped fiber 16 which was about 8 m in length. A
single, co-propagating fiber pump laser 1 was coupled to the fiber by a
commercially available WDM 10.
The pump laser 1, of the type shown in FIG. 2, included GaAs-AlGaAs laser
diode 49 which delivered 805 nm light at 2.0 W of power into about a 1 m
section of multimode fiber 51. The latter had a core diameter of 100 .mu.m
and was fusion spliced to a short (2 m) Nd-doped single mode "star" fiber
section containing a high reflectivity (nominally 100% at 1060 nm) input
grating 42. The latter was fusion spliced to about 75 m of single mode,
Nd-doped core, silica "star" fiber which lased at 1060 nm and 500 mW of
power (about 80 mW threshold and about 30% slope efficiency). The other
end of the star fiber section was fusion spliced to a short (2 m)
Nd-doped, "star" single mode section containing a low reflectivity (about
20% at 1000 nm) output grating 44. The latter was in turn fusion spliced
to single mode fiber 46 and hence to WDM 10.
With this design, the spurious light reaching the laser diode was reduced
by about 50 dB, as compared to only about 20 dB for designs without the
multimode section 51. Other performance characteristics: the FAMP
incorporating this pump laser generated 200 mW of power at 1550 nm; the
noise figure decreased from about 7.8 to 4.8 dB over the wavelength range
of about 1530 to 1564 nm.
EXAMPLE 2
In this example, a counter-propagating pump was used instead of the
co-propagating pump of Example 1. The output power and noise figures
decreased from about 9.2 to 5.4 dB over the range of 1525 to 1565 nm.
Other Embodiments
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are merely
illustrative of the many possible specific embodiments which can be
devised to represent application of the principles of the invention.
Numerous and varied other arrangements can be devised in accordance with
these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
In particular, in accordance with another aspect of our invention, it may
be desirable to couple more than one diode laser to the active region of a
single fiber laser or ASE device. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, a pair of
diode lasers 49 and 52 are coupled to multimode fiber sections 51 and 53,
respectively. The multimode fiber 51 is coupled, in the manner described
above (FIG. 2), to deliver diode energizing light .lambda..sub.d1 to the
active region of fiber light source (e.g., a laser 40, or ASE device). On
the other hand, multimode fiber 53 and the single mode fiber 46 are
coupled to the fiber laser 40 via a three-port WDM 60. Multimode fiber 53
delivers energizing light .lambda..sub.d2 from diode laser 52 to the
active region of laser 40, whereas single mode fiber 46 delivers the
output .lambda..sub.p of laser 40 to the gain section 16 (FIG. 1 ) of a
FAMP.
Turning now to FIG. 4, the WDM 60 illustratively comprises first and second
lenses 62 arranged in tandem and a wavelength selective reflector 66
interposed therebetween. Reflector 66 is highly transmissive at the
wavelengths .lambda..sub.d1 and .lambda..sub.d2 of the diode lasers 49 and
51, respectively, but highly reflective at the wavelength .lambda..sub.p
of the fiber laser. In an exemplary embodiment, the lenses are well-known
cylindrical, GRIN rod lenses designed to focus the .lambda..sub.p light
from the single mode core gain section 43 of laser 40 into the single mode
core of fiber 46, and to focus the .lambda..sub.d2 light of diode laser 52
into the multimode (pump) cladding 45 of fiber laser 40, i.e., directly
into cladding 45 or, as shown, via a hybrid fiber section 36 which has
both a single mode core 37 and a multimode core 38. Of course, section 36
may be a separate fiber fused to laser 40 or merely an extension of the
gain section 43 and cladding 45 of laser 40. In either case, the section
36 needs to support both single mode and multimode light.
In order to reduce back reflections of wavelengths near .lambda..sub.p into
the single mode core gain section 43, it is desirable to include an AR
coating on the front surface 63 of lens 62 or to tilt that surface at a
small angle to the axis of gain section 43, or both. Alternatively, or
additionally, the end face of fiber 36 may be tilted or AR coated. End
faces of other fibers and/or lenses may similarly be tilted or AR coated.
We note that multimode fiber 53 and the multimode pump cladding 45 of laser
40 need not have the same numerical aperture (NA). Indeed, the lenses and
NAs can be designed so that fiber 53 has a larger multimode core; e.g.,
fiber 53 could have a 200 .mu.m multimode mode size, whereas the multimode
pump clad 45 of laser 40 could have a 100 .mu.m mode size. This design
would increase the power coupling from the diode laser 52 into the active
region of the fiber laser.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), fiber 53 and fiber 36 may be
positioned on the same side of lens 62, with fiber 46 positioned facing
lens 64. In this case, reflector 66 is highly transmissive at wavelength
.lambda..sub.p to allow coupling of .lambda..sub.p to fiber 46 and
reflective at .lambda..sub.d2 to allow coupling of these wavelengths to
laser 40. More specifically, light from fiber 53 is coupled to multimode
core 38 of fiber 36 by means of lens 62 and reflector 66, whereas light
from the single mode core 37 of fiber 36 is coupled to single mode fiber
46 by lens 62 and lens 64.
In still another embodiment (not shown), it may be desirable to position
the output grating 44 in the single mode fiber 46, rather than in the
single mode core 43 of laser 40. In such an arrangement, the WDM 60 is an
intracavity device (i.e., it is positioned in the optical path between
input grating 42 and output grating 44. | 6G
| 02 | B |