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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to illustrate the purposes, features and advantages of the invention, the embodiments and figures of the invention are shown in detail as follows.
Certain terms are used throughout the description and following claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, manufacturers may refer to a component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following description and in the claims, the terms “include” and “comprise” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “include, but not limited to . . . ”. The term “substantially” means the value is within an acceptable error range. One skilled in the art can solve the technical problem within a predetermined error range and achieve the proposed technical performance. Also, the term “couple” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Accordingly, if one device is coupled to another device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, or through an indirect electrical connection via other devices and connections.
FIG. 1is a diagram of a communication device100according to an embodiment of the invention. The communication device100can wirelessly communicate with an external device150. The external device150may be separate from the communication device100. For example, the communication device100may be a server end, such as a wireless access point, and the external device150may be a client end, such as a mobile device, but they are not limited thereto. As shown inFIG. 1, the communication device100includes a smart antenna110, a storage device120, and a processor130. The smart antenna110is capable of switching between a plurality of different antenna modes, so as to communicate with the external device150using the selected/switched antenna mode. The storage device120can include any one of a combination of volatile memory elements (e.g., random-access memory (RAM, such as DRAM, and SRAM, etc.)) or nonvolatile memory elements. The processor130may include any custom-made or commercially available processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an auxiliary processor, a semiconductor-based microprocessor, a macro-processor, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), a plurality of suitably configured digital logic gates, or other well known electrical configurations including discrete elements both individually and in various combinations to coordinate the overall operation of the computing system. In some embodiments, the storage device120can store computer software. The processor130is configured to execute the computer software stored in the storage device120, and control the smart antenna110and perform the steps and operations of the invention. In alternative embodiments, the storage device120and the processor130are implemented with hardware logic circuitry to control the smart antenna110and perform the steps and operations of the invention.
FIG. 2is a diagram of the smart antenna110operating in different antenna modes according to an embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment ofFIG. 2, the aforementioned antenna modes include different radiation patterns. For example, as shown inFIG. 2, a first curve CC1, a second curve CC2, a third curve CC3, a fourth curve CC4, and a fifth curve CC5may represent five different radiation patterns of the smart antenna110. Specifically, the first curve CC1may be an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and the other curves CC2to CC5may be respective directional radiation patterns. The shapes of the aforementioned radiation patterns are adjustable according to different requirements. The processor130can control the smart antenna110to selectively use one of the different radiation patterns (e.g., one of CC1to CC5) for wirelessly communicating with the external device150. It should be understood that the smart antenna110may have fewer or more radiation patterns although there are exactly five radiation patterns displayed inFIG. 2.
FIG. 3is a diagram of the smart antenna110operating in different antenna modes according to another embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment ofFIG. 3, the aforementioned antenna modes include different polarization directions. For example, as shown inFIG. 3, a sixth curve CC6, a seventh curve CC7, an eighth curve CC8, a ninth curve CC9, and a tenth curve CC10may represent five different polarization directions of the smart antenna110. Specifically, the sixth curve CC6may be a horizontal polarization direction, and the eighth curve CC8may be vertical polarization direction. The orientations of the aforementioned polarization directions are adjustable according to different requirements. The processor130can control the smart antenna110to selectively use one of the different polarization directions (e.g., one of CC6to CC10) for wirelessly communicating with the external device150. It should be understood that the smart antenna110may have fewer or more polarization directions although there are exactly five polarization directions displayed inFIG. 3.
Generally, the processor130can control the smart antenna110to switch to all of the antenna modes one after another. Next, the processor130can evaluate feedback data relative to the antenna modes and accordingly select a specific mode among them. The following embodiments will describe the operations in each of the antenna modes during a training stage of the communication device100. There may be one or more working stages after the training stage, and they will be discussed later. It should be understood that if there are N antenna modes (“N” is a positive integer) of the smart antenna110, the following procedure may be performed N times for respectively testing the N antenna modes. In the beginning, the smart antenna110transmits a first test datum DT1and then receives a first feedback datum DF1in response to the first test datum DT1. In some embodiments, the smart antenna110transmits the first test datum DT1to the external device150and then receives the first feedback datum DF1from the external device150, but it is not limited thereto. The first feedback datum DF1may be determined according to the first test datum DT1. For example, the first test datum DT1may include a pulse signal, and the first feedback datum DF1may include RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), EVM (Error Vector Magnitude), or goodput measured from the external device150, but they are not limited thereto. Then, the processor130calculates a reward indicator DI according to the first feedback datum DF1. In some embodiments, the first feedback datum DF1includes RSSI measured from the external device150, and the reward indicator DI is a function of the RSSI. For example, the function may be linear, and the reward indicator DI may be proportional to the RSSI, but it is not limited thereto. The storage device120can store the first feedback datum DF1and the reward indicator DI in each of the antenna modes. The processor130can write data into the storage device120or read data from the storage device120. For example, after N antenna modes (“N” is a positive integer) of the smart antenna110are evaluated by the processor130during the training stage, the storage device120may store N first feedback data DF1and N reward indicators DI, which correspond to the N antenna modes, respectively.
During the first working stage of the communication device100(e.g., the first working stage may follow the training stage), after all of the antenna modes of the smart antenna110are evaluated and their corresponding reward indicators DI are calculated, the processor130compares all of the reward indicators DI with each other, and controls the smart antenna110to select a specific mode of the antenna modes according to the comparison between all of the reward indicators DI. For example, if the processor130obtains N reward indicators DI corresponding to N antenna modes of the smart antenna110(“N” is a positive integer), the processor130may select a specific reward indicator among the N reward indicators and determine the specific mode corresponding to the specific reward indicator. In some embodiments, the specific mode corresponds to the maximum of all of the reward indicators DI. That is, during the first working stage, the processor130selects one of the antenna modes as the specific mode, and the reward indicator DI of the selected antenna mode is the largest one among all of the reward indicators DI.
During the first working stage, next, the smart antenna110switches to the specific mode of the antenna modes (i.e., the specific mode is selected). The smart antenna110operating in the specific mode transmits a second test datum DT2and then receives a second feedback datum DF2in response to the second test datum DT2. In some embodiments, the smart antenna110operating in the specific mode transmits the second test datum DT2to the external device150and then receives the second feedback datum DF2from the external device150, but it is not limited thereto. The second feedback datum DF2may be determined according to the second test datum DT2. For example, the second test datum DT2may include a pulse signal, and the second feedback datum DF2may include RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), EVM (Error Vector Magnitude), or goodput measured from the external device150, but they are not limited thereto. The processor130determines a weight function DW of the first feedback datum DF1and the second feedback datum DF2of the specific mode. In some embodiments, the weight function DW depends on the first feedback datum DF1multiplied by a first weighting factor and the second feedback datum DF2multiplied by a second weighting factor. The second weighting factor may be the same as or different than the first weighting factor. For example, the ratio of the second weighting factor to the first weighting factor may be 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4, but it is not limited thereto. Then, the processor130updates the reward indicator DI of the specific mode according to the weight function DW. The storage device120can store the second feedback datum DF2, the weight function DW, and the updated reward indicator DI of the specific mode.
During a second working stage of the communication device100(e.g., the second working stage may follow the first working stage), after the reward indicator DI of the specific mode is updated, the processor130compares all of the reward indicators DI (including the updated reward indicator DI) with each other again, and controls the smart antenna110to update the specific mode according to the updated comparison between all of the reward indicators DI. The mechanism of the updated comparison during the second working stage may be the same as that of the comparison during the first working stage. For example, the updated specific mode may correspond to the maximum of all of the reward indicators DI (including the updated reward indicator DI). The updated specific mode selected during the second working stage may be the same as or different than the specific mode selected during the first working stage. For example, if there are N antenna modes (“N” is a positive integer) of the smart antenna110, the specific mode selected according to the comparison during the first working stage may be an N-th antenna mode, and the updated specific mode selected according to the updated comparison during the second working stage may be a (N−1)-th antenna mode, but they are not limited thereto. During the second working stage, next, the smart antenna110switches to the updated specific mode of the antenna modes. The smart antenna110operating in the updated specific mode may transmit a third test datum to the external device150and then receives a third feedback datum from the external device150(not shown). It should be understood that there may be more following working stages whose operations are similar to those of the first and second working stages, and they will not be described again here.
In some embodiments, the reward indicator of an i-th antenna mode (“i” is a positive integer) is determined or updated by the processor130according to the following equations (1) to (6).
R1_(1)=Ri(1)forn=1(1)R1_(n)=∑j=1nRi(j)nforn≥2(2)R1_(n-1)=∑j=1n-1Ri(j)n-1forn≥2(3)R1_(n)=(rni(n-1)-1)·R1_(n-1)+rni(n-1)·(r-1)·Ri(n)rni(n-1)+1-1ifthei-thantennamodeisselected(4)R1_(n)=R1_(n-1)ifthei-thantennamodeisnotselected(5)n=∑i=1Nni(6)
wherein “n” represents a current time integer (e.g., there may be continuous n time frames, and the current time frame is an n-th time frame), “ni” represents a total selection number of the i-th antenna mode (e.g., the i-th antenna mode has been selected as the specific mode nitimes for a time interval from a 1st time frame to the n-th time frame), “Ri(n)” represents a (current) reward indicator of the i-th antenna mode measured in the n-th time frame, “r” represents a weighting parameter, “R1(n)” represents the average of (current or historical) reward indicators of the i-th antenna mode measured during a time interval from the 1st time frame to the n-th time frame, “R1(n−1)” represents an average of (historical) reward indicators of the i-th antenna mode measured during a time interval from the 1st time frame to a (n−1)-th time frame, and “N” represents the total number of antenna modes.
It should be noted that “R1(n)” also represents the updated reward indicator of the i-th antenna mode measured in the n-th time frame (i.e., the current time frame). According to the equations (1) to (6), if the i-th antenna mode is not selected as the specific mode in the current time frame, the reward indicator DI of the i-th antenna mode measured in the n-th time frame will be unchanged and the same as a previous average of the historical reward indicators DI of the i-th antenna mode measured during the time interval from the 1st time frame to the (n−1)-th time frame; conversely, if the i-th antenna mode is selected in the current time frame, the updated reward indicator DI of the i-th antenna mode measured in the n-th time frame will be determined according to the weight function of a current reward indicator DI of the i-th antenna mode measured in the n-th time frame and the previous average of the historical reward indicators DI of the i-th antenna mode measured during the time interval from the 1st time frame to the (n−1)-th time frame.
FIG. 4is a diagram of performance of the weight function DW using the equation (4) according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 4, if the equation (4) is applied to the weight function DW, the reward indicator DI of the specific mode is updated with exponential-growth weighting over time. That is, although the updated reward indicator DI of the specific mode is determined by its current reward indicator DI (e.g., Ri(n)) and its historical reward indicators DI (e.g.,R1(n−1)), the current reward indicator DI (e.g., Ri(n)) has more dominant weighting than the historical reward indicators DI (e.g.,R1(n−1)). According to practical measurements, such a design can effectively reduce the learning time of the smart antenna110of the communication device100, and therefore the communication device100can be quickly fine-tuned to adapt to a variety of time-variant environments. The weighting parameter r is used to adjust the weighting of the historical reward indicators DI. If the weighting parameter r becomes higher, the weighting of the historical reward indicators DI will become lower. Conversely, if the weighting parameter r becomes lower, the weighting of the historical reward indicators DI will become higher. In some embodiments, the weighting parameter r should be greater than 1, such as 1.001. The above range of the weighting parameter r is calculated and determined according to many experiment results, and it helps to optimize the performance of the communication device 100.
FIG. 5is a flowchart of a method for antenna selection according to an embodiment of the invention. In step S510, an external device is communicated with by a communication device. The communication device includes a smart antenna which is capable of switching between a plurality of antenna modes. In step S520, in each of the antenna modes during a training stage, a first test datum is transmitted and a first feedback datum is received in response to the first test datum, and a reward indicator is calculated according to the first feedback datum. In step S530, during a first working stage, all of the reward indicators are compared with each other, and the smart antenna is controlled to select a specific mode of the antenna modes according to a comparison between all of the reward indicators. In step S540, in the specific mode during the first working stage, a second test datum is transmitted and a second feedback datum is received in response to the second test datum, the weight function of the first feedback datum and the second feedback datum of the specific mode is determined, and the reward indicator of the specific mode is updated according to the weight function. It should be understood that the above steps are not required to be performed in order, and every device feature of the embodiments ofFIGS. 1 to 4may be applied to the method ofFIG. 5.
The invention proposes a novel communication device and a novel method for antenna selection. According to the practical measurements, the proposed design has at least the following advantages over the prior art: (1) enhancing the detection accuracy of the communication device, (2) increasing the identification rate of the communication device, (3) reducing the learning time of the smart antenna of the communication device, and (4) increasing the throughput of the communication device. Therefore, the invention is suitable for application in a variety of time-variant indoor environments.
Note that the above parameters are not limitations of the invention. A designer can fine-tune these settings or values according to different requirements. It should be understood that the communication device and the method of the invention are not limited to the configurations ofFIGS. 1-5. The invention may merely include any one or more features of any one or more embodiments ofFIGS. 1-4. In other words, not all of the features displayed in the figures should be implemented in the communication device and the method of the invention.
The method of the invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., executable instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMS, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine such as a computer, the machine thereby becomes an apparatus for practicing the methods. The methods may also be embodied in the form of program code transmitted over some transmission medium, such as electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via any other form of transmission, wherein, when the program code is received and loaded into and executed by a machine such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the disclosed methods. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code combines with the processor to provide a unique apparatus that operates analogously to application specific logic circuits.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having the same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A SOFC10as described in GB 2 368 450 is shown schematically inFIG. 1, and in SEM cross-section inFIG. 2. Both figures show a ferritic stainless steel substrate1, made partially porous by laser-drilling thousands of holes though the central region of the substrate2. The porous substrate is covered by a nickel oxide and CGO anode layer3covering the porous region2of the substrate1. Over the anode layer3is deposited a CGO electrolyte layer4(10-20 μm, CGO), which overlaps the anode3onto the undrilled area9of the substrate1, thus forming a seal around the edge of the anode3. The cathode5,6has a thin active layer5(CGO composite) where the reduction of oxygen takes place, and a thicker current collector layer6(lanthanum strontium cobaltite) to allow current to be collected from the cell10in a stack.FIG. 2additionally shows a very thin stabilised zirconia layer7and an even thinner doped ceria layer8, which block electronic conductivity (preventing short circuiting from undesirable chemical reactions between the cathode5,6and zirconia layer7) and form the interface between the anode3and electrolyte5,6respectively.
SOFC10ofFIGS. 1 and 2was prepared by applying a screen-printing ink containing suspended particles of nickel oxide powder and CGO powder (d90=0.7 to 1.2 μm, ratio of nickel oxide to CGO in the ink being 1.8:1 by weight). The ink was screen printed onto ferritic stainless steel substrate1using conventional methods, and dried in an oven to evaporate the solvents and set the binders thereby forming a dried, printed layer of thickness 9 to 15 μm. The dried, printed layer was compressed using cold isostatic pressing at pressure of 300 MPa. The green anode layer was placed in a furnace and heated to a temperature of 960° C. in air atmosphere for 40 minutes, to produce a sintered anode layer3. A CGO electrolyte layer4was sprayed onto the anode layer3and fired in a furnace at 1020° C. for 40 minutes. Finally, zirconia layer7was applied to the fired electrolyte layer by means of the method disclosed in GB 2 456 445 followed by application of the doped ceria layer8and the two cathodic layers5,6also using the methods of GB 2 456 445, before firing at a temperature of 825° C. to produce the SOFC1structure.
FIG. 3shows a cross-section through a SOFC including nickel oxide-copper oxide-CGO composite as claimed. The nickel oxide and copper oxide are present in a 9:1 ratio by weight resulting in a 9:1 ratio of nickel to copper in use. Subject to the introduction of copper into the anodic structure such that the 1:1.3 ratio of nickel oxide:CGO described above becomes a 1:1.3 ratio of the mixed metal oxide (namely nickel oxide and copper oxide) to CGO, the structure of the fuel cell was in accordance with the prior art cell ofFIGS. 1 and 2. The manufacture closely followed the preparation method of the prior art cell, with the exception that the dried printed layer was heated in an oven to a temperature of 350° C. prior to compression to remove the organic binders in the ink and provide a green anode layer, and that the firing of the anode was at 1020° C. for 45 minutes.
EXAMPLES
Anode Structure
FIGS. 4 and 5show the difference in anode structure obtained through the addition of copper oxide to the composite structure. The composite ofFIG. 4has the composition 64 wt % nickel oxide to 36 wt % CGO and the composite ofFIG. 5, 51 wt % nickel oxide, 5.7 wt % copper (II) oxide and 43.3 wt % CGO. In order to improve the REDOX stability of the nickel-copper anode inFIG. 5, the level of metal oxide was reduced somewhat relative to the original anode shown inFIG. 4. After reduction during fuel cell operation, the anode cermet inFIG. 4is 53 vol % metal as opposed to 45 vol % metal inFIG. 5. It has been shown that reducing the metal content alone does not confer adequate REDOX stability; the addition of copper is required as well. Both composites were prepared as above, and fired in air at 1020° C. for 60 minutes before fabrication into cells and reduction to metal in situ to form the cermets shown.
Good sintering is evidenced by a clear distinction between ceramic and metallic regions, and by the particles of both ceramic and metallic phases having fused together. The ceramic regions appearing as light regions and the metallic regions as dark patches. As can be seen, the composite ofFIG. 5, which contains copper, includes larger, darker metal particles, indicating good sintering, the well sintered structure of the CGO is also readily apparent. This well sintered structure can also be seen inFIG. 3(anode3).
The resulting anode structure has been demonstrated to be highly REDOX-stable at operating temperatures of <650° C., being capable of withstanding hundreds of high-temperature fuel interruptions without significant cell performance degradation.
Selection of Copper
A range of cations are known to enhance doped ceria sintering, these include copper, cobalt, iron, manganese and lithium (U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,628, J. D. Nicholas and L. C. De Jonghe, Solid State Ionics, 178 (2007), 1187-1194). Consideration was therefore given to doping the rare earth-doped ceria with one of these cations. Of the above cations, copper, cobalt and lithium are reported to the most effective at enhancing the sintering of rare earth-doped ceria. Copper and cobalt are the only cations considered by the applicant to be suitable for use in an SOFC anode as lithium oxide is highly reactive, and in addition is known to be very detrimental to the ionic conductivity of rare earth-doped ceria by forming an insulating phase on the grain boundaries. Cobalt is well known to enhance the sintering of rare earth-doped ceria, and in addition is known to be effective as an anode catalyst (C. M. Grgicak, R. C. Green and J. B. Giorgi, J. Power Sources, 179(1), 2008, 317-328), although typically less so than nickel. However initial evaluation of the sintering behaviour of composites using a push-rod dilatometer surprisingly demonstrated that cobalt oxide is ineffective in enhancing the sintering of nickel oxide, and thus the sinterability of the anode composite was not significantly enhanced by the partial or even complete substitution of nickel oxide with cobalt oxide. Copper oxide by contrast demonstrated a great increase in the sinterability of the composite, partly it is suspected because it may form a low melting-point eutectic with nickel oxide, thus introducing some liquid-phase sintering.
Fuel Cell Performance
FIG. 6is a series of current-voltage polarisation curves for the fuel cell ofFIG. 3, at different operating temperatures. Fuelling rate was calculated to give approximately 60% fuel utilisation at 0.75V/cell at each of the measured temperatures, showing that the system can be operated across a range of temperatures at least as broad as 495 to 616° C., allowing the operational temperature to be optimised for application, number of cells in the stack, output required etc.
FIG. 7shows the very good REDOX stability possible with this anode structure. A series of cycles are run at 600° C. on a seven-layer short stack, where a current-voltage curve is run to establish the stack performance. The stack is then returned to open circuit, and the hydrogen supply to the stack is cut whilst maintaining the stack at 580-600° C. Air and nitrogen are maintained to the stack during this period. The fuel interruption is sustained for 20 minutes, allowing time for the anode to partially reoxidise. The hydrogen feed is then restored, and after giving the stack a few minutes to recover, another current-voltage curve is run to determine if stack performance has been lost as a result of the REDOX cycle of the anode. This sequence continues until stack performance starts to fall, indicating damage to one or more cells as a result of REDOX cycling.
It can be seen fromFIG. 7that with the SOFC cell ofFIG. 3, the seven cells within the stack will tolerate more than 500 REDOX cycles without any significant loss of performance after a small initial burn-in, with 544 cycles being run in total.
Enhanced Mechanical Strength of Anode Resulting from Copper Addition
FIG. 8is a table of the results of mechanical strength tests undertaken on SOFC cells both after initial manufacture and after cells have operated in an initial performance characterisation test, for both standard nickel-CGO anodes as illustrated inFIG. 2, and nickel-copper-CGO anodes as illustrated inFIG. 3.
In the as-manufactured cells, the anodes are in the oxidised state and prior to the mechanical test they are reduced in order to mimic the anode structure in the cell at the start of operating, whereas the anodes in the “after operating” cells are in the final cermet state of the working anodes.
In order to perform the mechanical strength measurement on the cells, the metal substrates of the cells are first glued to a flat steel plate to prevent the cells flexing when a pulling force is applied. The cathodes of the cells are removed mechanically, exposing the electrolyte.
To assess the mechanical strength of the anode and/or the anode-electrolyte bond, circular metal test pieces are glued to the electrolyte surface in the four corners of the electrolyte and the middle of the cell. A diamond scribe is used to cut through the ceramic layers of the cell around the metal test piece. A calibrated hydraulic puller is then attached to the test piece and used to measure the stress required to pull the test piece off the cell substrate. A maximum pulling stress of 17 MPa may be applied using this technique, after which the glue holding the test piece to the electrolyte tends to fail rather than the fuel cell layers on test. Should the test piece be pulled off at less than 17 MPa this indicates the failure stress of the weakest cell layer (usually the internal structure of the anode).
It can be seen that whilst the standard nickel-CGO anodes are strong in the as-manufactured state, they fail at much lower stresses after reduction of the nickel oxide to metallic nickel in the “after operating” cell. Without being bound by theory, it is believed this is largely because of the lack of a contiguous ceramic structure within the anode, meaning the mechanical strength of the anode is provided entirely by relatively weak necks between nickel particles. By contrast it can be seen that the nickel-copper CGO anodes retain their strength after reduction to the cermet structure, indicating much greater sintering of both metallic and ceramic phases.
It should be appreciated that the processes and fuel cell of the invention are capable of being incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which have been illustrated and described above.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described with reference to the Figures. Reference numerals are used throughout the detailed description to refer to the various elements and structures. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form for purposes of simplifying the description. Although the following detailed description contains many specifics for the purposes of illustration, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following embodiments of the invention are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention.
The present invention relates to an advanced system for observing and characterizing manual welding exercises and operations. This system is particularly useful for welding instruction and welder training that provides an affordable tool for measuring manual welding technique and comparing that technique with established procedures. The training applications of this invention include: (i) screening applicant skill levels; (ii) assessing trainee progress over time; (iii) providing real-time coaching to reduce training time and costs; and (iv) periodically re-testing welder skill levels with quantifiable results. Processing monitoring and quality control applications include: (i) identification of deviations from preferred conditions in real time; (ii) documenting and tracking compliance with procedures over time; (iii) capturing in-process data for statistical process control purposes (e.g., heat input measurements); and (iv) identifying welders needing additional training. The system of the present invention provides the unique benefit of enabling the determination of compliance with various accepted welding procedures.
The present invention, in various exemplary embodiments, measures torch motion and gathers process data during welding exercises using a single or multiple camera tracking system based on point cloud image analysis. This invention is applicable to a wide range of processes including, but not necessarily limited to, GMAW, FCAW, SMAW, GTAW, and cutting. The invention is expandable to a range of work-piece configurations, including large sizes, various joint type, pipe, plate, and complex shapes. Measured parameters include work angle, travel angle, tool standoff, travel speed, bead placement, weave, voltage, current, wire feed speed, and arc length. The training component of the present invention may be pre-populated with specific welding procedures or it may be customized by an instructor. Data is automatically saved and recorded, a post-weld analysis scores performance, and progress is tracked over time. This system may be used throughout an entire welding training program and may include both in-helmet and on-screen feedback. With reference now to the Figures, one or more specific embodiments of this invention shall be described in greater detail.
As shown inFIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the basic flow of information through data generating component100, data capturing component200, and data processing (and visualization) component300of weld characterization system10occurs in six basic steps: (1) image capture110; (2) image processing112; (3) input of arc weld data210, such as known or preferred weld parameters; (4) data processing212; (5) data storage214; and (5) data display310. Image capture step110includes capturing images of target98(which typically includes at least two point markers located in a fixed geometric relationship to one another) with one or more off-the shelf high-speed-vision cameras, where the output aspect typically includes creating of an image file at over 100 frames per second. The input aspect of image processing step112includes frame-by-frame point cloud analysis of a rigid body that includes three or more point markets (i.e., the calibrated target). Upon recognition of a known rigid body, position and orientation are calculated relative to the camera origin and the “trained” rigid body orientation. Capturing and comparing the images from two or more cameras allows for a substantially accurate determination of the rigid body position and orientation in three-dimensional space. Images are typically processed at a rate of more than 10 times per second. The output aspect of image processing step112includes creation of a data array that includes x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis positional data and roll, pitch, and yaw orientation data, as well as time stamps and software flags. The text file may be streamed or sent at a desired frequency. The input aspect of data processing step212includes raw positional and orientation data typically requested at a predetermined rate, while the output aspect includes transforming this raw data into useful welding parameters with algorithms specific to a selected process and joint type. The input aspect of data storage step214includes storing welding trial data as a *.dat file, while the output aspect includes saving the data for review and tracking, saving the date for review on a monitor at a later time, and/or reviewing the progress of the student at a later time. Student progress may include total practice time, total arc time, total arc starts, and individual parameter-specific performance over time. The input aspect of data display step310includes welding trial data that further includes work angle, travel angle, tool standoff, travel speed, bead placement, weave, voltage, current, wire-feed speed, while the output aspect involves data that may viewed on a monitor, in-helmet display, heads-up display, or combinations thereof, wherein parameters are plotted on a time-based axis and compared to upper and lower thresholds or preferred variations, such as those trained by recording the motions of an expert welder. Current and voltage may be measured in conjunction with travel speed to determine heat input and the welding process parameters may be used to estimate arc length. Position data may be transformed into weld start position, weld stop position, weld length, weld sequence, welding progression, or combinations thereof and current and voltage may be measured in conjunction with travel speed to determine heat input.
FIGS. 2-5provide illustrative views of weld characterization system10in accordance with an exemplary embodiment the present invention. As shown inFIG. 2, portable training stand20includes a substantially flat base22for contact with a floor or other horizontal substrate, rigid vertical support column24, camera or imaging device support26, and rack and pinion assembly31for adjusting the height of imaging device support26. In most embodiments, weld characterization system10is intended to be portable or at least moveable from one location to another, therefore the overall footprint of base22is relatively small to permit maximum flexibility with regard to installation and use. As shown inFIG. 2-6, weld characterization system10may be used for training exercises that include flat, horizontally or vertically oriented workpieces. In the exemplary embodiments shown in the Figures, training stand20is depicted as a unitary or integrated structure that is capable of supporting the other components of system. In other embodiments, stand20is absent and the various components of the system are supported by whatever suitable structural or supportive means may be available. Thus, within the context of this invention, “stand”20is defined as any single structure or, alternately, multiple structures that are capable of supporting the components of weld characterization system10.
With toFIGS. 2-3, certain welding exercises will utilize a flat assembly30, which is slidably attached to vertical support column24by collar34, which slides upward or downward on support column24. Collar34is further supported on column24by rack and pinion31, which includes shaft32for moving rack and pinion assembly31upward or downward on support column24. Flat assembly30includes training platform38, which is supported by one or more brackets (not visible). In some embodiments, a shield42is attached to training platform38for protecting the surface of support column24from heat damage. Training platform38further includes at least one clamp44for securing weld position-specific fixture/jig46to the surface of the training platform. The structural configuration or general characteristics of weld position-specific jig46are variable based on the type of weld process that is the subject of a particular welding exercise, and inFIGS. 2-3, fixture46is configured for a fillet weld exercise. In the exemplary embodiment shown inFIGS. 2-3, first48and second50structural components of weld position-specific fixture46are set at right angles to one another. Position-specific fixture46may include one or more pegs47for facilitating proper placement of a weld coupon on the fixture. The characteristics of any weld coupon (workpiece)54used with system10are variable based on the type of manual welding process that is the subject of a particular training exercise and in the exemplary embodiment shown in theFIGS. 7-8, first56and second58portions of weld coupon54are also set at right angles to one another. With reference toFIGS. 4-5, certain other welding exercises will utilize a horizontal assembly30(seeFIG. 4) or a vertical assembly30(seeFIG. 5). InFIG. 4, horizontal assembly30supports butt fixture46, which holds workpiece54in the proper position for a butt weld exercise. InFIG. 5, vertical assembly30supports vertical fixture46, which holds workpiece54in the proper position for a lap weld exercise.
Data processing component300of the present invention typically includes at least one computer for receiving and analyzing information captured by the data capturing component200, which itself includes at least one digital camera contained in a protective housing. During operation of weld characterization system10, this computer is typically running software that includes a training regimen module, an image processing and rigid body analysis module, and a data processing module. The training regimen module includes a variety of weld types and a series of acceptable welding process parameters associated with creating each weld type. Any number of known or AWS weld joint types and the acceptable parameters associated with these weld joint types may be included in the training regimen module, which is accessed and configured by a course instructor prior to the beginning of a training exercise. The weld process and/or type selected by the instructor determine which weld process-specific fixture, calibration device, and weld coupon are used for any given training exercise. The object recognition module is operative to train the system to recognize a known rigid body target98(which includes two or more point markers) and for then to use target98to calculate positional and orientation data for welding gun90as an actual manual weld is completed by a trainee. The data processing module compares the information in the training regimen module to the information processed by the object recognition module and outputs the comparative data to a display device such as a monitor or head-up display. The monitor allows the trainee to visualize the processed data in real time and the visualized data is operative to provide the trainee with useful feedback regarding the characteristics and quality of the weld. The visual interface of weld characterization system10may include a variety of features related to the input of information, login, setup, calibration, practice, analysis, and progress tracking. The analysis screen typically displays the welding parameters found in the training regimen module, including (but not limited to) work angle, travel angle, tool standoff, travel speed, bead placement, weave, voltage, current, wire-feed speed, and arc length. Multiple display variations are possible with the present invention.
In most, if not all instances, weld characterization system10will be subjected to a series of calibration steps/processes prior to use. Some of the aspects of the system calibration will typically be performed by the manufacturer of system10prior to delivery to a customer and other aspects of the system calibration will typically be performed by the user of weld characterization system10prior to any welding training exercises. System calibration typically involves two related and integral calibration processes: (i) determining the three-dimensional position and orientation of the operation path to be created on a workpiece for each joint/position combination to be used in various welding training exercises; and (ii) determining the three-dimensional position and orientation of the welding tool by calculating the relationship between a plurality of reflective (passive) or light emitting (active) point markers located on target98and at least two key points represented by point markers located on the welding tool90.
The first calibration aspect of this invention typically involves the calibration of the welding operation with respect to the global coordinate system, i.e., relative to the other structural components of weld characterization system10and the three-dimensional space occupied thereby. Prior to tracking/characterizing a manual welding exercise, the global coordinates of each desired operation path (i.e., vector) on any given workpiece will be determined. In most embodiments, this is a factory-executed calibration process that will include corresponding configuration files stored on data processing component200. To obtain the desired vectors, a calibration device containing active or passive markers may be inserted on at least two locating markers in each of the three possible platform positions (i.e., flat, horizontal, and vertical).FIGS. 6-8illustrate this calibration step in one possible platform position. Joint-specific fixture46includes first and second structural components48(horizontal) and50(vertical), respectively. Weld coupon or workpiece54includes first and second portions56(horizontal) and58(vertical), respectively. Workpiece operation path59extends from point X to point Y and is shown in broken line inFIG. 7. Locating point markers530and532are placed as shown inFIG. 6(andFIG. 8) and the location of each marker is obtained using data capturing component100, which in this embodiment utilizes Optitrack Tracking Tools (NaturalPoint, Inc.) or a similar commercially available or proprietary hardware/software system that provides three-dimensional marker and six degrees of freedom object motion tracking in real time. Such technologies typically utilize reflective and/or light emitting point markers arranged in predetermined patterns to create point clouds that are interpreted by system imaging hardware and system software as “rigid bodies”, although other suitable methodologies are compatible with this invention.
In the calibration process represented by the flowchart ofFIG. 9, table38is fixed into position i (0,1,2) at step280; a calibration device is placed on locating pins at step282; all marker positions are captured at step284; coordinates for the locator positions are calculated at step286; coordinates for the fillet operation path are calculated at step288and stored at290; coordinates for the lap operation path are calculated at step292and stored at294; and coordinates for the groove operation path are calculated at step296and stored at298. All coordinates are calculated relative to the three dimensional space viewable by data capturing component200.
In one embodiment of this invention, the position and orientation of the work-piece is calibrated through the application of two or more passive or active point markers to a calibration device that is placed at a known translational and rotational offset to a fixture that holds the work-piece at a known translational and rotational offset. In another embodiment of this invention, the position and orientation of the work-piece is calibrated through the application of two or more passive or active point markers to a fixture that holds the work-piece at a known translational and rotational offset. In still other embodiments, the workpiece is non-linear, and the position and orientation thereof may be mapped using a calibration tool with two or more passive or active point markers and stored for later use. The position and orientation of the work-piece operation path may undergo a pre-determined translational and rotational offset from its original calibration plane based on the sequence steps in the overall work operation.
Important tool manipulation parameters such as position, orientation, velocity, acceleration, and spatial relationship to the work-piece operation path may be determined from the analysis of consecutive tool positions and orientations over time and the various work-piece operation paths described above. Tool manipulation parameters may be compared with pre-determined preferred values to determine deviations from known and preferred procedures. Tool manipulation parameters may also combined with other manufacturing process parameters to determine deviations from preferred procedures and these deviations may be used for assessing skill level, providing feedback for training, assessing progress toward a skill goal, or for quality control purposes. Recorded motion parameters relative to the workpiece operation path may be aggregated from multiple operations for statistical process control purposes. Deviations from preferred procedures may be aggregated from multiple operations for statistical process control purposes. Important tool manipulation parameters and tool positions and orientations with respect to the workpiece operation path may also be recorded for establishing a signature of an experienced operator's motions to be used as a baseline for assessing compliance with preferred procedures.
The second calibration aspect typically involves the calibration of welding tool90with respect to target98. “Welding” tool90is typically a welding torch or gun or SMAW electrode holder, but may also be any number of other implements including a soldering iron, cutting torch, forming tool, material removal tool, paint gun, or wrench. With reference toFIGS. 10-11, welding gun/tool90includes tool point91, nozzle92, body94, trigger96, and target98. Tool calibration device93, which includes two integrated active or passive point markers in the A and B positions (seeFIG. 11) is attached to or inserted into nozzle92. A rigid body point cloud (i.e., a “rigid body”) is constructed by attaching active or passive point markers502,504, and506(and additional point markers) to the upper surface of target98(other placements are possible). Target98may include a power input if the point markers used are active and require a power source. Data capturing component200uses Optitrack Tracking Tools (NaturalPoint, Inc.) or similar hardware/software to locate the rigid body and point markers522(A) and520(B), which represent the location of tool vector524. These positions can be extracted from the software of system10and the relationship between point markers A and B and the rigid body can be calculated.
In the calibration process represented by the flowchart ofFIG. 12, weld nozzle92and the contact tube are removed at step250; the calibration device is inserted into body94at step252; weld tool90is placed in the working envelope and rigid body500(designated as “S” inFIG. 11) and point markers A and B are captured by data capturing component100; the relationships between A and S and B and S are calculated at step256; relationship data for As is stored at258; and relationship data for Bs is stored at260.
In one embodiment of this invention, calibration of the tool point and tool vector is performed through the application of two or more passive or active point markers to the calibration device at locations along the tool vector with a known offset to the tool point. In another embodiment, calibration of the tool point and tool vector is performed by inserting the tool into a calibration block of known position and orientation relative to the work-piece. With regard to the rigid body defined by the point markers (e.g.,502,504,506), in one embodiment, the passive or active point markers are affixed to the tool in in a multi-faceted manner so that a wide range of rotation and orientation changes can be accommodated within the field of view of the imaging system. In another embodiment, the passive or active point markers are affixed to the tool in a spherical manner so that a wide range of rotation and orientation changes can be accommodated within the field of view of the imaging system. In still another embodiment, the passive or active point markers are affixed to the tool in a ring shape so that a wide range of rotation and orientation changes can be accommodated within the field of view of the imaging system.
Numerous additional useful features may be incorporated into the present invention. For example, for purposes of image filtering, band-pass or high-pass filters may be incorporated into the optical sequence for each of the plurality of digital cameras in data capturing component200for permitting light from only the wavelengths which are reflected or emitted from the point markers to improve image signal-to-noise ratio. Spurious data may be rejected by analyzing only image information obtained from within a dynamic region of interest having a limited offset from a previously known rigid-body locality. This dynamic region of interest may be incorporated into or otherwise predefined (i.e., preprogrammed as a box or region of width x and height y and centered on known positions of target98) within the field of view of each digital camera such that image information is only processed from this predefined region. The region of interest will change as the rigid body moves and is therefore based on previously known locations of the rigid body. This approach allows the imaging system to view only pixels within the dynamic region of interest when searching for point markers while disregarding or blocking pixels in the larger image frame that are not included in the dynamic region of interest. Decreased processing time is a benefit of this aspect of the invention.
While the present invention has been illustrated by the description of exemplary embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in certain detail, it is not the intention of the Applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to any of the specific details, representative devices and methods, and/or illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The alloy of the present invention can be melted in a gas fired crucible or in an electric induction furnace using processes known in the art. Nickel may be charged at the bottom of the melting vessel followed by copper. Melting can be started at high power. When the charge becomes partially molten, manganese can be gradually added, which melts readily. When the charge becomes completely molten, copper-iron and pure silicon can be added. After a few minutes, a preliminary analysis of the melt can be conducted. Adjustment in chemistry can be made at this point. The melt can then be deoxidized with a deoxidizing agent and slagged off. The molten alloy or “heat” can then be tapped into a pouring ladle and subsequently poured into molds to cast parts of desired shapes and sizes. The following Tables 2 and 3 list chemistries and mechanical properties, respectively, of five heats of the alloy of the present invention made using the process just outlined.
TABLE 2Chemistry of Silicized Dairy Metal Samples TestedElement (Percent by Weight)Alloy IDCuNiFeSiMn29BBalance19.943.001.365.1038ABalance19.592.921.454.9150ABalance20.582.031.545.2591BBalance20.582.711.444.6094CBalance20.372.921.494.92
TABLE 3Mechanical Properties of Silicized Dairy Metal Samples TestedAlloyTensile StrengthYield Strength% ElongationHardnessID(KSI)(KSI)(in 2 inches)(BHN)29B97.794.66.022938A93.091.56.422250A81.172.812.119791B77.876.23.525094C106.569.014.0234
A comparison of mechanical properties of the present alloys as listed in Table 3 with those of previous inventions as listed in Table 1 makes it very clear that the present alloy unexpectedly has approximately twice the tensile strength and 2.5 times the yield strength of the previous inventions. Additionally, hardness of the present alloy is unexpectedly 70-100 BHN higher than the previous alloys. Because of its surprisingly higher strength and hardness, the present alloy gives 3-12 times longer life compared to previous alloys depending on the application.
Corrosion Resistance
Alloys used in applications in which they come in contact with food products must have adequate corrosion resistance to chemicals in the food as well as in the cleaning and sanitizing compounds. Poor corrosion resistance will lead to product contamination as well as difficulties in sanitizing and possible bacterial growth.
The following corrosive compounds were selected to run the corrosion tests:1. Five weight percent of sodium hydroxide in water.2. SteraSheen™: This is a cleaning and sanitizing formula sold by Purdy Products Company of Wauconda, Ill. One ounce of Stera-Sheen™ powder was mixed with one gallon of water. This solution had 100 ppm available chlorine.3. Cloverleaf™ CLF-3300: This is a concentrated cleaning compound marketed by Cloverleaf Chemical Company of Bourbonnais, Ill. The solution was prepared by mixing one ounce of this cleanser with one gallon of water. This solution had 220 ppm chlorine ion in it.
The corrosion test was run per ASTM Specification G31-72. The specimens tested were from sample Alloy ID 50A, and was in the form of a disc with nominal OD=1.250″, ID=0.375″ and thickness=0.187″. Properly prepared specimens were weighed and their dimensions measured. Each sample was put inside a one liter solution of each of the above compounds. The solutions were kept at 150° F. and magnetically stirred. The specimens were kept in solution for 72 hours. At the end of this period the specimens were taken out, washed, dried and re-weighed. From the weight difference and the dimensions of each specimen, the corrosion rate in mils per year was computed. Two specimens were tested for each condition and the averages of two readings are reported in Table 4.
TABLE 4Corrosion Rate in Mils Per YearCorrosive Agent:NaOHStera-Sheen ™Cloverleaf ™ CLF-3300Corrosion Rate:2.153.203.15(mils per year)
In general, a corrosion rate of 10 mils per year or less is considered perfectly acceptable. On this basis, the present alloy has very good corrosion resistance and comparable to the alloy of U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,483.
Typical Applications in Equipment
Two typical pieces of equipment in which the present alloy may be incorporated are shown inFIG. 1andFIG. 2.FIG. 1shows a portion of a food shaping machine known in the art. The bottom plate21, top plate22, pump housing23, cover plate24, hopper25, spiral26and knock-out punch27may be made out of stainless steel, either cast or wrought. The pump vanes28and the mold plate29may be made out of the present alloy, either statically cast or continuously cast. During operation, intermittent rotation of the spiral26gently pushes the product into vane style pump30. The product is then conveyed by the rotor31until the leading vane28is retracted. This is accomplished by blade end guide32following the guide groove33in the end plate24. Once the vane28is retracted, the product under pressure flows into the mold plate cavities34at the appropriate time. The mold plate29is then moved out to knock-out position at which time the food portion is knocked out onto a conveyer belt35by the knock-out punch27. The mold plate29then retracts into original position and the process repeats again. In experimental field trials, pump vanes28made of the alloy of the current invention surprisingly outlasted those made from the old alloy by a factor of 3-5, exceeding all expectations.
FIG. 2depicts part of a different food forming machine known in the art. Chamber3, base plate5and plate support8may be made from standard cast or wrought stainless steel. Plunger1, plate2(in contact with food) and shuttle bearings9,10may be made from the present alloy. The opposed members3and5can also be made of the present alloy. Other parts in contact with food may also be made from the present alloy. In operation, the food product charged into the valve chamber3is pushed under pressure by plunger1into die cavities7through inlet openings6in the base plate5. The plunger1then retracts. The plate5is pushed forward (to the left as shown inFIG. 2) and portions are knocked out onto the conveyer4. The shuttle bearings9,10guide the plate2during reciprocating motion. The plate2then moves back into the original position, and the whole process repeats again. In experimental field trials, shuttle bearings9,10made of the alloy of the current invention surprisingly outlasted those made from the old alloy by a factor of 8-12, exceeding all expectations.
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BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Now, referring to the drawings, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is described.
FIG. 1is a perspective view showing a muscle strength increasing device according to an embodiment of the present invention.FIG. 2is a cross-sectional view of a main belt in the muscle strength increasing device.
The muscle strength increasing device comprises a main belt10and a tie-down belt20attached thereto.
The main belt10includes a first band and a second band of the present invention. It corresponds to an integrated combination of the first band and the second band connected in series with each other. The longer portion11of the main belt10extending in one direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached corresponds to the first band of the present invention, and the shorter portion12extending in the opposite direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached corresponds to the second band of the present invention.
The main belt10is strip-shaped and, as shown inFIG. 2, is formed to be hollow in this embodiment. In this embodiment, two long strip-shaped pieces of fabric are bound by, for example, stitching or adhering them together along the lengthwise edges to form a hollow object having a space inside it. The main belt10has a predetermined stretchability. The aforementioned long strip-shaped pieces of fabric are made of a material that allows the main belt10to stretch. The length of the main belt10is equal to or slightly longer than the circumferential length of the region to be compressed that is compressed by the muscle strength increasing device. The length of the main belt10is determined appropriately according to whether the region to be compressed is an arm or a leg or according to the contour of a person who uses the pressure muscle training. On the other hand, the width of the main belt10is determined depending on the region to be compressed that is compressed by the muscle strength increasing device, i.e., according to whether the region to be compressed is an arm or a leg. In general, the width of the main belt10is wider for cases where the region to be compressed is a leg than for cases where the region to be compressed is an arm. In the former case, the width of the main belt10may be about 5 to 6 cm. In the latter case, the width of the main belt10may be about 3 to 4 cm.
The longer portion11of the main belt10extending in one direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached has a rectangular ring11A at the end thereof. The ring11A is made of a metal in this embodiment. The ring11A is attached to the main belt10by means of slipping the aforementioned end of the main belt10through the ring11A, turning the end right back and fastening it by, for example, stitching, to a point slightly away from that end of the main belt10. The opening in the ring11A corresponds to the first hollow space of the present invention through which the tie-down belt20can be slipped.
The shorter portion12of the main belt10extending in the opposite direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached has a narrow (about 1 cm in this embodiment) belt12A as shown inFIG. 3A. This belt12A is made of a flexible and stretchable material. The belt12A is attached to the end of the main belt10as a loop with both ends thereof secured by, for example, stitching to the end of the shorter portion12of the main belt10extending in the opposite direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached. The space inside the loop of the belt12A corresponds to the second hollow space of the present invention through which the end of the longer portion11of the main belt10extending in one direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached can be passed.
The cross section of the belt12A is not limited to the illustrated one. It may be a circle. In such a case, the belt12A is like a rope.
Instead of using the belt12A as described above, the end of the shorter portion12of the main belt10extending in the opposite direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached may have a cutout slit12B as shown inFIG. 3B. In such a case, the slit12B is formed so that the end of the longer portion11of the main belt10extending in one direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached can be passed therethrough. The slit12B in this case corresponds to the second hollow space of the present invention as in the case of the space inside the loop of the belt12A.
The hollow main belt10has a tube13therein as shown inFIG. 2. The tube13has air-tightness into which a gas can be introduced from outside. The tube13is generally equal in length to the main belt10and runs generally along the entire length of the main belt10. The tube13may be made of, for example, a stretchable rubber that can withstand a pneumatic pressure of on the order of 300 mmHg. The tube13has a connection inlet13A to which one end of a connecting pipe30, which is a rubber tube, for use in introducing a gas can be connected. The connecting pipe30is connected to a pump (not shown) at the other end thereof and is used to introduce a gas into the tube13. In other words, the tube13is supplied with a gas through the connecting pipe30. The gas introduced into the tube13in this embodiment is air.
A connection piece31is provided on the connecting pipe30in this embodiment, but is not necessarily so. The connecting pipe30can be divided at the point of the connection piece31. The connection piece31has a valve so that the gas cannot escape from the tube13even after the connecting pipe30is divided at the point of the connection piece31. On the other hand, when the connecting pipe30is integrated at the point of the connection piece31, the aforementioned valve automatically opens to allow the gas from, for example, the aforementioned pump to enter the tube13.
The tube13in this embodiment is not fixed to the main belt10. It may be removed through the opening formed in the main belt10to expose the connection inlet13A. This is for the possible replacement of the tube13if the tube13is broken as well as for the use of a clip14shown inFIG. 4A. The clip14is for delimiting a range (length) of the tube13into which the air is allowed to enter. The clip14has a shape of a hairpin having two parallel straight segments and another segment connecting the one end of these two straight segments with each other. The length of the straight segment of the clip14is slightly longer than the width of the tube13. The distance between the straight segments is slightly narrower to the thickness of the tube13. When used, the clip14is attached to the tube13in the widthwise direction of the tube in such a manner that the clip pinches the tube13as shown inFIG. 4B. This can delimit the range into which the gas is introduced (the range inflated by the incoming air) of the tube13in the direction along the length of the tube. With the clip14used, the range of the tube13into which the gas is introduced is defined only along the portion that is other than the portion where the connection inlet13A is not included (the bent portion at the left end of the tube13in the case ofFIG. 4B).
The clip14provides following advantages. When the tube13is longer than the circumference of the range to be compressed of limbs, one end of the tube13is overlapped with the other end when the main belt10is fitted around the arm from the other end of the tube13. Such overlapped portions of the tube13produce a gap between the tube13and the muscles, which may cause a trouble in that a compression pressure to be applied to the muscles by the main belt10becomes improper. Thus, the clip14is attached to the tube13at an arbitrary position along the length of it to restrict the length of the tube13that is filled with the air, thereby avoiding a problem as described above.
The outer section of the main belt10(the side opposite to the region to be compressed, as determined with the main belt10being tied around the region to be compressed) has a limit piece15A therein along the outer contour of the tube13, as shown inFIG. 2. The limit piece15A is a plate-like object made of a polypropylene resin that is slightly narrower than the tube13and is generally equal in length to the tube13.
The limit piece15A is for limiting the direction towards which the tube13is allowed to inflate to the inward direction of the main belt10(to the side facing to the region to be compressed, as determined with the main belt10being tied around the region to be compressed). The muscle strength increasing device can appropriately compress the region to be compressed because the limit piece15A forces to inflate the tube13only inwardly.
It should be noted that a wire-like piece15B as shown inFIG. 5may be used in place of the limit piece15A of the main belt10.
In this case, wire-like pieces15B having a constant hardness are provided within the outer fabric of the main belt10at a predetermined distance along the length of the main belt10in such a manner that they are generally in parallel to the widthwise direction of the main belt10, as shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B. This may also provide appropriate compression of the region to be compressed by the muscle strength increasing device.
The aforementioned wire-like piece15B may be made of a metal or a resin material. The distance between the adjacent wire-like pieces15B may be, for example, 5 mm to 1 cm. The wire-like pieces15B shown inFIG. 5are described as being placed generally parallel to the widthwise direction of the main belt10but the wire-like pieces15B may be any similar pieces that are provided in a direction not parallel to the lengthwise direction of the main belt10.
The wire-like pieces15B are illustrated as being embedded in the main belt10, but they are not limited thereto. They may be provided inside the main belt10. In this case, the wire-like pieces15B may be fixed to the outside of the tube13. For example, a plurality of wire-like pieces15B may be placed on the inner surface of the main belt10that faces outside, generally in parallel to the widthwise direction of the main belt10and may be sealed with a stretchable tape having a surface with an adhesive applied thereto. Likewise, a plurality of wire-like pieces15B may be adhered to the outer surface of the tube13with a tape having an adhesive applied thereto.
With the wire-like pieces15B, flexible portions are provided between the adjacent wire-like pieces15B, unlike the case where the limit piece15A is used. Therefore, the main belt10can follow a complex up-and-down surface of the muscles when the main belt10is wrapped around the region to be compressed.
Furthermore, the wire-like piece15B that is used in the main belt10in place of the limit piece15A may have a configuration as shown inFIG. 6.FIG. 6is a cross-sectional view of an outer portion of the main belt10. The wire-like piece15B in this case is formed by bending a single wire-like piece. More specifically, the wire-like piece15B in this case is formed by bending a single wire-like piece to put a series of angles in it and produce segments that are generally parallel to the widthwise direction of the main belt10at a predetermined distance. The requirement for the wire-like piece15B is that it is bent to have a segment that is not parallel to the lengthwise direction of the main belt10. For example, a wire-like piece may be bent into a zigzag pattern like a continuous series of “V”s. The wire-like piece15B may be embedded in the outer portion of the main belt10or otherwise may be provided on the inside of the main belt10and the outside of the tube13. The wire-like piece15B formed by bending a single wire-like piece facilitates the attachment of the wire-like piece15B to the main belt10.
In addition, in place of using the limit piece15A or the wire-like piece15B, the tube13itself of the main belt10may have a configuration that allows the tube to inflate to the inward direction as shown inFIGS. 7,8, and9. The requirement for the tube13is that the tube is designed to have a higher stretching rate on the inner side than on the outer side, and the tube is also designed to inflate more in an inward direction as the tube13is filled with air with the main belt10being wrapped around a region to be compressed on the muscles.
The tube13shown inFIG. 7represents an example of providing different stretching rates for the inner and outer portions of the tube13by changing the thickness of the tube13. The tube13is made of a rubber and is thinner on the inner portion than the outer portion.
Furthermore, as shown inFIG. 8, the tube13in the main belt10may be made of a combination of different materials to achieve different stretching rates for the inner and outer portions of the tube13. This tube13is a combination of two strip-shaped elastic bodies13aand13bhaving different stretching rates from each other, bonded along the sides thereof. The inner portion has a higher stretching rate than the outer portion. Accordingly, the tube13is inflated more in the inward direction as the tube13is filled with air with the main belt10being wrapped around the region to be compressed on the muscles.
In addition, as shown inFIG. 9, the tube13may be combined with a material having a lower stretching rate than the tube13to vary the stretching rates of the inner and outer portions of the tube13. The tube13itself in this case has an equal stretching rate over the whole surface but a seam tape13chaving a lower stretching rate than the tube13is adhered to the outer surface thereof. This results in the tube13being inflated more, in the inward direction as the tube13is filled with air with the main belt10wrapped around the region to be compressed on the muscles.
On the outer surface of the main belt10, a two-dimensional fastener16may be provided, for example. The two-dimensional fastener16is a Velcro tape in this embodiment. The two-dimensional fastener16is for attaching the tie-down belt20to the main belt10as will be described later. The fastener may be replaced by any other means as long as the above is possible.
The tie-down belt20corresponds to the third band of the present invention. The proximal end thereof is attached to the main belt10. The tie-down belt20is attached to the main belt10by stitching it thereto in this embodiment.
The tie-down belt20has a two-dimensional fastener21on one surface thereof, as shown inFIG. 1. The two-dimensional fastener21is a Velcro tape in this embodiment. The two-dimensional fastener21is for the engagement with the aforementioned two-dimensional fastener16provided on the main belt10. The fastener may be replaced by any other means as long as the above is possible.
The width of the tie-down belt20is slightly narrower than the width of the main belt10in this embodiment. The length of the tie-down belt20is determined so that the two-dimensional fastener21can be engaged with the two-dimensional fastener16on the main belt10after the tie-down belt20is slipped through the ring11A and is turned right back with a predetermined tension applied to the tie-down belt20.
Next, how the muscle strength increasing device is used is described with reference toFIGS. 10A to 10E.
First, prior to wrapping and tying the muscle strength increasing device around the region to be compressed, in this embodiment, the clip14is attached to the tube13at an appropriate position along the length of it. The circumferential length of the region to be compressed is measured first, and the clip14is attached to the tube13at the position to delimit the range into which the gas is introduced only to the length generally equal to the circumferential length of the region to be compressed. After the clip14is attached, the tube13is inserted back into the main belt10. The muscle strength increasing device in this state is shown inFIG. 10A.
Next, the end of the longer portion11of the main belt10extending in one direction from where the tie-down belt20is attached is passed through the opening formed by the belt12A. The muscle strength increasing device in this state is shown inFIG. 10B. The main belt10forms a loop now. The circumferential length of the loop is slightly longer than the circumferential length of the region to be compressed on which the muscle strength increasing device is rest.
Then, the end of the tie-down belt20is slipped through the space inside the ring11A and the belt is turned right back. The muscle strength increasing device in this state is shown inFIG. 10C.
The arm or the leg of a person who uses the pressure muscle training is passed so that the region to be compressed falls inside the loop formed by the main belt10in the state shown inFIG. 10Bor10C.
In this state, when the end of the tie-down belt20is pulled, the belt12A moves to reduce the circumferential length of the loop formed by the main belt10. The main belt10is thus placed around the region to be compressed without any gap. The muscle strength increasing device in this state is shown inFIG. 10D.
The tie-down belt20is pulled and the two-dimensional fastener21on the tie-down belt20is engaged with the two-dimensional fastener16on the main belt10. This holds the muscle strength increasing device around the region to be compressed. The muscle strength increasing device in this state is shown in FIG.10E.
After the arm or the leg of a person who uses the pressure muscle training is passed so that the region to be compressed falls inside the loop formed by the main belt10, the muscle strength increasing device requires only to pull and tie the tie-down belt20. This can be made with a single hand. In addition, the muscle strength increasing device does not turn around the region to be compressed. Therefore, the muscle strength increasing device is easy to be tied around the region to be compressed.
In this state, the gas is introduced into the tube13by using a pump (not shown). The tube13then inflates and compresses the region to be compressed in an appropriate manner.
A person who uses the pressure muscle training may do exercises or keep rest to achieve the pressure muscle training.
It should be noted that when a person who cannot tie by himself or herself the muscle strength increasing device around the region to be compressed due to, for example, being confined to bed uses the muscle strength increasing device, the main belt10of the muscle strength increasing device in the state shown inFIG. 10Ais directly wrapped around the region to be compressed and then the aforementioned procedures follow. This allows to tie the muscle strength increasing device around the region to be compressed.
| 0A
| 63 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring toFIG. 1, a material handling system10is schematically depicted. The material handling system10includes a horizontally oriented open-track I-beam12and is retrofitted to include an enclosed track rail14parallel to the I-beam. The I-beam12includes an upper flange18, a lower flange20, and a web22interconnecting the upper flange and the lower flange. The upper flange18and the lower flange20are substantially horizontally oriented, and the web22is substantially vertically oriented. The upper flange18is characterized by an upper surface24and a lower surface26. The lower surface26is substantially bisected by the web22. In the context of the present invention, an “I-beam” includes beams having an upper flange and a lower flange interconnected by a web; the upper flange may or may not have a different size or shape than the lower flange.
The enclosed track rail14forms a partially-enclosed passage28in which a trolley30is partially located. The rail14defines two surfaces32forming a track34on which rollers36of the trolley30are rollingly engaged for translation of the trolley30along the rail14. The rail14may, for example, be part of a monorail system, a runway for a bridge crane system, etc. In the situation where the rail14is a runway for a bridge crane system, the trolley30will be attached to a support37for a bridge rail (not shown) to form an end truck38. The rail14is mounted to the I-beam12via a hanger39.
The hanger39supports the rail14from the I-beam12such that at least a portion of the rail14is positioned laterally with respect to the I-beam12. In other words, the rail14is positioned such that at least a portion of the rail14extends alongside the I-beam12. More specifically, at least a portion of the rail14, including at least a portion of the passage28, is positioned higher than the lower surface40of the I-beam12.
The hanger39includes a first fastening element42that connects the hanger39to the upper flange18by contacting the lower surface26of the upper flange18on a side of the web22different from the side of the web22on which the rail14is located. The fastening element42in the embodiment depicted is an integral curved extension of a structural member44that forms a hook. However, those skilled in the art will recognize a variety of fastening elements that may be employed to connect the hanger to the beam within the scope of the claimed invention.
The hanger39includes a second fastening element46that connects the rail14to the hanger39. In the embodiment depicted, the second fastening element46includes a hole48through which a threaded rod50extends. The threaded rod50is held in place by a plurality of nuts52. The height at which the rail14is suspended is adjustable by adjusting the position of the rod50with respect to the structural member44. The rod may be mounted at one of its ends to the rail14by welding, a clinch nut, etc.
The structural member44has a cantilever portion56between the first fastening element42and the second fastening element46. The cantilever portion56projects outwardly from, i.e., away from, the I-beam12and transmits loads between the rail14and the I-beam12. Welds58may be employed to further affix the hanger39to the I-beam12.
Referring toFIGS. 2 and 3, wherein like reference numbers refer to like components fromFIG. 1, a material handling system10′ employing an alternative hanger39′ is schematically depicted. The hanger39′ includes two U-shaped members60spaced a distance apart from one another and extending transversely across the upper surface24of the upper flange18. Each of the two members60has two clamps64that connect the member60to the upper flange18.
Each clamp64includes a lower member72that contacts the lower surface26of the upper flange18, a bolt76that extends through an elongated slot80on one of the members60and a hole (not shown) in the lower member72, and a nut88that engages the bolt76so that the bolt provides a compressive force to member60and the lower member72. For each member60, one clamp64is located on the same side of the web22as the rail14and one clamp64is on the opposite side of the web22. Washers92are preferably used between the bolt head and the member60, and between the nut88and the lower member72. The bolts76are movable within the slots80so that the clamps64are adjustable to fit I-beams of various sizes. Those skilled in the art may find it preferable to employ elongated slots, rather than circular bolt holes, on other hanger components in order to provide flexibility in the relative placement of hanger components with respect to one another. Alternatively, multiple circular bolt holes through which a bolt may extend, rather than a single bolt hole, may be employed to provide flexibility in the relative placement of hanger components with respect to one another.
An L-shaped bracket96has an upright portion100and a horizontal portion104. The horizontal portion104includes elongated slots (not shown) through which the bolts76of two clamps64extend so that the L-shaped bracket96is secured to the members60. A plate108and a vertically-oriented support member112are attached to the upright portion100by bolts76such that the plate108is between the upright portion100and the vertical support member112.
At least a portion of some of the structural members, including members60, the L-shaped bracket96, the plate108, and the vertical support member112, form a cantilever portion56′ of the hanger39′. A rail attachment116fastens the rail14to the cantilever portion56′ at the vertically oriented support member112. The cantilever portion56′ extends sufficiently outwardly from the I-beam12to enable at least a portion of the rail14to be positioned laterally with respect to the I-beam.
While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.
| 4E
| 01 | B |
The following examples illustrate the production of representative
compounds of this invention.
EXAMPLE 1
N-[1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]tricyclo[3.3.
1.1.sup.3,7 ]decane-1-carboxamide
To an anhydrous solution of 3.0 ml (17 mmole) of diisopropylethylamine and
1.2 g (4.9 mmole)
1-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-aminopiperidine in 150 ml
of dichloromethane maintained at 0.degree. C. in an ice/salt water bath
was added 0.99 g (5.0 mmole) of adamantane-1-carbonyl chloride in 75 ml of
dichloromethane. The mixture was allowed to come to room temperature and
stirred overnight. It was then washed with 300 ml each of water, saturated
aqueous sodium bicarbonate, saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over
magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude residue
was filtered through 75 g of silica gel, using 2.5% methanol in
dichloromethane as eluant, and the product-containing fractions evaporated
to give 2.3 g of yellow oil. This was dissolved in dichloromethane and
brought to a boil. Isopropanol was slowly added to replace the boiling
dichloromethane, then 5.0 ml of 4N isopropanolic HCl was added. Upon
cooling, 1.67 g (75% yield) of the title compound, monohydrochloride,
hemihydrate, (m.p. 246.degree.-250.degree. C.) precipitated as a white
powder.
Elemental Analysis for: C.sub.25 H.sub.34 N.sub.2 O.sub.3.HCl.1/2 H.sub.2
O; Calcd: C, 65.84; H, 7.95; N, 6.14; Found: C, 65.75; H, 7.96; N, 6.19.
EXAMPLE 2
3a, 4, 4a, 6a, 7,
7a-Hexahydro-2-[1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl
]-4,7-etheno-1H-cyclobut[f]isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-aminopiperidine (1.0 g, 4.0
mmole) and hexahydro-4,7-etheno-1H-cyclobut[f]isobenzofuran-1,3-(2H)-dione
(0.88 g, 4.3 mmole) were combined in 40 ml of xylene and the mixture was
refluxed for 44 hours under nitrogen, with water removal being
accomplished by means of a Dean-Stark trap. Upon cooling, the mixture was
column chromatographed on 75 g of silica gel with toluene, then
dichloromethane, and finally 2.5% methanol/dichloromethane as eluant. The
product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuum, and
the residue (1.38 g) crystallized from 50 ml of isopropanol with the
addition of 10 ml of 4N isopropanolic HCl.to give 1.3 g of the title
compound as a white solid, monohydrochloride, quarter hydrate, m.p.
262.degree.-272.degree. C.
Elemental Analysis for: C.sub.26 H.sub.28 N.sub.2 O.sub.4.HCl.1/4 H.sub.2
O; Calcd: C, 65.95; H, 6.27; N, 5.91; Found: C, 65.84; H, 6.38; N, 5.84.
EXAMPLE 3
2-[1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1,2-benzoiso
thiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide
1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-aminopiperidine (1.3 g, 5.2
mmole), diisopropylethylamine (6.8 ml, 39 mmole) and methyl
2-(chlorosulfonyl)benzoate (1.6 g, 6.8 mmole) were combined in 80 ml of
dichloromethane and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under
nitrogen for 3 hours. The mixture was then washed with saturated aqueous
sodium bicarbonate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and
concentrated in vacuum. The residue was column chromatographed on 100 g of
silica gel with first 30%, then 50% ethyl acetate/pet ether as eluant. The
product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuum to
give 1.88 g of the intermediate sulfonamide, with the expected NMR. This
was redissolved in 40 ml of xylene and 0.60 g of dimethylaminopyridine
added. This mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 4 days. It was allowed
to cool to room temperature and filtered through 75 g of silica gel, using
2.5% methanol/dichloromethane to completely remove the product. The
product was concentrated in vacuum and the residue crystallized from
isopropanol with the addition of 4N isopropanolic HCl to give 1.21 g of
the title compound as a white solid, monohydrochloride, m.p.
224.degree.-230.degree. C.
Elemental Analysis for: C.sub.21 H.sub.22 N.sub.2 O.sub.5 S.HCl; Calcd: C,
55.93; H, 5.14; N, 6.21; Found: C, 55.85; H, 5.06; N, 6.25.
EXAMPLE 4
3-[[1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl]decah
ydro-2H-1,5-methano-6,7,9-methenopentaleno[1,2-d]azepine-2,4(3H)-dione
1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-aminomethylpiperidine (1.38
g, 5.26 mmole) and
decahydro-1,5-methano-6,7,9-methenopentaleno[1,2-d]oxepine-2,4(1H,5H)-dion
e (1.68 g, 7.3 mmole) were combined in 100 ml of xylene and the mixture was
refluxed for 48 hours under nitrogen, with water removal being
accomplished by means of a Dean-Stark trap. Upon cooling, the mixture was
concentrated in vacuum and the residue column chromatographed on 50 g of
silica gel with 1.5% methanol/dichloromethane as eluent. The
product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuum, and
the residue crystallized from isopropanol with the addition of 4N
isopropanolic HCl to give 0.53 g of the title compound as a white solid,
monohydrochloride, m.p. 248.degree.-252.degree. C.
Elemental Analysis for: C.sub.29 H.sub.34 N.sub.2 O.sub.4.HCl; Calcd: C,
68.16; H, 6.90; N, 5.48; Found: C, 67.87; H, 6.99; N, 5.35.
EXAMPLE 5
N-[[1-[(2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl]tricy
clo[3.3.1.1.sup.3,7 ]decane-1-carboxamide
To an anhydrous solution of 9.0 ml (52 mmole) of diisopropylethylamine and
1.7 g (6.5 mmole)
1-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl]-4-aminomethylpiperidine in
125 ml of dichloromethane maintained at 0.degree. C. in an ice/salt water
bath was added dropwise over 40 minutes a solution of 1.5 g (7.8 mmole) of
adamantane-1-carbonyl chloride in 50 ml of dichloromethane. The mixture
was then poured onto 400 ml of ice, the ice allowed to melt and the
organic phase removed in a separatory funnel. After dilution to 400 ml
with additional dichloromethane, the organic phase was washed with 400 ml
each of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, saturated sodium chloride
solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in
vacuum. The crude residue (3.6 g) was flash chromatographed on 250 g of
silica gel using 2.5% methanol in dichloromethane as eluant, and the
product-containing fractions evaporated to give 2.1 g of free base. This
was dissolved in dichloromethane and brought to a boil. Isopropanol was
slowly added to replace the boiling dichloromethane, then 6.0 ml of 2N
isopropanolic HCl was added. Upon cooling, 1.88 g (47% yield) of the
monohydrochloride of the title compound (m.p. 254.degree.-256.degree. C.)
precipitated as white crystals.
Elemental Analysis for: C.sub.26 H.sub.36 N.sub.2 O.sub.3.HCl; Calcd: C,
67.73; H, 8.09; N, 6.08; Found: C, 67.55; H, 8.06; N, 5.85. | 0A
| 61 | K |
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber of the present invention, a compound containing a phosphate group is fixed to the fiber by chemical bonding. The atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber suppresses atopic dermatitis by contacting skin, e.g., an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis, thereby reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Further, preferably, the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber can suppress one or more symptoms of atopic dermatitis selected from the group consisting of (1) redness and/or bleeding; (2) crust formation and/or dryness; (3) edema; and (4) scratch and/or tissue defect.
Though there is no particular limitation, the compound containing a phosphate group is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphoric ester and a phosphoric ester salt. The ratio of the compound containing a phosphate group to the fiber is preferably in a range from 0.01 to 3 mmol/g, and more preferably in a range from 0.1 to 1.5 mmol/g. Within this range, the effect of reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis is high and the hand of the fiber is maintained.
Though there is no particular limitation, the fiber that can be used in the present invention is preferably a cellulose fiber, a polyethylene fiber, a polypropylene fiber, a nylon fiber, a polivinyl alcohol fiber, etc., to which electron beam graft polymerization can be applied. In view of friendliness to the skin, the fiber preferably includes a cellulose fiber. Any cellulose fiber such as cotton, linen, rayon and cupra can be used, and cotton is preferred. The ratio of the cellulose fiber to the total fibers is preferably in a range from 10 to 100 mass %.
Though there is no particular limitation, the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber can be produced as follows. Specifically, a method for producing the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber includes: irradiating a fiber with an electron beam; and bringing a compound containing a phosphate group into contact with the fiber so that the compound is chemically bonded, preferably graft bonded, to the fiber. The electron beam irradiation step may be performed before and/or after the chemical bonding step. In either order, the compound containing a phosphate group can be chemically bonded to the fiber. After these steps, an alkali neutralization treatment may be performed as a next step. For the alkali neutralization treatment, it is preferable to use an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide such as NaOH, KOH, and LiOH. It also is possible to omit the neutralization treatment by using a compound such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate and lithium phosphate as the compound containing a phosphate group.
When using, for example, mono(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)phosphate (also called phosphoric acid 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl; hereinafter referred to as “P1M”) as the compound containing a phosphate group and applying P1M to a cellulose fiber, it is considered that electron beam irradiation allows P1M to be graft bonded to cellulose as shown in the formula (2) and/or (3) below, and phosphate (phosphoric ester salt) is formed by neutralization treatment as shown in the formula (4) and/or (5) below.
(where Cell represents cellulose; the same applies to the following)
(where n is an integer of 1 or more; the same applies to the following)
(where Cell . . . Cell represents that the compound is bonded inside a cellulose molecule; the same applies to the following)
Further, in the production of the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber, for example, by bringing an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and urea into contact with a cellulose fiber, the phosphoric ester may be chemically bonded, preferably covalently bonded, to the cellulose fiber. In terms of more effective introduction of phosphoric ester, by bringing an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and urea into contact with a cellulose fiber and heat curing the cellulose fiber, phosphoric ester is chemically bonded, preferably covalently bonded, to the cellulose fiber. For example, a cellulose fiber (fabric) is immersed in an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and urea (hereinafter also referred to as a phosphoric acid treatment solution, simply) so as to cause phosphoric ester to be covalently bonded to the cellulose fiber. The phosphoric acid treatment solution may contain ammonia water as needed. The pH of the phosphoric acid treatment solution can be adjusted using ammonia water. The pH of the phosphoric acid treatment solution is preferably lower than 7. The heat curing is preferably performed at a temperature from 100 to 180° C. for 0.5 to 5 minutes. For instance, by this treatment, 0.1 mass % or more, preferably 2 to 8 mass %, particularly preferably 5 to 8 mass % of phosphoric ester can be covalently bonded to the cellulose fiber. Alkali neutralization may be performed after the chemical bonding step.
A cellulose molecule is represented by the formula (6) below (where n is an integer of 1 or more). The cellulose molecule has highly reactive hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3 and C-6 positions of glucose residue, and it is considered that phosphoric acid forms ester bonds with glucose residue at these sites. The formula (8) below shows an example where phosphoric acid forms an ester bond with glucose residue at C-2. In the formula (8), a —CH— group with which phosphoric acid forms an ester bond is a hydrocarbon group within a cellulose chain. Then, phosphate is formed by neutralization treatment as shown in the formula (9) below.
Alternatively, it is considered that phosphoric ester represented by the formulae (10) to (12) below may be formed. In the formula (10), the molar ratio between phosphorus and nitrogen is 1:1. The formulae (11) and (12) below represent phosphorus-rich ester compounds and the compound represented by the formula (12) has a crosslinked structure. It is considered that when the compounds represented by the formulae (10) to (12) are washed with diluted hydrochloric acid or diluted alkali, nitrogen is released as ammonium.
An atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber assembly of the present invention includes the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber. The atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber is arranged so as to contact skin (arranged on a side contacting skin). In the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber assembly, the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber suppresses atopic dermatitis by contacting skin, e.g., an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis, thereby capable of reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, preferably capable of suppressing one or more symptoms of atopic dermatitis selected from the group consisting of (1) redness and/or bleeding; (2) crust formation and/or dryness; (3) edema; and (4) scratch and/or tissue defect. The atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber assembly may be composed only of the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber, or may be mixed with other fibers within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention. When other fibers are mixed therein, it is preferable that the other fibers are arranged so as not to contact skin, in terms of enhancing the effect of suppressing atopic dermatitis. The shape and the structure of the fiber assembly are not limited particularly, and the fiber assembly may be in any form, including a yarn, a fabric such as a knit fabric, a woven fabric and a nonwoven fabric, a strip, a string, and the like. Specifically, it may be a gauze, a bandage, etc., and can be applied directly to an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis.
An atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber product of the present invention includes the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber. The atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber is arranged so as to contact skin (arranged on a side contacting skin). In the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber product, the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber suppresses atopic dermatitis by contacting skin, e.g., an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis, thereby being capable of reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis, preferably capable of suppressing one or more symptoms of atopic dermatitis selected from the group consisting of (1) redness and/or bleeding; (2) crust formation and/or dryness; (3) edema; and (4) scratch and/or tissue defect. The atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber product may be composed only of the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber, or may be mixed with other fibers within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention. When other fibers are mixed therein, it is preferable that the other fibers are arranged so as not to contact skin, in terms of enhancing the effect of suppressing atopic dermatitis. As the fiber product, clothes and bedclothes are included. Examples of the clothes include underwear, undergarments, pajamas, socks, gloves and masks. Examples of the bedclothes include sheets, bed covers, pillowcases, comforters and blankets.
In the present invention, by using the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber and, for example, bringing it into contact with skin, e.g., an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis, it is possible to suppress atopic dermatitis, and thus reduce or improve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Further, by using the atopic dermatitis suppressing fiber and, for example, bringing it into contact with skin, e.g., an affected area of a patient with atopic dermatitis, preferably, it is possible to suppress one or more symptoms of atopic dermatitis selected from the group consisting of (1) redness and/or bleeding; (2) crust formation and/or dryness; (3) edema; and (4) scratch and/or tissue defect.
EXAMPLES
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail by way of Examples. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following Examples.
Example 1
<Introduction of Phosphoric Ester>
A mercerized thin fabric made from 100% cotton fiber (unit weight: 140 g/m2) was immersed into an aqueous solution containing 8.5 mass % phosphoric acid (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) and 30 mass % urea (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), squeezed with a mangle until a pick up of about 70 mass % was achieved, and dried in a pin tenter at 150° C. for 90 seconds. The dried fabric was cured in the pin tenter at 165° C. for 105 seconds. The cured fabric was washed with hot water and then with water sufficiently, squeezed with the mangle, and dried in the pin tenter at 150° C. for 90 seconds. The amount of phosphate group introduced per mass of fiber, which was calculated from the difference in mass of the fabric before and after the above process and the molecular weight of phosphoric acid, was 0.54 mmol/g.
<Neutralization Treatment>
Next, the fabric to which phosphoric ester had been introduced was immersed into a 1 mass % sodium hydroxide (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) aqueous solution, and squeezed with the mangle until a pick up of about 70 mass % was achieved. To remove excess sodium hydroxide, the fabric was washed with hot water and then with water. Subsequently, the fabric was squeezed with the mangle and dried in the pin tenter at 150° C. for 90 seconds.
Comparative Example 1
A mercerized thin fabric made from 100% cotton fiber (unit weight: 140 g/m2) was used as the fabric of Comparative Example 1.
The effect of suppressing atopic dermatitis achieved by the fiber of Example 1 was evaluated in an experimental system using atopic dermatitis model mice as described below. Table 1 below shows the results.
<Effect of Suppressing Atopic Dermatitis>
NCN 24 mice (female)—NC hairless mice—obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. were used as atopic dermatitis models. 100 μL of 0.15% 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) was applied to the abdomen of four NCN 24 mice (13-week old) for sensitization. After 5 days from the sensitization, 50 μL of 0.15% DNFB was applied to the back of the neck of the mice every other day to induce atopic dermatitis. After induction for 23 days, the fabric of Example 1 (length: 1 cm, width: 1.5 cm) that had been immersed in distilled water was attached to the back of the neck of the two mice, and the fabric of Comparative Example 1 (length: 1 cm, width: 1.5 cm) that had been immersed in distilled water was attached to the back of the neck of the other two mice. The fabrics were replaced with new ones every day, and the effect of suppressing atopic dermatitis was tested for three days. The symptoms of atopic dermatitis were classified into four categories: (1) redness and/or bleeding; (2) crust formation and/or dryness; (3) edema; and (4) scratch and/or tissue defect. Dermatitis scores of the respective mice were recorded and judged in accordance with the following criteria. Table 1 shows the sums of the dermatitis scores of these four categories.
(1) Redness and/or Bleeding
(Observing the Symptoms of Redness and Bleeding on the Back)
0: no symptom; a state where no redness or bleeding is observed on the back
1: mild symptom: a state where redness is observed partially on the back, and bleeding in accordance with continuous scratches is not observed
2: moderate symptom: a state where redness is observed scatteringly on the back, and bleeding in accordance with continuous scratches is not observed
3: severe symptom: a state where redness is observed on the entire back, and bleeding in accordance with continuous scratches is observed
(2) Crust Formation and/or Dryness
(Observing the Symptoms of Crust Formation and Dryness on the Back)
0: no symptom; a state where no crust formation or dryness is observed on the back
1: mild symptom: a state where crusts are observed partially on the back, the skin is whitened slightly, and keratin is stripped off slightly
2: moderate symptom: a state where crusts are observed scatteringly on the back, and keratin is stripped off clearly
3: severe symptom: a state where crusts are observed on the entire back, and keratin is stripped off clearly
(3) Edema
(Observing Edema of Auricle Qualitatively)
0: no symptom; a state where neither the left nor right auricle is thickened
1: mild symptom: a state where the left or right auricle is thickened slightly
2: moderate symptom: a state where both of the auricles are thickened and swollen clearly
3: severe symptom: a state where both of the auricles are thickened, swollen and bent clearly, and they are hard when touched by fingers
(4) Scratch and/or Tissue Defect
(Observing the Symptoms of Scratch and Tissue Defect on Auricles)
0: no symptom; a state where no scratches or tissue defects are observed on auricles
1: mild symptom: a state where discontinuous scratches are observed on auricles, and no tissue defects are observed
2: moderate symptom: a state where continuous scratches are observed on auricles in a small area, and no tissue defects are observed
3: severe symptom: a state where continuous scratches are observed on auricles, and tissue defects are observed
TABLE 1Dermatitis scoreThe number of days0123Comparative Example 11112106Example 1101073
As can be seen from Table 1, the fabric of Example 1 composed of the fiber to which the compound containing a phosphate group had been fixed by chemical bonding had lower dermatitis scores as compared with the fabric of Comparative Example 1 to which a phosphate group had not been introduced. It was confirmed that the fabric of Example 1 could suppress atopic dermatitis, thereby reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention can provide gauzes, bandages, underwear, undergarments, pajamas, socks, gloves, masks, sheets, bed covers, pillowcases, comforters, blankets, and the like that are capable of reducing or improving the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.
| 3D
| 06 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In this application, similar reference characters are used to illustrate
identical elements in different embodiments.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a paver 10 is used to pave roads or pavement 12.
The paver 10 includes a hopper 14, a tractor 16, an auger 18 and a screed
20. The tractor 16 propels the paver 10.
The hopper 14 contains loose paving material 22 to be distributed along a
length of pavement 12. The hopper feeds the loose paving material to the
auger 18 which disperses it along a width of the pavement 12. Once the
loose paving material 22 is laid by the auger 18, the screed 20 passes
over it to compress it into the desired density, and to give it a final
contour.
One prior art screed 20 illustrated in FIG. 6, includes one or more screed
housings 22, a screed plate or planar surface 24, a burner recess or
aperture 26 formed in the screed housing and a burner unit 28 which
interfits within the burner aperture 26. A space 31 is defined within the
screed housing 22 by the walls of the screed housing 22 and the screed
plate 24.
A burner exhaust outlet 30 may be formed in the screed housing permitting a
flow of heated gas through the space 31 and out the outlet 30 which
spreads heat produced by the burner unit over a sizable portion of the
screed plate 24. In this configuration, the entire space 31 must be heated
by the burner unit 28 which leads to inefficient heating.
It is desirable for the temperature of the screed plate to be approximately
the same as the loose paving material. This produces more efficient paving
and reduces the damage to the screed plate which may result from exposure
to considerably higher temperatures than the plate itself.
During the normal operation of the paver 10, the temperature of the screed
plate 24 is roughly equivalent to the temperature of the loose paving
material 22. However, when the paver 10 is being used for the first time
after a period of nonuse, the initial screed plate temperature will be
considerably lower than the pavement. The burner unit 28 raises the
temperature of the screed plate 24 prior to use.
The burner unit 28, as utilized in the prior art screed illustrated in FIG.
6, does not heat the screed plate evenly. A first portion 32 of the screed
plate 24, being close to the burner unit 28, will be at a much greater
temperature than a second portion 34 of the screed plate more distant from
the burner unit. This temperature differential can result in possible
damage to, as well as inefficient heating of, the screed plate 24.
To provide a more even heating of the screed plate 24 prior to screed 20
use, a tunnel 36 as illustrated in FIG. 4 may be installed. The tunnel 36
includes an inlet portion 38 (which interfits over the burner unit), one
or more tunnel branches 40, 42 and an orifice 44, 46. Each tunnel branch
42, 44 preferably has a lesser cross sectional dimension adjacent the
inlet portion than at the orifices 44, 46 as illustrated in FIG. 3.
The orifice 44 of tunnel branch 40 discharges heated gas in a direction
parallel to the screed plate 24, while the orifice 46 of tunnel branch 42
extends in a direction perpendicular to the screed plate 24. Since the
flow length 49 of tunnel branch 40 is shorter than the flow length 51 of
tunnel branch 42 (tunnel branch 42 thereby providing greater resistance).
More gas will thereby pass through tunnel branch 40 than tunnel branch 42,
due to decreased resistance to flow.
Heated gas 53 passing from orifices 44 and 46 will distribute heat from the
heated gas to the screed plate 24 much more efficiently than the prior art
burner unit 28 as illustrated in FIG. 6 since a majority of the heated gas
is travelling parallel to the surface in the instant configuration. Heated
gas 52 passing from orifice 46 of tunnel branch 42 will travel radially
from the axis of the orifice. This will cause the heated gas 53 passing
from orifice 46 to expand outwardly as it exits the orifice 44 as
illustrated in FIG. 2, further contributing to an even transfer of heat
throughout the screed plate 24.
An insulating plate or insulation retainer 48 is substantially parallel to
the screed plate 24 and forms a space 50 therebetween. The insulating
plate 48 performs two functions. Initially, the heated gas passing through
the orifices 44, 46 will remain close to the screed plate 24 instead of
rising away from the screed plate. The width 55 of the space 50 (see FIG.
5) is selected to ensure that the heated gas will pass through the entire
space 50.
The second function of the insulation plate or retainer 48 is to retain an
insulating material 54 in position. The insulating material is placed in
the parts of the screed removed from the space 50. The insulating material
54 has to withstand the temperatures of the heated gas 52 and 53 which
passes through the tunnel 36.
The insulating material prevents heat loss not only from the tunnel 36, but
also from the insulating plate 48. The overall purpose of the insulating
material 54 and the insulating plate 48 is to maximize the heat transfer
from the burner unit 28 directly to the screed plate 24.
Since the insulating plate 48 is insulated on one side by an insulating
material 54, the insulating plate 48 maintains most of the heat applied to
it. Whatever heat is contained in the insulating plate will be passed
through the entire plate by conduction. If the temperature of the
insulating plate exceeds the temperature of the screed plate, much of the
heat contained within the insulating plate 48 will be radiated to the
screed plate, further adding to even heating of the screed plate.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the insulating plate 48 is formed from two
insulating plate portions 56, 58 which intersect at approximately ninety
degrees. There are recesses 60, 62 in the insulating plate portions 56, 58
permitting the tunnel branches 40, 42 to extend through the insulating
plate 48.
The screed plate 24 is formed from two screed plate portions 64, 66 which
intersect at approximately ninety degrees. The space 50 includes the areas
between the insulating plate portion 56 and the screed plate portion 64,
as well as between the insulating plate portion 58 and the screed plate
portion 66.
The screed plate 24 is removably affixed to the screed housing 22 by a
plurality of fasteners 68, 70. The fasteners 68, 70 are mounted on flange
portions 72, 74 which are formed on the screed plate portions 64, 66,
respectively.
When the screed plate 24 is attached to the screed housing 22, there will
be a slight space between these two members to permit the heated gas which
is passing through the tunnel branches 40, 42 to escape from the space 50,
and permit a constant flow of heated air throughout the space 50.
Alternately, apertures 76 may be formed in the screed housing 22 to allow
this flow of heated gas.
A divider plate 78 is inserted in the tunnel 36 opposite the burner unit
28. The divider plate 78 divides the heated gas flow from the burner unit
into the two tunnel branches 40, 42 while minimizing the turbulence in
each of the two branches.
Even though the instant description is directed to heating a screed plate,
it is to be understood that applying this system to heat any planar
surface is within the intended scope of this invention. | 5F
| 27 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1shows one form of aircraft according to this invention.
Looking at the aircraft inFIG. 1it can be seen that the aircraft comprises a main rotor assembly1at the top of the aircraft, which rotor assembly consists of an assembly of blades2,3and a rotor4. Rotation of the main rotor assembly is achieved by using an engine assembly5a, which is the main engine assembly on the aircraft. Vertical lift is obtained by the rotation of the main rotor assembly1relative to the main engine assembly5a. Rotation of the main rotor assembly1forces air in a downward direction by way of the angle of pitch of the blades2and3. The main engine assembly is connected to the main body6of the aircraft by a tilt enabling joint7, with the main engine assembly rigidly attached to the tilt enabling joint by bolts5band5c. The tilt enabling joint7allows tilting of the main engine assembly5arelative to the main body6of the aircraft to occur in a controlled manner. A universal joint8is used to allow tilting to occur. The tilt enabling joint7is fitted with a combination of hydraulic actuators9,10and springs11,12and13that allow the tilting of the tilt enabling joint7to be controlled. As hydraulic pressure is applied to the front hydraulic actuator10, it expands and in so doing tilts the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint7rearward, thereby compressing the rear spring13. As hydraulic pressure to the front hydraulic actuator10is released, the rear spring13acts to tilt the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint7forward. When the main engine assembly5ais tilted, the main rotor assembly1is tilted with it. Tilting of the main engine assembly5athus initiates changes in the direction of travel of the aircraft without the need to change the pitch angles of the blades2and3. To counter the rotational force exerted on the main body6of the aircraft by the rotation of the main rotor assembly1,FIG. 1shows an additional engine assembly15attached to the main body of the aircraft, which rotates a secondary rotor assembly16. The secondary rotor assembly consists of blades17and18, and a rotor19. Rotation of the secondary rotor assembly pushes air in a primarliy horizontal direction by way of the pitch of the blades17and18. By forcing air to travel in a horizontal direction, the secondary rotor assembly acts to counter the rotational force exerted on the main body6of the aircraft by the rotation of the main rotor assembly1.
The Springs11,12and13shown inFIG. 1can be replaced with gas pressurised struts, with the struts fitted in the locations where the springs are located inFIG. 1.
FIG. 2Ashows a tilt enabling joint1consisting of hydraulic actuators9,10and10abeing used to control the direction and angle of tilt, and a universal joint8. As hydraulic pressure is applied extend to one hydraulic actuator10to extend it, hydraulic pressure on the hydraulic actuator10alocated directly on the opposite side of the universal joint8is released, allowing that hydraulic actuator10ato contract, thereby causing controlled tilting of the upper section of the tilt enabling joint. The movement can be reversed by applying hydraulic pressure to hydraulic actuator10aand releasing hydraulic pressure on hydraulic actuator9. With the main engine assembly5aattached to the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint, when the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint is tilted so too is the main engine assembly5aand with it the main rotor assembly1.FIG. 2Bshows the aircraft ofFIG. 2Arotated horizontaly 180 degrees to show the hydraulic actuator10bon right side of the tilt enabling joint.
FIG. 3shows the rear view of another form of the aircraft with handles20and21forming part of the tilt enabling joint7. The handles20and21are attached to the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint. The tilting ability of the tilt enabling joint is achieved by the universal joint8. The aircraft has a main rotor assembly1which is rotated by a main engine assembly5a. An additional engine assembly15is used to rotate the secondary rotor assembly16. Directional control of the aircraft during flight is achieved by controlled tilting of the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint relative to the lower section22of the tilt enabling joint, thereby tilting the main engine assembly5aand main rotor assembly1. Controlled tilting of the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint during flight is enabled by the handles20and21. Moving the handles20and21relative to the main body of the aircraft6would be capable of causing a forward and rearward tilting to the upper section of the tilt enabling joint, as well as sideway tilting.
FIG. 4is the left side view ofFIG. 3, showing the position of the left handle20from a side view.
FIGS. 5A and 5Bshows the universal joint8of the tilt enabling joint ofFIG. 1.FIG. 5BisFIG. 5Arotated 90 degrees horizontally.
FIG. 6shows a version of the aircraft with the main engine assembly5comprising two engines23and24. The main engine assembly inFIG. 1comprised a single engine.
FIG. 7shows the rear of a version of the aircraft ofFIG. 3with additional engine assembly15comprising two engines25and26. The additional engine assembly of the aircraft inFIG. 3comprised a single engine.
FIG. 8shows a version of the aircraft ofFIG. 1with a jet engine27replacing the additional engine assembly15shown inFIG. 1and the secondary rotor assembly16also shown inFIG. 1. The jet engine is shown connected to the main body of the aircraft. In another form of the aircraft the jet engine is connected to the upper section of the tilt enabling joint. It could also be connected to the main engine assembly. The jet engine shown is a turbojet. In another form of the aircraft, the jet engine is a turbofan.
FIG. 9shows a version of the aircraft where the additional engine assembly15is attached to the upper section14of the tilt enabling joint7, with the secondary rotor assembly16attached to the additional engine assembly15. This feature would allow both the main rotor assembly1and the secondary rotor assembly16to stay high above the ground when the aircraft has landed in a forest. In another form of the aircraft, the additional engine assemly could be connected to the main engine assembly.
FIG. 10shows the front of an aircraft similar to the one shown in ofFIG. 9and how variable pitch fins28and29could be positioned on the aircraft. The variable pitch fins could augment control of the aircraft, and could be used as airbrakes. They could also provide lift during high speed forward flight, such as wings on an airplane, since downwash from the main rotor assembly2would be directed to the rear of the aircraft, due to the tilting of the main rotor assembly in a forward direction and the distance of the main rotor assembly from the variable pitch fins.
FIG. 11shows how an aircraft according to this invention could be used as an evacution vehicle for persons trapped in a building30. An extension ladder31secured to the main body6of the aircraft is shown in extended form, with a basket32at the end of the extension ladder.FIG. 11shows how a person33could be rescued from the building. The large distance between the main rotor and the main body of the aircraft makes the main body6of the aircraft act like a keel on a yaght, so that an extension ladder has a minimal effect on the ability to control the aircraft. The main body could be tilted slightly, while the main rotor assembly1could be maintained in a level position.
FIG. 12shows how the aircraft ofFIG. 9could be used to quickly unload supplies on the side of a steep mountain34, or quickly evacuate injured persons without having to use a winch. The relatively short distance between the main rotor and the main body of a conventional helicopter would prevent the main body of a conventional helicopter being able to make contact with such a steep mountain without a high risk of the rotor blades impacting with the mountain.
FIG. 13shows how the aircraft ofFIG. 11could land between trees35and36, while the main rotor assembly is kept above the tops of the trees. Cargo could be loaded and unloaded or injured persons evacuated without using a winch.
FIG. 9showed the aircraft with the additional engine assembly15and the secondary rotor assembly16connected to the upper section of the tilt enabling joint. By attaching the secondary rotor assembly16and the additional engine assembly15to the upper section of the tilt enabling joint, the secondary rotor assembly could be kept above trees when the aircraft is landed amongst trees as shown inFIG. 13. The aircraft could land in an area such as a forest where the rotors of a conventional helicopter would impact with the trees. The aircraft would not require a cleared landing zone to land in a forest. In a war, the possible landing area would be less predictable by an enemy force, reducing the risk of an ambush around a cleared landing zone. If the aircraft was operated on a battle field and the aircraft was targeted by a heat seaking missile during flight, having the main engine assembly5aand the additional engine assembly located away from the main body of the aircraft would provide the occupants with a greater chance of survival than if the main engine assembly was attached directly to the main body of the aircraft if the missile caused a fire at the main engine assembly. The additional engine assembly15and secondary rotor assembly could also be attached to the base of the tilt enabling joint, or the main engine assembly.
FIG. 14shows how eight rotor blades37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44, can be assembled around a rotor4when space is not required for blade pitch varying components. This number of rotor blades would allow the rotor assembly1to be rotated at a lower rate of revolution than a rotor assembly with fewer blades, to achieve the same lifting ability, resulting in a relatively quieter aircraft. Having a high number of rotor blades would help the aircraft to operate in high altitude mountainous regions or hot regions, where the air is thin.
| 1B
| 64 | C |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a separation apparatus in accordance
with the invention cooperating with a cylindrical processing drum 4 driven
(by conventional means not shown) selectively in either direction of
rotation as shown by the arrows A and B and fitted with a garnett wire 7
mounted on the cylinder surface. The specific garnett wire 7 which is
shown in the drawing has a sawtooth profile, though it alternatively may
have a plurality of small hooks or needles.
The matted, premetered fiber material is fed (by conventional means not
shown) to the processing drum 4.
A rocker arm 1, shown in FIG. 1 in three different operative positions, is
moved to-and-fro relative to the processing drum 4 and includes four bars
or links 9, 10, 11, 12 pivotally connected to each other in the form of a
parallelogram and comprises a plurality of needles 2 forming a separation
comb 13 attached to one end of bar 10. The lever apparatus including the
four bars 9, 10, 11, 12 is mounted so as to be displaceable along the
surface of a separation cam 3. The shape of the control surface of
separation cam 3 must be determined empirically and most of all depends on
the parameters of all the remaining apparatus (for instance the size of
the processing drum 4, the length of the arm 1, the kind of fiber web 6,
the position and size of the processing stations following the separation
apparatus and the variable positions, described below, of the needles 2 of
the separation comb 13). The shape of this cam must be selected in such
manner that the separation of the fiber web 6 wound on the processing drum
4 takes place at a defined location on the drum and the unwinding of the
separated fiber web 6 from the processing drum 4 is carried out by the
free end 8 of the fiber web 6 along a generatrix of the surface of
processing drum 4.
The motion of the arm 1 and of its coordinates with the position of the
pre- or after-positioned processing stations takes place automatically
through a control device (not shown).
Position (a) in FIG. 1 shows the arm in its inactive or rest position. Next
the arm 1 moves counterclockwise along the separation cam 3 toward the
processing drum 4, the lever means so changing the angular position of the
needles 2 of the separation comb 13 that the needles 2 are incident
tangentially to the drum surface and are inserted into the garnett wire 7
and thereby pierce the fiber web 6 placed thereupon and lift it off of the
processing drum 4. As a result, the fiber web 6 is interrupted between the
retaining agent, or depressor 5, designed as a roller, and the needles 2
(position b). The separation cam 3 and the lever apparatus 9, 10, 11, 12
with separation comb 13--which in the preferred embodiment is a four-bar
parallelogram linkage--then pivots the separation comb 2 in such a way
that the tip of the fiber web 8 slips off of the needles 2 (position c).
During separation, the drag-end of the web (i.e., the end of the web from
which the specimen is pulled away) is pressed by the depressor 5, which
has moved from the rest position 14 into the operational position 14',
against the processing drum 4. At its free end, the depressor 5 comprises
a roller with a soft coating such as rubber. In a preferred embodiment
(FIG. 2), the roller of depressor 5 is fluted, the roller recesses
matching the garnett wires 7 of the processing drum 4.
The tip 8 of the fiber web that was separated from the periphery of the
processing drum 4 now can be fed to an arbitrary processing station (for
instance a drawing means). Purposefuly tip 8 of the separated fiber web 6
is inserted, as shown in FIG. 3, into insertion means 15-24. The
difficulty with this procedure lies in the fact that the fibers of tip 8
which, at the end of the separating process, are located in a separation
comb 2, may not be folded back during the insertion process into the
insertion means 15-24, i.e., no hooks should be formed.
This problem can be solved by insertion means 15-24, as shown in detail in
FIGS. 3 and 4, which consist mainly of an insertion sled 15 hanging from
an upper belt conveyor 20. Insertion sled 15 includes a center belt
conveyor 24 which is driven by the toothed wheel 18. In the neutral
position the insertion sled 15 is positioned at the right stop of the
upper belt conveyor 20. When the separated fiber wib 6 is hanging in the
separation comb 2, the insertion sled 15 is advanced thereto by means of
the upper belt conveyor 20. Thereupon, processing drum 4 is moved
counter-clockwise until the fiber web 6 is gliding out of the separation
comb 2 and takes its rest on the center belt conveyor 24 of the insertion
sled 15 as shown in FIG. 3. Then insertion sled 15, as shown in FIG. 4, is
moved to the left stop of the upper belt conveyor 20 where toothed wheels
18 and 19 are meshing. During this process step, fiber web 6 is laid on
the lower belt conveyor 17 without folding back the fibers of tip 8 of the
separated fiber web 6.
Then the lower belt conveyor 17 and processing drum 4 can be moved in order
to draw the separated fiber web 6 off of processing drum 4. Thereby center
belt conveyor 24 of insertion sled 15 is simultaneously moved. By means of
bridge 23, shaft 16 presses belt conveyor axis 21 against belt conveyor
axis 22, causing a clamping site for fiber web 6, aiding the drawing-off
of fiber web 6 from processing drum 4.
In the event of repeated processing procedures (for instance parallelizing
and stretching the fibers), the separation apparatus of the invention can
repeatedly separate the processed fiber web 6 from the same processing
drum 4. It is also possible to service a number of processing drums 4 from
a single separation apparatus of the invention, whereby such apparatus can
be built more simply and more economically.
The separation apparatus of the invention advantageously may be used in
equipment for making fiber strips with parallelized fiber positions from
matted fiber aggregates such as is described in the Swiss patent
application 1468/89. | 3D
| 01 | G |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIGS. 1-4 of the drawings, a media storage bin or
container 1 is stacked upon an identical bin 1'. Each of the bins 1 and 1'
includes two vertical side walls 10, 10' a vertical back wall 11, 11', and
a forwardly slanted front wall 12, 12'. The side walls 10, 10' are taller
than at least one, and preferably both, of the front and rear walls 12,
12' and 11, 11', respectively. A base 13, 13' has an upper surface which
forms the floor of the interior of the bin 1, 1' and upon which compact
disc boxes can be stood on end.
An extension 14, 14' of the base 13, 13' protrudes downwardly from its
bottom and has a rear edge substantially flush with the rear edge of the
top of base 13, 13', and side edges coextensive with the interior surfaces
of the walls 10, 10'. The downward extension 14, 14' of the base 13, 13'
serves as a guide slidable between the upper margins of the side walls
10", 10 of the bins 1', 1, i.e., the width of each guide 14, 14' is
substantially equal to the distance between side walls 10, 10'.
The base 13, 13' extends forwardly beyond the lower end of front wall 12,
12' with its forward edge in substantial vertical alignment with the top
edge of the front wall 12, 12'. The front edge of the guide 14, 14' is
coextensive with the front edge of the base 13, 13'. The top surface of
the forward extension of the base 13, 13", adjacent is front edge, is
provided with a handle 15, 15'. The handle 15, 15' facilitates picking up
the storage bin 1, 1' with one hand.
The depth of the base 13 of the storage bin 1, 1', measured from to back,
is preferably about 13 inches, two inches of which extends forward of the
storage chamber defined by the walls 10,11,12, 10',11',12'. The floor of
the chamber is about 11 inches deep and accommodates approximately 25
compact disc boxes. The storage container 1, 1' can be amply supported by,
and slightly extends over, a conventional 12 inch deep shelf which
ordinarily holds books or long playing records. In this way, the full
depth of the shelf can be utilized for storage of compact discs.
The angled front wall 12 permits the compact discs to be flipped forwardly,
i.e., pivoted about their bottom edges, one-by-one so that the full face
of each compact disc box in the storage container can be viewed. In this
way, the user can readily see the full front face of each compact disc
box, rather than only the thin edge of the box.
The storage containers 1 are designed to be stacked, one upon another, as
shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 4. The guide 14, 14' which extends downwardly
below the bottom edges of side walls 10, 10' is provided for this purpose.
As best seen in FIG. 4, when stacked, the bottom edges of side walls 10 of
the upper container 1 rest upon the upper edges of side walls 10' of the
lower container 1', and the downwardly projecting guide 14 of the base 13
fits between the upper margins of the side walls 10' of the lower
container 1'. When access to the compact discs in the lower container 1'
is desired, handle 15 of the upper container 1 is grasped and the upper
container 1 is lifted, or slid forwardly, off the lower container 1'. The
lower container 1 is then removed from the shelf by grasping its handle
15' with the other hand, and the positions of the two containers can be
reversed.
Alternatively, if limited access to the lower container 1' is sufficient,
the lower container 1' can be pulled forwardly and/or the upper container
1 can be pushed rearwardly (provided the upper margins of the side walls
10' extend above the rear wall 11') to gain access to the contents in the
front of bin 1', or the lower container 1' can be pushed rearwardly and/or
the upper container 1 can be pulled forwardly (provided the upper margins
of the side walls 10' extend above the front wall 12'), to gain access to
the contents in the rear of bin 1'.
A frame 16, 16' may be provided on the upper surface of the forward
extension of the base 13, to accommodate a label or other substrate
bearing indicia identifying the contents of each respective container.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a removable partition 17 may be located along
the center line of the container 1, such as by slipping it into centrally
disposed slots in the back and front walls 11 and 12. The partition 17
divides the interior of the bin 1 into two chambers in which two
respective columns of audio tape cassette boxes can be stored on end.
As seen from the foregoing description, the media storage bin 1 of the
invention is an elongated container having an interior width slightly
wider than the face of a "crystal" box which holds a compact disc, i.e.,
approximately 53/4 inches. The front wall 12 of the container is angled
forwardly so that the compact disc boxes stored in the container can be
flipped forwardly to expose the face of each disc box. In addition, the
storage container has no covers. Like containers can be stacked one upon
another. An upper container 1 can be slid forwardly along a lower
container 1' to provide access to the discs in the lower container 1' or
the positions of the containers can be reversed, i.e., the container 1'
can be stacked atop the container 1. The bottom of the angled front wall
12, 12' is spaced rearwardly of the frontal extension the base 13, 13' of
the container 1, 1' so as to provide for a handle 15, 15' whereby the
containers 1 and 1' can be reciprocated relative to one another, lifted,
and otherwise manipulated. Each container 1, 1' is preferably about twelve
inches long so that it occupies the full depth of a book or phonograph
record shelf. Optionally a dividing wall 17 can be provided along the
longitudinal axis or centerline of the container to divide the interior
into two compartments for holding two rows of audio tape cassette boxes.
It is to be appreciated that the foregoing is a description of a preferred
embodiment of the invention to which variations and modifications may be
made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. | 1B
| 65 | D |
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Phenothiazine derivatives suitable for the purposes of the present invention may be comprised of known phenothiazine derivatives having molecular weights equal to or greater than 240, preferably greater than 300, and even more preferably, greater than 400.
Such phenothiazine derivatives may be exemplified by the following compounds: 3-t-butyl-phenothiazine, 3-t-amylphenothiazine, 10-t-butyl-phenothiazine, 3-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenothiazine, or similar phenothiazines substituted with alkyls having four or more carbon atoms; 1,2-benzophenothiazine, or similar benzophenothiazines; 1,2,6,7-benzophenothiazine, or similar benzophenothiazine; 1-acetylphenothiazine, 10-acetylphenothiazine, or similar diphenothiazines substituted with acyls having 2 to 18 carbon atoms; 10,10′-diphenothiazine, 1,1′-dimethyl-10,10′-diphenothiazine, 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-10,10′-diphenothiazine, or similar N,N′-phenothiazine dimmers; a compound of following formula (1):
and a compound of following formula (2):
Most preferable from the viewpoint of availability is the compound of formula (1).
In the above formulae, R1designates benzyl groups, α-methylbenzyl groups, α,α-dimethylbenzyl groups, or similar aralkyl groups having 7 to 18 carbon atoms or 7 to 12 carbon atoms, α-methylbenzyl groups and α,α-dimethylbenzyl groups being preferable; groups designated by R1may be the same or different.
R2designates hydrogen atoms or groups selected from linear-chain or branch-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, acetyl groups and aralkyl groups having 7 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and benzoyl groups or similar acyl groups having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Most preferable are hydrogen atoms or acetyl groups, especially, hydrogen atoms.
R3designates hydrogen atoms or groups selected from linear-chain or branch-chain alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, acetyl groups and aralkyl groups having 7 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and benzoyl groups or similar acyl groups having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Preferable are hydrogen atoms, aralkyl groups having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, but most preferable are hydrogen atoms, benzyl groups, α-methylbenzyl groups, α,α-dimethylbenzyl groups, and especially, hydrogen atoms.
R4designates hydrogen atoms or groups selected from linear-chain or branch-chain alkyl groups and acetyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and benzoyl groups or similar acyl groups having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably, 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Preferable are hydrogen atoms or acetyl groups.
X designates a group selected from a methylene group, α-methylmethylene group, and α-phenylmethylene group; “m” and “n” are integers from 0 to 2 that satisfy the following condition: “(m+n)≧1; “r” is a number represented by an average value of 1 to 5 and that preferably is in the range of 1 to 2, and even more preferably, in the range of 1 to 1.5.
The following are specific examples of preferable compound of formula (1): 3-(α-methylbenzyl)phenothiazine, 1-(α-methylbenzyl)phenothiazine, 3,7-bis(α-methylbenzyl)phenothiazine, 3-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)phenothiazine, and 3,7-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)phenothiazine.
Compounds of formula (2) may be exemplified by compounds of the formulae given below, where “r” is the same as defined above:
The aforementioned phenothiazine derivatives, even in small quantities, produce a sufficient effect on organic silicon compounds that contain methacryloxy or acryloxy groups. The best results are obtained when, in terms of a weight ratio, the phenothiazine derivative is mixed with the aforementioned organosilicon compound in an amount of 10 to 5000 ppm, preferably 100 to 2000 ppm.
The aforementioned phenothiazine derivatives are suitable for use in the manufacture of an organic silicon compound of below-given formula (3) that contains a methacryloxy group or an acryloxy group:
CH2═C(R5)COO—R6—Si(R7)3-p(R8)p(3),
where R5is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R6is a bivalent organic group, preferable of which are methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylenes, isobutylene, or similar alkylene groups; R7is an alkyl group, preferably, methyl group; and R8is either a chlorine atom, bromine atom or a similar halogen atom or is selected from a methoxy group, ethoxy group, or a similar alkoxy group, or a methoxyethoxy group, ethoxymethoxy group, or a similar alkyloxyalkoxy group. Most preferable are methoxy groups, ethoxy groups, chlorine atoms, or bromine atoms, especially, chlorine atoms or bromine atoms. In the above formula, “p” is an integer from 1 to 3. The following are specific examples of the aforementioned organic silicon compounds: methacryloxymethyl trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, acryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl methyldimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane, acryloxypropyl triethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyl trichlorosilane, methacryloxypropyl methyldichlorosilane, methacryloxypropyl dimethylchlorosilane, methacryloxyisobutyl trimethoxysilane, and methacryloxyisobutyl trichlorosilane.
Methacryloxy- and acryloxy-containing organic silicon compounds, other than those mentioned above, may be exemplified by bis(methacryloxypropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane, methacryloxypropyl tris(trimethylsiloxy)siloxane, acryloxytrimethylsilane, methacryloxytrimethylsilane, methacryloxyphenyldimethylsilane, or the like.
The aforementioned phenothiazine derivatives can also efficiently inhibit spontaneous polymerization in organic silicon compounds of formula (3) that have methacryloxy or acryloxy groups where R8in the above formula is a halogen atom. Since such a methacryloxy- or acryloxy-containing organic silicon compounds are strongly acidic and therefore are more readily subject to spontaneous polymerization, they have to be handled with caution.
The aforementioned phenothiazine derivatives can be easily and completely removed from a crude methacryloxy- or acryloxy-containing organic silicon compounds by distillation. The distillation operation can be carried out without the use of a distillation column, with the use of a distillation column, by distillation in vacuum, by thin-film distillation, or by any other known method of distillation. Any of the above distillation methods protects the methacryloxy- or acryloxy-containing organic silicon compounds from mixing with phenothiazine derivatives, and thus prevents coloration of the target product. Furthermore, since the entire phenothiazine derivative remains in the reactor, polymerization is efficiently prevented also in the reactor that may create a problem during distillation.
The aforementioned phenothiazine derivative alone demonstrates sufficient polymerization inhibiting capacity, but, if necessary, it can be additionally combined with known polymerization inhibitors, such as hindered-phenol or amine-type polymerization inhibitors. In the case of distillation, in particular, in order to inhibit polymerization of a gaseous phase, it is recommended to combine the phenothiazine derivative of the invention with p-methoxyphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, or similar polymerization inhibitors that have boiling points under atmospheric pressure below 300° C.
EXAMPLES
The invention will be further described more specifically with reference to the Practical Examples which are given below. It is understood that these examples should not construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Practical Example 1
A methacryloxypropyl trichlorosilane was synthesized by a known method where allyl methacrylate and trichlorosilane were used as starting materials. 20 g of the obtained product and 5 mg of a styrenated phenothiazine (ANTAGE STDP-N, molecular weight was 407.6; the product of Kawaguchi Chemical Company, Ltd.) was sealed in a bottle with a threaded cap and heated in a 150° C. oil bath. The obtained product was not gelled and maintained flowability even 20 hours after the above-described treatment.
Practical Example 2
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 1, except that 5 mg of a 10-acetylphenothiazine of below-given formula (5) were used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). The obtained product was not gelled and maintained flowability even 20 hours after the above-described treatment.
The 10-acetylphenothiazine of formula (5) was synthesized by the following method. A 200-ml four-neck flask was loaded with 19.93 g (0.1 mole) of phenothiazine, 15.31 g (0.15 mole) of acetic anhydride, and 40 g of xylene, and the contents were subjected to heating under reflux conditions for 6 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled, the precipitate was separated by filtering, and the product washed with methanol. As a result, 22.6 g of 10-acetylphenothiazine having a molecular weight of 241.3 were obtained.
Practical Example 3
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 1, except that 2.5 mg of a phenothiazine derivative of below-given formula (6) were used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). The obtained product was not gelled and maintained flowability even 20 hours after the above-described treatment.
The phenothiazine derivative of formula (6) was synthesized by the following method. A 200-ml four-neck flask was loaded with 4.98 g (0.25 mole) of phenothiazine and 18 g of tetrahydrofuran, and then a mixture composed of 6.0 g of a concentrated hydrochloric acid, 4.36 g of formalin, and 24 g of methanol was added dropwise at room temperature. The precipitate was separated by filtering, and the product was washed with methanol. As a result, 3.11 g of phenothiazine oligomer were obtained.
NMR analysis and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) confirmed that the product had the structure of formula (6) where “r” was on average about 1.2 and molecular weight was on average about 453.
Comparative Examples 1 to 10
The products were obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 1, except that known polymerization inhibitors of the type shown in Table 1 were used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine. Within 10 hours after the preparation, the products were gelled and lost flowability.
Practical Example 4
A four-neck flask equipped with a stirrer was loaded with 867 g (6.87 mole) of allyl methacrylate, 0.2 g of a platinum-divinyltetramethylsiloxane complex (0.4 mmole of metallic platinum), and 2.7 g of a styrenated phenothiazine (ANTAGE STDP-N, molecular weight was 407.6; the product of Kawaguchi Chemical Company, Ltd.). The content was heated at 80° C., and 912 g (6.73 mole) of trichlorosilane were added dropwise. Following this, 647 g (20.2 mole) of methanol were added dropwise, and the product was neutralized by blowing ammonia into the product. The precipitate was separated by filtering, the product was distilled under a reduced pressure of 7 mmHg, and a 115 to 122° C. fraction was taken. The obtained fraction comprised 1229 g of a methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane which was obtained with the yield of 74%. For two days the obtained product was exposed to direct sun rays, but no changes in color were observed.
Practical Example 5
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 4, except that 1.6 g (6.6 mmole) of a 10-acetylphenothiazine of formula (5) were used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). The obtained fraction comprised 1203 g of a methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane which was obtained with the yield of 72%. For two days the obtained product was exposed to direct sun rays, but no changes in color were observed.
Practical Example 6
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 4, except that 1.4 g of a phenothiazine derivative of formula (6) were used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). The obtained fraction comprised 1171 g of a methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane which was obtained with the yield of 70%. For two days the obtained product was exposed to direct sun rays, but no changes in color were observed.
Comparative Example 11
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 4, except that phenothiazine was used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). For two days the obtained product was exposed to direct sun rays, and the color was changed to brown.
Comparative Example 12
The product was obtained by the same method as in Practical Example 4, except that 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol was used instead of the styrenated phenothiazine of formula (4). A polymer was formed in the reactor in the final stage of distillation, and further distillation could not be continued.
TABLE 1ExamplesPolymerization InhibitorsTime to GellingAppl. Ex. 1Styrenated phenothiazineNo gelling after 20 hr.Appl. Ex. 210-AcetylphenathiazeneNo gelling after 20 hr.Appl. Ex. 33,3′-Methylene bis (phenothiazine)No gelling after 20 hr.Comp. Ex. 1p-methoxyphenolGelling within 1 hr.Comp. Ex. 2HydroquinoneGelling within 1 hr.Comp. Ex. 3t-butylpyrocatecolGelling within 1 hr.Comp. Ex. 42,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenolGelling after 3 hr.Comp. Ex. 52,6-di-t-butyl-4-dimethyl-Gelling after 8 hr.aminomethylphenolComp. Ex. 64,4′-thio-bis (6-t-butyl-Gelling within 1 hr.3-methylphenol)Comp. Ex. 7N-nitroso-phenylhydroxylamineGelling within 1 hr.hydrochloride saltComp. Ex. 82,4-bis (n-octylthio)-6-(4-hydroxy-Gelling after 4 hr.3,5-di-t-butylanilino)-1,3,5-triazineComp. Ex. 9Pentaerythritol tetrakis [3-(3,5-di-Gelling within 1 hr.t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionateComp. Ex. 101,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-Gelling within 1 hr.t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene
| 2C
| 07 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, an embodiment of the putter 12 includes a
FIXX-MARK.TM. grip 30 including a flexible grip member 32 and an integral
ball mark repair tool 34. The grip 30 is securable over a shaft 36 of the
putter, seen in FIGS. 1 and 3.
The divot mark repair tool 34 has a tool handle 38 from which two tines 40
extend in a parallel manner. The tool handle 38 may be made of plastic,
rubber or some other suitable material, and the tines 40 may be made of
metal. The grip member 32 has bores 42 which correspond in size, depth and
position of the tines 40. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, tines 40 may be
inserted into the bores 42 so that the repair tool 34 is integrally stored
and secured at an end of the grip 30. The tool handle 38 is preferably
sized for gripping by fingers, and has a profile continuous with the grip
member 32.
The grip member 32 has a hollow 44 shaped to receive the shaft 36. The grip
member 32 is shaped so that the top end of the shaft 36 and associated
hollow 44 are substantially closed off. More specifically, the end of the
shaft 36 is not openly exposed through the grip member 32, except possibly
by a small air-release hole 46 to ease insertion grip member 32 over of
the shaft 36. In keeping with this, the tine bores 42 are located radially
outward from the shaft 36 and associated hollow 44.
The tines 40 are preferably relatively thin and cylindrical, however other
shapes may be used. In an embodiment, each tine 40 has a diameter of
approximately 91/1000 in, although any suitable size may be used. With a
ball mark repair tool 34 as described, a divot mark is easily repairable
with an insertion and twisting motion in the turf. This is quicker than a
shovel-type motion required by some conventional ball mark repair tools,
such as the type mentioned above in connection with U.S. Pat. No.
4,799,684. Moreover, the tool of the present invention is less damaging to
the turf when inserted through the ground for repair.
Also, in an embodiment, the tool handle 38 has at least one recess 48a or
48b shaped to securably receive a conventional ball marker 50. Preferably,
both recesses 48a and 48b are provided, recess 48a being disposed in a top
side of the tool handle 38 and recess 48b being disposed in a bottom side
of the tool handle 38. This configuration conveniently stores two
conventional ball markers 50 integrally in the grip 30.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications will be
apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and
without diminishing its attendant advantages. For example, the edge 68,
68' might be nonspherical or beveled in shape. Therefore, such appended
claims are intended to cover such changes and modifications. | 0A
| 63 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the first color picture tube device of the present invention, since a voltage applied to the G 3 electrode is obtained by dividing with a resistor a voltage applied to the final accelerating electrode, the G 3 electrode can be applied with a voltage separately from the first focusing electrode and the second focusing electrode. Thereby, the first focusing electrode and the second focusing electrode are applied with high voltages, and further the G 3 electrode can be applied with a high voltage independently for forming a prefocus lens.
According to a second color picture tube device of the present invention, the voltage Vg 3 applied to the G 3 electrode can be increased to strengthen the prefocus lens. In addition, by setting the lower voltages Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 in a relationship of Vfoc 1 >Vfoc 2 not deflected, the quadrupole lens for correcting the deflection astigmatism formed from the screen center can be weakened with the rise in the dynamic voltage, and this can improve the sensitivity in correcting the deflection astigmatism with respect to the dynamic voltage and also reduce the amount of the dynamic voltage. Therefore, an electron gun with a smaller beam spot diameter and an excellent focusing property can be provided.
In each of the first and second color picture tube devices, it is preferable that the accelerating electrode and the G 3 electrode are applied with voltages separately from the voltages applied to the first and second focusing electrodes, and that a lens electric field between the accelerating electrode and the G 3 electrode, and a lens electric field between the first focusing electrode and the second focusing electrode, are formed respectively with independently-applied voltages. In this configuration, it is possible to maintain the focusing action of a prefocus lens formed between the G 3 electrode and the accelerating electrode, while preventing a quadrupole lens formed between the first focusing electrode and the second focusing electrode from being strengthened excessively when an electron beam is not deflected.
In any of the first and second color picture tube devices, it is preferable that the G 3 electrode is applied with a voltage that is obtained by dividing with a resistor a voltage supplied from an anode in the color picture tube device to the final accelerating electrode, and that the first and second focusing electrodes are applied with voltages that are supplied through pins of a stem provided in the color picture tube device. According to the configuration, a limited number of pins of a stem for a high voltage can be used effectively. Moreover, it is possible to apply the G 3 electrode with a voltage higher than the upper limit of the voltage supplied through the pins of the stem.
It is preferable in the first color picture tube device that the voltage Vg 3 is higher than 9 kV thereby strengthening focusing action of a prefocus lens formed between the accelerating electrode and the G 3 electrode.
It is preferable in any of the first and second color picture tube devices that an intermediate electrode is arranged between the second focusing electrode and the final accelerating electrode, and that a voltage (Vm) applied to the intermediate electrode is higher than Vfoc 1 . Accordingly, a main lens electric field can be extended in the axial direction of the electron gun and the effective lens diameter of the main lens can be enlarged, thereby further decreasing the spot diameter of the electron beam.
Color picture tube devices according to one embodiment of the present invention are explained below by referring to the attached drawings.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a color picture tube device according to one embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1 , an electron gun 23 is provided within a neck portion 22 a of a glass bulb 22 of a color picture tube device 21 . An electron beam 24 emitted from the electron gun 23 is deflected by a deflection yoke 25 , and reaches a phosphor screen 27 through a shadow mask 26 as a color selection electrode. A stem 28 with pins 29 is provided at an end of the neck portion 22 a , and a voltage used in the electron gun 23 is supplied through the pins 29 . Here, the stem 28 is provided with a gun base 28 a to expose the pins 29 .
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a main part of the electron gun 23 in FIG. 1 . The electron gun 23 is configured with cathodes 1 that are in-line placed corresponding to three colors of RGB, a control electrode 2 (G 1 electrode), an accelerating electrode 3 (G 2 electrode), a G 3 electrode 4 , a first focusing electrode 5 , a second focusing electrode 6 , a final accelerating electrode 7 and a shield cup 8 , which are arranged in this order in the axial direction of the color picture tube.
An auxiliary electrode 9 is arranged between the G 3 electrode 4 and the first focusing electrode 5 . This auxiliary electrode 9 is connected electrically to the accelerating electrode 3 , so that these two electrodes will have an identical potential when applied with a voltage.
The G 3 electrode 4 and the final accelerating electrode 7 are connected electrically to each other through a resistor 10 provided in the vicinity of the internal electron gun 23 , and further the G 3 electrode 4 is grounded through a resistor 11 provided in the vicinity of the electron gun 23 . Thereby, a voltage Va applied to the final accelerating electrode 7 is divided in the potential, and the thus divided voltage Vg 3 is applied to the G 3 electrode 4 .
The first focusing electrode 5 is applied with a voltage Vfoc 1 , and the second focusing electrode 6 is applied with a voltage Vfoc 2 and a dynamic voltage Vd superimposed thereon. The dynamic voltage Vd, which is 0 V when the deflection angle of an electron beam is 0, will rise gradually with an increase of the deflection angle.
The accelerating electrode 3 , the G 3 electrode 4 and the auxiliary electrode 9 are formed as flat plates, each of which is provided with three apertures formed corresponding to three electron beams. Similarly, three apertures are formed in the control electrode 2 . The first focusing electrode 5 is a tubular electrode sealed with flat plates at the auxiliary electrode 9 side and at the second focusing electrode 6 side, and each of the flat plates is provided with three apertures for passing electron beams. The accelerating electrode 3 , the G 3 electrode 4 and the auxiliary electrode 9 will not be limited to flat plates, but these electrodes can be formed to be tubular. Similarly, the first focusing electrode 5 and the second focusing electrode 6 will not be limited to tubes, but these electrodes can be formed as thick plates.
Both the second focusing electrode 6 and the final accelerating electrode 7 are tubular electrodes, and each has an opening 6 a or 7 a at the end for passing three electron beams RGB. Plate-shaped field-forming electrodes 6 b , 7 b are arranged inside the tubes with respect to the openings 6 a or 7 a . These field-forming electrodes 6 b , 7 b are used for separating the lens electric field into lenses corresponding to the three electron beams, and each of the field-forming electrodes 6 b , 7 b is provided with three apertures corresponding to be respective three electron beams.
By configuring the second focusing electrode 6 and the final accelerating electrode 7 as described above, the three adjacent lens electric fields overlap each other in the horizontal direction (the in-line alignment direction of the cathodes 1 ), thereby substantially increasing the lens diameter.
The lens diameter can be adjusted corresponding to the shape and diameter of the openings in the tubular electrodes 6 , 7 , the shape and diameter of each aperture of the field-forming electrodes 6 b , 7 b , and the position of the field-forming electrode 6 b , 7 b in a relation with the openings 6 a , 7 a of the tubular electrodes 6 , 7 . The flat plate field-forming electrodes 6 b , 7 b can be replaced by screen-like electrodes.
When respective electrodes of the thus configured electron gun are applied with certain voltages, a prefocus lens is formed between the accelerating electrode 3 and the G 3 electrode 4 . In addition, a uni-potential type focusing lens is formed with the G 3 electrode 4 , the auxiliary electrode 9 and the first focusing electrode 5 . Between the first focusing lens 5 and the second focusing lens 6 , a quadrupole electrode that corrects deflection astigmatism varying its strength with electron beams being deflected around the screen is formed, while a main lens is formed between the second focusing lens 6 and the final accelerating lens 7 .
In a case of a color TV picture tube with a 76 cm type or 86 cm type (aspect ratio of 16:9) large screen, the voltage to be applied to the control electrode 2 is substantially 0 V, about 300 V to 800 V to the accelerating electrode 3 and the auxiliary electrode 9 , and about 4 kV to 9 kV as a voltage Vfoc 1 to the first focusing electrode 5 .
The second focusing electrode 6 is applied with a voltage formed by superimposing on a voltage Vfoc 2 of about 4 kV to 9 kV a dynamic voltage Vd that varies depending on deflection.
FIG. 3 shows the gun base 28 a in FIG. 1 viewed in the direction identified with an arrow A . The stem 28 provided with the gun base 28 a has plural pins 29 arranged substantially around its circumference. Voltages applied to the above-described control electrode 2 , the accelerating electrode 3 , the auxiliary electrode 9 , the first focusing electrode 5 and the second focusing electrode 6 will be supplied through the pins 29 . The voltage Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 applied respectively to the first focusing electrode 5 and the second focusing electrode 6 are supplied through the pins 29 a and 29 b spaced from the other pins, since the voltages are higher than the voltages applied to the remaining electrodes.
The final accelerating electrode 7 is applied with a voltage Va of about 20 kV to 35 kV. The voltage Va is supplied from an anode contact 30 ( FIG. 1 ) on the glass bulb 22 of the picture tube device through a conductive film on the inner surface of the envelope 22 . In this case, the voltage Vg 3 , which is obtained by dividing the voltage Va with the resistor 10 , will not be supplied necessarily through the pins 29 of the stem 28 .
In this configuration, a relationship represented as Va>Vg 3 >Vfoc 1 >Vfoc 2 is maintained when an electron beam is not deflected, where Va denotes a voltage supplied from the anode contact 30 , Vg 3 denotes a voltage obtained by dividing the voltage Va, and Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 are supplied through the pins 29 of the stem 28 . For example, when Va is 29.5 kV, Vg 3 is 11 kV, Vfoc 1 is 7 kV, and Vfoc 2 is 6 kV.
Vg 3 , which is higher than Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 , can strengthen the prefocus lens. Furthermore, due to the relationship of Vfoc 1 >Vfoc 2 , a potential difference between the first focusing electrode 5 and the second focusing electrode 6 is decreased with the rise of the dynamic voltage Vd. Thereby, the quadrupole lens for correcting the deflection astigmatism formed from the screen center can be weakened with the rise of the dynamic voltage. Namely, the sensitivity in correcting the deflection astigmatism with respect to the dynamic voltage Vd can be improved, and the amount of the dynamic voltage Vd can be reduced.
The voltage Vg 3 is obtained by dividing the voltage Va from the anode contact 30 . Therefore, it can be a high voltage, just the voltages Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 , both of which are supplied through the pins 29 of the stem 28 , are high. In this case, even an increased voltage Vg 3 will affect the main lens less, and the prefocus lens and the main lens can be optimized independently to decrease the spot diameter of the electron beam.
As described above, raising the voltage supplied to the pins 29 of the stem 28 may cause an electrical discharge among the adjacent pins, and the number of pins to be applied with the high voltage is limited to two, i.e., the pins 29 a and 29 b in FIG. 2 . In the conventional configuration as shown in FIG. 8 , two pins for high voltage are used in the G 3 electrode 104 for forming a prefocus lens and also in the second focusing electrode 106 for forming a main lens.
In this case, Vfoc 1 applied to the first focusing electrode 105 though the pins cannot be raised considerably. As a result, a potential difference between the first focusing electrode 105 (600 V) and the second focusing electrode 106 (6.5 kV) is increased, resulting in formation of an extremely strong quadrupole lens when the electron beam is not deflected.
In this embodiment, the voltage Vg 3 can be raised as well as the voltages Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 , while the accelerating electrode 3 opposing the G 3 electrode 4 applied with the high voltage Vg 3 can be applied with a low voltage through the pins 29 of the stem 28 , and the low voltage is applied separately from the voltage Vfoc 1 . That is, a lens electric field between the accelerating electrode 3 and the G 3 electrode 4 , and a lens electric field between the first focusing electrode 5 and the second focusing electrode 6 , are formed respectively with independently-applied voltages. Therefore, the focusing action of the prefocus lens formed between the G 3 electrode 4 and the accelerating electrode 3 is secured, while the quadrupole lens formed between the first focusing lens 5 and the second focusing lens 6 is prevented from being strengthened excessively when the electron beam is not deflected.
In the conventional configuration as shown in FIG. 8 , the voltage Vg 3 can be raised. However, there is an upper limit in the applied voltage, since the voltage Vg 3 is supplied through the pins of the stem. More specifically, the upper limit of the voltage applied to the pins is about 9 kV, since an electrical discharge may occur among the adjacent pins as the voltage supplied to the pins is raised. In the embodiment of the present invention, since the voltage Vg 3 is obtained by dividing the voltage Va from the anode contact, the applied voltage can be over 9 kV
An experimental result about a relationship between the voltage Vg 3 and the beam spot diameter for an electron gun according to this embodiment is shown in FIG. 4 . In this experiment, Va, Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 were fixed respectively to 29.5 kV, 7 kV, and 6 kV, while only Vg 3 was varied.
In the experiment, diameters of apertures formed in the control electrode 2 , the accelerating electrode 3 and the G 3 electrode 4 were determined respectively to 0.5 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.9 mm, and the effective lens diameter of the main lens was determined to be about 11 mm.
Experimental results for an electron gun in a comparative example are also shown in the same figure. The electron gun in the comparative example was the same as the example of the present invention, except that Vfoc 1 600 V and Vfoc 2 6.5 kV.
As shown in FIG. 4 , the spot diameter (y-axis) is decreased as the voltage Vg 3 (x-axis) is raised for both the example (line 34 ) and the comparative example (line 33 ). However, the spot diameter for the line 34 is smaller by about 10% in comparison with that of the line 33 when Vg 3 of the electron gun of the example was equal to that of the comparative example.
As mentioned above, the upper limit of the voltage applied through the pins of the stem is 9 kV in the conventional electron gun. On the other hand, no discharges occurred among the pins of the stem even when Vg 3 exceeded 9 kV in this example where Vg 3 was not applied through the pins of the stem but supplied by dividing a voltage Va from the anode contact through a division resistor. The values for Vg 3 over 11 kV are omitted from the figure, since there was no substantial change in the spot diameter after Vg 3 exceeded this value.
Second Embodiment
Next, an electron gun according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described by referring to FIG. 5 . As shown in FIG. 5 , an electron gun 31 in the second embodiment is substantially identical to the electron gun 23 shown in FIG. 1 , except that an intermediate electrode 20 is arranged between the second focusing electrode 6 and the final accelerating electrode 7 . This intermediate electrode 20 is connected electrically to the final accelerating electrode 7 through a resistor 21 . Thereby, the intermediate electrode 20 is applied with a voltage Vm that is obtained by dividing the voltage Va.
Similar to the second focusing electrode 6 and the final accelerating electrode 7 , the intermediate electrode 20 is formed as a tubular electrode having openings 20 a , 20 c formed opposing the electrodes at the both sides, and a field-forming electrode 20 b as a flat plate having three apertures is provided in the vicinity of the center of the interior. Explanations for components numbered identically to those of FIG. 1 are omitted in the figure, as the components have the same configurations. A plurality of intermediate electrodes can be provided in the axial direction. A configuration providing a screen-like electrodes to the field-forming electrode within the intermediate electrode can be selected as well. Alternatively, an intermediate electrode having no field-forming electrodes can be used.
By inserting the intermediate electrode 20 , the main lens electric field can be extended in the axial direction of the electron gun, thereby enlarging the effective lens diameter of the main lens. As a result, the spot diameter of the electron beam can be decreased further.
Voltages applied to the respective electrodes of the electron gun 31 in this embodiment are, for example, Va 29.5 kV, Vm 12 kV, Vfoc 1 7 kV, and Vfoc 2 6 kV. Vm is set to be higher than Vfoc 1 in order to enlarge the main lens electric field in the axial direction. Vg 3 applied by the resistors 10 , 11 and 21 is 12 kV and higher than Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 . Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6 , the intermediate electrode 20 and the G 3 electrode 4 are connected electrically so as to be applied with an identical voltage of 12 kV. In this configuration, the number of extraction contacts from the resistors within the tube can be decreased. Alternatively, Vfoc 1 can be divided by means of a resistor and supplied as shown in FIG. 6 .
FIG. 7 shows an experimental result for a relationship between the voltage Vg 3 and a beam spot diameter for the electron gun of this embodiment. In this experiment, the values of Va, Vm, Vfoc 1 and Vfoc 2 were fixed respectively to 29.5 kV, 12 kV, 7 kV, and 6 kV, while only Vg 3 was varied. The shapes of the apertures formed in the control electrode 2 , the accelerating electrode 3 and the G 3 electrode 4 were the same as those in the first embodiment.
As expressed in a line 35 in FIG. 7 , the spot diameter (y-axis) is decreased as the voltage Vg 3 (x-axis) is raised. In addition, in comparison with the experimental result of FIG. 4 referring to the first embodiment (line 34 ), the spot diameter at the same voltage Vg 3 is smaller in this embodiment than in the first embodiment. The values for Vg 3 over 11 kV are omitted from the figure, since there were no substantial change in the spot diameter after Vg 3 exceeded this value.
In each of the electron guns described in the first and second embodiments, one set of dynamic quadrupole lens is used. Alternatively, the quadrupole lens can be used with another set of quadrupole lens having a reverse action in the horizontal and vertical directions and positioned at the cathode side. In this case, the set of quadrupole lens at the main lens side functions mainly to correct the astigmatism caused by deflection astigmatism while the quadrupole lens at the cathode side functions to mainly correct the difference in the horizontal and vertical lens magnification dynamically corresponding to the respective deflections. Alternatively, the electron gun according to the respective embodiments can be combined with a multistage focusing lens.
In each of the electron guns of the respective embodiments, an auxiliary electrode 9 is arranged between the G 3 electrode 4 and the first focusing electrode 5 , and the auxiliary electrode 9 is applied with the same voltage as to the accelerating electrode 3 . Alternatively, the auxiliary electrode 9 can be applied with a voltage of either Vfoc 1 or Vfoc 2 . Alternatively, plural or no auxiliary electrodes 9 can be provided.
As described above, a voltage applied to the G 3 electrode is obtained by dividing with a resistor a voltage applied to the final accelerating electrode, so that the G 3 electrode can be applied with a voltage separately from the first and second focusing electrodes. Therefore, the first and second focusing electrodes are applied with high voltages, and moreover, the G 3 electrode can be applied with a high voltage independently for forming a prefocus lens.
The invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The embodiments disclosed in this application are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not limiting. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
| 6G
| 09 | G |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
While the various features of this invention are hereinafter described and
illustrated as being particularly adapted to provide a differential
pressure operated control device, it is to be understood that the various
features of this invention can be utilized singly or in various
combinations thereof to provide other types of control devices as desired.
Therefore, this invention is not to be limited to only the embodiments
illustrated in the drawings, because the drawings are merely utilized to
illustrate some of the wide variety of uses of this invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 1-6, a new control device of this invention is
generally indicated by the reference numeral 20 and comprises a housing
means 21 having a cupshaped cover 22 formed of any suitable material, such
as a thermoplastic material that has been molded in the shape as
illustrated, and a generally cup-shaped base 23 formed of any suitable
material, such as a metallic material that has been drawn into the shape
illustrated, the open end of the base 23 having a turned over peripheral
edge means 24 clamping against an outwardly extending annular flange means
25 at the open end of the cover member 22 to not only hold the cover
member 22 and base 23 together, but also to sandwich an outer peripheral
portion 26 of a flexible diaphragm 27 therebetween together with a sealing
gasket means 28 so that the housing means 21 is divided into two internal
chambers 29 and 30 by the movable wall means 27.
A new self-supporting electrical switch unit or sub-assembly of this
invention is generally indicated by the reference numeral 31 and is
carried by the housing means 21 of the control device 20 in the chamber 30
thereof in a manner hereinafter set forth, the electrical switch unit 31
as illustrated in FIG. 7 comprises an electrical switch means 32 having a
movable actuator or plunger 33, FIGS. 2 and 3, a lever 34 that is
pivotally mounted to the switch unit 31 in a manner to operate the movable
actuator 33 in relation to the pivoted position of the lever 34, a pair of
plate means 35 respectively having holding means 36 for holding the switch
means 32 between the plate means 35 and respectively having pivot means 37
for pivotally mounting the lever 34 between the plate means 35, and a
circuit board means 38 having electrical circuit means 39 printed thereon
for interconnecting outwardly extending terminal means 40 of the switch
means 32 with terminal means 40' of the control device 22 that have been
molded in place during the forming of the cover 22 thereof as illustrated
in FIG. 5 and in a manner hereinafter set forth.
The lever 34 has its free end 41 provided with an outwardly extending
arcuate and transverse abutment means 42 which is adapted to abut against
an arcuate surface 43 on a fastening member 44 that passes centrally
through the diaphragm 27 and secures a diaphragm backup plate means 45
thereto as illustrated in FIG. 2.
In this manner, a coiled compression range or calibration spring 46 is
adapted to have one end 47 thereof disposed over an outwardly extending
annular spring retaining flange means 48 formed on the other side of the
free end 41 of the lever 34 so as to bear against the free end 41 of the
lever 34. The other end 49 of the range spring 46 bears against a threaded
adjusting member or calibration screw 50 carried in an opening 51 in the
cover 22 that can be threaded by the initial insertion of the screw 50 in
the opening 51 so that the force of the range spring 46 can be adjusted by
the adjusting member 50, the force of the range spring 46 tending to pivot
the end 41 of the lever 34 downwardly in FIG. 2 and thereby tend to place
the diaphragm 27 in its down position against an annular abutment means 52
formed by the base 23 to stop such downward movement of the diaphragm 27.
This down position of the diaphragm 27 and the lever 34 causes the
actuator 33 to place the switch means 32 in one operating condition
thereof and when the pressure differential created across the diaphragm
27, by having a vacuum drawn in the chamber 30 and/or by a pressure
buildup in the chamber 29, the diaphragm 27 moves upwardly in opposition
to the force of the range spring 46 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 3 to
cause the lever 34 to pivot in a clockwise direction and thereby cause the
actuator 33 of the switch means 32 to operate the same to another
condition thereof, such actuation of the electrical switch means being
well known in the art for controlling any desired structure. For example,
see the aforementioned to Russell et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,910; the to
Everett, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,963 and 4,604,793 whereby these three
patents are being incorporated into this disclosure by this reference
thereto.
Therefore, since the use of the control device 20 of this invention is well
known in the art, only the details thereof necessary to understand the
features of this invention will be hereinafter set forth.
Fluid pressure can be directed to the chamber 29 of the control device 20
through a suitable inlet nipple means 53 while the pressure in the chamber
30 can be evacuated or vented through suitable nipple means 54 and/or 55.
Alternately, the base 23 of the housing means 21 of the control device 20
can be changed to accommodate other bases thereof, such as the base 23A of
FIG. 8 that has a nipple means 53A extending out of the bottom thereof or
the base 23B of FIG. 9 wherein the inlet 53B through the base 23B is
provided through the threaded stud 56 that is carried by the base 23 for
fastening the control device to a suitable bracket means 57 as illustrated
in FIG. 2.
The electrical switch means 32 has a substantially rectangularly shaped
housing means 58 and has a pair of mounting opening means 59 passing
completely therethrough whereby the holding means 36 of the plate means 35
comprise outwardly directed substantially cylindrical post means 60 for
being received in the openings 59, the post means 60 of one of the plate
means 35 having reduced cylindrical end portions 61 which are adapted to
be received in cooperating openings (not shown) in the post means 60 of
the other plate means 35 so that the ends 62 of the cooperating post means
60 are adapted to abut against each other in the manner illustrated in
FIG. 5 within the openings 59 of the switch means 32. The abutting post
means 60 of the plate means 35 are secured together in any suitable
manner, such as by utilizing a suitable adhesive means or if the plate
means 35 are formed of suitable plastic material, the same can be secured
together by utilizing a suitable solvent in a manner well known in the
art. In this manner, the plate means 35 and the switch means 32 are
secured together with the switch means 32 being between the plate means
35.
The pivot means 37 of the plate means 35 also comprise substantially
cylindrical post means 63 having flat ends 64 and are adapted to be
respectively received in an opening means 65 formed through an enlargement
66 on the end 67 of the lever 34 so as to substantially abut together in
the manner illustrated in FIG. 6 and thereby pivotally mount the lever 34
to and between the plate means 35 whereby a flat surface 68 on the free
end 67 of the lever 34 is adapted to engage against the actuating plunger
33 of the electrical switch means 32 in such a manner that a relatively
high ratio moment arm arrangement is provided by the pivoted lever 34 for
acting on the actuator plunger 33.
One of the plate means 35 has a tapered extension 69 on one end 70 thereof
for being received in an open ended substantially rectangular extension
69' of the cover 22 to be secured therein by any suitable means, such as
by a suitable adhesive or by utilizing a solvent when the plate means 35
are formed of a suitable plastic material that is compatible with the
plastic material of the cover 22 for being secured thereto by a suitable
solvent or the like.
In this manner, it can be seen that the switch unit 31 can be formed in the
manner previously set forth by securing the switch means 32 between the
plate means 35 which not only hold the switch unit 32 therebetween, but
also which pivotally mount the lever 34 therebetween with the switch unit
31 thereafter being adapted to have the circuit board means 35 fastened
thereon by inserting the extending terminal portions 40 of the switch
means 32 through suitable openings 71 passing through the board means 38
at the circuit means 39 thereof and in turn inserting extending portions
72 of the housing terminals 40' through other openings 73 formed through
the circuit board means 38 at the circuit means 39 thereof in the manner
illustrated in FIG. 5 while the extension 69 of the plate means 35 is
received within the rectangular extension 69' of the cover member 22 to be
secured therein in the manner previously set forth.
Thus, it can be seen that it is a relatively simple method of this
invention to form the switch unit 31 as a self-supporting switch unit 31
that can be readily secured in the housing means 22 of the control device
20 when desired and utilizing the circuit board 39 to electrically
interconnect the housing terminals 40' with the switch terminals 40 as
previously set forth. Of course, the projecting portions of the terminals
40 and 40' through the circuit board openings 71 and 73 can then be
soldered to the printed circuit means 39 if the press-fit relation does
not provide sufficient electrical contact therebetween. In this manner,
the lever 34 provides the operating interconnection between the electrical
switch means 32 and the movable wall 27 of the control device 20 to
operate any desired apparatus through the changing condition of the switch
means 32 in relation to the pivoted position of the lever 34 in the manner
previously set forth.
Thus, it can be seen that the control device 20 of this invention is
designed to reduce the cost, size and complexity of manufacture thereof to
provide a relatively low pressure differential control, the control device
20 consisting essentially of a pressure chamber 29 and a vacuum chamber 30
separated by a moving spring loaded diaphragm 27.
The base 23 of the control device 20 is simply a drawn metal can and a
number of shapes can be used to accommodate a variety of pressure port
types and locations, as represented by FIGS. 2, 8 and 9, making possible a
wide range of applications.
The cover 22 of the control 20 of this invention can be molded of
engineering grade thermoplastic materials which permits a selection of
field wiring terminals 40' to be integrally "molded in" during the
manufacturing process of the cover 22, such as by having the material of
the cover 22 pass through suitable openings 74, FIG. 5, formed through the
terminals 40' to secure the same in place, thereby reducing assembly costs
and preventing any movement of the terminals 40' during field
installation.
In addition, the construction of the control device 20 of this invention
permits the self-supporting electrical switch unit or sub-assembly 31 of
this invention to be solvent bonded in place and thereby again reducing
assembly costs and eliminating mounting hardware commonly used which has
the potential of loosening over time.
Another feature of the control device 20 of this invention is that the same
allows a use of a thread forming calibration screw 50 that forms its own
threads in the opening 51 when initially inserted therein thereby
eliminating a tapping operation and still providing excellent torque to
prevent drift of the operating setting of the control 20 of this
invention. The self-tapping screw 50 also provides a leak-proof seal
without the use of additional material or devices.
It can be seen that a variety of vacuum ports 54, 55 etc. can be applied to
the cover 22 in required positions by simply solvent bonding them in place
after providing a suitable opening in the cover 22 therefor.
In regards to the switch unit 31 of this invention, it can be seen that the
electrical switch means 32 is adapted to be coupled to the terminals 40'
of the control device 20 through the small double sided printed circuit
board means 38 so that this unique manner of assembly allows the use of
the same switch 32 for all applications without regard to the variety of
field connection terminals 40' that may be molded into the cover 22.
It can also be seen that because the operating or range spring 46 is
mounted between the calibration screw 50 and the operating lever 34, which
bears on the diaphragm assembly 43, a variety of range springs 46 can be
used to provide differing operational ranges for the control device 20 of
this invention.
Also, it can be seen that the base 23 of the housing means 21 of this
invention is adapted to readily clamp the diaphragm 27 and sealing gasket
28 in the assembled relation with the cover 22 in a simple and effective
manner.
Therefore, it can be seen that this invention not only provides a new
control device and a new method of making the same, but also this
invention provides a new self-supporting electrical switch unit or
sub-assembly and a new method of making the same.
While the forms and methods of this invention now preferred have been
illustrated and described as required by the Patent Statute, it is to be
understood that other forms and method steps can be utilized and still
fall within the scope of the appended claims wherein each claim sets forth
what is believed to be known in each claim prior to this invention in the
portion of each claim that is disposed before the terms "the improvement"
and sets forth what is believed to be new in each claim according to this
invention in the portion of each claim that is disposed after the terms
"the improvement" whereby it is believed that each claim sets forth a
novel, useful and unobvious invention within the purview of the Patent
Statute. | 7H
| 01 | H |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An aquarium tank is shown in perspective view in FIG. 1 and indicated
generally by reference character 10. Aquarium tank 10 holds a body of
water 11 which typically not only contains fish, but various decorations
and plants not shown. Tank 10 has a flat front wall 12 with an outer
surface 13 and an inner surface 14. Tank 10 has a right side wall 15 with
an outer surface 16 and an inner surface 17.
A curved vertical corner 18 is formed between front wall 12 and right side
wall 15. Such curved corners provide a far more attractive view from the
exterior of the aquarium as compared to the metal bracket commonly used in
glass aquariums made from flat glass plates. Such brackets obscure the
view of the interior of the aquarium, whereas the curved vertical corner
18 permits viewing through the corner, thereby providing a far more
attractive appearance.
Left side wall 19 has an outer surface 20 and an inner surface 21. Left
side wall 19 and front wall 12 are connected by curved vertical corner 22
which also permits the viewing of the interior through the curved corner.
Curved vertical corner 18 has a curved inner surface 23. Curved vertical
corner 22 has a curved inner surface 24. The tank also has a back 25 and a
bottom generally indicated as 26.
The inner wall surfaces become fouled with hard and hair algae and other
deposits such as calcium deposits and need to be cleaned in order to
provide an attractive aquarium. Because of the importance of maintaining
the fish in a disease-free environment, all practical steps are taken to
keep the water free from germs. For this reason, it is appropriate to not
place one's hand and arm into an aquarium to clean the inner surfaces.
Thus, various cleaning mechanisms have been devised which permit the owner
to clean the inner surfaces without contaminating the water. One such
system is indicated in FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawings where a magnet
wall-cleaning assembly is shown. As shown in FIG. 2, a handle portion 30
holds a pair of magnets 31 and 32 in a rectangular plastic case 33. Handle
portion 30 is placed against the outer surface 13 of front wall 12. A
cleaner portion 34 also has a pair of magnets 35 and 36 held in a
rectangular plastic case 37. The handle portion 30 and the cleaner portion
34 are typically the same size which makes it difficult to clean an upper
portion 38 of inner surface 14 because the flange 39 of canopy 40
overhangs the top 41 of front wall 12. Thus, handle portion 30 is
prevented from being raised above the base 42 of flange 39. Because of
this, the cleaner portion 34 is unable to remove algae from upper portion
38. Because this portion of the algae remains after cleaning, it readily
provides a nucleus for the return growth of algae, making the need for
cleaning more frequent.
Another disadvantage of the same shaped rectangular magnet assembly of FIG.
2 is indicated in FIG. 3 of the drawings. There, the curved vertical
corner 18 has a curved inner surface 23 which the rectangular cleaner
portion 34 is unable to properly clean. Also, in attempting to go from the
cleaning of the inner surface 14 of front wall 12 to the cleaning of the
inner surface 17 of right side wall 15, one moves the magnet assembly to a
position such as that shown in FIG. 3. The further movement of handle
portion 30 around curved vertical corner 18 causes the two magnet
assemblies to move so far apart that the handle portion is no longer able
to magnetically attract the cleaner portion, which then falls to the
bottom of the tank. Thus, in practice, one needs to go through the trouble
of removing cover 40, disassembling the magnet assembly from its position
around front wall 12 and reassembling it around right side wall 15. This
simply adds to the time and inconvenience of cleaning the inner surfaces.
The aquarium inner wall-cleaning tool assembly of the present invention is
shown in FIGS. 4 through 7. In FIG. 4 the handle portion 50 has a top 51
with an overhanging edge 52 which facilitates the grasping of handle
portion 50. A pair of magnets 53 and 54 are held within a rectangular wall
portion 55. A metal plate 56 is positioned behind magnets 53 and 54 and
held in position by a spacer 57 within the rectangular wall portion 55.
The cleaner 58 also has a pair of magnets 59 and 60 held in a rectangular
wall portion 61. A metal plate 62 is positioned behind the magnets to
increase their magnetic force and the magnet assembly is held within the
rectangular wall portion by spacer 63. Cleaner 58 has a wall-contacting
face 64 which is generally rectangular when viewed normal to
wall-contacting face 64.
Wall-contacting face 64 is made up of a rigid sheet of plastic 65 which has
a top edge 66, a bottom edge 67, a first edge 68 and a second edge 69.
Second edge 69 includes a curved face 70 which provides numerous
advantages.
As shown best in FIG. 5, curved face 70 can be placed adjacent curved inner
surface 23 and moved vertically to easily clean this curved inner surface.
Preferably, the rigid sheet 65 has a cleaning surface on wall-contacting
face 64. One such effective surface is the hooked portion of a hook and
loop fastener of the type sold under the trademark "Velcro." This cleaning
surface is indicated by reference character 71.
The movement of the cleaner 58 from contact with inner wall 14 to contact
with inner wall 17 is facilitated by the existence of curved face 70. It
can be seen by viewing FIG. 6 that if curved face 70 formed a right angle,
the cleaner 58 would be further from handle 50 than it is by the use of a
curved face. The cleaner may be moved from surface 14 to surface 17 by
moving handle 50 around the outer edge of curved vertical corner 23 with
the curved face leading the turn of the cleaner. This makes the cleaning
of the inner surface of the tank easier since it eliminates the necessity
of disassembling the two portions of the magnetic cleaner to go from one
inner face to an adjacent inner face. Preferably, the radius of curvature
of curved face 70 is the same as the radius of the curvature of the tank.
In some cases, it is possible that the radius of curvature of curved face
70 is smaller than the radius of curvature of the inner corner 23. This
still permits the cleaning of the inner corner with far greater ease than
that possible with the rectangular prior art magnetic cleaner shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3.
Preferably, the handle portion includes a cloth tank-contacting surface. A
preferred type of magnet is a grade 8 ceramic magnet or a rare earth
magnet 3/4" to 1" thick. The magnet assembly of the present invention is
also useful for hexagonal corners and corners other than curved corners
which are not readily cleaned by the prior art rectangular assembly.
As shown in FIG. 7, more of the upper portion 38 of inner surface 14 may be
cleaned with the magnetic cleaning assembly of the present invention for
two reasons. First, the cleaner is larger than the handle and thus,
extends beyond the handle into upper portion 38. Secondly, first edge 68
includes an extension 72 which extends past rectangular wall portion 61
which further extends the cleaning area of the cleaner 58. The result is a
magnetic cleaning assembly which greatly facilitates the cleaning of the
interior of a fish tank, and especially of a fish tank having one or more
curved inner corners.
As shown in FIG. 1, the cleaning assembly further includes a float 73
affixed to a flexible line 74 tied to cleaner 58. In the event the cleaner
falls to the bottom of the tank, the float facilitates the recovery of the
cleaner without having to reach into the tank.
The present embodiments of this invention are thus to be considered in all
respects as illustrative and not restrictive; the scope of the invention
being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing
description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of
equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. | 1B
| 08 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , simplified representations are shown of an ultra-low temperature freezer unit 10 which is operable to reliably, efficiently, and cost-effectively cool and store materials at temperatures between approximately 40 C. and 95 C. Such a freezer unit 10 is particularly useful in laboratories for storing perishable biological samples and materials. The freezer 10 , broadly comprises an insulated housing 12 and an access door 14 that together define an interior storage compartment 16 . Although illustrated and described as an upright unit, the present invention is independent of any particular storage capacity, dimensions, or orientation.
The housing 12 aids in maintaining the interior temperature of the freezer 10 and protects the contents from damage. The housing 12 is preferably multi-layered, having an exterior layer 18 of a durable protective material, such as stainless steel, cold-rolled steel, aluminum, or fiberglass, and multiple interior insulative layers 20 , 22 . There are preferably two interior insulative layers: one layer of conventional insulation 20 , such as urethane foam, and one layer of panel insulation 22 , such as a vacuum insulation panel. The conventional insulation 20 is preferably expanding, foamed-in-place urethane insulation using R 22 foam blowing agent. Though having a lower insulative value than the VIP insulation 22 , the blown foam 20 has a correspondingly lower cost. Furthermore, because it is blown into place, the foam 20 has the advantageous ability to fill and conform to irregular surfaces presented by the exterior layer 18 and various sub-systems, including the pressure equalization port 30 described below.
The VIPs 22 provide a very high degree of insulative value for a given thickness, but are correspondingly costly and significantly structurally weaker than the blown foam 20 . The preferred VIPs are relatively rigid, comprising an open-cell vacuum insulation core of polystyrene foam encapsulated by a sealed and evacuated (1.0-0.001 torr) film laminate barrier. A desiccant or getter is preferably included to absorb and trap any moisture in the core. A suitable core material is, for example, INSTILL, available from Dow Chemical Corp.; a suitable film laminate barrier is Mylar, available from DuPont, Inc.
The advantage of using both conventional foam insulation 20 and a layer of VIPs 22 is a practical and economical reduction in total insulation thickness from approximately five inches to only two inches. This space savings can be realized as either smaller exterior dimensions while maintaining the same interior storage capacity, or a larger interior storage space while maintaining the same exterior dimensions.
Multiple adjacent VIPs 22 are used to insulate larger surfaces, such as the sides and back of the housing 12 . By using multiple smaller VIPs 22 , rather than a single large VIP, the effects of a loss of vacuum or other VIP structural failure are minimized and localized to a much smaller area. The contacting surfaces or seam 26 of adjacent VIPs 22 presents a potential point of heat transfer and so should be positively interfaced to minimize any leakage due to separation, movement, or imperfections in the panels. Thus, the preferred panels present beveled or otherwise overlappable edges to form a positively interfaced seam 26 . Alternatively, the panels 22 may present interconnectable or interlockable edges to affirmatively interface with or engage one another.
The door 14 is hingedly mounted to the housing 12 and positionable to substantially seal the interior compartment 16 when closed. For economy, the door 14 preferably comprises only a single layer of conventional, urethane foam insulation and no VIPs, unlike the housing 12 . Alternatively, the door may include one or more VIPs similar to the housing 12 .
The interior compartment 16 is operable to contain materials, such as biological samples, within the low temperature environment provided by the refrigeration device 10 as a whole. The interior compartment 16 is enclosably defined by the housing 12 and door 14 .
In operation, the combination of conventional urethane foam 20 and VIP 22 insulation operates to mitigate heat transfer between the ambient environment and the interior compartment 16 wherein material such as biological samples are cooled and stored. Because multiple smaller VIPs 22 are used, the effects of a VIP failure are minimized, and, in particular, deleterious heat transfer is localized.
When the door 14 is opened to access the stored materials, warm ambient air is introduced into the low temperature environment of the interior compartment 16 . When the door 14 is closed, the warm air is trapped within the compartment 16 and is subsequently cooled to the required temperature. Because a given quantity of warm air has a greater volume than the same quantity of cold air, the cooling warm air causes the interior compartment 16 to develop a lower pressure than the ambient environment. This pressure difference can create stress on the weak VIPs 22 as the pressure difference attempts to draw them or push them inwardly. Furthermore, the pressure difference has the same effect on the door 14 , thereby making subsequent openings more difficult.
Therefore, the preferred refrigeration device 10 further comprises a pressure equalization system 30 incorporated into the housing 12 or door 14 and comprising a port 32 openable to equalize differences between the interior and exterior environment, and a defrosting heater 34 to prevent ice accumulation which could impede the port's performance. The defrosting heater 34 is preferably a conventional heating element placed so as to have the desired warming effect on the port 32 . Rather than a conventional valve, the preferred port 32 uses copper wool 36 to minimize warm air infiltration into the interior compartment 16 . The use of copper wool 36 has the further advantage of providing uniform defrosting, unlike a solid valve.
From the preceding description, it can be seen that the refrigeration system of the present invention is operable to reliably, efficiently, and cost-effectively cool and store materials at temperatures between approximately 40 C. and 95 C. Applications are contemplated for the refrigeration system herein described that require only minor modifications to the system as disclosed. Furthermore, the present invention is for a refrigeration device having multiple positively interfacing VIPs and a pressure equalization port, and is independent of other aspects and features associated with a refrigeration device, such as, for example, cooling mechanisms, door latches and mounting hardware, and interior dividers and other hardware. Thus, although the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment illustrated in the attached drawings, it is noted that equivalents may be employed and substitutions made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as recited in the claims. For example, the housing 12 may be designed with a wide variety of exterior or interior dimensions and orientations.
| 5F
| 25 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to FIG. 3, a massively parallel processing system 50 is shown
which comprises a front-end processor 52, a communications network 54,
display 55 and a plurality of parallel processors 56. Front-end processor
52 contains the main control software for the system, 3 dimensional
modelling software and communicates with each of processors 56 in
parallel, through communications network 54. Each of parallel processors
56 has a preassigned label that uniquely identifies it amongst all the
processors. That label may be an address, name, or other appropriately
unique identifier.
The preferred embodiment of this invention contemplates that parallel
processing system 50 operate synchronously, with each of processors 56
operating in lock-step. Nevertheless, it is to be understood that
asynchronous operation is also contemplated amongst processors 56. In the
preferred embodiment, a user instructs front-end processor 52 to execute
its 3-D modelling program with respect to a specific solid object. In
response, front-end processor 52, sequentially, issues instructions one by
one, to all parallel processors 56, each instruction being executed,
simultaneously by all processors 56.
As will be hereinafter understood, each of parallel processors 56 (i.e.,
P.sub.0 -P.sub.n-1) responds to a modelling command from front-end
processor 52 by commencing the modelling of a determined solid structure.
As described above, each solid structure comprises a plurality of
vertices, faces and edges. However, each individual processor (e.g.
P.sub.1) is assigned only one portion of the model to operate upon--and
that portion of the model is determined by the processor's label that
uniquely identifies the portion of the model to be worked upon.
As will be hereinafter understood, each of parallel processors 56 is
assigned, by virtue of its label, a d-edge. The processor then constructs
a d-edge data structure which uniquely associates the assigned d-edge with
its associated object edge and face. The resulting data structure is
sufficiently complete that each parallel processor can finish processing
of many modelling commands with respect to its assigned d-edge without
reference to or communication with other parallel processors 56. Thus,
since all processors, in the preferred embodiment, operate in lock-step,
the entire modelling function is performed in parallel and in minimal
expended time.
Turning now to FIGS. 4 and 5, the derivation of a d-edge data structure in
any parallel processor will be described. In FIG. 4, a partial view of the
cube of FIG. 1 is shown. In FIG. 5, the actual d-edge data structure is
shown, using as a model, the view of FIG. 4. In the foregoing discussion,
it will be clear that each d-edge data structure is unique and is created
in its assigned parallel processor 56. It is to be understood however,
that the d-edge data structures could be created elsewhere and inserted
into the various assigned parallel processors 56.
As above-described, Karasick has previously shown that d-edges may be
created and radially ordered around vertices and edges. It is to be
understood that d-edges are merely an artifact which enable a processor to
associate a model edge with a face in which the d-edge resides. As can be
seen from an examination of FIG. 5, each d-edge has an Initial vertex, a
Terminal vertex, an associated edge, and an associated face. Each d-edge
also has a bit designator indicating whether its direction is the same as
or different from its associated edge. The solid of which the d-edge is a
part also is provided with a label. Each Initial vertex, Terminal vertex
and edge have precisely determinable labels and "successors", to be
hereinafter described. A face, in addition to being provided with a label,
has two additional pieces of data provided for it, i.e., a face normal
vector and a face distance, from which the equation of the face is readily
determinable.
The "initial vertex successor d-edge" is the label of a d-edge in a face f
that is radially counterclockwise around the Initial vertex. Assuming that
a data structure is being constructed for d-edge 2 of the model, its
"Initial vertex successor d-edge" is d-edge 1, as shown by
counterclockwise arrow 60 in FIG. 4. The "Initial vertex label" of d-edge
2 is 12. (The manner of assignment of the value to the Initial vertex
label will be described below.) The "Terminal vertex successor d-edge" is
the label of the d-edge in the face containing d-edge 2, that is radially
counterclockwise around its terminal vertex 8 (as shown by curved arrow 62
in FIG. 4). D-edge 3 fulfills this requirement. The "Successor around
d-edge 2" is the label of the radially counterclockwise d-edge around edge
e from d-edge 2. This relationship is shown by curved arrow 64 in FIG. 4
and designates d-edge 4.
The equation of the plane in which d-edge 2 is located is represented by a
unit normal vector drawn outward from the volume of the solid (not shown),
and the face distance is a signed distance of the plane of the face from
the origin. It is to be understood that the counterclockwise convention,
as described above could just as readily be a clockwise convention, so
long as all conventions are consistently applied.
A d-edge's label invariably corresponds to the name or label of the
processor assigned to contain the respective d-edge data structure. For
example, a cube is defined by 12 edges and 24 d-edges. Thus, 24 processors
are used to describe the cube, each processor assigned to contain a single
d-edge data structure.
To enable the d-edge data structure to function efficiently, a canonical
assignment of labels to edges, faces, vertices, and d-edges is preferred.
The canonical labelling has the following properties: uniqueness--no two
distinct boundary elements (i.e., face, edge or vertex) of the same type
have the same label; incidence--each boundary element is labeled by an
incident d-edge; and intersection--given a canonically labelled solid, and
either of a point, line, or plane, no two distinct boundary elements of
the solid, with the same label have point intersections with the point,
line, or plane. For instance, a plane cannot transversely intersect an
edge and a vertex with the same label.
The algorithm for computing the labelling is as follows:
1. Each d-edge acquires the label of the processor to which it is assigned.
2. Label face f with the largest label of a d-edge in face f.
3. Label edge e with the largest label of a d-edge associated with edge e;
and
4. Label Terminal vertex v with the largest label of a d-edge sharing that
vertex v as a Terminal vertex.
5. Label Initial vertex u with the largest label of a d-edge sharing that
vertex u as a Terminal vertex.
The above algorithm clearly includes some choices which may be altered by
the user. For instance, while it is indicated that largest labels be
employed in the labeling actions, it could be, conversely, the smallest
labels. Likewise, with respect to steps 4 and 5 above, the Initial vertex
could be chosen in lieu of the Terminal vertex as the base from which the
label assignment is made. It is important in any of the above choices,
that the assigned label be unique and readily determinable.
The d-edge data structure allows information about d-edges, not contained
in the data structure to be readily computed without inter-processor
communication. For instance, various direction vectors are derivable from
the data structure shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, solid modelling
algorithms require the selection of boundary elements that satisfy certain
requirements. When calculating the intersection of solids, it is necessary
to select the d-edges of a given face. In serial processors, this requires
examination of several data structures. By contrast, such computations
using the d-edge data structure shown in FIG. 5 (on a massively parallel
processor) is done by selecting a set of processors for a calculation and
then performing the calculation on that set of active processors. For
example, selection of the d-edges of a face is accomplished by activating
those processors whose face label matches the given face (a type of
associative selection efficiently done on parallel processing systems).
An example will now be considered which will illustrate the various label
assignments in accordance with the above canonical algorithm.
As already indicated, each parallel processor executes modelling software
instructions that enable the processor to construct representations of
certain elemental three-dimensional objects.
Assuming that the front-end processor is instructed to "Make Cube" and is
given the cube's length, width, and height, it commences by issuing
instructions to all processors 56 to carry out the command. In response,
each parallel processor builds only one d-edge of the cube, that d-edge
being dependent upon a preassignment to the processor of a particular
d-edge of the cube.
In front-end processor 52, the modelling software system knows that a cube
has 24 d-edges and preassigns those d-edges to the various faces of the
cube. As shown in FIG. 4, d-edges 0-3 are assigned to the top face of the
cube, whereas d-edges 4-7 are assigned to the right face of the cube, etc.
Processor P.sub.2, for example, handles d-edge 2 and the calculations with
respect thereto. Processor P.sub.2 is thus instructed to produce a d-edge
data structure for d-edge 2, and is also instructed where d-edge 2 resides
in the model. Processors P.sub.0, P.sub.1, and P.sub.3 each handle the
calculations with respect to d-edges 0, 1, and 3 respectively.
Processor P.sub.2 proceeds by calculating the coordinates of the vertices
of d-edge 2 and the face equation for the face in which d-edge 2 resides.
Processor P.sub.2 then calculates the various labels for each element of
the data structure shown in FIG. 5. The label for the face in which d-edge
2 resides is determined in accordance with step 2 of the canonical
assignment algorithm. That face is assigned the label value of 3 since
d-edge 3 has the largest label value of all d-edges within that face.
Processor P.sub.2 is then instructed to proceed to label the edge e that is
associated with d-edge 2 with the largest value label of an associated
d-edge. As can be seen from FIG. 4, edge e is associated in face 3 with
d-edge 2 and in face 7 by d-edge 4. As a result, edge e is assigned a
label value of 4 in accordance with step 3 of the canonical algorithm.
Next, vertex labels are determined in accordance with steps 4 and 5 of the
algorithm. It will be recalled that d-edge 2 shares the same vertices as
does edge e (now assigned a value of 4). The leftmost vertex of d-edge 2
is its Terminal vertex v and, in accordance with step 4, it is assigned a
value of 8, as d-edge 8 has the largest value of any d-edge which shares
that vertex as its Terminal vertex. It should be noted that d-edge 9 also
shares that vertex, but as an Initial vertex so its value is not assigned.
In accordance with step 5, the label of Initial vertex u of d-edge 2 is
determined by an examination of the d-edges which share u as a Terminal
vertex. From FIG. 4 it can be seen that the largest value d-edge sharing
vertex u as a Terminal vertex is d-edge 15 and thus the vertex is assigned
the value of 15.
Processor P.sub.2 now turns to determining the various "successor d-edge"
values. The "Initial vertex successor d-edge" value (as determined with
reference to d-edge 2) is d-edge 1, as shown by curved line 60 in FIG. 4.
The "Terminal vertex successor d-edge" is shown by curved line 62 as being
d-edge 3, whereas the "Successor around d-edge 2" is, as shown by curved
arrow 64, d-edge 4. A direction bit is then determined for d-edge 2 and as
it is oriented in the same direction as its associated edge e, a +1 value
is assigned. (If it was oppositely oriented, a -1 value would be
assigned.) Also, a solid label may be assigned to the cube, but that is
arbitrary and not necessarily related to any of the aforementioned values.
Each of the above determined values is entered in the data structure shown
in FIG. 5, as it is determined.
At this stage of the processing, each parallel processor now contains a
complete d-edge data structure for its respectively assigned d-edge. These
data structures enable an efficient recovery of embedded data, with
minimal or no intercommunication between the parallel processors. The
following are several examples of such data recovery.
EXAMPLE 1
Assume that it is desired to draw "face 5" of a modelled object on the
screen of the display. The front end processor generates a request to
every processor (P.sub.0 -P.sub.n-1), whose face label is equal to 5 to
generate instructions that will enable a display to show its assigned
"d-edge" of face 5 on the display. In response, each processor looks at
its face label and determines if it is equal to 5 and, if so, it then has
all the necessary information, without further inter-processor
communication, to provide instructions to a display that will enable the
display to construct its respective edge portion of face 5. Each processor
then provides its particularly assigned edge to the display which combines
them and displays the entire face.
EXAMPLE 2
This example illustrates how embedded data can be recovered and manipulated
and indicates why the data structure does not require separate storage of
face, edge and vertex data lists. Assume the command is to translate a 3-D
object in space in a vector defined direction. The front end processor
generates a command that every d-edge translate itself along a vector V by
a distance L. Each processor responds to that command by modifying the
Initial and Terminal vertex coordinates of its assigned d-edge and
further, modifies the face equation of the associated face. All of the
processors, in parallel, provide the revised data to a display which
configures the translated edges and displays the view.
As indicated above, many processor functions are enabled to occur without
inter-processor communication through the use of the d-edge data
structure. However, individual parallel processors, in the course of 3-D
modelling problems will, on occasion, have to consult other processors.
Such communications are often required when intersecting a solid with
another solid and performing the calculations with respect thereto. The
time required for inter-processor communication can be reduced by
relocating d-edges in accordance with the following teachings.
As shown in FIG. 6, assume that face 70 intersects face 80 and that
intersection points a-d are resident in different parallel processors. If
it is wished to construct an edge between the intersection points of the
individual processors handling intersection points a and b, and another
edge between the intersection points of the processors handling
intersection points c and d, communications are required between the
processors of each pair. However, it is unlikely that the path lengths
between the communicating processors are small.
Those path lengths may be minimized by ordering the points of intersection
along a straight line (which will occur considering that object faces are
all planar). Each of the intersection points is ranked in order of
position along the straight line and is distributed to contiguous
destination processors in accordance with its ranking. Thus, as shown in
FIG. 6, intersection point a is placed in processor i; intersection b in
processor i+1 etc. After this ranking and intersection point placement is
completed, subsequent communications are between nearest neighbors and
communication time losses are minimized.
A similar ranking can occur along d-edges that are angularly disposed, one
from the other. Many solid modelling procedures can be expressed as
neighborhood classifications. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, given an
edge e of a solid and a vector V perpendicular to e, it may be useful to
know whether V points into the solid. It can be recalled that the d-edges
associated with an edge e are radially ordered around edge e. Recall that
the field "successor around d-edge" contains the label of the next d-edge
around edge e. That label corresponds to,the parallel processor number
that includes the "next" d-edge's data structure, from which can be
obtained the label of the face that contains the "next" d-edge (etc.). By
determining which face is immediately counterclockwise to vector V, it can
be classified. Each processor that contains a d-edge associated with edge
e calculates the angle between vector V and its respective face. The thus
calculated angles are then radially ordered and the radial orderings are
used to find physically adjacent processors where the associated d-edges
are relocated.
This relocation operation is shown schematically, in FIG. 8 wherein a
d-edge associated with each of planes a, b, c, and d in FIG. 7 is shown,
looking at edge e end-on. As above-described, angles .theta..sub.a,
.theta..sub.b, .theta..sub.c and .theta..sub.d are calculated by the
parallel processors containing d-edges e.sub.a -e.sub.d. Then, those
angles are ordered in accordance with their size and the various d-edges
are reassigned to processors i, i+1, i+2 etc., in accordance with the
angular ordering.
As another example, given a vertex u and a face f of a solid, and given a
vector V contained in the plane of face f, it may be useful to know
whether vector V points into face f. By determining which d-edge adjacent
to vertex u is immediately counterclockwise to vector V, it can be
classified. Each processor containing a d-edge adjacent to vertex u
calculates the angle to vector V. The thus calculated angles are then
radially ordered and the radial orderings are used to find physically
adjacent processors where the associated d-edges are relocated.
It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative
of the invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by
those skilled in the art without departing from the invention.
Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such
alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of
the appended claims. | 6G
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made to the drawings wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural features or aspects of the subject invention. For purposes of explanation and illustration, and not limitation, a partial view of an exemplary embodiment of a solar boiler in accordance with the invention is shown inFIG. 1and is designated generally by reference character100. Other embodiments of solar boilers in accordance with the invention, or aspects thereof, are provided inFIGS. 2-12, as will be described. The system of the invention can be used to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction in solar receiver panels of solar boilers, for example.
With reference now toFIG. 1, solar boiler100is shown at the top of a solar receiver tower102, which can be surrounded by a field of heliostats for focusing solar radiation on solar boiler100. Solar boiler100includes a plurality of solar boiler panels104forming a perimeter surrounding a boiler interior space106, which is visible through the cut-away portion inFIG. 1. A support structure108within boiler interior space106supports solar boiler panels104. Boiler panels104include a steam generator110with a superheater112contiguous therewith on top of boiler100, and with a reheater114contiguous with steam generator110on the bottom of boiler100. Panels104for steam generator110, superheater112, and reheater114are described in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0199978, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
As can be seen in the cut-away portion ofFIG. 1, a steam drum116is supported on structure108within boiler interior space106. Since boiler panels104form a substantially contiguous heat transfer surface configured to block solar radiation incident thereon from boiler interior space106, drum116is protected from the intense thermal radiation incident on the solar receiver during operation. Solar boiler panels104form four boiler walls surrounding boiler interior space106, as shown in the plan view of the panels104of steam generator110inFIG. 2. For sake of clarity, only a few of the panels104are identified with reference characters inFIG. 2. Any other suitable number of walls can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Four wall boiler configurations are described in greater detail in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2010/0199974 and 2010/0199979, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Referring now toFIGS. 3 and 4, there are shown side and interior elevation views, respectively, of a solar boiler panel104of a solar boiler100constructed in accordance with the present invention. Boiler panel104has a plurality of tubes fluidly connecting an inlet header118to an outlet header120. The tubes of boiler panel104form a planar solar receiver surface122and opposed internal insulated surface124. The exterior receiver surface122receives solar energy, for example from a field of heliostats, as indicated by the arrows inFIG. 3.
With reference now toFIG. 5, panels104of steam generator110, superheater112, and reheater114are stacked vertically along the walls of boiler100. A portion126of panel104of steam generator110overlaps a portion of panel104of superheater112to protect header118and other internal components from leakage of solar radiation. Panel104of reheater114overlaps panel104of steam heater110in the same manner. Gaps128between vertically adjacent panels104provide room for thermal expansion and contraction in vertical and horizontal directions. This overlapping panel arrangement is described in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0199978, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Referring now toFIG. 6, panels104are shown supported on boiler support structure108by a system that accommodates outward bowing of the panels104due to thermal expansion and contraction. Support structure108includes supports130which are the primary supports for the weight of their respective panels104. Main support systems132connect between respective supports130and panels104, and guides134constrain movement of panels104without necessarily supporting the weight thereof, as described below in greater detail.
With reference toFIGS. 7 and 8, a main support system132is shown and described in greater detail. Each support130defines an axis A along an inboard-outboard direction, as indicated with the arrows inFIGS. 7 and 8. A pair of hanger rods136is rotatably mounted to each support130. A bracket138is rotatably mounted to the hanger rods136, and a solar boiler panel104is mounted to each bracket138. Hanger rods136connect between boiler support130and bracket138to support the weight of panel104therethrough from support130. In this manner, main support system132supports panel104from support130with the longitudinal axis B of panel104substantially perpendicular to axis A of support130. In other words, panel104is supported in a vertical orientation, while axis A is in a horizontal orientation. Supports130could be angled relative to axis A. For example, the beam forming a given support130can be angled upward, downward, or laterally from a normal horizontal cantilever configuration, while still defining an inboard outboard direction and corresponding horizontal axis.
Hanger rods136and bracket138are configured and adapted to maintain a substantially constant orientation of bracket138during inboard and outboard movement of bracket138relative to support130. System132and panel104inFIG. 7are shown in a cold position, e.g., when boiler100is relatively cool as when boiler100is not in operation. This can occur, for example at night time when boiler100is in a layover mode due to the absence of sunlight. In the cold position, there is negligible thermal differential expansion in panel104, and the tubes of panel104are aligned with axis B. During normal operation, there is intense solar radiation from the heliostat field incident on the exterior of panels104, which results in what is referred to herein as the hot position. Due to this one-sided heating, the exterior of panels104undergo greater thermal expansion on their outboard aspects then on their inboard aspects, resulting in a bowing outward, which is indicated in dashed lines as the hot position, bowing outward inFIG. 6.FIG. 8shows system132in the hot position with panel104generally aligned with but bowing outward relative to axis B. In moving from the cold position inFIG. 7to the hot position inFIG. 8, hanger rods136rotate with respect to support130and with respect to bracket138. Since hanger rods136, support130, and bracket138form a parallelogram linkage, bracket138retains its angular orientation relative to support130in the hot and cold positions, and while transitioning therebetween. Similarly, hanger rods136remain parallel to one another throughout their range of motion.
Bracket138includes a main plate140and a panel clip plate142mounted, e.g., by welding, perpendicular thereto. Panel104includes an upper clip144and a lower clip146mounted thereto, e.g., by welding. Panel104is mounted to bracket138by positioning panel clip plate142between upper and lower clips144and146. As can be seen by comparing the position of panel clip plate142in lower clip146as shown inFIGS. 7 and 8, there is play between lower clip146and panel clip plate142in the inboard-outboard direction. This play allows panel104to freely become angled locally relative to the vertical axis B in the hot position without creating undue stresses in panel104and system132. There is also a smaller amount of play between clip plate142and upper clip144, for example about 1/16 of an inch, to prevent upper clip144binding on clip plate142.
With continued reference toFIGS. 7 and 8, a stop body148is mounted to support130. Bracket138includes an inboard stop150and an outboard stop152each mounted to main plate140of bracket138. Stops150and152are in the form of plates mounted perpendicular to main plate140of bracket138, i.e., extending in the direction into and out of the viewing plane inFIGS. 7 and 8. Stop body148, inboard stop150, and outboard stop152are configured and adapted to limit inboard-outboard travel of bracket138relative to boiler support130. Travel of bracket138in the inboard direction is limited by contact between stop body148and outboard stop152. Travel of bracket138in the outboard direction is limited by contact between stop body148and inboard stop150. The upward displacement of bracket138due to the rotation of hanger rods136(as they rotate through their range of motion in operation) is negligible in this application, e.g., about ⅛ of an inch.
Hanger rods136each include a threaded adjustment rod154with a nut mounted thereto to facilitate rotation of the adjustment rod154. InFIGS. 7 and 8, only one adjustment rod154is identified with reference characters for sake of clarity. Each adjustment rod154is threaded at either end into the end pieces of the respective hanger rod136so that adjustment of the length of the hanger rod136can be accomplished by rotation of the adjustment rod154relative to the end pieces of the hanger rod136. This facilitates matching the lengths of both hanger rods136to fine tune the linkage motion, and allows compensation for manufacturing and erection tolerances. While advantageous for adjustability, it is optional to have an adjustment rod154on both hanger rods154, as those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the invention can be practiced with one or both adjustment rods154omitted.
Referring still toFIGS. 7 and 8, a damper156is mounted at one end to bracket138and at the other end to support structure108to dampen motion of bracket138relative to support130. Damper156is in the form of a snubber, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that any other suitable damper means can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Damper156reduces impact loads or sudden deformations in panel104, for example, due to wind forces, while allowing for motion of bracket138to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of panel104. Due to space constraints at the corners of boiler100, dampers on the corner can be offset from the other dampers in a given section.FIG. 6shows corner dampers157, which are offset below adjacent dampers to avoid interference therewith at the corners of boiler100.
Referring now toFIGS. 9-10B, another exemplary embodiment of a main support system232is shown supporting a panel104in the hot and cold positions, respectively. System232includes hanger rods136, which are described above with reference to system132. The outboard most hanger rod136inFIGS. 9 and 10Ais sized larger than the inboard hanger rod136because it supports a larger panel load, however, both hanger rods136can be made the same size if they are sized adequately for the largest of the two respective loads. Bracket238of system232includes two plates, namely main plate240and panel support plate241, that are pinned together by pin243so as to be rotatable with respect to one another about pin243. Panel support plate241includes a panel clip plate242, much like panel clip plate142described above. Panel104is mounted to panel support plate241by positioning panel clip plate242between upper and lower clips244and246.
Rather than accommodating relative rotation between main plate240and the clips244and246with play in lower clip246, as described above with respect to system132, in system232this relative rotation is accommodated by relative rotation of panel support plate241and main plate240about pin243. This provides advantages including having all of the clips244and246of the same size, supporting the horizontal reaction load from the panel tubes to the support equally in both the upper and lower clips244and246, and causing less wear on the clips244and246since they do not rely on sliding contact. Main plate240includes a rotation stop251, which is a plate mounted perpendicular to main plate240, much like stops150and152described above. Rotation stop251limits relative rotation of panel support plate241in the counter-clockwise direction, as oriented inFIGS. 9 and 10A. In other words, rotation stop251contacts panel support plate241in the cold position to limit further counter clockwise rotation of panel support plate241. In the hot position shown inFIG. 10A, there is a gap between panel support plate241and rotation stop251. The gap is small enough to not be visible inFIG. 10A, but it is shown inFIG. 10B, and can be approximately ⅛ of an inch at its widest extent, for example, or of any suitable size. Boiler100can make use of either or both types of system132or232.
With reference now toFIGS. 11 and 12, one of the guides134ofFIG. 6is shown and described in greater detail. A boiler stay158is operatively connected to support structure108. A panel stay160is slideably engaged to boiler stay158. Panel104is operatively connected to panel stay160with panel stay160affixed to the plurality of tubes of panel104. A horizontal gap162is defined between panel stay160and a pin164that is pinned through the two main flanges of panel stay160. Gap162provides clearance for panel stay160to move inboard and outboard relative to boiler stay158to accommodate bowing in panel104. Inboard motion of panel104is limited by contact between boiler stay158and panel stay160as in the cold position shown in both ofFIGS. 11 and 12. In the hot position, outboard motion of panel104is limited by pin164contacting boiler stay158on the opposite end of gap162from the position shown inFIGS. 11 and 12. System132supports the entire deadweight of panel104. Boiler stay158is also vertically spaced from panel stay160to allow for vertical expansion and contraction of panel104, i.e., panel stay160does not rest on top of boiler stay158. Panel stay160is also free to move in the lateral direction (up and down as oriented inFIG. 11) to accommodate lateral thermal expansion and contraction of panels104. Guides134serve to guide and limit inboard and outboard motion of panels104.
Referring again toFIG. 6, panel104of steam generator110has its weight primarily supported from a support130by a system132as described above. Below system132, there are two guides134. Similarly, panel104of reheater114has its weight supported from a support130by a system132with one guide134mounted therebelow. Since systems132and guides134together support panels104of steam generator110and reheater114in a manner that allows for inboard and outboard bowing motion as described above, thermally induced stress and fatigue are reduced as boiler100cycles through daily solar cycles and the like. Superheater112(shown inFIGS. 1 and 5) can be supported similarly, however it is contemplated that in applications where the tubes of the superheater panels104are smaller than the tubes in steam generator110and reheater114, for example, there will be less panel bowing due to a lesser thermal gradient between the heated side and backside of the tube resulting from higher steam bulk temperatures and also a smaller tube geometric section modulus. In such configurations the thermal differential expansion and contraction is less dominant in a bowing direction, and more dominant in a lengthwise direction. It can be advantageous from a stress and fatigue aspect to restrain the small amount of bowing, and instead accommodate lengthwise linear expansion and contraction, rather than accommodating bowing it with systems132or134. Suitable supports for such applications are described, for example, in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication no. 2010/0199977, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As shown inFIG. 5, header120of panels104of superheater112is configured differently from those of steam generator110and reheater104. Namely, header120is vertically above its respective panel tubes. Panels104of superheater104are vertically hung and suspended directly from header120, which is vertically hung with hanger rods.
While described herein in the context of a three-stage boiler, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that any suitable number of stages can be used, and can be arranged in any suitable manner without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The methods and systems of the present invention, as described above and shown in the drawings, provide for support of solar receiver panels with superior properties including accommodating bowing of the panels while reducing or eliminating thermally induced stress and fatigue. While the apparatus and methods of the subject invention have been shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that changes and/or modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject invention.
| 5F
| 24 | J |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a method and apparatus for delivering atrial defibrillation shock therapy. As used herein, atrial defibrillation shock therapy should be taken to mean shock therapy for treating any atrial tachyarrhythmia, such as atrial flutter, as well as atrial fibrillation.
In order to avoid the possible induction of ventricular fibrillation, conventional ICDs deliver atrial defibrillation shocks synchronously with a sensed R wave and after a minimum pre-shock R-R interval. (The R-R interval is the time between the immediately preceding R wave and the presently sensed R wave, and an R wave may be regarded as either a spontaneously occurring depolarization or a ventricular pace.) This is done because the ventricle is especially vulnerable to induction of fibrillation by a depolarizing shock delivered at a time too near the end of the preceding ventricular contraction (i.e., close to the time of ventricular repolarization as indicated by a T wave on an EKG). Delivering the shock synchronously with a sensed R wave thus moves the shock away from the vulnerable period. At a rapid ventricular rhythm, however, the ventricular beats may be so close together that even a synchronously delivered shock may induce ventricular fibrillation. A minimum pre-shock R-R interval is therefore employed to provide a safety margin. Relying solely on the current R-R interval to determine if an R-wave is safe to shock on, however, does not take into account the variability in the length of the vulnerable period due to variations in the length of the QT interval of the preceding beat. This may lead both to shocks being delivered during the vulnerable period and to unnecessary delays in delivering shocks.
In accordance with the present invention, one or more criteria are employed to achieve greater precision in defining a shockable R-R interval than with previous methods. A first criterion is to define a current R-R interval as shockable if it exceeds the QT interval of the previous beat by a specified therapy margin. The QT interval may be measured either by detecting the T-wave of the previous beat or by estimating it as a function of the previous R-R interval. In the latter case, the QT interval as a function of the preceding R-R interval, QT (previous RR) , may be estimated as a linear function of the previous R-R interval:
QT (previous RR) A ( R - R prev )
where A is a defined constant and R-R prev is the measured preceding R-R interval. A more accurate calculation, however, is to use a logarithmic formula of the following form:
QT (previous RR) K ln ( R - R prev ) C
where K and C are defined constants. A QT interval calculated by this formula has been found to correlate well with measured QT intervals in normal human subjects with K and C set to 166.2 and 715.5, respectively. In subjects with prolonged QT intervals due to Class III antiarrhythmic drugs, bundle branch block, or other disorders, however, it has been found that a more accurate estimate of the QT interval is given by setting K and C to 185.5 and 812.3, respectively. As these are the types of patients for whom implantation of an ICD is typically indicated (i.e., because they are at risk for sudden cardiac death), this is the presently preferred formula for estimating the QT interval in ICD patients. The criterion for judging whether a current R-R interval is safe to shock on then becomes:
R - R interval>185.5 ln ( R - R prev ) 812.3 TM
where TM is a specified therapy margin (e.g., 60 ms). This criterion thus effectively excludes R-R intervals that are part of a long-short interval sequence from being considered shockable.
A minimum R-R interval criterion may also be employed in addition to the QT interval therapy margin described above. In this embodiment, a current R-R interval is considered shockable if it exceeds the previous QT interval by a specified therapy margin TM and exceeds a specified minimum interval MI. The combined criteria for determining shockability of an R-R interval may then be stated as:
R - R interval>185.5 ln ( R - R prev ) 812.3 TM
AND
R - R interval> MI
A third criterion may also be employed that overrides the QT interval criterion if the current R-R interval is sufficiently long. In this embodiment, an R-R interval is considered shockable if it exceeds a specified sufficiently-long interval SL regardless of the length of the previous R-R interval. The combination of all three criteria may then be stated as:
(( R - R interval>185.5 ln ( R - R prev ) 812.3 TM )
AND
( R - R interval> MI ))
OR
( R - R interval> SL )
where SL is greater than MI.
FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the combination of the three criteria by means of a Poincare map. The vertical axis represents the previous R-R interval, while the horizontal axis represents the current R-R interval. Points on the right and left sides of the criterion line CL are considered in the shockable and non-shockable domains, respectively. Thus a current R-R interval will be considered shockable if the previous R-R interval is such that the point lies to the right of the criterion line CL. The criterion line is divided into three segments, labeled CL 1 through CL 3 , which represent the three criteria for judging the shockability of an R-R interval described above. The CL 1 segment is part of a vertical line corresponding to the equation:
current R - R interval MI
The CL 2 segment is part of a curve corresponding to the equation:
current R - R interval K ln ( R - R prev ) C TM
where MI is the specified minimum interval, TM is the specified therapy margin, and K and C are specified constants for the logarithmic equation that estimates a QT interval from the previous R-R interval. In another embodiment, the CL 2 segment is a straight line with a specified slope. The CL 3 segment is part of a vertical line corresponding to the equation:
current R - R interval SL
where SL is the specified sufficiently-long interval. Thus for a short previous R-R interval that estimates a short QT interval, the criterion for shockability is dictated by segment CL 1 so that only a current R-R interval that exceeds MI is considered shockable. Only when the previous R-R interval becomes long enough so that the sum of the estimated QT interval and the therapy margin TM exceeds MI does segment CL 2 come into play in determining shockability. For previous R-R intervals that fall within the CL 2 segment, a current R-R interval is considered shockable only if it exceeds the sum of the estimated QT interval and the therapy margin. When the previous R-R interval is long enough so that the sum of the estimated QT interval and the therapy margin TM exceeds the sufficiently-long interval SL, shockability is determined solely by whether or not the current R-R interval exceeds SL as represented by the segment CL 3 .
FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a microprocessor-based implantable cardioverter/defibrillator device for treating atrial tachyarrhythmias that in which the method described above may be implemented. In this device, which also includes a pacemaker functionality, a microprocessor and associated circuitry make up the controller, enabling it to output pacing or shock pulses in response to sensed events and lapsed time intervals. The microprocessor 10 communicates with a memory 12 via a bidirectional data bus. The memory 12 typically comprises a ROM or RAM for program storage and a RAM for data storage. The ICD has atrial sensing and pacing channels comprising electrode 34 , lead 33 , sensing amplifier 31 , pulse generator 32 , and an atrial channel interface 30 which communicates bidirectionally with a port of microprocessor 10 . The ventricular sensing and pacing channels similarly comprise electrode 24 , lead 23 , sensing amplifier 21 , pulse generator 22 , and a ventricular channel interface 20 . For each channel, the same lead and electrode are used for both sensing and pacing. The sensing channels are used to control pacing and for measuring heart rate in order to detect tachyarrythmias such as fibrillation. The ICD detects an atrial tachyarrhythmia, for example, by measuring the atrial rate as well as possibly performing other processing on data received from the atrial sensing channel. A shock pulse generator 50 is interfaced to the microprocessor for delivering shock pulses to the atrium via a pair of terminals 51 a and 51 b that are connected by defibrillation leads to shock electrodes placed in proximity to regions of the heart. The defibrillation leads have along their length electrically conductive coils that act as electrodes for defibrillation stimuli. A similar shock pulse generator 60 and shock electrodes 61 a and 61 b are provided to deliver ventricular fibrillation therapy in the event of an induced ventricular fibrillation from atrial shock pulses.
The device in the figure also has the capability of measuring the electrical impedance between electrodes 34 a and 34 b. A current is injected between the electrodes from constant current source 43 , and the voltage between the electrodes is sensed and transmitted to the impedance measurement interface 30 through sense amplifier 31 . The impedance measurement interface processes the voltage signal to extract the impedance information therefrom and communicates an impedance signal to the microprocessor. If the electrodes 34 a and 34 b are disposed in proximity to the heart, the impedance signal can be used to measure cardiac stroke volume. An example of this technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,035, issued to Salo et al. and assigned to Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The device depicted in FIG. 2 can be configured to deliver atrial defibrillation therapy in accordance with the invention as described above by appropriate programming of the microprocessor. Thus, once an episode of atrial fibrillation is detected with the atrial sensing channel, the device prepares to deliver an atrial defibrillation shock. The ventricular rhythm is monitored by measuring the R-R interval associated with each sensed R wave. An atrial defibrillation shock pulse is then delivered synchronously with a sensed R wave if a shockable current R-R interval is measured, where a shockable current R-R interval is defined as an interval that is longer than a preceding QT interval by a specified therapy margin, where the QT interval may be estimated from the previous R-R interval. If a minimum interval criterion is also implemented, only if a sensed R wave also occurs at an R-R interval longer than a specified minimum limit value is sensed R wave considered safe to shock on. If a sufficiently-long criterion is employed, a current R-R interval is considered shockable if it exceeds a specified sufficiently-long interval value irrespective of the length of the preceding QT interval. The device may be programmed so as to specify any of the defined constants that dictate the shockability criteria such as MI, TM, SL, K, and C. The shockability criteria may thus either be based upon population data or tailored to the individual patient.
Because detected R-waves are used to calculate the R-R intervals, it is important for R-waves to be detected as accurately as possible and distinguished from noise. In order to improve the reliability of R-wave sensing, the device of FIG. 2 may be further programmed to use the impedance signal reflecting stroke volume as an indication of ventricular systole. When an R-wave is detected, only if an impedance signal is also detected synchronously therewith is the R-wave considered valid and used to compute an R-R interval. In another embodiment, multiple ventricular electrodes can be used to sense R-waves. For example, two ventricular sensing channels may be used such that a sensed R-wave is considered valid only if it is sensed by both channels. Reliably sensed R-waves can also be used in where T-waves are sensed and used to determine QT intervals. In such embodiments, a reliably sensed R-wave can be used to aid in distinguishing a T-wave from an R-wave by, for example, subtracting the R-wave component from a sensed electrogram to leave only the T-wave component, or causing a T-wave detector to ignore all detected events within a certain time interval before or after a detected R-wave.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with the foregoing specific embodiment, many alternatives, variations, and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such alternatives, variations, and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the following appended claims.
| 0A
| 61 | N |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1is a perspective view showing a sandwich press device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2is a plan view showing a plate10and a winding section20. In use, a predetermined part of the plate10installed in the winding section20comes out of the winding section20. If the plate10has been used, the plate10returns to its initial position in the winding section20by means of a winding unit21provided in the winding section20.
The plate10has a size capable of covering one trouser leg. Preferably, the size of the plate10is equal to a size of a pressing plate of an ironing device. More preferably, the plate10has a mesh structure so as to easily transfer heat and pressure of the pressing plate to the trouser leg placed below the plate10. The plate10is made from a material having endurance against heat and having predetermined elasticity such that the plate10is easily wound around the winding unit21of the winding section20.
The winding unit21of the winding section20may include a leaf spring, a coil spring, a cam/rack gear and air cylinder assembly, or a micro motor in order to rewound the plate10around the winding unit21after the plate10has been used.
When the leaf spring or the coil spring is used as the winding unit21, the plate10must be manually wound around the winding unit21. In contrary, if the cam, the rack gear or the micro motor is used as the winding unit21, the winding unit21can automatically wind the plate10when ironing for trousers has been finished by electrically connecting the winding unit21to the ironing device. Therefore, in a state in which the cam, the rack gear or the micro motor is used as the winding unit21, if the leaf spring or the coil spring is additionally installed in the winding section20, it is possible to manually wind the plate10around the winding unit21when the winding unit21malfunctions.
Positions of the plate10and the winding section20may be adjusted according to a position of the ironing board. That is, the height of the plate10and the winding section20is adjustable by vertically shifting a position of a support rod40slidably inserted into a hollow cylinder60formed on a base plate and fixing the support rod40by means of an adjustment screw41.
An iron seat30is provided to place an iron thereon. That is, after ironing out wrinkles in trousers by using the pressing plate of the ironing device, the user may further iron out a detailed part of trousers by using the iron placed on the iron seat30.
A support wire50provided at an upper portion of the iron seat50is used for suspending an electric wire of the iron. That is, the support wire50may support the electric wire of the iron connected to a wall outlet, so that detailed iron work is possible.
As described above, the sandwich press device of the present invention is used together with the ironing device so as to rapidly and simply perform ironing for trousers with high efficiency.
Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
Various aspects of the present invention are set out in more detail
hereafter in the following illustrative examples in which all parts and
percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated.
EXAMPLE 1
Mixing was effected using a horizontal Z-Blade mixer available from Beken
and having a capacity of about 0.5 dm.sup.3.
102 g of a paste of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and water containing 27.44 g
of water, the remainder being 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, was charged to
the mixer, followed by 40 g of distilled water and 50 g of aqueous sodium
hydroxide containing 23.5 g of sodium hydroxide.
A thick paste was obtained and this was mixed for a time of one hour. 75 g
of anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate was added to the contents of the
mixer and mixing was continued for a further hour. 2.67 g of a condensate
of beta-naphthol with 10 moles of ethylene oxide were added to the
contents of the mixer, which was a dry particulate solid at this stage,
and mixing was continued for a further ten minutes.
The mixture was discharged from the Beken mixer as an off white,
particulate solid which, by analysis, was found to contain 30.9% of
1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one.
2.3 g of the resulting particulate solid was added to one dm.sup.3 of
distilled water which was being agitated at about 80 r.p.m. using a
magnetic stirrer. The solid dissolved in 70 seconds. The resulting
solution had a pH of 10.3. The concentration of the sodium salt of
1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one was found to be 710 ppm.
EXAMPLE 2
Samples of the particulate solid obtained as described in Example 1 were
packed in polyvinyl alcohol bags in an amount of 10 g of solid in each
bag.
One bag was added to one dm.sup.3 of distilled water which was being
agitated at about 80 r.p.m. using a magnetic stirrer.
The bag dissolved in 20 seconds and the powder had completely dissolved in
a further 120 seconds to give a concentration of the sodium salt of
1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one of about 3500 ppm.
EXAMPLES 3 TO 6
The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated with the exception that
the anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate was replaced by the same amount
of anhydrous sodium sulphate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, anhydrous
magnesium sulphate or anhydrous trisodium phosphate.
Using anhydrous sodium sulphate and anhydrous sodium carbonate, the initial
product was somewhat pasty but on allowing to stand overnight in a sealed
container, a dry particulate product was obtained.
In all cases the particulate solid was readily soluble in water using the
test procedure described in Example 1.
By way of comparison, using either magnesium chloride or magnesium acetate
the particulate solid obtained was not readily soluble and remained
essentially undissolved under the conditions described in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 7
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated with the exception that the
anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate was replaced by 1.5 times the amount
of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate. A dry particulate solid was
obtained as in Example 1.
EXAMPLES 8 TO 11
A product obtained by the process of Example 1 was added to 50 g aliquots
of an exterior acrylic emulsion paint (based on Revacryl 1A latex at pH9)
containing 0.2% yeast extract. The product was added to the paint in
amounts to give a level of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one of 125, 250, 500 or
750 ppm w/v in the paint. The paint mixture containing the added product
was then inoculated with a mixture of bacteria.
The inoculum was a mixed suspension of bacteria which had been prepared by
mixing equal amounts of suspensions each of which contained a different
one of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Proteus rettgeri, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Alcaligenes spp, Pseudomonas cepacia and
Pseudomonas putida.
Each paint mixture was inoculated with 1 cm.sup.3 of the mixed bacterial
suspension and incubated at 30.degree. C. After contact times of one,
three and seven days, a small aliquot of the paint mixture was removed and
examined for bacterial growth. The extent of growth of bacteria was
recorded. After removal of the seven day aliquot, a further 1 cm.sup.3 of
the mixed bacterial suspension was added. Aliquots were removed after one,
three and seven days of the second week. At the end of the second week, a
further 1 cm.sup.3 of the mixed bacterial suspension was added. Aliquots
were removed after one, three and seven days of the third week. The
results obtained are set out hereafter in Table One.
For comparative purposes, further paint mixtures were prepared using a 20%
by weight solution of the sodium salt of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in
aqueous dipropylene glycol.
TABLE ONE
______________________________________
Bacterial growth (c)
Ex. Disp (a) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
or (ppm) Day Day Day
Comp Ex
Type (b) 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7
______________________________________
8 1 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 1 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 1 250 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
11 1 125 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
A BT 750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B BT 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C BT 250 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 0
D BT 125 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 0
______________________________________
Notes to Table One
(a) 1 is the product of Example 1 BT is a 20% by weight solution of the
sodium salt of 1,2benzisothiazolin-3-one in aqueous dipropylene glycol.
(b) The quantities are given as ppm w/v relative to the paint mixture of
the 1,2benzisothiazolin-3-one component of the added component.
(c) 0 means no growth (no visible colonies).
1 means a trace of growth visible.
2 means a light growth (a few colonies visible).
3 means moderate growth (discrete colonies visible, possibly with soma
coalescence).
4 means dense/confluent growth (coalescing colonies visible throughout).
EXAMPLES 12 TO 15
The procedure described for Examples 8 to 11 was repeated with the
exception that the acrylic emulsion paint containing yeast extract was
replaced by a polyvinylacetate aqueous emulsion paint formulation which
did not contain yeast extract.
The results obtained are set out hereafter in Table Two.
TABLE TWO
______________________________________
Bacterial growth (c)
Ex. Disp (a) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
or (ppm) Day Day Day
Comp Ex
Type (b) 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7
______________________________________
12 1 750 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
13 1 500 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
14 1 250 2 2 0 4 4 4 4 4 4
15 1 125 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
E BT 750 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
F 8T 500 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 1 0
G 8T 250 0 0 0 2 2 3 4 4 4
H BT 125 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
______________________________________
Notes to Table Two
a, b and c are all as defined in Notes to TabIe One.
EXAMPLES 16 TO 24
The procedure described for Examples 8 to 11 was repeated with the
exception that the product was added in amounts to give a level of
1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and
500 ppm w/v in the paint.
The results obtained are set out hereafter in Table Three.
TABLE THREE
______________________________________
Ex. Bacterial growth (c)
or Disp (a) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Comp (ppm) Day Day Day
Ex Type (b) 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7
______________________________________
16 1 500 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
17 1 450 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
18 1 400 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 1
19 1 350 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 3 2
20 1 300 0 0 0 3 3 2 3 3 3
21 1 250 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 NM NM
22 1 200 0 0 0 3 4 3 4 NM NM
23 1 150 0 0 0 3 4 4 4 NM NM
24 1 100 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
I BT 500 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
J BT 450 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
K BT 400 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
L BT 350 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0
M BT 300 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 1
N BT 250 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 2 2
O BT 200 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 NM NM
P BT 150 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 NM NM
Q BT 100 0 1 2 4 4 4 4 NM NM
R NIL NIL 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
______________________________________
Notes to Table Three
a, b and c are all as defined in Notes to Table One
NM means no measurement made.
EXAMPLES 25 TO 30
The procedure described for Examples 16 to 24 was repeated with the
exception that the acrylic emulsion paint containing yeast extract was
replaced by a polyvinylacetate aqueous emulsion paint formulation which
did not contain yeast extract and the minimum level of additive used
corresponded to 200 ppm w/v of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in the paint.
The results obtained are set out hereafter in Table Four.
TABLE FOUR
______________________________________
Ex. Bacterial growth (c)
or Disp (a) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Comp (ppm) Day Day Day
Ex Type (b) 1 3 7 1 3 7 1 3 7
______________________________________
25 1 500 4 2 0 4 3 3 3 NM NM
26 1 450 4 3 0 4 3 4 4 NM NM
27 1 350 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
28 1 300 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
29 1 250 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
30 1 200 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
S BT 500 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
T BT 450 1 0 0 3 1 0 3 3 3
U BT 350 2 0 0 4 3 4 4 NM NM
V BT 300 3 3 0 4 4 4 4 NM NM
W BT 250 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
X BT 200 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 NM NM
Y NIL NIL 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
______________________________________
Notes to Table Four
a, b and c are all as defined in Notes to Table One.
NM is as defined in Notes to Table Three. | 0A
| 61 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The illustrated casting and rolling installation comprises a twin roll caster denoted generally as 11 which produces a cast steel strip 12 which passes in a transit path 10 across a guide table 13 to a pinch roll stand 14 . Immediately after exiting the pinch roll stand 14 , the strip passes into a hot rolling mill 15 comprising roll stands 16 in which it is hot rolled to reduce its thickness. The thus rolled strip exits the rolling mill and passes to a run out table 17 on which it can be subjected to accelerated cooling by means of cooling headers 18 in accordance with the present invention or may alternatively be subjected to cooling at lower rates by operation of cooling water sprays 70 also incorporated at the run out table. The strip is then passed between pinch rolls 20 A of a pinch roll stand 20 to a coiler 19 .
Twin roll caster 11 comprises a main machine frame 21 which supports a pair of parallel casting rolls 22 having casting surfaces 22 A. Molten metal is supplied during a casting operation from a ladle 23 through a refractory ladle outlet shroud 24 to a tundish 25 and thence through a metal delivery nozzle 26 into the nip 27 between the casting rolls 22 . Hot metal thus delivered to the nip 27 forms a pool 30 above the nip and this pool is confined at the ends of the rolls by a pair of side closure dams or plates 28 which are applied to stepped ends of the rolls by a pair of thrusters 31 comprising hydraulic cylinder units 32 connected to side plate holders 28 A. The upper surface of pool 30 (generally referred to as the meniscus level) may rise above the lower end of the delivery nozzle so that the lower end of the delivery nozzle is immersed within this pool.
Casting rolls 22 are water cooled so that shells solidify on the moving roller surfaces and are brought together at the nip 27 between them to produce the solidified strip 12 which is delivered downwardly from the nip between the rolls.
At the start of a casting operation a short length of imperfect strip is produced as the casting conditions stabilise. After continuous casting is established, the casting rolls are moved apart slightly and then brought together again to cause this leading end of the strip to break away in the manner described in Australian Patent Application 27036/92 so as to form a clean head end of the following cast strip. The imperfect material drops into a scrap box 33 located beneath caster 11 and at this time a swinging apron 34 which normally hangs downwardly from a pivot 35 to one side of the caster outlet is swung across the caster outlet to guide the clean end of the cast strip onto the guide table 13 which feeds it to the pinch roll stand 14 . Apron 34 is then retracted back to its hanging position to allow the strip 12 to hang in a loop beneath the caster before it passes to the guide table 13 where it engages a succession of guide rollers 36 .
The twin roll caster may be of the kind which is illustrated and described in some detail in granted Australian Patents 631728 and 637548 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,184,668 and 5,277,243 and reference may be made to those patents for appropriate constructional details which form no part of the present invention.
The installation is manufactured and assembled to form a single very large scale enclosure denoted generally as 37 defining a sealed space 38 within which the steel strip 12 is confined throughout a transit path from the nip between the casting rolls to the entry nip 39 of the pinch roll stand 14 .
Enclosure 37 is formed by a number of separate wall sections which fit together at various seal connections to form a continuous enclosure wall. These comprise a wall section 41 which is formed at the twin roll caster to enclose the casting rolls and a wall section 42 which extends downwardly beneath wall section 41 to engage the upper edges of scrap box 33 when the scrap box is in its operative position so that the scrap box becomes part of the enclosure. The scrap box and enclosure wall section 42 may be connected by a seal 43 formed by a ceramic fibre rope fitted into a groove in the upper edge of the scrap box and engaging flat sealing gasket 44 fitted to the lower end of wall section 42 . Scrap box 33 may be mounted on a carriage 45 fitted with wheels 46 which run on rails 47 whereby the scrap box can be moved after a casting operation to a scrap discharge position. Cylinder units 40 are operable to lift the scrap box from carriage 45 when it is in the operative position so that it is pushed upwardly against the enclosure wall section 42 and compresses the seal 43 . After a casting operation the cylinder units 40 are released to lower the scrap box onto carriage 45 to enable it to be moved to scrap discharge position.
Enclosure 37 further comprises a wall section 48 disposed about the guide table 13 and connected to the frame 49 of pinch roll stand 14 which includes a pair of pinch rolls 14 A against which the enclosure is sealed by sliding seals 60 . Accordingly, the strip exits the enclosure 38 by passing between the pair of pinch rolls 14 A and it passes immediately into the hot rolling mill 15 . The spacing between pinch rolls 50 and the entry to the rolling mill should be as small as possible and generally of the order of 5 meters or less so as to control the formation of scale prior to entry into the rolling mill.
Most of the enclosure wall sections may be lined with fire brick and the scrap box 33 may be lined either with fire brick or with a castable refractory lining.
The enclosure wall section 41 which surrounds the casting rolls is formed with side plates 51 provided with notches 52 shaped to snugly receive the side dam plate holders 28 A when the side dam plates 28 are pressed against the ends of the rolls by the cylinder units 32 . The interfaces between the side plate holders 28 A and the enclosure side wall sections 51 are sealed by sliding seals 53 to maintain sealing of the enclosure. Seals 53 may be formed of ceramic fibre rope.
The cylinder units 32 extend outwardly through the enclosure wall section 41 and at these locations the enclosure is sealed by sealing plates 54 fitted to the cylinder units so as to engage with the enclosure wall section 41 when the cylinder units are actuated to press the side plates against the ends of the rolls. Thrusters 31 also move refractory slides 55 which are moved by the actuation of the cylinder units 32 to close slots 56 in the top of the enclosure through which the side plates are initially inserted into the enclosure and into the holders 28 A for application to the rolls. The top of the enclosure is closed by the tundish, the side plate holders 28 A and the slides 55 when the cylinder units are actuated to apply the side dam plates against the rolls. In this way the complete enclosure 37 is sealed prior to a casting operation to establish the sealed space 38 whereby to limit the supply of oxygen to the strip 12 as it passes from the casting rolls to the pinch roll stand 14 . Initially the strip will take up all of the oxygen from the enclosure space 38 to form heavy scale on the strip. However, the sealing of space 38 controls the ingress of oxygen containing atmosphere below the amount of oxygen that could be taken up by the strip. Thus, after an initial start up period the oxygen content in the enclosure space 38 will remain depleted so limiting the availability of oxygen for oxidation of the strip. In this way, the formation of scale is controlled without the need to continuously feed a reducing or non-oxidising gas into the enclosure space 38 . In order to avoid the heavy scaling during the start-up period, the enclosure space can be purged immediately prior to the commencement of casting so as to reduce the initial oxygen level within the enclosure and so reduce the time for the oxygen level to be stabilised as a result of the interaction of oxygen from the sealed enclosure due to oxidation of the strip passing through it. The enclosure may conveniently be purged with nitrogen gas. It has been found that reduction of the initial oxygen content to levels of between 5% to 10% will limit the scaling of the strip at the exit from the enclosure to about 10 microns to 17 microns even during the initial start-up phase.
In a typical caster installation the temperature of the strip passing from the caster will be of the order of 1400 C. and the temperature of the strip presented to the mill may be about 900 to 1100 C. The strip may have a width in the range 0.9 m to 2.0 m and a thickness in the range 0.7 mm to 2.0 mm. The strip speed may be of the order of 1.0 m/sec. It has been found that with strip produced under these conditions it is quite possible to control the leakage of air into the enclosure space 38 to such a degree as to limit the growth of scale on the strip to a thickness of less than 5 microns at the exit from the enclosure space 38 , which equates to an average oxygen level of 2% with that enclosure space. The volume of the enclosure space 38 is not particularly critical since all of the oxygen will rapidly be taken up by the strip during the initial start up phase of a casting operation and the subsequent formation of scale is determined solely by the rate of leakage of atmosphere into the enclosure space though the seals. It is preferred to control this leakage rate so that the thickness of the scale at the mill entry is in the range 1 micron to 5 microns. Experimental work has shown that the strip needs some scale on its surface to prevent welding and sticking during hot rolling. Specifically, this work suggests that a minimum thickness of the order of 0.5 to 1 micron is necessary to ensure satisfactory rolling. An upper limit of about 8 microns and preferably 5 microns is desirable to avoid rolled-in scale defects in the strip surface after rolling and to ensure that scale thickness on the final product is no greater than on conventionally hot rolled strip.
After leaving the hot rolling mill the strip passes to run out table 17 on which it is subjected to accelerated cooling by the cooling headers 18 before being coiled on coiler 19 .
Cooling headers 18 are of the kind generally called laminar cooling headers which are used in conventional hot strip mills. In conventional hot strip mills, the strip speeds are much higher than in a thin strip caster, typically of the order of ten times as fast. Laminar cooling is an effective way of presenting large volumetric flows of cooling water to the strip to produce much higher cooling rates than possible with water spray systems. It has previously been thought that laminar cooling was inappropriate for strip casters because the much higher cooling intensity would not allow conventional coiling temperatures. Accordingly, it has been previously proposed to use water sprays for cooling the strip. However, in a twin roll strip caster using both water spray systems and laminar cooling headers, we have determined that the final microstructure and the physical properties of a plain carbon steel strip can be dramatically affected by varying the cooling rate as the strip is cooled through the austenite transformation temperature range and that the capability of accelerated cooling at cooling rates in the range 100 C./sec to 300 C./sec or even higher enables the production of strips with increased yield strength which have beneficial properties for some commercial applications.
As the cooling rate is increased above 100 C./sec the final microstructure changes from predominantly polygonal ferrite (with a grain size of 10-40 microns) to a mixture of polygonal ferrite and low temperature transformation products with consequent increases in yield strength. This is illustrated in FIG. 8 which shows progressively increasing yield strength of the strip with increasing cooling rates.
Accelerated cooling can be achieved in a typical strip caster by means of laminar cooling headers operating with specific water flux values of the order of 40 to 60 m 3 /hr.m 2 . Typical conditions for accelerated cooling are set out in Table 1:
TABLE 1 ACCELERATED COOLING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS For, Strip width 1.345 m, Casting speed 80 m/min, Strip thickness 1.6 mm Laminar Cooling System Requirements Specific heat transfer Cooling rate Total water Cooling bank Water flux coeff. C /sec m 3 /hr Length, m m 3 /hr.m 2 W/m 2 K 150 320 2.66 45 908 200 320 2.0 60 1208 300 320 1.33 90 1816 Hot rolling temperatures of around 1050 C. produce microstructures with polygonal ferrite content of more than 80% with grains in the size range 10 to 40 microns.
In cases where the strip is to be hot rolled, it would be possible to incorporate the inline rolling mill within the protective enclosure 37 so that the strip is rolled before it leaves the enclosure space 38 . A modified arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 7 . In this case the strip exits the enclosure through the last of the mill stands 16 , the rolls of which serve also to seal the enclosure so that separate sealing pinch rolls are not required.
The illustrated apparatus incorporates both an accelerated cooling header 18 and a conventional water spray cooling system 70 to allow a full range of cooling regimes to be selected according to the strip properties required. The accelerated cooling header system is installed on the run out table in advance of a conventional spray system.
In a typical installation as illustrated in FIG. 1 , the inline rolling mill may be located 13 m from the nip between the casting rolls, the accelerated cooling header may be spread about 20 m from the nip and the water sprays may be spread about 22 m from the nip.
Although laminar cooling headers are a convenient means of achieving accelerated cooling in accordance with the invention it would also be possible to obtain accelerated cooling by other techniques, such as by the application of cooling water curtains to the upper and lower surfaces of the strip across the full width of the strip.
Although the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the foregoing drawings and description with reference to several embodiments, it should be understood that the description is illustrative and not restrictive in character, and that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Rather, the present invention covers all variations, modifications and equivalent structures that come within the spirit of the invention. Additional features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the detailed description, which exemplifies the best mode of carrying out the invention as presently perceived.
| 1B
| 22 | D |
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A rigid core 1 according to the first embodiment is shown on FIGS. 1 and 2 . A plurality of circumferentially adjacent fractions 10 d , 10 i can be seen, disposed side by side in contact with one another by their transverse faces 10 d 1 and 10 i 1 . The transverse faces 10 i 1 of at least one fraction 10 i converge at the exterior of the core to allow removal of said core by raising this fraction radially through the interior. In practice and as illustrated in the patent application
EP 0 242 840 and in the present application, the core comprises two models of fraction: divergent fractions 10 d of which the transverse faces 10 d 1 diverge at the exterior of the core and so-called inverted fractions 10 i of which the transverse faces 10 i 1 converge at the exterior of the core. The fractions will be designated hereinafter while omitting the suffix i or d, for example fraction 10 if their divergent or inverted nature is immaterial to the technical feature being dealt with.
Each of said fractions 10 comprises a portion 12 for attachment to a rim 14 , said attachment portion 12 being arranged at the radially internal end of each of the fractions. It can be seen in FIG. 1 that the rim 14 is circumferentially continuous. On the other hand, since the attachment portions 12 form part of the fractions 10 , they are only developed over a portion of a circle. Said attachment portion 12 is essentially produced from a first material selected for its ability to withstand a large number of mounting and removal cycles. Each of said fractions 10 comprises a main portion 13 integrally connected to said attachment portion 12 of which the essential role is to define a surface for manufacture of the tire. This main portion 13 is essentially produced from a second material different from the first material selected for its moldability, good thermal conductivity and lightness, integrally connected to said attachment portion 12 , in other words not functionally removable.
FIG. 1 shows a fraction 10 having an attachment portion 12 and a main portion 13 is shown, the attachment portion 12 being mounted on a rim 14 . The core 1 cooperates with a shell 15 (one shell for each sidewall) to define a mold cavity. An intermediate face 11 can be seen, disposed in the direct extension of the molding surface on the fraction 10 and radially inwardly. This intermediate face 11 is located radially beneath the molding portion of the fraction 10 and either is disposed in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation (as illustrated) or is formed as a cone with a very large, very open angle. Therefore, if crude rubber is pushed by the extension 150 , thus initiating the creation of a flash, during the closure movement of the mold around a crude tire blank, the flash will be pinched between the points P 1 and P 2 and will not be sheared off. A pinched flash obviously remains attached to the tire.
Also and preferably, the joining line L 2 between the attachment portion 12 and the main portion 13 is accommodated in this intermediate surface 11 , and this also prevents the appearance of a flash on the internal surface of the tire bead owing to the creep of the rubber between attachment portion and main portion.
It should also be noted that, when the core is used during the vulcanization of a tire, there must only be a very small clearance between each of the fractions so as to prevent the appearance of excessive molding flashes. Furthermore, a core of this type, which comprises parts with different coefficients of thermal expansion (steel for the attachment portion and aluminum for the main portion) should accommodate the thermal cycles caused by the production of a tire. A core of this type will be employed at temperatures of about 150 C., at least during vulcanization, whereas temperatures lower than 100 C. are employed during manufacture of the crude tire blank. To accommodate these thermal cycles, the dimensioning of the main portion 13 and its joint to its attachment portion 12 are such that, when the core is used during the assembly of a crude tire, clearances remain between each of the fractions 10 i and 10 d which close again only during the rise in temperature necessary for vulcanization. This prevents the divergent fractions 10 i from being expelled radially outwardly owing to the increase in the perimeter of the main portions, itself due to thermal expansion.
Correlatively, this prevents degradation of the joining means (the attachment portions and the rim) joining the fractions 10 to one another.
It has been seen that a fraction 10 always comprises an attachment portion 12 disposed radially in the interior portion thereof. It comprises a main portion 13 produced from molded light alloy. FIG. 3 shows a main portion 13 fixed to an attachment portion 12 by means of screws 16 disposed laterally on either side of the fraction 10 and circumferentially substantially in the median portion of the fraction. A connection of this type between attachment portion 12 and main portion 13 , as it is essentially central, will allow the main portion to undergo greater expansions than the attachment portion without damaging the attachment portion 12 , the main portion 13 or the joining screws 16 between attachment portion and main portion. It is shown that the attachment portion 12 comprises two noses 17 that cooperate with corresponding noses 18 arranged on the rim 14 , and with the cylindrical bearing surface between the noses 17 , for maintaining the different fractions 10 centered on the rim.
It will be appreciated that the attachment bearing surfaces are markedly stressed during each mounting and each removal of the core. This portion is very strong owing to the choice of a suitable material. Furthermore, all appropriate surface treatments can be provided specifically to ensure the durability of this zone which is subjected to many impacts, hammering and friction during each core mounting and removal cycle.
In FIG. 4 , it is shown that the joining line L 5 separating attachment portion 12 and main portion 13 would appear in the intermediate surface 11 . The internal face of the bead B of the tire is molded entirely by the main portion 13 . In this case, it may be advantageous if the face P 3 , which is cylindrical in FIG. 4 , is slightly frustoconical. It is not necessary that the attachment portion be continuous circumferentially, as it is shown with parts 121 and 122 in FIG. 5 , as this portion has no molding function, the molding surface being entirely on the main portions 13 .
It has been seen that a metal such as steel is typically used to produce the attachment portion. The steel is machined so as to obtain all the bearing surfaces and the forms desired for this attachment portion as a function of the core attachment and handling applications. It has been seen that a cast light alloy such as an aluminum alloy is typically used for the main portion. This allows electrical resistors to be over-molded in other words immersed within the wall forming the radially external dome of each main portion.
FIG. 6 shows an electrical resistor 64 , the radial section revealing twelve sections of this resistor 64 which is curved so as to form to and from movements of the circumferentially orientated pieces. A pourable material which is a good conductor of heat is therefore used, the material being molded with at least one electrical resistor per fraction, immersed inside the wall forming the radially external dome of each main portion. In a variation, the resistors could also be fixed in a machined recess or fixed on the internal surface of said wall in a manner suitable for promoting the conduction of heat. As the core must be able to be conveyed from station to station on a tire manufacturing machine there is provided either a connector 65 which enables the core to be coupled by a further connector 66 to the vulcanization station of the machine, during the approach of a gripper to a vulcanization station, in order to supply the resistors with electric energy and optionally to allow connection of various measurement probes, or, for the same purpose, inductive coupling means and/or any other conventional coupling means.
FIG. 3 and 6 show an interesting aspect comprising a circumferentially continuous rim 14 , the core comprising at least one fraction-side attachment bearing surface, arranged on the attachment portion of each of the fractions, for example on a circumferentially arranged nose 17 . The core also comprises a rim-side attachment bearing surface which is complementary with the fraction-side attachment bearing surface, is arranged on the rim and cooperates, with regard to each fraction, with the fraction-side attachment bearing surface to absorb the stresses tending radially to separate the fractions relative to the rim, in cooperation with blocking means (not shown), for example means for pinching the rim 14 axially against the attachment portion 12 . In the example illustrated, each rim-side attachment bearing surface is also produced on a circumferentially arranged nose 18 .
Advantageously, said fraction-side attachment bearing surface and rim-side attachment bearing surface are configured so as to allow an axial movement of the rim relative to all the fractions in a single direction. This can be effected, for example, by situating the noses 17 at different levels on the fractions, one nose, the so-called lower nose being disposed radially at a lower level than the other, the so-called upper nose. The same applies to the noses 18 of the rim 14 . It can also be seen in this example that each attachment bearing surface is a frustoconical surface, said frustoconical surfaces being orientated axially on the same side of the core. More particularly, each frustoconical surface has a non-wedging angle.
| 1B
| 29 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Applicants have discovered that a multichannel analyzer (MCA) device
incorporating the features of the present invention exhibits a number of
unusual properties. By running the ADC as a Pulse height-to-pulse width
converter 10 in an asynchronous mode, it is possible to obtain the effect
of fractional channels, thus greatly reducing the number of actual
channels necessary to record complex line spectra.
CONTROL OF COUNTS PER CHANNEL
In the preferred embodiment of the instant invention the MCA records the
spectrum from a peak picker 3, as shown in FIG. 1, or a device with a very
precise pulse height, such as a germanium detector in which a channel
number which depends on the number of clock pulses 6 counted and compared
from a clock oscillator 5.
When the gate pulse 11 from the pulse height-to-pulse width converter 10,
is compared by a gate 15 to the clock pulse 6 and is found to overlap the
clock pulse 6 the resulting signal 16 is placed in two adjacent channels
by the pulse counter 17. The ratio of the counts in each channel is
proportional to the probability of overlap between the gate pulse 11 and
the clock pulses 6. Thus, the MCA 1 can be viewed as producing fractional
channels. The exact pulse height is determined by the ratio of counts in
the two channels.
The concept of the instant invention is illustrated by FIGS. 29, 2B, and
2C.
One Pulse is Counted
FIG. 2A illustrates that when the gate pulse 11 width is the same as one
complete clock cycle, the gate pulse 11 signal overlaps only one complete
clock pulse 6, and only one pulse is recorded.
Two Pulses are Counted
In FIG. 2B, the same width gate pulse 11 is displaced slightly in time, and
two clock pulses 6 are recorded. In this case, a number of pulse widths
may be equally divided between two adjacent channels in the MCA 1,
assuming that the input pulses occur at random and are not synchronized in
time with the clock oscillator.
Overlap between Gate and Clock Pulses
In FIG. 2C, the gate pulse 11 width is greater than one clock cycle, but
less than two complete clock cycles 8. In this case, the MCA I records two
clock pulses 6. Therefore, the number of clock pulses 6 recorded depends
on the degree of overlap between the gate and clock pulses 6. If the input
pulse is slightly larger, the width of the gate pulse 11 is slightly
increased, and a correspondingly larger fraction of the pulses will be
recorded in the higher channel. The result is that the ratio of the pulses
in the two adjacent channels is proportional to the gate pulse 11 width
and to input pulse height 9.
Fractional MCA Channels Are Obtained
This simple technique has interesting consequences. One can obtain, in
effect, fractional MCA channels. For example, signals in the form of a
given gamma ray line from a germanium gamma ray spectrometer will be
recorded in two adjacent channels.
DETERMINATION OF GAMMA RAY ENERGY
The exact gamma ray energy can be linearly interpolated from the ratio of
the counts in the channels as illustrated in FIGS. 3A through 3E. These
figures illustrate the pulse configuration when a multiple of four input
pulses 9 are being inputed into the MCA 1. On these figures the vertical
axis is the number of pulses, and the horizontal axis is the channel
numbers from 0 through 3, with 0 being the first channel. The channels are
not limited under the instant invention to three. These figures are for
illustrative purposes.
In FIG. 3A, the gamma ray line is precisely located on the boundary between
two channels, and the number of counts in each channel is equal.
In FIG. 3B, the precise gamma line is 1.250 times larger than the energy at
the boundary between the two channels. In this case, one fourth of the
counts go into channel 1, and three fourths go into channel 2.
In FIG. 3C, the precise gamma energy is exactly 1.500 times the gamma
energy at the boundary, and all of the counts go into channel 2.
In FIG. 3D, the precise energy is 1.75 times the energy at the boundary,
and one fourth of the counts go into channel 2 and three fourths into
channel 3.
In FIG. 3E, the precise energy is 2.00 times the channel width energy, and
one half of the counts go into channel 2, and the other half go into
channel 3.
EQUIVALENT EFFECT OF A 2048 CHANNEL MCA
With this arrangement, we can obtain the equivalent of a 2048 channel
multichannel analyzer using only 256 channels, assuming that the input
signal is almost noise free, so that there is no electronic "jitter"
introduced into the input signal 9. Spectrometry grade amplifiers have an
RMS electronic noise that corresponds to about 300 electrons in the
detector, and thus the amplifiers are virtually noise-free. With this
arrangement, we can achieve very precise energy resolution in a fraction
of the number of channels normally required in a conventional MCA. An MCA
1 utilizing the instant invention will be an order of magnitude smaller,
require significantly less power, and cost about an order of magnitude
less than conventional MCAs.
The instant multichannel analyzer/data logger is a 252 channel MCA I that
can record up to 244 individual spectra in memory 20. Each individual
spectrum is recorded with a time stamp to identify it. The entire unit is
powered by 9-volt "transistor" batteries. If desired, the unit can be
powered by a rechargeable battery pack with a solar cell to recharge the
batteries. In this configuration, the unit could be left unattended for
months in hostile environments to automatically record any type of pulse
height data from a variety of sensors.
As shown in FIG. 1 the instant apparatus includes means for converting an
analog signal of height "H.sub.a " to a first rectangular signal of height
"H" 9 and means for generating clock pulses 6. Further, means are provided
for converting height "H" 9 of the first rectangular signal to a second
rectangular signal, referred to as a gate pulse 11 having a width "w"
proportional to height "H" 9, and a gate 15 which is a means for receiving
the second rectangular signal asynchronously with the clock pulse 6. The
result is an output pulse 16 from the gate means wherein the clock pulses
6 are proportional to the width "w" of the gate pulse 11.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
With the advent of small, low-power, inexpensive MCAs, a host of new
applications are possible, such as:
Environmental monitoring--Simple radiation detectors/spectrometers can be
left unattended in remote locations to record the radionuclide content of
the surrounding environment. Health physicists at such sites can use these
devices to monitor the resuspension of radionuclides in the environment.
Specifically, use of alpha spectrometers to monitor plutonium aerosols has
been proposed. If the devices can be made very inexpensively, it may be
possible to place gamma ray spectrometers using scintillators in the
environment to monitor the movement or release of specific radionuclides.
With chemical analyses costing as much as $100 per sample, an in situ
monitor would be economical if several samples were taken. In addition, a
real-time monitor with a complete record of the movement of radionuclides
with time could provide legal records and a basis for more realistic dose
commitment calculations.
Monitoring wells or underground storage tanks--The miniature MCA 1 are
small and rugged enough to be placed down-hole to monitor contaminants or
radionuclides in wells or storage tanks. They can be programmed to read
spectra out periodically and to alarm if levels exceed previously set
values. They can be attached to a variety of detectors that provide 0 to
+5-volt pulses. Detectors have already been made using NaI or BGO
scintillators for gamma ray spectra and .sup.3 He proportional counters
for monitoring neutrons.
Personal radiation monitors--The original "total dose meter" was intended
to be worn on workers to monitor their exposure to ionizing radiations,
including neutrons and gamma rays. The miniature MCA 1 could be easily
adapted to record more detailed energy deposition spectra from tissue
equivalent proportional counters.
Monitoring hazardous shipments--The miniature MCA 1 can be used to monitor
hazardous or radioactive shipments for leakage. This unit could provide a
time profile if any unusual event or leakage occurs. Also, the micro-MCA 1
could be attached to accelerometers to provide a history of shocks to the
shipment to ascertain if the shipment were damaged in transit.
Voice recorder--If a frequency-to-analog converter were used, the device
could be used to digitally record voices. The voice signal could be
sampled every 10 to 100 milliseconds, and the spectrum recorded
sequentially. To reconstruct the voice signal, it would be necessary to
pass the recorded spectra back through an analog signal-to-frequency
converter. This may be a different approach to digital telephone answering
machines.
Remote chemical sensors--If attached to a variety of chemical sensors, the
micro-MCA 1 could be used to remotely monitor for chemicals in the
environment. With the current emphasis on monitoring releases of chemicals
into the environment, this may be an inexpensive way to continuously
monitor for specific chemicals. Such a monitoring system could be placed
around landfills, underground storage tanks (by placing the monitors in
wells), or effluent streams from industrial facilities.
Obvious modifications and variations of the instant invention are possible
in light of the above teachings. Although we have illustrated a preferred
embodiment, it is understood that it is merely illustrative and that many
modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and
scope of the present invention, and that the scope of the invention should
be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. | 6G
| 01 | T |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The aforementioned illustrations and following detailed descriptions are exemplary for the purpose of further explaining the scope of the instant disclosure. Other objectives and advantages related to the instant disclosure will be illustrated in the subsequent descriptions and appended drawings.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, and the like, may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
[Embodiment of the Headphone with Active Noise Cancelling]
Referring toFIG. 1,FIG. 1shows circuit block diagram of the headphone with active noise cancelling according to one embodiment of the instant disclosure. As shown inFIG. 1, the headphone with active noise cancelling comprises a first gain amplifier G1, an active noise cancelling module110, a speaker120, a measure circuit130, a calibration control circuit140and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) driving circuit150. The first gain amplifier G1is electrically connected between a microphone170and the active noise cancelling module110. The active noise cancelling module110is electrically connected to the speaker120. The measure circuit130is electrically connected to the calibration control circuit140and the calibration control circuit140is electrically connected to the USB driving circuit150. The USB driving circuit150is electrically connected to the first gain amplifier G1via a General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) interface160.
Regarding the first gain amplifier G1, the first gain amplifier G1has a first gain value, and the first gain amplifier G1is gain amplifier for the microphone170and the microphone170is used for collecting noise generated from environment; which means, the first gain amplifier G1amplifies amplitude of the first noise audio signal NS1so as to generate a second noise audio signal NS2according to a first gain value, wherein the microphone170may be plugged on the headphone100or embedded in the headphone100.
Regarding the active noise cancelling module110, the active noise cancelling module110is used for receiving the second noise audio signal NS2transmitted from the first gain amplifier G1and receiving and amplifying the first music audio signal AMS to a second music audio signal, and then generates a noise cancelling signal according to a second noise audio signal NS2. Afterwards, the active noise cancelling module110superimposes the noise cancelling signal and the second music audio signal, i.e. waveform of the noise cancelling signal is carried by waveform of the second music audio signal, and amplifies its power so as to outputs an amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2. It is worth mentioned that, because phase of the noise cancelling signal is opposite to that of the second noise audio signal NS2, the noise cancelling signal is able to totally suppress noise in the headphone in theory. However, in actual application, because mismatch of circuit element, phase of the noise cancelling signal is probably not opposite to that of the second noise audio signal NS2exactly. Therefore, when the stereo headphone outputs an audio signal, the stereo headphone also concurrently outputs the noise cancelling signal, so that when the user listen to the audio signal, interference generated from noise will be reduced due to the noise cancelling signal.
Regarding the measure circuit130, when the headphone100is in a calibration mode, the measure circuit130is used for receiving the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS near the speaker120and measuring a noise-reducing numerical value RV of the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS. Moreover, in one embodiment, the measure circuit130is able to measure matches for ears when the user wear the headphone. Furthermore, the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS is superimposed by the amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2and the external noise audio signal.
Regarding the calibration control circuit140, the calibration control circuit140is used for receiving a noise-reducing numerical value RV acquired by measurement of the measure circuit130. The calibration control circuit140compares the noise-reducing numerical value RV with the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value and outputs a gain calibration value CG according to comparison result of the noise-reducing numerical value RV and the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, wherein the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value is set by the user, so that the headphone may achieve noise-reduced standard desired.
In the following description is further instruction in teaching a work mechanism of the headphone100with active noise cancelling.
In an actual application, the designer may burn design parameter in the one time programmable memory (not shown inFIG. 1) in the active noise cancelling module110. Next, the headphone100of the instant disclosure may execute auto-calibration via associated circuit, such as the measure circuit130, the calibration control circuit140, the USB driving circuit150and GPIO interface160, within the USB module of the headphone so as to increase yield and efficiency of mass production. Furthermore, when the designer or user wants to execute auto-calibration for the headphone, a predetermined noise-reducing threshold value must be set in the calibration control circuit140firstly and the headphone receives music (i.e. the first music audio signal AMS) via the USB driving circuit150. Afterwards, the headphone100with active noise cancelling may enter into the calibration mode. The instant disclosure collects noise generated from environment via the microphone170; which means, the first gain amplifier G1receives the first noise audio signal NS1transmitted from the microphone170and amplifies amplitude of the first noise audio signal NS1so as to output the second noise audio signal NS2to the active noise cancelling module110. In the present embodiment, the active noise cancelling module110receives the second noise audio signal NS2and receives the first music audio signal AMS via the USB driving circuit150, so as to generate the noise cancelling signal according to the second noise audio signal NS2, and then the noise cancelling signal and the second music audio signal are superimposed as an overlay waveform, i.e. the noise cancelling signal is carried by the second music audio signal. Next, the active noise cancelling module110may generate an amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2and output amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2to the speaker120for broadcasting audio. It is worth mentioned that, the active noise cancelling module110has at least amplifier and perform associated signal processing according to the design parameter, wherein the design parameter is burned in the one time programmable memory with the active noise cancelling module110.
Next, the instant disclosure receive an audio broadcasted by the speaker120via the measure circuit130, and herein the audio is noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS which is superimposed by the amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2and the external noise audio signal. The measure circuit130measures a noise-reducing numerical value RV of the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS, and in one embodiment, the measure circuit130may measure matched for ears. The calibration control circuit140may receive the noise-reducing numerical value RV transmitted by the measure circuit130so as to compares the noise-reducing numerical value RV with the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value; which means, determining whether the noise-reducing numerical value RV is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value. If the noise-reducing numerical value RV is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, the calibration control circuit140performs analysis for matches of ears for receiving the audio. If matches of ears for receiving the audio does not meet the predetermined standard (designed by the designer), the calibration control circuit140outputs the corresponding gain calibration value to the USB driving circuit150according to comparison result of the noise-reducing numerical value RV and the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value. Afterwards, the USB driving circuit150transmits the gain calibration value CG to the first gain amplifier G1via the USB driving circuit150so as to progressively adjust or update the first gain value of the first gain amplifier G1. Additionally, if the noise-reducing numerical value RV is still smaller than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, the calibration control circuit140may output the gain calibration value CG to continuously adjust the first gain value of the first gain amplifier G1. Therefore, the noise-reducing numerical value RV measured by the measure circuit130may be finally larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value by constantly repeating the above-mentioned work mechanism. If the noise-reducing numerical value RV measured by the measure circuit130is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, the headphone100of the instant disclosure finishes the calibration task and the gain calibration value CG corresponding is stored in the USB driving circuit150. When the user makes the headphone with active noise cancelling be connected to a host via USB interface for listening to music or other audio file, the USB driving circuit150transmits the noise-reducing numerical value RV to the first gain amplifier G1via the GPIO interface160for updating the first gain value.
In short, in the calibration mode, the headphone100with active noise cancelling of the instant disclosure feedbacks the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS through feedback mechanism, and measures the noise-reducing numerical value RV of the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS via the measure circuit130, and then outputs the gain calibration value CG to the USB driving circuit150by means of analysis and calculation of the calibration control circuit140so that the USB driving circuit150transmits the gain calibration value CG to the first gain amplifier G1via the GPIO interface160for adjusting the first gain value used for amplifying amplitude of the first noise audio signal NS1. The headphone with active noise cancelling of the instant disclosure is able to achieve auto-calibration totally without need of manual adjustment, and thus it is not only able to significantly reduce calibration time for increasing efficiency of mass production, but also increase matches of ears listening to the audio for the user. Additionally, the headphone100is able to effectively reduce effect of noise component in any kind of frequency band for listening to the music for the user.
For a specific instruction on an operation process of the headphone with active noise cancelling of the instant disclosure, there is at least one of the embodiments for further instruction.
In the following embodiments, there are only parts different from embodiments inFIG. 1described, and the omitted parts are indicated to be identical to the embodiments inFIG. 1. In addition, for an easy instruction, similar reference numbers or symbols refer to elements alike.
[Another Embodiment of the Headphone with Active Noise Cancelling]
Referring toFIG. 2,FIG. 2shows circuit block diagram of the headphone with active noise cancelling according to another embodiment of the instant disclosure. Difference from above-mentioned embodiment inFIG. 1is that the active noise cancelling module110of the headphone with active noise cancelling comprises a second gain amplifier G2, an active noise cancelling control circuit112, a third gain amplifier G3, an adder, a power amplifier PG and a one time programmable memory116. Moreover, the second gain amplifier G2is electrically connected to the first gain amplifier G1, the active noise cancelling control circuit112is electrically connected to the second gain amplifier G2, and the third gain amplifier G3is electrically connected to the USB driving circuit150. The adder114is electrically connected to the active noise cancelling control circuit112and the third gain amplifier G3, the power amplifier PG is electrically connected to the adder114, and the one time programmable memory116is electrically connected to the second gain amplifier G2, the third gain amplifier G3and the power amplifier PG.
The second gain amplifier G2is used for receiving the second noise audio signal NS2transmitted from the first gain amplifier G1, and the second gain amplifier G2further amplifies amplitude of the second noise audio signal NS2according to the second gain value, so as to output the third noise audio signal NS3to the active noise cancelling control circuit112. The active noise cancelling control circuit112receiving the third noise audio signal NS3and after reversing phase of the third noise audio signal NS3, the noise cancelling signal AFNS is outputted; which means, phase difference between the third noise audio signal NS3and the noise cancelling signal AFNS is 180 degrees. Additionally, the active noise cancelling control circuit112may further perform signal filtering for the third noise audio signal NS3. The third gain amplifier G3receives the first music audio signal AMS via USB driving circuit150and an audio input terminal, and amplifies amplitude of the first music audio signal AMS according to a third gain value so as to output the second music audio signal AMS′. Next, the adder114may respectively receive the noise cancelling signal AFNS and the second music audio signal AMS′, and the noise cancelling signal AFNS and the second music audio signal AMS′ are superimposed as a synthetic audio signal SPS1, and then the synthetic audio signal SPS1is transmitted to the power amplifier PG by the adder114. After the power amplifier PG receives the synthetic audio signal SPS1, the power amplifier PG amplifies power of the synthetic audio signal SPS1according to the power gain value, and accordingly outputs an amplified synthetic audio signal SPS2to the speaker120for convince of broadcasting music or other audio file. The associated operation for the measure circuit130, the calibration control circuit140, the USB driving circuit150, the GPIO interface140, the microphone170and the first gain amplifier G1in the embodiment of theFIG. 2is equal to that of above-mentioned embodiment ofFIG. 1, there's no need to go into details.
[One Embodiment of an Auto-Calibration Method for the Headphone]
Referring toFIG. 3,FIG. 3shows flow chart of the auto-calibration method for the headphone according to one embodiment of the instant disclosure. An explanatory sequence of steps in the present embodiment may be embodied with the headphone200as shown inFIG. 2, and thus please refer toFIG. 2for an easy understanding. The auto-calibration method for the headphone with active noise cancelling comprises steps as follows: setting a predetermined noise-reducing threshold value (step S310); determining whether to enter into a calibration mode (step S320); measuring a noise-reducing numerical value (step S330); determining whether the noise-reducing numerical value is larger than a predetermined noise-reducing threshold value (step S340); adjusting gain (step S350); determining whether volume matched for ears (step S360); finishing the calibration task (step S370); updating the gain calibration value (step S380). The following will sequentially describe each step in the embodiment ofFIG. 3.
In the step S310, user or designer may set the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value for the headphone with active noise cancelling, and in one embodiment, the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value is 20 dB.
In the step S320, the calibration control circuit140may determine whether the headphone200with active noise cancelling enters into the calibration mode; which means, determining whether the user performs auto-calibration. If else, the auto-calibration method returns back to the step S320; if yes, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S330.
In the step S330, if the headphone200enters into the calibration mode, the headphone200measures a noise-reducing numerical value RV of the noise-reduced music audio signal EAMS via the measure circuit130, and the noise-reducing numerical value RV is transmitted to the calibration control circuit140. Next, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S340.
In the step S340, the calibration control circuit140compares the noise-reducing numerical value RV with a predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, and transmits the gain calibration value to the USB driving circuit150according to comparison result. If the noise-reducing numerical value RV is smaller than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S350; if the noise-reducing numerical value RV is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S360.
In the step S350, the USB circuit150transmits the gain calibration value CG to the first gain amplifier G1 via a GPIO interface for adjusting the first gain value, and then returns back to the step S330, so that the noise-reducing numerical value RV is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value via operation of the active noise cancelling module.
In the step S360, in one embodiment, the auto-calibration method further determines whether volume received by ears is matched via measurement of the measure circuit130. If matches of volume received by ears meet design specification, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S370so as to finish the calibration task. If matches of volume received by ears does meet design specification, the auto-calibration method enters into the step S350for further adjusting gain of the first gain amplifier G1via the calibration control circuit140, the USB driving circuit150and the GPIO interface160.
In the step S370, when the user finish calibration task of the headphone through above-mentioned flow, and then the gain calibration value CG corresponding is stored in the USB driving circuit150by the calibration control circuit140.
In the step S380, when the user makes that the headphone200with active noise cancelling is connected to a host (e.g. desktop or notebook) via the USB interface for listening to music or other audio file, the gain calibration value CG is transmitted to the first gain amplifier G1via the GPIO interface by the USB driving circuit150for updating the first gain value.
Relevant details of the steps of the headphone with active noise cancelling are described in the embodiments ofFIGS. 1-2, and thus it is not repeated thereto. It is clarified that, a sequence of steps inFIG. 3is set for a need to instruct easily, and thus the sequence of the steps is not used as a condition in demonstrating the embodiments of the instant disclosure.
To sum up, the headphone with active noise cancelling and auto-calibration method thereof provided by the instant disclosure is able to acquire a gain calibration value via measurement and calculation of the measure circuit and the calibration control circuit, and transmit the gain calibration value to the first gain amplifier via the GPIO interface and the USB driving circuit for progressively adjusting the first gain value of the microphone so that the noise-reducing numerical value is larger than the predetermined noise-reducing threshold value. Accordingly, the headphone of the instant disclosure is able to achieve auto-calibration totally with need of manual adjustment, and thus it is not only able to significantly reduce calibration time for increasing efficiency of mass production, but also increase matches of ears listening to the audio for the user.
The descriptions illustrated supra set forth simply the preferred embodiments of the instant disclosure; however, the characteristics of the instant disclosure are by no means restricted thereto. All changes, alternations, or modifications conveniently considered by those skilled in the art are deemed to be encompassed within the scope of the instant disclosure delineated by the following claims.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are shown in the drawings. Each embodiment is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not as a limitation of the invention. For example features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be combined with another embodiment to yield still another embodiment. It is intended that the present invention include these and other modifications and variations to the embodiments described herein.
FIG. 1is a schematic side view of a spinning preparation machine1according to the invention in the form of an air-jet spinning machine that stands on a shop floor20and produces roving3(FIG. 2). The spinning preparation machine1preferably comprises a drafting system5with a plurality of corresponding drafting system rollers (only one of the two feed rollers9arranged in the input area of the drafting system5is provided with a reference number) that is supplied with a fiber bundle4, for instance in the form of a doubled drafter sliver.
The fiber bundle4generally originates from a container14(e.g. a sliver can) and may be fed to the drafting system5, preferably after passing over a guide roller21, via a guide16, wherein the guide16may be embodied for instance as a longitudinal profile. In principle, the guide16comprises a feed segment13adjacent to the container14, a delivery segment19adjacent to the drafting system5, and a guide segment17disposed therebetween for supporting the fiber bundle4at least from below.
The illustrated spinning preparation machine1furthermore also comprises a consolidating means, spaced apart from the drafting system5, in the form of an air spinning nozzle2having an internal vortex chamber (known from prior art and therefore not shown) and a yarn-forming element (likewise known from the prior art and therefore not shown) in the form of a hollow spindle that projects into the vortex chamber. In the vortex chamber, the fiber bundle4or at least a portion of the fibers in the fiber bundle4are provided with a protective twist by means of a swirled air flow generated by air nozzles in the vortex chamber.
The air spinning machine may furthermore comprise a pair of draw-off rollers15for the roving3downstream of the drafting system5in the illustrated transport direction T (the draw-off unit is not absolutely necessary and is also shown only inFIG. 1for reasons of clarity). Moreover, a winding device6is present that preferably serves for receiving at least two tubes7and with which it is possible to wind the roving3onto a tube7, the roving3being guided by means of a traversing element8that can be moved back and forth in the direction of the double arrow shown inFIG. 1. The winding device6may in particular comprise a tube receiver12(e.g. in the form of a platform) that can be rotated by means of a drive and on which the tubes7may be fixed via corresponding holding devices (not shown in greater detail), wherein the holding devices and thus also the respective tubes7may be caused to rotate, preferably via separate drives.
The spinning preparation machine1works according to a special air spinning method. For forming the roving3, the fiber bundle4is guided in the transport direction T via an inlet opening (not shown) into the vortex chamber of the air spinning nozzle2. There, it is given a protective twist, that is to say at least a portion of the fibers of the fiber bundle4is grasped by the swirled air flow, which is created by suitably placed spinning air channels. A portion of the fibers is thereby pulled at least a little way out of the fiber bundle4and is wound around the tip of the yarn forming element which protrudes into the vortex chamber.
Finally, the fibers of the fiber bundle4are drawn out of the vortex chamber via an inlet opening of the yarn forming element and a draw-off channel which is arranged inside the yarn forming element and adjoins the inlet opening. In doing so, the free fiber ends are finally also drawn on a helical trajectory in the direction of the inlet opening and wrap as wrapping fibers around the centrally running core fibers, resulting in a roving3which has the desired protective twist.
Due to the only partial twisting of the fibers, the roving3has a draftability that is essential for the further processing of the roving3in a downstream spinning machine, for example a ring spinning machine. Conventional air-jet spinning devices, on the other hand, give the fiber bundle4such a pronounced twist that the required drafting following yarn production is no longer possible. This is also desired in this case since conventional air-jet spinning machines1are designed to produce a finished yarn, which is generally intended to be characterized by a high strength.
As explained in the foregoing, after leaving the air spinning nozzle2, the roving3is wound onto a tube7by means of the winding device6. If the specific tube7is adequately loaded with roving3, it is exchanged for an empty tube7, wherein the aforesaid tube pick-up 12 is rotated for this purpose about a preferably vertical rotational axis until the empty tube7shown inFIG. 1is disposed in the position of the loaded tube7shown inFIG. 1and vice versa.
While the empty tube7is being loaded with roving3following this tube exchange, a tube transfer device10is activated that transfers the loaded tube7to a conveyor18(for instance in the form of a conveyor belt) of a tube transport device11that finally transports the tube7to a removal location (not shown). This conveyor18, a plurality of which may be present, preferably comprises a plurality of tube holders22by which the tubes7may be held during their transport. Once the loaded tube7has been transported away, the position on the tube pick-up 12 of the winding device6that has been freed up by this may be occupied by a new, empty tube7, the tube transfer device10preferably accomplishing this.
Alternatively, it would also naturally be possible to eliminate the tube transfer device10. Likewise, the winding device6could also have only one holding device for one tube7. Ultimately, the illustrated guide16also does not necessarily have to be present, wherein in this case for instance the fiber bundle4may be inserted into the drafting system5immediately after it has left the container14(possibly after first going through a guide roller21). It is also not absolutely necessary for the tube transport device11to be present.
In accordance with the invention, it is suggested that the air spinning nozzle2, in a side view of the spinning preparation machine1(which is preferably embodied as an air-jet spinning machine) is arranged vertically between at least one feed roller9of the drafting system5and the traversing element8mounted vertically therebelow. It is furthermore provided that the feed roller9and the traversing element8are arranged, in the side view, on the same side of the air spinning nozzle2so that when the spinning preparation machine1is operating, the roving3experiences a change in direction after leaving the air spinning nozzle2and prior to being wound onto the tube7.
In particular, the feed roller9of the drafting system5should have a common sectional plane with the air spinning nozzle2, which sectional plane with the horizontal forms an angle α that is between 20° and 85° so that the transport direction of the drafting system5runs on a downward incline. In this case it is also ensured that the running direction L of the roving3is oriented downward, at least in segments, between the traversing element8and the air spinning nozzle2(or the pair of draw-off rollers15) so that the forces acting on the roving3in this region are particularly low.
As may be seen from the figures, the winding device6, the tube transfer device10, and the traversing element8may be placed adjacent to one another and below the air spinning nozzle2and the drafting system5.
If a tube transport device11with corresponding conveyor(s)18is present, it is advantageous when the latter are arranged, at least in part, in a top view of the spinning preparation machine1shown inFIG. 2, between the feed segment13of the guide16and the drafting system5. In particular, the conveyor(s)18should be supported in the area of the so-called shop floor20so that it/they, in the side view of the spinning preparation machine1shown inFIG. 1, is/are disposed below the guide16.
In addition, it is advantageous when the conveyor(s)18is/are arranged between the feed segment13of the guide16or the container14and the delivery segment19of the guide16, the guide16spanning the conveyor(s)18in a bridge-like manner. The fiber bundle4is now guided from behind via the conveyor(s)18and finally travels in the front region of the spinning preparation machine1into the drafting system5and ultimately into the air spinning nozzle2.
AsFIG. 2shows, the winding device6, the traversing element8, and the tube transfer device10may be arranged to the side of the drafting system5or air spinning nozzle2. In this case, the result is a particularly space-saving arrangement of the individual elements.
Furthermore, the drafting system5, the air spinning nozzle2, and also the guide16should be placed above the winding device6, the traversing element8, the tube transfer device10, and/or the conveyor(s)18to utilize the free space above the aforesaid elements.
Finally, the above description is referenced with respect to the possible mutual arrangements of the individual segments (feed segment13, guide segment17, delivery segment19, drafting system5, air spinning nozzle2, traversing element8, winding device6, tube transfer device10, conveyor(s)18) so that the mutual arrangement depicted in theFIGS. 1 and 2shall be construed only as an example.
The present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments that have been shown and described. Modifications within the scope of the patent claims are also possible, as is any combination of the described features, even if they are shown and described in different parts of the description or the claims or in different exemplary embodiments.
REFERENCE LIST
1Spinning preparation machine2Air spinning nozzle3Roving4Fiber bundle5Drafting system6Winding device7Tube8Traversing element9Feed roller of the drafting system10Tube transfer device11Tube transport device12Tube receiver13Feed segment14Container15Pair of draw-off rollers16Guide17Guide segment18Conveyor19Delivery segment20Shop floor21Guide roller22Tube holderα Angle between the common horizontal sectional plane of traversing element, winding device, and tube transfer device and the common section plane of feed roller or the drafting system and spinning nozzleL Running direction of the rovingT Transport direction of the drafting system
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| 1 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The methods of the present invention provide cost-effective reinforced
tubular conduits for various applications, including medical applications,
which have excellent flexibility and mechanical integrity, including
burst-strength. The methods of the present invention also provide simple
and elegant techniques for reinforcing tubing, including thin-walled
tubing.
Referring to the drawing, wherein like numerals refer to like elements,
there is illustrated a portion of a reinforced tubular conduit assembly 10
in accordance with the present invention. The assembly 10 includes a
flexible tubular conduit 12. In accordance with preferred embodiments of
the present invention, the conduit 12 comprises an extruded, substantially
inert polymeric material, for example, an inert plastic. Inert plastic
materials are particularly preferred in the event that the assembly 10 is
used in tubular medical devices, for example, catheters. This
substantially prevents any interaction of the assembly 10 with body fluids
which therefore may remain inserted in a patient for extended periods of
time.
According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, the tubular
conduit comprises a fluorocarbon polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
A suitable polytetrafluoroethylene is TEFLON.RTM., commercially available
from DuPont de Nemours Company of Wilmington, Del. Other polymeric
materials to be used as the conduit 12 would be readily apparent to one of
ordinary skill in the art in view of the present disclosure.
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, the
tubular conduit 12 comprises a substantially thin-walled conduit. As the
term is used herein, "thin-walled" refers to conduits having a wall
thickness of about 0.004 inch or less. It is generally preferred that the
thin-walled conduits of the present invention have a wall thickness of
from about 0.001 to about 0.004 inch, with wall thicknesses of from about
0.002 to about 0.004 inch being more preferred and wall thicknesses of
about 0.002 inch being even more preferred. Furthermore, it is preferred
that the conduits of the present invention are tubular conduits, as is
shown in the FIGURE. In such embodiments, it is preferred that the tubular
conduit have an outer diameter of from about 0.030 to about 0.250 inch and
an inner diameter of from about 0.026 to about 0.246 inch. It is
contemplated however, that the methods of the present invention can be
adapted to tubing having various dimensions and characteristics.
The conduit assembly 10 further comprises reinforcing means 14 to reinforce
the conduit 12. Preferably, the reinforcing means 14 comprises a
reinforcing wrap, such as a wrap of metal wire, which may be braided or
woven in the form of a plurality of bands or strands, each strand
indicated by the reference numeral 16. The strands 16 are preferably
braided using conventional techniques, for example, conventional braiding
machines. An example of the type of braided reinforcements which are
particularly suitable for use in the conduit assemblies of the present
invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,917 which is incorporated
herein by reference.
With particular reference to FIG. 2, there is provided herewith a
discussion of the method aspects of the present invention. As noted above,
the present methods comprise pressurizing the tubular conduit 12 with a
pressurized fluid medium. The term "fluid medium" is used herein to refer
to any liquid or gas medium which may be introduced into the tubular
conduit 12 and which may be pressurized. Preferably, the fluid medium
comprises an inert, non-toxic liquid or gas which may be readily
pressurized and removed from the conduit 12. Suitable fluid media to be
used in accordance with the method aspects of the present invention
include, for example, air, nitrogen, and water.
As is known to those skilled in the art, closed systems are generally
required to obtain pressures higher than atmospheric pressures.
Accordingly, as shown schematically in FIG. 2, the distal end 18 of the
tubular conduit 12 is sealed, preferably with sealing means 20. Sealing
means 20 may comprise any means which will provide a fluid seal at the
distal end 20 of the tubular conduit 12. Thus, the sealing means 20
preferably provides a gas- and/or liquid-tight seal, for example, air-
and/or water-tight seals. Preferably, the sealing means 20 is removable
from the conduit 12 and may be removed as desired. Examples of suitable
sealing means 20 include, for example, removable plugs, and the like. It
will be appreciated, of course, that other mechanisms may be used to seal
the distal end 18 of conduit 12. In the case of a polymeric tubular
conduit, for example, the distal end may be closed upon itself in a
meltflow process. In other simple embodiments, the distal end 18 of
conduit 12 may be simply folded upon itself or pinched so as to provide a
substantial closure of the end.
An external fluid medium source provides a source of the fluid medium.
Examples of suitable fluid medium sources include, for example,
pressurized gas cylinders, hydraulic pumps, and the like. The external
fluid medium source communicates with a proximal end 22 of the tubular
conduit 12 via the fluid medium conduit 24. As with the sealing means 20
discussed hereinbefore, the fluid medium conduit 24 provides a seal with
the proximal end 22 of the tubular conduit 12 and is readily removed or
disconnected from the conduit 12.
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, the
tubular conduit 12 is pressurized with the fluid medium to a pressure
which is sufficient to prevent or substantially inhibit mechanical
deformation of the tubular conduit 12 during application of the
reinforcing means 14. However, the tubular conduit 12 should be
pressurized to a pressure less than that which would cause bursting of the
tubular conduit 12. For embodiments in which the tubular conduit 12 has an
outer diameter of from about 0.030 to about 0.250 inch and a wall
thickness of from about 0.002 to about 0.004 inch, the tubular conduit 12
preferably is pressurized to a pressure of from about 60 to about 100
pounds per square inch (hereinafter "psi"). More preferably, such a
tubular conduit 12 is pressurized to a pressure of from about 60 to about
90 psi and even more preferably, about 70 psi.
After pressurizing the tubular conduit 12 to a desired pressure, the
reinforcing means 14 is applied onto the tubular conduit 12 using
techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the
tubular conduit 12 may be run through a conventional wire braiding machine
to form a tightly overlying braided sheath. Methods and apparatus for
making braided wire reinforcement are described, for example, in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,567,917 and 5,085,121, each of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
It is contemplated that in accordance with the present invention, the
reinforcing means 14 is applied to the tubular conduit 12 while the
conduit 12 comprises a planar configuration. For example, the tubular
conduit 12 may be uncoiled and situated in a substantially horizontal
position during application of the reinforcing means 14. Alternatively,
the tubular conduit may be coiled or wound on a spool. In this case, the
conduit 12 is accessed by unwinding the conduit 12 from the spool as
additional length of the conduit 12 is desired.
In accordance with the present invention, a desired length of the tubing
conduit 12 is reinforced with the reinforcing means 14. The length of the
tubular conduit 12 to be reinforced with the reinforcing means 14 may
vary, and depends, for example, on the desired application of the
reinforced tubular conduit assembly 10. Similarly, the length of the
reinforcing means 14 to be applied to the tubular conduit 12 may vary and
depends on various factors, including the desired application of the
assembly 10.
After the desired length of the reinforcement 14 has been applied to the
desired length of the tubular conduit 12, valve 26 is opened to release
the pressurized fluid medium through the outlet means 28. Thus, in
preferred embodiments which involve pressurizing the tubular conduit 12
with inert gas, for example, air, the valve 26 is opened to release the
pressurized air which escapes through the outlet means 28. The pressure
within the tubular conduit 12 subsequently returns to normal pressures,
for example, atmospheric pressure. The sealing means 20 and conduit 24 may
then be removed from the reinforced tubular conduit assembly 10. The
assembly 10 possesses pressurization and burst-pressure characteristics
similar to those characteristics of reinforced conduits prepared according
to the prior art.
The methods of the present invention thus provide simple and elegant
procedures to prepare cost-effective tubular conduit assemblies which have
excellent flexibility and mechanical integrity, including burst-strength. | 1B
| 23 | P |
EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to a device for separating materials in the form of particles and/or drops from a gas flow, the device comprising a chamber arranged within a housing providing an inlet and an outlet for an air flow. The housing provides a surface which serves as a collection surface. Inside the housing substantially at the centre is provided a column with a cylindrical or elliptical body. On the surface of the cylindrical or elliptical body a series of ion yield tips is arranged for directing ion beams to the collection surface. The column is connected to a power supply that allows the ion yield tips to generate electric fields in the form of ion beams emanating from the ion yield tips. The housing and the column are isolated from each other and they can be connected to separate power supplies so that they possess different charges for the purpose of directing the electric fields. The column is typically at least partially a cylindrical body that has a surface defined by the diameter in its cross section and the length of the body. The dimensions of the column define the cross sectional area of a cavity between the column and the collection surface. The local velocity of the air flow in the cavity can be increased by increasing the diameter of the column. Further, the larger the surface area, the more ion yield tips can be arranged on the body, thereby increasing the electric field and current generated encapsulating the body. This allows greater exposure of the electric field for the particles contained in the air flow to be charged and then directed to the collection surface for removal. The high density of the electric field created inside the chamber improves the efficiency of extraction of the particles by extracting more particles from a fast flow of air. Furthermore, all particles included in the air flow have to pass through the cavity between the column and the collection surface.
InFIG. 1a schematic view of a device for separating materials in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention is illustrated. The device1is designed to separate materials in the form of particles and/or drops from a gas flow. Especially, the device is designed to separate particles and/or drops the diameter of which varies from one nanometer to a few dozen nanometers. The device comprises an inlet2for incoming air3to be purified, a collection chamber4, an outlet6for the purified air7, a voltage source with actuators, and a fastening column9to which ion yield tips10have been coupled. A metal band (not shown), which surrounds the outer wall of the collection chamber, is grounded. The fastening column9comprises outer surfaces forming a closed body. The device1is configured to guide an air flow through a cavity14between the fastening column9and a collection surface12. The device1is further configured to direct high tension to the ion yield tips10providing ion beams11from the ion yield tips10to the collection surface12.
The collection surface12conducting electricity is electrically insulated from the outer wall5of the collection chamber4by an electrical insulation. The electrical insulation may be, for example, attached to the outer wall5of the collection chamber4with the help of fasteners (not shown). The electrical insulation may be glass, plastic, acrylic-nitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), or some other similar substance insulating high tension, for instance.
Furthermore, the device1is configured to direct voltage of opposite sign to the ion yield tips10than the voltage directed to the collection surface12. In other words, voltage with the opposite sign of direct voltage (positive in the figure) as the high tension directed to the ion yield tips10(negative in the figure) is directed to the surface12conducting electricity. Thus, the voltages are opposite, i.e. positive for the ion yield tips10and negative for the surface12conducting electricity, or negative for the ion producing tips10and positive for the surface12conducting electricity. Typically, the voltage of the ion yield tips10is substantially equal to that of the collection surface12, but it is also possible to use voltages of different magnitude. The advantage of equal voltages is the simple structure of high tension centres. Better purification results have also been achieved with equal voltages.
The ion yield tips10are arranged directly on a surface13of the fastening column9having a length Lcoland a diameter Dcol, wherein the ion yield tips10protrude from the surface13of the fastening column into a cavity14of the collection chamber4. The dimensions of the fastening column9define the cross sectional area of the cavity14between the column and the collection surface. Thus, for a given volumetric flow rate of the air application of the equation of continuity results in an increasing local velocity of the air flow through the cavity14with increasing diameter of the fastening column.
InFIG. 2a schematic side view of a fastening column9in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention is illustrated. The diameter Dcolof the fastening column9may be in a range between 40-150 mm, for instance. In particular, the diameter Dcolof the fastening column may be e.g. 40 mm, 100 mm, or 150 mm. The ratio between the diameter Dcoland the maximum diameter of the collection chamber may be, for example, 1:3. The fastening column9may e.g. include 48 ion yield tips10. The length of an ion yield tip10may be in a range between 2-15 mm, for instance. In particular, the length of an ion yield tip10may be e.g. 5 mm or 10 mm. InFIG. 2the ion yield tips are arranged at an even distance relative to each other. According to certain embodiments, the ion yield tips10are arranged spirally wound around the surface13of the fastening column9.
Air flows through the ring-like cavity14of the collection chamber4during use of the shown fastening column9in a device1according toFIG. 1. The volumetric flow rate of the air may be e.g. about 200 m3/h. The velocity of an air flow through the cavity14may be in a range between 0.5-2.5 m/s, for example 1.5 m/s.
All particles and/or drops contained in the air flow pass through the cavity14between the collection surface12and the surface13of the fastening column13. Consequently, all particles and/or drops pass through ion beams11, thus improving the purifying process of the air.
It is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed are not limited to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but are extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Where reference is made to a numerical value using a term such as, for example, about or substantially, the exact numerical value is also disclosed.
As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and example of the present invention may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as de facto equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate and autonomous representations of the present invention.
Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of lengths, widths, shapes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.
While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.
The verbs “to comprise” and “to include” are used in this document as open limitations that neither exclude nor require the existence of also un-recited features. The features recited in depending claims are mutually freely combinable unless otherwise explicitly stated. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the use of “a” or “an”, that is, a singular form, throughout this document does not exclude a plurality.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
At least some embodiments of the present invention find industrial application in air purifiers and/or purifying air. Very suitable uses being particularly isolation rooms in hospitals, operating rooms, factories manufacturing microchips, and air intake in such rooms in which biological weapons have to be repelled. Of course, the present invention may also find application in purification of rooms in homes and offices.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
1device for separating materials2inlet3incoming air4collection chamber5outer wall6outlet7purified air9fastening column10ion yield tips11ion beams12collection surface13surface14cavityLcollengthDcoldiameter
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
EP 1165241 B1
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Repeated descriptions and descriptions of known functions and configurations which have been deemed to make the gist of the present invention unnecessarily obscure will be omitted below. The embodiments of the present invention are intended to fully describe the present invention to a person having ordinary knowledge in the art to which the present invention pertains. Accordingly, the shapes, sizes, etc. of components in the drawings may be exaggerated to make the description clear.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings described in detail.
FIG. 1is a block diagram of a motion estimation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Referring toFIG. 1, the motion estimation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes current image storage memory111, previous image storage memory113, a PE array unit120, a sub sum of absolute differences (SAD) calculation unit130, a motion vector calculation unit140, a minimum motion vector selector150, an address generator160, and a controller170.
The current image storage memory111stores a current image.
The previous image storage memory113stores a previous image.
The PE array unit120includes an N×N PE array121, a 2N×N PE array122, and an N×2N PE array123. That is, to support 12 coding units, that is, 64×64, 64×32, 32×64, 32×32, 32×16, 16×32, 16×16, 16×8, 8×16, 8×8, 4×8, and 8×4 coding units, provided in the HEVC standard, the present invention is configured to classify the coding units into a first group (an N×N group including 64×64, 32×32, 16×16, and 8×8 coding units), a second group (a 2N×N group including 64×32, 32×16, 16×8, and 8×4 coding units), and a third group (an N×2N group including 32×64, 16×32, 8×16, and 4×8 coding units) and to maximize performance through parallel processing for each of the groups. That is, the N×N PE array121, the 2N×N PE array122and the N×2N PE array123perform simultaneous operations. The results of the parallel processing are used to calculate a final SAD and a motion vector at a comparator in a final stage.
The N×N PE array121, the 2N×N PE array122and the N×2N PE array123perform operations corresponding to the N×N, 2N×N, and N×2N coding units, respectively.
The sub-SAD calculation unit130includes an N×N sub-SAD calculator131, a 2N×N sub-SAD calculator132, and an N×2N sub-SAD calculator133.
The N×N sub-SAD calculator131, the 2N×N sub-SAD calculator132, and the N×2N sub-SAD calculator133may perform pieces of sub-processing corresponding to N×N, 2N×N, and N×2N coding units, respectively. For example, the pieces of sub-processing may be sum of absolute differences (SAD) operations corresponding to N×N, 2N×N or N×2N coding units.
The motion vector calculation unit140calculates motion vectors corresponding to N×N, 2N×N and N×2N coding units.
The minimum motion vector selector150selects a minimum motion vector from among the motion vectors calculated by the motion vector calculation unit140.
The address generator160generates a memory address required for motion estimation under the control of the control unit170.
FIG. 2is a block diagram of an implementation corresponding to the N×N, 2N×N and N×2N PE arrays illustrated inFIG. 1. In particular, the block diagram illustrated inFIG. 2may correspond to the N×N PE array.
Referring toFIG. 2, the PE array may include four PE arrays210,220,230and240and a minimum SAD selector250.
Each of the four PE arrays210,220,230and240receives a current image and a previous image, and then performs the processing of the images.
The minimum SAD selector250receives the output of the PE arrays210,220,230,240, and selects and outputs a minimum SAD.
FIG. 3is a block diagram of an example of the PE array illustrated inFIG. 2.
Referring toFIG. 3, the PE array includes 16 PEs301,302,303, . . . , and316and a partial sum adder320.
The PEs301,302,303, . . . , and316receive current data inputs S0 and S1 and a previous data input R.
It can be seen that the structure illustrated inFIG. 3is a structure in which half of memory is used in a structure using a semi-systolic array.
That is, the structure illustrated inFIG. 3is configured such that two current image-related PE array inputs are employed, so that an odd input and an even input are alternatively performed, thereby enabling internal processing speed to be twice data input speed. Furthermore, the structure illustrated inFIG. 3has 100% processing efficiency all the time except the time during which an initial value is set.
The partial sum calculator320receives individual inputs, and calculates the SAD.
FIG. 4is a block diagram of an example of each of the PEs illustrated inFIG. 3.
Referring toFIG. 4, the PE includes a multiplexer410, registers421,422,423,424and425, and adders431and432.
The multiplexer410selects one of two current data inputs451and452in response to a control signal CONTROL. In this case, the input451may be odd current image data, and the input452may be even current image data.
The register421stores previous data input460.
The register422stores the output of the multiplexer410.
The adder431receives the outputs of the registers421and422, and outputs the result of addition.
The register423stores the output of the adder431.
The adder432receives a partial sum result Psum obtained in a previous stage and the output of the register423, and outputs the result of addition.
The register424stores the output of the adder432, and outputs the partial sum result Psum to a subsequent stage.
Tslice=Tinit+TSAD′
TSAD′=Trow×N(1)
In Equation 1, Tinitis 16, and is the time during which initialization for operation is performed as first 16 pieces of reference block data are stored in respective calculators. TSAD′is the time up to the time at which a partial sum is output from the last calculator in a single search region slice, and Trowis 32 and is the number of candidate blocks that are simultaneously calculated when a single search region data row is input. Furthermore, N is 16, and is the number of reference block rows. The total time required for a single reference block in Equation 1 is expressed by the following Equation 2:
Tblock=Tinit+(TSAD′×SR) (2)
In Equation 2, the SR (search range) is the size of a search range, and is equal to the number of search region slices. For example, SR may be 32.
In the above Equations, the time required for a 2:1 sub-sampling algorithm having a 16×16 reference block and a search range of −16 to 15 is Tblock=16+(16×16)×16=4112 cycles.FIG. 5is a diagram illustrating the timing operation of the PE illustrated inFIG. 3.
FIG. 6is a diagram illustrating an example of a memory map.
Referring toFIG. 6, it can be seen that a current image data memory610and a search region data memory620have been provided.
In particular, the search region data memory620enables a previous image to be simultaneously input using four banks.
FIG. 7is a block diagram of an example of the N×N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1.
Referring toFIG. 7, it can be seen that the N×N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1obtains the SAD for an 8×8 block, that is, a minimum module, and then performs operations for 16×16, 32×32 and 64×64 blocks by adding corresponding blocks.
FIG. 8is a block diagram of an example of the 2N×N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1.
Referring toFIG. 8, it can be seen that the 2N×N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1obtains the SAD for an 8×4 block, that is, a minimum module, and then performs operations for 16×8, 32×16 and 64×32 blocks by adding corresponding blocks.
FIG. 9is a block diagram of an example of the N×2N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1.
Referring toFIG. 9, it can be seen that the N×2N sub-SAD calculator illustrated inFIG. 1obtains the SAD for a 4×8 block, that is, a minimum module, and then performs operations for 8×16, 16×32 and 32×64 locks by adding corresponding blocks.
As illustrated inFIGS. 7 to 9, the sub-SAD calculators of the present invention may be each configured to calculate various different SAD values via adders based on the basic SAD operation block.
FIG. 10is an operation flowchart illustrating a method of motion estimation for variable block sizes according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Referring toFIG. 10, in the motion estimation method according to this embodiment of the present invention, respective SAD values for three types of coding units are obtained by performing parallel processing for each of the three types of coding units at step S1010.
In this case, the three types of coding units may include N×N block-type coding units including 64×64, 32×32, 16×16 and 8×8 block size coding units, 2N×N block-type coding units including 64×32, 32×16, 16×8 and 8×4 block size coding units, and N×2N block-type coding units including 32×64, 16×32, 8×16 and 4×8 block size coding units. The motion estimation method may support 12 block sizes that are supported in the HEVC standard.
The processing of four block sizes corresponding to each type of coding units of the three types of coding units may be performed with hardware shared.
Step S1010may be performed using PEs, each of which alternatively receives an odd current data input and an even current data input so that internal processing speed is twice data input speed.
Furthermore, in the motion estimation method according to this embodiment of the present invention, motion vectors for the three types of coding units are calculated using the SAD values at step S1020.
Furthermore, in the motion estimation method according to this embodiment of the present invention, a minimum motion vector is selected from among the motion vectors and motion estimation is performed at step S1030.
The apparatus and method for motion estimation for variable block sizes according to the present invention are not limited to the above-described configurations of the embodiments, but all or parts of the embodiments are selectively combined so that the present invention may be modified in various manners.
The present invention has the advantage of supporting all block sizes supported in the HEVC standard and performing parallel processing and hardware sharing for various block sizes.
Furthermore, the present invention has the advantage of implementing motion estimation for various block sizes using minimum hardware and efficiently performing motion estimation via N×N, 2N×N and N×2N parallel processing.
Moreover, the present invention has the advantage of alternatively receiving an odd current data input and an even current data input so that, upon motion estimation, internal processing speed is twice data input speed.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.
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FIG. 1illustrates a store-feeding device according to the invention that is labeled with reference number1. It has a conveyor belt or a loading conveyor10, which comprise or which comprises a conveyor belt section12. This conveyor belt section12has a conveyor belt end or outbound end or belt catch120, which is driven vertically rotatable by means of drive and deflection means. This rotation is illustrated by the double arrow with reference number199. The drive and deflection means comprise a motor124, a transmission123and a lever arm system121,122. The lever arm system is preferably executed by means of a push rod121, as well as a lever122. The outbound end is located in the outbound section of conveyor10. The loading conveyor10has an additional conveyor belt section11, which is customarily rigidly connected with a chassis and/or a frame structure16. This conveyor belt section has an inbound end110that is located in the input section of conveyor10. The motor-driven drive of the conveyor belt customarily consists of a servomotor that can be controlled and/or regulated.
The transport speed of the loading conveyor10can thereby be controlled infinitely variable. The feeding conveyor or supply conveyor10is also designed in such a way by means of a drive113,114and a lever arm system111,112, so that at an end facing a storage device2of the loading conveyor or the belt catch120is driven almost horizontally displaceable, as is illustrated by the arrow with reference number198. Even this drive comprises a motor, for example, an electric motor114or a hydraulic drive with corresponding lever arm system111,112, whereby the section of conveyor belt12that is directed toward the storage device is pushed telescope-like into the conveyor section11that is further removed from conveyor belt section11. This lever arm system preferably consists of a rod111and a lever112. The conveyor belt section11can be mounted at a slight incline. FromFIG. 1it can be seen that the displaceable conveyor belt section12can be rotated around an axis or rotation1111, which is mounted on a carriage that is guided in a rigid conveyor belt section11rotatable around an angle α1. In a further embodiment, however, the axis of rotation1111can also be located at end110of supply conveyor10that is removed from the storage device, so that the loading conveyor10that can be telescopically extended and/or shortened is mounted rotatable or pivotable in its entirety around this axis of rotation1111. Thereby, that the loading conveyor10, and in particular the belt catch120that is aligned toward storage device2is mounted articulated in horizontal as well a in vertical direction, a two-dimensional section analogous to an X and Y coordinate system can be worked. In this section, the belt catch120can be positioned in almost any way. As a result, it becomes possible to deposit the product series13that is located on the belt catch20, by simultaneous lowering and retracting belt catch120, onto conveyor belt31, located preferably underneath and horizontal to the production line. This series of products13is then transported by the conveyor belt32that is shown inFIG. 2into the packaging machine V, which is not shown. In the event of an interruption of the packaging machine V, the empty shelf boards251of gondolas25in storage device2can be loaded. The storage device2has a chassis or a frame structure21. In this frame structure21, respective pairs of deflection pulleys22,23are located on at least one shaft220(seeFIG. 2) and on at least two freely running stub shafts230. The preferably at least one shaft220is customarily mounted in the lower section of storage device2, and driven by means of a transmission231driven by an electric motor that can be controlled or regulated. Respectively around a first and least a second deflection pulley22,23—mounted in alignment, a store loop24is arranged. The store loop24is preferably designed as continuous belt or chain. A store loop can also be guided over several deflection pulleys, so that the storage device2can accept additional gondolas25. At least two store loops24are at a distance K from each other according toFIG. 2. At the store loops24, several gondolas25are preferably mounted detachable. Respectively one gondola25is guided past the input station E or the output station A of the storage device as can be seen inFIG. 3. At the output station A, at least one row of products13is delivered onto a deposit rack by means of at least one slider33. The deposit rack of the output station A of storage device2is customarily designed as conveyor. At the input station E of storage device2, at least one deposit rack is loaded with products13. The drive of the store loops24customarily has an electric motor232with a transmission231, which is preferably connected with a shaft231that lies below and drives the store loops24over the deflection pulleys23. The driving can be in cycles, so that a distance a, as shown inFIG. 3, a distance b or any other kind of distance or path, such as perhaps a distance c can be covered. The store loop24can be driven in two directions, as is illustrated by the double arrow with reference number299. The chains or store loops24are thereby kept revolving reversibly. FromFIG. 1it thus becomes clear that a packaging station V can be loaded by means of a conveyor belt31,32on the one hand by means of the loading conveyor10with series of products13, and on the other hand, products13can be pushed out from storage device2adjacent to the feeding conveyor10onto conveyor31by means of the slider33. By means of conveyors31,32, the products are fed to packaging station V in both cases.
FIG. 2illustrates the store-feeding device1in a top view. By means of conveyor31,32, the series of products13are transported to the packaging station V. Reference number399illustrates the direction of transport of the conveyor10with length L, whereby the packaging station V, for example, can also be located on the opposite side. The direction of transport of conveyor31,32would change correspondingly. The situation is analogous with direction of transport499and the location of conveyor41toward the processing station T. The present store-feeding device1loads the storage device2, which works according to the “first-in—last-out” principle. The deflection pulleys22,23of the respective store loops24are at a distance K from each other. The store loop24which is supplied on a revolving basis with product carrier gondolas, containers or gondolas25is moved past either downward for loading or upward for unloading the products at the input station E or the output station A. Each store loop24has carriers241that are permanently connected with it and are evenly distant from each other. Each gondola25in turn is coupled detachable at its two small sides with respectively one of these carriers241of store loops24. As a result, the storage device works more efficiently with respect to known storage devices. An approximately 2 m long and approximately 5 m high storage device2can accept approximately 300 product series13consisting of chocolate bars with a weight of 100 g. For this, a belt storage device with comparable performance would have to be approximately 70 m long. The proposed device has shown to be highly space-saving, efficient and economical.
FIG. 3illustrates a detail of the store-feeding device in the initial position. In this position, for example, maintenance or cleaning work can be performed in the section of the loading device. Moreover,FIG. 3shows three gondolas25of a storage device2bordering store-feeding device1. It has an input station E for loading products into the storage device, as well as an output station A for unloading the products. In input station E and the output station A are located on the same side of the storage device. The storage device2is filled downward in cycles or loaded and reversibly, with a cyclically moved store loop24, emptied upward or unloaded. Loading of the storage device2takes place with the belt catch120in an anterior position, but at least at one shelf board distance a above the delivery level of conveyor31. The thickness of the belt catch120is dimensioned in such a way that it, together with the height of a product13, amounts to less than the distance a between two shelf boards. As a result, it is ensured that a product, which is pushed out of storage device2onto the horizontal conveyor31, does not come in contact with the belt catch120, when the shelf board251that is to be loaded is loaded by the feeding conveyor. The vertical distance of the belt catch120that can be positioned horizontally and/or vertically is sufficient in order to upwardly load several levels or shelf boards251. This is particularly required when the store loop24is standing still, when it is momentarily blocked by slider33. It can also be required then, when a higher packaging performance is to be achieved, whereby then the belt catch120synchronizes with the constantly downward-moving store loop24. Accordingly, distance a describes a distance between the successive product deposit racks251. Additional terms for product deposit racks are also shelf boards or levels. Distance b in turn describes the distance between a last shelf board251of a first gondola25and a first shelf board251of a gondola25that follows it. Distance c describes the distance between, for example, the respective uppermost shelf board251of two adjacent gondolas25in the vertical line or branch of the store loops24, to which the gondolas are coupled removable at carriers241. Moreover, the proposed store-feeding device has a rejection capability for qualitatively defective series of products13. Defective series are, for example, too long or too high, or have too little distance from each other, which is identified in an inspection unit141. Corresponding control signals and/or data signals are forwarded by the inspection unit141to the controller14. Metal-contaminated rows of products13can also be defective. These are identified by a metal detector142. Corresponding control signals and/or data signals are forwarded by the metal detector142to the controller14. Defective series are rejected in a so-called retraction position of the belt catch120. To do so, belt catch120is reversed and thus the loading conveyor10is thus shortened, so that the product series13fall downward onto conveyor41of rejection station4, as can be seen inFIG. 1, and preferably can be transported horizontally to the production flow toward processing station T. Conveyor41of rejection station4is also described as rejection conveyor.
FIGS. 4 and 5illustrate a detail of the store-feeding device1, whereby a product13is positioned in such a way that it can be deposited onto a conveyor leading to the packaging station. For this, the belt catch120of the loading conveyor10is guided as closely as necessary to the shelf board251of gondola25. The distance between belt catch120and the edge of the shelf board251that is to be loaded is determined, for example by the size of the product13or by the speed of the advancement of the loading conveyor10. Due to the advancing of the conveyor belt, the product row13is being pushed onto the shelf board251of gondola25. A stop19that can be seen inFIG. 1prevents that the products slide beyond the shelf board or even fall off the shelf board251.
FIG. 6illustrates a detail of the store-feeding device1, whereby a product13is brought into position in such a way that it can be deposited on a conveyor41that leads to the processing station T.
FIGS. 7 and 8illustrate a detail of the store-feeding device1, whereby a series of products13is brought into position by means of a loading conveyor10that is located upstream of storage device2, in order to be deposited onto an empty shelf board251. InFIG. 7, a first shelf board251is loaded in a gondola25that is to be loaded.FIG. 8illustrates how a shelf board251that is above it is loaded with an additional subsequent product series13. Even if the store loop24is stopped, or stands still, several shelf boards251can be loaded with products13by means of loading conveyor10. The lowest loading level or the lowest position of the conveyor belt end120corresponds to at least the distance a between two shelf boards251. The lowest loading level is at least at a distance a from the surface of the conveyor31. The slider33is to be mounted preferably in such a way that one product series can be slid off a shelf board251that is in alignment with and at the height of conveyor31, onto conveyor31.
FIG. 9illustrates a detail of the store-feeding device, whereby the gondolas25in store2are transported upward so that an additional product13can be pushed out of storage device2onto conveyor31leading to the packaging station V by slider33. Simultaneously, an additional series of products13, which are transported in the main direction on feeding conveyor10, can be transported to the neighboring empty shelf board251.
FIG. 10illustrates a detail of the store-feeding device1, whereby the slider33has pushed out a product13onto conveyor31leading to packaging station V. This preferably happens then, when coming from the production station P, the product flow cannot make a product series13available and a gap is created. Into this gap, a series of products13can then be pushed, fitting precisely, out of storage device2onto conveyor31by means of slider33. As a result, no undersupply of products13occurs at packaging station V. In addition, the storage device2can be emptied successively. The alternating loading of conveyor31out of storage device2or from the loading conveyor10can be utilized in a targeted manner. Thus, for example, as can be seen inFIG. 1, with a conveyor17located upstream, gaps can be created in a targeted manner between subsequent series of products13. The thereby created gaps can be filled with series of product13from the storage device2. In such a phase, the packaging machine V is supplied at a higher level of performance. In addition it is achieved, that the storage device is emptied downward.
FIG. 11shows, in connection withFIGS. 1,2and3, a detail of the store-feeding device1, whereby the slider33has pushed out a product13out of storage device2beyond conveyor31that leads to packaging station V onto conveyor41that leads to processing station T. By means of the controller or regulation14of store-feeding device1, it can be determined, for example, how long a certain product series13is stored in storage device2during production. If a certain threshold value of storage [time] has been reached, these product series can then be separated out of the production process in a targeted manner. For this, the corresponding shelf board251of a gondola25is conveyed to the output station A of storage device2. Slider33is dimensioned in such a way that it can slide out a product series13onto conveyor31and beyond it, so that the product series13reaches conveyor41of rejection station4leading to processing station T.
REFERENCE NUMBERS
1store-feeding device10feeding conveyor, conveyor, distribution conveyor110conveyer belt end, belt catch, inbound end, inbound end11111axis of rotation11conveyor belt section111rod, push rod112lever113transmission114motor12conveyor belt section120conveyor belt end, belt catch, outbound end, outbound end121rod, push rod122lever123transmission124motor13product or product series14control or regulation141inspection unit142metal detector15belt, conveyor belt16frame structure17conveyor belt, conveyor19stop means, stop197conveyor unit, main direction of transportation198direction of forward and backward motion199direction of upward and downward rotation2storage device, storage unit, intermediate storage unit21frame structure22deflection pulley220shaft23deflection pulley230stub shaft231transmission232motor24store loop or store chain241carrier25gondola251shelf board, product deposit rack, level299direction of transport3unloading station31conveyor belt, conveyor32conveyor belt, conveyor33slider, slider399direction of transport4rejection station41conveyor belt, conveyor499direction of transportA output stationE input stationF direction of transportV packaging stationT processing stationL lengthK Lengtha shelf board distanceb shelf board distancec distance, gondola heightα1angle
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In describing preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, particularly toFIG. 1, an image fixing apparatus1according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is explained.
The image fixing apparatus1ofFIG. 1is for use in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a laser printer, a digital copier, a facsimile machine, a printer-fax-copy multifunction machine, etc. This image fixing apparatus1uses a roller fixing system. As illustrated inFIG. 1, the fixing apparatus1includes rotating members11and12, a heater13, a controller14, and a temperature sensor15. The rotating member11includes the heater13such as a halogen lamp heater, IH heater, etc. A toner image unfixedly held on a recording medium (e.g., a paper sheet) is pressed and heated in a nip press region formed between the rotating members11and12, and is fixed on the recording medium. The temperature sensor15such as a thermo pile or a thermo sensitive register detects the temperature of the rotating member11. The controller14control the temperature, driving the heater13based on the detected temperature.
FIG. 2is an illustration of a circuit diagram illustrating a pulse width modulation (PWM) drive circuit21as a controller to perform a temperature control of the heater13. The controller14communicates with an image forming apparatus101(seeFIG. 14) through an interface22. The controller14also receives a detection signal from the temperature sensor15, and outputs a PWM pulse signal into the PWM drive circuit21. The PWM drive circuit21includes a PWM drive signal generating circuit23, a power switching circuit24, and a zero crossing detection circuit25. The PWM drive circuit21PWM-drives the heater13.
FIG. 3is a block diagram of the control system ofFIG. 2in which a feedback control is carried out based on a temperature detected by the temperature sensor15. As illustrated inFIG. 3, this control system utilizes two portions to cause a time delay considered to be a wasting time period. One time delay referred to as a delay d1is generated in the PWM drive circuit21and the other time delay referred to as a delay d2is generated in a section between the heater13and the sensor15. The delay d1is caused due to an ON-OFF controlling of the heater13, and delay d2is caused due to a heat transmission from the driver of the heater13to the detection by the temperature sensor15. Because of these delays d1and d2, this control system may produce a temperature ripple. When the output of the sensor15becomes larger than a target temperature after heating the heater13, the heating is stopped. The output of the sensor15does not, however, decline by the period of the delay even if the heating is stopped. This may cause the temperature ripple. If a gain of the control system is lowered so that the temperature ripple by the phase delay may not occur, a control error will increase. This may cause another problem. For example, although a steady-state error is small with a PID compensation, a response may become slow. After all, when disturbances and errors occur in the control system, it takes time to reduce them.
To solve the above problem, a Smith predictor is used.FIG. 4is a block diagram of the control system in which the Smith predictor is added. The Smith predictor31outputs a delay compensation using a model based on the result of the calculation of the amount of heating required for setting a temperature of the rotating members11and12. The Smith compensating method used with the Smith predictor31makes the control possible assuming a controlled object without delay. The Smith predictor31includes a controlled object model34predicted according to a delay d. The Smith predictor31also includes a controlled object model35. By using the Smith predictor and a calculator32for operating the amount of heating to set the temperature of the rotating members11and12, the delay is reduced in a feedback loop of this predicting model. Thus, a parameter design of the calculator32may be performed to the controlled object without delay. As a result, since the control is performed to the controlled object model34predicted according to the delay d, the temperature ripple by the above-mentioned delay may be controlled.
FIG. 5is a graph showing a relation of the temperature of the rotating member11and time. When the above control method is applied to the fixing apparatus1, the temperature ripple is reduced at the time of continuous feeding of the paper to the image forming apparatus101as shown inFIG. 5. However, the temperature curve becomes gentle near a target temperature at the time of increasing temperature. This increases a waiting time for using the fixing apparatus1.
FIG. 6is a block diagram of another example of the control system in which the Smith predictor is added. This control system includes a switch33that selects whether to perform the compensation or not. When at least the recording medium is fed continuously in the nip part of the rotating members11and12, the switch33selects the compensation and the delay compensation output is applied to an input side of the calculator32and the control is carried out.
At the time of continuous feeding of the recording medium, the temperature ripple may easily occur. The temperature ripple is caused by a transmission delay of heating from turning on the heater13to the transmission to the surface, a detection delay by the slow response (large time constant) of the temperature sensor15, and the delay from the driver of the heater13to the temperature sensor15.
At the time of continuous feeding of the recording medium, the switch33selects the compensation and the delay compensation is carried out to reduce the temperature ripple. Thereby, the image may be fixed on the recording medium with stable quality in continuous feeding of the recording medium. At the time of starting to set a temperature of the rotating members11and12, the switch33selects no compensation and the delay compensation output is not applied to the input side of the calculator32and the delay compensation is not carried out.
FIG. 7illustrates a flowchart of the control system ofFIG. 6. The temperature of the rotating member11is detected with the temperature sensor15(Step S1). When not reloaded, No of Step S2is selected. When the detected temperature of the temperature sensor15is not satisfied for feeding to the fixing apparatus1, No of Step S3is selected. In steps S4and S5, the delay compensation output is not input into the calculator32. In steps S6and S7, a predetermined standby time is waited for, and then the operation returns to step S3. When the detected temperature of the temperature sensor15is satisfied for feeding to the fixing apparatus1, Yes of Step S3is selected, and the delay compensation output is input into the calculator32(Step S8), and the recording medium is fed (Step S9).
A temperature rise time is a time from being in the so-called standby state (Steps S6and S7) to reaching the target temperature that paper can be fed.
That is, since paper is not fed at the temperature rise, even if some temperature ripples arise, it does not effect the image quality after fixing. On the other hand, the temperature ripple will be reduced but the temperature rise time will increase if control with a delay compensation is performed.
So, a quick rise to the target temperature at the time of a temperature rise without a control in which the delay compensation output is input into the input side of the calculator can be realized.FIG. 8is a graph showing a relation of the temperature of the rotating member11and time verifying the effect of this invention. As shown fromFIG. 8, the temperature rises quickly, and by the delay compensation after attaining the target temperature, the temperature rise time and the temperature ripple may be reduced. Moreover, when the target temperature is changed, the delay compensation output is not input into the input side of the calculator32ofFIG. 6. This is applied when the target temperature is changed during the delay compensation being performed after attaining the target temperature.
FIG. 9illustrates a flowchart of the control system ofFIG. 6when the above compensation method is applied. When the delay compensation output is input into the input side of the calculator32(Step S11), the temperature sensor15detects temperature (Step S12). When the target temperature is changed (Yes of Step S13), the delay compensation output is not input into the input side of the calculator32(Step S14). When the detected temperature with the temperature sensor15is high enough to feed a recording medium into the fixing apparatus1(Yes of Step S15), the delay compensation output is input into the input side of the calculator32(Step S16), and the recording medium is fed (Step21).
When the target temperature is not changed (No of Step S13), the delay compensation output is input into the input side of the calculator32(Step S17), and after a predetermined waiting in a standby state (Step S18), the control returns to Step S13.
When the detected temperature with the temperature sensor15is not high enough to feed a recording medium into the fixing apparatus1(No of Step S15), the delay compensation output is not input into the input side of the calculator32(Step S19), and after predetermined waiting in a standby state (Step S20), the control returns to Step S15.
Thereby, the temperature may quickly rise and fall to the target temperature.FIG. 10is a graph showing a relation of the temperature of the rotating member11and time verifying the effect of this invention. As shown fromFIG. 10, the target temperature is quickly attained and the temperature ripple may be reduced. Furthermore, when the speed of the recording medium through the nip between the rotating members11and12is changed, the delay compensation output may not be input into the input side of the calculator32.
FIG. 11illustrates a flowchart of the control system ofFIG. 6when the above compensation method is applied. The differences betweenFIG. 9andFIG. 11are Steps S31and S32. Instead of detecting the temperature with the temperature sensor15(instead of Step S12), the rotating speed of the rotating members11and12is detected with a rotating sensor (not shown) (Step S31). Instead of judging whether the target temperature is changed (instead of Step S13), whether the rotating speed of the rotating members11and12is changed is judged (Step S32). Except for these operations in Steps S31, S32, the other controls are the same as those ofFIG. 9. When changing the rotating speed of the rotating members11and12, an overshoot or an undershoot of temperature may occur easily. With using the control ofFIG. 1, the target temperature may be quickly attained for a rising or falling of temperature.
FIG. 12is an illustration illustrating a configuration of another embodiment of a fixing apparatus according to the present invention. The fixing apparatus uses a method of thermal belt fixing. A belt16transmits heat from a heater13to a rotating member11. The same reference element numbers as inFIG. 1indicate the same elements as inFIG. 1.
FIG. 13is a block diagram of the control system ofFIG. 12. Due to the heat transmission from the heater13to the belt16, a delay db from the heater13to the sensor15occurs. That delay is longer than that ofFIG. 1. In this system, a larger temperature ripple may occur, so it is difficult to keep temperature control accuracy. Therefore, the above mentioned control is applied to the fixing apparatus ofFIG. 12.
FIG. 14is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an embodiment of an image forming apparatus according to the present invention. This image forming apparatus101is a digital copier. The image forming apparatus101includes a scanner102that reads the image of an original, a printer engine103that forms an image on a recording medium by an electronic photograph system based on the read image data, and a controller104that controls the whole image forming apparatus101intensively.
Numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the disclosure of this patent specification may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
This patent specification is based on Japanese patent applications, No. JPAP2005-262455 filed on Sep. 9, 2005, and No. JPAP2006-124682 filed on Apr. 28, 2006 in the Japan Patent Office, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| 6G
| 03 | G |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1shows a temporary bridge in a not deployed position according to a first embodiment. It comprises four bridge elements1-4which are superimposed, thus forming a vertical stacking, and articulated the ones relative to the others.
These bridge elements1-4are advantageously connected, in a removable way, the ones to the others to make it possible to vary the length of this bridge and to adapt this one to the breach5to be crossed.
Each bridge element is connected to only one1,4, for those intended to form the ends of the bridge, or two other bridge elements2,3by two pairs of coupling arms assembled each one on both sides of these bridge elements1-4which they connect (only one being represented for clarity). Each one of these arms pairs comprise two parallel arms6,7assembled laterally on these bridge elements1-4, their ends being movable in rotation to allow the relative displacement of the bridge elements1-4.
These arms present the shape of a parallelogram that may be deformed when a bridge element is moving relative to the bridge element with which it is articulated.
Each bridge element1-4thus comprises at its ends a coupling face8ready to cooperate with the coupling face9of another bridge element so as to assemble these bridge elements when they are placed in an end to end relation.
These coupling faces8,9have a beveled profile but can have any other form allowing to block the coupling faces8,9when they are placed in an end to end relation.
These faces8,9present here, in addition, a slope of value equal from a pair of bridge elements to another but these slopes can also be different so as to form a curvature between two bridge elements1-4.
This curvature particularly can be progressive to form an arch. This last geometry provides a better mechanical strength of the temporary bridge by an effort recovery and it can enable spanning obstacles such as a pipe or other.
Each bridge element1-4can moreover comprise locking mechanical members making it possible to block the coupling faces8,9in a coupled position. These locking members comprise, for example, spring.
In addition, each bridge element1-4advantageously comprises at least a stop placed on each one of its side edges to block the displacement of at least one of the coupling arms6,7when the coupling face8of said bridge element3is placed facing to the coupling face9of another bridge element4and that it thus finished its allowed displacement (FIG. 1).
The bridge comprises displacement members of each bridge element1-3which is superimposed on another bridge element2-4in a first position, called a non deployed one.
To deploy the temporary bridge, first of all the stacking formed by the three bridge elements1-3placed on the last bridge element4is moved in contact with the ground. These bridge elements1-3are moved from a first position in which they are superimposed on the fourth bridge element4towards a second position, called deployed, where the coupling faces8,9of the last bridge element3of said stacking1-3and of the fourth bridge element4are placed in facing relation and are coupled. Then, this deployment step is repeated by moving the two bridge elements1,2superimposed with the third bridge element3thus coupled from this first position where they are superimposed towards a second position where the coupling faces8,9of the second bridge element2and of the third bridge element3are placed in facing relation and are coupled. This step is repeated for the first bridge element1not yet coupled. This process enables to decrease the lever ratio to be moved.
The displacement members comprise an actuator10assembled in a swiveling way and laterally on each bridge element2-4intended to support a bridge element1-3in the first position called a non deployed one.
The end of this actuator10is connected to the coupling arms the more ahead of said bridge element1-4so that a linear displacement of the end of this actuator10involves a rotational movement of the bridge element(s) superimposed to bring the coupling faces8,9in facing relation.
This actuator10is, for example, a hydraulic, electromagnetic or electric actuating jack. This actuator10being a hydraulic actuating jack, the bridge comprises a fluid tank, a hydraulic pump and a fluid distribution circuit including piping sections ready to adapt to the movement of the bridge elements1-4the ones relative to the others. Each one of these sections can, for example, comprise two portions of rigid pipes connected one with the other by a flexible tube section placed at the level of an articulation such as a pivot point of a connecting rod.
Preferably, the bridge comprises a checking and control unit to individually control the displacement of the bridge elements1-4, this control unit including a transmitter-receiver to receive remote control commands.
The bridge having thus its own supply source and being autonomous, can advantageously be positioned near the breach5to be crossed in order to be deployed remotely which avoids exposing a possible crew of the engineers corps in conflict zones.
This checking and control unit can still comprise electronic means to delay the displacement of each one of said elements so that said bridge elements are deployed and successively placed in an end to end relation. These electronic means can comprise a delaying device. Alternatively, these bridge elements can be deployed simultaneously.
The checking and control unit can still comprise sensors for checking the good positioning of the bridge elements1-4the ones relative to the others.
In this particular embodiment, the bridge elements1-4comprise each one two projections11,12respectively placed ahead of said bridge element below its coupling face8and behind, below its other coupling face9. These projections11,12are intended to support the bridge element(s)1-4placed in an end to end relation with this bridge element1-4. These projections11,12for example consist in a rectangular plate.
The bridge element4intended to constitute the lower end of the stacking formed by said bridge elements1-4superimposed in said first position comprises advantageously ground anchoring means (not represented).
The temporary bridge comprises an added rolling track17which is a flexible rolling track and fasteners18to secure this flexible rolling track to the bridge elements1-4.
This rolling track advantageously presents a longitudinal dimension (L) higher than the length of the bridge once deployed so as to cover a ground zone13,14adjacent to said bridge.
This rolling track is, for example, a woven structure which is made of chain threads laid out according to only one layer of warp threads19and of weft threads20also laid out according to only one layer, the weave25of said woven structure being such as each warp thread19intersects the weft threads20along, preferably and very roughly, the half of the intersections of the rows and columns of the weave25, the warp thread19being left in the remaining intersections, in order, for each warp thread19, to obtain at least a simple and tightened weave25area followed by a loose thread zone, the alternation of the various said zones causing tightenings of the weft threads20creating a significant relief of the weave25of the woven structure.
One understands by “preferably and very approximately”, an equality of the takings and the leavings of each warp thread which is not absolute but which on the contrary can deviate, for example, from 10 to 15% to it, and even more, being understood that the more one will move away from the strict equality and the more the weaving loom will need adjustments.
The weft threads have advantageously a diameter of about 50 to 200 hundredths of mm and the warp threads have preferably a diameter lower than that of the weft threads.
The bridge elements1-4comprise beams15assembled in parallel while being spaced from each other. These beams15are carried out into a hard material selected in the group comprising the steel, the titanium, an aluminum alloy or a composite material. These beams15can have a rectangular or a I-shaped section with a plane surface at each end to support the rolling track. These beams15can moreover be connected by a bottom16which can be bored for the drainage.
The interval between these beams15defines a conduit21(FIG. 4) likely to receive a traction element26of the rolling track when this one is unrolled after deployment or progressively during the bridge deployment. The bridge can thus comprise a motor to unroll or roll up this track. Each bridge element1-4comprises at one end, at least a return member22(FIG. 4) likely to receive said traction element26. This return member22can be a pulley.
The first and the last of these bridge elements1,4making the bridge in deployed position advantageously comprise at their free end an access ramp to said bridge. This ramp can be assembled in an articulated way to adapt the ramp to equipments or pedestrians brought to move on the temporary bridge surface.
The bridge elements1-4being identical or not, they have a longitudinal dimension ranging between approximately 2 m and 6 m+/−10% and a width ranging between approximately 1.5 and 3 m+/−10%. Advantageously, their length being of 6 m and their width approximately of 2 m, a rolling track having a width of 3.4 m+/−10% is obtained by joining two temporary bridges arranged in parallel.
| 4E
| 01 | D |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, an air bag module20(FIGS. 1 and 2) is mounted on a steering wheel22of a vehicle. The air bag module20includes a housing assembly24. The housing assembly24includes a generally rectangular metal base28(FIG. 2) which is connected with the steering wheel by suitable connectors (not shown).
The housing assembly24also includes a relatively stiff inner cover34connected to the base28. The inner cover34encloses an air bag38, partially shown inFIG. 2. Aresiliently deflectable outer cover36encloses the inner cover34and the air bag38. The inner cover34has an outer wall40and side walls42extending from the outer wall40. The side walls42are connected to the base28. The outer cover36has an outer wall44covering the outer wall40of the inner cover34and side walls46extending from the outer wall44. The side walls46are connected to the base28.
The outer cover36has weakened areas providing a tear seam48preferably having an H-shape (FIG.1). A central portion49of the tear seam48extends across the outer wall44of the outer cover36between legs51of the H-shaped tear seam48. The inner cover34also has weakened areas providing a tear seam which is also H-shaped. The tear seam in the inner cover34(FIG. 2) lies directly under the tear seam48and has a central portion50that lies directly under the portion49of the tear seam48. The tear seam central portion50has substantially the same length as the tear seam central portion49.
The air bag38(FIG. 2) is connected with the base28in any suitable manner. As illustrated, the air bag38is connected with base28by an annular metal clamp ring52and suitable fasteners (not shown). The clamp ring52clamps an open end or mouth of the air bag38to the base28. The air bag38is clamped around a generally cylindrical air bag inflator54. The inflator54is also secured to the base28in a suitable manner. The inflator54provides a source of fluid for inflating the air bag38. The inflator may have many different constructions as is known.
Upon the occurrence of sudden vehicle deceleration requiring air bag inflation, a suitable control apparatus (not shown) activates the inflator54. The inflator54, when activated, emits a flow of fluid which inflates the air bag38. As the air bag38inflates, the air bag applies pressure to the inside of the inner cover34. In response to the pressure, the inner cover34ruptures along the tear seam50, and the outer cover36ruptures along the tear seam48. The pressure applied by the air bag38against the inside of the inner cover34pivots portions of the inner cover and the outer cover36out of the path of inflation of the air bag38. The air bag38, when inflated, restrains the vehicle driver from forcefully striking structural parts of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel22.
A horn switch58(FIGS. 2 and 3) is disposed between the inner and outer covers34and36. The horn switch58is connected to the inner cover by threaded fasteners59(FIG.2). The horn switch58is connected with ground and a source of electrical energy, such as a vehicle battery, through conductors60and62and a connector63(FIG.3).
The horn switch58has an area that is approximately the same as the area of the outer walls40and44of the inner and outer covers34and36. When the vehicle horn is to be operated, pressure is manually applied against the outer cover36to actuate the horn switch58and effect operation of the vehicle horn.
The switch58has first and second spaced tear seams64and65(FIG.3). The switch58ruptures along the tear seams64,65upon inflation of the air bag38. The tear seams64,65may be defined by weakened or perforated areas. The tear seams64,65overlie the central portion50of the tear seam in the inner cover34. Because the central portion50is aligned with the central portion49of the tear seam48in the outer cover36, the central portion49overlies the tear seams64,65.
The combined lengths of the first and second tear seams64and65is substantially less than the lengths of each of the tear seam central portions49and50. The combined lengths of the first and second tear seams64and65is about one-sixth (⅙) the length of each of the tear seam central portions49and50. Since only a small portion of the horn switch58ruptures as compared to the inner and outer covers34and36, the horn switch has a minimum retarding effect on inflation of the air bag.
The switch58includes a pair of generally flat, flexible, overlying layers70and72(FIGS. 4-7) of electrically conductive material. Dots or bumps76(FIGS. 4 and 5) of polymeric material, which is electrically insulating, are disposed between the layers70and72. The bumps76are secured to the layer70and engage the layer72to separate the two layers until pressure is applied to deflect the layers70,72into engagement with one another. Engagement of the layers70and72completes an electrical connection to effect operation of the vehicle horn. The layers70,72engage when sufficient pressure is manually applied against the outer cover36.
The layer70(FIGS. 4 and 6) includes layer portions80and82spaced apart from each other on opposite sides of the tear seam64of the horn switch58. An interconnecting portion84of the layer70interconnects the portions80and82and extends across the central portions50and49of the tear seams in the inner and outer covers34and36. The interconnecting portion84includes a tear line86(FIG. 6) along which the interconnecting portion ruptures upon air bag inflation. The tear line86is aligned with the tear seam central portions50and49in the inner and outer covers34and36. The tear line86of the interconnecting portion84may or may not be weakened or perforated since the thickness of the interconnecting portion is small enough that it will easily tear upon inflation of the air bag. The layer portion82includes an extension88which is connected to the conductor60.
The portions80and82of the layer70include spaced apart, parallel edge portions90and92, respectively (FIG.6). Each of the edge portions90and92extends adjacent and parallel to the central portions50and49of the tear seams in the inner and outer covers34and36. The interconnecting portion84has a dimension measured along the tear line86which is substantially less than the length of each of the tear seam portions49and50and also substantially less than the length of each of the edge portions90and92, as can be clearly seen in FIG.6. The length of the tear line86is less than about one-tenth ( 1/10) the length of each of the tear seam central portions49and50.
The layer72(FIGS. 5 and 7) includes layer portions96and98spaced apart from each other on opposite sides of the tear seam65in the horn switch58. An interconnecting portion100of the layer72interconnects the portions96and98and extends across the tear seam central portions50and49in the inner and outer covers34and36. The interconnecting portion100includes a tear line102(FIG. 7) along which the interconnecting portion100ruptures upon air bag inflation. The tear line102is aligned with the tear seam central portions49and50. The tear line102of the interconnecting portion100may or may not be weakened or perforated since the thickness of the interconnecting portion100is small enough that it will easily tear upon inflation of the air bag. The portion98includes an extension104which is connected to the conductor62.
The portions96and98of the layer72have spaced apart, parallel edge portions108and110, respectively, that extend adjacent and parallel to the tear seam central portions50and49in the inner and outer covers34and36. The interconnecting portion100has a dimension measured along the tear line102which is substantially less than the length of each of the tear seam central portions49and50and substantially less than the length of each of the edge portions108and110. The length of the tear line102is less than about one-tenth ( 1/10) of the length of each of the tear seam central portions49and50. The interconnecting portion100(FIG. 3) is spaced apart from the interconnecting portion84of the layer70along a line114(FIG. 3) containing the tear lines86and102.
The two layers70and72of electrically conductive material are enclosed by an envelope120(FIGS. 3-5) of electrically insulating material. The layers70and72and the envelope120are interconnected for installation in and removal from the housing assembly24as a unit. The envelope120includes a portion122enclosing the portions80and96of the layers70and72. A portion124of the envelope120encloses portions82and98of the layers70and72. The portions122and124are spaced apart from each other and located on opposite sides of the tear seams64,65in the horn switch58.
A portion126of the envelope120extends around the interconnecting portion84of the layer70. A portion128of the envelope120extends around the interconnecting portion100of the layer72and is spaced apart from the portion126. The portions126and128of the envelope120have tear lines along which the portions126and128rupture upon air bag inflation. The tear lines in the portions126and128are directly aligned with the tear lines86and102in the interconnecting portions84and100of the layers70and72. The tear lines in the portions126and128may or may not be weakened or perforated since the thickness of the portions126and128is small enough that they will easily tear upon inflation of the air bag. The tear lines86and102in the interconnecting portions84and100and the tear lines in the portions126and128of the envelope120define the first and second tear seams64and65of the horn switch58.
The envelope120is formed by a pair of generally flat layers134and136(FIGS. 4 and 5) of electrically insulating polymeric material. The layers134and136of electrically insulating material are disposed in a side-by-side relationship with the layers70and72of electrically conductive material. The layers134and136are bonded together along a flat rim portion138to form the envelope120. The flat rim portion138extends around the periphery of the layers70and72of electrically conductive material. The flat rim portion138includes openings140for receiving the fasteners59to connect the horn switch58to the inner cover34.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 1-7, the horn switch58is connected with a source of electrical energy and ground through conductors60and62and a connector63. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 8, the horn switch is connected directly to ground. Since the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIG. 8is generally similar to the embodiment of the invention inFIGS. 1-7, similar numerals will be utilized to designate similar components, the suffix letter “a” being associated with the numerals ofFIG. 8to avoid confusion.
A horn switch58a (FIG. 8) has first and second spaced tear seams64a and65a along which the horn switch ruptures upon inflation of an air bag. The tear seams64a and65a in the horn switch58a are aligned with tear seam central portions50and49in the inner and outer covers34and36. The switch58a includes a pair of generally flat, flexible overlying layers of electrically conductive material, one of which is shown inFIG. 8, that have substantially the same construction as the layers70and72ofFIGS. 1-7. An envelope120a of electrically insulating material encloses the layers of electrically conductive material. A plurality of openings140a in the horn switch58a receive fasteners for connecting the horn switch to the inner cover34.
The horn switch58a is connected with a source of electrical energy, such as a vehicle battery, through conductor160and a connector163. The connector163may also connect the source of electrical energy with the inflator. The switch58a is connected with ground through conductor162. The conductor162is enclosed by the envelope of electrically insulating material120a. An opening140a extends through the conductor162for connecting the horn switch to the inner cover.
An end portion166of the conductor162is connected to an electrically conductive ring168. The ring168receives a fastener, such as a bolt, for connecting and causing the ring168to engage a ground of another circuit or a ground plate.
Alternatively, the end portion166of the conductor162may have an opening extending therethrough for receiving a fastener to connect the conductor162to ground. The end portion166has at least one side exposed or not enclosed by the envelope120a. Preferably, the end portion166is made of a highly conductive material, such as copper, and possibly may have a ring made of a highly conductive material attached thereto.
Although each of the layers70and72has been disclosed as having only one interconnecting portion, it is contemplated that each layer could have two interconnecting portions. The interconnecting portions of one layer would be aligned with the interconnecting portions of the other layer. Therefore, the two layers70and72would have the same shape.
From the above description of the invention, those skilled in the art will perceive improvements, changes and modifications. Such improvements, changes and modifications within the skill of the art are intended to be covered by the appended claims.
| 1B
| 60 | R |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 shows the hollow turbine blade 10. This is an airfoil having a
pressure side 12 and a suction side 14. A plurality of parallel ribs 16,18
extend from the pressure side to the suction side. An airflow passage 20
passes through the blade with the various sections of this passage being
connected in a serpentine manner to permit airflow through the blade. Air
discharge openings 22 discharge a portion of the airflow while other
portions of the airflow pass through cooling holes in the blade (not
shown). The flow through these passages is substantially radial with
respect to the rotor, which is perpendicular to the plane of the paper in
FIG. 1.
Trip strips 24 are formed inside the blade and arranged at an angle of
approximately 45.degree. with respect to the direction of airflow. This
creates the turbulence along the surface of the blade increasing the heat
transfer and accordingly the cooling effect of the air. Trip strips 26 are
located on the suction side of the blade with trip strips 28 being located
on the pressure side of the blade. These are located in staggered
configuration with respect to one another.
In casting the blade a core must first be manufactured having the shape and
volume of the space 20 within the blade. The blade is cast around this
with the ceramic core then leached out. This core has the shape of the
airflow passages including the connections to adjacent airflow passes. It
also has on it's surface the appropriate indentations to form the trip
strips 28 and 26.
For simplicity of tool design and manufacture it is preferable that this
core be manufactured with a single pull die. The two die halves are
manufactured and are reusable. A slurry is injected between the dies and
allowed to harden. The dies then must be opened and they are pulled apart
in a direction parallel to ribs 16 and 18. It can be appreciated that as
these dies are pulled apart from one another, no portion of the core can
be shaped in such a way that it locks into either one of the dies. In the
conventional blade design with the internal trip strips, the trip strips
are passing at an angle of about 45.degree. with respect to the axes of
the blade. As these trip strips pass around a leading edge they are
directed at an angle of 45.degree. with respect to the pulled direction.
Accordingly the die would lock onto the core and would therefore would not
be possible to form these trip strips without a multiple pull die.
FIG. 1 shows a parting line 32 passing through longitudinal length of the
blade. Point 34 is the most forward point of the airfoil measured
perpendicular to the centerline 35 of the ribs. The parting line 32 passes
through this point. At this point (on the core) the dies are pulled
directly away from one another, and the skewed trip strips cannot be
located here. Trip strips 28 passing around the leading edge 36 stop a
distance 38 short of the parting line. Trip strips 26 on the suction side
14 of the blade stop a distance 40 short of the parting line. The
direction of the surface of the blade with respect to the perpendicular to
the parting line changes relatively rapidly on the suction side and
accordingly a relatively small cutback is required. On the other hand the
change of the direction of the inside surface with respect to the
perpendicular to the parting line on the suction side changes less rapidly
and therefore additional cutback is provided.
By this arrangement of the forward end as measured in the line
perpendicular to the ribs being located on the suction side of the leading
edge permits the achievement of the trip strips at the highly heated
leading edge while requiring only a single pull core. | 5F
| 01 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention disclosed herein provides a method, a system, and an apparatus for identifying and correcting sources of problems in synthesized speech which is generated using a concatenative text-to-speech (CTTS) technique. In particular, the application provides modules and tools which can be used to quickly identify problem audio segments and edit parameters associated with the audio segments. For example, such problem identification and parameter editing can be performed using a graphical user interface (GUI). In particular, voice configuration files containing general voice parameters and text-to-speech (TTS) segment datasets having parameters associated with the problem audio segments can be automatically presented within the GUI for editing. In comparison to traditional methods of identifying and correcting synthesized audio segments, the present method is much more efficient and less tedious.
A schematic diagram of a system including a CTTS debugging and tuning application (application)100which is useful for understanding the present invention is shown inFIG. 1. The application100can include a TTS engine interface120and a user interface105. The user interface105can comprise a visual user interface110and a multimedia module115.
The TTS engine interface120can handle all communications between the application100and a TTS engine150. In particular, the TTS engine interface120can send action requests to the TTS engine150, and receive results from the TTS engine150. For example, the TTS engine interface120can receive a text input from the user interface105and provide the text input to the TTS engine150. The TTS engine150can search the CTTS voice located on a data store155to identify and select phonetic units which can be concatenated to generate synthesized audio correlating to the input text. A phonetic unit can be a recording of a speech segment, such as a phoneme, a sub-phoneme, an allophone, a syllable, a word, a portion of a word, or a plurality of words.
In addition to selecting phonetic units to be concatenated, the TTS engine150also can splice segments, and determine the pitch contour and duration of the segments. Further, the TTS engine150can generate log files identifying the phonetic units used in synthesis. The log files also can contain other related information, such as phonetic unit labeling information, prosodic target values, as well as each phonetic unit's pitch and duration.
The multimedia module115can provide an audio interface between a user and the application100. For instance, the multimedia module115can receive digital speech data from the TTS engine interface120and generate an audio output to be played by one or more transducive elements. The audio signals can be forwarded to one or more audio transducers, such as speakers.
The visual user interface110can be a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI can comprise one or more screens. A diagram of an exemplary GUI screen200which is useful for understanding the present invention is depicted inFIG. 2. The screen200can include a text input section210, a speech segment table display section220, an audio waveform display230, and a TTS engine configuration section240. In operation, a user can use the text input section210to enter text that is to be synthesized into speech. The entered text can be forwarded via the TTS engine interface120to the TTS engine150. The TTS engine150can identify and select the appropriate phonetic units from the CTTS voice to generate audio data for synthesizing the speech. The audio data can be forwarded to the multimedia module115, which can audibly present the synthesized speech. Further, the TTS engine150also generates a log file comprising a listing of the phonetic units and associated TTS engine parameters.
When generating the audio data, the TTS engine150can utilize a TTS configuration file. The TTS configuration file can contain configuration parameters which are useful for optimizing TTS engine processing to achieve a desired synthesized speech quality for the audio data. The TTS engine configuration section240can present adjustable and non-adjustable configuration parameters. The configuration parameters can include, for instance, parameters such as language, sample rate, pitch baseline, pitch fluctuation, volume and speed. It can also include weights for adjusting the search cost functions, such as the pitch cost weight and the duration cost weight. Nonetheless, the present invention is not so limited and any other configuration parameters can be included in the TTS configuration file.
Within the TTS engine configuration section240, the configuration parameters can be presented in an editable format. For example, the configuration parameters can be presented in text boxes242or selection boxes. Accordingly, the adjustable configuration parameters can be changed merely by editing the text of the parameters within the text boxes, or by selecting new values from ranges of values presented in drop down menus associated with the selection boxes. As the configuration parameters are changed in the text boxes242, the TTS engine configuration file can be updated.
Parameters associated with the phonetic units used in the speech synthesis can be presented to the user in the speech segment table section220, and a waveform of the synthesized speech can be presented in the audio waveform display230. The segment table section220can include records222which correlate to the phonetic units selected to generate speech. In a preferred arrangement, the records222can be presented in an order commensurate with the playback order of the phonetic units with which the records222are associated. Each record can include one or more fields224. The fields224can include phonetic labeling information, boundary locations, target prosodic values, and the actual prosodic values for the selected phonetic units. For example, each record can include a timing offset which identifies the location of the phonetic unit in the synthesized speech, a label which identifies the phonetic unit, for example by the type of sound associated with the phonetic unit, an occurrence identification which identifies the specific instance of the phonetic unit within the CTTS voice, a pitch frequency for the phonetic unit, and a duration of the phonetic unit.
As noted, the audio waveform display230can display an audio waveform232of the synthetic speech. The waveform can include a plurality of sections234, each section234correlating to a phonetic unit selected by the TTS engine150for generating the synthesized speech. As with the records222in the segment table section220, the sections234can be presented in an order commensurate with the playback order of the phonetic units with which the sections234are associated. Notably, a one to one correlation can be established between each section234and a correlating record222in the segment table220.
Phonetic unit labels236can be presented in each section234to identify the phonetic units associated with the sections234. Section markers238can mark boundaries between sections234, thereby identifying the beginning and end of each section234and constituent phonetic unit of the speech waveform232. The phonetic unit labels236are equivalent to labels identifying correlating records222. When one or more particular sections234are selected, for example using a curser, correlating records222in the segment table section220can be automatically selected. Similarly, when one or more particular records222are selected, their correlating sections234can be automatically selected. A visual indicator can be provided to notify a user which record222and section234have been selected. For example, the selected record222and section234can be highlighted.
One or more additional GUI screens can be provided for editing the parameters associated with the selected phonetic units. An exemplary GUI screen300that can be used to display the recording containing a selected phonetic unit and to edit the phonetic unit data obtained from the recording is depicted inFIG. 3. The screen300can present parameters associated with a phonetic unit currently selected in the segment table display section220or a selected section234of the audio waveform232. The screen300can be activated in any manner. For example the screen300can be activated using a selection method, such as a switch, an icon or button. In another arrangement, the screen300can be activated by using a second record222selection method or a second section234selection method. For example, the second selection methods can be curser activated, for instance by placing a curser over the desired record222or section234and double clicking a mouse button, or highlighting the desired record222or section234and depressing an enter key on a keyboard.
The screen300can include a waveform display310of the recording containing the selected phonetic unit. Boundary markers320representing the phonetic alignments of the phonetic units in the recording can be overlaid onto the waveform330. Labels of the phonetic units340can be presented in a modifiable format. For example, the position of the boundary markers320can be adjusted to change the phonetic alignments. Further, the label of any phonetic unit in the recording can be edited by modifying the text in the displayed labels340of the waveform330. In addition, screen300may also be used to display pitch marks. Markers representing the location of the pitch marks can be overlaid onto the waveform330. These markers can be repositioned or deleted. New markers may also be inserted. The screen300can be closed after the phonetic alignment, phonetic labels and pitch mark edits are complete. The CTTS voice is automatically rebuilt with the user's corrections.
Referring again toFIG. 2, after editing of the TTS configuration file and/or the segment dataset within the CTTS voice, a user can enter a command which causes the TTS engine150to generate a new set of audio data for the input text. For example, an icon can be selected to begin the speech synthesizing process. An updated audio waveform232incorporating the updated phonetic unit characterizations can be displayed in the audio waveform display230. The user can continue editing the TTS configuration file and/or phonetic unit parameters until the synthesized speech generated from a particular input text is produced with a desired speech quality.
Referring toFIG. 4, a flow chart400which is useful for understanding the present invention is shown. Beginning at step402, an input text can be received from a user. Referring to step404, synthesized speech can be generated from the input text. Continuing to step406, the synthesized speech then can be played back to the user, for instance through audio transducers, and a waveform of the synthesized speech can be presented, for example in a display. The user can select a portion of the waveform or the entire waveform, as shown in decision box408, or a segment table entry correlating to the waveform can be selected, as shown in decision box410. If neither a portion of the waveform or the entire waveform or correlating segment table entries are selected, for example when a user is satisfied with the speech synthesis of the entered text, the user can enter new text to be synthesized, as shown in decision box412and step402, or the user can end the process, as shown in step414.
Referring again to decision box408and to step416, if a user has selected a waveform segment, a corresponding entry in the segment table can be indicated, as shown in step416. For example, the record of the phonetic units correlating to the selected waveform segment can be highlighted. Similarly, if a segment table entry is selected, the corresponding waveform segments can be indicated, as shown in decision box410and step418. For instance, the waveform segment can be highlighted or enhanced cursers can mark the beginning and end of the waveform segment. Proceeding to decision box420, a user can choose to view an original recording containing the segment correlating to the selected segment table entry/waveform segment. If the user does not select this option, the user can enter new text, as shown in decision box412and step402, or end the process as shown in step414.
If, however, the user chooses to view the original recording containing the segment, the recording can be displayed, for example on a new screen or window which is presented, as shown in step422. Continuing to step424, the recording's segment parameters, such as label and boundary information, can be edited. Proceeding to decision box426, if changes are not made to the parameters in the segment dataset, the user can close the new screen and enter new text for speech synthesis, or end the process. If changes are made to the parameters in the segment dataset, however, the CTTS voice can be rebuilt using the updated parameters, as shown in step428. A new synthesized speech waveform then can be generated for the input text using the new rebuilt CTTS voice, as shown in step404. The editing process can continue as desired.
The present method is only one example that is useful for understanding the present invention. For example, in other arrangements, a user can make changes in each GUI portion after step406, step408, step410, or step424. Moreover, different GUI's can be presented to the user. For example, the waveform display310can be presented to the user within the GUI screen200. Still, other GUI arrangements can be used, and the invention is not so limited.
The present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software can be a general purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein.
The present invention also can be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form.
This invention can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.
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EXAMPLE 1
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) (0.25 g, 0.22 mmole) and
1,4-butanediol (3.62 g, 40.0 mmole) are charged to a 3-neck, 100-mL,
round-bottom flask having an argon atmosphere and equipped with a
thermocouple (to monitor the temperature), mechanical stirrer, and a
septum with argon inlet. Stirring is begun and a total of 41.8 mL (520
mmole) of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is added dropwise at a rate of 9 mL/hour by
syringe pump. After about 1 mL of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is added, the
reaction flask is cooled with a cooling bath composed of water and ice and
having a temperature of 0.degree. to 5.degree. C. The reaction temperature
is maintained between 10.degree. and 15.degree. C. by cooling for the
duration of the 3,4-epoxy-1-butene addition. After addition is complete,
the cooling bath is removed, and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm
to room temperature. The resulting clear, yellow oil has a n+m value of
approximately 17, a m/(n+m) value of 0.59, a number average molecular
weight (Mn) of 1300, a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1800, a
polydispersity value (Mw/Mn) of 1.39; and a hydroxyl number of 95.27.
J-resolved NMR and .sup.13 C NMR analyses of this polyether product shows
that essentially all of the terminal hydroxyl groups are primary hydroxyls
since no secondary hydroxyl groups are detected.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated using a cooling bath composed of
ethylene glycol and Dry Ice and having a temperature of -15.degree. to
-25.degree. C. The reaction temperature is maintained between -5.degree.
and 5.degree. C. The resulting clear, yellow oil has a n+m value of
approximately 15 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.65; Mn=1110 and Mw/Mn=1.38; and
hydroxyl number=130.9.
EXAMPLE 3
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated without using a cooling bath. The
reaction temperature increases upon the addition of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and
is maintained between 40.degree. and 50.degree. C. by controlling the rate
of addition. The resulting clear, yellow oil has a n+m value of
approximately 14 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.48; Mn=1038 and Mw/Mn=1.44; and
hydroxyl number=128.7.
EXAMPLE 4
The experiment in Example 3 is conducted using 1.67 g (40.0 mmole) of
lithium hydroxide in place of 1,4-butanediol. The resulting yellow oil is
dissolved in 100 mL of methylene chloride and 40 mL of water. Enough
dilute hydrochloric acid is added so that the aqueous layer is neutral or
slightly acidic to pH paper. The layers are separated, and the methylene
chloride is washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and
evaporated to produce 36.6 g of a clear, yellow oil having a n+m value of
approximately 42 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.31; Mn=3245 and Mw/Mn=2.73; and
hydroxyl number=23.36.
EXAMPLE 5
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated using 0.27 g (0.20 mmole) of
tetrakis(triphenylarsine)palladium(O) in place of
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O). The resulting clear, colorless
oil has a n+m value of approximately 15 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.56;
Mn=1185 and Mw/Mn=1.23; and hydroxyl number=129.8.
EXAMPLE 6
The procedure of Example 5 is repeated using a solution of 80 parts by
volume 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and 20 parts by volume isopropanol. The
resulting clear, yellow oil has a n+m value of approximately 12 and a
m/(n+m) value of 0.60; Mn=950 and Mw/Mn=1.17; and hydroxyl number=162.5.
EXAMPLE 7
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated using 4.33 g (40.0 mmole) of benzyl
alcohol in place of 1,4-butanediol. The resulting clear, yellow oil has a
m/(n+m) value of 0.46 and hydroxyl number=48.59.
EXAMPLE 9
The experiment in Example 7 is conducted using 100 mL of heptane as
solvent. The clear, yellow oil is isolated by evaporating the volatiles
and has a m/(n+m) value of 0.32.
EXAMPLE 10
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated using a total of 6.4 mL (80 mmoles)
of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene. The resulting clear, colorless oil has a n+m value
of approximately 2 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.63.
EXAMPLE 11
The procedure of Example 1 is repeated using a total of 70 g (1.0 mole) of
3,4-epoxy-1-butene. The resulting clear, yellow oil has a n+m value of
approximately 26 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.48.
EXAMPLE 12
The procedure of Example 5 is repeated using a total of 6.4 mL (80 mmoles)
of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene. The resulting clear, colorless oil has a n+m value
of approximately 2 and a m/(n+m) value of 0.73.
EXAMPLE 13
To a 3-neck, 300-mL, round-bottom flask having an argon atmosphere and
equipped with a thermocouple, mechanical stirrer, and a septum with argon
inlet is charged tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) (0.25 g, 0.22
mmole) and 1,4-butanediol (7.22 g, 80.0 mmole). Stirring is begun and a
total of 83.2 mL (1040 mmole) of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is added dropwise at a
rate of 9 mL/hr by syringe pump. After about 1 mL of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is
added, the reaction flask is cooled with a cooling bath composed of water
and ice and having a temperature of 0.degree. to 5.degree. C. The reaction
temperature is maintained between 10.degree. and 15.degree. C. by cooling
for the duration of the 3,4-epoxy-1-butene addition. After complete
addition, the cooling bath is removed, and the reaction is allowed to warm
to room temperature. The resulting clear, yellow oil is an unsaturated
polyether glycol having a n+m value of about 15; a m/(n+m) value of about
0.65; M.sub.n =1300 and M.sub.w /M.sub.n =1.39; and hydroxyl number=101.8.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to
preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations
and modifications will be effected within the spirit and scope of the
invention. | 2C
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PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
The pneumatic control ring ( 1 ) consists of a hollow, cylindrical-shaped ring made of sintered material, preferably built with material of iron, aluminium or plastic origin.
The pneumatic control ring ( 1 ) shows a degree of porosity between 0.1% and 50% relative to the volume or total specific weight of the pneumatic control ring ( 1 ).
The pneumatic control ring ( 1 ) includes an inner chamber ( 4 ). This inner chamber ( 4 ) includes a slot at one end that meets the outer wall of the ring ( 1 ) and connecting with the exterior surface, which is covered by a gasket ( 2 ) preferably made of rubber, and introduced by pressure injection into said slot, the purpose of which is to seal and insulate the inner chamber ( 4 ) from the exterior in order to avoid leakage of the air-lubricant mixture, as well as possible pressure loss. Said inner chamber ( 4 ) connects to the outside only by way of a cylindrical conduct ( 5 ), through which the air-lubricant mixture is introduced. The air-lubricant mixture is introduced by way of a preferably metallic connector ( 3 ) attached to the cylindrical conduct ( 5 ), which allows connection with the inner chamber ( 4 ) with a tube ( 7 ), preferably made of plastic, that leads the air-lubricant mixture with a predetermined pressure and mixture proportion from the mixer ( 8 ) to the connector ( 3 ) and the cylindrical conduct ( 5 ). The pneumatic control ring portion ( 1 ) includes a layer of sealing varnish ( 6 ) on a part of the outer surface of the ring ( 1 ) where no contact is made between the ring ( 1 ) and the thread, the purpose of this sealing varnish ( 6 ) being to prevent loss of the air-lubricant mixture and thus to avoid leakage.
The pressure of the air-lubricant mixture is due to the use of compressed air in making it. This pressure is gradable, and a range of pressure between 0.2 bar and 80 bar can be used. The mixture is made in an external mixer ( 8 ) outside the pneumatic control ring ( 1 ). In this mixer ( 8 ) the mixture of the lubricant, located in a tank ( 9 ), which can have a viscosity between 0'1 and 250 centistockes (measured at 40 in accordance with ISO regulations), thus allowing constant and homogeneous lubrication depending on the characteristics of the thread to be wound and the porosity index of the ring ( 1 ), and the air proceeding from an source ( 10 ) external to the ring ( 1 ). This mixer ( 8 ) facilitates the grading of the proportion of the mixture in a range between 100% air and 0% lubricant and a mixture of 0% air and 100% lubricant, depending on the characteristics of the thread and on the material the ring ( 1 ) being used is made of.
The introduction by pressure injection of the air-lubricant mixture, together with the porosity of the ring ( 1 ), facilitate the creation of an air cushion between the ring ( 1 ) and the thread, while the ring ( 1 ) simultaneously distributes the air-lubricant mixture, allowing for the homogeneous and constant lubrication of the contact surface between the ring ( 1 ) and the thread, and thus reducing the rubbing of the thread against the pneumatic control ring ( 1 ), facilitating high working speeds.
The pneumatic control ring ( 1 ) undergoes vertical movement in relation to the machine, which situates the control ring ( 1 ) at an ideal distance between the thread guide and the spool for adequate control of the balloon throughout winding.
Having sufficiently described the nature of the present invention and the process for putting it into practice, we only need add that changes in its form, materials and disposition may be introduced into its totality and each of the parts that make it up as long as said alterations do not substantially alter the characteristics of the invention claimed.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawing, the compressed gas engine of the present invention is designated generally at 10 and is designed for use in providing power to a small vehicle or the like. Preferably, the compressed gas is air, or any other similar compressible, non-volatile gas.
A source of compressed gas is provided by air tank 12 , which may be one or more individual tanks of compressed air. A valve 14 is provided on air tank 12 to permit the refilling of air tank 12 with compressed gas, as needed.
A pneumatic line 16 extends from air tank 12 to intake ports 18 on cylinders 20 . Cylinders 20 are formed in an engine head 22 , and house reciprocating pistons 24 . Pistons 24 reciprocate to thereby cause the rotation of a crankshaft 26 in a conventional fashion. A flywheel 28 on the end of crankshaft 26 assists in maintaining the steady rotation of the crankshaft. Each cylinder 20 is enclosed at an upper end by a head plate 30 to form a compression chamber 32 between each piston 24 and head plate 30 within each cylinder 20 . A passageway 34 communicates between compression chamber 32 and air intake port 18 . Passageway 34 is selectively opened and closed by an operable valve 36 selectively journaled within a valve seat 38 . Valve 36 is shifted to the open position by a lift rod 40 extending from valve 36 to a cam 42 on crankshaft 26 . Thus, cam 42 will selectively raise lift rod 40 and move valve 36 out of contact with valve seat 38 , to permit compressed from intake port 18 to pass through passageway 34 to compression chamber 32 . The pressure of the compressed air within air intake port 18 will force valve 36 closed after cam 42 has rotated out of contact with lift rod 40 .
A second passageway 44 extends from compression chamber 32 to an exhaust port 46 . A second valve 48 is operable to open and close passageway 44 in exhaust port 46 . Valve 48 is supported on a lift rod 50 , in the same fashion as valve 36 , for sequential operation by a cam 52 on crankshaft 26 . Rotation of crankshaft 26 thereby, causes cam 52 to raise lift rod 50 and open valve 48 to permit the exhausting of gas from compression chamber 32 . The force of the compressed gas within the compression chamber flowing through passageway 46 will cause valve 48 to close after cam 52 continues in its rotation on crankshaft 26 .
In operation, rotation of crankshaft 26 will cause the sequential opening of valves 36 and 48 to selectively cause compressed gas to enter compression chamber 32 or the exhausted from compression chamber 32 . This compressed air will force piston 24 downwardly, thereby rotating crankshaft 26 and powering the engine 10 .
Because there is no combustion, engine 10 operates without exhausting any pollutants or dangerous fumes. Rather the source of power is compressed air; an inexpensive and renewable source of power.
Preferably, a high pressure high volume regulator 54 is interposed in pneumatic line 16 between air tank 12 and intake ports 18 . Regulator 54 functions as a throttle to selectively release predetermined amounts of air/gas into the compression chambers of the cylinders of engine 10 . Regulator 54 may be operated and controlled either mechanically or electronically, as desired.
Gauges 56 and 58 may be provided on a dashboard or other convenient location to provide a visual indicator of the pressure entering intake ports 18 as well as the pressure remaining in air tank 12 , respectively.
Whereas the invention has been shown and described in connection with the preferred embodiment thereof, many modifications, substitutions and additions may be made which are within the intended broad scope of the appended claims.
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In the drawings like elements are generally designated with the same reference sign.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
The known system inFIG. 1employs a plurality of containers10A,10B,10C (three of which are shown inFIG. 1), each of which contain inert gas stored at very high pressure (between 200 and 300 bar). Each of the containers10A,10B,10C is provided with a check valve12A,12B,12C which, when activated, enables discharge of inert gas from each of the containers10A,10B,10C into respective inlet pipes4A,14B,14C of manifold16. The manifold outlet pipe18discharges fluid to piping network34via a single flow control orifice (or restrictor)35. Because of the very high pressure of the inert gases within the containers10A,10B,10C, fluid pressures within the piping network34of up to 60 bar are commonplace.
FIG. 2shows a first embodiment of the invention. Three containers10A,10B,10C each contain inert gas stored at very high pressure. In the embodiment only three containers are shown, although it should be appreciated that many more containers may be employed, the number of containers being selected according to the application. In the embodiment, each of the containers contains a blend of 50% argon and 50% nitrogen, and may comprise Argonite® fire suppressant available from Kidde. The fire suppressant may be stored in the containers at a pressure of between 200 and 300 bar(g). The type and proportion of inert gases within the containers, and the pressure at which the inert gas is stored in the containers, will be determined in accordance with the application of the fire suppression system.
Each of the containers10A,10B and10C is provided with a check valve12A,12B,12C which, when opened, enables discharge of the inert gas from each of the containers into respective inlet pipes14A,14B,14C of manifold16. The check valves,12A,12B,12C allow fluid flow in one direction only—from the containers10A,10B,10C to the manifold16.
The manifold outlet pipe18discharges fluid via piping network34to a target zone20, such as a room or other enclosed volume in which fire extinguishing or suppression might be required. The outlet pipe18is split to provide two separate flow paths22and24. The flow paths22and24each have a respective flow restrictor26,28and a respective electro-pneumatic valve30,32upstream of the associated restrictor26,28. The first restrictor26provides a greater restriction of fluid flow than the second restrictor28(that is, the size or diameter of the fluid flow passage through the first restrictor26is smaller than that of the second restrictor28).
In use, fluid discharge from the containers10A,10B,10C is initiated, the valve30is open and valve32is closed. Inert gas from the containers10A,10B,10C is therefore diverted or directed along the first flow path22and flows through the first restrictor26via the first valve30. The operation of the first restrictor26results in there being a relatively low pressure and mass flow within the pipework34downstream of the first restrictor26.
After a predetermined time has elapsed, at which time the pressure and mass flow rate of the inert gas in the pipeline18will be significantly reduced from their initial values (due to partial discharge of the fluid in the containers10A,10B,10C), the first value30is closed and the second valve32is opened, the closure and opening happening simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. Because the second restrictor28has a relatively large cross-section or diameter, this reduces the pressure drop between pipeline18and pipeline34.
FIG. 3shows the pressure decay curve for a standard inert gas fire suppression system ofFIG. 1(line A) and the system ofFIG. 2(line B). In the known fire suppression system ofFIG. 1, a peak nozzle pressure (the pressure at the nozzle that discharges inert gas into the room20—typically having a diameter of 25 mm) occurs when inert gas discharge is initiated. The nozzle pressure then rapidly decays.
In contrast, the system ofFIG. 2shows two peak nozzle pressures. The first peak occurs when the containers begin their initial discharge of inert gas (which is directed through only first flow path22), and a second peak after an elapsed time of approximately 20 seconds, when the inert gas flows through second flow path24and not through first pipeline22. Each of the peaks has approximately the same value. The peak nozzle pressure of theFIG. 2system is approximately half the peak nozzle pressure of the knownFIG. 1system. Thus, the restrictors26,28are operated to produce a series of substantially identical peak pressures.
In the embodiment the first restrictor26has a diameter of 7 millimeters and the second restrictor28has a diameter of 14 millimeters. Different values may be selected in accordance with the application. Although in the embodiment the first restrictor26has half the diameter of the second restrictor28, this size ratio is not essential to the invention.
It is described above how, after a first predetermined time interval, the second valve32is opened and the second valve30is closed. Optionally, after a second predetermined time interval, both first valve30and second valve32may be opened so that inert gas from the containers10A,10B,10C can flow through the first flow path22and the second flow path24simultaneously and in parallel, thereby further reducing the pressure drop between the pipeline18and the pipeline34. The valve30may optionally be omitted, leaving the flow path22open always. The flow rate is altered by opening and closing the valve32.
Alternatively, the valves30and32may be replaced by a single tree-way valve positioned at the “T” junction of the flow paths22,24with the manifold outlet pipe18. Such a valve could select through which flow path (or paths)22,24the fluid flows. Other valve arrangements may also be used, depending on the application.
The operation of the electro-pneumatic valves30,32may be controlled remotely by an ancillary power supply and a suitably programmed microprocessor or a standard timing unit available from electronic component suppliers.
Although in the embodiment ofFIG. 2the operation of the valves30,32is described as occurring at a predetermined time, the valve32could instead be operated when the pressure in the pipeline18and/or34reaches a predetermined value.
If desired more than two flow paths may be provided between the pipelines18and34—each of which is provided with a valve and restrictor.
FIG. 4shows a second embodiment of the invention in which the three inert gas containers10A,10B and10C (identical to those of the first embodiment) are connected to a conventional piping network14A,14B,14C,16,18,34via a single flow control orifice35in a similar manner to the known arrangement shown inFIG. 1. However, the check valves12A,12B,12C of the respective containers10A,10B,10C are controlled so that they are opened at different times. For example, the times at which the respective check valves12A,12B,12C are operated may be staggered.
The graph ofFIG. 5shows the peak nozzle pressure of the known inerting system ofFIG. 1(line A) and the peak nozzle pressure of the inerting system ofFIG. 4(line B).
The check valve12A of container10A is opened to initiate fire suppression (T=0), with the check valves12B and12C remaining closed. This results in the first peak shown in the graph ofFIG. 5. After a delay of 3.95 seconds (T=3.95 s) the check valve12B is opened (with the check valve12A remaining open and the check valve12C being closed). This results in the second peak shown in the graph ofFIG. 5. After a time delay of 17.1 seconds (T=17.1 s) from fire suppression initiation, the check valve12C of the third container10C is opened (with the check valves12A and12B also remaining open). This results in the third peak shown in the graph ofFIG. 5. The peak nozzle pressure in the system of the second embodiment shown inFIG. 4is 12.6 bar (g), which is a 40% reduction compared to the known system ofFIG. 1.
Although in theFIG. 4embodiment only three containers10A,10B,10C are shown, it should be understood that more or fewer containers might be employed, depending on the application. For applications where a larger number of containers, say six containers, are required, the check control valves of the respective containers may be operated so that the check valves of a plurality of containers are opened simultaneously (or substantially simultaneously). For example, at time T=0, the check valves of three of the six containers could be opened. At time T=Xs, the check valves of a further two of the six containers could be opened, and at time T=(X+Ys), the check control valve of the remaining container could be opened.
The check valves12A,12B,12C may be electro-pneumatically operated by an auxiliary power supply and a microprocessor or a standard timing unit available from electronic component suppliers.
In theFIG. 4embodiment, instead of the respective check valves12A,12B and12C being opened at predetermined times, the check valves12B and12C could be opened when a predetermined pressure is detected in the pipeline18and/or34.
In a third embodiment, shown inFIG. 6, the inert gas suppression system ofFIG. 1is modified so that the inlet pipe14A,14B,14C of each container10A,10B,10C is provided with a respective restrictor40A,40B,40C. The restrictors40A,40B,40C may be provided downstream of the check valve12A,12B,12C at each container.
The size of each restrictor40A,40B,40C may be determined by calculating an area equal to one third of that of the restrictor used for the three cylinder known standard system (i.e. the 12 millimeter restrictor used in the system shown inFIG. 1equated to three 6.93 millimeter individual restrictors in theFIG. 6embodiment, with a 7 millimeter restrictor being sufficient). The same logic can be applied to a two cylinder system with a 10 millimeter restrictor, with the individual restrictors having a diameter of 7.07 millimeters (with 7 millimeters being sufficient). The same restrictor size can be used for each of the cylinders10A,10B,10C of a fire suppression system, or for at least a plurality of the cylinders of a fire suppression system.
An advantage of the third embodiment ofFIG. 6is that the manifold16does not have to be able to withstand such a high peak discharge pressure. For example, in the known system ofFIG. 1, the manifold16must be able to withstand fluid at a pressure at which it is stored in the containers10A,10B,10C (typically between 200 and 300 bar). By providing a restrictor40A,40B,40C for each of the containers10A,10B,10C, the peak pressure that the manifold16needs to withstand can be reduced (for example can be halved).
Each of the three embodiments described allows at least a portion of the piping network between the pressurised gas inert containers and the target zone20to be made so that it need only withstand lower pressures than in the known system shown inFIG. 1. This is because the peak pressure in the piping network is reduced. This reduced peak pressure also allows the vent areas described above in relation to the prior art to be reduced in area or eliminated.
The first and second embodiments provide a series of peak pressures in the piping network. The peaks are staggered over time. The peaks may be substantially identical in pressure.
| 0A
| 62 | C |
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Similar and similarly-operating elements are identified with the same
reference numerals throughout the figures.
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a throttle-valve apparatus of this
invention in a partially schematic system drawing.
The throttle valve D is mounted on a shaft, or axle, W which can be rotated
by a cable line S. The cable line S is coupled to a disk, wheel, or
pulley, SB to provide a particularly uncomplicated linkage. The disk SB is
operated on by at least one return spring R with a force directed toward
closing the throttle valve D. The disk SB is, at the same time, mounted on
a shaft X which is also coupled to a nominal value potentiometer SP which
it shifts upon manipulation of the cable line S and the disc SP so that a
controlling apparatus, or a diagnostic apparatus, neither of which is
shown in the drawings, can be fed a nominal value signal for the position
of the throttle valve D. Also mounted on the shaft X is a first part A1'
of a detent, or stop, mechanism, A1 whose engagement, or stop, point can
be shifted by the cable line S so that the throttle valve D is moveable
between its closed position and the moveable engagement point, or position
of the detent mechanism.
A first coupling apparatus K1 is arranged between the first part A1' and a
second part A1'' of the detent A1 which is a first coupling K1 having a
changeable or discontinuable driving linkage whereby the driving linkage,
or engagement in an immediate area of the changeable engagement, point of
the detent mechanism is greater. The second part A1'' of the detent A1 is
affixed to a shaft W.
The throttle-valve apparatus of the throttle valve D additionally includes
a positioning motor M which is mounted on a shaft Y and which shifts, or
adjusts, the position of the throttle valve D via the shaft W in
dependence upon given or calculated parameters.
To determine the actual positions of the positioning motor M and the
throttle valve D, an actual-value potentiometer IP is arranged relative to
the positioning motor M. A second coupling apparatus K2 is arranged
between the shaft W and the shaft Y (that is, the positioning motor M)
which can drivingly couple the positioning motor M with the shaft W.
In order to manipulate the throttle valve D by means of a speed controller
actuation apparatus, which includes a regulator or governor, the disk SB
is coupled, or couplable, with the speed controller actuation apparatus GR
via a third coupling apparatus K3 which includes a spring or a coupling
with changeable or reducible driving linkage. Additionally, the speed
controller actuation apparatus GR is coupled to the disk SB via a third
detent A3 through which, for one thing it will be made certain that upon
manipulation of the throttle valve D by the governor through the third
coupling apparatus K3 a non-hesitating intervention of the governor is
assured and, for another thing the speed control actuation apparatus GR is
operated on by a force from the return spring R in a direction for closing
the throttle valve D.
For construction of the first and second coupling apparatus K1, K2 the
following exemplary embodiments are described.
The first coupling apparatus K1 shown in FIG. 1 can, for example, be
constructed as an electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic coupling K1 which,
in dependence upon signals from the actual value potentiometer IP and the
nominal value potentiometer SP will be driven, or controlled, by a, not
shown, controlling apparatus or a diagnostic apparatus. If the first and
second parts A1', A1'' of the first detent A1 are at their engagement
point, then the first coupling K1 is closed, or transmitting. As soon as
it is necessary to drive the throttle valve with the positioning motor M,
the first coupling K1 is opened so that the positioning motor M is
relieved, or unloaded, so that the positioning motor M can be
uncomplicated and can have reduced performance ratings, thereby resulting
in an overall cost effective apparatus.
So that the positioning motor M can be coupled to the shaft W, as well as
uncoupled therefrom, the second coupling apparatus K2 is arranged between
the shaft Y and the shaft W which can be a second coupling K2 having a
changeable, or disengageable, driving linkage.
The second coupling K2 can also be constructed as an electrical, pneumatic,
or hydraulic actuateable coupling which is driven by a not shown control
or diagnostic apparatus. It is thereby beneficial for the second coupling
K2 to be in a driving mode except when the positioning motor M is
malfunctioning, so that the positioning motor M always follows turning
movements of the shaft W which upon a necessary intervention of the
positioning motor M, guarantees that the positioning motor M can shift the
shaft W without hesitation. In the case that the positioning motor M
should malfunction, or an emergency function must be switched in, the
second coupling K2 can be opened so that the throttle valve D can be
freely adjusted by the cable line S.
When the first and/or second coupling K1, K2 is constructed as an
electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic manipulable coupling, the benefit of
very high dependability upon manipulation results as well as a very easy
matching with necessary control procedures of the not-shown controlling
apparatus, which results in a cost effective apparatus.
The embodiment depicted in FIG. 2 differs from the embodiment of FIG. 1
only in that it employs another embodiment of the second coupling
apparatus K2. The second coupling apparatus K2 is here, for a particularly
uncomplicated and cost effective embodiment, shown as a spring F through
which the shaft W and the shaft Y, and therefore the positioning motor M,
are coupled. Upon each shifting adjustment of the shaft W by the cable
line S the positioning motor M follows movement of the throttle valve D so
that the positioning motor M, at any time, without hesitation, upon being
driven by the not-shown control apparatus can rotate the throttle valve D
which, particularly in a safety-relevant control apparatus such as a drive
slippage control apparatus, provides high safety benefits. To increase
safety upon a necessary driving of the throttle valve D by the positioning
motor M, the shaft Y can be coupled with the shaft W via a second detent,
or stop mechanism, A2 whose engagement point is predeterminable with the
help of the positioning motor, so that the throttle valve is manipulatable
in a closing direction.
A further embodiment of the throttle-valve apparatus of this invention is
depicted in FIG. 3. The FIG. 3 embodiment only differs from the FIG. 1 and
FIG. 2 embodiments by refinements to the first and second coupling
apparatus K1 and K2. The coupling apparatus K1 and K2 are here, for
example, shown as rest-slide couplings G' and G'', which are only roughly
sketched in FIG. 3. The rest-slide couplings G' and G'' are formed and
arranged so that in the immediate area, region, or range of the engagement
points of the detent, or stop, mechanisms A1, A2 the first and second
parts A1', A1'' and A2', A2'' of the detents A1 and A2 engage one another
so that in this position when the throttle valve is manipulated by the
cable line S a fixed coupling exists between the shaft Y and the shaft W
as well as between the shaft W and the shaft X. Upon a necessary
intervention of the positioning motor M to shift the throttle valve D, the
shaft W is moved by a force from the positioning motor M which is large
enough to overcome a resting, or engaging, force of the rest-slide
coupling G' with regard to the first detent A1 so that after the existing
resting force is overcome by the positioning motor M, it is only necessary
that a force for shifting the throttle valve D against a sliding force of
the rest-slide coupling G' be produced. For this reason, the positioning
motor can have a smaller performance rating resulting in an apparatus
which is simpler and cost effective.
Also the second coupling apparatus K2 can be formed as a rest-slide
coupling G'' which provides firmest linkage in the immediate range of the
engagement point of the second detent, or stop mechanism, A2 and thereby
ensures that the positioning motor M follows movements of the throttle
valve D. In case of improper functioning of the positioning motor M or
upon activation of an emergency function operation for the throttle valve
D, overcoming a rest force ensures that the throttle valve D can be freely
moved by the cable line S so that a high degree of safety results from
operation of the motor vehicle.
An uncomplicated and cost effective example of a rest-slide coupling G of
the first detent A1 is shown in FIG. 4. Depending upon the arrangement of
the rest-slide coupling G, the shaft W or the shaft X can have two rest
depressions V which, with regard to predetermined positioning of the
throttle valve, have a predetermined depth and a predetermined width. A
two arm, omega formed, spring O is provided to form a rest-slide coupling
G which is attached to the respective other shaft X or W and whose free,
inwardly bending arms, can grip into the rest depressions, or couplings,
or can slide on an outer surface of the respective shaft X or Y. The
construction of the rest depressions V and the omega formed spring O can
vary depending upon the necessary resting forces, driving forces and
friction forces of the shafts W, X, Y. The rest-slide coupling of the
second detent A2 can have an identical or similar construction.
The possible construction forms and combinations of the coupling apparatus
K1, K2, K3 are not limited in the inventive throttle-valve apparatus to
the examples shown in FIGS. 1-3. Depending upon necessary construction
forms, the types of couplings of the coupling apparatus K1, K2, K3 vary so
that other respective combinations of the coupling apparatus and types of
coupling apparatus K1, K2, K3 can result.
The positioning motor M, in a particularly cost effective construction, can
be an electric motor. The positioning motor M can, however, also be a
pneumatically manipulated motor.
As is shown in FIGS. 1 through 3 the positioning motor M and the cable line
S can be positioned on opposite sides of the throttle valve D. In another
embodiment, the cable line S and the positioning motor M can be positioned
on the same side of the throttle valve D.
Operation of the throttle-valve apparatus for an internal combustion
machine is briefly described below.
As an example, in an E-gas (electrically operated throttle valve apparatus)
or a drive slippage control operation for a motor vehicle, the positioning
motor M is used to, in dependence upon predetermined or calculated
parameters, adjust motor torques via the throttle valve D of the motor
vehicle. This intervention into motor torque of a motor vehicle requires a
high degree of dependability in driving, or controlling the throttle valve
D with the positioning motor M. Upon normal operation of the motor
vehicle, the throttle valve D is adjusted via the cable line S which is
moved by a gas pedal. The cable line S is coupled with at least one return
spring R which, upon releasing the gas pedal, shifts the throttle valve D
into a closed position. When the throttle valve D is adjusted by the cable
line S, it is necessary that the shaft W, on which the throttle valve D is
mounted, be firmly coupled with the shaft X on which the, for example,
pulley SB is mounted to which the cable line S is attached.
Under operating conditions during which the throttle valve D is to be
adjusted by the positioning motor M, it is beneficial that the strong
linkage between the shaft W and the shaft X be relieved so that the
positioning motor does not have to overcome a high return force in order
to shift the throttle valve D. Because of this, the first coupling
apparatus K1 is provided which, in a predetermined position of the parts
of detent A1 produces a firm, or strong, linkage of the shaft W to the
shaft X and which upon intervention of the positioning motor M releases,
or discontinues, this firm linkage.
So that the positioning motor M continuously follows movements of the
throttle valve D when the throttle valve D is being driven by the cable
line S, the second coupling apparatus K2 is provided which, except in the
case a malfunctioning of the positioning motor or if an emergency function
operation of the throttle valve is turned on, couples the positioning
motor M to the shaft W. This provides the benefit that the positioning
motor M, upon a necessary driving of the throttle valve D by the
positioning motor M, shifts the throttle valve without hesitation and very
exactly. Upon an E-gas operation for a motor vehicle the positioning motor
shifts the throttle valve D between the closed position and a maximum open
position. With an apparatus for controlling drive slippage it is, however,
beneficial if the positioning motor M can set the throttle valve only
between the closed position and a momentary maximum position of the
throttle valve which is set by the cable line.
To oversee trouble free operation of the positioning motor M, the first and
second coupling apparatus K1, K2 and positioning of the throttle valve D,
the nominal value potentiometer SP of the cable line S is provided from
which a voltage can be obtained indicating a nominal value for the
position of the throttle valve D and the actual potentiometer IP of the
positioning motor M is provided on which can be obtained a voltage
corresponding to the actual position of the throttle valve D. These
voltages can be fed to a diagnostic apparatus which can be part of a
controlling apparatus and which upon deviations appearing, can, for
example, take the positioning motor M out of operation and/or can open
and/or close the first and/or the second coupling apparatus K1, K2, can
give off error signals, and can activate emergency circuits.
The speed controller actuation apparatus GR can be coupled over the third
coupling apparatus K3 and the third detent, or, stop mechanism, A3, in an
uncomplicated and cost effective manner, to the pulley or disk SB so that
the throttle valve D is manipulatable through a governor without, for
example, sacrificing drive-slippage control and a corresponding control
with the positioning motor M.
It is beneficial that the first coupling apparatus includes a coupling
which has a changeable, or reducible driving linkage whereby the driving
linkage is greatest in the immediate range, or area, of a movable
engagement, or stop, point because in this manner, the positioning motor
can shift the position of the throttle valve with expenditures of only
small amounts of power so that the positioning motor, in a particularly
uncomplicated and cost effective manner, can have lesser performance
capability and, additionally, because the positioning motor is relieved
from a large return force of the throttle valve, dependability and safety
during operation of a motor vehicle is increased while the lifetime of the
positioning motor is increased.
Because a second coupling apparatus is arranged between the shaft and the
positioning motor, which drivingly couples, or can drivingly couple, the
positioning motor to the shaft, the benefit results that the positioning
motor, in a particularly uncomplicated and cost effective manner, can
manipulate the throttle valve as well as, upon manipulation of the
throttle valve by the cable line, is forced to follow positions of the
throttle valve so that by each necessary manipulation of the throttle
valve by the positioning motor an immediate intervention is possible
whereby control behavior, a drive-slippage control behavior for example,
is substantially improved. In this regard, it is beneficial when the
second coupling apparatus comprises a spring which is arranged between the
positioning motor and the shaft because in this manner a particularly
uncomplicated and cost effective construction form results which has a
particularly high dependability.
It is beneficial that the second coupling apparatus includes a second
coupling which has a changeable, decreasible, or releasable driving
linkage because in this manner, a particularly dependable driving of the
positioning motor by a manipulation of the throttle valve with the cable
line is assured as well as, for example, in the case when the positioning
motor would be blocked, movement of the throttle valve by the cable line
is assured.
Because the first and/or second couplings are each a rest-slide coupling,
the benefit exists that for a predetermined position of the shaft to the
cable line or the positioning motor, a firm coupling, or linkage between
the shaft and the cable line or the shaft and the positioning motor is
assured and for other positions of the shaft to the cable line or the
shaft to the positioning motor only a small force is necessary to turn the
shaft with the cable line or the positioning motor.
Because the rest-slide coupling includes a two armed omega-formed spring
and at least two resting depressions on one of the shafts, the benefit
results of a particularly uncomplicated and cost effective construction
for the rest-slide coupling with a high dependability.
It is particularly beneficial if the first and/or second coupling is a
pneumatically, electrically, or hydraulically manipulated coupling because
in this manner a particularly dependable coupling and releasing of the
cable line to the throttle valve and/or the positioning motor to the
throttle valve is assured by which safety and dependability during
operation of the motor vehicle is substantially increased without costs
for the throttle valve apparatus excessively increasing.
Because an actual value potentiometer is arranged for the positioning
motor, the benefit arises that when the positioning motor reliably follows
movements of the throttle valve the actual positions of the throttle valve
and the positioning motor can always be dependably determined and fed to a
controlling apparatus.
In this regard, it is beneficial that a nominal value potentiometer is
arranged relative to the cable line because in this uncomplicated and cost
effective manner, the nominal setting of the throttle valve can be made
certain.
It is particularly beneficial that a diagnostic apparatus is coupled to the
actual value potentiometer and the nominal value potentiometer because in
this manner improper positioning of the throttle valve and/or the
positioning motor and/or the first or second coupling apparatus can be
recognized in an uncomplicated and dependable manner, error alarms can be
given out, and an emergency circuit can be activated whereby dependability
and safety during operation of a motor vehicle is increased.
It is beneficial that a speed controller activation apparatus is coupled to
the cable line because in this uncomplicated and cost effective manner a
governor is coupled with the throttle valve so that the motor vehicle has
at its disposal, in addition to manipulation of the throttle valve via the
cable line which is attached to a gas pedal, also manipulation via the
governor as well as the positioning motor for a drive-slippage control
function, for example.
Because the activation apparatus is drivingly coupled over the third
coupling apparatus, which includes a spring or a coupling having changing
or decreasing driving linkage with the cable line, the benefit arises that
the governor in a particularly uncomplicated and dependable manner can be
coupled to the throttle valve whereby a high dependability results during
operation of the motor vehicle. The speed controller, or governor,
actuation apparatus can thereby, during operation of the throttle valve by
the cable line be made to follow movement of the cable line whereby a
necessary intervention of the governor results without hesitation for
shifting the throttle valve. In this regard, it is beneficial that a third
detent be arranged between the activation apparatus and the cable line
because in this manner it is assured that during control of the throttle
valve by the governor a dependable coupling between the governor and the
shaft for an adjustment of the throttle valve in an open direction is
created whereby, at the same time, a return of the speed controller
actuation apparatus (governor) through the return spring is assured for
particularly high safety during operation of the motor vehicle.
It is beneficial that the cable line is coupled to a disk or pulley, in
which manner a particularly uncomplicated and cost effective coupling of
the cable line results.
It is particularly beneficial that a second detent, or stop mechanism, is
arranged between the shaft and the positioning motor because this assures
that when the throttle valve is driven by the positioning motor the
positioning motor, without hesitation and with a high certainty can
manipulate in a closing direction.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those
skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made
therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. | 5F
| 02 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described, hereinafter, in more detail with
reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the focusing control apparatus according
to the present invention.
The control apparatus shown in FIG. 6 is nearly the same as the
conventional focusing control apparatus shown in FIG. 2. Here, like
components performing the same functions are given the same reference
numerals. In FIG. 6, a system state gain controller 110 is further
included for detecting the state of the system and thereby automatically
controlling the system gain according to the detected state. System state
gain controller 110 according to the present invention includes a system
state detector 90 for detecting the current state of the system and an
automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 100 for automatically
increasing/decreasing the gain of the system according to the detected
result.
System state detector 90 and AGC circuit 100 constituting system state gain
controller 110 of the focusing control apparatus will be described in more
detail with reference to FIG. 7.
Referring to FIG. 7, reference numeral 120 indicates a zero crossing
comparator for comparing the signal after removing the direct current
component from the error signal of photodiode PD with a zero level, 125 is
a window comparator for comparing the error signal with a predetermined
amplitude, 130 is a clock generator for generating a clock signal having a
predetermined period, 135 is a clock counter for counting the clock pulses
within one period of the zero-crossing output signal, 140 is a digital
comparator for comparing the counter output signal with a predetermined
signal to thereby determine whether the period of the current error signal
is shorter than a predetermined period, 145 is an edge detector for
detecting the rising and falling edges of the output signal from the
zero-crossing comparator, 150 and 155 are first and second shift registers
for delaying the output of the window comparator by using the output of
the edge detector as a clock, 160 is an exclusive OR gate, 165 is a level
changer for changing the level of the input signal, and 170 is a
multiplier for multiplying the error signal by the output of the level
changer.
As shown by FIGS. 4 and 5, the error signal is affected by changes in the
system gain. That is, low system gain, which corresponds to the lower
frequency waveform, increases the amplitude of the error signal. On the
contrary, a higher gain leads to oscillation, whereby the error signal
oscillates in a relatively high frequency and large amplitude.
In the present invention, system state detector 90 detects the amplitude
and period of the error signal, so that, if a lower system gain is
detected, the gain of AGC circuit 100 is raised, and vice versa (i.e.,
when the system gain increases, AGC gain is reduced). Therefore, the
system can maintain stable gain characteristics.
The operation of the focusing control apparatus according to the present
invention having the above-described structure will be described with
reference to FIG. 8 showing a timing diagram for system conditions when no
oscillation occurs and FIG. 9 showing a timing diagram for system
conditions when oscillation does occur.
When an error signal having the "a" waveforms of FIGS. 8 and 9 and detected
in the photodiode of a focusing error detecter 40 is input to
zero-crossing comparator 120, the zero-crossing comparator 120 compares
the signal which is removed of the DC component via a capacitor C, with
the zero level, to thereby output a rectangular wave signal in the form of
the "b" signals of FIGS. 8 and 9.
The produced rectangular wave signal enters the latch and reset ports of
clock counter 135 which receives a clock pulse provided by clock generator
130 as the "c" signal of FIGS. 8 and 9 through a data input port and
counts the number of pulses input within one period, to thereby produce
the counted value.
Digital comparator 140 receives as a clock input the rectangular wave (b)
output from zero-crossing comparator 120 and receives as data the input
digital signal of clock counter 135. Digital comparator 140 then compares
the digital signal with a predetermined digital signal of digital
comparator 140. Then, if the output signal of clock counter 135 is smaller
than the previously established digital signal, digital comparator 140
determines that the current state is an oscillation and then produces a
high logic signal. However, in the opposite case, that is, when the output
signal of clock counter 135 is greater than the previously established
digital signal, digital comparator 140 determines that the current state
is not oscillating and thus produces the low logic signal.
Also, window comparator 125 receives the error signal (waveform "a" shown
in FIG. 10) and determines whether the corresponding error signal has a
greater amplitude than a predetermined threshold value. Therefore, if the
error signal has a greater amplitude than the predetermined threshold
value, window comparator 125 outputs a rectangular wave such as the former
part of "f" shown in FIG. 10. When the error signal amplitude drops below
the threshold, the signal having a constant logic level ("high" or "low")
is output, as in the latter part of FIG. 10.
The output signal of zero-crossing comparator 120 is input to edge detector
145 which then produces a pulse (g) for every transition of the clock
signal (c). This pulse signal is input to first and second shift registers
150 and 155 as a latching clock. Meanwhile, the output from window
comparator 125 (signal "f") is input to the data port of first shift
register 150.
Each of first and second shift registers 150 and 155 is comprised of one D
flip-flop and is made of two bits. The two D flip-flops (first and second
shift registers 150 and 155) output the input data upon receiving the
clock signal at their clock input ports.
As the error signal ("a" of FIG. 10) becomes greater than the threshold
value, the window detector output (signal "f") iterates high or low with a
time lag with respect to clock signal "g". Therefore, first shift register
150 outputs a one-period-delayed signal of signal "f." That is, the clock
is generated by the pulse signal of edge detector 145 just before the
signal of window comparator 125 changes, so that the data coming prior to
the transition of signal "f" appears at the output of first shift register
150. Accordingly, first shift register 150 effectively delays signal "f"
(or signal "g") by one period.
Second shift register 155 receives as latching clock the output signal of
edge detector 145 and as data signal the one-period-delayed signal of
first shift register, and thus outputs the delayed signal. Also, in this
case, the input of second shift register 155 is the output of first shift
register 150, the output of second shift register becomes
one-period-delayed signal as compared with one from first shift register.
As a result, the output of second shift register 155 is delayed one period
more than that of first shift register 150, so that the outputs of first
and second shift registers have different signs (opposite logic levels)
with respect to each other at all times.
On the contrary, if the error signal output is less than the threshold
value, the output of window comparator 125 maintains a constant level
output (the latter part of FIG. 10), so that the outputs of first and
second shift registers 150 and 155 always equal each other.
The outputs of first and second shift registers 150 and 155 are
respectively provided to exclusive OR gate 160 which performs an XOR
operation. If the logic levels of first and second shift registers 150 and
155 are different from each other, a "high" signal is output, with a "low"
being output otherwise (signal "h" of FIG. 10). The output signals of
exclusive OR gate 160 and digital comparator 140 are input to level
changer 165, thereby changing the level of its output signal.
In more detail, when the output of exclusive OR gate 160 is "low" meaning
that the amplitude of the current error signal is within the focusing
depth, level changer 165 maintains a constant output signal level. On the
contrary, when the output of exclusive OR gate 160 is "high" meaning that
the current state requires the system gain to be controlled, level changer
165 changes its output signal level according to the output signal of
digital comparator 140. In other words, where the signal from digital
comparator 140 is "low," the system gain decreases and so, the normal
state error increases, and thereby level changer 165 increases its output
signal level. Also, where the output signal from digital comparator 140 is
"high," the system gain increases to produce an oscillation state, so that
the level changer 165 reduces its output signal level.
The level-adjusted output signal of level changer 165 is input to analog
multiplier 170 which works as AGC portion 100, together with the error
signal. That is, analog multiplier 170 multiplies the error signal which
is an input signal by the output signal of level changer 165, to thereby
automatically control the gain of the signal which then enters a phase
compensator circuit. As such, the system gain can be changed according to
the amplitude change of the output signal processed by analog multiplier
170. That is, an increase of the output signal raises the open-loop gain
of the system, but a decrease of the output signal reduces system gain.
As described above, since the gain is controlled according to the change in
system gain, the focusing operation can be performed most stably
regardless of laser beam intensity fluctuations. Also, even when another
disk having a different reflectivity and pit shape is reproduced/recorded,
the focusing operation can be performed without any special control of the
gain. Furthermore, a stable focusing operation can be achieved even when a
badly warped disk is reproduced or recorded, or when the plane vibration
of the disk becomes severe. | 6G
| 01 | J |
As can be seen from the drawings, the fabric 1 to be treated is drawn off a
stack 2, impregnated a first time with the bleaching liquor in the fluid
container 3, is then guided through a first open-width squeezing unit 4,
and then impregnated a second time with the bleaching liquor in the fluid
container 5.
The fabric 1 impregnated thus with the bleaching liquor is then inflated by
means of an inflating device 6 to form a balloon 7, so that the
impregnating fluid is distributed extremely evenly over the fabric web
portion which is in a fold-free state.
Then, the fabric 1 impregnated in this wet manner is supplied through a
second open-width squeezing unit 4 to a fabric web store 8 where the
fabric 1 dwells for a certain period of time to allow the impregnating
fluid to take full effect.
Thereafter, the impregnated fabric 1 is withdrawn in open width from the
fabric web store 8 at approximately 100 m/min, and in a heating unit 9 is
heated by means of steam nozzles 10 arranged on either side to
approximately 95.degree. to 100.degree. C. as it passes through.
Then, the heated fabric 1, still laid out in open-width form, is passed
through a steamer unit 11, with a dwell time of for example 30 to 40
minutes and a temperature of approximately 95.degree. to 100.degree. C.
and at the outlet of this steamer unit 11 it is also guided continuously
through rinsing liquor in the rinsing unit 12 and is then passed into a
storage section 13.
The process steps, described below are then repeated many times in
analogous manner, the same equipment parts being provided with analogous
reference numerals.
For reductive after-treatment, the fabric in open-width form is
removed.sup.1 from the storage section 13 is combined to form a strand,
then inflated by means of an inflating unit 14 to form a balloon 15, so
that the rinsing fluid may be distributed extremely evenly over and in the
fabric 1 which is presented in fold-free manner and spread out.
FNT .sup.1 Translator's Note: There is an omission in the German.
Then, if desired, the impregnated, wet fabric 1 may be guided at location
16 through an open-width squeezing unit, containing squeezing rollers,
which serve to remove the treatment fabric in open width form after the
forming of the fabric into a balloon.
After roller 16, the fabric 1 which passes through at this point in the
open-width state is passed into a flushing-in funnel 18 which is in
fluid-tight.sup.2 connection with the inlet of the overflow pipe 17, is
there combined again to form a strand, and in strand form is passed
through the overflow pipe 17 filled with liquor. The length of the
overflow pipe 17 in the example illustrated is approximately 9 to 10
meters.
FNT .sup.2 Translator's Note: "flussigkeitsschichtverbunden"][=in fluid-layer
connection] has been assumed to be an error for
"flussigkeitsdichtverbunden" [=in fluid-tight connection] which appears
later in the text.
Arranged at the outlet of the overflow pipe 17, for the purpose of draining
the liquor out of the fabric 1 which is treated thus, is a fabric store 19
which holds approximately 6 to 8 kg of fabric and is provided with liquor
discharge openings, out of which fabric store 19 the liquor passes into
the liquor receiving and removing container 20 for further use.
The fabric 1 to be treated is removed again in the form of a strand from
the fabric store 19, inflated to form a balloon 15' by means of an
inflating unit 14', so that the rinsing fluid can be distributed again
extremely evenly over and in the spread-out fabric 1 which is now again
presented in fold-free manner, removed in open width in the open-width
state over the roller arrangement located at the point 16', passed into a
flushing-in funnel 18' which is in fluid-tight connection with the inlet
of the next overflow pipe 17' (not illustrated in FIG. 2 for the sake of
clarity), combined again there to form a strand, and in strand form is
passed through the overflow pipe 17' filled with liquor.
Arranged at the outlet of the overflow pipe 17', for the purpose of
draining the liquor from the fabric 1 which is treated thus, is another
fabric store 19' which is provided with liquor discharge openings and out
of which the liquor passes into a liquor receiving and removing container
20' for further use.
These process steps are now repeated a plurality of times, as can be seen
in particular in FIGS. 3 and 4.
Fold-free opening, which is repeated a plurality of times, of the fabric to
be treated to form a balloon, the subsequent laying out of the fabric in
open-width manner, the renewed combining of the fabric 1, which is
inevitably different from that carried out previously, to form a strand,
the wet treatment thereof, renewed opening of the fabric 1 to form a
balloon, etc. effects an extremely intensive wet treatment of the fabric 1
with a minimum of treatment fluid and energy.
As a result of the repeated balloon formation during the washing procedure,
a pressing mark which may be made by the roller arrangements 16, 16', 16"
etc is always moved each time to a different location on the tubular
fabric 1, so that no pressing mark can still be detected on the end
product.
The fabric 1, its treatment complete, emerges from the plant at the point
21 (FIG. 4 ).
The provision of saturated steam to the plant is effected by way of the
supply line 22, removal of the condensate is effected by way of the line
23, the liquor circulation is effected by way of the lines 24, and the
water supply is effected by way of the supply lines 25. | 3D
| 06 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “contain” (and any form of contain, such as “contains” and “containing”), and “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a structural stud, device, or method that “comprises,” “has,” “contains,” or “includes” one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more elements or steps. Likewise, an element of a structural stud, device, or method that “comprises,” “has,” “contains,” or “includes” one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features. Furthermore, a structure that is configured in a certain way must be configured in at least that way, but also may be configured in a way or ways that are not specified.
The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more than one unless this disclosure explicitly requires otherwise. The terms “substantially” and “about” are defined as at least close to (and includes) a given value or state (preferably within 10% of, more preferably within 1% of, and most preferably within 0.1% of).
One embodiment of the present invention is the version of the present structural stud shown inFIGS. 1-4. The structural stud comprises a stud101having a baseplate102, a sidewall103connected to the baseplate102, and a tab105punched out of the sidewall. The tab105comprises a tab leg107that is substantially planar and is connected to the sidewall103at one end of the tab leg107. The tab leg107projects outwardly from the sidewall103at an angle of less than ninety degrees to the sidewall103. Having the tab leg107project outwardly at an angle of less than ninety degrees results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. The tab105also comprises a tab foot109extending from the tab leg107and curving away from a hole111in the sidewall103created by the tab105punched out of the sidewall103. Having the tab foot109curve away from the hole111in the sidewall103further results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. In some embodiments, the hole111in the sidewall103is defined by a base side113and a top side115, the base side has a greater length than the top side, and the tab leg107extends from the base side113.
Another embodiment of the structural stud of the present invention is shown inFIG. 5. In this embodiment, the structural stud104comprises a baseplate106, a sidewall108, a plurality of tabs110,112, and114punched out of the sidewall108, and a plurality of holes122,124, and126created by the tabs110,112, and114punched out of the sidewall108. In some embodiments, the plurality of tabs110,112, and114is spaced such that the gaps between successive ones of tab leg connections116,118, and120are anywhere from about 1 to about 24 inches, including about 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, and 23.5 inches, or any range derivable within these numbers. In some embodiments, the gaps between successive ones of tab leg connections116,118, and120are less than about six inches, which further results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. In other embodiments the gaps between successive ones of tab leg connection116,118, and120are about four inches.
WhileFIG. 5only depicts three tabs in the sidewall of the structural stud, the number of tabs, the sizes of the tabs, and the spacing of the tabs can vary depending on the size, thickness, and tensile strength of the structural stud. For example, the embodiments described above where the gaps between successive tab leg connections are less than about six inches, and in particular about four inches, encompass a structural stud where the width of the baseplate106is about 6 inches, the width of the sidewall108is about 2 inches, and the stud is composed of steel that is 16 gauge in thickness and has a tensile strength of 50 ksi (i.e., kilo-pound per square inch). For studs of different sizes and/or steel thicknesses and tensile strengths, the sizes of the gaps can be proportionally scaled. Other steel thicknesses that are suitable for use in certain embodiments of the structural studs of the present invention include 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, and 20 gauge steel. Other steel tensile strengths that are suitable for use in certain embodiments of the structural studs of the present invention include 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55 ksi, or any range derivable within these numbers.
With regard to the size and number of the tabs, in some embodiments, the size and number of the tabs is such that the total surface area of the sidewall divided by the total surface area of the holes created by the tabs results in a ratio of less than about 9.6. More particularly, the ratio is any of the following: 9.6, 9.5, 9.4, 9.3, 9.2, 9.1, 9.0, 8.9, 8.8, 8.7, 8.6, 8.5, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.0, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5, or any range derivable within these numbers.
In other embodiments, the size and number of tabs is such that the total surface area of the holes created by the tabs is greater than about 10% of the total surface area of the sidewall. More particularly, the total surface area of the holes created by the tabs is any of the following percentages of the total surface area of the sidewall: 10.1%, 10.2%, 10.3%, 10.4%, 10.5%, 10.6%, 10.7%, 10.8%, 10.9%, 11.0%, 11.1%, 11.2%, 11.3%, 11.4%, 11.5%, 11.6%, 11.7%, 11.8%, 11.9%, 12.0%, 12.1%, 12.2%, 12.3%, 12.4%, 12.5%, 12.6%, 12.7%, 12.8%, 12.9%, 13.0%, 13.1%, 13.2%, 13.3%, 13.4%, 13.5%, 13.6%, 13.7%, 13.8%, 13.9%, 14.0%, 14.1%, 14.2%, 14.3%, 14.4%, 14.5%, 14.6%, 14.7%, 14.8%, 14.9%, 15.0%, 15.1%, 15.2%, 15.3%, 15.4%, 15.5%, 15.6%, 15.7%, 15.8%, 15.9%, 16.0%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70%, or any range derivable within these numbers.
In some embodiments, the present invention comprises methods and devices for forming a structural stud. The device used in certain embodiments of the method comprises a punch and die mechanism to form the tabs in the sidewall of the structural stud according to certain embodiments of the present invention. A major advantage of some embodiments of these methods and devices is that only one strike by the punch and die mechanism is needed to form the tabs of the present structural studs. An embodiment of the tabs formed by the methods and devices are depicted inFIGS. 1-4. One embodiment of the method comprises striking the sidewall103of the stud101with a punch and forcing the punch into a die, creating a tab105punched out of the sidewall103. The tab105comprises a tab leg107that is substantially planar and is connected to the sidewall103at one end of the tab leg107. The tab leg107projects outwardly from the sidewall103at an angle of less than ninety degrees to the sidewall103. The tab105also comprises a tab foot109extending from the tab leg107and curving away from a hole111in the sidewall103created by the tab105punched out of the sidewall103. In some embodiments, the hole in the sidewall is defined by a base side113and a top side115, the base side has a greater length than the top side, and the tab leg107extends from the base side113. The tapered shape of the hole in the sidewall allows for better clearance of the die that forms the tab in the structural stud.
The present invention also provides a method of building a tilt-wall building that incorporates embodiments of the structural stud described above. Embodiments of a tilt-wall panel formed according to certain embodiments of the present method are depicted inFIGS. 6-7. As shown inFIGS. 6-7, these embodiments comprise obtaining a plurality of the present structural studs117and119and combining the plurality of structural studs117and119with a structural mesh121(such as a rebar network) on a substantially horizontal surface such that the studs and mesh are substantially parallel to each other and to the substantially horizontal surface and there are voids formed between the studs. The method further comprises embedding the structural studs117and119and structural mesh121in concrete123(or a suitable alternative material) to form a panel125. The panel125is then raised such that it is substantially perpendicular to the ground and forms a wall or part of a wall. In some embodiments, the method further comprises laying lifting anchors127in the voids formed between the structural studs117and119prior to embedding the structural studs and structural mesh in concrete, embedding the structural studs117and119, structural mesh121, and lifting anchors127in concrete to form a panel125, such that a portion of each lifting anchor127is exposed, and using the lifting anchors127to raise the panel125such that it is substantially perpendicular to the ground. In other embodiments, the method further comprises laying support anchors in the voids formed between the structural studs prior to embedding the structural studs and structural mesh in concrete, embedding the structural studs, structural mesh, and support anchors in concrete to form a panel, such that a portion of each support anchor is exposed, and attaching supports to the support anchors. In some embodiments, anywhere from 1 to 36 lifting anchors and/or support anchors are used to raise and/or support a panel, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 lifting anchors and/or support anchors, or any range derivable within these numbers. Those of skill in the art can determine the appropriate number of lifting anchors and/or support anchors, placement of the lifting anchors and/or support anchors, and manner of attaching the lifting anchors to the lifting apparatus and/or the support anchors to the support apparatus for a given panel size to safely and efficiently raise a panel into position and/or support the panel once it is raised into position without having the panel break under its own weight during the lifting and/or supporting process.
Another embodiment of the structural stud of the present invention is shown inFIGS. 8-11. In this embodiment, the structural stud201comprises a baseplate203, a sidewall205, a plurality of vertical tabs207and209punched out of the sidewall205, a plurality of vertical holes211and213created by the vertical tabs207and209punched out of the sidewall205, a plurality of horizontal tabs215and217punched out of the sidewall205, and a plurality of horizontal holes219and221created by the horizontal tabs215and217punched out of the sidewall205.
The vertical tabs207and209comprise tab legs223and225that are substantially planar and are connected to the sidewall205at one end of the tab legs223and225. The tab legs223and225project outwardly from the sidewall205at an angle of less than ninety degrees to the sidewall205. Having the tab legs223and225project outwardly at an angle of less than ninety degrees results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. The vertical tabs207and209also comprise tab feet227and229extending from the tab legs223and225and curving away from vertical holes211and213created by the vertical tabs207and209punched out of the sidewall205. Having the tab feet227and229curve away from the vertical holes211and213in the sidewall205further results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. In some embodiments, the vertical holes211and213in the sidewall205are defined by base sides231and233and top sides235and237, the base sides have a greater length than the top sides, and the tab legs223and225extend from the base sides231and233.
The horizontal tabs215and217comprise tab legs239and241that are substantially planar and are connected to the sidewall205at one end of the tab legs239and241. The tab legs239and241project outwardly from the sidewall205at an angle of less than ninety degrees to the sidewall205. Having the tab legs239and241project outwardly at an angle of less than ninety degrees results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. The horizontal tabs215and217also comprise tab feet243and245extending from the tab legs239and241and curving toward horizontal holes219and221created by the horizontal tabs215and217punched out of the sidewall205. Having the tab feet243and245curve toward the horizontal holes219and221in the sidewall205further results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. In some embodiments, the horizontal holes219and221in the sidewall205are defined by base sides247and249and top sides251and253, the base sides have a greater length than the top sides, and the tab legs239and241extend from the base sides247and249. In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 8-11, base sides247and249and top sides251and253for horizontal holes219and221are substantially perpendicular to base sides231and233and top sides235and237for vertical holes211and213. Thus, the ends of vertical tab legs223and225connected to the sidewall205are substantially perpendicular to the ends of horizontal tab legs239and241connected to the sidewall205. This substantially perpendicular arrangement results in further improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete and makes panels that comprise the stud and concrete combination more resistant to shear stress.
In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 8-11, the vertical tabs207and209and vertical holes211and213and the horizontal tabs215and217and horizontal holes219and221are positioned in an alternating arrangement on sidewall205such that there is a horizontal tab and horizontal hole between each vertical tab and vertical hole. In some embodiments, the horizontal holes and the vertical holes are spaced such that the distance between the centers of successive vertical and horizontal holes is anywhere from about 1 to about 24 inches, including about 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, and 23.5 inches, or any range derivable within these numbers. In some embodiments, the distance between the centers of successive vertical and horizontal holes is less than about 6 inches, which further results in improved adhesion between the structural stud and the surrounding concrete. In other embodiments the distance between the centers of successive vertical and horizontal holes is about four inches.
WhileFIGS. 8-11only depict four tabs in the sidewall of the structural stud, the number of tabs, the sizes of the tabs, and the spacing of the tabs can vary depending on the size, thickness, and tensile strength of the structural stud. For example, the embodiments described above where the distance between the centers of successive vertical and horizontal holes is less than about six inches, and in particular about four inches, encompass a structural stud where the width of the baseplate203is about 6 inches, the width of the sidewall205is about 2 inches, and the stud is composed of steel that is 16 gauge in thickness and has a tensile strength of 50 ksi (i.e., kilo-pound per square inch). For studs of different sizes and/or steel thicknesses and tensile strengths, the distances between the holes can be proportionally scaled. Other steel thicknesses that are suitable for use in certain embodiments of the structural studs of the present invention include 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, and 20 gauge steel. Other steel tensile strengths that are suitable for use in certain embodiments of the structural studs of the present invention include 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, and 55 ksi, or any range derivable within these numbers.
All of the methods and devices disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the methods and devices of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the methods and devices and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus- or step-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) “means for” or “step for,” respectively.
| 4E
| 04 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
While this invention is susceptible to embodiment in many different forms, this specification and the accompanying drawings disclose only preferred forms as examples of the invention. The invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments so described, however. The scope of the invention is identified in the appended claims.
This invention relates to a gas pressure regulator or CO2 tank and more particularly to a gas pressure regulator or CO2 tank that employs a user friendly quick disconnect coupling system. An objective of the present invention herein is to provide a paintball gun system with a safer method of interconnecting pressure regulator or CO2 tank with paintball gun.
Referring toFIG. 2, a paintball gun system10is shown with a gun body12, a propellant tank14, and a quick change coupling16. Gun body12and propellant tank14are interconnected by a quick-change coupling16that partially defines a fluid pathway18from tank14to gun body12. Quick-change coupling16includes a gun-side fitting20and a tank-side fitting22. Gun-side fitting20is mounted to gun body12at grip24and terminates in an open-end26configured for sealed engagement of tank-side fitting28. Tank-side fitting22is in communication with tank14and has an opposite open end28for sealed engagement of gun-side fitting20.
As used herein, the term fitting is a reference to a separate part, collection of parts or an open portion of another component which is configured for mechanically, removably interconnecting and defining a confined flow passageway between fittings when connected.
Each fitting20and22of coupling16has complementary interlocking contours. The complementary interlocking contours preferably take the form of one or more dogs30on a nipple portion32of tank-side fitting22and notches34on a cap portion36of gun-side fitting20configured to receive dogs30. Gun-side fitting20has an inlet port38in communication with fluid pathway18and therefore pneumatic circuit40of gun body12. The contour of notches34preferably includes an entry portion40, a rotation portion (not separately identified) and a locking-portion42. The locking portion includes stops44on opposite sides of dogs30.
In an alternate embodiment, dogs30are tapered and the contour of notches34is relatively linear such that gun-side fitting20and tank-side fitting22are drawn together in response to counter-rotation (i.e., rotating one fitting respect to the other or counter-rotating both fittings).
Tanks-side fitting22is present on a distal end portion of a regulator44. A check valve46is operably disposed within fluid pathway18. More specifically check valve46is provided in regulator44to block release of compressed gas from tank14when the tank14-regulator-44subassembly is disconnected from gun side fitting20. Check valve46is spring biased towards gun side fitting20such that a valve pin48is offset into an open position when the coupling16is engaged.FIG. 3is an enlarged, schematic cross section of valve42in a closed position.
FIG. 4is an alternate embodiment of the present invention for a gun system in which a regulator is not required at the tank outlet. Paintball gun system210includes a gun body212, a propellant tank214, and a quick change coupling216. Gun body212and propellant tank214are interconnected by a quick-change coupling216that partially defines a fluid pathway218from tank214to gun body212. Quick-change coupling216includes a gun-side fitting220and a tank-side fitting222. Gun-side fitting220is mounted to gun body212at grip224and terminates in an open-end226configured for sealed engagement of tank-side fitting228. Tank-side fitting222is in communication with tank214and has an opposite open end228for sealed engagement of gun-side fitting220.
Each fitting220and222of coupling16has complementary interlocking contours. The complementary interlocking contours preferably take the form of one or more dogs230on a nipple portion232of tank-side fitting222and notches234on a cap portion236of gun-side fitting220configured to receive dogs230. Gun-side fitting220has an inlet port238in communication with fluid pathway218and therefore pneumatic circuit240of gun body212. The contour of notches234preferably includes an entry portion240, a rotation portion (not separately identified) and a locking-portion242. The locking portion includes stops244on opposite sides of dogs230.
Tanks-side fitting222is present on a distal end portion of a check valve component245. A check valve246is operably disposed within fluid pathway218. More specifically, check valve246is provided in a separate component245to block release of compressed gas from tank214when the tank214-check valve component-245subassembly is disconnected from gun side fitting220. Check valve246is spring biased towards gun side fitting220such that a valve pin248is offset into an open position when the coupling216is engaged.
The alternate embodiment shown inFIG. 5, gun system310, includes a sliding on-off mechanism352between tank314and quick-change coupling316. More specifically, on-off mechanism352is provided on regulator344together with a distal tank-side fitting322. On-off mechanism352includes venting via radial channels354. Further details of the sliding on-off mechanism are provided in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/737,468 to Gabrel, filed the specification and drawings of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. An advantage of gun system310is that gas pressure can be substantially relieved from coupling316during connection and separation because gas flow from tank344is blocked and gas from the gun-side is vented when mechanism352is in the off position.FIG. 5shows mechanism352in the off position andFIG. 6is an enlarged cross section of mechanism352in the open or on position.
In the alternate embodiment shown inFIG. 7, gun system410, the tank-side fitting422of quick coupling416takes the form of an insert421with a quick coupling fitting portion423and a threaded portion425. Gun system410has the advantage of allowing for the use of a regulator443which has conventional connections such as an ASA threaded cap portion445with a check valve446. Accordingly, one may create a gun system of the present invention by selectively modifying a more conventional gun system. A possible disadvantage of this approach is that insert421adds to the overall length of the gun system.
The alternate embodiment shown inFIG. 8, gun system510, adds a sliding on-off mechanism552to a quick-coupling insert521. Insert521has details and a purpose as described in reference to insert421inFIG. 7. On-off mechanism552has details and a purpose as described in reference to on-off mechanism352inFIGS. 5 and 6. Gun system510has the dual advantages of allowing for connection and separation without gas pressure, and the existing components with conventional ASA threaded connections.
In the alternate embodiment shown inFIG. 9, gun system610, the gun-side fitting620of quick coupling616takes the form of an insert619with a quick coupling fitting portion617and a threaded portion615. Gun system610has the advantage of allowing for the use of a gun-mounted receptacle613which has conventional connections such as an ASA threaded receptacle611. Accordingly, one may create a gun system of the present invention by selectively modifying a more conventional gun system. A possible disadvantage of this approach is that insert619adds to the overall length of the gun system.
In the alternate embodiment shown inFIG. 10, gun system710, the tank-side fitting722of quick coupling716takes the form of an insert721with a quick coupling fitting portion723and a threaded portion725. Gun system710is comparably to gun system410(FIG. 7) except that gun system710is shown without a regulator in the fluid pathway. Gun system710instead has a check valve component745, an arrangement that is commonly associated with CO2 powered gun system.
Numerous variations and modifications of the embodiments described above can be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel features of the invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims, all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.
| 5F
| 41 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference now to FIG. 1, a driver circuit 10 is illustrated for
providing drive current to a load 20 having an inductive component. The
load 20 may be, for example, a coil 21 of a dc motor (not shown) to which
drive current may be switchably applied in accordance with a predetermined
commutative sequence. A resistor 22 is illustrated in series with the coil
21, and represents the intrinsic resistance of the coil 21. A power FET 23
is connected with its source-drain path in series between the coil 21 and
a sense resistor 25. The coil 21 is connected to a source of potential,
and the resistor 25 is connected to a reference potential, or ground as
shown, to complete a series circuit between the source of potential and
ground. The FET 23 series as a switching device to complete the circuit
between the source of potential and ground, and may be replaced by other
appropriate switching devices, such as an NPN transistor, or the like.
The driver circuit 10 includes a high gain operational amplifier 30 and a
unity gain amplifier 31 connected between an input node 32 and a
controlled element such as the gate shown of the FET 23. The input node 32
which may receive, for example, an output signal from a switching circuit
switchably controlled by a commutative sequence in driving the motor (not
shown) with which the coil 21 is associated, is connected to the
non-inverting input of the operational amplifier 30. The output from the
operational amplifier 30 is connected by a series resistor 34 to the input
of the unity gain amplifier 31. A feedback loop 35 is provided between the
inverting input of the operational amplifier 30 and the top of the sense
resistor 25; consequently, when a voltage change is applied to the input
node 32, the amplifier 30 will rapidly respond to the adjust the
conduction state of the FET 23. As the voltage changes on the sense
resistor 25, the voltage on the inverting input of the amplifier 30
correspondingly changes until it reaches the level of the voltage on the
input node 32, at which time the operational amplifier 30 ceases to
conduct. Given the fact that the circuit provides a non-zero gain in the
loop at high frequencies, the speed at which the new current will be
established will be limited by the rate of change allowed by the
inductance of the load, and not by the circuit electronics.
A resistor 40 and a capacitor 41 are connected in series between the input
of the unity gain amplifier 31 and ground. The capacitor 41 serves to
provide a compensating pole at higher frequencies to reduce the high
frequency gain of the signal applied to the input to the unity gain
amplifier 31, and may be, for instance, of very small value, for example,
in the range of nanofarads. The gain reduction is limited, however, at
higher frequencies to the ratio of the voltage divider resistors 34 and
40. The circuitry, therefore, constitutes one way by which a pole followed
by a zero prior to the pole inherent in the inductive load may be
established with increasing frequency.
It should be noted that the high frequency effects of the inductive load
introduced by the inductor 21 are connected essentially directly to the
output of the unity gain amplifier 31 by the intrinsic capacitance
existing within the FET 23 (essentially a Miller effect capacitance, not
shown). Thus, a Bode plot of the gain of the circuit 10 in connection with
the inductive load 20 is as shown in FIG. 2. At low frequencies, the gain
provided by the operational amplifier 30 is effectively high, shown by the
portion 50 of the solid line curve. As the frequency increases, the
capacitor 41 becomes of dominant operation, causing the gain to roll off
to a lower gain along the curve segment 51. At a frequency at which the
capacitor 41 is no longer dominant, a relatively low gain determined by
the ratio of the resistors 34 and 40 and the gain of the amplifier 30 is
effective, as indicated by the curved segment 52. At a relatively high
frequency, the pole inherently created by the inductance of the inductive
load becomes a dominant factor in determining the gain (actually more than
one pole exists at higher frequencies due to the presence of the inductive
load), as indicated by the curved segment 53.
For comparison, the gain/frequency relationship of a typical prior art
circuit employing a snubber circuit and a dominant pole type of
compensation is shown by the dotted line curve 60. It can be seen that the
bandwidth of the circuit represented by the curved segments 50-53 is
significantly higher, for example, on the order of one or more orders of
magnitude, than the bandwidth of the circuit represented by the dotted
line curve 60.
It is important to note that in design of the driver circuit 10, the
resistors 34 and 40 and the capacitor 41 may be sized to be realized by
signal level components if desired, in contrast to the power handling
components of prior art snubber compensating circuits. Also circuits with
equivalent frequency response may be integrated onto an integrated circuit
chip if desired with special techniques (like switched capacitors or the
like).
It should also be noted that a gain of approximately 60 db provided at
lower frequencies can be obtained with a single gain stage, such as
provided by the operational amplifier 30. By using only a single gain
stage, the creation of more than one compensating pole and zero can be
avoided, thereby simplifying the design of the overall driver circuit 10.
It should also be noted that although a high gain operational amplifier 30
has been illustrated, so called operational transconductance amplifiers
(OTA) can be used instead. If such OTA is used, the function supplied by
the resistor 34 can be provided by the effective output resistance of the
OTA, which may be considered to be a resistor, r.sub.o, in parallel with
the resistor 40 and capacitor 41. The transfer function would be the same
as shown in FIG. 2 above described.
It should also be noted that by virtue of the compensated driving circuit
10 as above described, the roll off at and beyond the curve segment 53
shown in FIG. 2 is imposed by virtue of the poles imposed by the load, in
distinction to the prior art roll off imposed by a dominate pole on the
driver and a load compensation circuit. Thus, the bandwidth that is
realized by the circuit 10 is essentially the maximum bandwidth that is
achievable in an inductive driver circuit of this type.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated with a certain
degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure has
been made by way example only and that numerous changes in the combination
and arrangement of parts may be resorted to by those skilled in the art
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as
hereinafter claimed. | 7H
| 02 | K |
In the examples which follow, parts are by weight.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of a cLCP:
2821 parts of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid, 6215 parts of 4-hydroxybenzoic
acid, 3724 parts of 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and 3203 parts of
(R)-(+)-3-methyladipic acid are placed in a reactor, 10,460 parts of
acetic anhydride are added, and a gentle stream of nitrogen is flushed
through. The mixture is heated to 140.degree. C. over the course of 15
minutes and held at this temperature for 20 minutes. The temperature is
then raised to 320.degree. C. over the course of 150 minutes, and the melt
is held at this temperature for 15 minutes. From about 220.degree. C.,
acetic acid begins to distill off. Nitrogen flushing is subsequently
ended, and reduced pressure is applied. The melt is stirred for 30 minutes
more under reduced pressure (about 5 mbar). The polymer is then blanketed
with nitrogen, cooled and isolated. When viewed perpendicularly, the
polymer shows a bright gold color which on viewing at an oblique angle
appears greenish.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of a cLCP:
14,110 parts of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid, 31,077 parts of
4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 18,621 parts of 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and 3203
parts of (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acid are placed in a reactor, 52,580 parts
of acetic anhydride are added, and a gentle stream of nitrogen is flushed
through. The mixture is heated to 140.degree. C. over the course of 15
minutes and held at this temperature for 20 minutes. The temperature is
then raised to 330.degree. C. over the course of 150 minutes, and the melt
is held at this temperature for 15 minutes. From about 220.degree. C.,
acetic acid begins to distill off. Nitrogen flushing is subsequently
ended, and reduced pressure is applied. The melt is stirred for 30 minutes
more under reduced pressure (about 5 mbar). The polymer is then blanketed
with nitrogen, cooled and isolated. When viewed perpendicularly, the
polymer shows a bright gold color which on viewing at an oblique angle
appears blue-green.
EXAMPLE 3
Coating of a Metal Panel
200 mg of polymer from Example 1 are compressed at 50 bar in a melt press
at 260.degree. C. After cooling, the metal panel has a very bright gold
color which appears green when viewed obliquely.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of a Fine Polymer Powder
The polymer from Example 2 is ground using a universal mill to a particle
size <1 mm. Final milling takes place using a high-performance
ultracentrifugal mill having a 0.15 mm sieve separator. A powder with a
particle size <150 .mu.m is obtained.
EXAMPLE 5
Coating of a Clay Figure
The polymer powder prepared in Example 4 is placed in the powder container
of the spraying apparatus ".RTM.Tribostar" from Intec, Dortmund. The
spraying apparatus is fitted with a standard spraying pipe and a
star-shaped inner rod. This spraying apparatus is used to coat a clay
figure by crosswise application in a spraybooth from Intec, Dortmund, at a
high powder throughput and at a spray pressure of 3 bar. For film
formation, the coated clay figure is heated at 235.degree. C. for 10
minutes and then immersed in water. A homogeneous coating with a thickness
of about 25 .mu.m is obtained which when viewed at a perpendicular angle
shows a bright gold color and when viewed at an oblique angle shows a
bright bluish green color.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of an Effect Coating Comprising Platelet-Shaped Film Shreds
A melt press is used to press films from the polymer of Example 2, at a
temperature of 270.degree. C. and under a pressure of 50 bar. 0.15 g of
polymer is used for each pressing. This operation is carried out until 5 g
of pressed films are present. These films are ground into small film
shreds with a diameter of 60 .mu.m. The film shreds are dispersed, like a
conventional pigment, in a customary binder. This coating material is
sprayed onto a black-primed metal panel and is provided with a clearcoat
film. A very bright coated metal panel is obtained, with a gold color
which appears bluish green when viewed obliquely.
EXAMPLE 7
Coating of Paper
0.25 g of polymer from Example 2 is pressed onto a sheet of conventional
paper in a melt press at 220.degree. C. under a pressure of 150 bar. A
very bright, gold coating is obtained which appears greenish blue when
viewed at an oblique angle. | 2C
| 09 | K |
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In a cylinder 1 of an internal combustion engine a reciprocating piston 2
is positioned so as to slide in longitudinal direction. The cylinder wall
is referred to as 1b. The roof-shaped top 3 of the combustion chamber in
the cylinder head 4 und the top surface 5 of piston 2 form a combustion
chamber 6 into which open two intake ports 7 and two exhaust ports 8, for
example, which are indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 1. Corresponding
intake and exhaust valves, which are in inclined position and are
indicated by dash-dotted lines, bear the reference numbers 9 and 10. The
valve axes are referred to as 9a and 10a, respectively. 11 refers to a
centrally positioned spark plug with an axis 11a. Between the intake ports
7 an injection nozzle 19 is located for direct fuel injection into the
combustion chamber 6. The axis 19a of the injection nozzle 19 is
positioned in a plane vertical to the crankshaft axis (not shown here) and
forms an angle of 30.degree. to 60.degree. with the cylinder axis 1a,
i.e., preferably about 45.degree..
On its top surface 5 the piston 2 is provided with a Y-shaped configuration
of guiding ribs 12, which influence the flow inside the cylinder (arrows
13) to optimize the combustion process.
As is shown in the Figures, the guiding rib configuration 12 exhibits an
arc-shaped rib 14 which is essentially configured as a semicircle. The
upper edge 14a of rib 14 is either sharp or rounded with a radius of not
more than 3 mm. In the central section lying between the cylinder axis 1a
and the exhaust valves 10, the upper edge 14a of rib 14 reaches its
greatest height. It continuously decreases in height towards the intake
valves 9 and merges into the piston top surface 5 below the intake valves
9. The rib 14 encloses a trough-shaped recess 15.
The central section of the arc-shaped rib 14 is joined by a longitudinal
rib 18, which extends between the exhaust valves 10 towards the rim of the
piston 2. The section of the arc-shaped rib 14 from where the longitudinal
rib 18 departs, is further removed in the same direction from the cylinder
axis 1a than the axis 11a of the spark plug 11 positioned in the
roof-shaped top 3 of the combustion chamber 6.
Below the spark plug 11 the rib 14 forms a first concave area; further
concave areas are formed below the two exhaust valves 10.
The variant of FIGS. 3 and 4 differs from the variant described above in
that the longitudinal rib 18 has a flat ridge face 18a. The arc-shaped rib
14 encloses a trough-shaped recess 15, which has a certain depth and may
extend below the reference plane through the piston rim.
FIG. 5 presents a variant of the invention with three intake valves 9a, 9b,
9c. The injection nozzle 19 is positioned between valves 9a and 9b. The
rib 14 continuously decreases in height towards intake valves 9a and 9c
and below them joins the piston top surface 5 tangentially. For better
illustration please note the fuel-air spraycloud 16 in FIG. 3, which is
deflected towards the spark plug 11 due to the flow inside the cylinder
and the shape of the piston 2.
FIG. 6 shows a variant with two intake valves 9 and an exhaust valve 10.
The configuration of the piston is more or less the same as that of the
variant shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The present invention will ensure stable combustion even under very lean
operating conditions. | 5F
| 02 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 , system 10 is capable of uniformly and controllably providing a radiation dose to stenosed vessel wall 12 . System 10 has helical balloon 14 , catheter shaft 16 , pull wire 18 , and helical wire 20 with radioactive tip 22 . Examples of helical balloons are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,130 entitled CATHETER WITH CORKSCREW-LIKE BALLOON, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Pull wire 18 and helical wire 20 are connected together, and preferably are one single wire. Pull wire 18 extends out of the proximal end (not shown) of catheter shaft 16 , thereby permitting medical personnel to manipulate the same, as will be understood by the skilled artisan. Helical wire 20 extends through hole 24 in catheter shaft 16 , through the helical turns of helical balloon 14 , out of hole 26 in catheter shaft 16 , and is connected to and preferably integral with radioactive tip 22 . In addition to providing a pathway for helical wire 20 into helical balloon 14 , holes 24 and 26 also provide fluid communication between helical balloon 14 and the proximal end of shaft 16 (not shown), and are used to inflate helical balloon 14 within the vessel in a known manner. The skilled artisan will recognize different configurations to enable inflation of helical balloon 14 .
Radioactive tip 22 is slidably disposed in shield 28 . Radioactive tip 22 must be of a material capable of being made radioactive, either directly or by virtue of a radioactive coating, filling, or paint. Radioactive tip 22 is preferably made from a deformable material, such that when drawn out of shield 28 it substantially returns to its original shape. Preferably, radioactive tip 22 takes a helical shape when withdrawn from shield 28 . The skilled artisan will recognize that other shapes for radioactive tip 22 will fall within the scope of the present invention. Such additional shapes include, for example and without limitation, circular, any portion of an arc, or a straight piece bendable into an arc when pulled through the helical turns. The shape and/or material of radioactive tip 22 will cause it to substantially abut against the outer wall of the helical turns as it is drawn therethrough, thereby placing radioactive tip 22 substantially adjacent to vessel wall 12 . Material from which radioactive tip 22 may be made includes, for example and without limitation, nitinol wire with a hermetically sealed source therein. Preferably, radioactive tip 22 is made from nitinol wire (approximately 0.018 diameter) with a hermetically sealed -source therein. Shield 28 is made from material suitable to shield the type of emitter being used, i.e., or .
Additionally, shield 28 may be made from or coated with a material that is radiopaque, permitting its use as a marker for locating the device within the vasculature.
In use, catheter shaft 16 slides over guide wire 30 into a vessel, and radiopaque markers (not shown) are used to locate helical balloon 14 within the treatment region, as will be understood by the skilled artisan. Inflation of helical balloon 14 causes the helical turns thereof to substantially abut against vessel wall 12 . Pull wire 18 is used to draw radioactive tip 22 from shield 28 , and further to draw radioactive tip 22 through the helical turns at a predetermined velocity.
In an alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 , catheter 40 has first coil 14 A of helical balloon 14 made of a shielding material such that first coil 14 A serves as the shield rather than a separate shield 28 as, for example, in FIG. 1 . Catheter 40 also is provided with guide wire lumen 42 and pull wire lumen 44 , which isolate those passages from the inflation fluid present within main lumen 46 , which communicates with helical balloon 14 through at least one inflation port 48 . An appropriate seal may be provided at wire port 50 , leading into pull wire lumen 44 , in order to prevent leakage of inflation fluid into the pull wire lumen. Thus, helical balloon 14 in may be inflated by introducing a pressurized inflation fluid into main lumen 46 as is known in the art. An optional, separate fluid lumen 52 , communicating with the area outside catheter 40 via fluid port 54 may be provided for pressure measurements, additional drug therapies and the like.
Radioactive tip 22 is substantially adjacent to vessel wall 12 as it is being drawn through the helical turns, thereby significantly reducing fall off of radioactive strength between the source and the vessel wall. Factors that determine dosage are dwell time, as determined by the velocity with which radioactive tip 22 is drawn through the helical turns, and the strength of the radioactive source. The pitch of the helical turns is used to provide a substantially uniform dosage over the entire surface of the vessel. A series of hypothetical plots, shown in FIGS. 2A-C , of radiation profiles versus position along the vessel wall illustrate this point. After radioactive tip 22 has been drawn through helical balloon 14 , the highest radiation dosage will be where the tip came closest to the vessel wall and the lowest where the tip is furthest away from the vessel wall. As reflected in FIG. 2A , a relatively large pitch results in a sinusoidal shaped distribution along the length of the vessel. As reflected in FIG. 2B , a smaller pitch results in a more even distribution. As reflected in FIG. 2C , as the pitch becomes hypothetically infinitesimal the profile approaches perfect uniformity. However, as the pitch becomes smaller and smaller it becomes more difficult to pull radioactive tip 22 through the helical turns.
At the limit of pitch equaling zero it may be viewed as pulling a ring of radioactive source across the surface of a cylindrical balloon, which balloon is adjacent the vessel. Referring to FIG. 3 , an alternative embodiment slidably disposes a catheter such as described above into substantially cylindrical sheath balloon 32 , with the exception that helical balloon 14 may be much shorter in length than the region to be treated and thus shorter than the length of cylindrical balloon 32 . Cylindrical balloon 32 , when inflated, substantially contacts the vessel wall 12 in the region to be treated. The helical turns, when inflated, substantially contact the inner wall of inflated cylindrical balloon 32 . Radioactive tip 22 , in this embodiment, has a length approximately equal to at least one helical turn (or any integral number thereof). Rather than pull radioactive tip 22 through the helical turns, it is only drawn into the helical turn(s) such that radioactive tip 12 spans one helical turn or an integral number thereof, which helical turns substantially contact the inner surface of cylindrical balloon 32 . Helical balloon 14 is then traversed through cylindrical balloon 32 at a predetermined velocity, such that an even amount of radiation is delivered over the entire surface of the vessel wall. As with the previous embodiment, the radiation source is placed substantially adjacent to the vessel wall being treated.
In the FIG. 3 embodiment, inflation lumen 34 provides inflation fluid to the central void of the distal end wherein it communicates with balloon 14 through openings 24 and 26 . Sheath 36 isolates helical wire 20 from the inflation fluid and also helps maintain the wire at the outer periphery of the balloon coils. Shield 28 in this case also has a closed distal end to prevent entry of inflation fluid. In this arrangement, no sliding seals are necessary to isolate the pull wire from the inflation fluid.
By virtue of placing the :source substantially adjacent to the target vessel wall, the present invention facilitates the use of a preferred -emitting source. Shielding of radiation from -emitters and general exposure risk from -emitters is much less substantial than that for -emitters. Therefore, the ability to effectively use -emitters provided by the present invention, as well as the ability to shield the radiation source during placement within the vessel greatly increases the ease of performing vascular brachytherapy. For example, medical personnel need not evacuate the room when inserting the device or exposing the patient to the radiation source, and the risk of unwanted radiation exposure to the patient and/or medical staff is significantly reduced. A skilled artisan will nonetheless recognize that -emitters may be used without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Preferred -emitting sources include without limitation 90 Sr- 90 Y, 32 P, or 188 Re. Preferred -emitting sources include without limitation 192 Ir, 125 I, or 103 Pd.
In all of the embodiments described herein, the radiation source is removed as quickly as is safe and practicable after radiation treatment of the desired region is completed in order reduce unwanted radiation exposure to the patient. Alternatively, a second radiation shield may be provided, located proximally from the first radiation shield 28 , at the opposite end of coiled balloon 14 , into which the radiation source may be disposed after the desired dosage is delivered. Alternatively, and particularly, in the embodiment of FIG. 3 , the radiation source may be pushed back distally into shield 28 . This will significantly reduce or eliminate the risk of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient during final withdrawal of the device, and permit a more deliberate/careful withdrawal of the device. Although various embodiments of the present invention have been described, the descriptions are intended to be merely illustrative. Thus, it will be apparent to the skilled artisan that modifications may be made to the embodiments as described without departing from the scope of the claims set forth below.
| 0A
| 61 | N |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1is a schematic perspective view of an exemplary washing machine100, with a part of the cabinet of the washing machine removed, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
As shown inFIG. 1, the washing machine100is a vertical axis washing machine. However, a person of ordinary skill in the art understands, under the guidance of the teachings provided herein, that the concept of the present invention is suitable for use with other types of washing machines including, without limitation, horizontal axis washing machines. Therefore, as the benefits of the herein described embodiments accrue generally to liquid addictive dispensing in a washing machine, the description herein is for exemplary purposes only and is not intended to limit practice of the invention to a particular type of a washing machine, such as the washing machine100.
The washing machine100includes a cabinet102, a cover104and a backsplash106extending from the cover104. A control panel108, including a plurality of input selectors110, is coupled to the backsplash106. The control panel108and the input selectors110collectively form a user interface input for operator selection of machine cycles and/or features. Optionally, the washing machine100may further include a display112indicating selected features, a countdown timer, and/or other items of interest to the machine users.
The washing machine100further includes a lid114, which is pivotally mounted to the cover104, for example, through a hinge (not shown). The lid114is capable of pivoting about the hinge between an open position (not shown) for allowing a user to access a wash tub116mounted within the cabinet102and a closed position (as shown inFIG. 1) to sealingly cover the wash tub116to prevent spillage. The wash tub116includes a bottom wall118and a sidewall120. A wash basket122of the washing machine100is rotatably mounted within the wash tub116.
As shown inFIG. 1, the washing machine100further includes a pump assembly124located beneath the tub116and the wash basket122to assist draining the wash tub116. The pump assembly124includes a pump126and a motor128. A pump inlet hose130extends from a wash tub outlet132in tub bottom wall118to a pump inlet134, and a pump outlet hose136extends from a pump outlet138to a washing machine water outlet140and ultimately to a building plumbing system discharge line (not shown) in flow communication with the water outlet140.
FIG. 2is a schematic sectional view of the washing machine100, illustrating the liquid additive dispensing apparatus200for dispensing liquid additive into a space between the tub116and the wash basket122.
As shown inFIG. 2, the wash basket122is movably disposed and rotatably mounted in the wash tub116through an axle168. The wash basket112is spaced apart from the tub bottom wall118and the tub sidewall120. Accordingly, a space S is provided between the wash basket122and the wash tub116.
The wash basket122includes a plurality of perforations170disposed along the perimeter thereof, for facilitating fluid communication between a cavity defined by the wash basket122and the wash tub116. A hot water valve144and a cold water valve146deliver water to the wash basket122and the wash tub116through a respective hot water hose148and a cold water hose150. The valves144,146and the hoses148,150together form a water supply connection for the washing machine100. When the washing machine is connected to a building plumbing system (not shown), the water supply connection provides a fresh water supply for use in washing machine100. The valves144,146and the hoses148,150are connected to a wash basket inlet tube152, and water is dispensed from the inlet tube152through a nozzle assembly154having a plurality of openings for directing water into the wash basket122at a given trajectory and/or velocity.
The washing machine100further includes an agitator156, such as a vane agitator, impeller, auger, oscillatory basket mechanism or a combination thereof, disposed in the wash basket122and also mounted on the axle168. The agitator156imparts an oscillatory motion to the articles at least partially suspended by the water within the wash basket122. The wash basket122and the agitator156are driven by a motor128through a transmission and clutch system158. A transmission belt162is coupled to a motor output shaft164and a transmission input shaft166. Thus, as the motor output shaft164is rotated, the transmission input shaft166is also rotated. The transmission and clutch system158drives the axle168to rotate the wash basket122and the agitator156within the wash tub116. For example, the transmission and clutch system158facilitates relative rotation of the wash basket122and the agitator156for selected portions of one or more wash cycles. For example, the wash basket122can rotate at700RPM within the wash tub116.
As shown inFIG. 2, the washing machine100further includes a liquid additive dispensing apparatus200, according to an exemplary aspect of the present invention. The liquid additive dispensing apparatus200dispenses and delivers an additive in liquid form into the wash tub116of the washing machine100, for facilitating cleaning articles loaded within the rotatable wash basket122of the washing machine100. The additive includes, but is not limited to, liquid detergent, bleach, softener and/or solid detergent, bleach and softener mixed with water.
The liquid additive dispensing apparatus200includes at least one storage container210for holding and storing liquid additive, a tube220for implementing a fluid communication between the storage container210and the wash tub116, and a venturi member230disposed within the tub116. The tube220includes an inlet222coupled to the storage container210and an outlet224coupled to the tub116.
A venturi effect is a reduction of fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of a fluid passageway. When the wash basket122rotates within the tub116, a fluid in the tub116, such as water, air or a mixture thereof, passes through the venturi member230to create a venturi effect at the outlet224of the tube220, where the tube220intersects the tub116. Accordingly, a reduced fluid pressure or even a vacuum is created at the outlet224to suck the liquid additive from the storage container210into the tub116, for example, into the space S between the wash basket122and the tub116.
For example, the liquid additive dispensing apparatus200is mounted within the cabinet102. For example, the liquid additive dispensing apparatus200is electrically coupled to the control panel108so that a user can control the operation of the liquid additive dispensing apparatus200through the interface provided by the control panel108.
FIG. 3is a partial perspective view of the washing machine100and the liquid additive dispensing apparatus200, with the cabinet102, part of the wash tub116and part of the wash basket122removed. The venturi member230is disposed at a lower corner of the wash tub116, defined by the bottom wall118and sidewall120, and in fluid communication with the liquid additive storage container210through the tube220.
One exemplary embodiment of the venturi member230is shown inFIG. 4. In this embodiment, the venturi member230is shown as a venturi tube300. The venturi tube300includes a first portion310, an opposite second portion320, and a throat portion330connecting the first portion310and the second portion320. The throat portion330is sufficiently smaller in cross section than the first portion310and the second portion320, so that a venturi effect can be implemented by the venturi tube300, when a fluid passes through the venturi tube300. The outlet224of the tube220is in fluid communication with the throat portion330of the venturi tube300, so that the liquid additive can flow from the storage container210into the throat portion330.
In the shown embodiment, the first portion310is a substantially tapered portion having cross sections decreasing gradually toward the throat portion330. Similarly, the second portion320is a substantially tapered portion having cross sections decreasing gradually toward the throat portion330.
Although in the shown embodiment, both the first portion310and the second portion320are substantially tapered, a person of ordinary skill in the art understands that the first portion and the second portion may have consistent cross sections, which can be different from each other, as long as the narrowed throat portion is sufficiently smaller in cross section than both the first portion and the second portion to be able to create a venturi effect. Alternatively, one of the first and second portions can have a tapered cross section and the other can have a consistent cross section.
In addition, a person of ordinary skill in the art understands that the tapered portions can have any suitable geometrically regular cross sections (such as circular, square, triangle cross sections and so on), geometrically irregular cross sections, and any combination thereof.
The venturi tube300is dimensioned so that it can be placed within the space S between the wash tub116and the wash basket122, without interfering the rotation of the wash basket122and any other operation of the washing machine100. The venturi tube300is fixedly attached to the bottom wall118and/or sidewall120of the wash tub116, through any known means. For example, the venturi tube300includes a pair of tabs340extending from the first portion310and the second portion320, respectively, which can be fixed to the sidewall120of the wash tub116through nails or screws.
In the shown embodiment, when the wash basket122rotates around the axle168within the wash tub116at a predetermined speed, a flow of fluid, in this embodiment a water flow, is established through the venturi tube300having two opposite portions310and320and a constricted throat portion330, which creates a venturi effect at the throat portion330of the venturi tube300. The venturi effect results in a reduction of fluid pressure in the throat portion330. Depending on the rotating speed of the wash basket122, a significant reduction of pressure or even a vacuum can be created in the throat portion330, which results in a suction effect drawing the liquid additive from the liquid additive storage container210to the outlet224of the tube220.
The fluid flow through the venturi member can be a flow of air, a flow of water or a flow of mixed air and water, depending on the specific design of the venturi member, such as the position of the storage container, and the liquid suction power required for drawing the liquid additive from the storage container into the wash tub.
Rotating direction of the wash basket122determines which tapered portion of the venturi tube300is an intake taper or an exit taper. For example, if the wash basket122rotates clockwise, the fluid flow enters the first portion310, subsequently passes through the throat portion330, and eventually exits the second portion320at an increased speed. The liquid additive sucked into the throat portion330, due to the reduction of fluid pressure in the throat portion330, is mixed with the fluid flow and consequently delivered into wash tub116through the second portion320.
FIG. 5is a schematic view of the venturi tube300along Lines5-5inFIG. 4, after the venturi tube300is mounted to the washing machine100. In the shown embodiment, the wash basket112rotates counter clockwise to generate a water flow WF passing through sequentially the second portion320, the throat portion330and the first portion310of the venturi tube300, as shown by the arrows inFIG. 5.
The tube220is inserted into the venturi tube300through an opening123formed in the sidewall120of the wash tub116and a corresponding opening350formed in the venturi member300, to allow the outlet224of the tube220be exposed to the throat portion330of the venturi member300. A sealing member360is provided to ensure that no fluid leaking occurs between the tube220and the venturi tube300/tub116. In the shown embodiment, the outlet224of the tube220is exposed at a position adjacent to and downstream of the throat portion330along the direction of the water flow WF. Thus, when the water flow WF flows through the venturi tube300to create a venturi effect, the liquid additive is drawn from the storage container210to form a liquid additive flow AF, as shown by the dotted lines inFIG. 5.
Referring back toFIG. 3, the liquid additive storage container210includes a body212for containing the liquid additive and a cover214for sealingly closing the body212. The body212has an opening215connected to the inlet222of the tube220, to allow the liquid additive to flow from the body212into the tube220. In the shown embodiment, the body212includes a raised ridge216dividing the body212into a first chamber217having the opening215and a second chamber218for holding a certain amount of liquid additive. The first chamber217and the second chamber218are in fluid communication with one another.
The surface of the liquid additive in the second chamber218is disposed below the top of the raised ridge216, so that the liquid additive is normally contained in the second chamber218and sucked into the first chamber217once the reduced fluid pressure at the outlet224of the tube220adjacent to the throat portion330is below a predetermined value. The rotating speed of the wash basket122can be predetermined and/or adjusted to implement a sufficient reduction of fluid pressure under venturi effect, so that the liquid additive in the second chamber218can pass over the raised ridge216and enter the first chamber217.
FIG. 6illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the liquid additive storage container, identified by numeral250. In this embodiment, the liquid additive storage container250includes a body252for containing the liquid additive and a cover253for sealingly closing the body252. A diaphragm254is further provided within the body252for dividing the body252into a first chamber255having an opening256in fluid communication with the inlet222of the tube220and a second chamber257for holding the liquid additive between the diaphragm254and the cover253. A normally closed valve258is provided in the diaphragm254. Accordingly, the liquid additive in the second chamber257cannot flow into the first chamber255until the valve258opens when the reduced pressure at the outlet224adjacent to the throat portion330of the venturi tube300is below a predetermined value. For example, the valve258can be a spring-biased valve, which can be pulled open by the reduced fluid pressure when the suction force applied by the reduced fluid pressure overcomes the spring force of the valve. The reduction of pressure in the venturi tube300can be controlled by the rotating speed of the wash basket122within the wash tub116.
Although in the shown embodiment, the diaphragm254is substantially horizontal to divide the body252into a lower chamber255and an upper chamber257, a person of ordinary skill in the art understands that the diaphragm can be disposed substantially vertical or diagonally within the body and the divided chambers can be side by side. Furthermore, the shape of the body212/252can vary from what is shown in the figures, without departing from the spirit of this aspect of the present invention. In addition, due to the suction effect implemented by the venturi member230, the gravity of the liquid additive is no longer relied on for delivering the liquid additive. Accordingly, the opening215/256of the storage container210/250can be disposed at any possible location of the container body, for example, at the top of the container body. Also, the storage container can be disposed altitudinally lower than the wash tub116. These features offer convenience for designing the washing machine, especially when the space within the washing machine is limited.
FIG. 7illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the venturi member230. In this exemplary embodiment, the venturi member230is shown as a venturi plate400mounted to the bottom wall118and the sidewall120of the wash tub116.FIG. 8is an enlarged view of the venturi plate400.
In the shown embodiment, the venturi plate400, the bottom wall118and the sidewall120collectively define a passageway500, through which the fluid in the wash tub116flows with the rotation of the wash basket122. One or more sealing member can be provided to ensure that no fluid leaking occurs at the interfaces of the venturi plate400and the sidewall120/bottom wall118of the wash tub116.
In order to implement a venturi effect, the venturi plate400is shaped and dimensioned so that, after it is mounted to the bottom wall118and the sidewall120of the wash tub116, the resultant passageway500has a first portion510, an opposite second portion520and a throat portion530connecting the first and second portions. The outlet224of the tube220is in fluid communication with the throat portion530of the passageway500. The throat portion530is sufficiently smaller in cross section than the first portion510and the second portion520, so that a venturi effect can be generated in the throat portion530to draw the liquid additive from the storage container210into the passageway500.
For example, the first portion510or the second portion520of the passageway500can be substantially tapered to have cross sections decreasing gradually toward the throat portion530. Alternatively, the first portion510or the second portion520of the passageway500can have a consistent cross section, as long as the cross section of the throat portion530is sufficiently smaller than the cross sections of the first portion and the second portion, to allow creation of a venturi effect in the throat portion. In addition, the first portion510and the second portion520can have any suitable geometrically regular or irregular cross sections.
As understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, the shape or profile of the venturi plate400can vary as long as a fluid passageway as described above can be provided by the combination of the venturi plate400, the bottom wall118and the sidewall120of the wash tub116.
In the shown embodiment, the venturi plate400includes a first curved portion410and a second curved portion420, connected to each other. For example, the first curved portion410and the second curved portion420can be symmetrical to each other, which makes it easy to manufacture. As shown, the first curved portion410decreases geometrically toward the second curved portion420, and vice versa.
The venturi plate400is dimensioned so that it can be placed within the space S between the wash tub116and the wash basket122, without interfering the rotation of the wash basket122and any other operation of the washing machine100. The venturi plate400is fixedly attached to the bottom wall118and sidewall120of the wash tub116, through any known means. For example, a first pair of tabs430, extending oppositely from the first curved portion410, can be provided to the first curved portion410. The tabs430can be fixed to the bottom wall118and the sidewall120, respectively, through nails or screws, for example. A second pair of tabs440, extending oppositely from the second curved portion420, can be provided to the second curved portion420. The tabs440can be fixed to the bottom wall118and the sidewall120, respectively, through nails or screws, for example.
In the shown embodiment, when the wash basket122rotates about the axle168within the wash tub116at a predetermined speed, a flow of fluid is established through the passageway500having a sufficiently small throat portion530, which creates a venturi effect near the throat portion530of the passageway500. The venturi effect results in a reduction of pressure in the throat portion530. Depending on the rotating speed of the wash basket122, a significant reduction of pressure or even a vacuum can be created in the throat portion530, which results in a suction effect drawing the liquid additive from the liquid additive storage container210to the outlet224of the tube220. Rotating direction of the wash basket122determines the exit direction of the liquid additive from the passageway500. The rotating speed of the wash basket122can be controlled automatically or by a user through the control panel108of the washing machine100.
FIG. 9is a schematic sectional view of the venturi plate400along Lines9-9inFIG. 8, after the venturi plate400is mounted to the washing machine100. In the shown embodiment, the wash basket112rotates counter clockwise to generate a water flow WF passing through sequentially the second portion520, the throat portion530and the first portion510of the passageway500, as shown by the arrows inFIG. 9. The tube220is inserted into the wash tub116through an opening125formed in the sidewall120of the wash tub116, to expose the outlet224to the passageway500. A sealing member370is provided to ensure that no fluid leaking occurs between the tube220and the wash basket116.
In the shown embodiment, the outlet224of the tube220is exposed at a position adjacent to and downstream of the throat portion530of the passageway500along the direction of the water flow WF. Thus, when the water flow WF flows through the passageway500to create a venturi effect, the liquid additive is drawn from the storage container210to form a liquid additive flow AF, as shown by the dotted lines inFIG. 9.
FIG. 10illustrates a possible positional relationship between the wash tub116and the storage container210, in which the storage container210is placed in a position attitudinally higher than the lower corner of the wash tub116where the venturi plate400is mounted.FIG. 11illustrates another possible positional relationship between the wash tub116and the storage container210, in which the storage container210is disposed in a position altitudinally lower than the corner of the wash tub116. Due to the controllable suction effect generated by the venturi plate400, the liquid additive can be drawn up into the passageway500, notwithstanding the relative position of the storage container210with respect to the wash tub116.
According to the above exemplary embodiments of the present invention, water is not used for dispensing the liquid additive to the wash tub, and it is not necessary to place the liquid additive storage container at a position altitudinally higher than the outlet of the liquid additive supply tube. Accordingly, the liquid additive dispensing apparatus according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the limited space in the washing machine can be used more efficiently since the liquid additive storage container can be disposed at any position.
While the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to various specific embodiments thereof have been shown, described and pointed out, it will also be understood that various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it should be recognized that structures and/or elements and/or method steps shown and/or described in connection with any disclosed form or embodiment of the invention may be incorporated in any other disclosed or described or suggested form or embodiment as a general matter of design choice. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, a circular loom of the first embodiment of this
invention includes an endless raceway assembly 10 and several shuttles 20
(only one is shown) which slide along the raceway assembly 10.
The raceway assembly 10 includes a stationary horizontal upper ring plate
11, a stationary horizontal lower ring plate 12, and a vertical rod
mechanism interposed between the upper and lower ring plates 11, 12. The
upper ring plate 11 has a notch 110 formed in the bottom surface 111
thereof. The lower ring plate 12 has a notch 120 formed in the top surface
121 thereof and aligned with the notch 110 of the upper ring plate 11.
The rod mechanism includes a row of circumferentially aligned outer guide
rod units 13 spaced apart from each other at a first predetermined
distance, a row of circumferentially aligned inner guide rod units 14
spaced apart from each other at a second predetermined distance and
located inside the outer guide rod units 13, several horizontal outer
curved blocks 130 which are connected threadably to the outer vertical
walls of the upper and lower ring plates 11, 12 by means of several bolts
1301, and several horizontal inner curved blocks 140 which are mounted
threadably in the notches 110, 120 of the upper and lower ring plates 11,
12 by means of several bolts 1401.
Each of the outer guide rod units 13 has a generally vertical continuous
outer rod section which interconnects securely the outer curved blocks 130
at two end portions thereof, and a recess 131 that is formed in a surface
of the outer rod section and that faces a corresponding one of the inner
guide rod units 14.
Each of the inner guide rod units 14 is aligned radially with the
corresponding one of the outer guide rod units 13 so as to define a
confining space 15 between the inner guide rod unit 14 and the
corresponding one of the outer guide rod units 13. The inner and outer
guide rod units 14, 13 are radially spaced apart from each other at a
third predetermined distance. Each of the inner guide rod units 14 has an
upper inner rod section with an upper end that is secured to the inner
curved blocks 140 at the upper ring plate 11, and a lower inner rod
section with a lower end that is secured to the inner curved blocks 140 at
the lower ring plate 12 so as to define an accommodating space 141 between
the lower end of the upper inner rod section and the upper end of the
lower inner rod section of the inner guide rod unit 14. The accommodating
spaces 141 between the upper and lower inner rod sections are aligned with
each other.
The shuttle 20 has a shuttle body which includes a curved shuttle shell 21
that is disposed vertically between the upper and lower ring plates 11,
12, an elliptical shuttle frame 22 that is positioned inside the shuttle
shell 21, and a guide bar 23 mounted securely on an end portion of the
shuttle frame 22 at an end portion thereof. The shuttle body can move
along the raceway assembly 10 by means of a timing disc 70, a thrust unit
80, and a stopper unit 90 which are similar in function to the
conventional circular loom so as to weave a cloth in a known manner. The
shuttle 20 further has a guide plate assembly 24 which includes a
horizontal guide plate 241 secured to and extending radially outward from
the shuttle shell 21 of the shuttle body, and a tangentially extending
vertical guide plate 242 which has a middle portion that is connected
securely to a radial outer end of the horizontal guide plate 241 and that
is located between the upper and lower portions of the vertical guide
plate 242, an upper end located at a level above the lower ends of the
upper inner rod sections, and a lower end located at a level below the
upper ends of the lower inner rod sections. Two sliding bodies 25 are
respectively and removably connected to the upper and lower portions of
the vertical guide plate 242 and are confined within the recesses 131 of
the outer guide rod units 13. The horizontal guide plate 241 extends
through the accommodating spaces 141 of the inner guide rod units 14 when
the shuttle 20 slides along the raceway assembly 10. The vertical guide
plate 242 is confined between the outer and inner guide rod units 13, 14.
Each of the sliding bodies 25 has two vertical side walls which
respectively slide on the rod sections of the outer and inner guide rod
units 13, 14, and two curved surfaces 251, as shown in FIG. 9, formed in
two end surface thereof so as to facilitate sliding of the sliding body 25
on the rod sections of the outer and inner guide rod units 13, 14.
Again referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the upper ring plate 11 has a removable
portion 16 which is connected removably to a remaining portion of the
upper ring plate 11 by means of a connecting plate 17 which interconnects
threadably the upper ring plate 11 and the removable portion 16 with the
use of several bolts 18. The removable portion 16 has a notch 160 formed
in the bottom surface thereof and aligned circumferentially with the notch
120 of the lower ring plate 12 so as to receive an inner curved block 140
and some of the inner guide rod units 14. When the removable portion 16 is
removed from the upper ring plate 11, the vertical guide plate 242 of the
shuttle 20 can be removed from the confining spaces 15 via a gap portion
of the upper ring plate 11.
When the shuttle 20 slides along the raceway assembly 10, the inner guide
rod units 14 can prevent removal of the shuttle 20 from the raceway
assembly 10. Accordingly, the circular loom can weave a cloth of greater
strength than the conventional circular loom. Without the wheels mounted
on the shuttle 20, the warp threads (S) can not be cut off when the
shuttle 20 slides along the raceway assembly 10. Accordingly, the circular
loom can weave a cloth of weaker strength than the conventional circular
loom.
FIG. 10 shows the modified inner guide rod units (14a) and guide plate
assembly (24a) according to the second embodiment of this invention. As
shown, each of the inner guide rod units (14a) has a single vertical inner
rod section which has an upper end that is secured to an inner curved
block (140a) which is mounted threadably on the upper ring plate (11a).
The outer guide rod units (13a) and the inner guide rod units (14a)
together define a confining space (15a). The single vertical inner rod
section of each of the inner guide rod units (14a) and the lower ring
plate (12a) define an accommodating space (141a) therebetween. The
accommodating spaces (141a) of the inner guide rod units (14a) are aligned
with each other. The guide plate assembly (24a) of the shuttle (20a)
includes a horizontal guide plate (241a) which projects radially outward
from the shuttle shell (21a) through the accommodating spaces (141a), and
a vertical guide plate (242a) which has a lower end secured to a distal
outer end of the horizontal guide plate (241a) and an upper end located at
a level above the lower ends of the vertical inner rod sections of the
inner guide units (14a). Two sliding bodies (25a) are connected
respectively and removably to the upper and lower portions of the vertical
guide plate (242a) and are confined in the confining space (15a) so as to
allow the shuttle (20a) to slide along the raceway assembly (10a).
FIG. 11 shows the modified inner guide rod units (14b) and guide plate
assembly (24b) according to the third embodiment of this invention. As
shown, each of the inner guide rod units (14b) has a single vertical inner
rod section with a lower end that is secured to an inner curved block
(140b) which is mounted threadably on the lower ring plate (12b). The
outer guide rod units (13b) and the inner guide rod units (14b) together
define a confining space (15b). The single vertical inner rod section of
each of the inner guide rod units (14b) and the upper ring plate (11b)
define an accommodating space (141b) therebetween. The accommodating
spaces (141b) of the inner guide rod units (14b) are aligned with each
other. The guide plate assembly (24b) of the shuttle (20b) includes a
horizontal guide plate (241b) which projects radially outward from the
shuttle shell (21b) through the accommodating spaces (141b), and a
vertical guide plate (242b) which has an upper end secured to a distal
outer end of the horizontal guide plate (241b) and a lower end located at
a level below the upper ends of the vertical inner rod sections of the
inner guide units (14b). Two sliding bodies (25b) are connected
respectively and removably to the upper and lower portions of the vertical
guide plate (242b) and are confined in the confining space (15b) so as to
allow the shuttle (20b) to slide along the raceway assembly
FIG. 12 shows the modified outer guide rod units (13c) according to the
fourth embodiment of this invention. As shown, the endless raceway
assembly (10c) and the shuttles (20c) (only one is shown) are similar in
construction to the first embodiment of this invention except for the
outer guide rod units (13c). Each of the outer guide rod units (13c) has a
generally vertical continuous outer rod section which interconnects
securely the upper and lower ring plates (11c), (12c) in the same manner
as that of the first embodiment, a recess (131c) which is formed in a
surface of the outer rod section and which faces a corresponding one of
the inner guide rod units (14c), and a positioning block (132c) which is
mounted securely in the recess (131c) and which is located between the
sliding bodies (25c) when the shuttle (20c) slides over the outer guide
rod units (13c). Accordingly, the positioning blocks (132c) can
effectively confine the sliding bodies (25c) within the recesses (131c) of
the outer guide rod units (13c).
FIG. 13 shows the modified inner guide rod units (14d) according to the
fifth embodiment of this invention. As shown, the endless raceway assembly
(10d) and the shuttles (20d) are similar in construction to the first
embodiment of this invention except for the inner guide rod units (14d).
Each of the inner guide rod units (14d) has an upper inner rod section and
a lower inner rod section which are respectively secured to the upper and
lower ring plates (11d), (12d) in the same manner as that of the first
embodiment so as to define one of the accommodating spaces (141d) between
the upper and lower inner rod sections. The upper inner rod section of
each of the inner guide rod units (14d) has an L-shaped lower end portion
(142d) which includes a vertical section mounted securely on a remaining
portion of the upper inner rod section, and a horizontal section that has
a radial inner end mounted securely on the lower end of the vertical
section of the L-shaped lower end portion (142d). Accordingly, the
L-shaped lower end portion (142d) can retain the upper sliding body (25d)
within the confining space (15d) so as to allow the upper sliding body
(25d) to effectively slide within the recesses (131d) of the outer guide
rod units (13d). The lower inner rod section of each of the inner guide
rod units (14d) has an L-shaped upper end portion (143d) which includes a
vertical section that is mounted securely on a remaining portion of the
lower inner rod section, and a horizontal section having a radial inner
end that is mounted securely on the upper end of the vertical section of
the L-shaped upper end portion (143d). Accordingly, the L-shaped upper end
portion (143d) can retain the lower sliding body (25d) within the
confining space (15d) so as to allow the upper sliding body (25d) to
effectively slide within the recesses (131d) of the outer guide rod units
(13d).
With this invention thus explained, it is apparent that numerous
modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope
and spirit of this invention. It is therefore intended that this invention
be limited only as indicated in the appended claims. | 3D
| 03 | D |
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions and/or relative positioning of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve the understanding of various embodiments of the present disclosure. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are not often depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be further appreciated that certain actions and/or steps may be described or depicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in the art will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence is not actually required. It will also be understood that the terms and expressions used herein are to be defined with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meaning have otherwise been set forth herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure provides a system and method for enabling scheduled data messages to be transmitted within a communication system on a controlled access packet data channel. When a scheduled data message is to be transmitted, a mobile device generates the data message, appends a predetermined type of header to the data message, and passes the data message to a communication unit. The header comprises an hour field, a minute field, and a slot field indicative of a specific time when the data message is to be transmitted on the controlled access packet data channel.
After receiving a data message from the mobile device, the communication unit parses the received data message to determine whether the received data message should be processed as a scheduled data message on the controlled access packet data channel. This may involve determining whether the destination address of the data message matches a predetermined set of destination addresses reserved for scheduled data message, validating the information in the header, and/or confirming that the data message is of a size that can be transmitted in the controlled access packet data channel. If the communication unit does determine that the data message should be processed as a scheduled data message, the communication unit transmits the data message to a fixed network at a specific time based on the hour, minute, and slot fields in the header.
Let us now discuss the present disclosure in greater detail by referring to the figures below.FIG. 1shows one embodiment of a communication system100in accordance with the present disclosure. The system100comprises a plurality of communication units120that are in wireless communication with a fixed network110via one or more wireless communication resources130. The fixed network110may comprise any number of convention devices as is well known in the art. For example, the fixed network110may comprise a plurality of base sites, each of which may comprise a plurality of repeaters that are capable of receiving and retransmitting messages amongst the communication units120. The fixed network110may also comprise one or more console sites, each of which may comprise one or more dispatch consoles. In the case of a trunked system, the fixed network110may also comprise a zone controller that manages and assigns Internet Protocol (IP) multicast addresses for payload (voice, data, video, etc.) and control messages between and among the various base sites. The functionality and purpose of base sites, console sites, and zone controllers are well known in the art and are therefore not discussed in any further detail herein.
The wireless communication resources may comprise any type of communication resource such as, for example, RF technologies, including, but not limited to Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and the like. Other wireless technologies, such as those now known or later to be developed and including, but not limited to, infrared, Bluetooth, electric field, electromagnetic, or electrostatic transmissions, may also offer suitable substitutes.
The communication units120may be mobile or portable wireless radio units, cellular radio/telephones, or any other type of device capable of wirelessly communicating with the fixed network110. The communications units120are also often referred to in the art as “radios” or “subscribers.” As shown inFIG. 1, each communication unit120may also be coupled to a mobile device140such as a video terminal, portable computer, or the like. Of course, while the communication unit120and the mobile device140are illustrated as separate units, they may also be integrated into a single device, such as, for example, a portable computer with an integrated wireless card.
Practitioners skilled in the art will appreciate that the system100may also comprise various other elements not shown inFIG. 1. For example, the communication system100may be connected to a number of additional content sources, such as the Internet or various Intranets. The fixed network110may also comprise multiple interconnected zones, each containing a zone controller, base sites, and data servers. The system100may also be linked to a public switched telephone network (PSTN), a paging network, or a facsimile machine.
FIG. 2illustrates one exemplary embodiment of an inbound controlled access packet data channel (also referred to herein as “controlled access channel”) that may be utilized for transmission of scheduled data messages from a communication unit120to the fixed network110in the system ofFIG. 1. As shown, the controlled access channel200comprises a plurality of discrete slots202, each of which is capable of being used to transmit a singe scheduled data message. Preferably, the size of each slot202is chosen so as to accommodate the largest expected scheduled data message that can be transmitted on the control access channel, although any size may be chosen. The controlled access channel200is also delineated into a plurality of microslots204. As will be understood from the below description, the microslots204provide a method for determining a specific moment in time within a particular time interval. In the embodiment described herein, each slot202is 150 ms in duration and comprises 20 microslots204, each having a duration of 7.5 ms. However, other durations for the slots202and microslots204may also be used.
FIG. 3illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a communication unit120and an associated mobile device140that is configured to transmit scheduled data messages on the controlled access channel200in accordance with the present disclosure. The mobile device140comprises at least one application304that is configured to generate data messages on a scheduled basis and pass the scheduled data messages to the communication unit120for transmission to the fixed network110. The nature and purpose of the application304is dependent on the specific communication system100. For example, in one embodiment, each mobile device140may be associated with a different motor vehicle, in which case the application304may be configured to generate short data messages, at preset intervals, indicative of location information for the associated motor vehicle. Of course, other types of applications may also be utilized and the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to any specific type of mobile device or application.
Each mobile device140may also be assigned to a particular set of slots202on the controlled access channel200when that particular mobile device140is to transmit its scheduled data messages. For each mobile device140, the slots202may be assigned at preset intervals, although any assignment method may be used so long as only one mobile device140is assigned to any slot202. In this way, each instance in time can only be used for scheduled data message transmissions by a single mobile device140. However, it should be understood that not every single slot202need be assigned to a mobile device140. For example, in one embodiment, a group of slots may remain unassigned and reserved for contention opportunities amongst multiple mobile devices140when the assigned slots are not sufficient to accommodate the data messages from a particular mobile device140.
In some instances, the communication system100may also comprise mobile devices140and/or applications304that are not configured to generate data messages for scheduled transmission on the controlled access channel200, but are instead configured to generate unscheduled data messages that are to be transmitted using one or more classic packet data channels. In this case, as shown inFIG. 3, the communication unit120may also comprise a destination filter302. The destination filter302may comprise a list of destination addresses, such as destination IP address and destination ports, which are reserved only for scheduled data messages that are to be transmitted on the controlled access channel200. As will be discussed in more detail below, this permits scheduled data messages intended for transmission on the controlled access channel200to be efficiently filtered from unscheduled data messages that are not intended for transmission on the controlled access channel200. In one embodiment, the communication unit120may be configured with the destination filter302by the application304via Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), although other methods may also be used.
Each communication unit120is also preferably aligned in absolute time and in a predefined sequence with respect to other communication units120to ensure that the communication units120are synchronized. In one embodiment, this synchronization is accomplished by a time synchronization signal being sent from the fixed network110to the communication units120, via, for example, a control channel. In an APCO Project 25 compliant system, the time synchronization signal may be a SYNC_BCST OSP signal that is being processed for standardization and transmitted periodically to the communication units120to ensure that the communication units120can derive the necessary synchronization. The SYNC_BCST OSP signal may also comprise information indicative of specific hour, minute and microslot parameters to indicate the then current time, where the microslot parameter identifies the number of microslots that have elapsed at the then current time since the occurrence of a first microslot within the specific hour and minute. However, many different methods for synchronizing communication units are known in the art and the present disclosure is not to be limited to any specific method. The communication unit120may also forward the synchronized time information to the application304to enable the application304to accurately schedule data message transmissions.
FIG. 4illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the structure of a scheduled data message400that may be generated by the application304in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown, the scheduled data message400comprises destination information402, a header404, and a message payload406. The destination information402comprises a destination address to which the scheduled data message400is to be transmitted, and the message payload406comprises the substance of the data message400to be transmitted.
The header404comprises information indicative of a time when the scheduled data message400should be transmitted. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the header404comprises an hour field412and a minute field414that identifies the hour and minute, respectively, during which the scheduled data message400should be transmitted. The header404also comprises a slot field410indicative of the slot number, within the identified minute of the identified hour, in which the scheduled data message should be transmitted. The particular method in which the hour, minute, and slot information is utilized will be described in more detail with regards toFIG. 6.
As shown inFIG. 4, the header information also comprises a Cyclic Redundancy Checksum (CRC)416of the slot field410, hour field412, and minute field414. The CRC416is used to detect whether a valid header has been included with the scheduled data message400, and thus, as will be described in more detail below, prevents misinterpretation of data messages provided to the communication unit120from the mobile device140. The header400may also comprise a version field408to identify the version of the protocol being utilized by the application304.
In one embodiment, the header404may be6octets in size, with one octet being used for the version field408, two octets for the slot field410, one octet for the hour field412, one octet for the minute field414, and one octet for the CRC field416. However, the size of the header404and each field in the header404may of course be altered as a matter of design choice.
FIG. 5illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a method for generating the scheduled data message400for transmission on the controlled access channel200. In step502, the application304in the mobile device140determines that a scheduled data message400needs to be sent to the fixed network110. The application304determines a specific time, using the hour, minute, and slot number, when the scheduled data message400is to be transmitted in step504. For example, in one embodiment, the specific time is determined based on the next available slot time that has been assigned to the mobile device140. Additionally, the chosen transmission time provides a sufficient delay to ensure that the communication unit120is capable of processing the scheduled data message prior to the transmission time.
In step506, the application304generates the message payload and the destination address, and inserts a header404in front of the message payload to identify the determined transmission time in step508. As noted above, the transmission time is specified in the header using an hour field, a minute field, and a slot field. As also noted above, the application304may further comprise version information and a CRC checksum of the hour, minute, and slot fields in the header404. In step510, the application304sends the scheduled data message400to the communication unit120, where the scheduled data message400is processed and transmitted based on the header information404.
FIG. 6illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a method for processing data messages received by the communication unit120in accordance with the present disclosure. The communication unit120receives a data message from the application304in the mobile device140in step602. In step604, the communication unit120determines whether the destination information provided in the received data message matches a destination address in the destination filter302. If there is a match, the communication unit120identifies the received data message as a potential scheduled data message intended for transmission on the controlled access channel200and the process proceeds to step606. If there is no match, the received data message is processed as an unscheduled data message and is transmitted using a classical packet data channel in step620.
In step606, the communication unit120determines whether the received data message comprises header information that is correctly formatted for a scheduled data message. In one embodiment, this involves the communication unit120checking whether the data message comprises a header404, and validating the hour and minute fields of the header404to make sure that they are within an acceptable range (i.e., 0 to 23 and 0 to 59, respectively). This step may also involve the communication unit120validating the CRC checksum for the slot, hour, and minute fields. The specific process for validating a CRC checksum is well known and is therefore not discussed in detail herein. If the data message does not comprise a header404that is correctly formatted, the process proceeds to step620and the data message is transmitted as an unscheduled data message on a classical packet data channel. If, however, the data message comprises a header404that is correctly formatted for a scheduled data message, the process proceeds to step608.
In step608, the communication unit120strips the header404from the received data message and determines whether the resulting data message (i.e., without the header) is capable of being transmitted within a single slot202in the controlled access channel200in step610. If the resulting data message is not capable of being transmitted within a single slot202, the data message is transmitted as an unscheduled data message on a classical packet data channel in step620. If, however, the resulting data message is capable of being transmitted within a single slot202, the process proceeds to step612.
In step612, it is determined whether the communication unit120is currently transmitting on a classic packet data channel. If the communication unit is already transmitting on a classic packet data channel, the data message is transmitted to the fixed network110using the classic packet data channel in step620. If the communication unit120is not already transmitting on a classic packet data channel, the process proceeds to step614.
In step614, the communication unit120determines whether the transmission opportunity for the data message has elapsed. More specifically, the communication unit120determines whether the transmission time indicated in the header404of the data message has already passed. This may occur, for example, if the mobile device140provides a data message that is improperly scheduled for a time that has already occurred, or if the processing of the data message results in the message not being ready for transmission until after that the transmission time has passed. Regardless of the reason, if the transmission opportunity has elapsed, the communication unit120discards the data message in step616. If the transmission opportunity has not elapsed, the process proceeds to step618.
In step618, the communication unit120transmits the data message to the fixed network110based on the time information that was provided in the header. More particularly, the time that the communication unit120launches the data message is determined based on the slot, hour, and minutes fields in the header302. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by the communication unit120calculating the specific microslot204, within the identified hour and minute, when transmission of the data message should begin by using the following formula:
Microslot=(Slot Number*Slot Size)/Microslot Size (1)
For instance, let us assume that each microslot is 75 ms in duration and each slot is 150 ms in duration. In this case, the microslot when the data message should be transmitted during a specified hour and minute is calculated as follows:
Microslot=(Slot Number*0.150)/0.0075 (2)
Thus, for example, if the header404of a scheduled data message400indicates that the scheduled data message400is to be transmitted at hour 23, minute 12, and slot3, the communication unit120calculates that the scheduled data message400should be transmitted at the 60th microslot since the beginning of the twelfth minute in the twenty-third hour. As a result, the scheduled data message transmission would commence at 23:12:00.45.
By means of the aforementioned disclosure, a protocol is provided for communicating between mobile devices140and communication units120to enable transmission of scheduled data messages at a specific time on a controlled access channel200. As a result, multiple devices can transmit data message on a single controlled access channel without the contention issues that often occur with unscheduled data message sent on classic packet data channels. Additionally, since there is little risk that the scheduled data message would be corrupted due to interference from data message transmitted by other mobile devices, the scheduled data messages in the present disclosure may also be transmitted as unconfirmed messages (i.e., without requiring an acknowledgment signal to be sent back to the transmitting device).
Further advantages and modifications of the above described system and method will readily occur to those skilled in the art. The disclosure, in its broader aspects, is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative system and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described above. Various modifications and variations can be made to the above specification without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure, and it is intended that the present disclosure cover all such modifications and variations provided they come within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
| 7H
| 04 | J |
The present invention is now illustrated in greater detail with reference
to Examples and Comparative Examples, but it should be understood that the
present invention is not deemed to be limited thereto. In these Examples,
all the parts, percents, and ratios are by weight unless otherwise
indicated.
EXAMPLE 1
______________________________________
Magnetic fine powder (EPT-1000,
80 parts
produced by Toda Kogyo K.K.)
Polyethylene (Mitsui Hiwax 400P,
10 parts
produced by Mitsui Petrochemical
Ind., Ltd.)
Polyethylene having a carboxyl
10 parts
group (acid value: 20 KOH/mg)
______________________________________
The above components were melt-kneaded by heating in a pressure kneader.
The resulting molten mixture (viscosity 5,000 cps) was atomized and cooled
to solidify by means of a disc type atomizer, followed by classification
to obtain a spherical magnetic powder-dispersed carrier having a mean
particle size of 100 .mu.m.
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 1
______________________________________
Magnetic fine powder (EPT 1000)
80 parts
Polyethylene (Mitsui Hiwas 400P)
20 parts
______________________________________
The above components were kneaded, granulated, and classified in the same
manner as in Example 1 to obtain a spherical magnetic powder-dispersed
carrier having a mean particle size of 100 .mu.m.
EXAMPLE 2
______________________________________
Magnetic fine powder (EPT 1000)
80 parts
Polyethylene (Mitsui Hiwax 400P)
15 parts
Ethylene-styrene copolymer (8:2)
5 parts
______________________________________
The above components were melt-kneaded by heating in a pressure kneader.
The resulting molten mixture (viscosity 5,000 cps) was atomized and cooled
to solidify by means of a disc type atomizer, followed by classification
to obtain a spherical magnetic powder dispersed carrier having a mean
particle size of 100 .mu.m.
EXAMPLE 3
A hundred parts of the carrier particles obtained in Example 2 were coated
with a 10% acetone solution containing 0.5 part of a styrene-methyl
methacrylate-acrylic acid copolymer (80:15:5 by mol) by the use of a
fluidized bed coating apparatus to obtain a coated carrier.
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 2
A hundred parts of the carrier particles obtained in Comparative Example 1
were coated with 0.5 part of a styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid
copolymer (80:15:5 by mol) in the same manner as in Example 3 to obtain a
coated carrier.
EXAMPLE 4
______________________________________
Magnetic fine powder (EPT-1000)
80 parts
Polyethylene (Mitsui Hiwax 400P)
19.8 parts
5:5 Copolymer of perfluorohexylethyl
0.2 part
methacrylate and polyethylene
(Mitsui Hiwax 400P) obtained by
polymerizing perfluorohexylethyl
methacrylate in the presence of
polyethylene
______________________________________
The above components were melt-kneaded by heating in a pressure kneader,
and the molten mixture (viscosity 7,500 cps) was atomized and cooled to
solidify by means of a disc type atomizer, followed by classification to
obtain a spherical magnetic powder-dispersed carrier having a mean
particle size of 100 .mu.m.
EXAMPLE 5
A hundred parts of the carrier particles obtained in Example 4 were coated
with a 10% solution of 0.2 part of a perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate
polymer in a fluorine-containing solvent (Diflon Solvent S-3, produced by
Daikin Kogyo Co., Ltd.) by means of a kneader coater to obtain a coated
carrier.
COMATIVE EXAMPLE 3
A hundred parts of the carrier particles obtained in Comparative Example 1
were coated with 0.2 part of a perfluorohexylethyl methacrylate polymer in
the same manner as in Example 5 to obtain a coated carrier.
Each of the carriers obtained in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1
to 3 was mixed with a toner which comprised 100 parts of a styrene-n-butyl
methacrylate copolymer (80:20 by mol) and 10 parts of carbon black (Ligal
330, produced by Cabot Co.) and had a mean particle size of 11 .mu.m, to
prepare a developer having a toner concentration of 3%.
The resulting developer was loaded in a bench machine for evaluation, and
copying was carried out at a photoreceptor speed of 350 mm/sec and a
developing magnetic roll (sleeve) speed of 550 mm/sec. The quantity of
charge, solid image density, fog density at background areas, fine line
reproducibility, and adhesion of the carrier to the photoreceptor were
evaluated both in the initial stage of copying and after running 100,000
times. Further, the same test running was carried out under a high
humidity condition (30.degree. C., 80% RH) or a low humidity condition
(10.degree. C., 30% RH) to observe any change in performance. The results
obtained are shown in Table below.
TABLE
__________________________________________________________________________
Charge Quantity Fog Density at
Fine Line
After
Solid Density
Background Area
Reproducibility
100,000 After After After
Initial
Times 100,000 100,000 100,000
Stage
Running
Initial
Times
Initial
Times
Initial
Times
(.mu.c/g)
(.mu.c/g)
Stage
Running
Stage
Running
Stage
Running
__________________________________________________________________________
Example
No.
1 14 12 1.45
1.30 0.00
0.02 good
good
2 13 9 1.45
1.30 0.00
0.03 " "
3 15 14 1.35
1.40 0.00
0.00 " "
4 12 9 1.50
1.40 0.00
0.02 " "
5 15 14 1.35
1.40 0.00
0.00 " "
Compara-
tive
Example
1 12 5 1.50
1.25 0.00
0.09 " slightly
poor
2 15 7 1.40
1.45 0.00
0.06 " slightly
poor
3 15 7 1.38
1.30 0.00
0.06 " slightly
poor
__________________________________________________________________________
Working
Change with Environment
General
Life 30.degree. C., 80% RH
10.degree. C., 30% RH
Judgment
__________________________________________________________________________
Example
No.
1 more than
none none good
100,000
copies
2 more than
" " "
100,000
copies
3 more than
" " "
100,000
copies
4 more than
" " "
100,000
copies
5 more than
" " excellent
100,000
copies
Compara-
tive
Example
1 about fog at back-
density re-
bad
50,000
ground areas
duction due
copies
due to re-
to increase
duction in
in charge
charge quantity
quantitiy
2 about none none "
60,000
copies
3 about none none "
60,000
copies
__________________________________________________________________________
The results shown in the Table clearly demonstrate the superiority of the
carrier according to the present invention.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to
specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the
art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without
departing from the spirit and scope thereof. | 6G
| 03 | G |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will be discussed hereinafter in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be obvious, however, to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instance, well-known structures are not shown in detail in order to unnecessary obscure the present invention.
The present invention is constituted as follows: duplex AAL 1 terminal systems of an acting system and a standby system for converting STM data to ATM cells are respectively provided with count values established correspondingly to the speed of each user connection of an STM network, an FP counter for counting the STM frame pulses is provided in every user connection, and synchronization of the acting system and the standby system in every user connection by the FP counter will cause no data lack nor data duplication even if switching from the acting AAL 1 terminal device to the standby AAL 1 terminal device, or switching from the standby AAL 1 terminal device to the acting AAL 1 terminal device.
More specifically, the STM switches of the both systems supply the same clock, the same frame pulse FP, and the same data which are synchronized between the both AAL 1 terminal devices. At an issue of a cell conversion starting request from a BUS Controller within each AAL 1 terminal device for converting the data from this STM network into ATM cells, cell conversion of the STM data starts.
At this time, the BUS Controller of the acting system, upon receipt of the cell conversion starting request from a CPU, sends the cell conversion starting request synchronous with the STM frame pulse FP to an AAL 1 SAR unit of the acting system, and notifies the timing to the BUS Controller of the standby system via a serial bus, for the synchronization of the cell conversion starting requests of the both systems.
Upon receipt of the above timing from the acting system via the serial bus, the BUS Controller of the standby system starts counting the frame pulse FP, and supplies the cell conversion starting request to the AAL 1 SAR unit of the standby system when the count value reaches the same timing as the acting system, so to make the payload of a cell delivered from the acting AAL 1 terminal device coincident with the payload of a cell supplied from the standby AAL 1 terminal device.
A frame pulse counter is prepared in every user connection. The frame pulse FP is set at a count value decided depending on the speed of a connection of the STM network, and with respect to a cell including a pointer, the payload of the cell can be synchronized. Namely, even when not only 64 Kpbs data but also 128 Kbps data or more is converted into cells, the payload can be synchronized.
Thus, the present invention can synchronize the both systems in a short time, free from data lack or data duplication, when switching the both systems, by fixing the starting timing of cell conversion individually in every user connection and making the payloads of cells of the both systems coincident with each other.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a duplex configuration system of AAL 1 terminal devices according to the present invention.
The duplex AAL terminal devices shown in FIG. 1 respectively comprise an STM-switch 10 of the acting system and an STM-switch 20 of the standby system, an AAL 1 terminal device 30 of the acting system and an AAL 1 terminal device 40 of the standby system, an ATM-switch 50 of the acting system and an ATM-switch 60 of the standby system, and a CPU 70 .
The AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 are respectively provided with AAL 1 SAR units 31 and 41 , cell control devices 32 and 42 , and BUS Controllers 33 and 43 .
The STM-switches 10 and 20 are time-division switches of the acting system and the standby system respectively. Clock, frame pulse FP, data are supplied from the acting STM-switch 10 to the acting AAL 1 terminal device 30 and the standby AAL 1 terminal device 40 , and they are synchronized in the both AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 at the STM side.
Similarly to the case of the acting STM-switch 10 , clock, frame pulse FP, data are supplied from the standby STM-switch 20 to the both AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 , and they are synchronized in the both AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 at the STM side.
In the AAL 1 terminals 30 and 40 , the data of the STM networks are converted into ATM cells for ATM networks. Accordingly, the data on a plurality of channels are time-division multiplex in time-slots on STM frames, which can be sent to the ATM network via the AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 .
The AAL 1 SAR units 31 and 41 perform Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR) of the AAL 1 cell and convert the STM data into ATM cells.
The payload of the AAL 1 cell has two kinds of formats. One is the format consisting of one byte of AAL 1 cell header and 47 bytes of user data. The other is the formlat consisting of one byte of AAL 1 cell header, one byte of pointer, 46 bytes of user data.
The AAL 1 cell header consists of one bit of CSI (Convergence Sublayer Indication), three bits of SN (Sequence Number), and four bits of SNP (SN Protection). The CSI bit is a bit for distinguishing two kinds of AAL 1 cell formats. The SN bit is a bit for counting the cells 0 to 7 so to monitor the cell lack and the cell mis-insertion. The SNP bit is a bit for carrying out the CRC operation of the SN bit. A pointer shows the boundary of the data.
Since the AAL 1 SAR unit is well known to those skilled, and since it is not the characteristic component of the present invention, the detailed description thereof is omitted.
In FIG. 1 , the BUS Controllers 33 and 43 control the starting timing of cell conversion toward the AAL 1 SAR units 31 and 41 , and adjusts the payload values supplied from the both AAL 1 SAR units 31 and 41 . A serial bus 80 intervening between the both BUS Controllers 33 and 43 transmits the timing of cell conversion of the acting AAL 1 SAR unit to the standby one. The serial bus 80 can transmit the information bidirectionally: from the acting system to the standby system, or from the standby system to the acting system.
The BUS Controllers 33 and 43 have a plurality of frame pulse counters prepared in every user connection, and the count value of the frame pulse FP of this frame pulse counter is set at a value decided depending on the connection speed of the STM network.
The cell control devices 32 and 42 perform the sending control of cells. The ATM-switches 50 and 60 are the ATM switches of the acting system and the standby system, respectively. The cell control devices 51 and 52 perform the receiving control of cells. A clock for receiving cells is supplied from the acting cell control device 51 to the cell control devices 32 and 42 . The clock for receiving cells which is supplied from the standby cell control device 52 is also supplied to the cell control devices 32 and 42 , so to establish the ATM cell synchronization.
An operation for establishing synchronization of data transmission from STM to ATM between the acting system and the standby system will be described this time.
Since the clock, frame pulse FP, data supplied from the acting STM-switch 10 to the both AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 are in a state of synchronization, synchronization is established in the both AAL 1 terminal devices 30 and 40 at the STM side.
In order to establish cell synchronization when supplying cells to the ATM network, it is necessary to synchronize the payload of a cell supplied from the acting AAL 1 terminal device 30 to the ATM network with the payload of a cell supplied from the standby AAL 1 terminal device 40 . More specifically, if the timing of cell conversion is deviated, as illustrated in FIG. 2 , a phase difference occurs between the payload of the cell supplied from the acting AAL 1 terminal device 30 and the payload of the cell supplied from the standby AAL 1 terminal device 40 , which causes the data lack or data duplication when switching the both systems.
Hereinafter, a cell synchronization method in case of processing 64 Kbps data will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5 . Upon receipt of a cell conversion starting request SR 1 from the CPU 70 , the acting BUS Controller 33 supplies a cell conversion starting signal SS 1 synchronized with the frame pulse FP to the acting AAL 1 SAR unit 31 . Upon receipt of the cell conversion starting signal SS 1 , the acting AAL 1 SAR unit 31 starts the cell conversion of STM data.
The BUS Controller 33 notifies the starting timing of cell conversion of the acting system to the standby BUS Controller 43 via the serial bus 80 . Upon receipt of the timing, the standby BUS Controller 43 starts counting input frame pulses FPs. The acting BUS Controller 33 also starts counting the frame pulses FPs simultaneously when notifying the timing to the standby one via the serial bus 80 .
As illustrated in FIG. 4 , as for the timing of cell conversion in each user connection, for example, cell conversion of VC 0 starts in synchronization with the frame pulse FP, and cell conversion of VC 1, 2, . . . respectively starts after one clock, two clocks, . . . , from the frame pulse FP. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , the timing notified via the serial bus 80 includes the information about which VC.
In case of processing 64 Kbps data, the acting FP counter notifies the timing to the standby one through the serial bus 80 every time counting the 376 frame pulse FP. The operation continues until stopping the cell conversion. Accordingly, each FP counter of the standby system is synchronized with the corresponding FP counter of the acting system by the notice of the timing from the acting system in every 376 FP count.
Upon receipt of the cell conversion starting request SR 2 after the FP counter of each user connection starts counting the frame pulse FP, the standby BUS Controller 43 supplies the cell conversion starting signal SS 2 in synchronization with the frame pulse FP corresponding to the FP count value 376 in every user connection. The standby AAL 1 SAR unit 41 starts the cell conversion of STM data upon receipt of the cell conversion starting signal SS 2 .
If there is no cell conversion starting request SR 2 from the count starting frame pulse FP to the 376th frame pulse FP, it starts counting the frame pulse FP from zero again instead of starting cell conversion, while if there is a cell conversion starting request SR 2 , it supplies the cell conversion starting signal synchronous with the 376th frame pulse FP.
In this case of processing the 64 Kbps data, it is necessary to start the cell conversion at the 47 FP cycle, in order to make the user data of the payload in good agreement in the both systems. As illustrated in FIG. 6 , eight-cell cycle is required in order to make the AAL 1 headers of the payloads coincide in the both systems.
On the other hand, in case of processing 128 Kbps data or more, since there exists only one cell that includes one byte of pointer, of eight cells, the timing of the cell conversion in the standby system gets faster than in the case of 64 Kbps data by one FP. In short, the cell conversion starts in synchronization with the 375th frame pulse FP. Starting the cell conversion at this cycle enables the pointer values to be coincident with each other, and cell synchronization in the both systems can be established.
In the above embodiment, although the description has been made in the case of the AAL 1 , the present invention can be adopted to the other AAL 2 , AAL 3 / 4 , AAL 5 , or the like.
As set forth herein above, in converting the STM data into ATM cells, since the starting timing of cell conversion in the standby system that may be synchronized with the payload at the side of the ATM network in the both AAL 1 terminal devices can be defined in every user connection and synchronization can be established between the payloads of the cells supplied from the both AAL 1 terminal devices, the present invention is capable of switching the AAL 1 terminal devices of the acting system and the standby system in a short time free from data lack or data duplication.
Since the payload synchronization in the both systems can be established, not only in case of processing the 64 Kbps data in the cell conversion starting timing of the standby AAL 1 terminal device, but also in case of processing the 128 Kbps data or more including a pointer in the cell format, the present invention is capable of switching the both systems at any speed independently from the speed of the data, free from the cell lack or cell duplication.
Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to exemplary embodiment thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and various other changes, omissions and additions may be made therein and thereto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be understood as limited to the specific embodiment set out above but to include all possible embodiments which can be embodies within a scope encompassed and equivalents thereof with respect to the feature set out in the appended claims.
| 7H
| 04 | L |
MODES OF THE INVENTION
Since the present invention may be variously changed and have various embodiments, particular embodiments will be exemplified in the drawings and described. However, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiment and includes all changes, equivalents, and substitutes falling within the spirit and the scope of the present invention.
Further, it should be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, the elements are not limited by the terms. The terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element without departing from the scope of the present invention. The term “and/or” includes combinations of one or all of a plurality of associated listed items.
When predetermined components are mentioned to be “linked,” “coupled,” or “connected” to other components, the components may be directly linked or connected to other components, but it should be understood that additional components may be “linked,” “coupled,” or “connected” therebetween. However, when the predetermined components are mentioned to be “linked,” “coupled,” or “connected” to other components, it should be understood that no additional components exist between the above-described components.
Terms used in the present invention are used solely to describe the particular embodiments and not to limit the present invention. The singular form is intended to also include the plural form, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should be further understood that the terms “include,” “including,” “have,” and/or “having” specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms including technical or scientific terms used in the present invention have meanings the same as those of terms generally understood by those skilled in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Hereinafter, the embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals are applied to the same or corresponding components regardless of the drawing numerals, and overlapping descriptions will be omitted.
Hereinafter, a lighting apparatus of an embodiment will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1is a lower perspective view of a lighting apparatus according to the present invention,FIG. 2Ais an exploded perspective view ofFIG. 1according to an embodiment of the present invention,FIG. 2Bis an expanded perspective view in which a second body and a light source member ofFIG. 2Aare engaged, andFIG. 3Ais a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ inFIG. 1according to the embodiment of the present invention.
As shown inFIG. 1,FIG. 2A,FIG. 2B, andFIG. 3A, a lighting apparatus1000of the embodiment of the present invention includes a first body100having an inner circumferential surface and an outer circumferential surface, a diffusion member110disposed on the first body100, a cover140disposed on the first body100to cover the diffusion member110, a second body120disposed between the diffusion member110and the cover140and including a lower surface and a side surface surrounding the lower surface, and a light source member130including a first circuit board130adisposed on the lower surface of the second body120and including at least one first light source135amounted to face the diffusion member110, and a second circuit board130bconfigured to surround an outer side surface of the second body120and including at least one second light source135bmounted on the second circuit board130bto face an inner side surface of the cover140.
The first body100may have a ring shape having a first inner circumferential surface and a first outer circumferential surface. The first body may include an opening h, and the opening h may be located at a center of the first body. The first body100may be made of a plastic material and may be formed through an injection-molding method. For example, the first body100may include polycarbonate (PC). Further, when the first body100is made of the plastic material, the first body100may be lighter than a case in which the first body100is made of a metal material, and production costs may be reduced. However, a material of the first body100is not limited thereto.
The diffusion member110may be exposed through the opening h of the first body100. An exposed area of the diffusion member110may be the same as an area of the opening h of the first body100. The diffusion member110may be formed in a plate shape. Further, the diffusion member110may be coupled to the first inner circumferential surface of the first body100. For example, an edge of the diffusion member110may be a shape which is seated on the first body100. Accordingly, light generated from the light source member130may be diffused to be emitted to the outside through the diffusion member110exposed to a lower part of the first body100.
The cover140may have a dome shape, the inside of which is concavely formed. Particularly, a first hole140amay be formed in an upper surface of the cover140. For example, external power may be supplied to the light source member130through the first hole140a. Further, an edge of the cover140may be engaged with the first body100. The edge of the cover140and the first body100may be engaged with each other through an engaging member such as a screw or the like and may be adhered to each other through an adhesive member, but the present invention is not limited thereto. The cover140may include a material having high reflectivity to reflect the light emitted from the light source member130to the diffusion member110. For example, the cover140may include white silicone such as phenyl silicone and methyl silicone and may have a structure in which reflective particles are further included in the white silicone to improve reflectivity.
For example, the cover140may be glass in which TiO2 is dispersed, but is not limited thereto. Accordingly, the cover140may diffusively reflect the light emitted from the light source member130from the inner side surface thereof and may reflect the light incident on the cover140to the diffusion member110in a Lambertian distribution.
Further, the cover140may be formed of a material such as glass, plastic, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), or the like. In addition, a light reflective material such as silver (Ag), aluminum (Al) or the like may be additionally attached to the inner side surface of the cover140in an applying type, a coating type, a printing type, or a film type. The cover140is not limited thereto and may include various materials.
The second body120may be fixed to the inside of the cover140to be disposed between the cover140and the diffusion member110. The second body120may be formed of a material the same as that of the first body100, but may be formed of a material having excellent thermal conductivity such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), or the like to serve as a heat sink.
The second body120may include the lower surface and the side surface surrounding the lower surface. A case in which the lower surface of the second body120has a circular shape and the second body120has a cylindrical shape is described in the drawing, and the shape of the lower surface of the second body120may be easily changed. Further, the lower surface of the second body120may face the diffusion member110. In addition, the outer side surface of the second body120may face the inner side surface of the cover140.
An upper surface of the second body120may have an open shape. For example, the upper surface of the second body120may have a structure in which an area overlapping the first hole140aof the cover140is open, or an entire surface of the upper surface is open, as described above. Further, a power supply member105may be accommodated in the second body120. For example, when the lighting apparatus of the embodiment of the present invention is fixed to a ceiling, the power supply member105may be connected to a power line installed on the ceiling through a socket (not shown) or the like.
When the power supply member105is inserted into the second body120as described above, since the power supply member105is not exposed to the outside of the lighting apparatus1000, a whole thickness of the lighting apparatus1000may be decreased. Accordingly, the lighting apparatus may be minimized.
The power supply member105may include an alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) converter configured to convert alternating current power supplied from the external power to direct current power, a driving chip configured to control driving of the light source member130, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device configured to protect the light source member130, and the like, but is not limited thereto.
Further, the second body120may include a second hole120awhich passes through the lower surface of the second body120to electrically connect the power supply member105accommodated in the second body120and the light source member130disposed on the lower surface and the outer side surface of the second body120. Particularly, when each of the first and second circuit boards130aand130bof the light source member130is a double-sided circuit board, an upper surface of the first circuit board130amay be exposed by the second hole120a. Further, the first circuit board130amay be electrically connected to the power supply member105through the second hole120a. In this case, the first circuit board130aand the power supply member105may be electrically connected to each other using a conductive member such as a wire (not shown), but the conductive member is not limited thereto.
Further, when the first circuit board130ais a single-sided circuit board, a third hole (not shown) which passes through the first circuit board130amay be formed in the first circuit board130a. In this case, the first circuit board130aand the power supply member105may be electrically connected through the second hole120aand the third hole (not shown).
The second circuit board130bmay be electrically connected to the first circuit board130athrough a conductive member200such as a wire or the like to receive power, but is not limited thereto. In this case, the first light source135aand the second light source135bmay be driven at the same time.
Although not shown, a hole (not shown) which passes through the second body120is formed in the side surface of the second body120, and thus the second circuit board130band the power supply member105may be directly connected to each other. In this case, since the first circuit board130aand the second circuit board130bare each independently connected to the power supply member105, the first and second light sources135aand135bmounted on the first and second circuit boards130aand130bmay be driven separately. Accordingly, one of the first light source135aand the second light source135bmay be driven even when one of the first and second circuit boards130aand130bis electrically disconnected from the power supply member105.
The first circuit board130aand the second circuit board130bmay each be formed of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), glass, polycarbonate (PC), silicon (Si), and the like, and may be printed circuit boards on which a plurality of first and second light sources135aand135bare mounted. Each of the first circuit board130aand the second circuit board130bmay be formed in a film shape or selected from a single layer PCB, a multiple layer PCB, a ceramic board, a metal core PCB, etc.
The first circuit board130amay have a plate shape, and the second circuit board130bmay have a ring shape surrounding the outer side surface of the second body120. That is, the first circuit board130amay be closely adhered to the lower surface of the second body120, and the second circuit board130bmay be closely adhered to the outer side surface of the second body120. Accordingly, the second circuit board130bmay be formed of a flexible circuit board so that adhesion between the second circuit board130band the second body120is improved. For example, the second circuit board130bmay be bent to surround the outer side surface of the second body120.
At least one light source may be mounted on each of the first and second circuit boards130aand130b. The first light source135amounted on the first circuit board130aand the second light source135bmounted on the second circuit board130bmay be light emitting diode chips (LED chips). The light emitting diode chip may include a blue LED chip or an ultraviolet LED chip, or may include a package type in which at least one or more chips among a red LED chip, a green LED chip, a blue LED chip, a yellow green LED chip, and a white LED chip is combined.
FIG. 3Bis a cross-sectional view illustrating light emission ofFIG. 3A.
As shown inFIG. 3B, the first circuit board130amay be disposed to face the diffusion member110. For example, the first circuit board130amay be located on the lower surface of the second body120. Further, the first circuit board130amay include at least one first light source135aconfigured to face the diffusion member110. Accordingly, light emitted from the first light source135amay directly proceed to the diffusion member110. Further, the second circuit board130bmay be disposed to face the inner side surface of the cover140. For example, the second circuit board130bmay be located on the side surface of the second body120. Further, the second circuit board130bmay include at least one second light source135bconfigured to face the inner side surface of the cover140. That is, some of light emitted from the second light source135bmay be reflected at the inner side surface of the cover140at least once to proceed to the diffusion member110.
Accordingly, the diffusion member110of the lighting apparatus1000of the embodiment of the present invention may include a first light emission area A to which the light emitted from the first light source135ais directly incident, and a second light emission area B on which the light emitted from the second light source135bis incident to the diffusion member110.
A general lighting apparatus may be driven in a direct type in which light sources are mounted to face a diffusion member, or an edge type in which the light sources are arranged to face each other in a cover. However, in the direct type, a luminance difference between an area which faces the light sources and an area which does not face the light sources is large. Further, in the edge type, since the light sources are only disposed on an edge portion of the lighting apparatus, a center of the lighting apparatus has lower luminance. In addition, a power-providing member disposed at the center of the lighting apparatus and a light source member disposed on the edge portion of the lighting apparatus are difficult to connect.
However, in the lighting apparatus of the embodiment of the present invention, since the light source member130is disposed to surround the lower surface and the outer side surface of the second body120, and the power supply member105is disposed in the second body120, the light source member130and the power supply member105may be easily connected. Further, since the first light source135aserves as a direct type light source, and the second light source135bserves as an edge type light source, luminance uniformity of the lighting apparatus may be improved.
Hereinafter, a lighting apparatus of another embodiment of the present invention will be specifically described.
FIG. 4Ais a perspective view of a second body of another embodiment of the present invention, andFIG. 4Bis a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ inFIG. 4Ain which a light source member is engaged. Further,FIG. 4Cis a cross-sectional view in which the second body having the light source member engaged therewith is disposed in a cover.
As shown inFIG. 4A, a second body220of another embodiment of the present invention may include a lower surface220aincluding at least one second hole221, a ring-shaped side surface220b, and an inclined surface220cconfigured to connect the lower surface220aand the side surface220b.
Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 4B, a light source member230disposed on an outer surface of the second body220may include a first circuit board230adisposed on the lower surface220aof the second body220, a second circuit board230bdisposed on the side surface220bof the second body220, and a third circuit board230cdisposed on the inclined surface220cof the second body220. In this case, the second and third circuit boards230band230cmay each include a flexible circuit board and may be bent to surround the side surface220band the inclined surface220cof the second body220. Further, at least one light source235a,235b, and235cmay each be mounted on the circuit boards230a,230b, and230c.
Further, the first circuit board230a, the second circuit board230b, and the third circuit board230cmay control the at least one light source235a,235b, and235cdisposed thereon using various methods.
For example, the lighting apparatus according to another embodiment may variously control light intensity. In a case of the greatest intensity, the at least one light source235a,235b, and235cmay be switched on the first circuit board230a, the second circuit board230b, and the third circuit board230cto emit light.
Further, the light sources235a,235b, and235cdisposed on two circuit boards of the first circuit board230a, the second circuit board230b, and the third circuit board230cmay be switched on to emit light. In addition, when the light intensity of the lighting apparatus is weakened, the light sources235a,235b, and235cdisposed on one of the first circuit board230a, the second circuit board230b, and the third circuit board230cmay be switched on to emit light.
For example, when the light intensity of the light from the lighting apparatus is set to be weakest, only the light source235bdisposed on the third circuit board230cmay be switched on to emit light.
As described above, since one circuit board of the first circuit board230a, the second circuit board230b, and the third circuit board230cis selectively controlled, power application to the light source may be adjusted, and accordingly, various light source intensities may be provided. Further, intensity and brightness of the light source may also be controlled in only one circuit board.
As described above, the lighting apparatus according to another embodiment may control types of the light sources disposed on the circuit boards and may control the light sources, to which the power is applied, to provide various moods. That is, emotional lighting control may be implemented in the lighting apparatus.
As shown inFIG. 4C, when the second body220is disposed in a cover140in the first light source235amounted on the first circuit board230a, the emitted light may immediately proceed to the diffusion member (110inFIG. 3A). Further, in the second light source235bmounted on the second circuit board230b, some of the emitted light may be reflected from an inner side surface of the cover140at least once to proceed to the diffusion member (110inFIG. 3A). In addition, in the third light source235cmounted on the third circuit board230c, some of the light may be emitted to a space between the first light emission area A and the second light emission area B inFIG. 3B. In addition, in the third light source235c, some of the light may overlap the first light emission area A and the second light emission area B.
Accordingly, in the lighting apparatus including the second body of another embodiment of the present invention, a luminance difference between the first light emission area A and the second light emission area B inFIG. 3Bmay be decreased.
FIG. 5Ais a perspective view of a second body of still another embodiment of the present invention, andFIG. 5Bis a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ inFIG. 5Ain which a light source member is engaged. Further,FIG. 5Cis a cross-sectional view in which the second body having the light source member engaged therewith is disposed in a cover.
As shown inFIG. 5A, a second body320of still another embodiment of the present invention may have a convex shape protruding in a direction toward a lower part on which a diffusion member (not shown) is disposed. Further, the second body320may include at least one second hole321passing therethrough.
As shown inFIG. 5B, a light source member330includes a flexible integrated circuit board330aand may surround an outer side surface of the second body320. Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 5C, when the second body320is disposed in a cover140, light emitted from a light source335amounted on the circuit board330amay uniformly proceed to a whole area of the diffusion member (110inFIG. 3A).
As described above, the lighting apparatus of the embodiment of the present invention includes a light source member130including a first circuit board130aincluding at least one first light source135amounted in a light emitting direction of the diffusion member110and a second circuit board130bincluding at least one second light source135bmounted toward the inner side surface of the cover140. Accordingly, since the luminance uniformity of the lighting apparatus is improved, quality of the lighting apparatus may be improved.
As described above, the first circuit board130aand the second circuit board130bmay be controlled to provide lighting strength, color, temperature in the second body of still another embodiment.
Additionally, in a case of the second body according to still another embodiment, the lighting apparatus may emit light to a desired area by applying power to the light source through only one of the first circuit board130aand the second circuit board130b.
As described above, the lighting apparatus according to the embodiment may control the types of the light sources disposed on the circuit board and the light sources, to which the power is applied, to perform the emotional lighting control which provides the various moods.
While the embodiments of the inventive concept have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the inventive concept and without changing essential features thereof.
| 5F
| 21 | Y |
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the present invention showing a flip-chip
package 10. Semiconductor device 12 is mounted on substrate 11 which is
used to interconnect the various electrical connections 22 (FIG. 2) of
semiconductor device 12 to a mounting surface, for example a printed
wiring board. A heat spreader/lid 17 is used to seal semiconductor chip 12
inside of the package 10 made up of the base 11 and lid 17 which, in the
present example, is also a heat spreader. Heat spreader/lid 17 has a
cavity 18 on its under side in which semiconductor device 12 resides when
lid 17 is sealed to base 11. Lid 17 also has two mounting studs 19 and 20.
Lid 17 may also have a plurality of openings 21 which may expose contacts
on base 11 (not illustrated) to which passive components may be attached.
A sealing preform 13 is placed between base 11 and lid 17. Epoxy preform 13
is of a conductive epoxy, for example, a silver filled epoxy, which serves
both to ground the back side of semiconductor device 12 to lid 17, and to
provide a heat conductive path from semiconductor device 12 to heat
spreader lid 17. Preform 13 has an outer periphery part 14 which seals the
surface of base 11 to the surface of lid 17, and a smaller surface part 16
which seals the top of semiconductor device 12 to the top of cavity 18,
providing the largest possible area for heat conduction from both the base
11 and device 12 to heat spreader lid 17. Surface part 16 is joined to
peripheral part 14 to provide for exact placement of the two parts over
the respective device 12 and base 11. The exact shape and positioning of
the relative parts of epoxy 13 depends upon the configuration of the
mounting base and device mounted thereon.
Epoxy 13 has a plurality of openings 15 to corresponding to the openings 21
of lid 17.
An example of a preform material that may be use is designated as ABLEBOND
8360, manufactured by Ablestik, a subsidiary of National Starch and
Chemical Company. Other suitable electrical and heat conductive adhesive
materials may be used.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of flip-chip package 10, taken through
section 2--2 of FIG. 3. Flip-chip device 12 is mounted on base 11 with
solder ball contacts 22. An under-fill material 26 may be used around
contacts 22, and between device 12 and base 11. Contacts 22 are connected
to conductors (not illustrated) that extend through base 11 to solder ball
contacts 23. Solder ball contacts 23 are used to interconnect package 10
with a printed wiring board (not illustrated) upon which package 10 is
mounted.
Lid-heat spreader 17 is shown mounted over device 12 with device 12 in
cavity 18. Preform part 14 is between base 11 and lid 17, sealing lid 17
to base 11. Preform part 16 is between the top of cavity 18 and device 12
sealing the top of device 12 to lid 17, grounding device to heat spreader
17 and providing maximum heat transfer.
Openings 15 in adhesive form 13 and openings 21 in lid 17 are shown
exposing a small surface area of base 11 through each opening.
FIG. 3 is a top view of package 10 showing mounting studs 19 and 20, and
openings 21. Section 2--2 shows the location of the cross-sectional view
of FIG. 2
FIG. 4 shows the semiconductor package of FIG. 1, without epoxy preform 13.
In FIG. 4., a coating 31 of a silver filled adhesive epoxy, or an
electrically conductive adhesive epoxy, for example, one of ABLEBOND 8360
and 8700E, manufactured by Ablestik, a subsidiary of National Starch and
Chemical Company, is applied to to the back side of semiconductor 12, and
a coating of an adhesive epoxy 31, for example ABLEBOND 71-2, is applied
base 11. The results is the same as using an adhesive preform, except that
the adhesive epoxy 30 can be different from the conductive adhesive epoxy
31 used to seal semiconductor 12 to heat spreader/lid 17. Epoxy 30 can
have, for example, a high mechanical strength with a low coeficient of
expansion, while conductive epoxy 31 can have, for example, a low
mechanical strength and a low modulus to provide a more flexible heat
conductive adhesive layer, providing a good thermal path from device 12 to
heat spreader 17.
FIG. 5 is an exploded isometric view of a second embodiment of the
invention in which a seal 46, with opening 47, is positioned between flat
heat spreader 43 and base 41, and attached thereto by an epoxy adhesive
film or a high temperature solder. Seal 46 completely surrounds device 42.
A thermally and electrically conductive epoxy 49 is dispensed onto the top
of device 42 to seal it to heat spreader 43. Similarly, an adhesive epoxy
50 is deposited on seal 46 to attach seal 46 to heat spreader 43. Heat
spreader 43 has two mounting studs 44 and 45.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of Package 40 showing seal 46 attached to
base 41 with adhesive 48, and to heat spreader 42 with adhesive 50. Device
42 is sealed to heat spreader 43 with electrically and thermally
conductive epoxy 49. Seal 46 can be larger or smaller making the cavity 51
around device 42 larger or smaller, and may be square as shown, or in the
form or a ring.
In all the above embodiments, the heat spreader can be of copper, a copper
alloy, or other high heat conductive material.
The advantages presented by the present package are the increased thermal
dissipation from the semiconductor chip to the heat spreader lid,
semiconductor chip backside grounding to the heat spreader, no voids in
the epoxy adhesive affecting the thermal path, and only one material is
required to secure the lid/heat spreader to the package base. | 7H
| 01 | L |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Description will be made below on a one-way clutch assembly according to embodiments of the present invention with reference to drawings.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1is a cross-sectional view of a one-way clutch assembly according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II—II inFIG. 1.
FIG. 3Ais a side view of a small side plate andFIG. 3Bis a cross-sectional view of the small side plate.
In the oneway clutch assembly according to the present embodiment, sprags serving as torque transmitting members3are disposed between an outer race1and an inner race2, and a groove4is formed on the outer periphery of each torque transmitting member3(sprag) around which a garter spring5is wound.
This garter spring5imparts a biasing force for inclining each torque transmitting member3(sprag) in an engageable direction. Note that the torque transmitting members3(sprags) are retained at regular intervals in the circumferential direction by a wire retainer R (wire cage).
A side plate6having a U-shaped cross section (hereinafter called the “U-shaped side plate”) is disposed on a side of the torque transmitting member3on the closed side of the outer race1, and a hole (not shown) is formed on a flange6aon the outer peripheral side of the side plate6. An engagement projection (not shown) formed on the outer periphery of a frictional engagement ring7, is extended outward in the radial direction and is passed through this hole, so as to be brought into frictional engagement with the inner peripheral surface of the outer race1, thereby producing a frictional torque.
On the other hand, a substantially annular side plate8(hereinafter also called the small side plate) is disposed on a side part of the outer race1on the opened side thereof. As shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, an engagement projection9is provided to be projected in an axial direction on the outer peripheral edge of this small side plate8. Note that, as shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, a plurality of claws8aare formed on the inner peripheral surface of the small side plate8.
This engagement projection9is positioned in between the both ends of an opening of a frictional engagement ring-shaped member10which is a C-shaped retaining ring, as shown inFIG. 1andFIG. 2. Note that an outer peripheral end10aof the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring) is fitted in the inner peripheral surface of the outer race1.
With the above structure, when the main body unit A of the oneway clutch is to be rotated, the engagement projection9is engaged with the opening end of the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring) so that a frictional force is caused to work on the main body unit A of the oneway clutch by an elastic force of the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring) for expanding the diameter thereof.
With this arrangement, at a non-engagement time of the torque transmitting members3(sprags), that is, at the time of idling rotation of the outer race1, the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring) rotates the small side plate8to follow the idling rotation of the outer race1, and this rotation of the small side plate8causes a rotation of a group including the retainer R and the sprags3(the main body unit A of the one-way clutch) in a body.
As a result, though rotating substantially together or in a body with the idling rotation of the outer race1, the main body unit A of the one-way clutch is rotated gradually around the outer race1relatively thereto depending on an increase or a decrease in vibrations or the number of rotations of the engine. Thereby, it is rendered possible to prevent local abrasion of the inner race2and, at the same time, to securely perform an operation for shifting the idling rotation of the oneway clutch to the engagement without causing a slide.
According to the present embodiment, the annular small side plate8is provided with the engagement projection9which is extended in the axial direction, and this engagement projection9is positioned between the opening ends of the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring). Accordingly, it is rendered possible to reduce the width dimension in the axial direction to the minimum, and at the same time, to further increase the frictional torque between the main body unit A of the oneway clutch and the outer race1, or the like, at the time of idling rotation of the outer ring1, or the like.
Second Embodiment
FIG. 4is a cross-sectional view of a one-way clutch assembly according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5is a cross-sectional view taken along the line V—V inFIG. 4.
The second embodiment has the same basic structure as that of the first embodiment described above, so that description thereof will be omitted.
In the second embodiment, there is provided a side plate20(hereinafter called the large side plate) which is elastically engaged with the outer periphery of the outer race1, instead of the frictional engagement ring-shaped member10(C-shaped retaining ring), so as to restrict an axial movement of the main body unit A of the oneway clutch.
As shown inFIG. 4andFIG. 5, a plurality of engagement pieces21which are bent in the axial direction and in the radial direction to be elastically engaged with the other periphery of the outer race1are formed on the outer periphery of the large side plate20.
The large side plate20is provided with a window22, and an axial engagement projection9formed on the small side plate8is fitted in the window22of the large side plate20.
With such a structure, when the main body unit A of the oneway clutch is to be rotated, the window22of the large side plate20is brought into engagement with the engagement projection9of the small side plate8, so that a frictional force due to the elastic force of the engagement pieces21of the large side plate20is caused to work.
As a result, though rotating substantially together or in a body with the idling rotation of the outer race1, the main body unit A of the one-way clutch is rotated gradually around the outer race1relatively thereto depending on an increase or a decrease in the number of vibrations or rotations of the engine. Thereby, it is rendered possible to prevent local abrasion of the inner race2and, at the same time, to securely perform an operation from the idling rotation of the oneway clutch to the engagement without causing a slide.
According to the second embodiment, the annular small side plate8is provided with the engagement projection9which is extended in the axial direction, and this engagement projection9is inserted with pressure into the window22of the large side plate20. Accordingly, it is rendered possible to reduce the width dimension in the axial direction to the minimum, and at the same time, to further increase the frictional torque between the main body unit A of the oneway clutch and the outer race1, or the like, at the time of idling rotation of the outer ring1, or the like.
Note that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but may be altered in various manners.
| 5F
| 16 | D |
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improvement in delivering software in a distribution network. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.
FIG. 1Ais block diagram illustrating a conventional direct-marketing system for distributing software in which an author12′ of a software program widely distributes the software directly to an end-user18′ via computer networks, for example. The author12′ may be a large software company who is distributing demonstration programs for the end-user18′ to try, or the author may be an independent programmer who is distributing shareware. As shown, if the end-user18′ is satisfied with the product, the end-user18′ sends some form of payment directly to the author12′.
FIG. 1Bis block diagram illustrating a conventional multitier software distribution chain in which an author12′ provides software to one or more distributors16′, who then sell the software to the end-user18′. In this system, the end-user18′ pays the author12′, who in turn, pays a commission to the distributor16′, or the end-user18′ pays the distributor16′ for the software, and the distributor16′ then pays the author12′ a royalty.
In either case, neither the distributor16′ or the author12′ can ensure payment from the other party. Each party is forced to trust the other. In addition, the distributor16′ or the end-user18′ may provide unauthorized copies of the software to others. Even if the end-user18′ is required to obtain a key, once the software is unlocked, the author12′ has no mechanism to distinguish authorized users from unauthorized users.
FIG. 2is a block diagram of the multitiered software distribution system10as above-described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/638,949 that addresses some of the above-mentioned problems. The system10includes an author12who has developed software13, and one or more distributors16, one or more optional resellers17, and an end-user18. In accordance with the present invention, the multitiered software distribution system10also includes a license clearing house (LCH)14, which ensures the integrity and controls the usage rights of the software13.
Referring toFIG. 3, a flow chart of the interaction between the author12and the LCH14is shown. After the author12has developed software13that s/he wants to market, the author12packs the software13in a digital shipping container20shown inFIG. 2, and locks the container20through encryption in step50. For purposes of this specification, the term digital shipping container20means an encrypted data object in which the software13is stored that can be opened only by a validated key. As will be appreciated by those with ordinary skill in the art, many types of encryption schemes may be used, such as DES, for example.
After the software13has been encrypted, the author12distributes the software13for public availability in step52. In a preferred embodiment, copies of the encrypted software13are provided to the distributor16, who then provides them to the reseller17for public sale. Copies of the encrypted software13may also be provided directly to the end-user via computer networks, such as the Internet, or via cable TV.
After the software13has been made publicly available, the author12registers the identity of each container26with the LCH14in step54by identifying the key or keys used to encrypt the containers20. The author12also registers the identities of those distributor(s)16and reseller(s)17that the author12has chosen to distribute the software13. The author12may either encrypt each copy of the distributed software13with a single master key and deposit the master key with the LCH14, or the master key may be encrypted with a second key, and the second key deposited with the LCH14.
The public encryption keys of the distributor16and reseller17are also registered with the LCH14. To ensure authentication, the LCH14may obtain public key certificates for the distributor16and reseller17from an external authority (not shown). Once again, the above-described system has some advantages, however it has some drawbacks.
The present invention provides a system and method that fundamentally shifts the method by which digital products would be delivered by an enhanced electronic license certificate embedded in an active license product object (ALPO) which when coupled with an active license (AL) will fetch and download a digital product. In so doing, the problems associated with conventional digital product delivery systems are substantially minimized. The following describes the features of the present invention in more detail.
FIG. 4is a simple block diagram of a system in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 5is a simple flow chart of the steps performed by a software distribution system in response to an authorization request by an end-user in accordance with the present invention. Referring now toFIGS. 4 and 5together, in such a method, a plurality of end-users150send in an electronic license certificate (ELC) to a server152, via step102. Next, the server152validates the ELC, via step104and then the server152downloads the digital products associated with license, via step106to the plurality of end users150.
The primary difference between the system in accordance with the present invention and conventional systems is that at purchase time the rights would be delivered to the end-user with the bits to follow (in conventional systems it is the other way round). This allows a large simplification of the delivery process and a corresponding increase in reliability (with an associated increase in customer satisfaction and reduced support overhead).
To accomplish this, an active license (AL) is issued when a client application requests a digital product. The client application would provide some basic functions supporting the transaction and giving information to the end-user, while allowing the publisher to customize the digital product.
Referring now toFIG. 6, what is shown is a block diagram for an active license AL200in accordance with the present invention. The AL200includes a plurality of active license objects (ALPOs)204, and an executable code202. There is typically one ALPO204for each digital product to be delivered.
Each ALPO204may contain a digitally signed certificate document206that may entitle the holder to download, install, possess and use a specific product13(FIG. 2). In essence, this AL200is a software application program that contains three major components: a plurality of ALPOs204, each of which contains a certificate206, a certificate viewer, and application functions to perform predetermined operations as granted by the license certificate, for example, retrieving and installing digital products.
In a specific example, a transaction processing model in accordance withFIGS. 6 and 7would include the following steps.
1. End-user16′ completes purchase of a product13′ from, for example, a Web site.
2. A license clearing house (LCH)14′ generates a plurality of licenses for the appropriate products. Accordingly, a single active certificate can contain multiple ELCs206and allow an end-user to download multiple products. The ELC206will also contain information about the end-user's system, like IP address, that may be used to restrict subsequent distribution of the particular application. This ELC206is attached with the appropriate client application, thereby branding the client application with the ELC206and known end-user data.
3. An order accept page advises the end-user of the download URL to obtain the AL200.
4. The end-user follows the download URL. The AL server210assembles an AL200which contains the executable code202and the ALPO204that were purchased by the end-user. Once this is assembled the AL200is downloaded to the end-user.
5. The end-user executes the AL200. The end-user will then be walked through the delivery process, which may include, for example, viewing the ELC, accepting the terms of the license, registering their purchase, reading help pages about the download process, and any other sort of functions.
6. The AL200communicates by opening a channel (http) to the assigned secure download server212at a given URL specified in the ELC201. The AL200will then send a download request message. This message will contain the digitally signed certificate ELC206, a unique identity key, and any other information related to the ELC206and end-user's order.
7. The download server212communicates with an LCH14server (not shown) to validate the ELC200. The LCH14server upon receiving a message from the end-user will validate the authenticity of the ELC206signature, and look up the end-user's order and compare the current session's environment data with the session data from the original order session. Additionally, the system will verify that the order is still valid and that the number of allowed downloads from the requesting client application has not been exceeded. The LCH14server will also store the identity data that has been passed from the client application if it has not already been seen. If the identity has been seen before, the LCH14server will compare the other identifying information with the information from prior orders to validate that the end-user has not changed identities or possibly stolen the AL200from another system.
8. Assuming that no error conditions exist, the appropriate packed BOB208will be delivered. This BOB208is compressed but not encrypted. (At the discretion of the IP rights publisher, the download connection may be secured via a particular protocol).
9. The BOB208is delivered to the end-user. In a preferred embodiment, the AL200receives the BOB208as a continuous stream. The AL200separates the contained files and stores them back into the original directory structure from when the digital product13′ was packed as they are received.
10. Should the BOB208download be interrupted, the AL200will remember the last completed file, reconnect to the download server212, and attempt to complete the process. This reconnect and attempt could be performed, a predetermined number of times (at least 5 times) before notifying the end-user of a potential problem.
11. Once the BOB208download is complete the AL200will initiate the necessary setup program if so directed.
12. The installation of the product is completed and the AL200closes. When the AL200closes, the end-user is given any specific help or support instructions.
A system and method in accordance with the above embodiment could include, for example, the following features.
The Packed Product
Unlike the earlier digital product delivery methods involving ECLs206and unlock key delivery, the AL200will function with a compressed, but not encrypted product. In essence, the BOB208is packed into a compressed archive that is in turn stored on a secure server. This BOB208archive is stored as a single instance on the BOB208from server (there will be multiple servers including some inside corporate firewalls). The BOB208can only be downloaded by a call from an authorized AL200running remotely on an end-user's system.
The Client ALPO Builder
This is a small software tool that permits the IP rights holder, or appropriate agent, with the ability to script and describe unique functions for a AL200. Through this tool the basic look and feel of the client application screens can be established. This may include background images, labels, help text, etc. Optional pre-defined AL200services can be configured and implemented through a set of radio buttons and edit fields. Typical applications would allow a corporation to create a single AL200that includes ELCs206for the standard set of software installed on a client's PC. This client application would then obtain software from the corporate server which would in turn validate the ELCs206with the LCH14before releasing software. (For example, BOBs208would be encrypted on the corporate server).
The Generic Active License Executable
This is a thin client that contains all of the functions to perform the services defined in the configuration application. It will include screens, call-back functions, and configuration data that was supplied by the ALPOs204. There will be an open data space for session data, branding information and the actual ELCs206. This is the base application that is copied, branded, and combined with a LCH ELC206to form the AL200.
ELC
This is a digitally signed certificate that authenticates the product being purchased and identity of the LCH14′. This ELC206will also contain information about the end-user that will be used to brand the AL200. This ELC206will contain a text of the EULA and other information about the IP rights publisher as desired. This will prevent modification of the ELC206without requiring that the EULA be transmitted for ELC206validation. Optional fields may also be contained to provide session-specific information that is not necessarily related to a specific BOB208and was not established during the initial AL200configuration. The ELC206will, for example, use the CIIT standard X.509 certificate model.
The Session Active License
This is the run-time AL that will be delivered to the end-user upon purchase of a product. At the time an end-user follows a download URL after order acceptance, the AL server210application will create the AL200by duplicating an instance of the ALPO's204for this product. The server210will request and acquire an ELC206for the product being purchased, place the ELC206into the data space provided in the new AL200, then perform a validation that the Session AL200is complete and capable of being executed.
Once built, the AL200is served to the end-user. The end-user will execute the AL200and follow the appropriate instructions for downloading the product.
Active License
Server Functions
This is a service provided by a server. This service will be capable of creating Als200as required. The standard download service will deliver the URL to download the AL200. This service is actually performed by LCH's14merchant servers and is in response to the acceptance of an end-user's purchase transaction. This is the service that will cause the AL200to be constructed and will return a download URL where the end-user can retrieve the AL200. Alternatively a master AL200would be issued to a corporation that specifies a set of products to be downloaded.
Accordingly, as is seen, the above-identified system will allow for the user to receive the rights and then the digital product is received. In so doing, the delivery process is simplified with a corresponding increase in reliability.
Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the is embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
HARDWARE OVERVIEW
FIG. 8is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system800upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system800includes a bus802or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor804coupled with bus802for processing information. Computer system800also includes a main memory806, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus802for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor804. Main memory806also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor804. Computer system800further includes a read only memory (ROM)808or other static storage device coupled to bus802for storing static information and instructions for processor804. A storage device810, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus802for storing information and instructions.
Computer system800may be coupled via bus802to a display812, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device814, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus802for communicating information and command selections to processor804. Another type of user input device is cursor control816, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor804and for controlling cursor movement on display812. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.
The invention is related to the use of computer system800for implementing the techniques described herein. According to one embodiment of the invention, those techniques are performed by computer system800in response to processor804executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory806. Such instructions may be read into main memory806from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device810. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory806causes processor804to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor804for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device810. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory806. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus802. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications.
Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punchcards, papertape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor804for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system800can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infra-red transmitter to convert the data to an infra-red signal. An infra-red detector can receive the data carried in the infra-red signal and appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus802. Bus802carries the data to main memory806, from which processor804retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory806may optionally be stored on storage device810either before or after execution by processor804.
Computer system800also includes a communication interface818coupled to bus802. Communication interface818provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link820that is connected to a local network822. For example, communication interface818may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface818may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface818sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
Network link820typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link820may provide a connection through local network822to a host computer824or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)826. ISP826in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the “Internet”828. Local network822and Internet828both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link820and through communication interface818, which carry the digital data to and from computer system800, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
Computer system800can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link820and communication interface818. In the Internet example, a server830might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet828, ISP826, local network822and communication interface818.
The received code may be executed by processor804as it is received, and/or stored in storage device810, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. In this manner, computer system800may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
| 7H
| 04 | L |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference to FIG. 1 there is shown a combination electric table saw
and folding, mobile work bench generally identified at 10, including an
electric table saw 20 of the type that is commercially available and
weighing approximately 250 to 350 pounds, a folding, mobile work bench 30.
As part of the work bench 30, there is also shown two removable accessory
handles 40, rear leg assembly 50, and forward leg assembly 60 having
attached thereto leg wheels 62. Also shown is top surface 75, right side
78, handle opening 310, and front side 72.
With reference to FIG. 2 there is shown folding, mobile work bench 30
folded for storage and with electric table saw 20 removed. Folding, mobile
work bench 30 is shown with right and left leg assemblies 50, 60 folded
into a closed position for storage within bench frame 70. There is shown
large wheels 80 rotatably mounted upon axle 100 and captured thereupon by
cotter pins 90, and axle 100 is in turn flexibly held by axle mounting
means 120 which are mounted at one end of bench frame 70. Four handles 110
are mounted, two at each end, to bench frame 70 and are shown in their
unlocked position. Right and left gusset plates 55, 65 are fixed to right
and left leg assemblies 50, 60 respectively and as shown right leg
assembly 50 folds within left leg assembly 60. Also shown is linear ridge
66.
With reference to FIG. 3 and more particularly FIG. 6 there is shown
unlocking rod 130, one end of which is fixed to locking spring 240. In its
folded position, left leg assembly 60 disposes linear ridge 66 beneath
locking spring 240.
With reference to FIG. 4 there is shown dimple slot 140 which is a cutout
on the front side 72 and on the back side 74 of bench frame 70 both of
which are receptacles for accessory handle 40.
With reference to FIG. 5 there is shown leg 270 unfolded and locked within
cutout 250. Locking dog 210 is disposed across said leg and held by
vertical lip 268. Hinge assembly 200 is bolted to leg 270 and to underside
77 of top surface 75. Handle 110 is attached to shaft 102 which is
disposed through and held by clearance holes 300, shaft 102 is inside of
sleeve 220, and both are joined by spring pin 230. Locking dog 210 is
fixedly attached to sleeve 220.
OPERATION OF THE INVENTION
The preferred embodiment, as depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3 shows the instant
invention with both left and right leg assemblies 50, 60 folded into bench
frame 70. In this position leg assemblies 50, 60 are locked into place by
locking spring 240 which restrains linear ridge 66 thereby preventing
movement of left leg assembly 60, which in turn restrains right leg
assembly 50. In this folded position the instant invention presents a
small profile taking up little floor space. In storage, accessory handles
40 are removed by sliding them out of dimple slots 140 and handle openings
310 and placing them inside bench frame 70.
To setup the instant invention for use with a machine tool such as an
electric table saw 20, the within invention is positioned as shown in FIG.
2 and accessory handles 40 are removed from within bench frame 70.
Unlocking rod 130 is pulled upward as shown in FIG. 6. This allows left
leg assembly 60 to be swung down with left legs 270 pressed into cutouts
250. Left legs 270 are locked into place by turning handles 110 through a
rotational angle of 180 degrees swinging locking dogs 210 across left legs
270 as shown in FIG. 5. The bench frame may now be tilted slightly so that
it rests upon large wheels 80 and small wheels 62. Right leg assembly 50
is then hinged upward and locked into place similarly to left leg assembly
60. Folding, mobile work bench 30 is then placed upright onto its four
legs 270 and accessory handles 40 are slid into position through handle
openings 310 until engagement with dimple slots 140 is make as shown in
FIG. 4. Electric table saw 20 or other machine tool is now bolted to the
top surface of folding, mobile work bench 30. The instant invention is now
ready for use as shown in FIG. 1.
The instant invention is moved over short distance or repositioned where
needed by lifting right side 78 with accessory handles 40 and rolling the
left side on small wheels 62. For transporting the instant invention over
longer distances or over rough ground, left leg assembly 60 is unlocked by
reversing the previous locking procedure and then left side 76 is lowered
while using accessory handles 40 for leverage until large wheels 80 make
contact with the ground. Left leg assembly 60 is swung up against
underside 77 where it automatically locks into place under locking spring
240. The within invention is moved upon large wheels 80 while pushing with
accessory handles 40 and lifting right leg assembly 50 slightly. After
arriving at the work site the instant invention is setup by releasing left
leg assembly 60 with unlocking rod 130 and then lifting left side 76 by
pressing downward onto accessory handles 40 while forward leg assembly
swings automatically into place in the vertical orientation. Before use,
left leg assembly 60 must be locked as previously described. | 1B
| 27 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1is an exploded perspective view of a gas operated delay action rifle10, made in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 2is a detail view of action delay assembly100of the rifle10, made in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 3is a conventional gas operated action semi-automatic rifle1detailing common components. The conventional gas operated semi-automatic rifle1ofFIG. 3comprises items common to most semi-automatic rifles, such as a barrel2, a receiver assembly3, a fore-end assembly4, and a stock5. Other items common to conventional semi-automatic rifles are a breach bolt assembly6, an action port tube8and an action spring9disposed within the receiver assembly3. Further, the conventional rifle1inFIG. 1includes a trigger assembly7. When a shooter fires the conventional rifle1shown inFIG. 3, the rapidly expanding gases created by the ignition of gun powder in a cartridge pushes a bullet out of the barrel2. The gases also are ported through the action port tube8to the breach bolt assembly6. A bolt6A within the breach bolt assembly6is retracted, pushed towards the shooter or rear of the rifle1, and the spent cartridge is ejected. Additionally, as the breach bolt assembly6travels reward, the action spring9is compressed. Once the gas pressure has reduced to a level less than the force exerted by the compressed action spring9, the action spring9returns the breach bolt assembly6back, which in turn engages and loads the next cartridge. This process is called in summary “the Action.”
To improve the accuracy of the conventional gas operated semi-automatic rifle1, the Action would have to be stopped preventing the breach bolt assembly6from traveling reward and ejecting the spent cartridge. By stopping the Action at this point, the movement of the rifle1caused by the firing is reduced, and would allow the shooter to maintain the sights on a target.
The gas operated delay action rifle device10, made in accordance with the present invention, as shown inFIG. 1includes some of the same major assemblies as in the conventional rifle1. For instance, the rifle10includes a barrel12having a bore11, a receiver assembly13, a fore-end assembly14, a stock15, a breach bolt assembly16, a trigger assembly17, an action port tube18and an action spring19disposed within the receiver assembly13and enclosed by the receiver housing26. The rifle10further includes an action delay assembly100.FIGS. 1,2and4through6, show an exemplary embodiment of the components of the action delay assembly100, made in accordance with the present invention.
The action delay assembly100is designed to selectively stop the Action preventing the breach bolt assembly16from traveling towards the shooter or reward. The action delay assembly or device100as shown inFIG. 2includes a container or housing110, a linkage assembly130, a solenoid140and a breach bolt block assembly or blocking member170. The container110in the present embodiment includes a gas chamber111and constructed out of steel. While the present embodiments of the Figures shows the action delay assembly100in use with the rifle10, it should be appreciated that the action delay assembly may be installed on other firearms, such as but not limited to, pistols and shotguns. Further, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments the container may be constructed out of other materials common in the art of making gas chambers.
The action delay assembly100further includes a power supply150, a micro switch152, an on/off switch154and electrical wires156from the power supply150to the micro switch152and the solenoid140as shown inFIGS. 1, and7.
FIG. 4is a cross-sectional view of the container or housing110of the device100. The container110further includes a input or port112and disposed within the port112is a one way valve or check valve114. The port112is also called a barrel port and is in fluid communication between the rifle bore11and the gas chamber111. In the present embodiment, the port112is aligned with the check valve114and allows the gasses caused by the firing of the cartridge into the chamber111. The arrows inFIG. 4depict the direction of travel for the expanding gas fluid. It should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the port is not aligned with the check valve and the port could be connected to the check valve by plumbing conduit common in the art. The one way valve114limits the fluid communication within the barrel port112to only flow in the direction from the bore111to the chamber110. In this manner, gas will flow out of the bore11and into the chamber111, but not back into the bore11from the chamber111.
In the present embodiment, the check valve114is a piston and spring type check valve. It should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, other types of check valves may be used, for example a spring-ball type check valve.
The container110further includes an outlet port115and a gas release valve116. The outlet port115is in fluid communication with the exterior of the chamber110. The release valve116is disposed in the outlet port115and has two positions; a first or closed position and a second or open position. The release valve116is switched between the first and the second positions by the linkage assembly130(seeFIGS. 2 and 6). In the present embodiment, the gas release valve is normally in the open position, wherein the gas from the chamber111is free to exit the chamber111and enter the nozzle117, until the release valve116is moved to the first or closed position.
In the present embodiment, the release valve116is a rotatable ball valve. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments the release valve could be of other designs common in the art, such as, but not limited to, a shuttle valve. Further, the valve116includes a lever member or rotating arm124. The lever124is connected to the valve116at attachment point127. In the present embodiment the lever124is a unitary piece of material that attaches to the valve116in a fixed position and having a first and second distal ends,128and129. The first distal end128has a moment125and the second distal end129has a moment126, as shown inFIG. 6A. In the present embodiment, moment125is shorter than the moment126. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the lever member could be two separate arms attached to the release valve116.
The container110further includes a nozzle117. The nozzle117is removably attached to the exterior of the container110and is in fluid communication with the outlet port116. In the present embodiment, the nozzle117is threaded into the container110. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the nozzle could be removably attached by other methods common in the art, such as, but not limited to, press fitting or gluing. Further, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the nozzle could be integral to the container.
The container110further has a first surface120, a second surface121, a first end122and a second end123, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 4. The first surface or top120conforms to the shape of the barrel12. The second surface or bottom121is shaped such that it conforms to an interior of the fore-end assembly14commonly used on rifles for the placement of the non shooting hand of the shooter. The first end122is disposed generally towards the receiver assembly13of the rifle10and the second end123is disposed generally away from the receiver assembly13.
The container110in the present embodiment is fixedly attached to the barrel12by welding the container110to the barrel12. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the container could be removably attached to the barrel by methods common in the art, such as but not limited to, removable fasteners or straps. Further, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the container could be made from other materials such as, but not limited to stainless steel or high strength synthetic fibers, for example.
The action port tube or action tube18of the rifle10is in fluid communication between the bore11of the barrel12and the breach bolt25. The nozzle117is connected to the action port tube18, as shown inFIG. 1. The action port tube18in the present invention is not in fluid communication with the bore11when the release valve116is in the first or closed position, which is unlike the conventional rifle1and action port tube8. Instead, the action port18is in the fluid communication with the chamber110via the nozzle117when the release valve116is in the second or open position.
It should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the nozzle is connected to the action port tube by the use of additional plumbing in order to allow for the chamber to be disposed in other places on the rifle instead of within the fore-end assembly.
When the rifle10is fired, the expanding gases travel through the barrel port112, press against and travel through the check valve114. The gases then enter the chamber111. The gases are stored in the chamber111until released by the shooter, as will be discussed further below. The check valve114closes once the gas pressure in the bore11reaches a level that is less than the check valve114spring force. The check valve114, when closed, seals the barrel port112and locks the stored gases in the chamber111keeping the gases from escaping back into the bore11.
The chamber111is operably configured to withstand internal gas pressures in a range of 2,000 to 3,000 psi. The embodiment of the present chamber111is operably configured to hold a pressure range of 2,700 to 3,000 psi. In the present embodiment the chamber111is integral to the container110. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments the chamber could be constructed out of other high strength, heat resistant composite compounds common in the art and not be integral with the container.
In the present embodiment the container110is disposed adjacent to the barrel12and internal to the fore-end assembly14, as shown inFIG. 1. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the container does not have to be internal to the fore-end assembly, the container may be disposed adjacent to the barrel, but external to the fore-end assembly.
Referring back toFIGS. 1 and 2, the linkage assembly130of the action delay assembly device100connects the solenoid140to the release valve116. The linkage assembly130further connects the valve116to the breach bolt block assembly170. The linkage assembly130further includes a first portion131and a second portion132. The first linkage portion131places the solenoid140in direct mechanical communication with the release valve116. The first linkage131includes a first end133and a second end134. The first end133engages the output of solenoid140. The second end134rotatably engages the release valve116
The second linkage portion132continues the mechanical communication of the solenoid140to the breach bolt block or bolt delay assembly170. The second linkage132includes a first end135and a second end136. The first end135rotatably engages the release valve116and the second end engages the breach bolt170.
As shown inFIG. 5, the breach bolt block assembly170includes a first member171, a second member172and a pivot173as shown inFIG. 5. The first member171and the second member172are integral and form one member the breach bolt block assembly170and being generally L-shaped.
The first member171has a first end174and a post175. The second end136of the second linkage132is rotatably engaged to the post175.
The pivot173is rotatably attached to the receiver housing26of the receiver assembly13. The second member172of the breach bolt block170includes a locking end176. The locking end176engages the bolt25of the breach bolt assembly16.
The breach bolt block assembly170has two positions, an engaged position and a non-engaged position. The breach bolt block170, as shown inFIG. 5, is in the engaged position with the locking end176positioned against the bolt25. Further, the breach bolt block170is operably configured to stop the reward motion of the bolt25when the block170is in the engaged position. In the present embodiment, the breach bolt block170is in the engaged position when the gas release valve116is in a closed position.
The solenoid140is a electromagnetic push type solenoid with a spring return and receives electrical power from the power supply150. In the present embodiment, the solenoid140is disposed adjacent to the second end123of the container110as shown inFIGS. 1 and 2. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the solenoid could be disposed at other locations such as, but not limited to, adjacent to the first end of the container.
Referring again toFIG. 2, the solenoid140is a conventional electrical solenoid. The solenoid140includes a solenoid plunger141and an attachment end142. The attachment end142includes an attaching post143. The first end133of the first linkage131rotatably engages the attaching post143.
FIG. 6Ais a detailed view of the value116in the first or open position, showing the connection of the linkage131to the distal end128and the linkage132to the distal end129of the rotating arm124. The movement of the linkage assembly130and the valve116for the present embodiment is described in this specification. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the movement of the linkage and valve could be arranged in other sequences so long as the end result is the same. When the solenoid140activates, the linkage131moves in the direction of Arrow A. This movement of the linkage131pushes on the rotating arm124and in turn rotates the valve116counterclockwise in the direction of Arrow B. As the valve116rotates to the second or closed position, as shown inFIG. 6B, the linkage132is moved in the direction of Arrow C by the second distal end129of the rotating arm124. The movement of the linkage132in the direction of Arrow C causes the bolt block assembly or bolt delay assembly170to rotate about the pivot173in a clockwise direction, indicated by the Arrow D inFIG. 5, thus engaging the locking end176with the bolt25for preventing movement of the bolt25due to the expanding gases.
The moments125and126of the rotating arm124are operatively configured to rotate the valve116in the direction of Arrow B to move valve116to the second or closed position far enough past tube115to move linkage132in the direction of Arrow C, such that, when the valve116is moved back to the first or open position, the breach bolt block170is moved clear of the bolt25prior to the valve116allowing any of the gases with the chamber111to release from the chamber111. The present embodiment is one exemplary example of how using just simple mechanical linkages this may be accomplished. It should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, other methods may be employed to ensure the breach bolt block is clear of the bolt prior to the release valve releasing the gases, for example, electrically or the use of computers, may be used.
Now referring toFIG. 7, the power supply150for the device100is controlled by the shooter through the micro switch152and the on/off switch154. The power supply150of the present invention is a nine volt battery. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, other types of power supplies common in the art may be used.
The micro switch152is electrically connected to the power supply150and the solenoid140. The micro switch152in the present embodiment is disposed within the trigger assembly25. In particular, the micro switch152is disposed in a trigger guard21and operably configured to be engaged by a trigger20. Further, the micro switch152is operably configured to complete the electrical circuit to the solenoid140when the shooter takes up the slack in the trigger20. However, it should be appreciated that in other various exemplary embodiments, the micro switch could disposed at other locations on the rifle such that the shooter can use a finger or hand pressure to operate the micro switch.
In the present embodiment, the micro switch152is operably configured to complete the electrical circuit with the solenoid prior to firing the cartridge in the rifle10. Once the micro switch152completes the circuit, electrical power is supplied from the power supply150to the solenoid140. The solenoid140actuates the solenoid plunger141and moves the linkage assembly130. The linkage assembly130in turn moves the release valve116to the closed position and the bolt breach block to the locked position.
As long as the shooter maintains pressure on the trigger20and thence the micro switch152, the gases are stored in the chamber111. The solenoid140via the linkage130and the breach bolt block170keeps the bolt25locked by engaging the breach bolt block170and thus the Action of the rifle10is halted. After the shooter releases the trigger20, the micro switch152releases and opens the electrical circuit to the solenoid. The solenoid140in turn retracts the linkage assembly130. The linkage assembly130first moves the bolt breach block170to the non-engaged position and second moves the release valve116to the open position. Once the release valve116opens, the gases stored in the chamber111are release through the outlet port115and nozzle117into the action port tube18. The rifle10is then free to complete the Action that was halted by the action delay device100.
The on/off switch154in the present embodiment is a slide type switch and is disposed on the stock15such that the shooter's shooting hand thumb can activate the on/off switch154. In the present embodiment, when the on/off switch154is in the off position, the the solenoid140is placed in the retracted position moving the gas release valve116to the open position and the breach bolt block170to the non-engaged position. It should be appreciated that in other various embodiments the on/off switch could be of other types common in the art and dispose at other locations on the rifle.
The action delay device100allows the shooter to delay the action of the semi-automatic rifle10, thus eliminating movement of the rifle10caused by the breach bolt assembly16movement. The delay created by the device100allows the shooter to maintain aim on the target thus increasing accuracy while maintaining the ability for rapidity of fire at the shooter's discretion.
FIG. 8displays perspective view of a semi-automatic rifle delay device200. The device200is an alternative embodiment of a action delay assembly device100made in accordance with the present invention. The device200is similar to the device100described above. The device200includes a container210, a chamber (not shown), a bolt breach block assembly270, a linkage assembly230and a release valve216. The devise200also includes a barrel port212, a one way valve214, an outlet port215and a release valve216. The device200is disposed on a firearm as is the device100, wherein the firearm includes a breach bolt assembly16, a barrel12and a bore11, as in the rifle10.
One difference in the device200from that of the device100, for example, is the lack of a solenoid and power supply. In fact the device200requires no electrical power. The release valve216is operably configured such that the release valve216is operated by a hand of the shooter.
The release valve216includes a lever218. As the shooter turns the lever218, the valve216rotates the linkage assembly230, which in turn releases the bolt breach block assembly270and as the release valve216is pushed further, the release valve216opens and the gases in the chamber of the container210escape through a nozzle217and act upon the breach bolt assembly16normally.
FIGS. 9,10and11show an alternative embodiment of a breach bolt block assembly370made in accordance with the present invention for use on the rifle10with the action delay device100and200. The breach bolt block370is similar to the breach bolt block assembly170. The bolt block370is operably configured to engage the breach bolt assembly16of the rifle10. The bolt375is the same as the bolt25, except the bolt325includes a notch318.
Similar to the breach bolt block170, the breach bolt block assembly370has two positions, an engaged position and a disengaged position. The engaged position of the breach bolt block370, as shown inFIG. 9, is indicated by the dashed lines. The solid lines of the breach bolt block assembly370inFIG. 9represent the non-engage position. The breach bolt block370is operably configured to stop the reward motion of the bolt325when the block370is in the engaged position. In the present embodiment, the breach bolt block370is in the engaged position when the gas release valve116is in the closed position.
The breach bolt block assembly370includes a first member371, a second member372and a pivot member373as shown inFIGS. 9,10and11. The first member371has a first end374and a post375. The second end136of the second linkage132of the delay action device100is rotatably engaged to the post375.
The breach bolt block assembly370is different from the breach bolt block assembly170in that the bolt block assembly370does not have a pivot, but rather the pivot member373. In the present embodiment, the pivot member or rod373is rotatably attached to the receiver assembly13. The pivot rod373extends from a first side of the receiver assembly13to a second side of the receiver assembly13, as shown inFIG. 11. The pivot member373is retained in the receiver assembly13by retainer379. In the present embodiment the retainer379is a spring clip. However, it should be appreciated the in other various exemplary embodiments, other retaining devices common in the art may be used.
The second member372of the breach bolt block assembly370is fixedly attached to the pivot member373and includes a second end376. The second end376is operably configured to be generally parallel to the notch318of the bolt325when the breach bold block assembly370is in the engaged position.
When in operation, the micro switch152makes contact and the electrical circuit to the solenoid140is complete. The solenoid140via the linkage assembly130rotates the valve116to the closed position and the bolt block assembly370is rotated about the pivot rod373in a counterclockwise direction, as indicated by Arrow D to the engaged position. The counterclockwise rotation of the bolt block assembly370rotates the pivot pin373and moves the second end376into the notch318. The bolt325is blocked from traveling.
While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention, as set forth above, are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
| 5F
| 41 | A |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The device illustrated in the drawings comprises a drum 1 whose periphery
is provided with a series of grooves 2 for receiving a lower cable 3 and
an upper cable 4 of a window raiser. A rail 5 guides the cables 3, 4 and a
slider supports a window glass (not illustrated).
The lower cable 3 of the window raiser is wound from the upper end of the
drum while the lower cable 4 must be wound from its lower end. "Upper and
"lower" are terms used as shown in the illustrations and are not otherwise
limiting.
The lower cable 3 is disposed in a sheath 7 provided with a fastener 8, and
a slider 6, sliding on the rail 5. The slider 6 is shown in FIG. 1 in the
lower position against the corresponding lower abutment or stop 9. The
upper cable 4 is disposed in a sheath 10.
The drum 1 is disposed on a support plate 11 and is rotatable about an axis
of rotation illustrated as the line x--x. The drum 1 is partly disposed
within a cover 12 which, when viewed from above, extends angularly over
about half a circumference of the drum 1 (see FIG. 2, for example). The
cover 12 comprises an end wall 13 which covers substantially one half of
the upper face of the drum 1, a cylindrical part 14 extends from the end
wall 13. The cylindrical part 14 has an inside diameter which preferably
is very slightly larger than the diameter of the drum 1 to permit the drum
to rotate within the cover 12.
An annular shoulder 15 extends from the base of the cylindrical part 14 in
a direction roughly parallel to the plate 11. The shoulder 15 constitutes
an annular step which defines with the drum 1 a corresponding inner tunnel
16. This shoulder 15 is extended by lugs 17 which are applied against the
surface of the plate 11 to which they are secured by suitable means, such
as formed-over collars or rivets 18.
The shoulder 15 extends radially around the cylindrical part 14 and is so
dimensioned that, in cross-section, the tunnel 16 permits the insertion
and passage of the end pellet 19 of the upper cable 4 in the corresponding
hooking opening 21 when the latter is accessible outside the cover 12
(FIGS. 1, 3 and 4).
The hooking opening 21 of the upper cable is provided, as shown, in the
known manner at the base of the drum 1, while the hooking opening 22 of
the lower cable 3 is at the upper end of the drum (FIG. 4).
The openings 21 and 22 preferably are angularly spaced apart roughly half a
circumference.
Shown at 21a in FIG. 2 is the hooking opening for the pellet 19 of the
cable 4 where it appeared in the prior art after the winding of the first
cable 3 and the positioning of the slider 6 in the lower abutment
position; it can be seen that this opening 21a was not accessible to the
operator since it was placed under the cover and required the
aforementioned complicated sequence of operations.
The mounting of the cables 3 and 4 on the drum 1 to permit the closure of
the corresponding loop most preferably is effected in the following
manner. The end pellet 23 of the first cable 3 is inserted and this first
cable 3 is wound several turns on the drum 1. The adjustment of this
winding is such that, when the slider 6 is placed against the lower
abutment or stop 9, the opening 21 for receiving the pellet 19 of the
second cable 4 is accessible to the operator, (i.e., appears outside the
cover 12) (FIGS. 3 and 4). The second cable 4 is manually inserted around
the drum 1 by placing its end pellet 19 in the entrance 16a of the tunnel
16 (on the right in FIGS. 3 and 4). Then, while holding the cable 4, the
operator pushes the cable 4 into the tunnel 16, the wall of which and the
flexibility of the cable 4 effectively guide the pellet 19 around the drum
1 inside the cover 12 until the pellet 19 reappears at the outlet 16b of
the tunnel 16 after having travelled through about half a circumference
(FIGS. 5 and 6). The operator then manually inserts the pellet 19 in the
corresponding opening 21 and the second cable 4 is then wound one turn
around the drum 1. The slider 6 remains in the lower abutment position
during this portion of the process. The operator can then close the loop
of the window raiser formed by the two cables 3 and 4 with no other
particular handling operation.
It can be seen that this sequence of operations is notably simplified with
respect to the sequence of operations of the prior art.
The cover 12 could possibly cover the drum 1 on an angular sector smaller
than as illustrated. However, in practice, it is difficult to considerably
reduce this angular sector of the covering of the drum owing to essential
considerations of the strength of the cover and the steadiness of the drum
1.
The preceding description is exemplary and not limiting in nature.
Variations and modifications may become apparent that do not depart from
the purview and spirit of the invention. The scope of legal protection is
limited only by the following claims including all legal equivalents. | 4E
| 05 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” are used interchangeably. The terms “comprises,” “includes,” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and claims. Thus, for example, an aqueous composition that includes particles of “a” hydrophobic polymer can be interpreted to mean that the composition includes particles of “one or more” hydrophobic polymers.
Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed in that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). For the purposes of the invention, it is to be understood, consistent with what one of ordinary skill in the art would understand, that a numerical range is intended to include and support all possible subranges that are included in that range. For example, the range from 1 to 100 is intended to convey from 1.01 to 100, from 1 to 99.99, from 1.01 to 99.99, from 40 to 60, from 1 to 55, etc.
Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges and/or numerical values, including such recitations in the claims, can be read to include the term “about.” In such instances the term “about” refers to numerical ranges and/or numerical values that are substantially the same as those recited herein.
Unless stated to the contrary, or implicit from the context, all parts and percentages are based on weight and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this application. For purposes of United States patent practice, the contents of any referenced patent, patent application or publication are incorporated by reference in their entirety (or its equivalent U.S. version is so incorporated by reference) especially with respect to the disclosure of definitions (to the extent not inconsistent with any definitions specifically provided in this disclosure) and general knowledge in the art.
Methacrylic acid (MAA) is well-known and widely commercially available.
In the process of the invention, MAA is reacted with a phosphorus reactant of formula I:
wherein n is a number having an average value of from 1 to 3. The amount of MAA employed advantageously is from 0.5 to 10 moles per mole of phosphorus reactant. In various embodiments of the invention, the amount of MAA employed is from 1 to 3 moles per mole of phosphorus reactant, or from 1.5 to 2 moles per mole of phosphorus reactant. Mixtures of phosphorus reactant can be employed.
The MAA and phosphorus reactant are contacted under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a phosphonic acid monomer of formula II:
In one embodiment of the invention, the reactants are contacted under reduced pressure at elevated temperature for a time sufficient to produce the desired monomer. Advantageously, the temperature is from 70 to 170° C. and will depend, as known to those skilled in the art, on the pressure employed, the stage of the process, and the composition of the reaction mixture. Preferably the process temperature is from 90 to 150° C., and more preferably is from 120 to 140° C. Water is a by-product of the reaction and advantageously is removed as it vaporizes or boils out of the reaction mixture. The pressure advantageously is from 0 to 760 mmHg, and preferably is from 200 to 600 mmHg and more preferably is from 450 to 550 mmHg.
A polymerization inhibitor advantageously is employed in the process. The inhibitor is employed in an amount sufficient to prevent unwanted polymerization. Many inhibitors, and methods of their use, are known to those skilled in the art, and many inhibitors are commercially available. Examples of inhibitors include phenothiazine (PTZ), 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (4-HT), methoxy hydroquinone (MeHQ) and hydroquinone (HQ).
Advantageously, the reaction requires no additional solvent or catalyst, and produces the desired product in high yield. The process does not require expensive reagents, such as (CH3)3SiBr.
SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Example 1
Preparation of (methacroyloxy)ethyl phosphonic acid
A four-neck, 1000 ml round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple and 10-tray distillation column is charged with 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid (125 g, 0.991 mol), methacrylic acid (180 g, 2.1 mol) and 45 mg of phenothiazine. The stirrer is turned on and set at 200 rpm, and the pressure of the reactor is set at 488 mmHg. Contents of the flask are heated to 130° C. over 45 minutes. Distillate begins to come off when the pot temperature reaches 125° C. and the vapor temperature stays between 80 to 90° C. After an hour, the vapor temperature begins to drop. The heat is turned off, and the vacuum is released. A sample is taken and analyzed by1H-NMR and31P-NMR spectroscopy. The NMR results indicate that 16% of the starting alcohol remains in the sample. The pressure of the reactor is reduced to 490 mmHg again and the contents are heated to 140° C. Distillate is collected at the vapor temperature range of 60-85° C. for an additional hour.
The remaining MAA is removed under full vacuum (<10 mmHg) at a pot temperature of 100 to 120° C. The product weighs 174 g (89% of the theoretical yield) and is analyzed by1H,13C,31P-NMR spectroscopy. The results are consistent with the expected structure of a monomer with formula III, (methacroyloxy)ethyl phosphonic acid.
For some applications, it is not necessary to remove the remaining MAA, as the unseparated mixture can be used for polymerization.
Example 2
Preparation of (methacroyloxy)methyl phosphonic acid
A four-neck, 250 ml round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple and 10-tray distillation column is charged with 2-hydroxymethylphosphonic acid (42 g, 0.38 mol), methacrylic acid (93 g, 1.1 mol) and 45 mg of phenothiazine. The stirrer is turned on and set at 200 rpm, and the pressure of the reactor is set at 497 mmHg. The contents of the flask are heated to 130° C. over 45 minutes. Distillate begins to come off when the pot temperature reaches 125° C. and the vapor temperature stays between 80 to 90° C. After two hours, the pressure is reduced to full vacuum (<10 mmHg), and the remaining MAA is removed at a pot temperature of 100 to 120° C. The product weighs 57 g (84% of the theoretical yield) and is analyzed by1H,31P-NMR spectroscopy. The results are consistent with the expected structure of a monomer with formula IV, (methacroyloxy)methyl phosphonic acid.
| 2C
| 07 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference numeral 1 denotes in total the dyestuff applicator with a doctor
blade 2 extending obliquely downwardly, the dyeing roll 3 being arranged
therebelow in rotatably supported fashion. The dyeing roll 3 is mounted to
an elbow-shaped lever 4 which can be displaced about the pivot joint 5
into the position illustrated in dotdash lines downwardly in the direction
of arrow 6. The movement of the elbow-shaped lever 4 from the dyeing
position I into the steaming position II is controlled by way of pressure
piston-cylinder unit 7 articulated, on the one hand, to the column 8 of
the dyestuff applicator 1 and, on the other hand, to the elbow-shaped
lever 4. The lower leg 9 of the elbow lever 4 is arranged horizontally in
the steaming position II; whereas the upper leg 10 of the elbow-shaped
lever 4 is inclined upwardly but slightly in the forward direction.
Accordingly, these two legs 9, 10 form an angle which is a little larger
than 90.degree., and which also results in a stable position of the
elbow-shaped lever 4 in the steaming position
The dyeing roll 3 at the upper end of the upper leg 10 of the lever 4 is
connected to a motor, not shown, which nonintermittently drives the roll
in the dyeing station I as well as in the steaming station II. The
dyestuff applicator 1 illustrated at the upper end of the column 8 is
described in detail in DE-3,522,320 Al and U.S. Patent No. 4,656,845. The
dyestuff applicator 1 is mounted to be pivotable about a joint 11 in order
to be able, for example, upon termination of the dyeing step to pivot the
dyestuff applicator 1 in a counterclockwise direction. At the same time, a
dye bath catching plate 12 arranged below the dyestuff applicator 1 and
supported displaceably in the direction of arrow 13 is moved to below the
dripping edge of the doctor blade 2; thus, the dye liquor draining from
the dyestuff applicator 1 via the doctor blade 2 can be collected by the
bath catching plate 12 and conducted away into a dyestuff return flow. An
appropriate mechanism coordinates the movements of the upward pivoting of
the dyestuff applicator 1 and the advancement 13 of the bath catching
plate 12 to underneath the draining edge of the doctor blade 2.
Below the dyeing roll 3, a further catching plate 14 is arranged which is
to collect the dye liquor that may drip off the sample piece 15 on the
roll 3 but in any event the cleaning fluid, and remove same via a conduit
16 into a collecting tank.
A steamer is arranged laterally beside the column 8 with the dyestuff
applicator 1, likewise on a column 17. The steamer consists of a
downwardly open hood 18 extending at the column in the direction of the
dyestuff applicator 1 and being retained to be displaceable from the top
toward the bottom. The steamer rear wall 19 facing away from the dyeing
station I terminates with its bottom edge 20 at a higher level than the
three remaining walls 21-23. At the same time, a steam exhaust duct 24
adjoins this rear wall 19 over the width of the steamer hood, removing any
excess steam introduced into the steamer. Thereby, a steam atmosphere
sufficient for the dyeing conditions is constantly present in the steamer
hood 18.
In case of a dyeing procedure, a tube of the sample piece is inverted over
the dyeing roll 3; this tube is denoted by 15 in the drawing. The material
of this sample piece has been cut out from a length of material, e.g.,
carpet, to be treated later on by the continuous process and has been made
by means of a seam into this tube 15, thereby forming an endless sample
piece. The dyeing roll 3 is supported in overhung i.e. cantilevered,
fashion at the lever 4 so that the inversion or application of the tube 15
onto the dyeing roll can be readily executed. For dyeing purposes, dye
liquor then flows via the dyestuff applicator 1 onto the sample piece 15
in accordance with the flow coating principle, the sample piece ---- as
mentioned -being fed as in the continuous operation over the dyeing roll
3. After a one-time revolution of the tube 15 around the dyeing roll 3,
the liquor application step is stopped by means of the catching plate 12,
and the lever 4 is pivoted by way of the pressure piston cylinder unit 7
from the dyeing position I into the steaming position II, illustrated by a
dot-dash line in the drawing. Subsequently, the steamer hood 18 is lowered
down into the steaming position, likewise shown in dot-dash lines, whereby
the dyeing roll 3 arranged at the upper end of the top leg 10 of the elbow
lever 4 is located in the center of the steam atmosphere of the steamer
hood 18. Since the dyeing roll also rotates within the steaming chamber,
the tube 15 is also moved forwards during steaming in the same transport
direction as during the continuous processing of the material;
consequently here, too, the same conditions are ambient as in a continuous
process operation. After termination of the steaming procedure, the
steamer hood is again lifted into the position shown in solid lines, the
dyed tube 15 can be taken off the dyeing roll 3, and the lever 4 can again
be swung into the dyeing position I. A new dyeing procedure can begin.
Such a dyeing process can be performed in fully automated fashion. For this
purpose, an operating device 25, only schematically indicated in the
drawing and consisting of an electronic unit, is provided. By operating a
push button 26 "dyeing", the dyeing and steaming process takes place
automatically with all required process conditions. The process consists,
first of all, of driving the dyeing roll 3 with inverted piece 15,
applying the made-ready dyestuff via the dyestuff applicator 1 onto the
periphery of the sample piece 15, and terminating the dyestuff application
comprising the upward pivoting of the dyestuff applicator 1 about the
pivot joint 11 and advancement of the bath catching plate 12 in the
direction of arrow 13. With the dyeing roll 3 continuing its driven
revolution, the lever 4 is pivoted into the dyeing position II by
activation of the pressure piston cylinder unit 7. The steamer 18 is
lowered over the dyeing roll 3 which latter continues its rotation, and
thus the steaming step commences. After a certain time which can likewise
be set at the operating device 25, the steaming process is finished
whereupon the steamer hood 18 is automatically displaced again in the
upward direction. After pivoting the elbow lever 4 back into the dyeing
position, a new dyeing process can then begin. It is advantageous to
conduct a cleaning cycle at the dyestuff applicator during this steaming
process. This cleaning cycle consists in that a cleaning fluid, such as
water, is now running over the doctor blade 2 in place of the dyestuff
previously applied to the sample piece 15. Thereby, cleaning is effected
not only of all of the conduits in the dyestuff applicator 1 but also of
the doctor blade and likewise the remaining parts of this dyeing device.
The water required for this purpose W:airs via the bath catching plate 12
or the catching plate 14 into an appropriate collecting tank. After
termination of the cleaning step, the bath catching plate 12 is again
moved back, likewise automatically ---- in opposition to arrow 13 ----
whereupon the dyestuff applicator 1 can also again be pivoted in the
clockwise direction into the position shown in a solid line. | 3D
| 06 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
When metallic wires or yarns are twisted, the imparted torque results in
sufficient elastic memory that the yarn will exhibit a tendency to coil or
twist when permitted. Such a yarn is frequently said to be "lively" or to
exhibit high torque. A yarn free of torque is often said to be "dead." A
dead or torque free yarn will not form a twist around itself when held in
a "U" shaped loop. "Lively" or high torque yarns pose substantial
difficulties in fabricating fabrics and garments and the like, often
impart distortions to knits and other fabrics formed of such yarns, and
are generally undesirable. The present invention provides and employs
yarns which are substantially free of torque, or which are "dead" yarns.
Cut resistance of yarns and fabrics is generally considered to be
determined by tenacity or tensile strength, by the coefficient of
friction, the grain boundary conditions, and for many metals, the
temperature history and condition of the alloy, e.g., whether it has been
annealed or not, of the individual stainless steel or other metal fibers
in the composite yarn, and by the number of fibers and their configuration
in a yarn. In addition, cutting force, cutting velocity and cutting edge
characteristics and conditions are factors which affect cut resistance. In
general terms, quantification of cut resistance is defined by those of
ordinary skill in the art by use of the industry standard Betatec.TM.
Tester and its associated test procedures. Betatec is a trademark of
Allied Signal, Inc. The machine and test procedures are the basis of a
proposed standard for ASTM testing of cut resistance in protective
garments.
Abrasion resistance of yarns is dictated by the tendency of the yarn to
lose material when subjected to normal abrasive exposures during
processing into products and in the usual environment and modes of use.
Abrasion resistance in protective garments and the like is related to the
protection of the wearer from abrasion, and is independent from the
abrasion resistance of the yarn or fabric. There are no specific standards
for the quantification of protection of the wearer from abrasion.
Electrical conductivity of a fabric is measured in two fashions, across the
web from one surface to the other, and along one dimension of the web of
the fabric. In most circumstances of concern to the present invention, it
is the latter case that is significant, in the dissipation of
electrostatic charges, for example, by grounding of the glove. The
electrical conductivity of the yarn is directly related to conductivity of
the fabric, and it is the yarn which is most often and reliably
quantified, in specific conductivity or, more conveniently, resistance in
Ohms per meter. The electrical resistance of the composite yarns in the
present invention is desirably less than about 25 Ohms, preferably less
than about 5 Ohms, and is frequently less than 1 Ohm.
The metallic yarns and fibers of the present invention are differentiated
from metallic wires by the dimensions of the fibers and the number of the
fibers in the yarn bundle. In general terms, wires refer to running
lengths having a diameter of greater than about 100 .mu.m. In the prior
art discussed above, the number of such wires employed is most often one
or a few, i.e., up to about three of four, strands of wire incorporated
into the composite yarns. In the present invention, the term fiber, as
applied to the metallic fibers, means a running length having a diameter
of 25 .mu.m or less, down to as little as 2 .mu.m. In most circumstances a
diameter of about 12 .mu.m is preferred.
The metallic yarns employed in the present invention are preferably
continuous filament yarns, comprising bundles of running lengths of the
metallic fibers, typically of about 90 to 100 ends. The term "ends" is
employed as a term of art in the yarn industry, and represents the number
of fibers present in any typical cross section of the yarn. In the
continuous filament yarns preferred in the present invention, each
filament runs substantially the entire running length of the yarn,
although occasional breaks may occur. Such yarns preferably have no twist,
or only slight twisting, e.g., up to about 10 twists per although up to
100 twists per meter may be employed. The yarns are normally annealed,
whether formed with a twist or not. When spun yarn is employed, the number
of ends will be about the same, but the fibers are short, staple lengths
of typically 2 to 20 cm, held in the yarn configuration by twisting.
Because of the short length of the staple fibers, spun yarn does not
exhibit torque, if annealed after spinning.
Even when high modulus metallic fibers, of materials such as stainless
steel, are employed, annealed fibers at the small diameters employed in
the present inventions are quite flexible, alone or combined into a yarn
form. They also resist flex and bending stresses quite well and are quite
durable.
The metallic yarns may be formed of a variety of stainless steel alloys or
other high tensile strength metals exhibiting a high cut resistance. Type
304 stainless steel is preferred. Such metallic yarns are available
commercially from MEMTEC AMERICA CORPORATION, in Timonium, Md., and in
Deland, Fla.
The non-metallic yarns in the present invention may be, generally, any
textile multi-filament or staple fiber yarn desired. These materials are
not critical to the invention, and may be selected for convenience or to
serve some extrinsic purpose outside the concerns of the present
invention. Suitable materials, by way of example and not limitation,
include naturally occurring fibers and synthetic polymer fibers
exemplified by cotton, wool, polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, acrylic
fibers, cellulosic fibers such as Rayon and related fibers, and the like.
Blends may be employed as well.
While the term yarn is employed for the non-metallic material, the term is
also used to signify monofilament fibers, although for most purposes,
continuous multi-filament yarns and spun staple fiber yarns are preferred.
The non-metallic denier (for filament types) may conveniently be in the
range of about 40 to 2500 denier, preferably about 50 to 200 denier.
Equivalent weights of yarn of spun staple fibers may be employed. The
weight and dimensions of the non-metallic yarn are not narrowly
significant, and may be selected based on the desired bulk and thickness
of the composite yarn desired.
Wrapping and twisting operations employed in textile operations, and relied
upon in the present invention are "handed" and may proceed in clockwise
(right-handed) or counter-clockwise (left-handed) directions. In the
terminology common in the art, it is usual to denominate the two
orientations of twisting and wrapping as the "S" direction and the "Z"
direction, respectively.
A wrapping may be in an open spiral or in a closed spiral where
substantially each lay of the wrapping is in direct contact. A "serving"
most often refers to a closed spiral wrapping.
In the preferred form of the present invention, a highly cut resistant yarn
is provided by wrapping or serving a multi-filament stainless yarn core
with at least one ply of non-metallic yarn, as defined above. If multiple
plies are employed, it is greatly preferred that each ply be wrapped or
served in the orientation opposite that of the preceding ply.
As those of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand, the wrapping
or serving may be conveniently applied by an elastic yarn wrapping
machine, although the equipment and techniques employed are not narrowly
significant to the present invention, and other techniques and equipment
may be employed if more convenient.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a low-torque composite yarn
is formed by twisting two or more plies of yarn together to form a
multi-ply where at least one ply is a metal fiber yarn and at least one
ply is a non-metallic yarn. Such yarns are well known in the art, and may
conveniently be formed on a "ring twister" or other convenient equipment
in wholly conventional fashion.
What is not conventional, is that in order to avoid a lively yarn, the
metallic fiber ply is first given a twist in a first direction opposite to
and in a number of twists substantially equivalent to the subsequent
multi-ply twisting. The countertwist initially imparts substantial torque
or liveliness to the metallic yarn which is subsequently reduced in the
multi-ply composite twisting operation. Preferably the initial twist has
the same number of turns as the subsequent multi-ply counter twist; in
such a case, the imparted torque is substantially eliminated.
When the multi-ply composite is formed, it may conveniently have from about
1 to 10 twists per cm, preferably about 2 to 3 twists per cm.
It is preferred that the weight of the non-metallic yarn be at least 10%,
and preferably at least about 15% of the weight of the metallic yarn in
the multi-ply composite, ranging up to as much as 200%. If the amount of
the non-metallic component is less than 10 weight % of the blended
composite, the metallic yarn may be susceptible to excessive abrasion. On
the other hand, if the non-metallic component is much more than about 200
weight %, the surface of the yarn will not have sufficient cut and
abrasion resistance to avoid excess superficial fraying and deterioration
in appearance and in use. Generally, about 10% to about 20%, on a weight
basis, is preferred.
The blended composite yarns of the present invention may be formed into
fabrics by any desired technique, equipment, and pattern available to the
art.
For most purposes, knit fabrics are preferred, and simple knit patterns are
generally most convenient and inexpensive to produce. As those of ordinary
skill will understand, at least the finger stalls and palm portions of
gloves are preferably formed of plain stitches, which afford the thinnest
and most flexible structure, as required for the preservation of tactile
perceptions for the wearer, while a cuff portion is desirably formed by a
ribbed knit stitch pattern. Other stitches may be employed in other areas
of the gloves, for ornamental purposes or the like, substantially any
stitch pattern may be employed with the composite yarns of the present
invention.
One of the major reasons that knits are preferred in the present invention
is the intrinsic stretch properties of knit fabrics. Since the composite
yarns of the present invention have very low stretch, the fit and comfort
of protective garments, and particularly gloves is dependent on the
conformability of the knit fabric to the wearer.
Other garments and the like may not require the intrinsic stretch of knits,
and the composite yarns may be woven, bonded, needled, or otherwise formed
into woven or non-woven fabrics, which can be sewn or adhesively bonded
into desired patterns and articles of protective clothing or the like.
Such techniques are well known in the art.
As noted, gloves are the most frequently required protective garment, and
the present invention is accordingly discussed with particular reference
to gloves. As those of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand,
discussion in the context of gloves is equally applicable to other
protective garments and like forms.
While knitting is particularly preferred, especially for gloves, those of
ordinary skill in the art will also understand that other fabrics,
including woven and non-woven forms, may also be formed from the yarn
within the scope of the present invention, and may be preferred in the
fabrication of particular forms of protective garments and the like not as
conveniently suited to knitting. Fabrics of the present invention can be
fabricated into such protective garments and the like by all the usual and
customary techniques and procedures commonly employed in the fabrication
of garments, including sewing, adhesive and thermal bonding and the like.
Combinations of such techniques may be employed.
The design of protective garments and the like is unremarkable, excepting
only that account should be taken that the yarn of the present invention
is very low in stretch. Any stretch or "give" required in the articles
fabricated of fabrics must be provided by the structure of the fabric,
i.e., by the inherent stretch of knit fabrics or the bias stretch of woven
fabrics, or must be provided by the design of the garment.
The gloves of the present invention may be used alone, as such to achieve
the intended cut and abrasion resistance and electrical conductivity. In
other circumstances, the knit gloves may be used as glove liners to be
worn under other gloves, such as barriers to exposure to environmental
hazards and the like, including gloves to prevent exposure to toxic
chemicals, biological materials, radiation hazards, electric shock, heat
or cold, and the like.
In the alternative, the present gloves may be worn over other gloves
intended to provide like protection, in which circumstance, the gloves of
the present invention serve to protect the inner glove as well as the
wearer from cuts and abrasions.
It is also possible to laminate a protective barrier material to the fabric
of the gloves, or to impregnate the gloves, in whole or in part, with a
suitable barrier material. The gloves may be dip coated, for example, with
a curable or thermoplastic elastomer formulation from a latex or solution
coating bath, or from a polymer melt. In addition, the gloves may be
impregnated with a thermoplastic or curable polymer, compounded with
suitable ingredients, under heat and pressure, as by injection molding or
the like. Some polymer coating may be applied by spray coating, roll
coating, or a variety of other techniques. Such laminates or impregnants
may contribute substantial additional protection from puncture by sharp
implements, to an extent not afforded by knit fabrics per se, because of
the nature of their construction.
In some circumstances, it is desirable to employ, in whole or in part, in
the non-metallic fiber or yarn a material which will wick moisture and
perspiration away from the hands. Natural or synthetic fibers may be
employed for this purpose; cotton is generally preferred for its natural
wicking abilities. Cotton blends, other cellulosic fibers, and
hydrophyllic fibers may also be employed. Other hydrophobic materials may
be sized or impregnated with wetting agents or other suitable materials to
induce a capability for wicking.
When the gloves of the present invention are employed under other gloves,
it will rarely be necessary to employ starch or talc to provide for ease
of fitting, i. e., of sliding the glove onto the hand. The knit of the
present gloves affords easy fitting of the gloves, and avoids the
necessity for reliance on such materials which are often irritating and
sensitizing to the wearer.
While the present invention has been discussed primarily with reference to
protective garments, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily
recognize that the yarns and fabrics produced in the present invention
will have more general applicability, and may suitably and desirably be
employed when the advantages of the particular properties and
characteristics of the yarns and fabrics provided in the present invention
will be of use.
It should be noted that the yarns have other properties and characteristics
than the cut and abrasion resistance and the electrical conductivity
discussed hereinabove. For example, such yarns have very high tensile
strengths, and may be made with particular non-metallic constituents which
afford high chemical resistance, heat resistance, and the like.
It is also possible to employ the yarns of the present invention in
contexts in which the non-metallic fibers and yarns employed facilitate
fabrication, but which are sacrificial components, removed by heat or
chemical action at a later stage, leaving the metallic yarn core, in
fabricated form, with no nonmetallic component.
In still another aspect, the non-metallic fiber or yarn may be a
thermoplastic or curable thermosetting polymer which is materially altered
by the application of heat or treatment with or activation of curing
systems to achieve products with very different properties than those of
the composite yarns themselves.
EXAMPLE 1
A multi-filament metallic yarn (2) was made up of 91 ends of Type 304
Stainless fibers (3) having a diameter of 12 .mu.m. The metallic yarn was
substantially free of twist.
The metallic core yarn was served with two plies (4) and (5), in opposite
orientation, of a 70 denier Nylon polyamide multi-filament yarn by
wrapping on an elastic wrapping machine.
One kilogram of the composite yarn (1) had a length of 6,791 meters. The
yarn had a tensile breaking strength of 5.56 kilograms and an elongation
at break of 1.20%.
The composite yarn was knit into a glove (10) on an industry standard
knitting machine. The entire glove, including palm (12) and the finger
stalls (14) and thumb stall (16), and except for the cuff potion (18), was
formed of plain stitch, while the cuff was a ribbed knit. The knit fabric
of the glove in the palm region (12) and in one of the finger stalls (14)
is tested by the normal Betatec technique. The cut resistance is about 100
times or more higher than comparable knits of Kevlar.RTM. and Spectra.RTM.
yarns without a stainless steel component in the yarn. The gloves also
exhibit a cut resistance significantly greater than that of a commercially
available glove marked as being made of the Kevlar.RTM.-Stainless wire
composite yarn disclosed and claimed in U. S. Pat. No. 4,777,789 and U.S.
Pat. No. 4,838,017, Kolmes, et. al. | 3D
| 02 | G |
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention is shown in environmental perspective view in FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 shows an apparatus 10 for both conveying air and for housing
electronic devices in a vehicle 12 beneath the vehicle instrument panel
cover (topper pad) 14. As shown in FIGS. 1-4, the invention comprises an
innovative ventilation duct 16 incorporating a parallel housing 18 for
enclosing electronic devices 20 beneath the vehicle instrument panel 14.
The duct 16 comprises first and second molded mating shell portions 22,
24. The edges 26, 28 of the second portion 24 include slots formed
therealong for receiving the edges 30, 32 of the first shell portion 22,
respectively. The ventilation duct 16 includes a vent register 17 at the
end thereof for communication with the passenger compartment.
Integrally molded with the second shell portion 24 is a support portion 34
extending therefrom for supporting the electronic devices 20. A cover 36
is integrally molded with the first shell portion 22 and overhangs the
support portion 34 in a manner to act as a watershed to keep spilled
liquids away from the electronic devices 20 and prevent any physical
damage to the devices. The outboard portion 38 of the support portion 34
includes a slot extending longitudinally therealong for cooperation with
the outboard portion 40 of the cover 36 to form the enclosed housing. If
the electronics were disposed within the main duct, they would experience
high levels of humidity, which would adversely affect their reliability.
This parallel cavity type housing formed in the molding process provides a
separate mechanical enclosure integrated with the main duct for placement
of the electronics. The electronics can be directly mounted on metallized
circuits on the plastic or prefabricated electronic assemblies can be
secured in the enclosure.
The cover 36 and first shell portion 22 may include a score line 42
therebetween or other flexible hinge design which allows the cover 36 to
be hinged with respect to the first shell portion 22 of the duct in order
to allow access to the electronics 20 for repair or function upgrades.
This score line hinge also provides a seal to prevent entry of liquids.
The high fatigue resistance of common ventilation duct materials, such as
ABS and polypropylene (PP), allow for this unique feature to be utilized.
The hinging feature is illustrated more clearly in FIG. 3. The cover 36 may
be pivoted from the closed position, as shown in FIG. 2, to the open
position 44 shown in phantom in FIG. 3. This enclosure provides a
watershed, a physical barrier or shield preventing liquids from entering
or contacting the electronics. The fluids may be from incidental spillage
or leaks from the vehicle.
Thermal management of the enclosure can be controlled by providing a fan
46, as shown in FIG. 4, mounted within the housing 18 for forcing vehicle
interior ambient air or dehumidified air from the HVAC (heating
ventilation and conditioning unit) through the housing to cool the
electronics. The fan is filtered and can be electronically controlled to
allow only treated air. Treated air can be dehumidified and cooled to be
within a specific temperature range before it is allowed into the
enclosure for cooling. The exit air can be ducted to the exterior of the
vehicle, such as through tube 44 shown in FIG. 4, or it may be
recirculated into the ventilation system. This convective cooling strategy
eliminates exposing the electronics to highly humid air, which could cause
a reliability issue. The use of ambient air also provides a relatively
constant temperature cooling air (60.degree. F. to 80.degree. F.) for
cooling the electronics enclosure.
The enclosure/housing 18 can be made EMI (electromagnetic interference)/RFI
(radio frequency interference) protected by metallizing the exterior of
the housing 18. This can be achieved by vacuum metallizing, plating,
thermal forming conductive metal shielding materials or by simply bonding
metal shields to the outer surface of the enclosure.
Of course, the design can be changed accordingly to accommodate placement
of an airbag module and/or other modules underneath the instrument panel
topper pad. The design can further be modified to accommodate any position
within the interior of a vehicle. This design can also be used in
under-hood applications with varying cooling strategies.
An alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. In
this embodiment, both the support portion 34 and the cover 36 are
integrally molded with the second shell portion 52. This design provides a
housing which is designed so that electronic circuitry can be applied to
form a continuous circuit on the support portion 34, inner wall 50, and
cover 36, with circuit lines acting as a connection between the support
portion 34 and cover 36. This circuit can have devices located about the
entire interior of the housing 18.
The second shell portion 52 will be molded with the watershed cover 36 in
an open position. The hinge line (or score line) 42 may be formed
externally, and the interior should have a radius of 0.25 inches or
larger. This design allows access for metallizing the interior surface of
the enclosure housing and for populating it with electronic devices. Once
populated, the lid can be closed by flexing at the hinge line, and with
the metallization being copper and highly ductile, the metallization will
bend accordingly along the radiused internal hinge surface without
fracturing. This design will allow for repeated opening and closing of the
lid.
The various electronic devices stored within the housing are electrically
interfaced by a plurality of circuit traces which are laid against the
housing interior surface. Several methods are known for the production of
electronic circuitry on three dimensional parts. For example, a pattern
plating process consists of electroless copper deposition followed by
plating resist deposition, photo imaging the plating resist, solvent
developing the plating resist, and electroplating copper; and a panel
plating process consists of electroless copper deposition followed by
electrolytic copper deposition over the entire part. In the panel plating
process, the electrical circuit traces are formed by either laser ablation
or selective etching using photo-imaged etch resist. Further examples
include metal foil embossing where copper foil is stamped onto a three
dimensional part using a complex, machined stamping dye; in-molding
flexible film circuitry during the injection molding process; and embedded
wire technology in which insulated electrical wiring is ultrasonically
embedded into a plastic surface.
All of these processes rely on material characteristics of the substrate to
which they are applied to meet various electrical/electronic requirements.
For example, electronic grade substrate materials must be able to
withstand severe manufacturing environments including harsh solvent
exposures and high temperature soldering processes. Some polymeric
substrate materials exist with adequate thermal, chemical, and physical
properties to withstand such operations. Examples of such materials
include polyetherimide (PEI), polyethersulfone (PES), and liquid crystal
polymers (LCP). However, these materials are often prohibitively
expensive, difficult to process, and have limited design potential.
Some common engineering plastics cannot withstand the processing or
operational environments encountered in electrical/electronic
applications. These materials, for example, cannot withstand exposure to
typical circuit processing chemicals including etchants, solvents, and
plating chemicals. These resin systems, however, offer superior mechanical
and design properties at a fraction of the cost of typical
electronic/electrical grade materials.
The present invention utilizes methods known in plastic processing to
fabricate a multi-polymer structure having the desired mechanical and
electronic grade properties. Electronic grade resin systems are those
materials capable of meeting printed wiring board manufacturing process
requirements. The areas of the multi-polymer structure containing
electronic grade resin materials will be circuitized using known methods
such as electroplating, or embossing, and are then populated with
electronic components. These areas will be processed according to
conventional circuit board assembly manufacturing processes. The structure
created will further incorporate low cost engineering thermoplastic resins
as the main structural component. Within the same structure, therefore,
selective areas of electronic/electrical grade resin systems may be molded
to impart the properties necessary for electronic/electrical manufacturing
and assembly, while other areas may be molded from low cost engineering
resins to impart mechanical and design properties at a low cost. Advanced
plastics processing technologies such as co-injection molding and
co-extrusion make these designs possible. The finished part will have
mechanical and design properties of the low cost engineering resin with a
capacity for integrated electronics in one low cost system. This
integration of electronic circuitry into structural components reduces
overall material costs from separate electronic/electrical and mechanical
substrates, reduces overall material cost and weight, and reduces part
count while increasing reliability.
The resin materials implemented in these structures must comply with two
fundamental requirements. First, the materials must exhibit adequate
physical, thermal, environmental, and electrical properties to meet the
requirements of the intended application. Second, the materials chosen
must be compatible with one another so that interfacial bonding may be
maintained during processing and operation to avoid mechanical failure.
Examples of resin systems that may potentially exhibit compatibility in
these applications include: 1) ABS (structural) with PPO/PS (electrical);
2) polyethylene (structural) with reinforced polypropylene (electrical),
etc.
Numerous geometric variations exist for this technology, including, for
example: 1) the electronic grade resin materials may form only a surface
coating of the finished part, the bulk being composed of low cost
engineering thermoplastic resins; 2) the electronic grade resin materials
may run on one or multiple sides of a three dimensional component to allow
3-D electrical current flow; 3) the electronic grade resin materials may
run through the cross-section of a part to allow the incorporation of
electrical through-hole technologies; and 4) the electronic grade
materials should be used only in areas requiring electronics to minimize
cost, however, electronic grade materials may be used outside the
electronics region in order to gain other resin properties such as
dimensional stability, modulus, etc.
An embodiment of such a co-injection molded housing component is shown in
perspective view in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, material designated "A"
comprises an electrical grade polymer, while material designated "B"
comprises a non-electrical grade polymer, such that the "B" polymer may be
a less expensive support material, while the "A" polymer is adapted for
receiving circuit traces and electronic devices thereon.
While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in
detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will
recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the
invention within the scope of the appended claims. | 7H
| 05 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary aspects of the present invention that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
Some Problems with Existing Systems & Solutions
Many types of mobile service vehicles must secure various segments of pipe, tube or hose for storage and transportation when they are not being used. In the past, this has been accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, flanged tubes have been vertically stored by placing one end of the tube's flared or flanged end into a mating set of guide grooves or rails that are rigidly mounted to the vehicle. To secure the tube, a removable locking cross bar or latch blocks the end of the guide rails. Another way of storing tubular segments is to place them into a larger storage tube or vessel having an open end which is covered with a removable cap, lid, cross bar or other latch. Frames and racks have also been used which partially encompass and support the tubes. The remaining unsupported area is then covered with a locking bar, over-center clamp, latching retainer arm, ratcheting strap, or elastic strap. If strapping is used, the strap is wrapped, fully or partially, around the tube and then fastened onto the base frame or storage rack utilizing end hooks and/or eyelets.
These types of systems have shortcomings. With respect to the guide groove design, the tube flanges can be difficult to line up into the grooves. Also, storage tubes and storage vessels generally take up large volumes of space on the vehicle. When a frame or rack is used, elastic cords can be difficult to hook and unhook when under high tension which also causes significant safety concerns. If straps are used instead, the stored tubing can be distorted due to excessive tightening of the straps. Further, some of the existing systems do not adequately secure tubular segments that have become irregularly shaped over time with use. Because of these shortcomings and others, improvements in tube storage systems for mobile service vehicles, and in other applications, are desired.
Description of the Figures
Referring now toFIGS. 1-7, an example embodiment of a vehicle100and a storage mechanism200are shown. Storage mechanism200may be mounted to vehicle100and is for holding and securing tubular segments202. By way of non-limiting examples, tubular segments202may include cylindrical segments, round tubes, non-round tubes, pipes, bars and hoses. These segments may have regular or irregular contours and may also have open or closed ends.
In the embodiment illustrated, a frame arrangement210is shown. Frame arrangement210is for holding tubular segments202. Many different configurations of frame arrangement210are possible and useful. In the example embodiment illustrated, inFIG. 5, for example, frame arrangement210includes a first bracket211and a second bracket213, each of which define a plurality of open ended cradles,212and214respectively. Brackets211,213are rigidly connected via first and second support members215,216. Brackets211,213are also aligned such that each cradle212of first bracket211is parallel and directly across from a corresponding cradle214on second bracket213. Frame arrangement210may be constructed from a single piece of material whereby the support members are not required. Together, each corresponding pair of cradles forms a segment holding volume for holding a tubular segment202. It should be understood that cradles212,214may have any profile which can suitably hold a tubular segment202. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 2, frame arrangement210defines three pairs of cradles for holding three tubular segments202, although it should be understood by one skilled in the art that virtually any number of cradle pairs can be defined.
In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1-7, a restraining handle220is shown. The restraining handle220is for securing a tubular segment202into a pair of cradles. Many different configurations of a restraining handle are possible and useful. In the example embodiment illustrated, restraining handle220includes a stem portion221and a gripper portion222, the stem portion221having a longitudinal axis X. Each restraining handle220is connected to a bracket211or213at a location between adjacent cradles. Restraining handle220is also movable between a storage position and a release position. In the example embodiment shown, handle220is rotatable about axis X between a storage position and a release position.FIGS. 8-9show a second embodiment of a restraining handle420which incorporates all of the above described features of handle220. A third embodiment of a restraining handle520is shown atFIGS. 10-11which also incorporates all of the above described features of handle220. The second and third embodiments are described further below.
In the storage position, handle220,420,520is moved or rotated such that gripper portion223is parallel to the length of the bracket to which it is attached and such that gripper portion223,423,523extends into the segment holding volume and over the adjacent open ended cradles. In the storage position, handles220,420,520secure tubular segments202to cradles212,214such that tubular segments202cannot be removed.FIGS. 5-6show handles220in the storage position.FIG. 7also shows at location “a” two handles220in the storage position.FIGS. 8 and 10shows handles420and520are in the storage position.
In the release position, handle220,420,520is rotated such that gripper portion223,423,523is perpendicular to the length of the bracket to which it is attached and such that gripper portion223,423,523is adjacent to and does not extend into the segment holding volume. This allows cradles212or214to be free of coverage by handle220,420,520. When handle220,420,520is in the release position, a tubular segment202can be either placed into the cradles or removed from the cradles without interference of handle220,420,520.FIG. 7shows at location “b” two handles220in the release position.FIGS. 9 and 11show handles420and520are in the release position.
In the embodiment shown, as best viewed atFIGS. 4,5and7, four restraining handles220and three pairs of cradles212,214are shown. Together, these elements can retain three tubular segments202. A tubular segment202placed in the middle pair of cradles will be retained by all four restraining handles220while a tubular segment202placed in one of the end pairs of cradles will be retained by two of the restraining handles220. Thus, each tubular segment202is retained by at least two restraining handles220and each restraining handle220is capable of retaining more than one tubular element202. It should also be appreciated that a tubular element202could be secured to a frame arrangement that has only one open ended cradle and is retained by only one restraining handle220, as could be the case in a vertical arrangement or in an arrangement where the tubular segment is also retained by a partially or fully enclosed second cradle.
Another aspect of the disclosure is a spring retention assembly. In the embodiments shown, each restraining handle220,420,520is also longitudinally displaceable and is held in place by spring retention assembly230,430,530. By “longitudinally displaceable” it is meant that restraining handle220,420,520can be displaced along axis X both towards and away from the cradles. Spring retention assembly230,430,530is for holding handle220,420,520against a stored tubular segment202when handle220,420,520is in the storage position by providing a spring force in the direction of the cradles. Spring retention assembly230,430,530can also be for frictionally retaining handle220,420,520in the release position when rotated to that position. Many different embodiments of spring assemblies exist and are useful for either of these purposes in addition in addition the three following examples.
In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 1-7, spring assembly230is comprised of compression spring231, stem protrusion223, first plate232and second plate233. First plate232is fixedly attached to the frame arrangement bracket corresponding to each handle220. As shown, stem221is positioned through apertures232a,233awithin first and second plates232,233. Second plate233is retained onto handle220by stem protrusion223, located on stem221. Compression spring231is shown as being coaxially located about stem221and between first and second plates232,233. Thus, when gripper portion222of handle220is longitudinally displaced away from the cradles, stem protrusion223draws second plate233, guided by slots433b, towards first plate232thereby compressing spring231. When a tubular segment202is placed within a pair of cradles and handle220is placed in the storage position, the spring retention assembly230draws gripper portion222against tubular segment202and secures it in place. Finally, when handle220is moved to the release position, the spring force of spring retention assembly230provides a frictional force between protrusions224and the outer face235of first plate232which frictionally retains handle220in the release position.
In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 8-9, spring assembly430is comprised of a compression spring431, stem protrusion423, a first plate432, a second plate433and a third plate434. The first and third plates432,434are fixedly attached to the frame arrangement bracket corresponding to each handle420. Second plate433is retained onto handle420by stem protrusion423, located on stem421. As shown, stem221is positioned through apertures232a,233a,234awithin the first, second and third plates232,233,234. Compression spring431is shown as being coaxially located about stem421and between first and third plates432,434. Thus, when gripper portion422of handle420is longitudinally displaced away from the cradles, stem protrusion423draws second plate433, guided by slots433b, towards third plate434thereby compressing spring431. When a tubular segment202is placed within a pair of cradles and handle420is placed in the storage position, the spring retention assembly430draws gripper portion422against tubular segment202and secures it in place. Finally, when handle420is moved to the release position, the spring force of spring retention assembly430provides a frictional force between protrusions424and the outer face436of first plate432which frictionally retains handle420in the release position.
In the embodiment shown inFIGS. 10-11, spring assembly530is comprised of compression spring531, stem protrusion523, first plate532, second plate533and housing534. First plate532and housing534are fixedly attached to the frame arrangement bracket corresponding to each handle520. As shown, stem521is positioned through apertures532a,533awithin first and second plates532,533and within housing534, which is generally cylindrical. Second plate233is located within housing534and retained onto handle520by stem protrusion523, located on stem521. Compression spring531is shown as being within housing534, coaxially located about stem521and between first and second plates532,533. Thus, when gripper portion522of handle520is longitudinally displaced away from the cradles, stem protrusion523, guided by guide slots535, draws second plate533towards first plate532thereby compressing spring231. When a tubular segment202is placed within a pair of cradles and handle520is placed in the storage position, the spring retention assembly530draws gripper portion522against tubular segment202and secures it in place. Finally, when handle520is moved to the release position, the spring force of spring retention assembly530provides a frictional force between stem protrusion523and guide slots535which frictionally retains handle520in the release position.
With respect to all of the aforementioned exemplary embodiments of a spring retention assembly, it is not necessary that the compression spring be coaxially located about a handle stem and it is possible to have more than one compression spring. Further, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the spring force created by spring retention assembly is advantageous because no further adjustments are required to secure a tubular element other than to simply place a handle in the desired position. One skilled in the art will also appreciate that the above described embodiments allow for a tubular segment to be easily secured to the cradles regardless of existing irregularities in the surface and contour of the tubular segment202.
Another aspect of the disclosure is a locking mechanism. In the embodiments shown, each restraining handle220,420,520is provided with a locking mechanism240,440,540. Locking mechanism240is for securing each handle220,420,520in an engaged, locked position such that handle220,420,520cannot rotate out of the storage position unless locking mechanism240,440,540is disengaged to an unlocked position. Many different types of locking mechanisms are possible and useful for this purpose in addition to the three following examples.
In the example embodiment shown inFIGS. 1-7, locking mechanism240includes protrusion members224that are fixedly attached to each restraining handle220. Locking mechanism240also includes recesses234defined by first plate232, although the recesses234can be located on other fixed portions of frame arrangement210. When handle220is in the storage position, protrusion members224are located within corresponding recesses234, thereby causing locking mechanism240to be engaged in the locked position. In the locked position, handle220is prevented from rotating out of the storage position. When handle220is longitudinally displaced, away from the cradles and against the spring force of the spring retention assembly230, protrusion members224are drawn out of recesses234thereby causing the locking mechanism to be disengaged to the unlocked position. In the unlocked position, handle220can then be rotated to the release position. Additionally, the ends of protrusion members224can be configured to be slideable across outer face235of first plate232when handle220is in the unlocked position.
In the example embodiment shown inFIGS. 8-9, locking mechanism440includes protrusion members424that are fixedly attached to each restraining handle420. Locking mechanism440also includes recesses435defined by first plate432, although the recesses434can be located on other fixed portions of frame arrangement210. When handle420is in the storage position, protrusion members424are located within corresponding recesses435, thereby causing locking mechanism440to be engaged in the locked position. In the locked position, handle420is prevented from rotating out of the storage position. When handle420is longitudinally displaced, away from the cradles and against the spring force of the spring retention assembly430, protrusion members424are drawn out of recesses435thereby causing the locking mechanism to be disengaged to the unlocked position. In the unlocked position, handle420can then be rotated to the release position. Additionally, the ends of protrusion members424can be configured to be slideable across outer face436of first plate232when handle220is in the unlocked position.
In the example embodiment shown inFIGS. 10-11, locking mechanism540includes a pair of L-shaped guide slots535located on opposite sides of housing534and stem protrusion523. In the embodiment shown, each L-shaped guide slot535has an axial portion535aand a radial portion535bwherein the axial portion535ais parallel to the length of stem521. Radial portion535bis perpendicular to the axial portion535aand located at an end of axial portion535athat is closest to gripper portion522of handle520. As shown, stem protrusion523passes through two guide slots535such that the movement of stem protrusion523is constrained by a path defined by the guide slots535. When handle520is in the storage position, protrusion members523are located within the axial portion535aof the guide slots535, thereby causing locking mechanism540to be engaged in the locked position. In the locked position, handle520is prevented from rotating out of the storage position. When handle520is longitudinally displaced, away from the cradles and against the spring force of the spring retention assembly530, protrusion member523is drawn to the end of the axial portion535aof the guide slot535and to radial portion535bof guide slot535, thereby causing the locking mechanism to be disengaged to the unlocked position. In the unlocked position, handle220can then be rotated along the radial portion535bof guide slot535to the release position.
With respect to the aforementioned exemplary embodiments of locking mechanisms, it should be recognized by one skilled in the art that the number of protrusions, recesses, guide slots and other components can be of any quantity. It should also be apparent that other means for locking the handle in the storage position can be used as well; for example cylinder locks, spring locks, locking pins, locking cams and bars inserted through multiple handles, to name but a few. It should also be understood that the locking mechanism, spring retention assembly and frame arrangement can be combined to share various components or may be entirely separate mechanisms.
In the embodiment shown, storage mechanism200is mounted to a vehicle100via a pair of support bracket assemblies250. Support bracket assemblies250are for securing support frame210to a vehicle and for allowing storage mechanism200to move from one position to another, and in some cases, from a storage position to an access position. Many types of support bracket assemblies are possible and useful for this purpose. In the example embodiment shown, a support bracket assembly250includes a pair of mounting brackets251and support springs252. Each mounting bracket251is fixedly mounted to vehicle100and pivotally connected to storage frame200. One end of support spring252is connected to mounting bracket250while the other end of support spring252is connected to storage frame200. In the storage position, handles220and cradles212,214of storage mechanism200generally face towards the surface of vehicle100.FIGS. 1-2show storage mechanism220in the storage position. In the access position, handles220and cradles212,214are facing generally away from a surface of vehicle100.FIGS. 3-4show storage mechanism200in the access position. Storage mechanism200can be rotatable from the storage position to the access position about an axis A which may be parallel to the longitudinal axis V of vehicle100. This axis may also be generally horizontal. In the embodiment shown, storage mechanism200can be rotated about a horizontal axis from the storage position to the access position such that support springs252are placed in tension. Support springs252allow a user to move storage mechanism200between the storage and access positions without having to accept the full weight of storage mechanism200and any stored tubular segments202.
A positioner handle217is also shown at FIGS.1and3-5that is rotatably attached to frame arrangement210and allows the user to more easily rotate storage mechanism200. A locking mechanism can also be provided to secure storage mechanism200in the storage position. In lieu of utilizing mounting brackets, storage mechanism200can also be rigidly mounted to a vehicle or other surface. For example, an embodiment having two pairs of cradles and one pair of restraining handles220for holding two tubular segments202is shown onFIG. 1at300.
This disclosure also relates to a method of storing tubular segments202in a storage mechanism200. In a method for storing a tubular segment, the method can contain the steps of orienting a tubular segment into at least a pair of parallel cradles that are defined by a pair of brackets and securing the segment in the cradles by moving a first handle to move a gripper of the first handle over a first part of the segment and then moving a second handle to move a gripper of the second handle over a second part of the segment. The method of storing a tubular segment may also include the step of positioning the first and second handles to a locked position wherein a protrusion member on the handle engages a corresponding recess on a first plate. Additionally, the step of moving the storage to a mechanism storage position may also be included.
This disclosure also relates to a method of accessing a tubular segment202stored in a storage mechanism200. In a method for accessing a tubular segment that is secured to cradles of a storage mechanism having first and second movable or rotatable restraining handles, the method can include the steps of rotating the storage mechanism from a storage position to an access position, releasing the segment in the cradles by moving the first handle away from the segment and then moving the second handle away from the segment and removing the tubular segment. The method may also include the step of longitudinally displacing each handle away from the cradles such that a locking arrangement is disengaged before the step of moving or rotating the first and second handles.
With regard to the foregoing description, it is to be understood that changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of the construction materials employed and the shape, size and arrangement of the parts without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is intended that the specification and depicted aspects be considered exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the broad meaning of the following claims.
| 1B
| 60 | P |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The modular counterline 2 , shown in FIG. 1 , is made up of separate modules 4 which are structurally interconnected. Each module includes a top 8 and a front panel 6 . Various side panels or partial side panel covers can be used, depending upon the exact configuration of the counterline and the number of modules which are offset to provide a stepped type counterline. Each module 4 need not have a continuous top portion and the top portion may merely be a recess 11 , as indicated in FIG. 1 , for receiving the movable cart 10 . The individual modules may be offset to provide a stepped type counterline as well as to accommodate variations in height for different types of service. For example, in FIG. 1 , a desk module 5 is shown near one end of the counterline which would be suitable for taking information from customers who would be sitting on chairs on the opposite side of the desk. In contrast, the other modules shown would be more appropriate for dealing with customers who are standing.
Further details of the modular counterline system are shown in FIG. 2 . Each of the modules 4 shown include opposed side frames 20 which are mechanically connected adjacent the front edge of the panels by connecting channels 22 . The connecting channels not only provide mechanical interconnection of the opposed side frames 20 , the channels also accommodate and support the passage of wires across the front edge of the counterline. Side passages 24 are provided in each of the side frames 20 and when two side frames are brought into abutment, as generally shown in FIG. 2 , there is an open space 40 through which wiring may be laid. This is of particular advantage to accommodate the horizontal shifting of the modules to produce a stepped counterline. In this case, passages 24 provide the necessary passageway for allowing cables and wires and the like to pass from the channels 22 to the channels 22 of adjacent modules which may be horizontally offset. In addition, because of the various channels 24 provided in the side frames 20 , changes in height of connecting channels 22 of adjacent frames is also accommodated. As can be seen, when the panels are aligned as shown in FIG. 2 , the wiring harness 30 may be inserted within these channels. Preferably, the wiring harness has a number of duplex receptacles 32 which will be available for powering of any equipment on top of the modular tops 8 . Secured to the front of the opposed side frames 20 of each module are the module front panels 6 . In addition, a baseboard members 26 are secured to the lower portion of each module.
The modular front panels 6 can be releasably secured to the front of the side frames or can be permanently secured. In some banking installations these panels might be bulletproof and be secured to the counterline in a manner not releasable from the front of the counterline. In other counters these may merely serve a decorative purpose and be releasably secured in any convenient manner.
FIGS. 3 and 4 demonstrate two different arrangements for allowing access to the connecting channels 22 . In FIG. 3 , the bottom edge of the modular front panel 6 is hingedly secured to the side frames and can pivot outwardly to expose the channels therebehind. In this way, an electrician or other personnel seeking to rewire the counterline or bring in additional lines can have full access to the channels. In FIG. 3 , each end of the modular counterline has been provided with a decorative end cover 36 which closes the channel and basically provides a finished end surface.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4 , the modular tops 8 can each independently slide rearwardly to expose the channels 22 . This, again, allows the electrician or installer access to these channels and simplifies wiring and/or modification of the powering of the counterline. Furthermore, the movable modular tops 8 shown in FIG. 4 , or the hinged front panels 6 of FIG. 3 , can allow the user access to the channels and access to the power receptacles 32 . In this way, a cord can pass through a port provided in the modular top 8 and be connected to one of the duplex receptacles 32 .
Details of one module 4 are shown in FIG. 5 . Each side frame 20 includes a base rail 42 preferably made of steel. This base member engages the adjusting feet 59 used to level the particular side frame. To the inside face of the side frame 20 , a structural substrate 46 is engaged by a flange 45 atop the base rail 42 . This structural substrate is preferably of wood and includes a number of securing ports 47 spaced in the structural substrate 46 and used to engage adjacent side frames. To the exterior surface of the structural support 46 are a number of spacing and reinforcing rails 44 . These rails align with the ports 47 provided in the structural substrate 46 and will allow passage of a mechanical securing member, such as a bolt, through the structural support and through the spacing and reinforcing rail 44 .
In FIG. 5 , two separate rails are shown intermediate the height of the structural substrate 46 , with these rails being generally horizontal. The rails stop short of the connecting channels 22 at the front edge and allow wires to be located between these rails for interlinking with an adjacent vertical channel which can be at a different height. The clear vertical space in front of the rails accommodate any vertical transitions of the wires between modules. This linking and use of the space between the rails is required when the modules are horizontally offset to provide the stepped counterline configuration.
A rear vertical member 48 is secured to the base 42 and also engages the structural substrate 46 . At the upper edge of the side frame 20 is a U-shaped channel 52 engaging the upper edge of the structural substrate and secured thereto. A plate 54 extends above the U-shaped channel and supports in a horizontal manner the track 56 which will slidingly engage a modular top 8 . As can be seen in the Figure, the structural substrate 46 has been notched at the front top edge to receive the connecting channels 22 secured to a structural support member by bracket 60 , having flanges 62 secured to the structural substrate 46 . Brackets 60 interconnect the channels to the substrate 46 . Each substrate 46 has been provided with securing ports 57 which are used to allow fastening of the finished side panels to the side frames.
Various methods for securing of components to the module 4 are shown in FIG. 5. A power outlet mounting plate 80 having downwardly extending flanges 82 is provided and can be moved along and is supported by the upper edges 23 of the upper connecting channel 22 . Secured to this power outlet mounting plate is a power outlet 32 having the various receptacles centered therein. This power outlet 32 is connected to the wiring harness 30 .
Front bracket 70 includes a face portion 72 for securing the front cover 6 in FIG. 1 . Securing arms 74 of the front bracket 70 extend rearwardly and are secured to the structural substrate 46 by means of the securing port 47 and appropriate mechanical fasteners. The slots 76 in the front bracket 70 accommodate the desired positioning of the front panel the required distance in front of the opposed frames 20 .
As can be seen from FIG. 5 , the side frames 20 and the connecting channels 22 are designed to be structurally strong and accommodate the transmission of wiring harnesses between adjacent modules. The units have inherent strength and little attention has been given to the cosmetics of the panels. The look of the system is enhanced by securing of finished panels and finished surfaces to the side frames and connecting panels. Details of this are shown in FIG. 6 . In this case, the front panel 6 is secured to the front brackets 70 by suitable fasteners passing through the front brackets 70 and entering the front panel 6 . The interior side panels include top brackets 12 a which are received in the upper securing ports 57 of the structural substrate 46 . Two similar brackets are provided adjacent the bottom of the panel and will engage the lower ports 57 . The placement of the brackets 12 a and the lower brackets are such that the top brackets 12 a are inserted into the ports and the panel is slid upwardly to a position allowing the lower brackets to be received in the lower ports 57 and the panel can then drop into proper location and be locked by the brackets to the opposed side frames. Exterior side panels 14 are preferably secured to the structural substrate 46 by mechanical fasteners passing through port 47 and engaging the exterior panels 14 . The modular top 8 includes a ball bearing type roller arrangement engaging the track 56 and accommodating limited movement of the top in the direction of arrow 9 . This will allow the channels 22 to be accessible.
FIG. 7 shows two modules 4 a and 4 b being brought into engagement for securing together. The modules are secured by mechanical fasteners passing through a number of aligned ports 47 provided in the spacing and reinforcing rails 44 . As can be seen, the securing ports 47 are spaced at particular intervals in the length of the spacing and reinforcing rails 47 which correspond with fixed increments of offset that the modular panels are designed to be used at. Thus, the modules can be directly connected, as shown in FIG. 7 , or could be offset in increments corresponding to the spacing of the securing ports 47 provided in each of the spacing and reinforcing rails 44 . The mechanical securing will be accomplished by fasteners passing through the structural substrate 46 of module 4 b and into the structural substrate 46 of module 4 a . The mechanical fastener is preferably a flush type connection with the mechanical securing being interior to the two modules. A very strong mechanical connection can be made due to the fastener passing through not only the spacing and reinforcing rails 46 which abut, but also through the structural substrates 46 . It is apparent that when the side frames are directly opposed and aligned, there would be no cover members, as the interior between these two frames is used as the passageway. If there is an offset between the two modules, a partial cover would be used to cover the portion of the side frame of each module exposed beyond the other module.
A single finished module is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 , although this would be an unusual occurrence, as the modules are designed to interconnect to form a counter or work surface. The normal practice for a module would be to be connected to an adjacent module and, at most, would have one of these side frames with a finished panel secured thereto completely covering side frame. It can be appreciated that in an offset arrangement, partial covers might be used. In any event, it can be seen that quite a different configuration or look of the module can be accomplished by using a different front module panel 6 a . In this case, a recessed type panel is used giving a completely different look relative to the earlier flush faced panels of FIG. 1 . These panels need not be a wood finish, they could be a cloth finish or a metallic finish, or any desired finish which is appropriate for the image of the company. Thus, it can be seen that although the panels are replaced to present a new look, the structural support framework remains and thus, the costs for producing a new counterline will be reduced.
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate an arrangement for accommodating the forward hinging of the front panel 6 a . In this case, a special bracket arrangement 90 is shown having a side frame engaging portion 92 and a panel engaging portion 94 . The panel engaging portion 94 is pivotally secured at 96 to the frame engaging portion 92 . The frame engaging portion 92 includes securing arms 98 extending rearwardly for engaging the side frames 20 and a bolt 100 is adapted to engage a nut type member 102 slidably received within the structural substrate of the particular side frame. The panel engaging portion 94 includes a front face 104 for supporting the front panel 6 which has been provided with brackets 6 a on the interior surface for receipt within slots 106 provided in the front face 104 . The brackets pass through the slots and the panel is then slid downwardly to a locked and finished position. The linkage 108 serves to limit the extent to which the front panel 6 may be pivotted outwardly about the pivot point 96 . The device is shown in FIG. 11 secured to side frames and is movable from the closed position, shown in solid lines, to the dotted position where access to the connecting channels 22 is possible. It can also be seen that the top module 8 can move rearwardly to expose the vertical channels. Although both a movable front face and a movable top is shown in FIG. 11 , in most cases only one of these arrangements for providing access to the channels 22 would be used. It can also be appreciated that the channels 22 can be positioned somewhat lower than the position shown in FIG. 11 in the case where only the front panel moves outwardly to expose the channels. A little additional clearance would simplify inserting of wires or the like in the top channel 22 .
A sectional view through two adjacent secured opposed side frames 20 is shown in FIG. 12 . In this case, the finished height of the modular top 8 is different. The side frames each include finished interior side panels 12 which cover the structural substrate 46 of each side frame. The side frames are secured together by a mechanical fastener 16 passing between the two structural substrates 46 and through two opposed spacing and side rails 44 . There is a portion of the one larger side frame which would be exposed above the finished top 8 a of FIG. 12 . In this case, a short trim panel 18 is secured to the side frame and typically will be secured by a fastener 19 passing through the structural substrate 46 . The tops 8 and 8 a each include a bracket 110 supporting a roller arrangement 112 which has limited movement within the track 56 of each of the opposed side frames 20 .
FIG. 12 also illustrate the clear passageways 24 which are open at the front of the space and reinforcing rails 44 to allow passage of wires and the like rearwardly or forwardly in the space between rails to accommodate offsets in adjacent modules 4 .
The opposed side frames 20 have been described with respect to a particular construction which is of a composite nature including a wooden member engaging various steel members positioned at various points. It is within the scope of the invention merely to provide a steel type framework while still utilizing the passageways between the spacing and reinforcing rails 44 . Although the structural substrate is shown as one continuous sheet, this can be replaced by spaced vertical members, for example, and possibly made from different materials. Therefore, the structural substrate could be a structural framework.
The modular frame is also shown as connected adjacent the top edge by the connecting channels 22 . A structural brace can be provided between opposing side frames defining a module to further increase the structural stability of the system. Such a brace could be adjacent the lower edge of the side frames.
It can be appreciated that with the modular system described, the counterline can be customized to accommodate the particular requirements of the user. The front panels can easily be changed and various types of finishes can be provided for significantly changing the feel and look of the system. Special requirements, such as bulletproof partitions, etc. can also be accommodated with this system.
The counter tops have been shown as being flat, however, in fact, they can include raised portions which also move with the counter top. The counter top can also be customized and various levels can be provided thereon.
Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
| 0A
| 47 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a lubricating system for an engine 20. Referring
to FIG. 1, the engine 20 is preferably used to power an offroad vehicle
22, since this is an application for which the engine 20 having the
lubricating system of the present invention has particular advantages.
Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the lubricating system may
be used with engines used in a variety of applications.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the offroad vehicle 22 comprises an all-terrain
vehicle or "ATV." The vehicle 22 has a tubular, open type frame 24.
The frame 24 of the vehicle 22 is movably supported by a pair of front
wheels 26 and a pair of rear wheels 28. Each wheel 26,28 is mounted for
rotation with respect to the frame 24. In addition, each wheel 26,28 is
mounted to the frame 24 with a suspension, thereby permitting relative
linear movement (in generally the vertical direction) with respect to the
frame 24. Preferably, this suspension includes one or more shock absorbers
30.
The front pair of wheels 26 are also mounted for steering movement with
respect to the frame 24. Preferably, these wheels 26 may be turned to the
left and right with respect to the frame 24 with a steering handle 32. The
steering handle 32 is mounted just in front of a seat 34.
The vehicle 22 is powered by the engine 20. In particular, the engine 20 is
arranged so that a crankshaft (not shown) thereof drives the wheels 26,28.
In the embodiment illustrated, the engine 20 is arranged to drive both the
front and rear pairs of wheels 26,28. A front drive shaft 36 is driven by
the crankshaft of the engine 20 and drives the front pair of wheels 26. A
rear drive shaft 38 is driven by the crankshaft of the engine 20 and
drives the rear pair of wheels 28.
The engine 20 is of the internal combustion variety. The engine 20 has a
cylinder body 40 and a crankcase 42. One or more combustion chambers are
defined by the cylinder body 40. Preferably, each combustion chamber is
defined by the body and a piston (not shown) movably positioned in a
cylinder of the body 40, the piston connected to the crankshaft. The
engine 20 may have as few as one cylinder or have multiple cylinders. In
addition, the engine 20 may operate on a two or four cycle operating
principle.
The engine 20 is mounted to a lower portion of the frame 24, preferably in
an open area thereof below the seat 34 and a fuel tank 44 and between the
pairs of front and rear wheels 26,28. At least a portion of the crankshaft
of the engine 20 is mounted for rotation in the crankcase 42 of the engine
20.
An air and fuel mixture is supplied to each combustion chamber of the
engine 20. Preferably, air is drawn through a carburetor 46. Fuel from the
fuel tank 44 is dispersed into the air passing through the carburetor 46.
The combined fuel and air mixture is then routed through an intake system
to the combustion chamber. The fuel tank 44 is preferably mounted between
the seat 34 and steering handle 32 near the top of the vehicle 22. Because
the fuel system does not comprise a portion of the invention per se, it is
not described in detail. As such, any suitable fuel system as known to
those of skill in the art may be utilized.
An ignition system (not shown) is provided for igniting the air and fuel
mixture supplied to each combustion chamber. This ignition system may be
of a variety of types found suitable to those of skill in the art.
Exhaust generated as a result of the combustion is preferably routed from
each combustion chamber through an exhaust pipe 48. The exhaust pipe 48
preferably routes exhaust to a rear of the vehicle 22.
As illustrated, the cylinder body 40 extends upwardly from the crankcase 42
portion of the engine 20, and tilts forwardly. The intake system is
preferably positioned at the rear of the engine 20, while the exhaust
system preferably leads From the front of the engine 20. In this
arrangement, the crankshaft of the engine 20 extends generally transverse
through the crankcase 42 (i.e. perpendicular to the drive shafts 36,38).
Thus, an appropriate drive mechanism is provided between the crankshaft
and drive shafts 36,38.
Referring to FIG. 4, the crankcase 42 is defined by a crankcase member or
cover. Preferably, the crankcase 42 is defined by a first crankcase member
50 connected to a second crankcase member 52. These two crankcase members
50,52 cooperate to define an internal crankcase chamber. Preferably, a
crankshaft cover 53 is removably connected to the first crankcase member
50, which when removed permits access into the crankcase chamber.
The engine 20 includes a lubricating system. The lubricating system is
arranged to deliver lubricant, such as natural petroleum oil, a synthetic
Lubricant or combination thereof to various portions of the engine 20 for
use in lubricating the engine.
The lubricating system includes a lubricating or oil pump 54 and a filter
56. Oil is drawn from a sump portion of the crankcase 42, delivers it
through the filter 56 and then to various portion of the engine 20, before
the oil drains back to the sump.
The oil pump 54 has a housing 57 in which in movably mounted a pair of
pumping elements 58. The housing 57 of the pump 54 is preferably supported
by a wall 90 of the first crankcase member 50.
The pumping elements 58 preferably comprise an inner gear 62 cooperating
with an outer gear 60 to draw oil from a supply and deliver it under high
pressure through an outlet.
Means are provided for powering or driving the pumping elements 58.
Preferably, this means comprises a pump shaft 64 which is driven by the
crankshaft of the engine 20. Referring to FIG. 4, the shaft 64 has a first
end which is supported in rotatable fashion by a wall portion 66 of the
second crankshaft member 52. The first end of the shaft 64 is supported by
the pump housing 56. The inner gears 62 are mounted to the shaft 64 and
arranged to rotate the outer gears 60.
A drive gear 68 is mounted on the pump shaft 64 near its first end. This
gear 68 is preferably driven by a gear 70 which is mounted on a balance
shaft and driven by the (see also FIG. 3). In this fashion, the speed at
which the pump 54 is driven is proportional to the speed at which the
crankshaft rotates.
The pump 54 draws oil from a lower or sump portion of the crankcase 42
through first and second suction tubes 72,74 (see FIGS. 3 and 4). Each
tube 72,74 is preferably formed as a portion of the pump housing 56 and
defines a passage leading to an inlet side of the pumping elements 58. A
strainer 76 is provided over the inlet of the first suction tube 72, and a
similar strainer 78 is provided over the inlet of the second suction tube
74. The inlet of each tube 72,74 is positioned near the bottom of the
crankcase 42.
The pump 54 delivers oil at a high pressure (or at least higher than the
pressure of oil at the inlet) through an outlet port 80 defined partly by
the housing 56. This port 80 leads to a connecting passage 82 defined by
the first crankcase member 50 which leads to a filter housing 84.
The filter housing 84 is defined primarily by the first crankcase member
50. Referring to FIG. 2, the housing 84 comprises a generally cylinder
shaped recess defined by the wall 90 of the first crankcase member 50. A
generally planar mounting surface 87 surrounds the filter housing area. A
cover 86 has a mating surface for abutting the mounting surface 87 and
enclosing the housing area 84. A gasket may be provided between the cover
86 and mounting surface 87 to improve the seal between the two members.
Preferably, the cover 86 is removably connected to the first crankcase
member 50. As illustrated, several threaded bolts are used to mount the
cover 86 to the first crankcase member 50. Those of skill in the art will
appreciate that other means may be provided for mounting these two members
together, such as screws or the like. Also, the cover 86 may be threaded
for engagement with mating threads on the first crankcase member 50.
A filter element 56 is positioned in the housing 84, the filter 56 having
an end which abuts a rear wall 98 of the housing 84 which is defined by
the first crankcase member 50.
Oil which is delivered through the connecting passage 82 circulates about
the outside of the filter 56 and then passes through a wall of the filter
into the interior thereof. The oil then flows through a delivery passage
88 which extends first through the wall 90 of the first crankcase member
50 and which is then defined between the outer wall 90 and an inner wall
92 of the member 50. The delivery passage 88 leads to various oil
galleries or passages associated with the engine 20, as known to those of
skill in the art.
Preferably, a relief valve 94 is provided in communication with the
delivery passage 88. The valve 94 is arranged to return oil from the
passage 88 to the crankcase 42 in the event the pressure of the oil in the
delivery passage exaeeds a predetermined level.
An oil temperature sensor 96 is arranged to measure the temperature of the
oil passing through the passage 88 and deliver an output signal to an
control unit, temperature gauge or the like.
The lubricating system of the present invention has several advantages.
First, the oil filter 56 is positioned on the outside of the wall 90 of
the first crankcase member 50, while the oil pump 54 is supported on the
inside of the same member 50. Thus, the pump 54 and filter 56 are
positioned very close to one another on the same side of the engine 20.
This permits the oil delivery passage 82 extending between the pump 54 and
filter 56 to be very short. In this manner, the construction of the engine
20 is simplified and little oil pressure loss results from the passage of
the oil from the pump to the filter.
The pump 54 and filter 56 are also arranged so that they overlap in a
horizontal plane. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the top portion of the pump 54
extends upwardly to a point generally higher than the lowest portion of
the filter 56. In this manner, the connecting passage 82 between the
outlet port 80 of the pump 54 and the filter 86 extends transversely only.
Another advantage of the arrangement of the present invention is that the
pump shaft 64 is relatively short, it being supported by the internal wall
66 of the second crankcase member 52 and the pump housing 56. The length
of the shaft 64 is just long enough to permit driving of the shaft by the
gear 68 and of the pump 54. In this fashion, the shaft 64 is less
susceptible to vibration at a level which will cause significant noise
generation, and lengthens the life of the shaft by reducing its likelihood
of failure.
In this arrangement, the filter 56 is easily replaced by removing the cover
86. The cover 86 is positioned on the exterior of the crankcase 42 on a
side of the engine 20, and is accessible in the open area of the frame 24
at the side of the vehicle 22, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
Of course, the foregoing description is that of preferred embodiments of
the invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the
appended claims. | 5F
| 01 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As shown inFIG. 1, the cladding system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention comprises an array of rectangular box-like glazed cladding units10mounted on structural support members12, which typically form part of the frame of a building to be clad.FIG. 1shows a demonstration system in which the cladding units10are mounted onto a wooden frame structure in a continuous array forming a wall.
The cladding units10are mounted onto the frame structure by means of a point-support attachment system to be described in more detail. Each cladding unit is supported at its corners. The lower two corners14support the deadweight of the cladding unit itself. The upper two corners16allow for upward vertical movement to accommodate thermal expansion and movement of the building itself. The attachment system also locks the cladding units against the structure in a direction normal to the plane of the wall that the cladding units are secured against windload.
As shown inFIG. 2, the glazed cladding unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention comprises a pair of glass panes or lites separated by a rectangular aluminum spacer frame18defining a box-like structure. Glass panes or “lites”20having a thickness of less than 9 mm, and preferably between 3 and 6 mm, are attached at their periphery to the spacer frame18by means of commercial silicone glazing sealant. It is found that such a construction can be made highly rigid by using a sufficiently strong spacer frame, increasing the spacing of the glass lites, preferably to 2.5″ for a 48″×48″ spacer frame. Indeed, it is anticipated that it will be possible to make panes up to 4×8′ or more, or by including a light-transmissive honeycomb insert19between the panes. The honeycomb insert is generally made of plastic and thus has sufficient flexibility to allow for movement of the lites.
The spacer frame provides the structural strength to the unit. The silicone sealer provides sufficient resilience to allow for the thermal expansion of the lites without compromising the rigidity and structural integrity of the unit.
Angle pieces22are attached to the corners of the spacer frame18, by screws or rivets, for example. The angle pieces22support attachment elements in the form of protruding stainless steel load-bearing pins24with enlarged heads26. The pins24engage in slots in corresponding attachment elements mounted on the building structure. The lower angle pieces have shelves22athat extend beyond the spacer frame underneath the inner and outer lites. A block of rubber inserted between the shelves and the lites of glass acts as a setting block, transferring deadload from the weight of each lite into the angle piece and pin. In this way, long term dead loads on the silicone sealant and resultant creep of the glass relative to the spacer are avoided.
A section of the spacer frame18is shown in more detail inFIGS. 3aand3b. This is made of a generally rectangular extruded hollow aluminum section having beveled edges28on the inside.
Structural members are required to support the wall system or roof system. Any structural member, including steel, aluminum, or wood sections or trusses, capable of bearing wind load and dead load, may be used as support for the cladding units in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 4shows the bracket30, which is attached to the structural members of the building. The bracket includes generally elbow or L-shaped slots32that receive the pins24of the attachment elements on the cladding units.
FIG. 5ais another view show a similar bracket30with slot32. The brackets30are arranged in upper and lower pairs on opposite sides of the glazing unit10. The spacing of the upper and lower pairs of brackets30is arranged so that the pins24engaging the lower pair are seated firmly in the bottom of the slots32, whereas the pins24engaging the upper slots are located roughly in the middle of the slots. The pins have a diameter corresponding to the width of the vertical limbs of the slots32. This arrangement ensures that the cladding units are locked against movement in a direction normal to their surface and hence the wall of the building. This is important for ensuring resistance to windload. The lower pair of slots32carries the full deadweight of the cladding unit10. The upper pair of pins can move in the vertical direction to allow for expansion of the cladding units or movement of the building. The enlarged heads of the pins can also be located to permit lateral play in the direction of arrow a, as shown inFIG. 5b, so as to allow limited lateral movement of the cladding units for the same purpose.
The elbow shaped configuration of the slots allows the panels to be applied using a conventional suction cup for handling glass by simply lifting the panels and pressing them horizontally into the horizontal entrances of the slots32and then sliding the units downwards, allowing the pins to drop down into the vertical portions of the slots32to secure the cladding units in place. Installation is therefore very quick and simple to perform.
FIG. 6shows four cladding units10mounted in place on a simulated building structure. Each bracket30has four slots lying in the same plane to accommodate pins from all adjacent upper and lower panels. As shown the bracket30accommodates a lower pin24from the upper cladding unit10and an upper pin20from the lower cladding unit10. It also has a pair of slots to accommodate the cladding units to be installed to the right of the array shown in the drawing. As seen inFIG. 2c, for each upper24a,24band lower24c,24dpair of pins, the pin on the right side is at a different level from the pin on the left side. This arrangement allows for laterally adjacent cladding units to be attached to the same bracket which has four slots, one above the other without their pins colliding.
In an alternative embodiment, shown inFIGS. 7 to 10, the attachment system consists of a bracket40that is attached to a structural member of the building and provided with a single horizontal pin42facing toward the cladding units. A corner bracket44having right-angled plates46,48is attached to each corner of the spacer frame of the cladding unit10. The bracket44terminates in a hook47, which hooks over the horizontal pin42of the bracket40. As shown inFIG. 7, the hooks46from the brackets attached to the four adjacent cladding units lie side by side on the horizontal pin42, which is attached to the building structure.
As shown inFIG. 6, a T-sectioned weathertight finishing strip50is inserted into the interstices or gaps between the adjacent cladding units. This can be in the form of an extruded elastomer gasket, or it can also be cure-in-place elastomer sealant, or a combination of the above.
In one embodiment formed metal section, which can be a roll-formed stainless or aluminum section, is placed over each structural member. This section has an adhesive foam strip mounted on the edge, which serves as a backer for silicone sealant that is applied after cladding units are installed. By sealing all joints as well, this section forms an air seal and drip gutter to allow the system to function according to ‘rainscreen’ principles. In the case of an overhead system, a deeper section should be used on rafters, and less deep section should be used on purlins, and sections should be tiled at purlin-rafter joints, so that any rainwater that penetrates the outer seal is wept away and down the rafter channels.
Stainless steel clips may be attached to structural members on top of air seal/drip gutter section via bolts.
As illustrated above the cladding units are installed by inserting pins in the front of clips and then sliding the entire unit downwards, in a ‘hook and pin’ arrangement. Bottom pins seat in the bottom of slots, and weight of the unit is transferred into the frame. Locking clips are installed to prevent the units from escaping via moving upward. Top pins are nominally positioned in the middle of the slot, so that upper pins can slide to take up differential expansion between glass, spacer, and structural members. Besides bearing weight of the units and locking this units in place, this ‘hook and pin’ clip system is capable of bearing significant wind loads, which act normal to the glass surface.
The pin system allows units to slide horizontally over a small distance relative to clips. This allows for differential expansion of components, as well as some small movement of structural members, without buildup of stress on the glass panels or spacers.
The hook and pin system allows relatively large deflection of structural members, by constraining only where necessary, and allowing freedom of movement everywhere else. The inherent structural value of the glass panel acts separately to prevent deflection of the glass edges beyond the L/175 value that is used in standard glass loading calculations.
EXAMPLE
Glazed cladding units were fabricated that consisted of translucent insulating glass units filled with SOLERA® honeycomb material and configured with 6 mm glass on each side, and ‘S’ style aluminum spacer frame at the periphery. Separation between lites of glass was 2.5″ (63.5 mm), and combination of spacer, glass, and silicone adhesive provide sufficient structural capacity to span 48″ (1200 mm) when only point-supported at four corners. Solera panels are manufactured by Advanced Glazings Ltd., Sydney NS Canada.
The glass can be coated with a UV curing acrylic adhesive resin, before creating the honeycomb sandwich. A suitable UV curing resin can be made from a combination of acrylic monomers and oligomers, with a UV-cure catalyst, and is supplied by UCB Chemicals Ltd., Smyrna, Ga. The panel is then cured by exposure to radiation from standard UV-B and UV-C fluorescent lamps through the glass. This honeycomb panel is very stiff and strong. Calculations show that a panel constructed in this manner of dimension 96″×48″ is capable of supporting loads normal to its surface of up to 500 lbs per sq.ft., when simply supported at ends separated by the 96″ dimension. This is far in excess of standard structural capabilities of monolithic glass lites, and thus, very large areas can be spanned with only corner support.
The above units are translucent and admit diffuse light. It is possible to make them fully transparent to provide full vision through them. In this case, the cladding units may consist of two layers of glass, preferably separated by a distance greater than the above 2.5″thickness with an aluminum S spacer frame, but without the honeycomb core. When using a gap larger than 1″, as is necessary to get structural moment over large distances, the pressure in the cavity between the glass is equalized by venting to the outdoors in a controlled manner, such as by the use of a 0.020″ ID (inner diameter)×12″ long stainless steel tube (not shown) commonly used in the glass industry for that purpose. When using clear vision units, venting should be done through a desiccant cartridge to prevent buildup of humidity and resultant internal condensation within the cladding unit.
Clear vision units with a spacing between lites in the conventional range of 0.5″ to 1″ can be utilized in this system, provided that the spacer extends beyond the glass in one or more directions, forming an ‘integrated spacer frame’ unit. Additionally, a standard sealed insulated glass unit can be glazed in a metal or polymer frame that provides the structural capability and compatibility with the clip system.
Thus it will be seen that the glazed cladding units in accordance with embodiments of the invention have inherent structural capacity, such that they can be secured against windload and deadload at 3 or more points only. The structural capacity is provided by increased spacing between lites, structural moment provided by the spacer, bonding of glass to a translucent insert in the space between the glass, and any combination of the above. The attachment system allow the structural cladding units to be attached directly to structural members, such that the panels are secured against windload and deadloads, but with sufficient freedom of movement to accommodate differential thermal expansion, load-induced movements, and structural movements of the building structure itself without applying damaging stress to the glazing panels.
The weathertight finish covers the exterior of the spaces between units. The drip gutter system that is placed between the supporting structural members and the glass cladding units catches and weeps away any rainwater that may work its way past the outer seals, and forms an inner seal as per the rain screen principle.
| 4E
| 04 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 is a partial view of a valve in the
form of an injection valve for fuel injection systems of
mixture-compressing externally ignited internal combustion engines. The
injection valve has a tubular valve seat support 1 in which a longitudinal
orifice 3 is formed concentrically to a longitudinal valve axis 2. A
tubular valve needle 5, connected at its downstream end 6 to an optionally
spherical valve closing element 7, provided on its periphery with for
example five flats 8, is arranged in longitudinal orifice 3.
The injection valve is actuated in the well-known manner, for example,
electromagnetically. An electromagnetic circuit with a magnetic coil 10,
an armature 11, and a core 12 are used to axially move valve needle 5,
thus closing the valve or opening it against the elastic force of for
example a reset spring (not illustrated). Armature 11 is connected to the
end facing away from valve closing element 7 of valve needle 5 through a
weld produced by laser, for example, and aligned with core 12.
A guide orifice 15 of a valve seat body 16 is used to guide valve closing
element 7 during its axial motion. Valve seat body 16, which may be
cylindrical, is hermetically welded to the end of valve seat support 1
facing away from core 12 in longitudinal opening 3 that runs
concentrically to longitudinal valve axis 2. At its lower end 17, facing
away from valve closing element 7, valve seat body 16 is concentrically
and permanently attached to a supporting ring 21, which may have a
cup-shaped design and is thus in close contact with valve seat body 16.
Supporting ring 21 has a shape for example similar to that of the
well-known cup-shaped spray hole disk with a central area of supporting
ring 21 being provided with a stepped through orifice 22 to accommodate an
injector plate 23 according to the invention.
Valve seat body 16 is connected to supporting ring 21, for example, through
a hermetical peripheral first weld 25, produced with a laser for example.
With this type of assembly, the danger of undesirable deformation of
supporting ring 21 in its central area with through orifice 22 and
injector plate 23 mounted therein is avoided. Supporting ring 21 is
furthermore connected to the wall of longitudinal orifice 3 in valve seat
support 1, for example through a peripheral and hermetically closing
second weld 30.
The insertion depth of the valve seat part, consisting of valve seat body
16, cup-shaped supporting ring 21 and injector plate 23, into longitudinal
orifice 3 determines the length of stroke of valve needle 5, since one end
position of valve needle 5 when magnetic coil 10 is not energized is
determined by the close contact of valve closing element 7 with a valve
seat surface 29 of valve seat body 16. The other end position of valve
needle 5, when magnetic coil 10 is energized, is determined, for example,
by the close-contact of armature 11 with core 12. The distance between
these two end positions of valve needle 5 is therefore the stroke.
Spherical valve closing element 7 works with truncated cone-shaped valve
seat surface 29 of valve seat body 16; valve seat surface 29 is formed in
the axial direction between guide orifice 15 and lower face 17 of valve
seat body 16.
FIG. 2 shows an axial section of injector plate 23 built into an injection
valve. Injector plate 23 is designed as a plane, flat, circular disk.
Injector plate 23 is centered in supporting ring 21. Injector plate 23 is
fastened to the injection valve and specifically to valve seat body 16
using, for example, clamping, which is possible due to the contour of
supporting ring 21. Such a fastening as indirect attachment of injector
plate 23 to valve seat body 16 has the advantage that, contrary to
processes like welding or soldering, a temperature-related deformation of
the fine annular gap geometry is completely avoided. The stepped through
orifice 22 in supporting ring 21 is dimensioned so accurately that it can
accommodate injector plate 23 very precisely without stresses. Instead of
the even outside contour, injector plate 23 can also have an outside
contour stepped in the axial direction. Supporting ring 21 does not
represent, however, a necessary condition for fastening injector plate 23.
Since the fastening options are not relevant to the invention, here we
shall only briefly refer to the other well-known bonding processes, such
as welding, soldering, or gluing. In the assembled state, an upper face 38
of injector plate 23 is in close contact with lower face 17 of valve seat
body 16, as the bottom of cup-shaped supporting ring 21.
Flat injector plate 23 has a plurality of swirl-promoting depressions 40,
open from the fuel intake side, i.e., the upper face 38 and serving as
swirl-producing elements. Swirl-promoting depressions 40 are evenly
distributed around a circle in injector plate 23, with only the general
arrangement of the swirl-promoting depressions 40 being circular. Each
swirl-promoting depression 40 has a cross section that may be, for
example, rectangular. The diameter of the circle on which the
swirl-promoting depressions 40 are arranged depends mainly on the width of
an outlet orifice 42 in the valve seat body 16, downstream from valve seat
surface 29. In order to achieve unimpeded fuel intake in injector plate 23
and especially in the swirl-promoting depressions, swirl-promoting
depressions 40 are designed so that their internal areas, located closest
to longitudinal valve axis 2, have a smaller effective diameter than the
diameter of exit orifice 42. The flow directions are schematically
indicated through arrows 44 in FIG. 2. Swirl-promoting depressions 40 are
not fully radial, but also have a precisely defined component in the
peripheral (circumferential) direction. The design of swirl-promoting
depressions 40 is elucidated by the top view of injector plate 23 in FIG.
3. This shows the turbine vane-like arrangement of the mostly radial
swirl-promoting depressions 40, which are however tilted in the peripheral
direction and run with their longitudinal axes along longitudinal valve
axis 2.
Downstream from swirl-promoting depressions 40, a narrow annular gap 45,
uninterrupted over its circumference, follows as fuel outlet geometry in
injector plate 23. Annular gap 45 runs, for example, with vertical
limiting walls, produced cost-effectively using, for example
electroforming (MIGA method: Microstructuring, Electroforming, Deforming),
which extend to a lower face 46 of injector plate 23. The cross section
surface of annular gap 45 determines the flow rate, with the annular gap
width being usually in the range between 25 .mu.m and 50 .mu.m. For a
diameter of approximately 5 mm, injector plate 23 has a thickness of 0.2
mm to 0.4 mm, with the axial lengths of swirl-promoting depressions 40 and
annular depression (gap) 45 being approximately the same (equivalent).
These magnitudes for the dimensions of injector plate 23 and all other
dimensions given in the description are intended to facilitate
comprehension and in no way limit the invention.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, annular gap 45 has a larger diameter
than the effective diameter of inlet areas 47 for the fuel in
swirl-promoting depressions 40. Inlet areas 47 are understood here as the
orifice areas of swirl-promoting depressions 40, where swirl-promoting
depressions 40 are not covered by valve seat body 16. The diameter of
annular gap 45 is therefore greater than the diameter of outlet orifice 42
in valve seat body 16. Thus there is a radial offset of the inlet and
outlet of injector plate 23. An additional offset in the peripheral
direction is necessarily obtained from the arrangement of swirl-promoting
depressions 40 through their not exactly radial orientation. Annular gap
45 runs downstream from the outer radial area, but only so far out that
the fuel can flow from swirl-promoting depressions 40 into annular gap 45
without overlapping. In the swirl-promoting depressions, the fuel has a
swirl component acquired through the configuration of swirl-promoting
depressions 40 as described above. The swirl component results in the
exiting fluid lamella widening, making it possible to obtain a desired jet
angle, despite annular gap 45 being perpendicular to injector plate 23.
A jet geometry providing a large surface area in relation to the amount of
fuel is the hollow fuel lamella. A large total surface area is equivalent
to (achieved by) the breakup of the fuel into as many small droplets as
possible. In injector plate 23 according to the present invention, the
lamella is formed with as large a diameter as possible when passing
through annular gap 45. In the downstream direction, the lamella becomes
thinner, which is enhanced by the increase in the lamella's circumference
caused by its bell shape. The bell shape is obtained from a low-pressure
core in the central hollow space of the lamella. The swirl component
contributes to an enlargement of the lamella circumference, which further
increases the free jet surface area and makes the lamella break up into
smaller drops. Furthermore, the spatial packing density of the droplets
decreases for larger lamella cross sections, making droplet coagulation in
the fuel spray (recombination of droplets into larger drops) less likely.
Lamella breakup starts at a well-defined axial distance from annular gap
45. The lamella surface area becomes more undulated as the distance to
injector plate 23 increases due to aerodynamic interactions with the gas
surrounding the lamella (Taylor effect). The instability in the lamella
increases with increasing distance from annular gap 45 until a point where
it suddenly breaks up into minute fuel droplets. The advantage of this
arrangement consists of the fact that almost no other disturbances occur
aside from lamella undulation.
The jet angle of the exiting lamella can be varied and adjusted by
engineering measures. The jet angle can be influenced by the following
factors among others:
the shape of swirl-promoting depressions 40 (radial component to peripheral
component ratio),
ratio of the outer diameter of swirl-promoting depressions 40 to the
diameter of annular gap 45,
degree of overlap, i.e., size of the overlap of swirl-promoting depressions
40.
FIG. 4 shows the axial section of a second embodiment of an injector plate
23, which differs from injector plate 23 of FIGS. 2 and 3 only by the fact
that the S-shaped flow in injector plate 23 occurs in the reverse
direction, since annular gap 45 is designed with a smaller diameter than
outlet orifice 42 and thus smaller than inlet areas 47 in swirl-promoting
depressions 40. In order to achieve the radial offset of inlet and outlet
of injector plate 23, it is recommended that an additional thin, for
example circular, cover disk 50 be provided on injector plate 23 on its
upper face. This cover disk 50 has such an outer diameter that
swirl-promoting depressions 40 are not fully covered on the outside and
thus inlet areas 47 have the desired size. Outlet orifice 42 of valve seat
body 16, where cover disk 50 is now located, has a larger diameter now
than the effective diameter through the outer edge areas of
swirl-promoting depressions 40.
Additional examples of embodiment, not illustrated, result from fully
omitting a cover of swirl-promoting depressions 40 or by using covers
configured differently. Thus it is conceivable to form additional layers
similar to cover disk 50 directly on injector plate 23 during its
manufacture, which then perform the function of the cover.
A particularly suitable and preferred manufacturing process for injector
plate 23 is briefly described below. The process is based on a flat and
stable substrate, which may consist, for example, of silicon, glass, or
ceramic. The usual thicknesses of these substrate plates are between 0.5
mm and 2 mm. After cleaning the substrate, an auxiliary layer is applied
electrically on the substrate. This can be an electrical primer layer,
(e.g., Cu), necessary to provide conductance for subsequent
electroplating. This auxiliary layer can also serve as a stop layer for
the subsequent microstructuring or as a sacrifice layer to make it
possible to subsequently decollate injector plates 23 in a simple manner,
e.g., by etching. Then a microstructurable layer is applied on the entire
auxiliary layer. A thermoplastically deformable plastic (e.g.
polymethylmethacrylate PMMA) is especially advantageously applied to the
auxiliary layer, particularly by lamination as a film.
Subsequently this layer is structured using a mask. Microstructuring can be
performed by diamond machining or ablation using excimer laser, especially
due to its high precision. The excimer laser used, for example, for
microstructuring, is distinguished by its very high power density and
short wavelength (typically .lambda.=193 nm) After this process, an
electroplating mask remains in the PMMA layer. Metal is applied around
this mask in an electroplating bath. The metal is applied as a
close-fitting layer on the contour of the electroplating mask, so that it
accurately reproduces the predefined contours. Ni, NiCo, NiFe, or Cu are
normally used for electroplating.
Depending on the desired design of injector plate 23, the microstructuring
and electroforming steps can now be repeated. After completing the
electroplating processes, the electroplating masks are removed. When PMMA
is used for the layers to be structured, ethyl acetate is especially
well-suited for removing it. After this removal, injector plate 23 is on
the substrate already in its final form. Finally injector plate 23 is
decollated. For this purpose, the auxiliary layers are removed by etching
and injector plate 23 is lifted off the substrate.
Another, very similar manufacturing principle provides for the manufacture
of forming tools according to the MIGA method in the above-described
manner, which are exactly the reverse (negative structure) of the desired
injector plate 23. This method is especially cost-effective for large
quantities of injector plates 23.
These forming tools configured as negatives of injector plates 23 must be
machined so precisely as to be usable at least 10,000 times with unchanged
quality. To this end UV intaglio lithography is also well-suited for
producing injector plate 23. Also in this process, an auxiliary layer
(sacrifice layer, electroplating primer layer) is applied, on which a
photoresist is laminated, splashed or sprayed. The structure to be
produced is than transferred with the help of a photolithographic mask (UV
exposure). After developing the UV-exposed photoresist, a structure
defined by the mask is obtained in the photoresist, which represents a
negative structure of the injector plate 23 layer to be obtained later.
The remaining photoresist structure is subsequently electrically filled
with metal. The process steps after electroplating, such as removal of the
auxiliary layers and decollating injector plate 23 from the substrate take
place as in the previously described method. | 5F
| 02 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.
FIGS. 1-7illustrate a clothes drying apparatus10mounted to a building structure (e.g., a floor, ceiling, wall of door header) including four vertical rectangular frames12that individually slide in and out on full-extension, three-piece telescoping slider tracks14. Each slider track14includes a stationary portion/outer member14a, an intermediate portion/middle member14b, and an end portion/inner member14call of approximately equal lengths. Each frame12is secured to a corresponding end portions/inner member14cof the sliding tracks. The three-piece slider tracks14are hung from pivoting hinges16attached to identical front and back C-channel brackets18,20at both ends of the stationary portion/outer member of the sliders. These brackets18,20support and evenly space out the frames12to allow air space between each drying rack for faster drying. The complete system can adjust to fit into most typical residential closets with the back C-channel bracket20attached to an additional back mounting bracket22secured to the back wall23of the closet with heavy duty drywall anchors while the front bracket18attaches to the underside of the closet header25.
Each three-piece slider enables its corresponding frame to slide out the entire width of the frame for full access, similar to the slides of a common drawer. The pivoting motion of the frames allow the user to pull the neighboring frame out of the way so that the moving frame has more space to slide in and out without catching clothes on the frame next to it. The sliders have a quick release so that the inner member and drying frames can be individually removed from the support system.
Each side of the frame supports the ends of horizontal drying poles24for draping garments over to dry. The back side of the frame has a series of holes28spaced 3.5″ apart running the height of the frame to fit one end of the drying poles, and the front side of the frame uses a similarly spaced series of upside down L slots32to slide the other end of each drying pole into and down to secure it from pulling off the frame. The top section34of the frame screws to the side of the end portion/inner member14cof the corresponding telescoping slider track. The frame is squared and secured using lap joints. Normally the frames are all pushed back into the closet, and one at a time, the frames are pulled out, loaded with garments and pushed back into the closet to air dry with clothes out of site.
Referring toFIGS. 8-10, the above Clothes Drying Apparatus can also be installed in an open area by removing the back mounting bracket22and utilizing two41″ mounting brackets40with mounting holes42every 4″. These mounting brackets40are mounted perpendicular to the ceiling joist43using wood screws to attach to the ceiling joist. Ceiling mounting should be secured to ceiling joists43for proper strength. The unique design of the front and back C-channel brackets18,20allows them to be mounted either perpendicular or parallel to the mounting brackets40. When the frames are to run perpendicular to the ceiling joist, the slots44in the front and back C-channel brackets18,20enable the mounting brackets40an adjustable connection and support for the rest of the system (as shown inFIGS. 8-10). If the Ceiling joists run parallel to the frame direction, the front and back C-channel brackets18,20can slide and fit inside the mounting brackets40(not shown). This unique universal system accommodates all ceiling mounting situations using the same parts. The ceiling versions come with longer frame sides to extend them down to working height for an 8′ or 9′ ceiling.
The three versions of the clothes drying apparatus utilize nearly all the same parts with the exception of the different length frame sides and the mounting brackets40substituted for the back mounting bracket22. On all the versions, the frames remain about one foot above the floor to provide storage space below and easy access for cleaning.
In the third embodiment ofFIGS. 11-13, the pivoting hinges16of the first embodiment are replaced by J-shaped hanger brackets50that engage hanger tabs52. The illustrated hanger brackets50are secured to corresponding outer members14aof the slider track14(two hanger brackets50per slider track14). The hanger tabs52are cut and bent from the C-channel brackets18,20and define an opening54for receiving a corresponding hanger bracket50.
It can be seen that the hanger brackets50can pivot relative to the hanger tabs52, and thus provide the same benefits provided by the pivoting hinges16noted in connection with the first two embodiments. That is, the ability of the frames to pivot relative to the stationary structure (e.g., the wall or ceiling) reduces the likelihood of damages to the apparatus in the event that the a lateral force is applied to the frame. In addition, the ability to pivot each frame relative to the other frames enhances the ease with which each frame can be slid into and out of the stored position. For example, when it is desired to slide a particular frame out of the stored position, adjacent frames can be pivoted away from the particular frame to thereby decrease the likelihood of clothing on the adjacent frames contacting the clothing on the particular frame. The same applies when one is sliding the particular frame from an extended position to the stored position
Each hanger bracket50can be inserted into and removed from the opening54in a corresponding hanger tab52to facilitate easy installation and removal of the apparatus. More specifically, when installing the apparatus10, the C-channel brackets18,20can be mounted as desired (e.g., utilizing the mounting brackets40) and each slider track14(or at least the outer member14aof each slider track14) can be hung on the C-channel brackets18,20using the hanger brackets50. After the slider tracks14are hung on the C-channel brackets18,20, each frame12can be attached to the corresponding slider track14.
Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
THEORY
While the applicant does not wish to be bound to any specific theory to
explain why the present invention is effective in achieving potentiation
of an antigenic response by the simultaneous administration of at least
two different physio-chemical forms of the antigen, the following
theoretical explanation can be made.
It is known that both B cells and accessory cells must present antigens to
T-cells to initiate an antibody response to the antigen in naive animals
(refs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). B cells and accessory cells may have preferences
for different physio-chemical forms of antigens. These preferences may
result from B cells and accessory cells using different mechanisms for
internalizing antigens.
B cells internalize antigens via specific binding to their cell surface
immunoglobulins (refs. 6, 7) and can present soluble antigens in
concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml (ref. 8). Accessory cells, which are
macrophages and dendritic cells, on the other hand, internalize antigens
by non-specific phagocytizing and pinocytizing the antigens (ref. 9).
Macrophages can present soluble antigens if they are at concentrations of
approximately 100 .mu.g/ml (ref. 8). Other research (ref. 10) has
demonstrated that the concentration of soluble antigen needed by
macrophages can be decreased by binding the antigen to a particulate
structure.
During the generation of an antibody response, B cells and accessory cells
present antigens to T-cells at two different stages of T cell
activation/differentiation. Research has demonstrated that naive T cells
must first interact with antigen presenting accessory cells to become
activated helper T cells (refs. 11, 12, 13, 14). The inventors believe
that particulate forms of antigens, as employed herein, effectively
mediate the accessory cell activation of naive T cells. This interaction,
however, is insufficient to induce the B cells to respond to a T
cell-dependent antigen. Direct cell-to-cell contact between B cells and
activated helper T cells is required for the induction of antibody
secretion from B cells (ref. 15). This interaction is mediated by B cells
processing and presenting the antigen to activated T cell (ref. 16). This
type of B cell-T cell interaction is termed cognate T cell help. The
inventors believe that a soluble form of antigen employed herein best
mediates B cells interacting with helper T cells.
The order of the two interactions is essential to bring about the required
immune response in naive T cells. It has recently been shown that antigen
presentation of B cells to naive T cells induces T cell tolerance rather
than activation (refs. 2, 3). Since optimal immune responses require
efficient antigen presentation by both B cell and accessory cells, such
optimal response can be achieved in the present invention by
simultaneously administering the antigen in two physio-chemical forms at
either one or two sites of injection.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
As stated above, the novel method of achieving potentiated immune response
in a naive animal, including humans, to an antigen is to administer the
antigen simultaneously in at least two different physio-chemical forms.
The invention is broadly applicable to a wide variety of antigens,
particularly viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan and parasite protein, and
is particularly useful with respect to antigens containing protective
epitopes that normally exhibit a weak immunogenic response.
Among the viral antigens to which the invention may be applied are the
gp120 and gp160 proteins of retroviruses especially HIV, the
haemagglutinin antigen of influenza and other viral proteins associated
with viral membranes.
The invention is illustrated hereinafter with respect to the haemagglutinin
antigen (HA) from influenza virus but it will be apparent from the results
given for the HA antigen and the discussion above that the invention has
application to a wide range of antigens. Also presented below are data
with respect to the immune response to the outer surface protein A (OspA)
of the B. burgdorferi spirochete (i.e. a bacterial protein) in different
physio-chemical forms. Lipidate OspA is a strong immunogen and hence
coadministration with other forms of the OspA generally is not required.
However, the results presented show the generality of the procedure.
One particular viral protein to which the invention may be applied is the
gp120 protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The gp120 protein of
HIV contains protective epitopes but is a poor immunogen. The immune
response to gp120 can be potentiated by coadministering gp120 protein with
inactivated HIV virions, gp160 or pseudovirions. The gp160 protein is the
precursor protein that is proteolytically cleaved to form gp120 and gp40.
The gp120 protein normally is associated with HIV virions via gp40.
Purified gp120 protein is a soluble protein which is poorly immunogenic
while viral particulate and gp160 protein are more immunogenic.
Coadministration in accordance with the present invention may achieve an
enhanced immune response to the gp120 protein.
The different physio-chemical forms of the antigen for coadministration may
vary widely, depending on the antigen chosen and the specific antigenic
forms of the antigen which might be available. Preferably, the two forms
are tailored to provide for antigen presentation both by B cells and by
accessory cells to T-cells to initiate antibody response.
For example, one physio-chemical form may be soluble while the other may be
insoluble and/or particulate, as in the case of HA antigen. Alternatively,
the different physio-chemical forms of the antigen may be a lipidated
protein and a non-lipidated protein, as in the case of OspA antigen. In
addition, the different physio-chemical forms of the antigen may comprise
proteins with and without hydrophobic region. Further, the different
physio-chemical forms of the antigen may comprise proteins which have been
engineered, for example, by genetic engineering or chemical synthesis, to
be provided with or without specific epitopes or regions.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1
This Example demonstrates the effect of coadministration of different
physio-chemical forms of the HA antigen from influenza virus.
Several different physio-chemical forms of HA exist, namely HA(p), split HA
and inactivated whole virus. HA(p) is a highly purified form of HA that
has had its hydrophobic tail removed by bromelain cleavage and is soluble
in water. Split HA is a detergent extracted and partially purified form of
the HA antigen. Inactivated whole virus is formalin inactivated whole
virus particles.
Split HA and inactivated whole virus are immunogenic in naive animals and
humans. HA(p) is not immunogenic in naive animals or infants, even though
it is antigenic in antibody-antigen reactions.
There was conducted two series of experiments in which guinea pigs were
immunized with various physio-chemical forms of HA from the A/Taiwan
influenza strain, alone or in combination, and their responses were
measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers, HAI titers being
known to correlate wall with protective immune responses. The results
obtained in the experiments were plotted graphically and appear as FIGS. 1
and 2.
In these experiments, the amount of HA(p) was maintained constant (1.0
.mu.g) and the amount of added whole inactivated virus was varied. Of the
three amounts of whole inactivated virus employed (1.0 .mu.g, 0.1 .mu.g
and 0.01 .mu.g), immune responses were best potentiated by
co-administration using 0.1 .mu.g whole inactivated virus, as may be seen
from FIGS. 1 and 2.
When the titers for this combination were compared to the titers for HA(p)
or 0.1 .mu.g whole inactivated virus alone, coadministration potentiated
immune responses four to seven fold at two to four weeks after the boost.
At the higher dose of 1.0 .mu.g of whole inactivated virus, immune
responses to coadministration were equal to the responses to the virus
alone, again as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. At the low dose of 0.01 .mu.g whole
inactivated virus, the immune response to both coadministration and whole
inactivated virus alone were low (see FIG. 2). Since HAI titers correlate
well with protective immune responses, these results suggest that
coadministration enhances protective immune responses in guinea pigs.
The co-administration of split HA and HA(p) also enhanced anti-HA antibody
responses in guinea pigs. Maximal enhancement by coadministration was
observed using 0.1 .mu.g of HA(p) and 0.1 .mu.g of split HA, as may be
seen from the results of FIGS. 1 and 4. A three- to seven-fold enhancement
in HAI titers was observed using these amounts of antigen.
EXAMPLE 2
In addition to the results obtained in Example 1, antibody responses were
analyzed by EIA (ELISA immunoassay) to determine whether the enhancement
of HAI titers by coadministration was related to the total amount of IgG
anti-HA antibody generated. In these experiments, HA-e (a highly-purified
form of HA that retains its hydrophobic tail) was used to coat the wells
of the EIA plate and anti-guinea pig IgG was used as a detecting antibody.
The dilution curves of experimental antisera were compared to the dilution
curve of a standard guinea pig anti-serum and, on the basis of that
comparison, the units of IgG anti-HA were calculated in each sera.
Using the same guinea pig sera, a good correlation was found when the
results of the EIA, as seen in FIG. 3, were compared with the results of
the HAI, as seen in FIG. 2. These results show that co-administration of
the HA in different forms enhances the total amount of IgG generated
against HA.
The results of EIA on sera from an experiment using split HA, as seen in
FIG. 5, indicated that the increased HAI titers from co-administration
were the result of increased amounts of anti-HA antibodies. From the
results set forth in Examples 1 and 2, it is apparent that the levels of
antibody generated to coadministration with split HA generally were less
than those to coadministration with whole inactivated virus, as may be
seen from FIG. 1 and a comparison of FIGS. 2 and 4 and FIGS. 3 and 5.
In the experiments reported in Examples 1 and 2, naive animals were used to
evaluate coadministration.
EXAMPLE 3
This example illustrates the effect of coadministration of HA in primed
animals.
Guinea pigs were primed with either 1.0 .mu.g of whole inactivated virus
(results depicted in FIG. 6) or 1.0 .mu.g of split HA (results depicted in
FIG. 7). Three weeks later, the guinea pigs were given secondary
immunization of either single flu antigen or coadministered flu antigens.
The results shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 indicate that co-administration does
not enhance anti-HA results in primed animals and hence the
co-administration technique is useful only in naive animals, if an
enhanced immune response is to be achieved.
These results also show that the superior antigen for recalling memory
responses was HA(p) alone, while immunization with HA(p) at the primary
and secondary immunization did not generate a significant immune response.
These results show that HA(p) can recall memory immune responses to the HA
antigen but cannot itself generate memory. The use of the
weakly-immunogenic HA(p) to achieve an enhanced secondary immune response
from a HA primed animal forms the subject of copending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 943,247 filed Sep. 14, 1992 by Becker et al and
assigned to the assignee hereof.
EXAMPLE 4
This Example demonstrates the effect of different physio-chemical forms of
the OspA protein of B. burgdorferi spirochete.
OspA lipoprotein (OspA-L) is a very potent immunogen. Removal of the lipid
moiety from OspA dramatically decreases its immunogenicity but not its
antigenicity, as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.
888,765 filed May 27, 1992, assigned to the assignee hereof and the
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
A small dose of OspA-L was coadministered to C3H/He mice with a large dose
of OspA-NL and the response compared to the responses of OspA-L or OspA-NL
alone. The mice were immunized at days 0 and 21 with the antigens and the
mice were bled on day 35. The dilution curves of an ELISA assay of sera
from the mice were plotted graphically and the results are shown in FIG.
8. Immune responses also are shown in FIG. 9.
As may be seen from this data, a potentiation of OspA response was achieved
by coadministration of OspA-L and Ospa-NL relative to administration of
OspA-L or OspA-NL alone.
SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE
In summary of this disclosure, the present invention provides a novel
method of obtaining an enhanced immune response to a viral antigen by
coadministering the antigen in different physio-chemical forms.
Modifications are possible within the scope of this invention.
REFERENCES
1. "Mechanisms of T cell-B cell Interaction", Singer et al. Ann. Rev.
Immunol. 1983, 1:211-41.
2. "Antigen Presentation in Acquired Immunological Tolerance", Parker et
al, The FASEB Journal, Vol. 5, October 1991, pp. 2771-2784.
3. "Do Small B Cells Induce Tolerance", Eynon et al, Transplantation
Proceedings, Vol. 23, No 1 (February) 1991: pp. 729-730.
4. "Small B Cells as Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Induction of Tolerance
to Soluble Protein Antigens" by Eynon et al, J. Exp. Med. Vol. 175,
January 1992, pp. 131-138.
5. "Role of B Cell Antigen Processing and Presentation in the Humoral
Immune Response", Myers, The FASEB Journal, Vol. 5, August 1991, pp.
2547-2553.
6. "Antigen Presentation by Hapten-Specific B Lymphocytes", Abbas et al, J.
Immun. Vol. 135, No. 3, September 1985, pp. 1661-1667.
7. "Requirements for the Processing of Antigen by Antigen-Presenting B
cells", Grey et al, J. Immun., Vol. 129, No. 6, Dec. 1982, pp. 2389-2395.
8. "Antigen-Specific B Cells Efficiently Present Low Doses of Antigen for
Induction of T Cell Proliferation", Malynn et al, J. Immun. Vol. 135, No.
2, August 1985, pp. 980-987.
9. "Antigen-Presenting Function of the Macrophage", Unanue, Ann. Rev.
Immunol., 1985, 2: 395-428.
10. "Analysis of TX Lymphocyte Reactivity to Complex Antigen Mixtures by
the Use of Proteins coupled to Latex Beads", Wirbelauer et al, Immun.
Letters, 23 (1989/1990), 257-262.
11. "The Function and Interrelationships of T. Cell Receptors, Ir Genes and
other Histocompatibility Gene Products", Katz et al, Transplant. Rev.
(1975), Vol. 22, pp. 175-195.
12. "Restricted Helper function of F. Hybrid T cells Positively Selected to
Heterologous Erythrocytes in Irradiated Parental Strain Mice. I", Sprent,
J. Exp. Med., 1978, Vol. 147, pp. 1142-1158.
13. "Restricted Helper function of F. Hybrid T Cells Positively Selected to
Heterologous Erythrocytes in Irradiated Parental Strain Mice. II", Sprent,
J. Exp. Med., 1978, Vol. 147, pp. 1159-1174.
14. "The Role of H-2-Linked Genes in Helper T-Cell Function", Swierkosz et
al, J. Exp. Med., 1978, Vol. 147, pp. 554-570.
15. "Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in T Cell Activation of B
Cell Subpopulations", Singer et al, J. Exp. Med., 1981, Vol. 154, pp.
501-516.
16. "Antigen-specific Interaction between T and B Cells", Lanzavecchia,
Nature, Vol. 314, April 1985, pp. 537-539. | 0A
| 61 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings, the assembly of FIG. 1 comprises a hydraulic
motor coupled to a disc brake and is more particularly constituted by:
a principal housing composed of three parts 1A, 1B, 1C, assembled by screws
2;
a drive shaft 3 which is mounted to rotate with respect to the principal
housing, about a geometrical axis 4, by means of roller bearings 5
interposed between part 1C of the principal housing and the drive shaft 3,
and of which the inner end is provided with splines 6;
a cylinder-block 7, likewise provided with splines 8 which cooperate with
the splines 6 of the drive shaft, is contained in the principal housing
1A-1B-1C;
cylinders 9 are arranged in the cylinder-block 7, are disposed radially
with respect to the axis of rotation 4, and are angularly spaced apart in
regular manner;
pistons 10 are contained in the cylinders, one per cylinder, and define
therein as many work chambers 11, which communicate with a plane face 12,
perpendicular to the axis of rotation 4, as the cylinder-block 7
comprises, via cylinder conduits 21;
rollers 13 are mounted to rotate about axes 14 parallel to the axis of
rotation 4, one on each piston 10;
an undulated cam 15 is constituted by the inner periphery of the
intermediate part 1B of the principal housing and is capable of
constituting a rolling track for the rollers 13;
an internal fluid distributor valve 16, which is mounted inside the
principal housing, comprises a plane face 17, perpendicular to the axis of
rotation 4 and in abutment on the plane face 12 of the cylinder-block, and
also comprises two circular grooves 18, 22 communicating with the plane
face 17 by alternate conduits 19, 20 respectively, capable of
communicating with the cylinder conduits 21;
a notch-catch device 23 renders said internal distributor valve 16 and cam
15 fast with respect to rotation about axis 4 (via parts 1A and 1B of the
principal housing);
spring studs 53, interposed between part 1A of the principal housing and
the internal distributor valve 16, tend to place the plane face 17 of the
internal distributor valve in abutment on the plane face 12 of the
cylinder-block;
two inner conduits 24, 25, arranged in part 1A of the principal housing,
join the grooves 18, 22 to outer conduits 26, 27, respectively for
supplying fluid under pressure and for exhaust of pressure-less fluid, of
a conventional, known control circuit (not shown), comprising in
particular an outer fluid distributor valve;
a brake housing 28 is fixed, by screws 29, on part 1A of the principal
housing, of which it constitutes a sort of extension;
the brake housing 28 is obturated by a cover 30, which is mounted to slide
in a bore 31 in said brake housing, with the interposition of an O-ring 32
and forms piston;
two pluralities of brake discs 33 are fast, with respect to rotation, the
first, with the brake housing 28 on the one hand, the others, with a shaft
34 on the other hand, said shaft 34 being fast, with respect to rotation
about axis 4, with the cylinder-block 3 (being in fact monobloc with the
cylinder-block) and traversing part 1A of the principal housing until its
end is contained inside the enclosure defined by the brake housing 28 and
its cover 30, and the discs 33 of the two pluralities being alternate and
constituting a stack capable of being pushed by the cover 30;
a groove 35 is formed in the brake housing 28, opens out in the bore 31 and
receives a segment 36 forming stop for limiting the displacement of an
elastic washer 37, which is interposed between the cover 30 and this
segment 36 and whose effect is to tend to bring said cover 30 in thrust
abutment on the stack of discs 33;
a connection 38 joining the chamber 39 defined by the brake housing 28 and
the cover 30 to an outer conduit 40;
two enclosures 41, 42 which are contained inside the principal housing
1A-1B-1C, and which are separated from each other, with seal, to within
the leakages of fluid, by the mutual abutment zone of the plane face 12 of
the cylinder-block 7 and face 17 of the internal distributor valve 18,
enclosure 41 being an enclosure in which the rollers 13 and the ends of
the pistons 10 which support them move and being connected to an outer
conduit 43 by a conduit 44 arranged in the wall of the part 1A of the
housing, and the enclosure 42 communicating freely with the chamber 39, no
O-ring insulating said enclosure from said chamber.
The control circuit of FIG. 2 comprises:
the motor and brake assembly which has just been described;
a fluid reservoir 45;
a pump 46;
a discharge valve 47 for protection against excess pressures;
a two-way fluid distributor valve 48; and the following conduits:
the suction conduit 49 of pump 46, which connects the latter to reservoir
45;
the delivery conduit 50 of pump 46, which connects the latter to the
two-way distributor valve 48;
a conduit 51, which joins delivery conduit 50 to reservoir 45 and in which
is disposed discharge valve 47;
a conduit 52, which joins the two-way distributor valve 48 to reservoir 45;
conduit 40, which is connected to the two-way distributor valve 48; and
conduit 43 which is connected to reservoir 45.
The two positions of the distributor valve 48 correspond as follows:
the first position, to the communication of conduits 40, 50 and 52; and
the second position, shown in FIG. 2, to the communication of conduits 50
and 40, and to the obturation of conduit 52.
This control circuit functions in conventional manner, as briefly recalled
hereinafter: to the first position of the distributor valve 48 there
corresponds the communication of chamber 39 with the reservoir 45 and the
single action of the elastic washer 37, which pushes piston 30 which, in
turn, exerts a braking thrust on the stack of brake discs 33: there is
braking of the shaft 34 (and of the cylinder-block 7) with respect to the
assembly of the brake housing 28 and principal housing 1A-1B-1C. In its
second position, the distributor valve 48 directs the pressurized fluid,
delivered by pump 46, in chamber 39, this fluid having an antagonistic
effect to that of the elastic washer 37, pushing the piston 30, so as to
cancel any braking thrust on the stack of discs 33, and therefore
cancelling all braking of the cylinder-block 7 with respect to the
principal housing 1A-1B-1C. It should be noted that chamber 39, which is
the brake chamber containing the brake discs, also constitutes a
brake-release chamber capable of containing a pressurized fluid,
particularly when the hydraulic motor is functioning.
It should be noted that this chamber 39, forming brake-release chamber, is
in permanent communication with the enclosure 42, without any insulation,
particularly tight, separating this chamber and this enclosure.
A first result of the invention is therefore already the elimination of the
means which, heretofore, ensured insulation of chamber 39 and enclosure
42, and in particular the elimination of an O-ring between two elements
mounted for relative rotation.
It should be noted that, in addition to the simplified manufacture,
assembly and maintenance, a second important advantage is obtained: when
the motor is in its operational configuration, and when one of grooves 18,
22, therefore conduits 19 and 20 contain a pressurized fluid, the leakages
of pressurized fluid which, in the prior known motors (or pumps) escaped
into enclosure 42, infiltrating between the plane face 12 of the
cylinder-block 7 and face 17 of the internal distributor valve 16, are
eliminated in the motor which has been described. In fact, in this
operational configuration, enclosure 42 is already filled with the
pressurized fluid for controlling brake-release, fluid delivered by pump
46, which suffices to eliminate, or at least considerably reduce, said
leakages.
Furthermore, it should be observed that the brake-release pressure exists
as soon as the motor functions and is therefore available, since the brake
must, in this configuration, necessarily be placed in its non-braking
configuration.
This result is particularly interesting when the motor is part of a closed
circuit for supplying a receiver, as, in such circuits, said fluid
leakages had to be compensated by the complementary flowrate of a booster
pump: by eliminating or reducing these leakages, said booster pump can be
eliminated or one may be chosen whose flowrate is reduced with respect to
what was known before the invention.
The invention is not limited to the embodiment described, but, on the
contrary, covers all the variants that may be made thereto without
departing from the scope or spirit thereof. | 5F
| 16 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The subject invention is related to a biosensor and biosensor measuring
apparatus capable of rapidly and easily determining with high accuracy a
specific component within various biological specimens.
The subject invention is a biosensor characterized by the provision of a
protrusion or a depression in a portion of the sensor for the purpose of
preventing backward insertion.
Also, the subject invention is a biosensor measuring apparatus
characterized by having, in the main body freely supporting a sensor
provided with a protrusion or a depression for preventing backward
insertion, mating means consisting of a groove or a depression or a
protrusion mating with the said protrusion or depression only when the
said sensor is inserted in the specified direction.
Furthermore, the subject invention is a biosensor measuring apparatus
characterized by provision of a switch which turns on the driving power
source by the insertion of the sensor into the connector, which is the
insertion aperture for the sensor.
In the subject invention, the reverse insertion of the sensor is prevented
by a simple structure and an error in the direction of its insertion is
recognized without activating the apparatus.
The details of the subject invention will be given in the following
together with its embodiments. FIG. 1 is an exploded slant view of the
biosensor and FIG. 2 is its external slant view. Atop the base 1 are an
counter electrode 4 and a working electrode 5, lead 3 and lead 2 connected
to same and an insulating layer 6. Also, while not shown in the figures, a
reaction layer is formed to cover the counter electrode and the working
electrode containing an enzyme and mediator (electron receptor). A cover 9
is affixed above the base 1 over a spacer 7. 8 is the sample supply hole,
and from here the fluid to be tested (specimen) is introduced above the
counter electrode and the working electrode by means of the capillary
effect. With the introduction of the fluid to be tested, the air within is
expelled through air hole 10. 11 is an inverse insertion preventing
protrusion to prevent backward insertion, and by this protrusion it is
possible to prevent the backward insertion into the biosensor apparatus
itself, as related below.
Also, FIG. 3 shows a state where the sensor 29 is inserted into the
connector 13 of the apparatus itself (not shown) from the direction shown
by the arrow, and the apparatus itself can freely support the sensor. In
the figure, 12 is the switch deposed in the mating portion and is ganged
to the driving power supply. Clearly, if the biosensor were flipped about
a central axis stretching from the front ent to the back end, an attempted
insertion would result in a tip portion of the biosensor contacting the
protruding wall of connector 13 so to prevent further insertion and,
consequently, prevent activation of switch 12.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the control system of the subject invention's
biosensor apparatus. The measurement steps using this apparatus are as
follows.
First, when sensor 29 is properly inserted into the connector of the main
body, switch 12 activates the driving power supply, the insertion of the
sensor 29 is detected by the detector circuit 14 and through the CPU 15
components such as the current-voltage conversion amplifier 16, the A/D
converter 17 and the temperature sensor 18 are turned on.
Next, when the fluid to be tested is introduced into the sensor this is
detected and the measurement is commenced. After reaction takes place for
a given time, a voltage is applied between the working electrode and the
counter electrode via the reaction voltage setting circuit 24.
The signal obtained by the measurement is converted into concentration (in
the sample) by the signal processor composed of the CPU 15, etc., and is
displayed on the LCD display 27.
The driving power supply of the measuring apparatus is composed of the
battery 25, etc., and power is supplied via the voltage regulator circuit
23, checking the voltage by the battery checker 26. Also, 28 is a buzzer
indicating the progress of the measuring operation, 19 is a signal
generator circuit generating a pulse which is the operating clock of the
apparatus, and 22 is a circuit which resets the CPU when, for instance,
the measurement is halted while in progress. 20 is a memory (such as an
EEPROM) for storing the compensating values, etc., for each apparatus.
In the above, the interior wall of the connector is stepped and if the
sensor is inserted backwards the protrusion for preventing reverse
insertion touches the stepped portion and the sensor will not go in to the
specified position so that mis-insertion is visually noticeable. Also, in
this case, the sensor will not press on the operating switch 12 either so
that the apparatus will not operate.
What is meant by erroneous direction of insertion is when front and back is
reversed, or when an insertion is attempted via the sample supply hole
which is in the opposite direction from the lead portion. In either case,
by providing a protrusion or a depression in a portion of the base, the
apparatus can be made to operate only when the insertion is made from the
specified direction.
Moreover, other embodiments are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 and FIGS. 6 and 7.
FIG. 4 shows an example where a depression 38 is provided at a corner near
the sensor base's leads. FIG. 5 shows the state where the sensor has been
inserted in a connector having a mating portion to mate with this
depression.
FIG. 6 shows the case where a depression 39 is provided near the middle of
the lead portion of the base. FIG. 7 shows the state where the sensor has
been inserted into a connector having a mating portion to mate with this
depression. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, depression 39 (or alignment control
slot) is disposed off center in the front end of the base.
As shown in the above embodiments, by providing the biosensor with a
protrusion or a depression and by providing a mating portion in the main
body of the biosensor apparatus to mate with this protrusion or
depression, it is possible to prevent a backward insertion. Moreover, by
providing the mating portion with a switch to turn on the driving power
supply, it is possible to operate the switch only when the sensor is
inserted in the proper direction.
While in the above embodiments the backward insertion prevention
protrusions were located at the side of the sensor, the same effect can be
obtained by placing this protrusion on the upper or lower surface of the
sensor. Also, the location of the depression to be provided on the sensor
is not limited to those shown in the said embodiments. | 6G
| 01 | N |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1 and 2 generally illustrate a door closer mechanism for which the present invention is particularly useful. FIG. 1 illustrates a top plan view of a door closer 10 mounted in the transom above the door overhead or lintel 14 and connected by a closing lever 16 to a slide rail 18 that is mounted to a door 20 . The door 20 pivots about hinges 22 from an open position as illustrated to a closed position shown in phantom view in FIG. 1 . Alternately, the door closer 10 can be mounted to the door 20 and an appropriate lever structure can connect the door closer to a sliding attachment mounted to the door overhead or lintel, although this construction is not shown in the drawings.
FIG. 2 shows the door closer 10 in bottom view. A cover 26 is partially removed to expose the components within the closer. Two pistons 30 and 32 are closely confined within respective cylinders 34 and 36 within a cylinder head portion 100 of a housing 40 of the closer mechanism 10 . The cylinders 34 and 36 are closed by caps 38 and 39 respectively. The pistons 30 and 32 are connected to reciprocable rods 42 and 44 respectively. The rods 42 and 44 pass through apertures 42 a and 44 a through a compression plate 46 which is movable within the housing 40 . A first spring 48 and a second spring 50 are located between the compression plate 46 and the pistons 30 and 32 , respectively. An adjusting screw 54 is connected to the compression plate 46 and when turned about its axis will move the compression plate longitudinally within the housing 40 . By doing so, the spring tension can be altered in order to change the closing force characteristics.
The rods 42 and 44 are connected by screws 60 to a cam chassis 62 including a pair of cam plates 66 that are connected to and sandwich there between a cam (not shown) which is further connected to a spindle 72 extending downwardly through the housing 40 .
Upon rotation of the spindle 72 by rotation of the door 20 , the cam forces the chassis 62 to move longitudinally within the housing 40 . The position illustrated in FIG. 2 corresponds to a door closed position. Upon rotation of the spindle 72 , the chassis 62 moves in a direction A within the housing 40 . This movement drives the pistons 30 and 32 in a door opening stroke within the housing 40 which further compresses the springs 48 and 50 against the compression plate.
When the pistons 30 and 32 are forced to the left in FIG. 2 , oil or another viscous fluid that is held within the housing 40 is compressed by the movement of the pistons. The fluid under pressure is forced from backsides 30 a and 32 a of the pistons 30 and 32 , respectively, through a series of valves and passageways, described in greater detail below, within the cylinders 34 and 36 . Particular design details of the passageways and valves and the adjustment of the screw 54 can significantly alter the characteristics of the door closer in both the opening and closing cycles as described below. The general door closer described and illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided herein for illustrating the present invention. The door closer construction can change considerably and yet fall within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, the adjustment screw 54 and compression plate 46 can be eliminated and yet the door closer can fall within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of the door closer 10 showing the exterior housing 40 and the cylinder head 100 of the door closer carrying therein pistons 30 and 32 . The caps 38 and 39 are illustrated in FIG. 3 and assist in coordinating between the general illustration of FIGS. 1-3 to the more particular illustration of FIGS. 4-7 .
Referring now to FIG. 4 , a system for controlling both the opening and closing cycles of a door closer are shown and described. The cylinder head portion 100 of the conventional door closer such as the door closer 10 is shown in FIG. 4 and illustrates the system of the present invention.
The system in general includes an adjustable latch speed valve 102 , in the form of a needle valve, with a tool receiving head 104 for adjusting the valve as is known in the art. The system also includes a closing speed valve 106 , in the form of a needle valve, that also includes a tool receiving head 108 for adjusting the valve. The system also incorporates a novel backcheck valve 110 , in the form of a needle valve, that also includes an adjustable tool receiving head 112 .
The system includes an upper first fluid passageway 114 having two blind ends and that communicates with the latch speed valve 102 , the closing speed valve 106 , and the hydraulic backcheck valve 110 . The system also includes a lower second passageway 118 that includes a blind end disposed near the third lower passageway 116 . The lower third passageway 116 also includes a pair of blind ends and communicates with each of the latch speed valve 102 and the closing speed valve 106 . The other end of the second passageway 118 opens into an interior chamber 119 of the housing 40 that communicates with the undersides 30 a and 32 a of the pistons 30 and 32 . The top ends 30 b and 32 b of the pistons 30 and 32 communicate with the cylinders 34 and 36 , respectively, and face the caps 38 and 39 that close off the cylinders. The pistons 30 and 32 seal off the cylinders adjacent the top ends 30 b and 32 b and define variable volume chambers 120 and 122 , respectively, between the top ends and the caps 38 and 39 , respectively. The pistons 30 and 32 seal off the chambers 120 and 122 from the interior chamber 119 of the housing 40 .
A pair of ports 124 and 126 extend radially outward from the first passageway 114 and provide fluid communication between the variable volume chambers 120 and 122 , respectively, and the passageway 114 . Another pair of ports 128 and 130 extend radially outward from the third passageway 116 into the cylinders 34 and 36 , respectively, and provide fluid communication between the cylinders and the lower third passageway 116 . Yet another pair of ports 132 and 134 extend radially outward from the upper first passageway 114 and also provide fluid communication between the first passageway and the cylinders 34 and 36 , respectively.
The ports 124 and 126 , hereinafter the first ports, are disposed near the ends of the cylinders 34 and 36 , respectively, that are capped off by the caps 38 and 39 . The ports 132 and 134 , hereinafter the second ports, are disposed away from the first ports 124 and 126 and near the interior chamber of the housing 40 . The ports 128 and 130 , hereinafter the third ports, are disposed between the first and the second ports. The significance of the positioning of these ports will become apparent upon describing the particular function of the passageway system set forth below.
A first one-way valve in the form of a ball check valve assembly 146 communicates with and provides fluid communication between the lower second passageway 118 and the upper first passageway 114 . The valve assembly 146 includes a ball 148 and valve seat 150 arranged so that fluid may flow freely from the upper first passageway 114 into the lower second passageway 118 and prevent flow in the opposite direction.
A second one-way valve in the form of a ball check valve assembly 140 is disposed between the latch speed valve 102 and the closing speed valve 106 within the upper passageway 114 . The ball check valve 140 includes a ball 142 and a seat 144 as illustrated in FIG. 5 that permits fluid to flow freely in the direction from the closing speed valve 106 to the latch speed valve 102 and prevents fluid flow in the opposite direction.
As illustrated in FIG. 4 , the pistons move in the direction of the arrow A, an opening stroke, when the door 20 is undergoing an opening cycle and being opened. In doing so, the springs 48 and 50 are compressed and held under compression until the door is closed. The pistons move in the opposite direction of the arrows A, a closing stroke, when the door closes. The entire variable volume chambers 120 and 122 and the interior, chamber 119 defined within the housing 40 on the bottom ends of the pistons 30 a and 32 a are completely filled with hydraulic fluid when the door closer 10 is assembled and functional. The function of the passageway system of passing fluid between the chambers will now be described.
As the door is opened, the pistons are drawn in the opening stroke in the direction of the arrows A by rotation of the spindle 72 and movement of the chassis 62 which pulls the piston rods 42 and 44 in the direction of the arrows A. Fluid is thus forced under pressure by the lower ends 30 a and 32 a of the pistons 30 and 32 to exit the interior chamber 119 . The pistons 30 and 32 move away from the caps 38 and 39 , respectively, and force the fluid within the interior chamber 119 of the housing 40 to find a path of least resistance for flow of the hydraulic oil. The fluid will therefore flow through the second ports 132 and 134 from the cylinders 34 and 36 and flow freely into the upper first passageway 114 , around a valve stem 152 of the closing speed needle valve 106 , through the open check valve assembly 140 , beyond a stem 154 of the latch speed needle valve 102 , and freely through the first ports 124 and 126 into the variable volume chambers 120 and 122 , respectively. The pistons 30 and 32 eventually close off the second ports 132 and 134 as they continue to move. However, the pistons 30 and 32 will still continue moving in the opening stroke in the direction of the arrows A. The fluid within the interior of the housing 40 must then flow into an opening 156 of the second lower passageway 118 that communicates with the interior chamber 119 . The check valve 146 , as a one way valve, prevents flow from the second passageway 118 directly into the upper first passageway 114 . Therefore, fluid flowing into the opening 156 must pass through the hydraulic backcheck valve 110 into the upper passageway 114 . The adjustment of the back check valve 110 controls or meters the rate of fluid passage through the valve and therefore controls the rate of and resistance to opening the door. The fluid will flow through the backcheck valve 110 into the upper passageway 114 , pass around the stem 152 of the valve 106 , pass through the ball check valve assembly 140 , pass around the stem 154 of the valve 102 and through the first ports 124 and 126 into the chambers 120 and 122 , respectively. Once the second ports 132 and 134 are closed off by the pistons 30 and 32 , the rate of resistance to opening of the door can be controlled by adjustment of the backcheck valve 110 utilizing the tool head 112 . Particular placement of the second ports 132 and 134 and the size of the ports and the valve 110 can be designed to accommodate a particular desired range of opening speeds and resistance forces as desired for a particular door closer design 10 .
When the door is released and to be closed, the door then moves the pistons in the direction of the closing stroke opposite of the arrows A so that the pistons 30 and 32 move towards their respective caps 38 and 39 . This movement reduces the volume of the chambers 120 and 122 forcing hydraulic fluid therein to exit these chambers. The hydraulic fluid is prevented from flowing through the first ports 124 and 126 via closing of the ball check valve assembly 140 . The fluid therein will therefore flow via the third ports 128 and 130 into the third lower passageway 116 . The fluid will then flow through the closing speed valve 106 at a metered rate set by adjusting the tool head 108 . The fluid will then flow into the upper first passageway 114 and can freely flow through the second ball check valve assembly 146 to the second lower passageway 118 . The fluid can enter the interior chamber 119 through the opening 156 . When clear of the pistons 30 and 32 , the fluid can also flow through the second ports 132 and 134 into the interior chamber 119 . The fluid will then flow through the closing speed valve 106 at a metered rate set by adjusting the tool head 108 . The fluid will then flow into the upper first passageway 114 and can freely flow through the second ball check valve assembly 146 to the second lower passageway 118 . The-fluid can enter the interior chamber 119 through the opening 156 . When clear of the pistons 30 and 32 , the fluid can also flow through the second ports 32 and 34 into the interior chamber 119 .
As is known and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,246,362, once the third ports 128 and 130 are closed off by the pistons 30 and 32 , fluid can only exit the chambers 120 and 122 via the first ports 124 , 126 , respectively. Since the first ball check valve assembly 140 prevents flow in the direction toward the closing speed valve 106 , the fluid must pass through the latching speed valve 102 at a rate that can be set by adjusting the tool head 104 of the valve. Therefore, a slower latching speed as desired can be set that will prevent slamming of the door against the door frame.
Novelty of the present invention is in the positioning of the second ball check valve assembly 140 wherein the ball 142 is prevented from moving in one direction by its valve seat 144 and is retained in the other direction by the valve stem 154 of the valve assembly 102 . Because of the placement of the valve stem 154 , no additional components for the valve assembly 140 are required other than the ball and seat, thus reducing complexity and cost for such a valve.
Additional,novelty of the present invention is in the function and placement of the hydraulic backcheck valve 110 , the first ball check valve assembly 146 , and the second ports 132 and 134 . These components of the system can control the resistance and speed of opening of the door 20 . Prior door closers generally only permit adjustment of door closing speed and not control of opening speed or dual control of both opening and closing speed.
The first ball check valve assembly 146 is intended to be a full flow valve in one direction in order to prevent initial resistance to closing of the door and therefore door closing, even at the initial stage, is controlled solely by the closing speed valve 106 adjustment.
The particular arrangement of the valves and passageways can be varied from the presently described embodiment and still accomplish the goals of the present invention. The positioning and orientation of these valves and passageways can be reversed and altered significantly and yet still provide the hydraulic fluid flow characteristic necessary for controlling the opening and closing cycles of the door closer 10 . The particular materials to fabricate the door closer 10 and the components thereof can also vary considerably and yet fall within the scope of the present invention. The particular valve types and constructions can also vary within the scope of the present invention.
Changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. These changes and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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EXAMPLES
The present examples have been based on the ATRP process. The polymerization parameters here were selected in such a way as to require working with particularly high copper concentrations: low molecular weight, 50% strength solution, and bifunctional initiator.
Inventive Example 1
15 g of n-butyl acrylate, 15.5 g of butyl acetate, 0.2 g of copper(I) oxide, and 0.5 g of PMDETA were used as initial charge in a double-walled vessel equipped with stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet tube, and dropping funnel, under N2. The solution is stirred at 60° C. for 15 min. 0.47 g of butanediol 1,4-di(2-bromo-2-methylpropionate) is then added at the same temperature. The mixture is stirred for a polymerization time of 4 hours at 70° C. After introduction of atmospheric oxygen for about 5 min to terminate the reaction, 0.28 g of thioglycolic acid is added. The solution, previously greenish, spontaneously assumes an apricot color, and a red precipitate is formed. A pressurized filtration system is used for filtration. Average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are then determined by GPC measurements. A dried specimen of the filtrate is then used to determine copper content by AAS and to determine acid number potentiometrically.
8 g of Tonsil Optimum 210 FF (Südchemie) are admixed with the remaining solution, and the mixture is stirred for 30 min and then filtered at superatmospheric pressure through an activated charcoal filter (AKS 5 from Pall Seitz Schenk). A colorless precipitate was previously observed to form. A specimen of this solid is isolated for further analysis. Again, AAS is used to determine the copper content of a dried specimen of the second filtrate, and a GPC measurement is made.
Comparative Example 1
15 g of n-butyl acrylate, 15.5 g of butyl acetate, 0.2 g of copper(I) oxide, and 0.5 g of PMDETA were used as initial charge in a double-walled vessel equipped with stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet tube, and dropping funnel, under N2. The solution is stirred at 60° C. for 15 min. 0.48 g of butanediol 1,4-di(2-bromo-2-methylpropionate) is then added at the same temperature. The mixture is stirred at 70° C. for a polymerization time of 4 hours. After introduction of atmospheric oxygen for about 5 min to terminate the reaction, 8 g of Tonsil Optimum 210 FF (Südchemie) and 4% by weight of water are added to the solution and the mixture is stirred for 60 min. It is then filtered under pressure through an activated charcoal filter (AKS 5 from Pall Seitz Schenk). Average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are then determined by GPC measurements. A dried specimen of the filtrate is then used to determine copper content by AAS and to determine acid number potentiometrically.
TABLE 1ExampleInventive example 1Comparison 1Monomern-BAn-BACu concentrationabout 5.5 mg/g(Polymerization)Sulfur compoundTGA—Adsorbent—Alox/SilicaCu concentration0.06 μg/g10 μg/g(2nd Filtration)Equivalents with1.09—respect to CuMn89009800(prior to purification)Mw/Mn1.201.18(prior to purification)Mn89009800(after purification)Mw/Mn1.191.18(after purification)Acid number12 mg KOH/g<0.2 mg KOH/gTGA = thioglycolic acid; n-BA = n-butyl acrylate; Alox = aluminum oxide
The examples clearly show that the results which are already very good using adsorbents to remove transition metal complexes (in this instance copper complexes) from polymer solutions can clearly be improved through prior precipitation using sulfur compounds.
Multiple characterizations of various constituents of the worked-up polymer solution are likewise used to demonstrate end group substitution: 1.) the copper precipitate: the red precipitate which forms on addition of the sulfur reagents exhibits extremely low sulfur content, <10 ppm, and it is therefore possible to exclude precipitation of the metal in the form of sulfide.2.) The polymer: the elemental analysis of the polymer solution reveals very high sulfur content, even after removal of the second, colorless precipitate. Almost all of the sulfur added to the system is in turn found in the solution, and respectively, the dried product.3.) The second, colorless precipitate:1H NMR studies, and also IR spectroscopy, revealed that the precipitate involves the ammonium salt of the monoprotonated triamine PMDETA. Elemental analysis revealed that this precipitate is sulfur-free. Bromide content of from 32% by weight to 37% by weight could be demonstrated by ion chromatography, depending on specimen. This value corresponds to the content in pure PMDETA-ammonium bromide.4.) Determination of acid number on the precipitated polymer from inventive example 1 gave a value of 12 mg KOH/g. For complete conversion, a value of 12.6 mg KOH/g would be expected for the molecular weight measured. This good agreement, within the bounds of accuracy of measurement, is an indicator of a high degree of functionalization.
The results for inventive example 1 show that appropriate sulfur compounds used even in a very small excess, based on the transition metal compound, lead to very efficient precipitation and to a high degree of functionalization. The examples also show that removal of the transition metal compounds from the solution is more efficient when using thiol-functionalized reagents than when using previously optimized work-up with adsorbents.
Comparison of the molecular weights and molecular weight distributions prior to and after work-up shows that the methods used have no effect on the characteristics of the polymer, except for the substitution of the end groups.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference now will be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments
of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the
drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention,
not limitation of the invention.
An apparatus for practicing the present invention is generally illustrated
in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an automatic
travelling service carriage 9 and spinning station 1 of an open-end
spinning machine. FIG. 2 illustrates the state of the machine after yarn 4
has been thrown off from a movable throw-off spindle 11. Carriage 9 also
includes a moveable presentation device or arm 10. The drive for arm 10 is
not shown. Arm 10 includes a yarn monitoring system 14 and a grasper 15.
Spinning station 1 receives a sliver 2 from a sliver can 3 for processing
into a yarn 4. A yarn monitoring system 6, draw-off rollers 5, yarn bobbin
7, and winding drum 8 are also provided on the machine. Yarn monitoring
systems 6 and 14 include electrical connections 16 and 17 to a control
unit 12. Control unit 12 can be arranged in the spinning section control
center, in the machine control center, or in the automatic travelling
carriage computer 13. Output 18 from control unit 12 is transmitted to a
machine control unit MC another output 19 from control unit 12 is
transmitted to spinning station 1, and in particular to the drive for
fiber feed.
A spinning station of an open-end spinning machine signals a yarn breakage,
for example. As is well known in the art, the automatic travelling
carriage stops before the spinning station concerned and carries out
piecing. The automatic travelling carriage contains among other things the
device presenting the yarn end to the rotor. The presentation device is in
this instance essentially the grasper of the yarn end. The grasper has
grasped the piecing end of the yarn from the bobbin. The yarn monitoring
system of the automatic travelling carriage is always located in immediate
proximity of the grasper and thus the yarn monitoring system of the
automatic travelling carriage is switched on at the moment when the yarn
end is grasped and records the course of the yarn, i.e. the level signals
"yarn present". Only when this condition is met does the testing process
begin. FIG. 1a shows this state.
Although the geometry of the course of the yarn of the yarn monitoring
system is different in the automatic travelling carriage, it was found
that during the piecing process the yarn monitoring system of the
automatic travelling carriage is located for a brief moment within the
course of the yarn monitoring system of the spinning station. It was found
furthermore that the yarn monitoring system of the automatic travelling
carriage should be extended towards the end of its original monitoring
task by a functional period up to several seconds, so that at the moment
when the yarn is transferred to the rotor the functional times of the two
yarn monitoring systems overlap, i.e. so that the yarn is for a brief time
still under the supervision of the yarn monitoring system of the automatic
travelling carriage and is at the same time again under the supervision of
the yarn monitoring system of the spinning station. This is also the
period during which the course of the yarn is engaged with the yarn
monitoring system of the automatic travelling carriage as well as with the
yarn monitoring system of the spinning station. During this brief,
additionally provided overlap period (only during the piecing process),
the yarn monitoring system at the spinning station is tested.
As is shown, the duration of the function of the yarn monitoring system of
the automatic travelling carriage is necessarily extended after ejection
of the back-fed yarn end from the ejection bobbin which belongs in a known
manner to the automatic travelling carriage. This is a characteristic of
the invention. FIG. 1b shows by comparison the yarn monitoring system of
the spinning station. As the yarn is thrown off from the throw-off bobbin,
yarn monitoring is switched over to the spinning station. By comparing
Figs. 1a and 1b the overlap of the periods of functioning becomes
apparent. During this period of overlap the yarn monitoring system of the
spinning station is tested during the piecing process. This is another
essential characteristic of the invention. During the time of overlap of
the functioning periods of the two yarn monitoring systems their signals,
which represent the logical levels, are transmitted to the control unit of
the machine section (section controller), or to the machine center or to
the automatic travelling carriage and are evaluated. The test consists in
finding the momentary level of both yarn monitoring systems and in
comparing them and in classifying the result.
The two levels are thus the results of functional units which are
independent of each other so that the correctness of the transmitted level
of the yarn monitoring system of the spinning station, and thereby the
correctness of the indicated technological state of operation can be
obtained with certainty through the logical comparison between the two
levels. The only logical levels considered are "yarn present" or "no yarn
present". The results of the comparison lead to a classification. The
following matrix states results from the comparison between levels:
______________________________________
Logic Level
Yarn monitoring
Yarn monitoring
system of the
system of the
automatic travel-
Classification of the
spinning station
ling carriage technological state
______________________________________
1. Yarn present
Yarn present Piecing successful
2. No yarn present
No yarn present
Error state I: yarn
breakage in the
automatic travelling
carriage, repeat
piecing
3. No yarn present
Yarn present Error state II: Yarn
monitoring system
of the spinning
station defective,
error due to missing
function
4. Yarn present
No yarn present
Error state III:
Yarn monitoring
system of spinning
station defective,
error due to wrong
logical level
______________________________________
The error state I is the state in which the yarn broke during the piecing
process in the presenting device of the automatic travelling carriage. The
piecing process is repeated.
Error state II initiates a switch-over to malfunction state, i.e. the
spinning station is stopped because a functional error of the yarn
monitoring system exists due to a missing level change at the yarn
monitoring system of the spinning station, e.g. as a result of an
electrical defect or dirt on the optically active surfaces of a yarn
monitoring system operating on an optical principle.
With the classification of error state III the section controller (machine
section) recognizes that the yarn monitoring system of the spinning
station is defective, even though a level change was possible. This state
is displayed to the operating personnel and the spinning station is
stopped. The critical situation of the fiber feed receiving the delivery
signal even though the piecing process was not successful is thus avoided.
This is a decisive advantage of this invention.
This comparison of levels is carried out in the brief time period when the
functions of the two yarn monitoring systems overlap. Even before the
automatic travelling carriage withdraws its presentation unit before
piecing, the result of the level comparison is available and the control
unit of the spinning section cannot trigger an erroneous action as
described in the beginning.
It is a great advantage to use the yarn monitoring system of the automatic
travelling carriage during the piecing process in order to test the yarn
monitoring system of the spinning station. Thus, an additional
installation of a yarn monitoring system in the automatic travelling
carriage for the purpose of testing the yarn monitoring system of the work
station can be omitted.
The invention can also be used with spinning machines having a
stripped-down yarn monitoring system, i.e. one which only features the
yarn-presence monitor.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications
and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from
the scope or spirit of the invention. It is intended that the present
invention cover such modifications and variations. | 3D
| 01 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1 , a prior art network device has a number of functional elements 10 that are responsible for moving data signals from one port to another. In many cases, the elements 10 require control signals to be provided from external control logic, such as control logic 12 . It is also known to provide a microprocessor 14 to perform higher-level monitoring and control functions, in particular functions that may involve interfacing to a yet higher-level processor (not shown) or to other network devices in a system (also not shown). These functions can include, for example, performance monitoring and reporting, executing diagnostics, configuring the control logic 12 and/or the elements 10 for operation, etc.
In many systems there is a fairly clean partition between signal-processing elements, such as the functional elements 10 in FIG. 1 , and at least some of the control functionality required for proper operation, which in the illustrated device is contained within the control logic 12 and the microprocessor 14 . Such a partitioning enables the device to be readily upgraded, for example by re-programming the control logic 12 or microprocessor 14 , without requiring any changes to the functional elements 10 . Upgrades are required, for example, as the operational requirements evolve for the network in which the device is used. Ready upgradeability can therefore be of significant value to users of the network device.
In some cases, the control signals provided to the elements 10 by the control logic 12 take on incorrect or indeterminate values during an upgrade. For example, if the control logic 12 is implemented using certain types of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), it is necessary to perform a hard reset of the FPGA when a new logic image is loaded into the FPGA during an upgrade. This hard reset causes the outputs of the FPGA to return to their initial logic state, not the last state programmed by the control processor. The networking elements 10 may respond to these values in a spurious manner, causing a disruption in service. Therefore, upgrades of field-programmable control logic have typically caused some level of service disruption.
FIG. 2 shows a network device that generally avoids affecting network traffic during certain types of upgrades. The network elements 10 and the microprocessor 14 may be of the same type as in the prior art system of FIG. 1 . As described below, the control logic 12 includes certain functionality to enable steady operation of the elements 10 during an upgrade.
The control outputs of the control logic 12 and/or the microprocessor 14 are provided to a set of latches 20 . The outputs of the latches, shown as protected control in FIG. 2 , are provided to the control inputs of the elements 10 . The control logic 12 generates a Latch Enable signal that is provided to the enable inputs of the latches 20 . As shown, pullup and/or pulldown resistors 22 are connected to the Latch Enable line, to provide functionality described below.
The device of FIG. 2 operates as follows during an upgrade. During normal operation prior to the upgrade, the Latch Enable signal is in a state that maintains the latches 20 open , so that the control signals from the control logic 12 and/or the microprocessor 14 flow through the latches 20 to control the operation of the elements 10 . It is assumed that the control logic 12 is to be re-programmed during the upgrade, and that the control outputs of the control logic 12 become undefined during the upgrade. Immediately prior to the re-programming, the control logic 12 toggles the Latch Enable signal to close the latches 20 . This action has no effect on the elements 10 , because the values of the protected control signals have simply maintained their previous values, due to the action of the latches 20 . The pullup/pulldown resistors 22 are configured to maintain the Latch Enable signal in this latching state whenever the control logic 12 does not drive it to the opposite state.
The microprocessor 14 then re-programs the control logic 12 . During this process, the outputs of the control logic 12 (including the output driving the Latch Enable signal) attain a high-impedance state, as discussed above. This condition does not affect the operation of the elements 10 , however, because the protected control signals are maintained in their pre-upgrade states by the closed latches 20 . After re-programming is complete, the control outputs of the control logic 12 , other than the Latch Enable output, are returned to the state that they held immediately prior to programming, and then the Latch Enable output is asserted by the control logic 12 to re-open the latches 20 . The elements 10 are thereafter controlled by the values of the control outputs from the control logic 12 and/or the microprocessor 14 .
It is possible that the re-programming of the control logic 12 and/or microprocessor 14 causes the values of one or more control signals to change from their pre-upgrade values. This occurrence may result in momentary spurious operation of the elements 10 , which will generally affect network traffic. In some cases it may be desirable to provide synchronization logic (not shown) between the latches 20 and the elements 10 to ensure that the elements 10 see a correct transition of the control signal, if a service disruption can thereby be avoided.
In general, however, the above-described technique is better suited for use with control signals whose values generally are not changed by an upgrade. In a common case, the control signals may be generated from registers within the control logic 12 that are programmed by the microprocessor 14 , and the upgrade affects operations of the control logic 12 apart from the registers. An example of this type of upgrade is presented below. In a case such as this, the microprocessor 14 need only ensure that the registers are re-programmed to their correct values before allowing the control logic 12 to resume control of the Latch Enable signal after an upgrade is complete. If that is done, the elements 10 do not experience any changes in their control inputs from before to after the upgrade, so that network traffic is not affected at all.
FIG. 3 illustrates a specific example of the more general scheme depicted in FIG. 2. A set of network elements 30 operates to convert a first optical signal having a wavelength in the region of 1310 nanometers (nm) to an electrical form, re-format the signal, and then convert the signal into an optical signal in the 1500 nm region. Additional elements perform the reverse functions to translate a received 15xx nm signal to a 1310 nm signal. This circuitry can be used to transfer Gigabit Ethernet or Fiber Channel signals (carried at the 1310 nm wavelength) over a wave in the 15xx nm region in a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) communications system, using synchronous optical network (SONET) signal formatting.
In particular, the device of FIG. 3 includes the following elements: optical-to-electrical (O/E) converters 32 and 34 ; a 2:1 multiplexer 36 and 1:2 de-multiplexer 38 used to selectively enable either the incoming 1310 nm signal or the incoming 15xx nm signal to be transmitted as the outgoing 15xx nm signal; clock/data recovery (CDR) circuits 40 and 42 ; SONET monitoring circuitry 44 and 46 ; and electrical-to-optical (E/O) converters 48 and 50 . It will be appreciated that the O/E converters 32 and 34 are typically light-sensitive diodes, and the E/O converters 48 and 50 are typically lasers.
As shown, an FPGA 52 provides various control signals to selected elements in the set 30 , and also receives input signals therefrom carrying information used by functions within the FPGA. For purposes of illustration, control signals SEL, LOS OUT, and FR_DET are shown, along with input signals LOS A IN and LOS B IN. SEL controls the setting of the 2:1 multiplexer 36 . LOS A IN and LOS B IN carry Loss of Signal indications generated by the respective O/E converter 32 or 34 whenever a loss of condition occurs (i.e., no light is present at the detector). LOS A IN and LOS B IN are multiplexed within the FPGA 52 to generate the signal LOS OUT, which is provided to the CDR 40 . The multiplexing follows the multiplexing done by the 2:1 multiplexer 36 , i.e., the CDR 40 receives the LOS signal from the same O/E converter from which it receives the data signal. The signal FR_DET indicates to the SONET monitoring element 44 what length of framing byte pattern is required to insure proper framing of the traffic exists.
The FPGA 52 also generates a signal LED that drives a light-emitting diode 54 . The FPGA 52 can be programmed to assert the LED signal in response to different conditions, to provide a desired indication to a user. An example is given below.
The signals SEL, LOS OUT and FR_DET are supplied to latches 20 , whose respective outputs are provided to the corresponding control inputs of the elements 36 , 40 and 44 . The latches 20 receive a latch enable signal LE from the FPGA 52 on a signal line connected to a pull-up resistor 22 . A microprocessor 14 is coupled to the FPGA 52 . The microprocessor 14 controls the states of the SEL, LOS OUT and FR_DET signals by setting corresponding registers (not shown) within the FPGA 52 . The microprocessor 14 is also capable of re-programming the FPGA 52 as part of an upgrade.
It is assumed that prior to an upgrade, the FPGA 52 is programmed to assert the LED signal in response to some set of conditions, and that one purpose of the upgrade is to change the function of the LED to indicate Loss of Signal. Thus, the FPGA 52 when re-programmed will assert the signal LED whenever the selected one of LOS A IN or LOS B IN is asserted. This is an example of a type of upgrade that does not affect the values of the control signals SEL, LOS OUT, and FR_DET. When the upgrade is performed in the manner described above, the control inputs to the elements 36 and 44 are maintained stable as the FPGA 52 is being re-programmed. Assuming that the microprocessor 14 re-establishes the correct values for these control signals by re-programming the corresponding registers at the end of the upgrade, then the signals remain stable when the latches 20 are re-opened at the end of the upgrade. As a consequence, the LOS monitoring function in the FPGA 52 has been modified without any disruption to network traffic.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative way of controlling the Latch Enable signal. The microprocessor 14 and the control logic 12 supply respective control signals LE- 1 and LE- 2 to an OR gate 60 , whose output is provided to the latches 20 . Additionally, the signal LE- 1 is provided with a pull-down resistor 62 . During normal operation, both LE- 1 and LE- 2 are de-asserted, so that the latches 20 are open. It is assumed that at all times during an upgrade, either the control logic 12 or the microprocessor 14 is validly asserting its LE output. For example, if the control logic 12 is being upgraded according to the above example, then the microprocessor 14 asserts the signal LE- 2 throughout the upgrade. If this is done, it is safe for the non-controlling component (e.g. the control logic 12 in the above example) to temporarily have an undefined LE output without affecting the value of the Latch Enable signal, so that the latches 20 remain closed.
Methods and apparatus for de-coupling the operation of functional elements from the control of the functional elements have been described. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other modifications to and variations of the above-described technique are possible without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Accordingly, the invention should be viewed as limited solely by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
| 6G
| 06 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawings in detail, there is shown in FIG. 1 , for purposes of illustration only, a preferred embodiment of a sheet feeder incorporating the present invention for successively feeding paperboard or sheets 2 to and through nip rolls 3 of a box-finishing machine (not shown) located downstream of the nip rolls 3 where various operations are performed on the sheets in predetermined timed sequence. Sheets 2 are supplied in a stack located on a horizontal support plate 4 forming the top of an enclosure 5 defining a chamber in which a vacuum is produced through a manifold 6 communicating with the bottom of the chamber. The front or leading edges of the sheets 2 are located by a vertical gate 7 while the rear or trailing edges of the sheets are supported in a slightly raised position by a back stop 8 . The enclosure 5 is supported on vertical walls 9 of a fixed support frame having a base 10 to which vertical walls 9 are suitable fixed.
Supported for vertical, up and down, movement within enclosure 5 , is a grate 11 including in the top thereof a plurality of spaced runners 11 a which underlie and support the sheet stack at the top 4 of the enclosure 5 which top 4 is open to receive the grate 11 . Within enclosure 5 between certain of the grate runners 11 a are respectively located a plurality of feeder elements which, in the preferred embodiment shown, are wheels 12 for positively driving the sheets 2 to nip rolls 3 as will be described in greater detail below. Feeder wheels 12 have a suitable high friction surface for engaging the underside of the lowermost sheet 2 in the sheet stack for positively driving the sheet upon rotation of the feeder wheels in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 1 . For this purpose, wheels 12 are mounted on and for rotation with shafts 78 suitably journalled in vertical support walls 9 and 13 for rotation by a drive transmission to be described below. When grate 11 is in its uppermost raised position, the lowermost sheet 2 is spaced from the feed wheels 12 and no drive of course is imparted to the sheet. When the grate 11 is midway between its uppermost and lowermost position, the lowermost sheet 2 engages the feed wheels 12 and is positively driven under the gate 7 and to and then through the nip rolls 3 as will be further described below.
In the shown embodiment, vertical movement of grate 11 between its upper and lower positions is achieved through rocker arms 95 and 95 a located at the opposite sides of the grate; there being a pair of such rocker arms at each side as best shown in FIG. 1 . Each rocker arm 95 and 95 a has dual arm portions spaced from each other approximately ninety degrees (90 ). Rocker arm 95 has one arm portion pivotally connected by pivot pin 99 to a vertical leg projecting from the underside of grate 11 while the other arm portion is pivotally connected by pivot pin 98 to a connecting link 97 which is pivotally connected by pivot pin 98 a to one of the arm portions of the other rocker arm 95 a . The other arm portion of rocker arm 95 a is pivotally connected by pivot pin 99 a to a lug projecting from the underside of grate 11 . Rocker arms 95 and 95 a are mounted for rocking movement about rocker shafts 96 and 96 a respectively to which they are suitably fixed. Rocker shafts 96 and 96 a are suitably journalled for rotation in vertical support walls 9 . When rocker arm 95 is pivoted in one direction by rotation of rocker shaft 96 as will be described below, it will raise the grate 11 through the connection at pivot pin 99 to the grate and the same raising action will take place simultaneously through the connection of the other rocker arm 95 a to the grate at pivot pin 99 a by virtue of the motion transferred from rocker arm 95 to rocker arm 95 a by the connecting link 97 . When the rocker arm 95 is pivoted in the opposite direction, the rocker arms 95 and 95 a will lower the grate; and in the preferred embodiment, such action is assisted by a spring 17 interposed between one end of the connecting link 17 and the adjacen wall of enclosure 5 .
Actuation of rocker shaft 96 to drive the rocker arms 95 is achieved by a cam and cam follower assembly. In the preferred embodiment, a split cam is utilized including a first cam 91 for lowering the grate and a second cam 92 for raising the grate. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , cams 91 and 92 are fixed about a drive shaft 52 in abutting coaxial arrangement and with the cams being secured relative to each other in a predetermined angular interrelationship to move as a unit with drive shaft 52 . Engageable with the cams 91 and 92 to be controlled thereby is a cam follower 93 mounted to the end of a cam follower arm 94 whose opposite end is mounted about and fixed to rocker shaft 96 . When cam 92 engages cam follower 93 , arm 94 will pivot clockwise (as viewed in FIG. 1 ) to rotate rocker shaft 96 in one direction and, in turn, rocker arms 95 to raise grate 11 . When cam follower 93 leaves cam 92 , arm 94 will pivot downwardly in the opposite direction guided by engagement with cam 91 thus reversing rotation of rocker arms 95 to lower grate 11 .
As described above, while the grate 11 is in lowered position, the wheels 12 project above the grate runners 11 a to engage and drive the sheet over a feeding stroke which is determined by the peripheral length F of the split cams 91 , 92 which length is chosen in accordance with the length of the sheets 2 to be fed. The feed stroke is chosen such that the sheet is positively driven not only to the nip rolls 3 but also through the nip rolls 3 until the trailing edge of the sheet being fed leaves or uncovers the feed wheels 12 at which time cam 92 will engage cam follower 93 to raise grate 11 . At this point in the cycle, the sheet is still passing through the nip rolls 3 . By maintaining the positive drive on the sheet while it is passing through nip rolls 3 prior to raising grate 11 , it is possible to maintain the sheet at matched velocity with respect to the nip rolls 3 for a substantial length of the sheet being fed.
In order to accommodate sheets 2 of different lengths, the cam 92 is angularly adjustable relative to cam 91 about shaft 52 . This will, of course, vary the peripheral lengths of the cams 91 and 92 exposed to the cam follower 93 which will govern the length of the feed stroke during each cycle of revolution of the cams 91 and 92 . Adjustability of the cams 91 and 92 may be effected in any suitable manner such as loosening the set screw 21 which fixes cam 92 to the drive shaft 52 , and rotating cam 92 relative to shaft 52 and tightening screw 21 .
As shown in FIG. 2 , the drive transmission for driving the feed wheels 12 includes an input drive gear 50 fixed to drive shaft 52 to be rotated by any drive element of the box making machine (not shown) one revolution for each complete cycle of the feeder. One cycle of the feeder equals one revolution of a major repeat cylinder of the box making machine, such as a print cylinder or die cutting cylinder. Drive shaft 52 drives a first, variable velocity input and a second, constant velocity input. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4 , in the preferred embodiment the variable velocity input includes an indexing drive comprised of a geneva star wheel 62 mounted on a shaft 60 . Star wheel 62 has radial slots 64 for receiving a follower 55 of an indexing driver arm 54 which is fixed about drive shaft 52 to be driven thereby periodically. When follower 55 is in one of the slots 64 , the star wheel is driven with varying velocity and when follower 55 is disengaged from the slots 64 , the star wheel is of course stationary by receipt of the indexing driver arm 54 in one of the arcuate recesses 61 in the star wheel. Another indexing mechanism is shown in Sardella U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,015.
The constant velocity input includes in the preferred embodiment, a constant velocity driver gear 56 fixed about drive shaft 52 to be driven thereby. The variable velocity input provided by the star wheel 62 and the constant velocity input provided by the driver gear 56 are combined and transferred to a simple output by means of a planetary or epicyclic gear system in the preferred embodiment. The latter includes a ring gear 68 shown as fixed to the star wheel 64 to be driven thereby, and a plurality of planet gears 72 in mesh with the ring gear 68 and a sun gear 76 rotatably mounted about shaft 60 . Planet gears 72 are mounted in a carrier gear 70 to drive the same; the carrier 70 being mounted about a hub portion of the sun gear 76 . The carrier gear 70 has a gear formed on its outer circumferential surface in mesh with the constant velocity driver gear 56 to be driven by the latter. The variable and constant velocity inputs are thus resolved at the sun gear 76 and directly transferred to an output driver gear 78 which, in the shown embodiment, is integral with the sun gear 76 and rotatably mounted about shaft 60 .
In the preferred embodiment and referring to FIGS. 2 and 6 , the output of the driver gear 78 is transferred to the wheel shafts 84 to drive the feed wheels 12 by means of an idler gear 80 in mesh between the output driver gear 78 and a plurality of wheel shaft gears 82 fixed respectively to the wheel shafts 84 to drive the same.
The velocity of the feed wheels 12 during one complete cycle of operation of the feeder is illustrated in FIG. 7 wherein the maximum velocity of the feed wheels 12 is equal to the surface velocity of the nip rolls 3 . As shown in the upper graph of FIG. 7 , in the beginning portion of the cycle the velocity of the feed wheels 12 decreases from the maximum velocity and this is achieved by the substracting effect of the velocity of the star wheel 62 on the constant velocity effect of the driver gear 56 . The velocity of the feed wheels is thus reduced to nearly zero whereupon the substracting effect of the star wheel velocity becomes less and less and the velocity of the feed wheels 12 thus begins to increase until it reaches maximum velocity and the star wheel follower 55 leaves the star wheel slot 64 . At this point, the star wheel is stopped and the maximum velocity is maintained constant until the end of the cycle by virtue of the effect of the constant velocity driver gear 56 which continues to drive the output driver gear 78 at constant velocity. When the star wheel follower 55 reenters the next slot 64 of the star wheel, the next cycle will begin to repeat the above process.
The lower graph of FIG. 7 . illustrates the position of the grate 11 during one cycle in relation to the velocity of the feed wheels 12 illustrated by the upper graph. At the beginning of the cycle, the grate is raised as the wheel velocity is decreasing, and when the wheel velocity begins to approach nearly zero velocity, the grate begins to descend as controlled by the cam 91 as described above. When the wheel velocity reaches nearly zero, the grate 11 has descended approximately half way to the lowermost position and the lowermost sheet 2 initially engages the feed wheels 12 . As the wheel velocity begins to increase, the grate 11 reaches its lowermost position and the sheet is fed with a gradually increasing velocity until maximum velocity is reached whereupon the sheet is fed with constant maximum velocity equal to the surface velocity of the nip rolls 3 prior to entry of the sheet into nip rolls. Before the trailing edge of the sheet 2 being fed uncovers the feed wheels 12 , the grate lifting cam 92 engages the grate drive cam follower 93 to begin to lift the grate, and when the grate elevates the sheet from the feed wheels 12 , positive feeding of the sheet by the feed wheels 12 stops but the sheet continues to be conveyed by the nip rolls 3 to the box-finishing machine. Note that during this phase of the cycle, the feed wheels 12 in the embodiment shown continue to be driven at maximum velocity until the end of the cycle. The length of the feed stroke in the particular embodiment shown is designated F in FIG. 7 . By angularly adjusting the cams 91 and 92 relative to each other as described above, the length or duration of the feed stroke may be adjusted between a maximum, F max and a minimum, F min. to suit the length of the sheets 2 to be fed.
Although, in the specific embodiment shown, the sheets 2 initially engage the feed wheels 12 when the latter are at nearly zero velocity, the transmission of the present invention may be designed such that the wheels 12 at initial engagement with the sheet, will be at absolute zero velocity for a momentary period or at absolute zero velocity for a dwell period.
It should be understood that although feed wheels 12 have been utilized in the embodiment shown and described above, endless drive members (not shown) such as belts may be employed instead.
It will therefore be seen that the present invention allows the sheets to be fed with a predetermined, matched velocity without damaging or losing control of the sheets or causing undue wear of the nip rolls and its associated parts.
In situations where the sheets or paperboards have a length less than one half of the repeat length of the box-finishing machine, the feeder of the present invention may be used to feed two sheets per cycle of the machine. The repeat length is the circumferential length of the main cylinder of the box-finishing machine which cylinder may be a printing cylinder, a die cutting cylinder or a slotting head cylinder. One revolution of such a cylinder constitutes one cycle of the box-finishing machine. Referring to FIGS. 8 , 9 and 10 , a modification of a portion of the feeder is shown utilizing an indexing driver arm 154 having a pair of followers 155 for driving the geneva star wheel 62 at two spaced intervals during each cycle or revolution of the drive shaft 52 which cycle is the same as that of the main cylinder of the box-finishing machine. Referring to FIG. 9 , in the present modification, another type of split cam is used including a cam 191 and a cam 192 . When the sectors F 1 and F 2 of the split cam engage the cam follower 93 , the grate 11 will be positioned below the feed wheels 12 exposing the feed wheels for feeding sheets thus allowing two sheets to be fed to the pinch rolls of the box-finishing machine during each cycle of the machine in cases where the length of the sheets is less than one half of the repeat length of the machine. When the sectors of the split cam lying between F 1 and F 2 engage the cam follower 93 (see FIG. 10 ), the grate will be raised above the feed wheels 12 such that no feeding of the sheets by the feed wheels 12 will occur. In order to allow the split cam to be used for feeding one sheet per cycle or two sheets per cycle, cam 192 is provided with alternate lands 192 a and 192 b on a section of its periphery as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 . By adjusting the split cam axially along drive shaft 52 , either cam surface 192 a or 192 b can be brought into operation depending on whether one or two sheets are to be fed per cycle of the machine. FIG. 10 shows the split cam adjusted to bring cam surface 192 b into position for feeding two sheets per cycle. During such a double sheet feed mode, the grate position and wheel velocity graphs shown in FIG. 7 will be duplicated during the second half of each cycle. In order to adjust the split cam for feeding one sheet per cycle, the set screw in the specific embodiment, is loosened and the split cam is moved axially along the drive shaft to bring cam surface 192 a of cam 192 into play.
It will thus be seen that the modification of FIGS. 8 , 9 and 10 will allow, in certain cases where the sheet length is less than one half of the repeat length of the machine, to substantially increase the production of the machine by feeding two sheets instead of one sheet per cycle. Moreover, because of the drive system for driving the sheet feeder elements of the present invention, the inertia load on the system will not be increased when feeding two sheets per cycle thereby avoiding breakdown of the feeder mechanism due to excessive loading such as may occur when other prior art systems are employed, one for example being shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,422,757, Grobman et al. The latter discloses a double sheet feeder utilizing a rocker and slide drive. In addition, and in contrast to the Grobman et al slide bar feeder which engages the trailing edge of the sheet, the feeder of the present invention advantageously is a leading edge feeder. Moreover, the feeder of the present invention allows adjustment to either a single sheet feed or a double sheet feed.
| 1B
| 65 | H |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows, schematically, a dissolution tester. The dissolution tester
has a rack 2 for test vessels 4 which are disposed in two rows of four
vessels each, only the front four test vessels being schematically shown.
Disposed above rack 2 is housing 6 adjustable via telescopic columns (not
shown) and having a computer control panel 8 for input, control panel 10
for controlling the device, display panel 12, mains plug 14 and clamping
devices 16 for mounting stirring tools 18, 20, 22 and 24.
FIG. 1 shows different stirring tools 18 to 24 merely for the sake of
illustration; in practice only one type of stirring tool is generally used
for a certain test. The different types of stirring tools are associated
with different test methods. Tool 18 is a basket stirrer, tool 20 is a
paddle stirrer, tool 22 is a paddle stirrer above a disk, and tool 24 is a
transthermal cylinder stirrer. When the stirring tools are adjusted they
are first moved downward to the position shown in FIG. 1, which is
virtually the zero position. After that, the stirring tools are brought a
distance of 25.+-.2 mm from the zero position into the working position,
as shown in FIG. 2, by moving housing 6.
The various test specifications require that the discharging tube be
brought into position with its discharge opening at half the height
between the upper edge of the stirring tool and the test level mark of the
sample in the test vessel. FIG. 3 shows stirring tools 20 disposed
uniformly in all the test vessels. The stirring tools are in the form of
paddles and have been brought into position.
FIG. 3 further shows in addition to the representation of FIGS. 1 and 2,
the arrangement of discharging tubes 26 on frame 28 which is disposed on
housing 6 so as to be vertically adjustable via telescopic columns 30,32.
Telescopic columns 30, 32 are coupled via toothed belt 34 with stepping
motor 36 which moves frame 28 and thus moves discharging tubes 26 to the
particular working position in program-controlled manner, in accordance
with input data of the filling level and the stirring tool used. The
corresponding data of the stirring tool used are entered in the computer
in housing 6 during adjustment of the stirring tools, while the data of
the filling level of the particular dissolution sample are entered during
adjustment of the device for a certain test. The relevant data are
therefore available in the computer after being processed by the program
and can be transmitted to the stepping motor in the form of stepping
pulses.
FIG. 4 shows, in greater detail, the relation between the filling levels
1,000 ml, 900 ml, 750 ml and 500 ml and the corresponding working
positions of discharging tubes 26 which are likewise designated 1,000 ml,
900 ml, 750 ml and 500 ml at 38 in FIG. 4. It is to be noted that the
working positions of discharging tubes 26 are different depending on the
stirring tool used. Therefore, the positions shown in FIG. 4 are only
correct for a test method in which a paddle is used.
If a basket is used in a test method instead of a paddle, other working
positions will result for the discharging tubes. This makes it apparent
that problems arise if these working positions are not moved to in
program-controlled manner, as in the present embodiment. One would then
either have to use for each test method specially calibrated test vessels
in which the working positions of the discharging tubes are marked, or
would have to provide several markings for the different stirring tools on
one vessel. Both possibilities are insufficiently reliable because they
are too unclear. | 1B
| 01 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference toFIGS. 1a,1b,2a,and2b,a polygonal tilt drum10for use within venetian blind tilting mechanisms is provided, wherein a series of six outer sidewalls22,23,24,25,26, and27, with each adjoining wall oriented at 120° degrees to one another, define a hollow hexagonal body. The top wall24and bottom wall27of the profile body are equal in length, where the four remaining sidewalls22,23,25, and26are of equal dimension but somewhat shorter than the top and bottom segments. The hollow profile is segmented by a series of ribs4,5,6,7, and8that extend from the central tilt rod supporting core14—which extends lengthwise through the tilt drum10—defining a sequence of cavities15,16,17,18, and19designed to receive the installation of various kinds of ladder tape material. The two top cavities16and17are accessible through the front portion of the profile, and each longitudinally define a channel that terminates at the rear closed end portion28of the tilt drum10. Two mediate cavities15and18, and one bottom cavity19, extend through the entire length of the profile and also terminate at the rear of the closed end portion28of the tilt drum.
Inscribed within the top wall24of the polygonal tilt drum10are two grooves11aand11bthat are each located directly above the top two closed-end longitudinal cavities16and17, each groove is accessible via a tapered notch21aand21b,in the from portion of the tilt drum that later transforms into the sinusoidal shaped grooves11aand11b.Each tapered notch21aand21bhas a singular wedge shaped tooth12aand12b,located at the outermost edge of each opening, and extends inwardly toward the center of the upper sidewall24. Preferably, each tooth has a ramp facing the open-end portion of the top section of the tilt drum10, and has a right-angled stop surface facing the closed-end portion thereof. The sinusoidal grooves11aand11balso define a central projection13on the top wall24of the tilt drum, extending from the rear of the tilt mechanism, and is secured underneath with a center support rib6. Within each top cavity16and17—and below each groove11aand11b—elongated rods R1and R2extend from the closed end portion of each cavity to secure the upper loops41aand41bof the ladder tape40into position.
Turning now toFIGS. 3a-3c, the polygonal tilt drum10is illustrated in progressive stages of operation, wherein the ladder tape40is attached to the elongate rods R1and R2, and the slats50are shown at different degrees of closure with the counterclockwise rotation of the tilt drum. It should be noted that this particular adjustment to the slats is made by way of example only, and the tilt drum may be rotated in a clockwise rotation as well. WithinFIG. 3a, the polygonal tilt drum10is positioned at a 0° angle, and the slats50are positioned in parallel relation. As shown inFIG. 3bthe tilt drum10is rotated at a 90° angle and the slats50are approximately tilted at a 60° angle. InFIG. 3cthe tilt drum10is rotated at a 180° angle and the slats50are shown in a closed relation. The tight closure of the slats is achieved because the ladder tape40is not substantively altering the outside diameter of the tilt drum, and the rotational positioning of the elongated rods R1and R2allows the ladder tape40to completely extend from the tilt mechanism.
As shown inFIGS. 4aand4b, to facilitate the optional use of braided ladder cords, the two outer side walls,22and26defining the mediate cavities15and18of polygonal tilt drum10, are each molded with two intersecting ovular holes91aand91b,the first opening greater in proportion than the second, to accommodate the attachment of the cord support legs. Within a preferred embodiment of the invention, and to effectively counter balance the weight of suspended slats, the tabbed end segments (not shown) of the ladder legs90cross over the body of the tilt drum, and each are inserted within the opposite facing larger openings of ovular holes91aand91b, which are subsequently moved and secured into position behind each smaller ovular opening.
With further reference toFIG. 5, the rotated polygonal tilt drum10of the present invention advantageously includes a bottom cavity19to accommodate the use of narrower with ladder tapes in the fabrication of a venetian blind assembly. Within the front portion of the tilt drum10, a singular tapered notch31extends lengthwise toward the rear of the component, transforming into a wider slot S that is large enough to retain the thickness of two woven legs of ladder tape60or, alternatively, ladder tape80. The slot S is defined by a series of parallel edges, where the midsection of the slot, defined by edges32and33, is greater in width than at its origin or terminus. To secure ladder tapes60or80into position, a cotter key70—having a set of retaining prongs71and72—is used to fasten the loops61aand61bat the top ends of each corresponding ladder leg; the assembly is then inserted through the tapered notch31and centered at the midsection of slot S, as illustrated inFIGS. 6 and 7.
Similar to the above description concerning the mode of operation of the instant invention, the rotated polygonal tilt drum10is similarly shown in progressive stages of operation inFIGS. 8a-8c. In this instance, ends ladder tapes60or80, of narrower widths than tape40, are mutually attached through the use of a cotter key70. By way of example, ladder tape60is inserted into slot S of tilt drum10, and the slats50are shown at different degrees of closure with the counterclockwise rotation of the tilt drum. It should be again noted that this particular adjustment may also be rotated in a clockwise rotation as well. WithinFIG. 8a, the polygonal tilt drum10is positioned at a 0° angle, and the slats50are positioned in parallel relation. As shown inFIG. 8bthe tilt drum10is rotated at a 90° angle and the slats50are approximately tilted at a 60° angle. InFIG. 8cthe tilt drum10is rotated at a 180° angle and the slats50are shown in a closed relation. The tight closure of the slats is achieved because the ladder tape60is not substantively altering the outside diameter of the tilt drum, and the rotational positioning of the retained loops61aand61bwithin slot S allows the ladder tape60to completely extend from the tilt mechanism.
Even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the preferred embodiments, the above disclosure is illustrative only. Changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.
| 4E
| 06 | B |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now specifically to the drawings, there is illustrated a trommel
separator 10 in accordance with the present invention.
As can be seen in FIG. 1, the trommel separator 10 is a part of the whole
recycling system 1. The recycling system 1 comprises a surge hopper 14,
pulverizer 20 and trommel separator 10, with conveyor belts 24 and 26
transporting the recyclable material from one machine to the next.
The surge hopper 14 comprises an unloading mechanism 18 operated by an
eccentric drive 16. Recyclable material travels from the surge hopper 14,
out the metered door 22, and onto a first conveyor belt 24 with a first
end 24A and a second end 24B, wherein the first end 24A is positioned to
receive material from the surge hopper 14.
An overhead magnet 25 separates the metallic recyclable material from the
non-metallic recyclable material as the recyclable material travels up the
first conveyor belt 24. The non-metallic recyclable material is then
deposited into the receiving end 20A of the pulverizer 20 from the second
end 24B of the first conveyor belt 24. An example of the pulverizer, and
arrangements to drive it, is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,781, by the
inventor hereof and incorporated herein by reference.
The pulverized recyclable material is then discharged through the discharge
end 20B of the pulverizer 20 and deposited onto a second conveyor belt 26
with a first end 26A and a second end 26B, wherein the first end 26A
receives material from the pulverizer 20.
This recyclable material, traveling in the A direction, is then loaded into
the trommel separator 10, the trommel separator 10 receiving the material
from the second end 26B of the second belt 26. The recyclable material is
then classified into three different sizes, which exit through the three
hoppers 46, 46A, and 47. An example of the three sizes of material which
are classified could consist of, but are not limited to: recyclable
material less than one-eighth of an inch which would fall through the
hopper 46; recyclable material equal to and between the sizes of
one-eighth of an inch and three-eighths of an inch which would exit
through hopper 46A; and recyclable material greater than three-eighths of
an inch which would be classified as trash and would vacate through hopper
47.
FIG. 2 discloses the specific features of the trommel separator 10. A motor
64 and shaft mounted right angle gear reducer 63 allow for direct drive of
a rotating drum 79. A clutch device (60-71) is attached to the motor 64
and gear reducer 63. A rotating drum 79, enclosed by screen 81, has an
aperture 82 which allows material to enter the rotating drum 79 in
direction A, and end plate 74. A flexible mount apparatus (50-58), is
attached to the motor 64 and gear reducer 63. A frame 40 with rotating
devices 49 is attached to the flexible mount apparatus. The rotating drum
79 rotates upon frame 40.
The clutch device includes a clutch slip disk 71 having a first side 71A,
and a second side 71B. A first disk 70 is operatively connected to the
first side 71A of the clutch slip disk 71. A second disk 70A is
operatively connected to the second side 71B of the clutch slip disk 71
and rigidly connected to the rotating drum 79. A tapered bushing 72 is
pressed into disk 70A. The clutch slip disk is medial the first and second
disks.
A shaft drive system is also a component of the clutch device. The shaft
drive system includes a hollow shaft 66 which fits inside the gear reducer
63 which is attached to the motor 64. The torque is transferred from the
motor 64 to the hollow shaft 66 by means of a key 67 which is attached to
the hollow shaft 66. The hollow shaft 66 is attached to a bushing 69 by
means of the same key 67. This key is preferably approximately three
inches long, but any other suitable length is also within the scope of
this invention. The bushing 69 is tapered and pressed into the first disk
70. The power and torque from the motor 64 are transferred via the hollow
shaft 66 and key 67 to the first disk 70.
The clutch device also includes a clutch regulating system which is
connected to the first disk 70 and second disk 70A for pulling the first
disk 70 and second disk 70A together. The clutch regulating system
comprises a second shaft 65 which fits through and is keyed into the
bushing 72. The second shaft 65 goes through and fits inside of the disks
70A, 71 and 70, bushing 69 and hollow shaft 66. It goes through and
extends out of the other end of the gear reducer 63 and motor 64, through
the thrust washer 62, and a nest of springs or single coil spring which
are part of a spring device 61. Two jam nuts 60 are attached to the end of
the second shaft 65. The jam nuts 60 are used to pre-load the spring
device 61 which pulls the first disk 70 and second disk 70A together for
the transfer of torque from disk 70 to disk 70A and thus to the rotating
drum. The two jam nuts 60 also regulate the slippage factor of the clutch
slip disk 71.
The clutch mechanism transmits the torque from the shaft mounted gear
reducer 63 and motor 64 through the disks 70 and 70A such that starting
and stopping torque can overcome the friction of the clutch and permit
slippage in any event that the drum should become jammed such that it
cannot rotate. This clutch mechanism protects the mount from absorbing the
full torque of the gear reducer during starts and stops and in the event
that the drum becomes jammed. The amount of torque transfer and/or the
desired slippage is easily controlled by the accessible jam nuts 60.
The flexible mount apparatus includes a mount 51 having a bottom surface,
first and second trunnion plates 58 which rotate within the mount 51
around a horizontal axis, and a pivot plate 50 attached to the bottom
surface of the mount 51. The mount 51 rests on top of the pivot plate 50
and a pivot pin attached to the frame goes up through the plate 50 and
into a flange bearing attached to the mount 51 allowing rotation around a
vertical axis.
The flexible mount apparatus further includes clips 55 and 56 which go over
tabs on the mount 51 in three places and keep the mount 51 from lifting
off the frame 40 when it is under torque, spacers 53 which prevent
clamping of the mount 51, and pads 54 which prevent wear and galling of
the clips 55 and 56. The pivot pad 50 and the pads 54 are made of a self
lubricating plastic material.
The flexible mount apparatus is a floating mechanism which compensates for
shaft deflection when there is axial and radial inaccuracy of the shaft or
rotating drum caused by manufacturing tolerances, wear or design. If this
power unit was on a solid mount, these conditions would destroy the mount
and frame in a very short time. The shaft mount power/gear unit make the
flexible mount possible.
Together, this flexible mount and clutch mechanism along with a totally
enclosed power/gear unit eliminate the use of exposed gears, roller chains
and other power transmission components which would be adversely affected
by airborne contaminants such as glass dust, dirt, or other abrasive
matter. This rotating trommel separator is designed for use in the
recycling industry where operating conditions are usually very dirty,
abrasive and very hard on the recycling equipment. The combination
flexible mount and clutch mechanisms provide a unique "floating" drive
unit that is enclosed, flexible and adaptable to high wear conditions.
The screens of the rotating drum are shown in more detail in FIG. 3. FIG. 3
is a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein the screens allow
for four separate size classifications of material. An example of the four
sizes of material and process by which they are classified as they travel
in direction B could comprise, but is not limited to: recyclable material
less than one-fourth of an inch would fall through screen 33 and then the
material less than one-eighth of an inch would exit through screen 32;
material equal to and between the sizes of one-eighth of an inch and
three-sixteenths of an inch would travel through screen 37 and exit
through screen 34; recyclable material greater than or equal to one-fourth
of an inch would travel through screen 35 and then the material between
the sizes of three-sixteenths of an inch and three-eighths of an inch
would exit through screen 36; and recyclable material greater than or
equal to three-eighths of an inch which would be classified as trash and
would exit through screen 38.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has
been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not
intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form
disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in
light of the above teaching. Such modifications and variations that may be
apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within
the scope of this invention as defined by the accompanying claims. | 1B
| 07 | B |
In FIGS. 2 to 7 parts and components of a SIBH-DFB semiconductor laser structure which are identical or functionally equivalent to those already described in connection with FIG. 1 were designated with the same reference numerals appearing in FIG. 1 .
The exemplary, presently preferred embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 , provides for a thin (e.g. 0.2-0.3 micrometer) p layer 10 being provided to separate the Fe InP layers 2 from the n layer 1 , the MQW layers 3 and the P InP layer 4 comprising the basic layer structure.
Preferably, layer 10 which extends over the Fe InP layers in direct contact therewith is a p-InP layer doped with zinc (Zn) to 2.10 18 /cm 3 .
Provision of the p layer involves several advantages over the structures of the prior art.
First of all, the leakage current at high temperatures is reduced to the point of being almost negligible while the p-InP layer 10 , being intrinsically thin, improves series resistance behaviour.
For a 1.3 micrometer wavelength SIBH laser, the mesa width will be in the range of 1.5 micrometers and the series resistance may be increased due to Zn Fe interdiffusion between layer 4 and layer 2 . The equivalent interdiffusion region is 0.2-0.3 micrometers.
However, with the insertion of the highly-doped P InP layer 10 (0.2-0.3 micrometers) this Zn Fe interdiffusion region is shifted out of the original mesa, whereby series resistance is unaffected by the interdiffusion effect. To minimise the Fe Zn interdiffusion effects the Zn doping level in layer 10 should be high enough, in the range of 2 10 18 cm 3 , while the Fe doping level in layer 2 is optimised around 5 10 16 cm 3 with a trade-off between high resistivity (high Fe doping level) and minimal Fe-diffusion effect (low Fe doping level).
The reduced thickness of layer 10 also has little impact on the basic structure of FIG. 1 insofar as the Fe InP layer 2 is concerned. Specifically, by resorting to current MOCVD growth techniques, a thicker Fe InP layer can be easily grown to a thickness from between 1.0 and 2.0 micrometers, that is values currently required for 10 Gbit/s direct modulation, without being affected by the insertion of the thin P InP layer 10 .
Furthermore, in the arrangement of the invention direct contact between the Fe InP layers and the MQW layers is avoided, thus avoiding Fe diffusion into the MQW layers.
Finally, the structure of the invention is intrinsically simple to manufacture while also providing an extensive degree of freedom in controlling the mesa width and the Fe InP thickness, reducing both series resistance and parasitic capacitance.
The process of manufacturing a laser structure according to the invention will now be briefly discussed with reference to FIGS. 3 to 7 . Those skilled in the art will promptly appreciate that the various steps referred to are carried out by resorting to standard technologies and processes, thus rendering any detailed description of such technologies and processes unnecessary within the framework of the present description.
FIG. 3 essentially shows a n substrate over which the MQW active layers (jointly designated 3 ) and a thin (about 0.5 micrometers) p cladding layer 4 are grown.
Again, those skilled in the art will promptly appreciate that relative proportions of the various layers involved were not strictly reproduced to scale in FIGS. 3 to 7 in order to facilitate understanding of the steps described.
After forming a SiO 2 (or Si 3 N 4 ) mask on top of the layers already provided, a typical mesa structure of about 2 micrometer width is formed by a first reactive ion etching (RIE) step (FIG. 4 ). This is followed by a slight wet chemical etch to form an underetch of typically less than 0.5 micrometer under mask 5 (FIG. 5 ).
The highly doped thin p-InP layer 10 , the Fe InP semi-insulating layers 2 and the n-InP layers 6 , having a thickness in the range of 0.5 micrometers and a doping level (Sn) of 1 2 10 18 cm 3 are subsequently grown by MOCVD (FIG. 6 ).
Finally, after removing mask 5 , p-InP and p-InGaAs cladding and contact layers 7 and 8 are grown to complete the structure. This is subsequently subjected to deposition of p-metal, backside thinning and deposition of n-metal according to conventional finishing steps (not shown).
In the diagram of FIG. 8 , power v. current (P-I) curves are shown which were derived for the laser structure of the invention (curves A 1 and A 2 ) referring to operation at nearly ambient temperature i.e. 27 C. and 90 C., respectively.
Corresponding curves are also shown in FIG. 8 for the structure of FIG. 1 (curves C 1 and C 2 , again referring to operation at 27 C. and 90 C., respectively) and for a similar arrangement using a p-n junction as the lateral blocking layer (curves B 1 27 C. and B 2 90 C.).
FIG. 8 shows that high temperature performance of the structure of the invention is comparable and significantly better for high current values with respect to low temperature performance of the conventional prior art structure of the FIG. 1 .
In comparison to both the sets of curves B 1 , B 2 and C 1 , C 2 , the P-I curves of the invention (curves A 1 , A 2 ) demonstrate improved performance both in terms absolute value and more to the point in terms of linearity.
Even without wishing to be bound to any specific theory in that respect, the improved performance of the arrangement of the invention may perhaps be explained by considering that the arrangement of the invention gives rise to electron paths which enter into the mesa structure from below to give rise to a sort of funnel effect.
Specifically, in the arrangement of the invention, the heavily p-doped layer 10 , grown laterally and under the semi-insulating Fe regions 2 prevents electrons from leaking into the Fe-layer, effectively driving them into the MQW active layers also at high temperature.
Essentially, the arrangement of the invention solves the problem of resistivity loss in the Fe InP layer at high temperature without giving rise to any limitation in growing the Fe InP blocking layer, thus permitting e.g. a thin n-layer to be grown above the p-doped layer, without affecting performance.
Of course, the basic principle of the invention remaining the same, the details and embodiments may vary with respect to the exemplary embodiment shown herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.
| 7H
| 01 | S |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1shows a cross-section of a vertical axis, top load washing machine with a propeller30, that has a tub11supported to the cabinet by means of suspension rods10. The tub is crowned with a cover12disposed concentrically. Within the tub11a basket14is found, which receives the articles or objects to wash. In the lower part of said basket14, a bottom24is found, which contains a circular recession that forms the basket bottom26. The tub bottom has a slightly bigger diameter than that of the propeller30which is partially housed within the basket bottom26. A driving shaft20is fitted in the central inferior part of the impeller30. The other end of driving shaft20is coupled to a pulley19driven by a belt, which in turn is been driven by a smaller pulley coupled to an electric motor18. The driving shaft20rotates within the hollow shaft23and wherein the hollow shaft23is supported by rolling means22, which should be separated a certain distance to allow giving rigidity to shafts20and23. This separation and support is given by the motor support21over which the electric motor18is placed, which preferably is an alternate induction motor, reversible with double capacitor, but this may be inter-changed with any other type of electric motor, such as may be a direct current or variable speed, etc. Even the pulley coupled to the electric motor18, the belt and the pulley19, may be dispensed with if the electric motor18is coupled mechanically to the driving shaft20, depending on the specific design of the tub, the control system, the cost range of the washing machine in the market, among other factors.
It is thus that the propeller30settled within the basket bottom26when rotated behaves as a liquid pump, given that in its lower face it has fins31which work as curved blades of a liquid centrifugal pump, which along with the basket bottom26generate a washing liquor current which is directed to the lower part of the water tower16. The fins31lead the washing liquor to the upper part of the basket14, wherein a window28allows the output of the washing liquor flow so that it returns to the rest of the washing liquor mass in the basket14in a similar manner to a fountain. It is in this window28in which a filter15may be disposed, which is made from a plastic textile in the manner of a mesh, commonly adopting the form of a sock. Thus when passing the washing liquor through the filter15, this will trap the lint or large particles suspended in the washing liquor avoiding the re-disposition of lint or large particles over the objects to wash, thus assuring a good flow through the window28is important to be able to recollect the greatest quantity of suspended particles in the washing liquor.
FIG. 2illustrates a conventional perspective view of the propeller30with three scrubbers32, which are built in high relief over a support33. The scrubbers32have the task of transmitting energy to the washing liquor to form the vortex to drag the objects to wash. Furthermore, the scrubbers32should have contact with the objects to wash, creating friction between said objects to wash and said scrubbers32. Looking for a scrubber design with low torque and high speed, the geometry of the scrubbers32is fundamental, since if these are too tall, further to being non-aerodynamic a high torque is required to move the propeller30from stand-still.
As may be appreciated inFIG. 3, the scrubbers have an aerodynamic shape, that is, they cannot be too high, and further the propeller body comprising the support33has a conic section configuration to allow the correct creation of a vortex, as well as allow the objects to be washed to be slid through this surface. These parameters are to be designed to obtain a low torque and high rotation speed propeller30.
FIG. 4shows a cross-section of a scrubber32with detail of the geometry of the scrubber32. Thus starting from the propeller30outer diameter44, the scrubber32transversal geometry may be seen, which starts from a horizontal demarked by the propeller30outer diameter44. Thus, the first curve is the foot40of the scrubber, the curve obeys an arch circumference equation whose radius oscillates between half a centimeter to three centimeters (0.197 in to 1.18 in), and whose center47should be located in coordinates V1, H1. This first curve has the function of allowing a soft curve through which the fluid or washing liquor particles, be leaded, so that said washing liquor particles slide and where possible to not collide, reducing thus the energy required by then propeller30to rotate. The following section is determined by a slope41, which also follows the curve described by the circumference arch of seven centimeters to fifteen centimeters (2.76 in to 5.91 in) of radius, which should be located in coordinates V2, H4. The slide41allows the generation of the vortex, knowing that in functions as a curved blade in a centrifugal force, since given its outer area, as well as its curvatures, helps pushing the washing liquid generating thus the water currents, thus the necessary turbulence for the correct formation of the vortex in the washing liquor that drags the objects to be washed, so that these emerge to the surface, so that as a following act they may be sucked by said vortex, causing the objects to wash to circulate within the volume occupied by the washing liquor, exposing said objects to wash to that the currents of washing liquor pass through them dragging the filth between the fabrics. Furthermore, friction between the objects to wash is generated promoting the “scrubbing” effect between the objects to wash. It is for this reason that if the geometry is not correct, the required torque to move the propeller30from stand-still will considerably increase. The third geometry to consider in the scrubber32is the apex42joining the slopes41. The transversal geometry of the scrubbers32is vertically symmetrical throughout the symmetry axis43, thus, to join the slopes41located in each side of the symmetry axis43, a curve is used, that describes the circumference arch whose radius oscillates between eight to fifteen millimeters (0.315 to 0.591 in), the apex42should have a soft curve that allows the objects to wash slide over this. The apex42experiments greater friction from the objects to wash, which should be blunt and should not comprise acute angles or constant vertices, since these may damage the objects to wash, and further allow a smooth slide of the washing liquor over the commented surface.
FIG. 5, taken from the view at lines47ofFIG. 4, shows the trace lines over which the foot40arch segment of the scrubber is built. Thus we locate coordinates V1, H1, wherein V1is measured from the symmetry axis43. H1is measured height fixed by H3, measuring this at its time horizontally from the medium line62, which is the start point of the arch foot40of the scrubber which is vertically found over the medium line62, a distance V3measured from the normal intersection with the medium line62and a vertical line that passes through point47. The arch foot40of the scrubber has a final point V4measured from the normal intersection with the medium line62and a vertical line that passes through point47, describing thus angle α, preferably between five to twenty grades. Thus the radius of the arch foot40of the scrubber is in a range of between two to five centimeters (0.787 in to 1.97 in), being dimensions H1+H3similar in magnitude to the radius of the arch foot40of the scrubber. V3and V4should have magnitudes in the range of a hundred millimeters to two centimeters (3.94 in to 0.787 in) each one.
FIG. 6, taken from the view of lines48ofFIG. 4, helps locate point48, which is the center of the arch slope41, being coordinates of said point48V2, H4. The referred arch slope41extends from angle β, to thus locate the start point of the slope arch41. A vertical line is traced from point48that normally intersects with medium line62, from there a horizontal distance V5is measured, this point coincides with the final point of the arch foot40of the scrubber, having as a final point the slope arch41referred to by height V6. Thus the magnitude V2which is measured from the symmetry axis43preferably is in a range of five to twelve centimeters (1.97 in to 4.72 in). The magnitude of H4+H3should be similar to the arch slope41radius which is comprised in a range of ten to twenty centimeters (3.94 to 7.87 in). The β angle oscillates between fifteen to thirty grades.
FIG. 7in view ofFIG. 4illustrates the geometry of apex42. To be able to form this apex, point49is located, which has its vertical coordinate over symmetry axis43at a distance over H5vertical from the final point of the slope arch41located by height V6. The same point may be located in view of height V7, which indicates the horizontal distance between the final point and the slope arch41and the symmetry axis43. Thus the magnitude of the radius of the arch apex42is comprised in a range of three to ten millimeters (0.118 to 0.394 in). The height V7thus has a magnitude between two to ten millimeters (0.0787 to 0.394 in). Height H5should have a magnitude similar to the arch apex42radius, obtaining thus angle φ demarking by the final points the arch slope41to both sides of the symmetry axis43, wherein angle φ will oscillate between forty to ninety degrees.
FIG. 9shows the geometry that the support33follows, which in a preferred embodiment its surface follows a circumference arch with a radius that oscillates between a hundred and forty centimeters to two hundred twenty two centimeters (55.1 in to 87.4 in), with a θ angle which oscillates between the thirty to eighty degrees. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the surface follows a smooth slope straight with an angle Φ with the horizontal of between five to twenty five degrees, said straight joins the outer diameter44with the base diameter (DB) of the center45, illustrated inFIG. 10, forming in both embodiments a conic section over which the scrubbers32protrude, as may be seen inFIGS. 8 and 10.
FIG. 10also denotes the length (LT) of the scrubbers; these also follow a straight projection over axis46, which has the same slope than that of surface of the apex42. Forming the referred axis46an angle Φ with the horizontal, said scrubbers32have a determined length (LT) which is demarked by the propeller30outer diameter44and the center35base diameter (DB), being able, in any case being shorter than the referred limitation. The length of the scrubbers32will depend on the capacity of the washing machine, as well as the vortex type desired, further to the capacity or power of the electric motor18, being these variables determined by the design of the own washing machine.
FIG. 8shows an upper perspective view of the propeller30object of the present invention, wherein six scrubbers32are seen, being the number of these determined in function of the speed required for the propeller30to rotate. In the discussed system of the present invention it is required that the propeller30rotates at high rpm due to the absence of a transmission or gear reduction box that allows transforming the torque into speed. Thus if a driving shaft20is coupled directly to a motor18or a set of pulleys and belt, a high speed in the driving shaft20will be obtained at all times. Therefore, the number of scrubbers32required for the correct generation of the vortex is minimum three and maximum twelve. The number of these will depend on the design features as are outer diameter44which should be greater than fifteen centimeters (5.91 in), the center45diameter, angle Φ of the scrubbers32, angle θ of the support33and the capacity of the washing machine among others. Therefore in the great majority of cases, determining the number of scrubbers32to use with the proposed geometry will be solved with experimentation as may be appreciated in the following Table I.
ClothPropellerScrubberFinLoadMovementAppre-NumberNumberNumberRPMConditionPerceptionciation163446.6Without—7Cloth3806 lb.75266438Without—5Cloth3706 lb.74333453.9Without—8Cloth4276 lb.86436446.1Without—7Cloth421.26 lb.845510407Without—10Cloth3046 lb.53650478Without—3Cloth3936 lb.50
From Table I it may be perceived that the last two columns evaluate only subjective parameters, when granting a grade to the movement perception of the cloth as well as the liquor flow that emanates from the water tower16. Therefore, according to the parameters used for the washing machine of the present invention, it is seen that the number of three or six scrubbers32functions satisfactory manner. Future evolutions showed that the number of scrubbers with the proposed geometry may oscillate between three to twelve scrubbers, taking into account that the greater number of scrubbers, the greater the required torque, as well as speed to generate the vortex diminishes, having also the inconvenience of having to evaluate the fin31dimensions disposed in the lower face of the propeller30, in charge of generating water currents which will be led through the water tower16. Said fins should be adequately dimensioned, since these also have repercussions over the torque and low speed which should operate the propeller30. Thus, a high number of fins31causes using a high torque and low rpm's.
ThusFIG. 11allows seeing a cross-section of a propeller30, in which the fin31geometry may be appreciated, which is defined in its upper part by the geometry of the own support33, which in an alternate embodiment may have a slope with a Φ angle, being the fin31protruded from a rectangle section (seeFIG. 13). From the lower surface of the referred support, forming thus a wall with constant thickness thirty to forty times thinner than the length (LA) of the fin31, said length of the fin is constrained by the propeller30outer diameter44and center35diameter. It is preferred in the design to contemplate longer than higher fins31, given that the longer fins31have a better radial contact area with the fluid or washing liquor27, which increases the drag capacity within the basket bottom26causing thus a more uniform angular speed. On the other hand, shorter fins31demand less torque for their functioning, this is translated in that the propeller will require less torque to function, demanding less energy from the motor18and thus consuming less current, thus working colder.
FIG. 17helps visualize how the current in the lower face of the propeller30is generated, in view of the fins31, and the basket bottom26, that together resemble the functioning of a centrifuge pump. The fluid or washing liquor is channeled through the lower part of the water tower16which comprises a cover66that covers a channel67disposed over the surface of the peripheral wall of the basket14. Said water tower16has smooth surfaces, an entry cavity73, and smoothened nodes72illustrated inFIGS. 18 and 19, as well as cover assembly66with channel67with low or null leak. Thus the current generated by the lower face of the propeller, in view of the fins31and the basket bottom26, is taken advantage in the best manner possible reducing hydraulic losses, requiring thus less energy to the propeller30to obtain an acceptable current (between one to three liters for every time lapse that the motor is energized in a single sense) that circulates through the filter15, which is found in the upper part of the water tower16, given that the cover66has a rectangular cut in its upper part in which the filter15will be placed.
The propeller may also be provided by smaller propellers called mini-propellers38. These are adapted over the cavities39as may be appreciated inFIGS. 12,13; these cavities are of a slightly bigger diameter than the diameter of the mini-propeller38, to provide ease to the mini-propeller38so that it may freely rotate, actuating as an alternative scrubber for the cloth. Said propellers are inserted in view of concentric holes to cavity39, through which the grip feet68are introduced, which in their free end have a shaft head, which when introduced in a forced manner in the concentric hole of the cavity39are bent towards the rotation axis of the mini-propeller and once it has penetrated returns to its rest position, allowing thus to freely rotate the mini-propellers within the cavity39, as may be seen inFIGS. 11 through 14.
Such as is shown inFIG. 16, in an alternate embodiment of the invention in the lower part of the mini-propellers38instead of the grip feet, an axis69driven by a planetary gear70may be coupled, which at its time is inducted by a solar gear71, which at its time obtains energy from the driving shaft20, thus when rotating the driving shaft it provides torque to the propeller30, as well as providing torque to the mini-propellers38, generating thus a vortex accompanied with mini-vortexes that allow a greater turbulent flow conferring also an extra scrub to the object to wash.
The mini-propellers may comprise hair or scrubbers that emulate the function of a soft brush, so as to scrub the textiles in the basket being washed. The scrubbers may be integrally formed as offsprings, in cylindrical or parabolic shapes or as a bullet having its tip rounded in all cases, to avoid that the textiles get stuck or are damaged with said scrubbers.
Having disclosed the invention with sufficient detail as well as the best manner to carry out the invention, it is found with a high grade of inventive activity as well as with sufficient novelty, and thus, a technician in the field may reproduce it, and could foresee improvements or variations of the present invention which should fall within the spirit of following claims.
| 3D
| 06 | F |
DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
10 variable encoding unit
101 first encoder
102 second encoder
103 third encoder
104 fourth encoder
105 selector
11 packet handler
12 modulator
13 demodulator
14 demodulator
15 modulator
16 packet handler
17 variable decoding unit
171 first decoder
172 second decoder
173 third decoder
174 fourth decoder
175 selector
18 error state measuring unit
19 encoding system selecting unit
191 encoding system selection information
192 decoding system selection information
30 error correction encoding unit
31 modulator
32 demodulator
33 error correction decoding unit
1010 variable encoding unit
1105 selector
1017 variable decoding unit
1175 selector
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention will be described with
reference to the drawings.
The exemplary embodiment of the invention is an error correcting device for
32-kbps ADPCM data in a radio system. FIG. 1 shows the system
configuration of the embodiment. The reference number 10 designates a
variable encoding unit, 11 and 16 designate packet handlers, 12 and 15
designate modulators, 13 and 14 designate demodulators, 17 designates a
variable decoding unit, 18 designates an error state measuring unit, and
19 designates an encoding system selecting unit.
The variable encoding unit 10 comprises a first encoder 101, a second
encoder 12, a third encoder 103, a fourth encoder 104, and a selector 105.
The variable decoding unit 17 comprises a first decoder 171, a second
decoder 172, a third decoder 173, a fourth decoder 174, and a selector
175. The operation of this error correcting device for 32-kbps ADPCM data
is described below.
The variable encoding unit 10 receives 40 samples of ADPCM data in which
one sample consists of 4 bits, i.e., 160 bits of ADPCM data as one block.
In the ADPCM data, among 4 bits constituting one sample, higher-order bits
have a more important meaning. Consequently, the encoders 101 to 104
conduct error correction encoding on data of one block in the following
manner.
The first encoder 101 conducts block encoding in which all the data, or 160
bits are treated as objects to be encoded, and adds 15 check bits. The
second encoder 102 conducts block encoding in which the high-order 3 bits
of each sample, or 120 bits are treated as objects to be encoded, and adds
15 check bits. The third encoder 103 conducts block encoding in which the
high-order 2 bits of each sample, or 80 bits are treated as objects to be
encoded, and adds 15 check bits. The fourth encoder 104 conducts block
encoding in which the most significant bit of each sample, or 40 bits are
treated as objects to be encoded, and adds 15 check bits.
The selector 105 selects one of the outputs of the encoders 101 to 104 and
outputs the selected output. The packet handler 11 adds to the selected
output a preamble for attaining bit synchronization, a unique word for
attaining frame synchronization, a CRC for error detection, and a header
and flag indicative of the attribute of a packet, and assembles a packet
having the format shown in FIG. 2. The packet is modulated by the
modulator 12 and then transmitted.
The demodulator 14 receives the data. The data are then divided by the
packet handler 16 into ADPCM data and control data. The ADPCM data are
supplied to the variable decoding unit 17.
The decoders 171 to 174 conduct calculations respectively corresponding to
the encoders 101 to 104 to correct errors. In accordance with decoding
system selection information 192, the selector 175 selects one of the
outputs of the decoders 171 to 174, and outputs the selected output.
The communication channel error state measuring unit 18 receives the CRC
from the packet handler 16, conducts error detection on the blocks using
CRC, and always monitors the ratio of the number of erroneous blocks to
the total number of blocks during a predetermined period.
The encoding system selecting unit 19 evaluates the ratios on 4 levels
against predetermined criteria, and outputs the evaluation result as
encoding system selection information 191 and the decoding system
selection information 192. When the state of the communication channel is
most excellent, the first encoder 101 and the first decoder 171 are
selected. Similarly, the second encoder 102 and the second decoder 172,
the third encoder 103 and the third decoder 173, and the fourth encoder
104 and the fourth decoder 174 are selected in order of reducing
communication channel state.
The encoding system selection information 191 is sent to the modulator 15
via the packet handler 16 to be modulated thereby, and then transmitted.
The data are received by the demodulator 13. The packet handler 11
separates the encoding system selection information 191 from the received
data, and provides it to the selector 105. The selector 105 operates in
accordance with the encoding system selection information 191.
The decoding system selection information 192 is provided to the selector
175.
FIG. 3 shows the system configuration of another embodiment of the present
invention. The reference number 1010 designates a variable encoding unit,
11 and 16 designate packet handlers, 12 and 15 designate modulators, 13
and 14 designate demodulators, 1017 designates a variable decoding unit,
18 designates an error state measuring unit, and 19 designates an encoding
system selecting unit.
The variable encoding unit 10 comprises a first encoder 101, a second
encoder 102, a third encoder 103, a fourth encoder 104, and a selector
1105. The variable decoding unit 1017 comprises a first decoder 171, a
second decoder 172, a third decoder 173, a fourth decoder 174, and a
selector 1175. This embodiment is different from the above mentioned
embodiment as set forth below.
The selector 1105 selects one of a plurality of encoders 101-104 on a basis
of encoding system selection information 191, and the selected one of the
encoders 101-104 conducts encoding on an arbitrary number of data in one
of the blocks into which voice and/or image data are divided. Each block
has a predetermined number of data.
Furthermore, the selector 1175 selects one of a plurality of decoders
171-174 on a basis of decoding system selection information 192 determined
by the encoding system selecting unit 19, and the selected one of the
decoders 171-174 conducts decoding on output data from packet handlers 16.
As described above, the communication channel error state measuring unit 18
measures the state of the communication channel. In accordance with the
measurement result, as the error state becomes worse, the encoding system
selecting unit 19 limits the number of bits of ADPCM data to higher-order
bits having more important information, and error correction encoding is
then conducted only on the higher-order bits.
Even when the error state is inferior, therefore, it is possible to obtain
an excellent sound quality in which degradation is lower in magnitude than
that obtained in a prior art error correcting device, while maintaining a
constant information transmission efficiency.
In the first embodiment, a CRC is used in the measurement of the error
state of the communication channel. Alternatively, the number of error
bits may be a unique word in a packet.
In the first embodiment, a CRC is used in the measurement of the error
state of the communication channel. Alternatively, the demodulator 14 may
measure the received signal strength, and the measured field may be used
for that purpose.
In the first embodiment, a combination of a selector 105 and a selector 175
is used. In the second embodiment, a combination of a selector 1105 and a
selector 1175 is used. A combination of a selector 105 and a selector 1175
can also be used or a combination of a selector 1105 and a selector 175
can also be used.
As seen from the above description, according to the invention, the device
of the invention includes a first unit which divides the voice or image
data into blocks each consisting of a predetermined number of data,
selects one of plural error correction encoding systems, and conducts
encoding on an arbitrary number of data in one block. A second unit
measures an error state of a communication channel and a third unit
determines data which are to be subjected to encoding conducted in the
first unit, and an error correction encoding system. Consequently, when
the state of a communication channel is inferior, data of more importance
can be protected, and, when the state is excellent, a wide range of data
including those of low importance can be protected. In accordance with
environmental variation of the communication channel, therefore, it is
possible to obtain a sound or picture quality of reduced degradation,
while maintaining a constant information transmission efficiency. | 7H
| 03 | M |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the drawings, like numerals indicate like elements throughout. Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention. The terms “distal” and “proximal” refer, respectively, to directions closer to and away from a tip of an introducer sheath to be inserted into an incision. The terminology includes the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar import. The embodiments illustrated below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. These embodiments are chosen and described to best explain the principle of the invention and its application and practical use and to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention.
FIG. 1shows a tearaway catheter introducer sheath assembly100having a distal sheath tube portion132and a proximal sheath hub portion140, and defining a longitudinal axis L therealong. The sheath tube132is a hollow tube with a narrowing distal tip111at its distal end, with a distal opening112therethrough. A tear seam is defined on the sheath tube portion132, such as a pair of score lines130formed along the opposing sides of the sheath tube portion132along the entire length thereof, allowing the sheath tube portion to be peeled apart into two pieces along the tear seam130at the time of sheath removal from a catheter (not shown) that has been inserted through the sheath assembly into the venotomy. The sheath hub portion140is firmly affixed to the proximal end of the sheath tube portion132and has a proximal opening150accessing the central passageway of the sheath tube portion132that allows the insertion of a dilator and a catheter (neither shown), successively, through the sheath assembly.
The sheath hub portion140consists of two half-portions142, that preferably are identical and are affixed to the sheath tube portions on each side of the tear seam130and are preferably joined to each other along an interface, preferably by being molded as an integral hub unit. A plane of separation is defined between the two hub half-portions, such as a pair of opposed V-grooves148, or pair of opposed arrays of reveals, aligned with the tear seam130of the sheath tube portion, allowing the clean separation of the introducer sheath assembly100into two halves for its removal from a catheter. Each of the hub half-portions further comprises a tab146that is manually grippable to facilitate handling and orientation of the introducer sheath assembly100by a practitioner and also provide gripping surfaces for eventually prying the hub half-portions apart for peeling the introducer sheath away from a catheter.
FIG. 2is an isometric view of the sheath hub200of the present invention, having therewithin an integrated hemostasis valve (seeFIGS. 4 to 7). InFIGS. 2 and 3, the sheath hub200comprises a retention cap210affixed to its proximal end, and a valve housing222along its distal portion220adjoining the sheath tube (FIG. 1). The retention cap preferably comprises a pair of cap halves212that are not joined to each other but that are affixed firmly to the proximal end of the sheath hub200, to respective ones of the sheath hub half-portions202and having an interface gap therebetween along a plane of separation. Tabs246are integrally joined to the respective hub half-portions202, in one configuration, although the configuration of the tabs is optional and does not affect the functionality of the present invention, nor limit the scope of the claims. A hollow passage is formed through the entire longitudinal length of the hub200between a proximal opening250, and a distal opening that communicates with the passageway of the sheath tube portion. A plane of separation intersects the hub at lines of separation or weakness such as V-grooves248that extend along the exterior surface of hub200between the hub half-portions, and optionally longitudinal arrays of reveals249may be selectively utilized, or both as shown, that will align with the tear seam of the sheath tube portion. In one method of manufacturing, the hub is insert-molded directly to the proximal end of the sheath tube.
A cross sectional view of the hub200ofFIG. 2is presented inFIGS. 3 and 4, without and with a valve300in position, respectively, with the cross section taken at 90° angular distance from the plane of separation to illustrate the V-grooves and reveals248,249. The hub half-portions202are seen to be identical, and provide therebetween a central chamber defining a valve housing222to accommodate valve300. A pair of identical retention cap half members212are also shown affixed to the sheath hub200in both figures, with a cap interface gap being aligned with the V-grooves (FIG. 2) and reveals249of the hub200. Hub200includes a short annular flange224extending proximally beside the valve housing and defining outwardly thereof a groove226for a corresponding annular flange of valve300; correspondingly, the cap half members212each have a short outer semi-circular flange214extending distally opposing the hub annular flange224, also for a corresponding annular flange of valve300. Cap half members212each further include an elongated inner semi-circular flange216extending distally to define outwardly thereof a deep groove218for a corresponding elongated annular flange of valve300.
Valve300is seen inFIGS. 4 to 7. InFIG. 4, the valve is sectioned along a plane perpendicular to the plane of separation of the sheath hub, and is shown completely inFIG. 5; in cross-section along the plane of separation inFIG. 6; and in an elevation view inFIG. 7. Valve body300comprises a cylindrical side wall302encircling a center valve passage304, and including a proximal valve portion312consisting of an elongated axially extending annular flange, a radially outward annular ring portion314intermediate the proximal and distal ends of the valve, and a distal portion322. The annular ring portion314includes an outer axially oriented ring section316defining inwardly thereof distal and proximal annular grooves318,320. The distal portion322comprises a pair of essentially flat distally extending opposed wall portions or valve flaps324that extend from the location of the ring portion314and converging to respective distal ends326that are joined together by a flat land328defining a valve distal tip. Side edges of the valve flaps324are integrally joined to each other by side wall portions330to surround the center passage304until the valve flaps converge at flat land328. A plane of separation intersects the valve at lines of separation or weakness such as a pair of tear seams or V-grooves332defined into opposing sides of the valve from its proximal end to its distal end, preferably along its interior surfaces, and defining valve half-portions; the annular ring314is also cut aligned with V-grooves332. Optionally, a score line333is provided on the exterior valve surface co-aligned with V-grooves332along the interior surface, resulting in a thin web of material between the slits and the V-grooves such as between 0.006 to 0.008 inches in thickness (0.152 to 0.203 mm). A virtual opening, such as preferably a slit334, is cut or formed through the flat land328, extending from side to side but not through the ends of the flat land328, with the slit being aligned with V-grooves332.
The valve300is seated in the valve housing, by the distal portion322extending distally of the annular flange224of the hub portions, with the annular flange224received into associated distal groove318of the ring portion of the valve, and the distally extending end of outer section ring316being received into groove226of the hub. Each cap half member212is affixed to the hub with its elongate inner flange216received within proximal valve portion312and elongate proximal valve portion312received into deep groove218. Further, the outer flange214of each cap half member is received into associated proximal groove320of ring section316of valve300. The cap half members212preferably are bonded or welded in place (or, optionally, snapped in place) to the respective hub half-portions at overlapping flanges between the proximal hub end and the outer periphery of the distal face of the cap half members. Preferably, the ring portion316of valve300is preferably under compression. The valve300thus seals the proximal opening of the valve housing222defined in the sheath hub200. The proximal opening250of the sheath assembly is preferably only just slightly larger than the outer diameter of the dilator and the catheter to further reduce the possibility of blood loss, and to aid in alignment.
The valve300is preferably made of elastomeric material such as silicone elastomer, but may be of other materials, such as isoprene. As such, the valve returns to its original formed shape after deformation by mechanical force. The insertion of a dilator through the valve and through slit334pushes the valve flap ends326to the side thereby allowing passage of the dilator therethrough. The valve flap ends326forming the flat land328, wrap around the dilator and minimize the space between the dilator body and the valve body300. When the dilator is removed, the flexibility of the valve flaps allows the valve to close and reduce the chance of blood loss or air embolism.
The valve and valve arrangement of the present invention is further improved when tensioners340are added to the valve body300, which cooperate with interior surface230of the valve housing to increase the closing force of the valve flaps324. A valve tensioner340is located on the exterior of each of the valve flaps324between the pair of side sections328of each valve flap and is so dimensioned and shaped for exterior faces342of the tensioners to bear against the interior valve housing surface230upon assembly. Preferably, for ease of manufacturing, the tensioners may be integrally molded portions of the valve body300and of the same flexible material. By bearing against the valve housing wall230, the tensioners assert force against the walls of the valve flaps therealong to increase the closing force of the valve flap distal ends326at slit334. To assure that the exterior faces342bear against the valve housing walls upon assembly, the length of the lateral side walls344of each tensioner are dimensioned to be slightly larger than the distance between the valve flaps324and the valve housing wall, allowing the tensioners to be pre-stressed when placed.
The tensioners depicted inFIGS. 4 to 7preferably comprise a pair of opposing lateral stands344joined at interior ends346and at exterior faces342, and between the pair of lateral stands is a hollow center space348. The inner surfaces of the lateral stands344can be partitioned conceptually into a first surface that is adjacent interior end346and a second surface adjacent to exterior face342. An angle α is preferably formed into the inner surfaces of the lateral stands344which are the side walls of the hollow center opening, that is less than 180° although more than 90°, such as between 179° and 160°. The advantage of this configuration is that when the valve flaps324are urged outwardly by the dilator, the lateral stands344of the tensioners340will buckle apart outwardly from the hollow center space348thereby allowing the valve flaps324to move freely and predictably.
Because of the positive pressure asserted on the valve flaps324by the pre-tensioned or pre-stressed tensioners340, when the valve flaps324close as a result of removing the dilator, an audible indicator sound is produced and signals to the practitioner that the valve has closed and has sealed the passage.
A second valve embodiment400is shown inFIG. 8. Valve400includes an annular ring414defining a distal groove418, opposed outer slits433and opposed flaps424extending to a distal flat land428having a slit434. Tensioners440are shown to be tubular in shape, with a circular central opening448; tensioners440act similarly to tensioners340ofFIGS. 4 to 7.
While the valve and valve arrangement of the present invention has been described in relationship to a tearaway introducer sheath for a catheter, the valve and valve arrangement with its enhanced self-closing capability may easily be utilized in other medical devices such as a guidewire introducer assembly or a port, in which case the valve need not have V-grooves to facilitate being split.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
| 0A
| 61 | M |
DETAILED SPECIFICATION
The collapsible jogging infant stroller 10 in its upright erect condition
may generally be seen in FIGS. 1-10. The stroller 10 is comprised of a
tubular frame 12 having a lower frame portion 14 supporting rear wheels 40
and front wheel 92 and an upper frame portion 100 supporting a flexible
infant holder 122. The lower and upper frame portions 14 and 100 each have
intermediate frame portions 65 and 120 whereat the respective lower and
upper frame portions 14 and 100 contract and fold upon themselves. Struts
170 and 182 support the stroller 10 in its upright usable condition and
assist in simultaneously contracting the lower and upper frame portions 14
and 100 with the release of the locking means 166 and movement of the
handle end 104 forwardly.
Specifically referring to FIGS. 1-4, the contractible lower frame portion,
which is substantially parallel to the ground G, will be appreciated. The
rear end 16 of lower frame portion 14 comprises a cross member 18 which
has a hollow interior 20 specifically shown in FIG. 4. A press fit bushing
22 is inserted into interior 20 and has a central threaded aperture 24
therethrough. Bushing 22 also has a shoulder 26 to assure proper and
adequate inserting of the bushing 22 into the hollow interior of cross
member 18 until the shoulder 26 abuts cross member 18. The outside of
bushing 22 has a serrated locknut surface as will be appreciated.
Rear wheel assemblies 30 are each comprised of a threaded shaft 32 with a
spacer portion 34 extending from wheel axle and bearing assembly 36 which
supports a wheel hub 38 upon which is secured suitably by spokes wheel 40.
On the other side of axle bearing assembly 36 on the threaded shaft 32 is
located a cap nut 42 for turning threaded shaft 32 into bushing 22 after
locknut 44 has been threaded onto shaft 32. By this arrangement, cap nut
42 is rotated clockwise with a wrench until locknut 44 securely abuts and
is frictionally held against serrated locknut surface 28 afterwhich the
securement of the rear wheel assemblies 30 to the rear end 16 of the lower
frame portion 14 is complete.
Extending forwardly from the rear end 16 are contractible converging side
rails or legs 48 of the lower frame portion 14 as more clearly shown in
FIGS. 1-6. Side rails 48 are comprised of rear links 50 which extend
forwardly from their weldment to the rear end 16. Each rear opposing link
50 has a rear end 52, as stated, which appropriately is welded to cross
member 18 of rear end 16. Just forward of the rear end 52 is located a
pivot pin, rivet, bolt or the like 54 which supports a nylon washer 56 on
the inside of link 50. Link 50 also has a forward end 58 which is
flattened to form a tongue, tab or ear 60 with an aperture therethrough.
Pivot pin, rivet, bolt or the like 54 extends through the aperture of
tongue 60 and supports a nylon washer on the outside of the tongue 60.
This is considered the intermediate lower frame portion 65.
The contractible lower frame portion 14 also is comprised of opposing
forward links 66 each of which have a flattened rear end 68 forming a
tongue, tab or ear 70 with an aperture therethrough pivotally captured by
pin 62 whereat the rear links 50 and forward links 66 are pivotally
joined. Forward links 66 each have converging forward ends 72 and
appropriately support a step plate 74 suitably by welding the plate 74's
underside to the converging forward links 66. Suitably the step plate has
a non-slip surface such as by coating, corrugation or dimpling.
As the forward ends 72 converge, each supports an upper frame pivot
mounting bracket 76 with an aperture and pivot pin, rivet or the like 78
therethrough. Front fork ends 80 form a fork 82 whereat the converging
forward ends 72 are flattened to form tongues, tabs or ears 84 suitably
with slots 86 therein.
The front wheel assembly 88 has a threaded axle bearing and nut arrangement
90 which supports a wheel 92. The front wheel assembly 88 may also be a
"drop out axle" as is commonly known as the threaded axle 90 is guided and
secured into slots 86 of fork 82. Extending upwardly and forwardly from
the step plate 74 is a wraparound fender 94 which is appropriately bolted
or screwed perhaps with nuts 96 to the step plate 74. Fender brackets 98
also may support fender 94 as they are secured about threaded axle 90.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, 5 and 6, and 8 through 10, the contractible
upper frame portion 100 of the collapsible jogging infant stroller 10 may
be appreciated. The upper frame portion 100 is generally of an inverted
U-shape. It is comprised of upper links 102 and a U-shaped handle end 104
which appropriately supports a foam rubber-like grip 106. The upper links
102 extend downwardly and forwardly when the stroller 10 is in its upright
condition. Awning or canopy support rod 108 is spring loaded and suitably
connects the upper links 102. Cross connecting seat bar 110 is
appropriately welded between upper links 102.
Specifically referring to FIG. 7, a rotatable awning bracket is suitably
affixed on the outside of each upper link 102 just below the seat bar 110.
The awning bracket is suitably of a ratchet-type from which extends an
awning frame 114 which suitably supports a flexible awning 116 or canopy.
With the ratchet-type rotatable awning bracket 112 securable in a variety
of positions, the awning frame 114 and the flexible awning or canopy 116
may be lowered as to provide overhead protection to the infant or child or
be folded back and upwardly to lay along the upper link 102 for easy
collapsing or folding of the stroller 10, as will be appreciated.
Wing-like safety fenders or arm rest supports 118 are located generally at
the intermediate seat portion 120 of the upper frame portion 100. The
wing-like supports 118 and the cross connecting seat bar 110 appropriately
permit the draping of the flexible infant holder 122 thereover. Infant
holder 122 is appropriately made of a flexible, soft fabric-like seat
material. Holder 122 forms a seat 124, backrest 126 and sidewalls 128.
Optionally, a seat belt arrangement may be secured in the infant holder
122 as would be appreciated.
Referring to FIGS. 2, 5, 6, 8 and 11 through 13, the releasably locking
relationship of the upper links 102 together with the lower converging
links 148 may be appreciated. Each upper link 102 appropriately supports a
lower link pivot mounting bracket 130 suitably by welding thereat. Bracket
130 has a pivot pin, rivet or the like 132 passing therethrough and
supporting a nylon washer 134 on the inward side of bracket 130 as will be
appreciated. Just below bracket 130 is located the lower end 136 of upper
links 102. The lower end 136 of each upper link 102 has an aperture 138
therethrough wherein a biased lock pin 140 is located and captured thereat
by a press fit retaining washer which further secures a spring 144 within
the lower end 136. Directed outwardly of the stroller 10 is located a
handle 146 grippable by a human hand and extending from the biased locking
pin on each side of the stroller 10.
The lower converging links 148 of the upper frame portion 100 may be
appreciated by viewing FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 6 and 8. The lower converging links
148 have lower ends 150 which are compressed together thereby forming
tongues, tabs or ears 152 with apertures therethrough. The tongues 152
suitably are flush mounted to upper frame pivot mounting bracket 76 and
pivot pins or rivets 78 secure the tongues 152 of the lower converging
links thereat as they pass through their respective apertures and are
secured thereat.
The lower converging links 148 each have an upper end 154 with an upper
link support and securing bracket 156 on their lower side. The distal end
of the upper end 154 has an aperture therethrough and is suitably captured
by the pivot pin or rivet 132 passing through the lower link pivot
mounting bracket 130 as to pivotally connect the upper and lower links 102
and 148 of the upper frame portion 100. The underside of the support and
securing brackets 156 each suitably have a rest or support surface 158
upon which the lower ends 136 of the upper links 102 securably rest and
are aligned thereat by means of alignment tab 160 as the upper frame
portion 100 is moved from its contracted condition to its erect condition.
A locking aperture or slot 162 is located in alignment tab 160 and
suitably receives the biased locking pin 140.
Referring to FIGS. 1 through 6, the operation and benefits of rear strut 70
will be appreciated. Strut 170 has lower ends 172 which are compressed to
form tongue, tabs or ears 174 with an aperture therethrough for suitably
capturing the tabs 174 with pivot pin or rivet 54 with nylon washer 56
therebetween. Rear strut 170 has a cross member 176 and upper ends 178
which are also suitably flattened to form tongue, tab or ears 180 with
apertures therethrough for abutment to the inside of nylon washers 134 and
pivotally held thereat by pivot pin or rivet 132.
Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9, the frame stabilizer struts 182 are
located on each side of the stroller 10 and extend between the upper frame
and lower frame portions 100 and 14. The stabilizer struts each have a
lower end 184 which is compressed to form tongue 186 with apertures
therethrough for securement of the lower end to pivot pin or rivet 62 as
the tongue 186 abuts against the nylon washer 64. The upper end 88 of each
stabilizer strut 182 is also compressed to form a tongue 190 with an
aperture therethrough for securement to the outside of the lower end 136
of one upper link 102 of the upper frame portion 100 suitably by biased
locking pin 140.
Referring specifically to FIGS. 1-2, 8, and 11-13, the releasable locking
means 166 between the upper and lower frame portions 100 and 14 will be
appreciated. The lower link pivot mounting brackets 130 are each secured
to the upper frame portion upper links 102 and pivotally capture the upper
ends 154 of the lower converging links 148 together with the upper ends
178 of rear strut 170. The lower end 136 of each upper link 102
appropriately has the biased locking pin 140 extending therethrough with
handle 148 fixed to the pin 140 and extending outwardly. As the locking
pin 140 is biased to extend through and inwardly of the lower ends 136,
the pin 140 is interlockable with the locking slot 162 of the alignment
tab 160 extending downwardly from the support and securing bracket 156.
By this arrangement, the biased locking pin 140 releasably secures the
upper and lower links 102 and 148 of the upper frame portion 100 securely
together with the assistance of brackets 130 and 156. The stabilizer strut
182 extends downwardly from the locking pin 140 and securely holds the
rear and forward links 50 and 66 of the lower frame portion 14
substantially parallel to the ground. Further support for the stroller in
its upright condition is gained by the pivotally connected rear strut
between the upper and lower frame portions 100 and 14.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 11-13, the erection and contractible collapse of
the jogging infant stroller 10 may now be appreciated. FIG. 2 shows the
stroller 10 in upright condition with the releasable locking means 166
securely holding the respective links of the upper and lower frame
portions 100 and 14 in rigid arrangement. Should the user wish to collapse
the stroller 10, handles 146 are pulled outwardly and moved slightly
backwardly suitably assisted by the forward lifting of U-shaped handle end
104 as the arrow shows in FIG. 11. As the forward and downward movement of
the U-shaped handle end 104 continues, stabilizer struts 182 pull the rear
and forward links 50 and 66 of the lower frame portion 14 upwardly as to
contract and fold upon each other as the arrows so indicate in FIG. 12.
This movement also folds the upper and lower links 102 and 148 of the
upper frame portion upon themselves to complete the collapsed condition of
the stroller as shown in FIG. 13. As will be appreciated by the comparison
of FIGS. 2 and 13, the collapsed stroller is of a shorter height and
length than the fully erect stroller which will greatly enhance the
storage and transportation of the stroller 10 within spaces previously
unknown such as those in smaller automobiles.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without
departing from the spirit of essential attributes thereof; therefore, the
illustrated embodiment should be considered in all respects as
illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended
claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of
the invention. | 1B
| 62 | B |
Referring to FIG. 1, the total hip prosthesis 1 of the present invention
comprises a femoral component 2 for insertion into a femoral
intramedullary canal and an acetabular component 3 for attachment to the
acetabulum of the pelvis of the patient. The acetabular component 3
comprises a metal cup 4 into which is snap-fit a plastic inner socket 5.
The acetabular component 3 will be discussed in more detail hereinafter.
The femoral component 2 comprises a curved elongate body 6 having an upper
end 6a and a lower end 6b, and an anterior side 6c and posterior side 6d
(FIG. 3). FIG. 1 shows in phantom line a femur F to indicate the relative
position of the femoral component 2 when press-fit into a femoral
intramedullary canal. In particular, the body 6 has a lateral face 6e
(FIG. 1) that is positioned at the greater trochanter of the femur and a
medial face 6f, including a medial arc 6g, that is positioned against the
calcar arc of the femur.
Projecting from the upper end 6a of the body 6 is a head prosthesis 7,
which has a flange or collar 7a projecting away from the medial face 6f
and a neck portion 7b projecting from the upper end 6a of the body 6 at an
axis inclined to the longitudinal axis of the body 6. Surmounting the neck
7b is a ball 7c that cooperates with the socket 5 of the acetabular
component 3.
Depending from the lower end 6b of the body 6 is a stem 8. For longer stems
of from about 250 mm or more, the stem 8 is preferably provided with an
anterior bow (FIG. 2) of about 5.degree. corresponding to the normal
anatomy of the femur to accommodate the natural bow of the femur and to
provide an improved friction fit into the intramedullary canal of the
femur. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3, the femoral component 2 is of
one-piece construction. A modular construction is shown in FIGS. 11 and
12.
Bone screw 9 is used to secure the femoral component 2 to the femur after
implantation thereof. To this end, body 6 is provided with two downwardly
extending bores 10, 11 between sides 6c, 6d. In particular, bore 10 has an
entrance opening 10a in the upper lateral region of anterior side 6c and
an exit opening 10b (FIG. 3) in the lower medial region of the posterior
side 6d. Conversely, bore 11 has an entrance opening 11a in the upper
lateral region of the posterior side 6d and an exit opening 11b in the
lower lateral region of the anterior side 6c. As can be seen in FIG. 3,
bores 10 and 11 intersect, although it is, of course, possible to arrange
them so that they are closely adjacent, but nevertheless not intersecting.
After implantation of the femoral component 2 into the femur, the surgeon
will select which of bores 10, 11 is more appropriate to use for the bone
screw 9.
It is an important feature of the present invention that, when the femoral
component 2 is implanted into the femur, the exit openings 10b and 11b
will be located below the calcar region C (FIG. 1) of the femur so that
the integrity of the calcar region is not violated. The exit openings 10b,
11b are thus located such that the screw 9 exits into and is secured to
strong cortical bone near the lesser trochanter. This geometry avoids
penetration of the calcar region by screw 9, which would compromise the
bony stability and cause fracture.
Engagement of the screw 9 with the bone causes a downward wedging of the
femoral component 2 into the intramedullary canal and results in a more
secure, tight compression-fit of the femoral component 2 with the femur.
In turn, this prevents or at least greatly minimizes micromovement of the
femoral component 2 with respect to the femur, both rotational movement
about the longitudinal axis of the femoral component 2 as well as axial
movement thereof. Moreover, the engagement of the screw 9 into the bone
forcefully urges the porous coating 12 into contact with cancellous bone
and promotes growth of the cancellous bone into the porous coating 12.
In addition, the downward wedging of the body 6 and stem 8 into the
intramedullary canal effected by screw 9 brings the flange or collar 7a
into tighter engagement with the bone. Flange 7a, in combination with
screw 9, axially stabilizes the femoral component 2 and transfers loads
applied to the femoral component 2 to the bone, which minimizes stress
shielding.
FIG. 14 illustrates an alternative procedure for fastening bone screw 9 in
place. Here, the screw 9 is of a sufficient length to pass through the
bone, and a nut 9a is used to lag screw 9 into place.
As shown in FIGS. 1-3, body 6 is preferably overcoated with a porous
coating 12 capable of promoting bone ingrowth. This porous coating 12
extends to the underside of the flange 7a. Any suitable porous bone
ingrowth coating conventionally used with femoral implants may be used
with the femoral implant of the present invention. Alternatively, other
enhancers (not shown), such as a hydroxyapatite coating, may be used. With
reference to FIG. 7, the bone will be prepared such that the
intramedullary canal at the region in which the body 6 is to be placed
will be slightly smaller in cross-section than the overcoated body 6 by
twice the distance d so that when the body 6 is press fit into the canal,
the bone ingrowth coating 12 is forcefully urged into and penetrates the
cancellous bone.
While the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 is presently preferred, a smooth
press-fit prosthesis may also be used in the present invention.
Referring to FIGS. 4-6, the metal cup 4 of the acetabular component 3 is
provided with a plurality of apertures 4a through which the desired number
of bone screws (not shown) may be used to fasten the cup 4 to the pelvis,
including a group of apertures 4b in the superior dome. The outer surface
of cap 4 is provided with a porous coating 12, such as that used for the
body 6. Preferably, the porous coating 12 also extends beyond the outer
surface 4c of the cup 4 by a distance d, such that the porous coating 12
will penetrate into the cancellous bone of the pelvis when the cup 4 is
fixed thereto.
Plastic socket 5 is snap-fitted into the cup 4 and is provided with
conventional means to prevent rotation of the socket 5 with respect to the
cup 4, such as by providing mating flats (not shown) on the outer surface
of the socket 5 and the inner surface of the cup 4. Preferably, the socket
5 is provided with a low profile hood or extension 5b projecting beyond
cup 4 at the upper portion of the socket 5 to provide a greater range of
mobility for the implanted prosthesis than is obtained with conventional
plastic sockets in which the entire rim thereof lies in a common plane
closely adjacent to the cup 4. As seen in FIGS. 1 and 4, the socket 5 of
the present invention has a rim portion 5a lying in a plane perpendicular
to the polar axis of the cup 4, while the asymmetric hood portion 5b
projects outwardly from that plane at angle of up to about 15.degree..
FIGS. 8-10 illustrate alternative means for fixing the cup 4 to the
cancellous bone B. In FIG. 8, barbed bone nail 100 is forced into the bone
B, while in FIG. 9, a bone nail 101 is used having a barbed portion 102
and a threaded screw portion 103. After insertion of the nail 101 into the
bone B, the screw 103 is rotated to cause the barbs 102 to flex away from
the screw 103 and forcibly penetrate the cancellous bone tissue B.
FIG. 10 shows a bone screw 104 received in an expandable plastic sleeve 105
having porous coating 12 on its outer surface. When screw 104 is screwed
into sleeve 105, the porous coating 12 is forcefully urged into bone B.
FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the invention in
which modular parts are used. Thus, the prosthesis 21 comprises a femoral
portion 22, and an acetabular portion 23 comprising metal cup 24 and
plastic socket 25. Projecting from the metal cup 24 are barbed bone
staples 24a.
Femoral component 22 comprises body 26 having a neck portion 27a integral
therewith. Ball portion 27b is separate from and is press-fit onto end 27c
of the neck 27a. End 27c is provided with a Morse taper to obtain secure,
fixed attachment of ball 27b to end 27c. Likewise, shank portion 28 is
separate from and is press-fit onto post 29 depending from the lower end
of body 26. FIG. 12 shows the femoral implant 22 fully assembled with the
acetabular component 23 detachably secured thereto.
The use of the modular components shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 permits the
practitioner to stock a variety of sizes of bodies 26 and shanks 28, with
the recess 28a in shank 28 and post 29 being of a standard size such that
the practitioner can press fit a shank 28 of desired length onto the post
29 of the body 26 to accommodate a wide variety of sizes of femoral
canals. Similarly, the end 27c and the recess 27d will also be
standardized whereby a variety of sizes of balls 27b may be used. This in
turn permits the use of a variety of sizes of acetabular components 23. As
stated above, it is preferred that the longer stems have a 5.degree.
anterior bow.
FIGS. 11-13 illustrate an embodiment of the invention in which the
acetabular component 23 has barbed bone staples 24a integral therewith.
After drilling pilot holes into the bone B, the practitioner can then nail
the cup 24 into place using the barbed staples 24a (FIG. 13) whereafter
additional bone screws can be inserted into the desired one of the cluster
of apertures 24b.
FIG. 15 shows prosthesis 30 having a one piece, all plastic acetabular
component 31 and a modified femoral component 32. Although illustrated
with the femoral component 32, it is to be understood that the all-plastic
acetabular component 31 may be used with any of the femoral components of
the present invention or indeed with any conventional femoral component.
Acetabular component 31 is intended to be cemented in place.
Acetabular component 31 may be conveniently molded in one piece from any
desired tough plastic material, such as nylon, polyethylene and the like.
Acetabular component 31 has a generally hemispherical cup 31a having a
circumferential groove 31b therein to enhance cement bonding of the cup
portion to the bone. While only one groove 31b is shown, it is to be
understood that more than one groove may also be used. In addition, the
grooves 31b may extend completely or partially around the cup 31a.
Cup 31a is installed by drilling holes in the acetabulum in a pattern
corresponding to the integral barbed plastic staples 31c, coating the cup
31a with a conventional cement and forcing the cup 31a into place, with
the plastic staples 31c also entering the pre-drilled holes. The plastic
staples 31c enhance bonding of the cement between the cup 31a and bone.
Flange 31d extends completely around cup 31a and projects slightly beyond
the outer surface of cup 31a, for example by about 1 cm or so. Flange 31d
pressurizes the cement to enhance cement bonding.
The femoral component 32 will be used where all or a significant part of
the lesser trochanter is not available. Thus, elongate body 33 has a
surface 33a, preferably a flat surface, transverse to the longitudinal
axis of body 33, at the lower medial region for positioning against a
complementary resected surface of the femur F, and a stem 34 depending
from the lower lateral end 34b of body 33.
A bone screw, such as bone screw 9 (FIG. 1) is used to secure the femoral
component 32 to the femur after implantation thereof. To this end, body 33
is provided with two downwardly extending bores 10, 11 between anterior
side 33c and posterior side 33d. In particular, bore 10 has an entrance
opening 10a in the upper lateral region of posterior side 33d and an exit
opening 10b in the lower medial region of the anterior side 33c.
Conversely, bore 11 has an entrance opening 11a in the upper lateral
region of the anterior side 33c and exit opening 11b in the lower lateral
region of the posterior side 33d. Bores 10 and 11 intersect, although it
is, of course, possible to arrange them so that they are closely adjacent,
but nevertheless not intersecting. Exits 10b, 11b are located below
surface 33a adjacent strong cortical bone.
As shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, bores 10, 11 lie in a plane perpendicular to
the lateral-medial direction, but this is not strictly necessary. It is
sufficient simply that the downwardly extending bores extend between
opposite sides 33c, 33d and exit into strong cortical bone. To assist in
securing femoral component 32 in place are bores 40, 41, 42 extending
between sides 33c, 33d at the lateral region thereof proximal to the
greater trochanter.
Clip 35 (FIG. 15) may be used to provide additional support. Thus, clip 35
is installed by drilling a bore (not shown) in the lateral face of the
femur in alignment with the threaded bore 36 in body 33 and then lagging
clip 35 in place by means of screw 37 passing through clip 35, through the
bore in the femur and into threaded bore 36.
FIG. 17 and 18 show a hip prosthesis 50 comprising a femoral body 51
terminating in a trunion 52 having a circumferentially extending circular
groove 52a. Plastic connecting cup 53 has an internal circular ring or rib
53a arranged to snap-fit into groove 52a to prevent cup 53 from sliding
axially relative to trunion 52 but permitting relative rotational movement
between trunion 52 and cup 53. Ball 54 has an opening 55 having polygonal
sides 56 that mate with polygonal sides 53c of cup 53. When cup 53 is
inserted into ball 54, external circular ring or rib 53b and snaps into
circular groove 54a in ball 54. Ring 53b and groove 54a prevent relative
sliding axial movement between cup 53 and ball 54, whereas the
complementary sides 53c and 56 prevent relative rotational movement
between ball 54 and cup 53. However, since the cup 53 and ball 54 are
locked together, the ball 54 can rotate relative to integral body 51 and
trunion 52. This introduces greater freedom of movement for femoral
component 50 than is obtained with conventional components in which there
is no relative rotational movement permitted between the ball and stem
portions thereof.
As is known, the metal parts of the various embodiments of the prosthesis
of the present invention may be made of any suitable biocompatible high
strength material. It is presently preferred to use an alloy of cobalt,
chromium and molybdenum for the body, stem and head portions, such as a
Vitallium alloy, and metal-backed ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
for the acetabulum cup. Porous bone ingrowth surface 12 may likewise be
provided by known materials. It is presently preferred to form the bone
ingrowth surface from an alloy of cobalt, chromium and molybdenum coated
to a thickness of about 0.050 inches, such as a Vitallium alloy.
While the femoral components illustrated are of the preferred geometrical
shape, other suitable shapes are known and may be used.
The components of the hip prosthesis of the invention may be implanted
using known surgical techniques, after which the bone screw 9 is inserted
into the desired bore 10 or 11 and secured to the bone. For the preferred
embodiment of the invention described above, the medullary canal is shaped
to be slightly smaller than the body 6 to cause the porous bone ingrowth
coating 12 to penetrate the cancellous bone thereof. In the case of the
prosthesis of FIGS. 15 and 16, the medial region of the femur will be
resected to provide an appropriate surface, preferably a flat surface,
against which the surface 33a will rest. | 0A
| 61 | F |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, relief valve 10 generally comprises body 12,
diaphragm 14 and collar 16. Body 12 is hollow, generally Y-shaped and has
an inlet 18 and outlet 20 which communicate through flow passage 22. Inlet
end 30 and outlet end 32 of body 12 narrow or taper slightly so as to
permit ends 30 and 32 to frictionally engage the end of a pool cleaner
flexible hose (not shown). Body 12 is preferably made out of transparent
plastic, but other suitable materials, including opaque and colored
materials.
Flow passage 22 is intersected at approximately midpoint by bypass passage
24, which communicates with flow passage 22 at one end 26 and is open to
ambient conditions at free end 28. Interior 34 of bypass passage 24
contains parallel ridges 36 extending down opposite side of the entire
length of bypass passage 24. Holes 38 penetrate free end 28 between ridges
36 and receive split retaining pins 40.
As seen in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, diaphragm 14 is hollow and generally tubular
in shape, slightly smaller in exterior diameter than the interior diameter
of bypass passage 24, open on one end 42, rounded and closed on opposite
end 44 and preferably made from a flexible material. Open end 42 contains
a peripheral flange 46 projecting radially around the exterior 48 of
diaphragm 14. Closed end 44 contains perpendicular slits 50 that form
identical flaps 52 in end 44. Centering ribs 54 on exterior 48 of
diaphragm 14 contain guides 56 and extend longitudinally down diaphragm 14
terminating at the intersection of slits 50.
As can be seen in FIGS. 1, 2A, 3, 4 and 6, collar 16 generally comprises a
circular ring 58 having a recess 60. Flange 62 projects from underside 68
of ring 58 opposite recess 60 and contains stepped serrations 64.
Serrations 64 are preferably on the order of one-eighth to five-sixteenths
inch, but other suitable lengths may also be used. Collar 16 may be made
of any suitable material, such as plastic, and is preferably opaque or
semi-opaque.
As shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 3, 4 and 5, diaphragm 14 is threaded into collar
16 so that diaphragm flange 46 nests within recess 60. Diaphragm 14,
bearing collar 16, is telescopically inserted into open end 28 of bypass
passage 24 of body 12 so ribs 54 are pushed passed retaining pins 40 and
guides 56 slide within ridges 36. While ribs 54 should be able to be
forced passed pins 40 by hand, in normal use, pins 40 should be of
adequate length to prevent diaphragm 14 from being ejected from bypass
passage 24. Once installed, ribs 54 and guides 56 of diaphragm 14 can
freely slide within bypass passage 24 but their travel is limited by pins
40 contacting guides 56 and by underside 68 of ring 58 contacting edge 66
of end 26 of bypass passage 24 as shown in FIG. 2A.
In use, outlet end 32 of body 12 is connected to the swimming pool filter
system skimmer (not shown) so that open end 28 of bypass passage 24 is
submerged proximate to the surface of the swimming pool water. Inlet end
30 of body 12 is connected to the swimming pool cleaner flexible hose (not
shown). Once the swimming pool filter pump is turned on, valve 10
maintains a steady pressure level within the system. Under normal
circumstances, the system maintains a negative pressure, i.e., a lower
pressure than the ambient pool pressure, and underside 68 of ring 58 is
drawn into engagement with edge 66 of bypass passage 24, as shown in FIG.
2, preventing diaphragm 14 from being drawn into body 12. However, if the
pressure within the system becomes too low for proper pool cleaner
performance, flaps 52 in diaphragm 14 are drawn open, allowing more water
to enter the system and increasing the pressure. Ribs 54 in diaphragm 14
act to stiffen flaps 52 and prevent flaps 52 from opening prematurely.
Adjustment of the size and shape of ribs 54 permits flaps 52 to be made
that open in response to differing pressures.
Diaphragm 14 also vents the excess pressure caused by the inertia of the
water moving through the system and the cycling of the filter pump.
Because diaphragm 14 can move freely within bypass passage 24 and is of
slightly smaller diameter, a sudden rise in system pressure causes
diaphragm 14 to be partially ejected from bypass passage 24, as shown in
FIGS. 2A, 3 and 4, allowing the excess pressure to be vented around
diaphragm 14 and out end 28 of bypass passage 24. Diaphragm 14 is
prevented from being totally ejected by guides 56 contacting retaining
pins 40.
Diaphragm 14 can be prevented from totally sealing off end 26 of bypass
passage 24 by use of stepped serrations 64 on collar 16. As shown in FIGS.
2A, 4 and 6, by rotating collar 16 on diaphragm 14, underside 68 of ring
58 can be prevented from contacting edge 66. Instead, serrations 64
contact pins 40, creating a small gap 70, of varying width depending on
the length of serrations 64 used, between underside 68 and edge 66. Gap 70
allows debris to enter body 12 without interfering with the normal two-way
operation of the valve described above. However, if serrations 64 of
sufficient length are used so as to force guides 56 to rest against pins
40, diaphragm 14 will be prevented from sliding within bypass passage 24.
This description is given for purposes of illustration and explanation. It
will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that modifications
and changes may be made to the invention described above without departing
from is scope and spirit. | 5F
| 16 | K |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As defined herein suppressor T cells are T cells which have been primed,
for example, in a mixed lymphocyte reaction by exposure to an alloantigen,
and subsequently cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (autologous or
allogeneic to the T cells--same as stimulator or third party). These
suppressor T cells are not restimulated when placed again in a mixed
lymphocyte reaction and exposed to an alloantigen either the same or third
party alloantigen as the original stimulator cells.
Donor antigen refers to antigens expressed by the donor tissue to be
transplanted into the recipient. Alloantigens are antigens which differ
from antigens expressed by the recipient Donor tissue, organs or cells to
be transplanted is the transplant. Examples of transplants include, but
are not limited to, skin, bone marrow, and solid organs such as heart,
pancreas, kidney, lung and liver. The pancreas and liver may be reduced to
single cell suspensions for transplant.
The inventors have discovered that suppressor T cells can suppress an MLR
between allogeneic cells. Suppressor T cells actively reduced the
allogeneic T cell response in mixed lymphocyte reactions in a dose
dependent manner.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of reducing,
inhibiting or eliminating an immune response by administering suppressor T
cells to a recipient of a donor tissue, organ or cells. In one embodiment,
the suppressor T cells are administered to the recipient contemporaneously
with the transplant. Alternatively, the suppressor T cells can be
administered prior to the administration of the transplant. For example,
the suppressor T cells can be administered to the recipient about 3 to 7
days before transplantation of the donor tissue.
Thus, suppressor T cells can be used to condition a recipient's immune
system to donor or foreign tissue by administering to the recipient, prior
to, or at the same time as transplantation of the donor tissue, suppressor
T cells in an amount effective to reduce or eliminate an immune response
against the transplant by the recipient's T cells. The suppressor T cells
affect the T cells of the recipient such that the T cell response is
reduced or eliminated when presented with donor or foreign tissue. Thus,
host rejection of the transplant may be avoided or the severity thereof
reduced.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for treating a patient
who is undergoing an adverse immune response to a transplant by
administering suppressor T cells to such patient in an amount effective to
reduce or suppress the immune response. The suppressor T cells may be
obtained from the transplant recipient, from the transplant donor, or from
a third party.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method to reduce or
inhibit or eliminate an immune response by a donor transplant against a
recipient thereof (graft versus host). Accordingly, the invention provides
contacting a donor organ or tissue with suppressor T cells prior to
transplant. The suppressor T cells ameliorate, inhibit or reduce an
adverse response by the donor transplant against the recipient.
In a preferred embodiment, prior to transplant the donor transplant is
treated with allogeneic (recipient) tissue or cells which activate the T
cells in the donor transplant. The donor transplant is then treated with
autologous suppressor T cells prior to transplant. The suppressor T cells
prevent restimulation, or induce hyporesponsiveness, of the T cells to
subsequent antigenic stimulation.
Thus, in the context of bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cell)
transplantation, attack of the host by the graft can be reduced or
eliminated. Donor marrow can be pretreated with donor suppressor T cells
prior to implant of the bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells into
the recipient. In a preferred embodiment the donor marrow is first exposed
to recipient tissue/cells and then treated with suppressor T cells.
Although not being limited thereto, it is believed that the initial
contact with recipient tissue or cells functions to activate the T cells
in the marrow. Subsequent treatment with the suppressor T cells inhibits
or eliminates further activation of the T cells in the marrow, thereby
reducing or eliminating an adverse affect by the donor tissue, i.e. the
therapy reduces or eliminates graft versus host response.
In a further embodiment, a transplant recipient suffering from graft versus
host disease may be treated to reduce or eliminate the severity thereof by
administering to such recipient suppressor T cells in an amount effective
to reduce or eliminate a graft rejection of the host. The suppressor T
cells inhibit or suppress the activated T cells in the donor tissue from
mounting an immune response against the recipient, thereby reducing or
eliminating a graft versus host response.
The recipient's suppressor T cells may be obtained from the transplant
donor or the recipient or a third party prior to the transplantation and
may be stored and/or culture-expanded to provide a reserve of suppressor T
cells in sufficient amounts for treating an ongoing graft attack against
host.
In yet another method of the present invention, the donor tissue is exposed
to suppressor T cells such that the suppressor T cells integrate into the
organ graft itself prior to transplantation. In this situation, an immune
response against the graft caused by any alloreactive recipient cells that
escaped standard treatment to prevent transplant rejection, e.g.,
drug-mediated immunosuppression, would be suppressed by the suppressor T
cells present in the graft. The suppressor T cells are preferably
autologous to the recipient.
In accordance with the methods of the present invention described herein,
it is contemplated that the suppressor T cells of the present invention
can be used in conjunction with current modes of treating donor tissue
rejection or graft versus host disease. An advantage of such use is that
by ameliorating the severity of the immune response in a transplant
recipient, the amount of drug used in treatment and/or the frequency of
administration of drug therapy can be reduced, resulting in alleviation of
general immune suppression and unwanted side effects.
It is further contemplated that only a single treatment with the suppressor
T cells of the present invention may be required, eliminating the need for
chronic immunosuppressive drug therapy. Alternatively, multiple
administrations of suppressor T cells may be employed.
Accordingly, the invention described herein provides for preventing or
treating transplant rejection by administering the suppressor T cells in a
prophylactic or therapeutically effective amount for the prevention or
treatment or amelioration of transplant rejection of an organ, tissue or
cells from the same species, or a xenograft organ or tissue transplant and
or graft versus host disease.
Administration of a single dose of suppressor T cells may be effective to
reduce or eliminate the T cell response to tissue allogeneic to the T
cells or to "non-self" tissue, particularly in the case where the T
lymphocytes retain their nonresponsive character (i.e., tolerance or
anergy) to allogeneic cells after being separated from the suppressor T
cells.
The dosage of the suppressor T cells varies within wide limits and will, of
course be fitted to the individual requirements in each particular case.
In general, in the case of parenteral administration, it is customary to
administer from about 0.01 to about 5 million cells per kilogram of
recipient body weight. The number of cells used will depend on the weight
and condition of the recipient, the number of or frequency of
administrations, and other variables known to those of skill in the art.
The suppressor T cells can be administered by a route which is suitable
for the tissue, organ or cells to be transplanted. They can be
administered systemically, i.e., parenterally, by intravenous injection or
can be targeted to a particular tissue or organ, such as bone marrow. The
suppressor T cells can be administered via a subcutaneous implantation of
cells or by injection of stern cell into connective tissue, for example
muscle.
The cells can be suspended in an appropriate diluent, at a concentration of
from about 0.01 to about 5.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml. Suitable excipients
for injection solutions are those that are biologically and
physiologically compatible with the cells and with the recipient, such as
buffered saline solution or other suitable excipients. The composition for
administration must be formulated, produced and stored according to
standard methods complying with proper sterility and stability.
Although the invention is not limited thereof, mesenchymal stem cells can
be isolated, preferably from bone marrow, purified, and expanded in
culture, i.e. in vitro, to obtain sufficient numbers of cells for use in
the methods described herein. Mesenchymal stem cells, the formative
pluripotent blast cells found in the bone, are normally present at very
low frequencies in bone marrow (1:100,000) and other mesenchymal tissues.
See, Caplan and Haynesworth, U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,359. Gene transduction of
mesenchymal stein cells is disclosed in Gerson et al U.S. Pat. No.
5,591,625.
It should be understood that the methods described herein may be carried
out in a number of ways and with various modifications and permutations
thereof that are well known in the art It may also be appreciated that any
theories set forth as to modes of action or interactions between cell
types should not be construed as limiting this invention in any manner,
but are presented such that the methods of the invention can be more fully
understood.
The following examples further illustrate aspects of the present invention.
However, they are in no way a limitation of the teachings or disclosure of
the present invention as set forth herein.
The mixed lymphocyte reaction measures the compatibility of the donor's
surface antigens and is an indication of the likelihood of rejection of
donor tissue. Cell surface antigens responsible for eliciting transplant
rejection are class I and class II MHC antigens. T cells are alloreactive
to foreign MHC antigens. Class I and II MHC molecules stimulate the mixed
lymphocyte reaction.
EXAMPLES
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared by density gradient
centrifugation on Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia). Aliquots of cells were frozen
in 90% FCS with 10% DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, the
cells were washed twice with MSC medium (DMEM with low glucose and 10%
FCS) and re-suspended in assay medium (ISCOVE'S with 25 mM Hepes, 1 mM
sodium pyruvate, 100 .mu.M non-essential amino acids, 100 U/ml penicillin,
100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin, 0.25 .mu.g/ml amphotericin B,
5.5.times.10.sup.-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol (all reagents from GibcoBLR) and
5% human AB serum (Sigma, MLR tested)).
To prepare the T cell-enriched fraction, PBMCs from donor 155 were depleted
of monocytes and B cells by immunomagnetic negative selection. PBMCs were
incubated with mouse anti-human CD19 and CD14 mAbs (no azide/low endotoxin
(NA/LE) format) followed by biotin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG
(multiple adsorption) Ab (all reagents from Pharmingen) and streptavidin
microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). Cells were then separated using a magnetic
cell sorter (MACS, Miltenyi Biotec).
PBMC from donor 413 were X-ray irradiated with 3600 rad (12 min at 70 kV)
using Cabinet X ray system (Faxitron X ray, Buffalo Grove, IL).
Activation of T cells: T cells (15.times.10.sup.6 /dish) from donor 155
were cultured in 10 cm tissue culture dishes with PBMC (15.times.10.sup.6
cells/dish) from donor 413 for 7 days. The cells were incubated at
37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere for 7 days.
Co-culture with MSCs: Human MSCs were isolated from donor 273 from bone
marrow as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,359 and were maintained in
culture with MSC medium and were used at passages from 3 to 6. Cells were
lifted using 0.05% Trypsin/EDTA solution, washed once with MSC medium. The
MSCs (d 273) were plated at 1.0.times.10.sup.6 cells/dish in 10 cm tissue
culture dishes, cultured for 4 days, and washed 4 times with PBS-D prior
to adding activated T cells (d155). T cells (d155) activated in the MLR
for 7 days, were collected washed once with MSC medium and re-suspended in
assay medium and transferred to the dishes with the pre-plated MSCs
(0.5.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml, 1.0.times.10.sup.7 cells/dish) for 3 days at
37.degree. C. in 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. In control cultures activated T
cells were cultured without MSCs at the same density (the "T1"
population). Cells cultured with MSCs are the "T2" population; the "T3"
population was depleted of CD8+ cells as described here in below.
Immunomagnetic depletion and FACS staining: at the end of culture with MSCs
(10 days after initiation of primary culture), T cells were recovered and
washed. These are the "suppressor T cells" ("T2 population"). CD8 cells
were depleted by negative immunomagnetic selection with anti-CD8
MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec) (CD8 depleted="T3" population). Aliquots of
cells collected before and after depletion were stained with anti-CD4-PE
and anti-CD8-APC antibodies (Caltag) and analyzed by FACS.
Re-stimulation: T cells activated in MLR for 7 days and cultured without
MSCs (T1) for 3 days, or cultured with MSCs (non-fractionated ("T2") or
CD8 depleted ("T3")) were recovered and re-stimulated with irradiated
PBMCs autologous to original stimulator (donor 413) or autologous to
responder (donor 155). Cells were plated at 5.times.10.sup.4 cells/well
each in 96-well tissue culture plates. Alternatively, 5.times.10.sup.4 T
cells were stimulated with PHA (5 .mu.g/ml).
Cultures were pulsed with [H.sup.3 ]TdR (Amersham) (5 Ci/mmol, 1
.mu.Ci/well) for 18 hours immediately after plating, or incubated for 1,
2, 3 or 4 days and then pulsed with [H.sup.3 ]TdR) for an additional 18
hours. Cultures were collected using Harvester 96 (Tomtec), filters were
analyzed using Microbeta Trilux liquid scintillation and luminescence
counter (E.G.& G Wallac).
The results are shown in FIG. 1. Suppressor T cells (T2) did not respond to
re-stimulation with original donor PBMCs or PHA. Culture with cells
depleted of CD8+ cells from the suppressor T cell population (T3) resulted
in partial restoration of responsiveness. T cells cultured without MSCs
(T1) responded well in the secondary mixed lymphocyte reaction and to PHA.
Suppression of ongoing MLR by suppressor T cells
An MLR was set up in 96-well tissue culture plates 4 days prior to adding
suppressor T cells. In MLR, 1.5.times.10.sup.5 responder T cells were
mixed with the same number of irritated stimulator cells. T cells from
donor 155 (autologous to suppressor T cells) were prepared from PBMC by
negative immunomagnetic selection with anti-CD14 and anti-CD19
MicroBeacls. Stimulator PBMCs were from donor 413 (same as the stimulator
for suppressor T cell generation) or from donor 273 (third party to
supressors). T cells from donor 155 pre-activated by irradiated PBMCs from
donor 413 for 7 days, and cultured alone or with MSCs from donor 273 for 3
days (non-fractionated or CD8 depleted) were used as suppressors. After 4
days of culture, suppressor T cells were added at different numbers per
well (from 5.times.10.sup.4 cells/well to 1.56.times.10.sup.3 cells/well).
Cultures were pulsed with [H.sup.3 ]TdR (5 Ci/mmol, 1 .mu.Ci/well) for 18
hours immediately after plating, or incubated for 1 or 2 days and then
pulsed with [H.sup.3 ]TdR for an additional 18 hours.
The results are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Suppressor T cells ("precultured
with MSC") suppressed an on-going mixed lymphocyte reaction early and at a
very low cell number per well. Depletion of CD8+ cells resulted in delayed
and only partial suppression, thereby suggesting that suppressor cells
were CD8+. T cells cultured without MSCs ("precultured alone") did not
suppress and even enhanced the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The suppressive
effect of the suppressor T cells was observed in a mixed lymphocyte
reaction induced by the same stimulator cells (FIG. 2) as well as third
party stimulators (FIG. 3).
Suppression of PHA-induced proliferation by pre-activated T cells cultured
with MSCs:
PBMC from donor 155 (autologous to suppressor cells) at 5.times.10.sup.4
cells/well were stimulated with PHA-M (5 .mu.g/ml) in the presence or
absence of suppressor T cells. T cells from donor 155 were pre-activated
by irradiated PBMC from donor 413 for 7 days as described above. These
cells were cultured alone or with MSCs from donor 273 for 3 days
(non-fractionated or CD8 depleted). Suppressor T cells were added at
different number/well (from 5.times.10.sup.4 cells/well to
1.56.times.10.sup.3 cells/well). Cultures were incubated for 1, 2 or 3
days, then pulsed with [H.sup.3 ]TdR (5 Ci/mmol, 1 .mu.Ci/well) for an
additional 18 hours.
The results are shown in FIG. 4. Suppressor T cells suppressed PHA-induced
proliferation of autologous PBMCs whereas T cells cultured alone
accelerated the PHA response. Depletion of CD8 cells resulted in delayed
and only partial suppression. | 2C
| 12 | N |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A first embodiment of the present invention will be described with
reference to FIG. 1. The circuit shown in FIG. 1 is constructed to
comprise a self-healing ring switch (i.e., SHRSW) composed of a switch 1,
a selector 2 and a selector controller 3. The switch 1 has five inputs and
five outputs, and the selector 2 has two inputs and one output. Reception
lilies 20 to 23 and an add line 11 are connected with the input terminals
of the switch 1 through reception interfaces 4-1 to 4-5, and output
highways 15-1 to 15-4 are connected with transmission lines 24 to 27
through transmission interfaces 5-1 to 5-4. Moreover, an output highway
a15-5 is connected with the input terminal of the selector 2. An output
highway b15-4 is dropped, and a branched output highway b'15-6 is
connected with the other input terminal of the selector 2. On the other
hand, the reception interfaces are equipped therein with means (i.e.,
failure detecting means) for detecting a failure of the received signals.
Whether or not each received signal fails is transmitted through a signal
line 19 to the switch 1 and the selector controller 3.
The construction of the switch 1 is shown in FIG. 2. The circuit shown in
FIG. 2 is constructed to comprise a self-healing ring switch (SHRSW)
composed of a first space division switch 7, an add drop switch (i.e.,
time division switch) 6, a second space division switch 8, a delay adder 9
and a controller 28. The space division switches 7 and 8 have four inputs
and font outputs. The add drop switch 6 has four inputs and four outputs.
Moreover, the ring reception lines 20 to 23 are connected with the input
terminals of the space division switch 7 through the reception interfaces.
The output terminals of the space division switch 8 are connected with the
ring transmission lines 24 to 27 through the transmission interfaces. The
add line 11 is connected with the input terminal of the add drop switch.
Reverting to FIG. 1, the output terminal (i.e., the highway a15-5) of the
add drop switch 6 is connected with one input terminal of the selector 2.
With the other input terminal of the selector 2, there is connected the
output highway b'15-6 which is dropped from the output highway b15-4 of
the space division switch 8.
Next, the frame to be used in the present embodiment is assumed to be the
SONET synchronous transport signal level 12 (STS-12) (622.08 Mb/s) signal
which is standardized by the ANSI, as shown in FIG. 12. The present
embodiment aims at switching at a unit of STS-1. Reverting to FIG. 1, here
will be described the method of using the circuits of FIGS. 1 and 2 in the
2-Fiber BLSR. No protection line is used in the 2-Fiber BLSR. Therefore,
the settings of the space division switches are fixed, as shown in FIG.
13. Specifically, the clockwise (i.e., CW-direction) and counter clockwise
(i.e., CCW-direction) working lines are always selected so that they are
connected with the add drop switch 6. At the ring-switching time, the add
drop switch 6 changes the output time slot to transmit the signal of the
working path through the protection capacity in the counter direction. In
case the frame of FIG. 12 is used, for example, signals STS-1 #1 to #6 may
be used as the working ones, whereas signals STS-1 #7 to #12 may be used
as the protection ones. The selector 2 always selects and connects the
highway a15-5 with the drop line 12. In short, the highway a15-5 is always
used as the drop line. Next, the operations of the 2-Fiber BLSR in the
switch having the construction of FIG. 1 will be described with reference
to FIGS. 3A and 3B. In case the switch having the construction of FIG. 1
is applied to a node A of FIG. 3A: the CW-direction working reception line
20 corresponds to a line 30-4 of FIG. 3A; the CCW-direction working
reception line 22 corresponds to a line 31-1 of FIG. 3A; the CW-direction
working transmission line 24 corresponds to a line 30-1 of FIG. 3A; and
CCW-direction working transmission line 26 corresponds to a line 31-4 of
FIG. 3A.
In case, on the other hand, the switch having the construction of FIG. 1 is
applied to a node B of FIG. 3A: the CW-direction working reception line 20
corresponds to a line 30-3 of FIG. 3A; the CCW-direction working reception
line 22 corresponds to the line 31-4 of FIG. 3A; the CW-direction working
transmission line 24 corresponds to the line 30-4 of FIG. 3A; and the
CCW-direction working transmission line 26 corresponds to a line 31-3 of
FIG. 3A. A failure is detected, if it occurs in the lines 30-4 and 31-4
between the nodes A-B, by the aforementioned failure detecting means in
the reception interfaces of the nodes A and B and is transmitted through
the signal line 19 to the controller 28 in the switch 1. This controller
28 bypasses the traffic from the node B to the node A, as shown in FIG. 4.
At the node B, the controller 28 controls the time division switch 6 so
that the signal having been outputted to the working channel in the line
30-4 is outputted to the protection channel in the line 31-3. At the node
A, the controller 28 controls the time division switch 6 so that the
signal having been received from the working channel in the line 30-4 is
received from the protection channel in the line 31-1. The ring-switching
is completed (as shown in FIG. 4) by bypassing the traffic from the node A
to the node B like before.
At this time, nodes C and D of FIG. 4 come into the state called the "Full
Pass-through". The nodes A and B transmit the message together with said
bypass signal when they bypass the traffic. The nodes C and D come into
the Full Pass-through state, when they receive said message, to relay the
bypassed signal. Specifically, the signal carried by the protection
channel of the reception line in a certain direction (e.g., CW- or
CCW-direction) is outputted to the protection channel of the transmission
line in the same direction. The transmission of the aforementioned message
is determined to use the 2 bytes in a line overhead (as shown in FIG. 12)
in accordance with the recommendation of ANSI.
Here will be described the case in which the switch shown in FIG. 1 is
applied to the 4-Fiber BLSR. In case the switch of FIG. 1 is applied to
the node A of FIG. 6A: the CW-direction working reception line 20
corresponds to the line 30-4 of FIG. 6A; the CW-direction protection
reception line 21 corresponds to a line 32-4 of FIG. 6A; the CCW-direction
working reception line 22 corresponds to the line 31-1 of FIG. 6A; the
CCW-direction protection transmission line 23 corresponds to a line 33-1
of FIG. 6A; the CW-direction working transmission line 24 corresponds to
the line 30-1 of FIG. 6A; the CW-direction protection transmission line 25
corresponds to a line 32-1 of FIG. 6A; the CCW-direction working
transmission line 26 corresponds to the line 31-4 of FIG. 6A; and the
CCW-direction protection transmission line 27 corresponds to a line 33-4
of FIG. 6A. In the case of application to the node B: the CW-direction
working reception line 20 corresponds to the line 30-3 of FIG. 6A; the
CW-direction protection reception line 21 corresponds to the line 32-3 of
FIG. 6A; CCW-direction working reception line 22 corresponds to the line
31-4 of FIG. 6A; the CCW-direction protection reception line 23
corresponds to the line 33-4 of FIG. 6A; the CW-direction working
transmission line 24 corresponds to the line 30-4 of FIG. 6A; the
CW-direction protection transmission line 25 corresponds to the line 32-4
of FIG. 6A; the CCW-direction working transmission line 26 corresponds to
a line 31-3 of FIG. 6A; and the CCW-direction protection transmission line
27 corresponds to the line 33-3 of FIG. 6A.
In case the switch is used in the 4-Fiber BLSR, the operations of the time
division switch 6 at the ring-switching time and the span-switching time
are fixed. At the normal time, the space division switches 7 and 8 connect
the working lines and the time division switch 6, as shown in FIG. 14.
First of all, in case a failure occurs in the working lines 30-4 and 31-4
between the nodes A and B, as shown in FIG. 7A, the span-switching is
applied. In this case, at the node A, the reception interface detects the
occurrence of the failure, which is transmitted to the controller 28
through the signal line 19. The controller 28 controls the space division
switch 7 to connect the signal to be received from the protection line
32-4 in place of the working line 30-4 with the time division switch 6. By
controlling the space division switch 8, moreover, the signal having been
outputted to the working line 31-4 before the failure occurs is outputted
to the protection line 33-4 (as shown in FIG. 15). The span-switching is
completed by performing similar operations at the node B. Next, in case a
failure occurs in the working lines 30-4 and 31-4 and the protection lines
32-4 and 33-4 between the nodes A and B, as shown in FIG. 7B, the
ring-switching is applied. In this case, at the node A, the reception
interface detects the occurrence of the failure, which is transmitted to
the controller 28 through the signal line 19. This controller 28 detects
that the failure has occurred in both the working and protection lines.
The controller 28 controls the space division switch 7 to connect the
signal to be received from the protection line 33-1 in place of the
working line 30-4 with the time division switch 6 (as shown in FIG. 16A).
By controlling the space division switch 8, moreover, the signal having
been outputted to the working line 31-4 before the failure occurs is
outputted to the protection line 32-1. The span-switching is completed by
performing similar operations at the node B.
At this time, the nodes C and D of FIG. 7B come into the state called the
"Full Pass-through". The nodes A and B transmit the message together with
said bypass signal when they bypass the traffic. The nodes C and D come
into the Full Pass-through stage, when they receive said message, to relay
the bypassed signal. Specifically, the signal carried by the protection
reception line in a certain direction (e.g., CW- or CCW-direction) is
outputted to the protection transmission line in the same direction. The
transmission of the aforementioned message is determined to use the 2
bytes in a line overhead (as shown in FIG. 12) in accordance with the
recommendation of ANSI. The node setting at the time of executing the Full
Pass-through is shown in FIG. 16B. In short, the settings of the space
division switches 7 and 8 for the working lines are not changed. Moreover,
the CW-direction protection transmission line 21 is connected with the
CW-direction protection transmission line 25. Furthermore, the
CCW-direction protection reception line 23 is connected with the
CCW-direction protection transmission line 27 through the delay element 9.
This delay element 9 makes the frame phase of the traffic to pass
therethrough to that of the traffic to pass through the time division
switch.
The selector 2 selects the highway a15-5 at all times and connects it with
the drop line 12. In short, the highway a15-5 is always used as the drop
line.
Here will be described the method in which the SHRSW is used in the UPSR,
with reference to FIG. 17. In the case of using the SHRSW in the UPSR,
only two lines are used for connecting the nodes. In case, therefore, the
CCW-direction is used for the working ones whereas the CW-direction is
used for the protection ones, it is possible to dispense with the
CCW-direction protection lines 23 and 27 and the interfaces 4-4 and 5-4,
as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the settings of the space division switches 7
and 8 are fixed as shown in FIG. 17. Then, the add drop switch 6 outputs
both those signals of the paths to be dropped by said nodes, which have
passed through the CW-direction and CCW-direction lines, respectively, to
the output highways 15-4 and 15-5 (as shown in FIG. 18). The selector 2 is
enabled to heal the failure by selecting the normal one of the two
signals. FIG. 18 indicates that the channel 1 (ch1) selects the
CW-direction line because the CCW-direction path of the channel 1 has
failed. At this time, the selector controller 3 controls the selector by
using the signal line 19 from the reception interfaces. Here, the channel
indicates the VT 1.5 in the case of switching at the unit of VT 1.5, for
example.
The reception interfaces use the signal line 19 to transmit the failure
information (for both the working and protection) of all the channels to
be dropped at said node, to the selector controller 3. This selector
controller 3 instructs the selector 2 of which the working or protection
line is to be selected and outputted for each channel. For example, the
selector controller 3 instructs the selection of the working line at a
normal time and the selection of the protection line if it is transmitted
from the signal line 19 that said working line has failed. This
instruction is executed at the unit of the channel to be multiplexly
outputted to highways 15-1 and 15-6.
In case a plurality of channels are doubly set in the UPSR, as in the
present embodiment, the operation to select one of the signals in the
working path and the signal in the protection path in the selector 2 can
be facilitated if the signals of the working paths of said plurality of
channels are outputted to an output highway 15-5 by the TSI function of
the time division switch 6. If, moreover, the switch outputs the signals
of the working and protection paths of the same channel simultaneously to
the highways 15-5 and 15-6, as in the present embodiment, the selector 2
has its construction facilitated because it requires no buffer.
Next, the linear switch (1+1, 1:n) mode can be easily coped with if the
space division switches 7 and 8 are used. In the case of the (1+1) mode,
the space division switch 8 has a function to output (or distribute) the
output of the add drop switch 6 to both the working and protection lines.
The add drop switch 6 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be
exemplified by a time division switch.
The switch 1 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be exemplified by a
time division switch.
The delay adder in the aforementioned embodiment can also be exemplified by
a semiconductor memory.
Moreover, the switch 1 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be
exemplified by the following construction (as shown in FIG. 19).
Specifically, in the self-healing ring switch (SHRSW) composed of the
first space division switch 7, the add drop switch 6, the second space
division 8, the delay adder 9 and the controller 28, the space division
switches 7 and 8 are given five inputs and five outputs, and the add drop
switch 6 is given four inputs and four outputs. Moreover, the ring
reception lines 20 to 23 and the add line 11 are connected with the input
terminals of the space division switch 7 through the reception interfaces.
The output terminals of the space division switch 8 are connected with the
ring transmission lines 24 to 27 through the transmission interfaces. What
is different from the foregoing embodiment is that a highway 14-5 is
connected through the space division switch 7 with the add drop switch 6
and that the highway 15-5 is connected through the space division switch
8, and this construction can be easily realized.
Moreover, the switch 1 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be
exemplified by the following construction (as shown in FIG. 20).
Specifically, in the self-healing ring switch (SHRSW) composed of the
first space division switch 7, the add drop switch 6, the second space
division 8, the delay adder 9 and the controller 28, the space division
switches 7 and 8 are given five inputs and five outputs, and the add drop
switch 6 is given four inputs and four outputs. The output terminals of
the space division switch 8 are connected with the ring transmission lines
24 to 27 through the transmission interfaces. What is different from the
foregoing embodiments is that the highway 15-5 is connected through the
space division switch 8, and this construction can be easily realized.
Moreover, the switch 1 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be
exemplified by the following construction (as shown in FIG. 21).
Specifically, in the self-healing ring switch (SHRSW) composed of the
first space division switch 7, the add drop switch 6, the second space
division 8, the delay adder 9 and the controller 28, the add drop switch 6
is given five inputs and five outputs. Moreover, the ring reception lines
20 to 23 are connected with the input terminals of the space division
switch 7 through the reception interfaces. The output terminals of the
space division switch 8 are connected with the ring transmission lines 24
to 27 through the transmission interfaces. What is different from the
foregoing embodiments is that the scale of the add drop switch 6 is
enlarged to omit the delay adder 9, and this construction can be easily
realized.
Moreover, the switch 1 in the aforementioned embodiment can also be
exemplified by the following construction (as shown in FIG. 22).
Specifically, in the self-healing ring switch (SHRSW) composed of the
first space division switch 7, the add drop switch 6, the second space
division 8, the delay adder 9 and the controller 28, the space division
switch 8 is given five inputs and five outputs, and the add drop switch 6
is given five inputs and five outputs. Moreover, the ring reception lines
20 to 23 are connected with the input terminals of the space division
switch 7 through the reception interfaces. The output terminals of the
space division switch 8 are connected with the ring transmission lines 24
to 27 through the transmission interfaces. What is different from the
foregoing embodiments is that the highway 15-5 is connected through the
space division switch 8 and that the scale of the add drop switch 6 is
enlarged to omit the delay adder 9, and this construction can be easily
realized.
The various ring-switching modes of the 2-Fiber BLSR, 4-Fiber BLSR and UPSR
can be switched merely by changing the software. Moreover, the change from
the ring-switching system to the linear switching system and vice versa
can be effected. | 7H
| 04 | J |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to the Figures, in which like numerals refer to like portions
thereof, FIG. 1 shows a portion of a conveying pipe 1 for pulp. A number
of fittings 2 are attached to the pipe 1, preferably by welding. The
fittings preferably have a semicircular cross-section, and are arranged in
a helical curve on the outer surface of the conveying pipe 1. The fittings
form an angle of between about 15.degree. and 75.degree., preferably
between about 30.degree. and 60.degree., with respect to the longitudinal
direction of the conveying pipe. The number of fittings and the angles
thereof are adapted so that, taken together, the fittings extend about the
entire circumference of the conveying pipe. According to the particular
embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the fittings are four in number and the angle
is about 45.degree..
In the wall of the conveying pipe a plurality of small inlet holes 3 for
the steam are arranged in each fitting 2. These holes are located along
the length of the fitting. The holes 3 are formed so as to widen toward
the inside of the conveying pipe 1. The holes preferably have a conical
shape, with a cone angle of between about 75.degree. and 120.degree.. The
hole size can be, for example, about 10 mm in the narrowest portion.
Alternatively, the holes can be arranged obliquely inward with respect to
the flow direction of the pulp.
A steam pipe 4 for the supply of steam is connected to the end of the
fittings in an upstream location with respect to the direction of flow of
the pulp. Cleaning pipes 5 are connected to the other end of the fittings
2, and then cleaning pipes 5 are closed when the apparatus is in
operation.
The steam supplied through the steam pipes 4 is distributed along the
fittings 2 and flows into the conveying pipe 1 through the inlet holes 3.
Due to the configuration of this arrangement, the steam is exposed around
the entire circumference of the pulp flow, while at the same time the
supply of steam is distributed in the direction of flow of the pulp. In
this manner, the temperature of the pulp can be increased within a
relatively short distance along the conveying pipe, and at the same time
the small inlet holes 3 prevent the development of large steam bubbles,
with its resultant detrimental cavitations. The heating thus has a uniform
temperature profile, and the pulp flow is not hindered.
Due to the conical shape of the holes, including an inwardly increasing
diameter, the steam jets will reach the center of the conveying pipe, and
the risk of plugging with pulp is eliminated to the greatest possible
extent. If there were a possible pressure drop in the steam supply, the
pulp would tend to pierce out through the holes 3. The shape of the holes
renders it difficult for the pulp to get through the holes. However, if
holes and fittings are plugged, cleaning can take place simply by blowing
steam through the cleaning pipes 5.
The installation shown in FIG. 4 comprises a conveying pipe 1 in which the
steam pipes 4 are connected to a steam supply pipe 6. The cleaning pipes 5
in this case are connected to a cyclone 7 for separating fibers from the
steam. Stop valves 8 are located in the cleaning pipes 5. The pulp is
heated, as described above, by steam supply via the steam pipes 4. If, for
some reason, pulp should penetrate out through the inlet holes 3 to the
fittings 2, cleaning can be effected by opening one or more of the valves
8. The steam supplied in this manner will then flow through the
corresponding fitting 2 out through the cleaning pipe 5 to the cyclone 7.
The pulp thereby follows along, and the inlet holes 3 are exposed. In the
cyclone 7 the pulp is then separated from the steam. The cyclone 7 thus
begins to operate only during cleaning of the apparatus by blowing.
This installation renders it easy to clean the apparatus even when it is in
operation. The stop valves 8, for example, can be opened one at a time for
cleaning as soon as there is a tendency of plugging, thereby reducing
interruption of the operation to the smallest possible extent.
Although the invention herein has been described with reference to
particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are
merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present
invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications
may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements
may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
invention as defined by the appended claims. | 3D
| 21 | C |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention provides a welisite system and process (i) for
removing precursor ions from substantially untreated water, which
precursor ions can form insoluble salt precipitates when they come in
contact with certain resident ions in the subsurface formations, and (ii)
controlling the injection of selected chemicals to inhibit in-situ growth
of crystals from insoluble salts precipitation in the subsurface
formations to prevent plugging of the formation passageways during the
injection of water into an injection well. The system and method of the
present invention substantially reduce the precipitates which would
normally accumulate and plug or clog subsurface fluid passageways and
perforations in the production wells. The system is especially useful when
substantially untreated water, such as sea water, is used to stimulate
hydrocarbon recovery through one or more associated production wellbores.
As described above, subsurface fluid passageways or passages include any
pores in the formation that allow fluids such as water and hydrocarbons to
flow therethrough as well as any artificially created passages, such as
perforations made in the wellbores to recover hydrocarbons.
FIG. 1 shows a wellsite system 100 for mechanically treating substantially
untreated injection water to substantially reduce the concentration of
precursor ions in the injection water and to controllably supply desired
chemicals (also referred to herein as "additives") to an injection well to
inhibit in-situ growth of crystals (insoluble salt precipitates) which are
formed due to the interaction of precursor ions present in the water and
certain cations present in the subsurface formations. As noted above, this
prevents the plugging of the formation passageways which would otherwise
occur due to the accumulation of the insoluble salt precipitates.
The system 100 shows an injection well 110 which penetrates a subsurface
formation 115 to a known depth 111. The well 110 is shown to have a water
injection conduit 114 for supplying water under pressure to an injection
zone 117 adjacent a reservoir or production zone 112. In the system 100,
the injection well 110 is a subsea well formed from the sea bed 101 and
wherein sea water 102 is used as the source of the injection water. The
system 100, however, is equally applicable to land wellbores wherein brine
or another suitable fluid is utilized as the source of water. A conduit
118 from the surface supplies desired chemicals into the injection zone
117. A packing element 119 placed in the injection well 110 prevents
back-flow of the injected water 103 and chemicals 104 and allows
maintenance of the desired pressure in the injection zone 117.
The system 100 also shows a production well 150, located spaced apart from
the injection well 110. The production well 150 usually has a metal liner
152 with perforations 154 adjacent the reservoir 112. The perforations 154
allow formation fluid 156, such as hydrocarbons, to flow from the
production zone 112 to the production well 150. A production tubing 158
placed inside the liner 152 facilitates the flow of the formation fluid
156 to the surface. A packer 160 placed above the perforations 154 to
prevent flow of the fluid through the annulus 162 between the liner 152
and the tubing 158.
The primary purpose of injection wells is to aid the flow of hydrocarbons
from the reservoir to their associated production wells. As noted above,
one common method is to inject water under pressure adjacent to a
production zone to cause the hydrocarbons trapped in the formation to move
toward the production wells. However, commonly used water, such as sea
water or brine, contains excessive levels (concentrations) of precursor
ions, such as SO.sub.4.sup.-. Such precursor ions interact with Ba.sup.++,
Sr.sup.++ and Ca.sup.++ and other naturally present ions in the formations
to form insoluble salts, such as Ba SO.sub.4, Sr SO.sub.4 and Ca SO.sub.4,
etc. Such salts precipitate out of the solution and, if present in
excessive amounts, tend to accumulate in the subsurface passageways and in
the wellbore perforations, thereby plugging the passageways and
perforations. This plugging inhibits the flow of hydrocarbons through the
formation and through the production wells. The plugging effects tend to
be most severe in the formation passageways near the production wells.
Thus, it is important to have a wellsite system that will prevent such
pluggings.
Referring back to FIG. 1, in the present invention, the injection water 102
is first mechanically treated to remove a substantial amount of the
precursor ions. The injection water 102 is passed through a filtration
unit 130, which houses a suitable nano-filtration membrane (not shown).
The water 102 is pumped by a pump 131 at a feed side 131a of the unit 130
at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure of the untreated injection
water 102. The membrane in the unit 130 prevents the passage of relatively
large amounts of the precursor ions therethrough. The filtered or treated
water 103 is recovered at the side 132 of the membrane opposite the feed
side 131a. The precursor ions remain on the feed side 131a to form a brine
having a much higher concentration of precursor ions than injection water
102. The brine is discharged from the unit 130 at a suitable location 133
and disposed.
The filtered water 103 has a substantially lower concentration of the
precursor ions than the feed water 102. For example, precursor ion
concentration in the sea water 102 is typically between 2700 and 2800 ppm.
The concentration of the precursor ions in the filtered water 103 is
usually between 50 to 150 ppm when a nanofilter made from a composite
material is utilized as the membrane. Any other suitable nanofilter may be
utilized for the purpose of this invention. The nano-filtration membrane
units are commercially available and are thus not described herein in
greater detail. The filtered water 103 is injected into the injection well
110 by a suitable pump 134 via the conduit 114.
Still referring to FIG. 1, in one method, one or more chemicals 104 from a
supply unit 138 are selectively injected into the wellbore 110 via line
118. Alternatively, the chemicals may be injected into the filtered water
103 as shown by the dotted conduit 141. In this way, the mixture of the
filtered water 103 and the chemicals 104 is then injected into the well
110 via the conduit 118. A chemical control unit 136 controls the supply
of the chemicals 104. In the present invention, the types of chemicals and
their respective amounts and timing of their injection are determined
based on the characteristics 139 of the filtered water 103 (such as
concentration of the precursor ions) and the reservoir characteristics
(such as the concentration of the resident ions, reservoir pressure,
reservoir temperature, porosity of the formation 112, and permeability of
the formation 112) and any other desired parameter. The present invention
utilizes one or more prediction reservoir models to determine the
chemicals and their amounts.
The filtered water 103 and the chemicals 104 discharged into the injection
zone 117 move into the reservoir or production zone 112 via perforations
119 in the form of a flood wall 121. This action causes the hydrocarbons
156 to move toward the production well 150. As the injection process
continues, the flood wall 121 continues to move toward the well 150,
slowly displacing the hydrocarbons 156 in the formation 112. The in-situ
growth of the crystals is, to varying degree, a function of the
displacement. In the present invention, the prediction models take into
account such characteristics in determining the type and amounts of
additives to be injected. As the injection process continues, the
production well starts to produce a mixture of the hydrocarbons 156 and
the injected fluids (water 103 and chemicals 104).
In the present system 100, the produced fluid 156 is tested to determine
its characteristics 170, which may include the concentration of the
insoluble salt precipitates. Other parameters measured may include
production well parameters, such as pressure and fluid flow rate. The
produced fluid parameters 170 and the production well parameters are then
utilized by the prediction models of the system 100 to determine the
types, quantities and timing of the injection of chemicals 104. Thus, the
system 100 monitors (periodically or continuously) the effectiveness of
the injection process and in response thereto controls injection of
chemicals 104 to prevent plugging of the formation fluid passageways.
FIG. 2 shows a functional block diagram of a closed loop decision-making
system 200 for use in the injection system 100 shown in FIG. 1. The system
200 includes a control system or unit 210. Prior to the beginning of the
injection process, characteristics 212 of the untreated fluid, precursor
ion concentration and other characteristics of the filtered injection
water 218, and the reservoir characteristics, obtained from prior
reservoir information or test results from the production well are
provided to the control system 210. The control system 210, utilizing
models provided thereto, determines the initial types of chemicals or
additives, their respective injection amounts, and the timing of the
injection.
To initiate the injection process, the untreated water is first
mechanically filtered at 216 by a nano-filtration membrane and the
characteristics (including the concentration of the precursor ions) of the
filtered water are determined at 218. The chemical injection control 220
injects the chemicals in accordance with their initial settings. The
mixture 222 of the filtered water and chemicals is injected under pressure
into the injection well 224. Injection well characteristics are obtained
during the injection process at 226. Such characteristics include
production fluid flow rate, production well pressure, etc. The control
system 210 determines whether the combination of the filtration and the
injection of the chemicals is producing the desired effect. If not, it
determines alternative types and/or amounts of the chemicals.
As the injection continues, the injected fluid starts to move the formation
fluids toward the production well. The injected fluid starts to replace
the formation fluid. This alters the fluid characteristics of the
formation. As the injection continues, the system 200 monitors the
characteristics of the production well 230 (temperature, pressure, flow
rate etc.), and the characteristics of the produced hydrocarbons 232, all
of which are provided to the control system 210. The control system 210,
based on the various inputs and programmed instructions (including the
prediction models) provided thereto, and the amount of formation fluid
displaced, periodically or continuously determines the types and amounts
of the chemicals required to inhibit in-situ growth of insoluble salts.
The control system 210 then causes the addition of such chemicals into the
filtered water. The various characteristics or parameters described herein
may be measured by utilizing any available sensors and/or by lab testing.
Thus, in one aspect, the present system provides a closed loop system for
monitoring and controlling the treatment of injection water and the
addition of chemicals into injection wells in a manner that prevents the
plugging of the fluid passageways, during the entire injection process.
While the foregoing disclosure is directed to the preferred embodiments and
processes of the present invention, various modifications will be apparent
to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all variations within the
scope and spirit of the appended claims be embraced by the foregoing
disclosure. | 4E
| 21 | B |
EXAMPLES
In its broadest aspect, the invention envisions a composition useful for cleaning affected surfaces comprising effective amounts of:
Water,
D-Limonene,
Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether
Anionic Detergent Emulsifier
(mix of C 8 -C 18 sulfonated surfactant),
Dodecylbenezene Sulfonic Acid,
Mono Ethanolamine,
Dye,
Defoamer.
The examples and amounts set forth therein are exemplary of effective amounts.
A composition for cleaning affected surfaces comprising in substantially the following amounts:
D-Limonene 8.5 Sodium Alkyl Sulfosuccinate 2.5-2.785 (C- 8 -C- 18 ) Propylene Glycol 0.6-0.75 Dipropylene Glycol n-butyl Ether 1.2-1.3 (CAS-29911-28-2) Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid 7 (CAS-27176-87-0) Mono Ethanol Amine 1.5 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether 3 (34590-94-8) Water 75-75.5 Foam Ban HP720 Trace Dye Trace The inventor envisions his composition to be used in substantially the percentage ranges set forth as follows. These ranges constitute substantially effective amounts.
Ingredient Percentage Water 65-85 D-Limonene 5-15 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether 3-10 Anionic Detergent Emulsifier 3-10 (mix of C 8 -C 18 sulfonated surfactant) Dodecylbenezene Sulfonic Acid 3-10 Mono Ethanolamine 1-7 Dye <1 Defoamer <1 pH 7-8.5 A preferred formulation for the cleaning composition is substantially as set forth as follows:
Ingredient Percentage D-Limonene 8.50 Sodium Alkyl Sulfosuccinate 5.00 (C- 8 -C- 18 ) Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid 7.00 Monoethanol amine 1.50 Water 75 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 3 Foam Ban HP-720 Trace Dipropylene glycol methyl ether may be replaced by more D-Limonene in the same relative proportion.
The final product has a clear light yellow color and a citrus odor. The color may vary based on the dye used.
The anti-foaming agent is not critical to this invention. Examples of anti-foam agents can be found in Chemical Abstracts General Subject Index, Vol. 119, July-December 1993, page 320 GS.
Advantages and Benefits Derived From the Use of the Cleaning Agent of This Invention
The ink cleaning composition of this invention is a concentrated micro-emulsion based on d-limonene and an anionic emulsifier, which allows for the creation of a stable neutral micro-emulsion, while at the same time, contributing added detergency to the end product. The use of the d-limonene and the added detergency of the emulsifier, allows for a decrease of the amount of VOC's in the product and eliminates any alkali builders. A typical end use concentration will give a VOC level of less than 2% by weight. The added detergency contributed by the emulsifier also adds to the wetting ability of the product, which further increases the penetration of the product into the ink. The reduced VOC's also enables the product to be used safely on multiple surfaces, such as metal, tile, stone, and also on most plastic and painted surfaces. Finally, the inventive cleaner is made up of 100% readily biodegradable raw materials.
A summary of the benefits for the cleaning composition of this invention are as follows:
Neutral pH micro-emulsion
Low VOC's
Rapid wetting and penetration of inks and soils
Readily biodegradable
The user can easily dispose of effluent
Safe to use on metal tile, stone, and most plastic and painted surfaces.
Obviously, many modifications may be made without departing from the basic spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than has been specifically described herein.
| 2C
| 11 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the following, the invention is exemplified by a coater blade1(FIG.1), which is intended to be used to scrape off printing ink from a rotating roll2, which roll normally is a so called anilox roll or engraving roll. During operation, the coater blade1is exposed to forces indicated by arrows.
The coater blade1exhibits a steel core, with about 0.5-1.2% C, which has been hardened to a hardness of about 550-750 Hv and has been lamella ground. By the concept of lamella grinding it is meant that the blade exhibits a rear, thicker part3, normally 0.15-0.6 mm thick, for clamping in a holder (not shown) for the blade, and a front, thinner part4, normally about 50 μm thick, which constitutes a wear section. At the transition between the rear part3and the wear section4, the blade exhibits a sharp edge5on its top side, and thereafter a soft, gradual transition6down towards the wear section4. On the underneath side, the blade1is entirely flat, except at the tip7, which may be softly chamfered. The blade1may exhibit a total extension (width) of 8-120 mm in the shown cross-section, depending on whether the blade is a coater blade or a doctor blade. Normally, the edge5is situated less than 10 mm from the tip7of the blade.
On its underneath side, the blade1exhibits a coating8, which is formed from at least two different layers8a,8b,8cand which exhibits a total thickness of 10-20 μm. This underneath coating8may extend over the entire or essentially the entire underneath side of the blade, or only over the wear section4and a short distance past the transition section5,6. A coating8is arranged on the top side of the blade, which coating is formed from at least one layer9a,9band which exhibits a total thickness of 3-15 μm, up to about 70% of the extension of the wear section, as seen from the tip of the blade. After these about 70% of the extension of the wear section, there is formed a reinforcement section10, which has preferably been formed by the same type of layer as the coating9, but in greater thicknesses, according to the above. The rear part3also exhibits at least one coating layer11.
InFIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram intended to illustrate the process for the electrolytic nickel coating according to the invention. The coater or doctor blade is brought to pass as a continuous strip through at least two, in the shown embodiment three electrolytic cells21,22,23with contact polarisation of the blade1via anodic electrode rollers25. It is preferred that the cells are adequately wide so that two or more blades can be coated at the same time during continuous operation. Cathodic electrodes26are arranged in the cells21,22,23. Due to carrying between the cells, the formed coating layers may be brought to contain a small amount of particles other than the ones specified as “nominal” for each layer. This is true also for layers stated to be without particles. However, this deviation from the nominal composition is so small that it will not affect the concept of the invention to any considerable degree.
Each cell21,22,23contains a Ni or Ni—P electrolyte bath of the type described in the above mentioned references from the journal Plating & Surface Finishing, i.e. normally comprising NiSO4, NiCl2, H3BO3and optionally hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid or hypophosphite and/or saccharine, and at least in one of the cells additives in the form of abrasion resistant particles and/or lubricating particles and/or additives of the PTFE/Teflon type. Normally, the electrolytic cells operate at a temperature of about 40 -60° C. and a current density of up to about 20 A/dm2. The order between the cells and the masking in the same, according to below, may be varied and naturally depends on the desired end product.
InFIG. 3, there is shown an example of how the strip1, which is constituted by the coater blade, continuously runs in the cells21,22,23according to FIG.2. In each of these cells, or at least in one or some of them, there is arranged one or more masking devices, whereof the shown masking devices31,32constitute one example of how it can look in one of the cells. The masking devices are fixed in the electrolyte bath in a direction which corresponds to the running direction a of the strip, but are somewhat displaceable in the cross direction. In the shown embodiment, the masking devices are arranged so that a front part of the wear section4of the blade1is partly masked by the masking device31. The masking device31is arranged to extend about the tip of the blade1, and exhibits through holes33so that a minor part of the flowing electrolyte liquid is allowed to flow over the tip of the blade, despite the masking, in order there to form a thin coating. The masking device also gives a lower current density at the masked sections, which may however be somewhat increased by aid of the holes33. A masking device32is also arranged to mask the top side of the coater blade, at its rear part3. The transition section6and the underneath side of the coater blade are however not masked in the shown embodiment, leading to that thicker coatings8,10(FIG. 1) can be formed there. It is to be understood that the shape of the through holes33may be varied, they may be circular or oblong e.g., rectangular or oval e.g.
By use of masking devices of different types in the different cells21,22and23, there is obtained a possibility to form different coating layers in combination with each other, having different thickness and different compositions in different positions of the blade. Accordingly, one may e.g. mask the entire rear part3of the blade, i.e. both its top side and its underneath side, in a first step (in a first cell), and only coat the front10millimeters of the blade by a first coating layer8a,9a(FIG. 1) of nickel comprising abrasion resistant particles. At the same time, one may by aid of masking, current density, the distance between the strip and the electrodes and other process parameters, control the physical forming of the coating layers according to the above. Thereafter, a covering layer without abrasion resistant particles but including lubricating particles may be applied on top of the particles in the first layer, in a second step (in a second cell22) with essentially the same masking as in step1. Finally, the front part of the blade may be masked entirely and its rear part3may instead be coated, e.g. by a pure Ni layer, in a third step (in a third cell23).
EXAMPLE
In the following, there is exemplified in table 1 a number of different conceivable variants of electrolytically coated blade according to the invention. By front part is meant the wear section and reinforcement section, the front part of the underneath side extending all the way to and including the reinforcement section which is arranged on the top side. By “Ni” is meant a nickel coating which has been created by aid of electrolytic nickel coating according to the description above. The coating layers used have been numbered so that layer1is the layer closest to the blade. By the designations is meant:
A Ni comprising abrasion resistant particles
L Ni comprising lubricating particles
T Ni comprising additives of the type Teflon/PTFE
AL Ni comprising both abrasion resistant and lubricating particles
W Ni without any additives
TABLE 1Variant12345678Underneath side:Front part, layer 1AAALLLLLFront part, layer 2LALLAAAAAFront part, layer 3———WTTTTRear part, layer 1WWWWTAWLRear part, layer 2—————T—ARear part, layer 3———————TTop side:Front part, layer 1AAALALALFront part, layer 2LAL—ATA—AFront part, layer 3———W—T—TRear part, layer 1WWWWTAWLRear part, layer 2—————T—ARear part, layer 3———————T
The example is mainly intended to illustrate the great number of variants that can be achieved according to the invention. The skilled man will also realise that a number of other combinations can be made.
The invention is not limited to the described embodiments but may be varied within the scope of the claims. Especially, it is realised that the skilled man, without any inventive work, can compose other combinations of coating layers and how these are to be manufactured in the process according to the invention, by use of in series arranged electrolytic cells having masking adapted to the desired product.
| 3D
| 21 | G |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1is a schematic drawing depicting an example of a device for reversing the steering movement generated by a steering wheel shaft in a vehicle which is configured according to the present invention. A driver of the vehicle sets the desired steering direction using a steering wheel1. The steering direction set by the driver is transmitted to a steering system14by a lever5. The present invention may be used in tracked vehicles or wheeled vehicles with wheel-based steering, the lever5interacting, for example, with steering hydrostatics.
Instead of using a hydrostatic steering system, other systems may be used to generate an infinitely variable or stepped superimposed rotational speed such as, for example, mechanical (stepped), electric or hydrodynamic drives and every conceivable combination thereof. Depending on which solution is implemented on a vehicle, the corresponding element of the respective steering assembly is actuated by the device according to the present invention.
If there are electric drives or electric or electrohydraulic actuation systems, it is relatively simple to switch over the steering movement of a steering-wheel shaft.
As safety devices are paramount in the case of the steering system, preference is often given, however, to purely mechanical actuation. Thus it is known in active steering systems, for example, to connect the adjustable-angle plate of the hydrostatic motor to the steering handle in a directly mechanical manner, optionally also in a servo-assisted manner.
To reverse the steering movement, a device according to the present invention is installed in the steering drive which transmits the mechanical steering movement of the steering wheel1(or steering lever) to the vehicle steering system14. According to the invention, the device superimposes a further steering movement on the steering movement generated by the steering wheel1.
Superimposing is preferably effected by a suitable gear mechanism such as, for example, a planetary-gear set. In the embodiment shown by way of example, the steering wheel1is connected to a rotatably mounted internal gear6of the planetary gear mechanism. The internal gear6interacts with a sun gear3via planetary gears4. The planetary gears4are mounted rotatably on the planetary carrier2which is likewise mounted rotatably. The lever5which transmits the steering movement to the vehicle steering device or activates the vehicle steering system is arranged on the planetary carrier2.
The sun gear3is fixed with respect to rotation on a rotatably mounted shaft11so that the sun gear rotates with the shaft11. A worm gear7is also arranged on the shaft11so that the worm gear7rotates with it. The worm gear7interacts with a worm8which can be imparted with a rotational movement by a superimposing drive22such as, for example, an electric motor. This rotational movement of the worm is transmitted via the worm gear7and the sun gear3to the planetary gear mechanism in which it is superimposed on the rotational movement of the steering wheel1. The steering movement which results from the superimposement of the two movements is transmitted to the vehicle steering device via the lever5.
The signals which reveal the driving direction of a vehicle such as signals from a change-speed gearbox16or other signals of the vehicle, may be evaluated in a control/regulating device12. After the driving direction has been evaluated, the control/regulating device12can activate the superimposed drive appropriately.
In the forward driving direction, the superimposed movement is equal to zero. Alternatively, the superimposed movement may have an assistive effect based on a speed of the vehicle. The lever5thus moves in the same rotational direction as the steering wheel1.
In the reverse driving direction, a rotational movement in the opposite direction at preferably approximately twice the rotational speed of the steering wheel1is superimposed on the planet carrier2, as a result of which the lever5is rotated counter to the rotational direction of the steering wheel1.
To determine the steering-wheel setting and the position of the lever5, position sensors9,10may be connected to transmitting signals to the control/regulating device12where they are processed. The position sensors9,10are preferably designed to be multiply redundant, with the result that it is still possible to determine the position if a sensor fails. The control/regulating device12compares the sensor signals with predefined setpoint values which are stored for every driving state, and alarms the driver using alarm18if the movements of the lever5or of the steering wheel1do not correspond to the conditions which are predefined for them, i.e., in the event of a fault.
Instead of using the worm8and worm gear7, the movement can also be superimposed by a direct drive of the sun gear3. A self-locking drive is preferably provided. In this case, it is possible for the steering system to be operated solely by the steering wheel1if the superimposed drive fails or there is a fault in the drive branch.
Furthermore, if the rotational movement of the steering wheel1is locked, the vehicle can be steered by the superimposed drive. This can also take place via a remote control20.
The superimposed drive22is preferably of multiple-circuit configuration, that is to say an electric drive motor is provided, for example, with a plurality of independent windings22a,22bor at least two electric motors are provided which can be operated independently of one another. Instead of an electric motor, the superimposed drive22may comprise hydraulic or pneumatic superimposed drives, linear motors or other drive devices. These alternative devices may also include redundant devices which operate independent of each other.
The steering movements which are to be superimposed can be introduced into the planetary gear mechanism and the superimposed movement can be forwarded in a different way to that in the exemplary embodiment shown, also via other elements. Although a planetary gear mechanism is shown in the example, other devices may be used for superimposing movements.
Thus, while there have shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated, and in their operation, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it should be recognized that structures and/or elements shown and/or described in connection with any disclosed form or embodiment of the invention may be incorporated in any other disclosed or described or suggested form or embodiment as a general matter of design choice. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
| 1B
| 62 | D |
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring initially toFIGS. 1A and 1Bof the drawing, depicted in cross-section therein are rope structures20aand20bconstructed in accordance with, and embodying, the principles of the present invention. The rope structures20aand20bare each formed by one or more plys or strands22. The plys or strands22are formed by one or more yarns24. The yarns24are formed by a plurality of fibers26. By way of example, the fibers26may be twisted together to form the yarns24, the yarns24twisted to form the plys or strands22, and the strands22braided or twisted to form the rope structure20aor20b.
In addition, the example rope structures20aand20beach comprises a coating30that is applied either to the entire rope structure (FIG. 1A) or to the individual strands (FIG. 1B). In the example rope structures20aand20b, coating material is applied in liquid form and then allowed to dry to form the coating30. The coating30comprises a binder portion32(solid matrix) and a lubricant portion34(e.g., suspended particles). The binder portion32adheres to or suspends the fibers26to hold the lubricant portion34in place adjacent to the fibers26. More specifically, the coating30forms a layer around at least some of the fibers26that arranges the lubricant portion34between at least some of the adjacent fibers26and between the fibers26and any external structural members in contact with the rope structure20aor20b.
The fibers26are combined to form the primary strength component of the rope structures20aand20b. The lubricant portion34of the coating30is supported by the binder portion32to reduce friction between adjacent fibers26as well as between the fibers26and any external structural members in contact with the rope structure20aor20b. The lubricant portion34of the coating30thus reduces fatigue on the fibers26when the rope structures20aor20bare bent around external structures. Without the lubricant portion34of the coating30, the fibers26would abrade each other, increasing bending fatigue on the entire rope structure20aor20b. The lubricant portion34of the coating30further reduces friction between the fibers26and any external structural members, thereby increasing abrasion resistance of the rope structures20aand20b.
With the foregoing understanding of the basic construction and characteristics of the rope structures20aand20bof the present invention in mind, the details of construction and composition of the rope structures20will now be described.
In the liquid form, the coating material comprises at least a carrier portion, the binder portion, and the lubricant portion. The carrier portion maintains the liquid form of the coating material in a flowable state. However, the carrier portion evaporates when the wet coating material is exposed to the air, leaving the binder portion32and the lubricant portion34to form the coating30. When the coating material has dried to form the coating30, the binder portion32adheres to the surfaces of at least some of the fibers26, and the lubricant portion34is held in place by the binder portion32. The coating material is solid but not rigid when dried as the coating30.
In the example rope structures20aand20b, the coating material is formed by a mixture comprising a base forming the carrier portion and binder portion and PolyTetraFluoroEthylene (PTFE) forming the lubricant portion. The base of the coating material is available from s.a. GOVI n.v. of Belgium under the tradename LAGO 45 and is commonly used as a coating material for rope structures. Alternative products that may be used as the base material include polyurethane dispersions; in any event, the base material should have the following properties: good adhesion to fiber, stickiness, soft, flexible. The base of the coating material is or may be conventional and will not be described herein in further detail.
The example lubricant portion34of the coating material is a solid material generically known as PTFE but is commonly referred to by the tradename Teflon. The PTFE used in the coating material of the example rope structures20aand20bis in powder form, although other forms may be used if available. The particle size of the PTFE should be within a first preferred range of approximately 0.10 to 0.50 microns on average but in any event should be within a second preferred range of 0.01 to 2.00 microns on average. The example rope structures20aand20bare formed by a PTFE available in the marketplace under the tradename PFTE30, which has an average particle size of approximately 0.22 microns.
The coating material used by the example rope structures20aand20bcomprises PTFE within a first preferred range of approximately 32 to 37% by weight but in any event should be within a second preferred range of 5 to 40% by weight, with the balance being formed by the base. The example rope structures are formed by a coating material formed by approximately 35% by weight of the PTFE.
As an alternative to PTFE, the lubricant portion34may be formed by solids of other materials and/or by a liquid such as silicon oil. Other example materials that may form the lubricant portion34include graphite, silicon, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, and other natural or synthetic oils. In any case, enough of the lubricant portion34should be used to yield an effect generally similar to that of the PTFE as described above.
The coating30is applied by dipping the entire rope structure2aand/or individual strands22into or spraying the structure20aand/or strands22with the liquid form of the coating material. The coating material is then allowed to dry on the strands22and/or rope structure20a. If the coating30is applied to the entire rope structure20a, the strands are braided or twisted before the coating material is applied. If the coating30is applied to the individual strands22, the strands are braided or twisted to form the rope structure20bafter the coating material has dried.
In either case, one or more voids36in the coating30may be formed by absences of coating material. Both dipping and spraying are typically done in a relatively high speed, continuous process that does not allow complete penetration of the coating material into the rope structures20aand20b. In the example rope structure20a, a single void36is shown inFIG. 1A, although this void36may not be continuous along the entire length of the rope structure20a. In the example rope structure20b, a void36is formed in each of the strands22forming the rope structure20b. Again, the voids36formed in the strands22of the rope structure20bneed not be continuous along the entire length of the rope structure20a.
In the example rope structures20aand20b, the matrix formed by the coating30does not extend through the entire volume defined by the rope structures20aor20b. In the example structures20aand20b, the coating30extends a first preferred range of approximately ¼ to ½ of the diameter of the rope structure20aor the strands of the rope structure20bbut in any event should be within a second preferred range of approximately ⅛ to ¾ of the diameter of the rope structure20aor the strands22of the rope structure20b. In the example rope structures20aand20b, the coating matrix extends through approximately ⅓ of the diameter of the rope structure20aor the strands22of the rope structure20b.
In other embodiments, the matrix formed by the coating30may extend entirely through the entire diameter of rope structure20aor through the entire diameter of the strands22of the rope structure20b. In these cases, the rope structure20aor strands22of the rope structure20bmay be soaked for a longer period of time in the liquid coating material. Alternatively, the liquid coating material may be forced into the rope structure20aor strands22of the rope structure20bby applying a mechanical or fluid pressure.
The following discussion will describe several particular example ropes constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention as generally discussed above.
First Specific Rope Example
Referring now toFIGS. 2,3, and4, those figures depict a first specific example of a rope40constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 2, the rope40comprises a rope core42and a rope jacket44.FIG. 2also shows that the rope core42and rope jacket44comprise a plurality of strands46and48, respectively.FIG. 4shows that the strands46and48comprise a plurality of yarns50and52and that the yarns50and52in turn each comprise a plurality of fibers54and56, respectively.FIGS. 3 and 4also show that the rope40further comprises a coating material58that forms a matrix that at least partially surrounds at least some of the fibers54and56.
The exemplary rope core42and rope jacket44are formed from the strands46and48using a braiding process. The example rope40is thus the type of rope referred to in the industry as a double-braided rope. The strands46and48may be substantially identical in size and composition. Similarly, the yarns50and52may also be substantially identical in size and composition. However, strands and yarns of different sizes and compositions may be combined to form the rope core42and rope jacket44. Additionally, the fibers54and56forming at least one of the yarns50and52may be of different types.
Second Rope Example
Referring now toFIGS. 5,6, and7, those figures depict a second example of a rope60constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. As perhaps best shown inFIG. 6, the rope60comprises a plurality of strands62.FIG. 7further illustrates that each of the strands62comprises a plurality of yarns64and that the yarns64in turn comprise a plurality of fibers66.FIGS. 6 and 7also show that the rope60further comprises a coating material68that forms a matrix that at least partially surrounds at least some of the fibers66.
The strands62are formed by combining the yarns64using any one of a number of processes. The exemplary rope60is formed from the strands62using a braiding process. The example rope60is thus the type of rope referred to in the industry as a braided rope.
The strands62and yarns64forming the rope60may be substantially identical in size and composition. However, strands and yarns of different sizes and compositions may be combined to form the rope60. In the example rope60, the strands62(and thus the rope60) may be 100% HMPE or a blend of 40-60% by weight of HMPE with the balance being Vectran.
Third Rope Example
Referring now toFIGS. 8,9, and10, those figures depict a third example of a rope70constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. As perhaps best shown inFIG. 9, the rope70comprises a plurality of strands72.FIG. 10further illustrates that each of the strands72comprises a plurality of yarns74, respectively. The yarns74are in turn comprised of a plurality of fibers76.FIGS. 9 and 10also show that the rope70further comprises a coating material78that forms a matrix that at least partially surrounds at least some of the fibers76.
The strands72are formed by combining the yarns74using any one of a number of processes. The exemplary rope70is formed from the strands72using a twisting process. The example rope70is thus the type of rope referred to in the industry as a twisted rope.
The strands72and yarns74forming the rope70may be substantially identical in size and composition. However, strands and yarns of different sizes and compositions may be combined to form the rope70.
Fourth Rope Example
Referring now toFIGS. 11,12, and13, those figures depict a fourth example of a rope80constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. As perhaps best shown inFIG. 12, the rope80comprises a plurality of strands82.FIG. 13further illustrates that each of the strands82comprise a plurality of yarns84and that the yarns84in turn comprise a plurality of fibers86, respectively.FIGS. 12 and 13also show that the rope80further comprises a coating material88that forms a matrix that at least partially surrounds at least some of the fibers86.
The strands82are formed by combining the yarns84using any one of a number of processes. The exemplary rope80is formed from the strands82using a braiding process. The example rope80is thus the type of rope commonly referred to in the industry as a braided rope.
The strands82and yarns84forming the rope80may be substantially identical in size and composition. However, strands and yarns of different sizes and compositions may be combined to form the rope80. The first and second types of fibers are combined to form at least some of the yarns84are different as described above with reference to the fibers24and28. In the example rope80, the strands82(and thus the rope80) may be 100% HMPE or a blend of 40-60% by weight of HMPE with the balance being Vectran.
Given the foregoing, it should be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other forms that fall within the scope of the present invention.
| 3D
| 07 | B |
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1A shows a coupling device 1. For each of understanding, only the
portion of the coupling device essential to the invention is shown. The
coupling device 1 comprises a male coupling element 3 and a female
coupling element 5. Both the male coupling element 3 and the female
coupling element 5 are rotationally symmetrical components, so that for
purposes of simplification of the illustration, only the upper half in
relation to the axis of rotation R is shown. Naturally, however, other
shapes are also conceivable.
The male coupling element 3, which is hereinafter called a nipple, is
formed in the shape of a tube and can be used, for example, by means of a
threaded connection or a fitting, to connect a tube or a hose. The nipple
3 has a longitudinal segment 7 which has an outside diameter which is
greater than that of the adjacent longitudinal segments 9. The increase in
the outside diameter is progressive, so that the longitudinal segments 11
are conical.
The nipple 3 has a snap-ring groove 13 which is provided in a longitudinal
segment 9 which is on the opposite side of the longitudinal segment 7 from
the free end 15.
The female coupling element 5, which is hereinafter called a socket, is
also formed in the shape of a tube and can be used to connect a tube or a
hose, for example. It is also conceivable that the female coupling element
5 can be integrated into a coupling block for the direct connection of the
nipple 3. The example described below, however, relates to a female
coupling element adapted to be connected to a length of tubing or hose.
The corresponding connection region is not shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. A
wall 16 of the socket 5 encloses an interior space 17 which has a circular
cross-section and is in the form of a receptacle for receiving a
longitudinal segment of the nipple 3. The nipple 3 and the socket 5 are to
be used to create a tight connection between the tubes or hoses connected
to the two elements.
Formed in an inner wall of the 19 of the socket 5, are three grooves 21,
23, 25 which are spaced apart from one another in the longitudinal
direction. The distances (radii) of the three grooves 21, 23, 25 from the
axis of rotation R are different.
The center groove 23 in FIGS. 1 A and 1 B includes two surfaces 27 and 29
which are each disposed at an acute angle to the axis of rotation R. The
surface 27 lies closer to the end 31 than the surface 29.
In the vicinity of the center groove 23 there is a split clip 33 which, as
illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, is in contact with the surface 27. The
split clip 33 can be expanded to a larger diameter. Preferably, the type
of split clip 33 used is a snap ring which can be separated at one point.
The diameter of this split clip 33 in its unexpanded condition is selected
so that it is somewhat greater than the inside diameter of the interior
space 17 in the area of the groove 23.
The coupling device 1 also has a release device 35 which has a ring-shaped
longitudinal segment 37 and a tubular longitudinal segment 39. The
ring-shaped longitudinal segment 37, which is hereinafter designated the
release grip, has an inside diameter which is approximately equal to the
outside diameter of the groove 13 of the nipple 3. The outside diameter of
the release grip 37 can be designed to meet the requirements of the
specific application, although it must be guaranteed that the release grip
37 can be operated manually.
On the side of the release grip 37 facing the end surface 41 of the socket
5, there is a ring-shaped axial sealing lip 43. The sealing lip 43, viewed
in the radial direction, lies approximately in the middle between the
inner and outer edges of the release grip 37.
On the side of the release grip 37 facing the nipple 3 there is an
additional radial seal 44 which interacts with the groove 13 when the
socket 5 and nipple 3 are connected to one another.
Both the sealing lip 43 and the seal 44 are preferably fabricated from a
soft rubber.
The tubular longitudinal segment 39, which is hereinafter designated the
actuator element, is connected with the release grip 37, whereby the
connecting point lies in an interior area of the release grip 37 facing
the axis of rotation R. The axial length of the actuator element 39 is
such that, when in the position shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, its end is
slightly spaced from the split clip 33 but is such as to contact and move
the split clip when a force F causes displacement of the release device
toward the end surface 41. On the outside of the actuator element 39,
there is a projection 45 which extends in a direction lateral to the axis
and acts as a snap-in lug, whereby the height of the projection 45 is less
than the depth of the groove 21 in the socket 5. The axial distance
between the projection 45 and the release grip 37 is selected so that it
is somewhat greater than the distance from the groove 21 of the socket 5
to the end surface 41. The surface of the projection 45 facing the end
surface 41 runs at an acute angle with respect to the axis R, while the
other surface runs at a flat angle with respect to the axis R. The release
device 35 is thereby easy to insert into the socket 5, but difficult to
release.
To make it possible to insert the nipple 3 into the socket 5, the actuator
element 39 is designed so that it is expandable in the radial direction.
This is accomplished by means of a slot that runs in the axial direction.
FIG. 1A shows clearly that the release device 35 has been inserted into the
socket 5. The actuator element 39 thereby lies almost completely in the
interior space 17, whereby the projection 45 is engaged in the groove 21
of the socket 5. The end 47 of the actuator element 39 facing away from
the release grip 37 is directly next to the split clip 33, without having
any contact with the split clip 33. The outside diameter of the actuator
element 39 is selected so that it is guided such that the actuator element
can be displaced in the axial direction with some slight radial clearance
through the inner wall 19 of the socket 5. The axial movement is
restricted by the axial dimension of the groove 21. The two walls of the
groove 21 serve as stop surfaces for the projection 45, so that the
actuator element 39 is prevented from slipping out of the interior space
17. Nevertheless, a defined amount of axial movement must still be
guaranteed. The length of this movement is approximately equal to the
axial distance between the split clip 33 and the groove 23.
When the release device 35 is inserted into the socket 5, the release grip
37 lies essentially parallel to the end surface 41 of the socket 5,
whereby the sealing lip 43 which forms a sealing element is in a
seal-creating contact against this end surface 41. The sealing lip 43 is
formed so that it elastic, and so that the release grip 37 can be pushed
axially toward the end surface 41, whereby the actuator element 39 is
simultaneously displaced. Simultaneously, the sealing lip 43, as a result
of its elasticity, guarantees that the projection 45 is pressed against
the wall of the groove 21 facing the end surface 41. In this manner, on
one hand the actuator element 39 can be positioned, and on the other hand,
as the result of the pre-stress applied to it, the sealing lip 43 is
pressed against the end surface 41.
The coupling device 1 also has an indicator element 49' which is this
embodiment is realized in the form of an indicator ring 49 with an
expandable diameter. In its unexpanded condition, this indicator ring 49
lies in the groove 13 of the nipple 3. The inside diameter of the
indicator ring 49 lies in the groove 13 of the nipple 3. The inside
diameter of the indicator ring 49 is therefore approximately equal to the
outside diameter of the groove 13. The indicator ring 49 is realized so
that it can be displaced out of the groove 13 by the application of a
force which acts in the axial direction.
FIG. 1B shows the coupling device 1 illustrated in FIG. 1A, whereby the
parts that are identical in the two figures are identified by the same
reference numbers. Therefore the parts in FIG. 1B that are identical to
the parts in FIG. 1A are not described again in any detail below. In
contrast to the situation illustrated in FIG. 1A, in FIG. 1B the two
coupling elements 3, 5 are connected to one another, so that a hydraulic
connection is achieved between the tube connected to the nipple 3 and the
tube which is connected to the socket 5.
The nipple 3 has a longitudinal terminal segment 51 positioned in the
interior space 17 of the socket 5. This longitudinal terminal segment 51
extends from the end 53 of the nipple 3 essentially to the groove 13. On
the inner wall 19 of the interior space 17 there is a conical surface 55
which acts as a stop for the nipple 3 and which interacts with the end 53
of the nipple. The purpose of this stop is to prevent the nipple 3 from
being inserted too far into the interior space in the axial direction.
The split clip 33 prevents a displacement of the nipple 3 in the opposite
direction, i.e. out of the interior space 17, by creating a clamping
action between the surface 27 of the socket 5 and the surface of the
conical longitudinal segment 11 that faces the end surface 41. The nipple
3 is thereby firmly but detachably connected to the socket 5.
To seal the connection, there is an O-ring 57 in the groove 25 which seals
the gap between the socket 5 and the nipple 3. To support the O-ring 57
under pressure, there is also a back-up ring 59 in the groove 25.
When the nipple 3 is inserted in the socket 5, the surface of the release
grip 37 that faces the axis R forming the radial seal 44 slides over the
outer cylindrical surface of the nipple 3, whereby when the coupling is
connected, this radial seal 44 is engaged in the groove 13. Prior to that,
however, the release lever 37 presses the indicator ring 49 out of the
groove 13. The indicator ring 49, which can then be moved freely,
indicates that the connection of the nipple 3 and the socket 5 has been
made properly. If the indicator ring 49 is not visible, a manual
inspection must also be performed. If the person performing the inspection
is able to feel the moveable indicator ring 49, the connection is correct.
By means of the sealing lip 43 which forms a seal with the end surface 41,
and the radial seal 44 which snaps into in the groove 13, a very good seal
is achieved against the penetration of dirt into the interior space 17 or
into the space between the socket 5 and the nipple 3.
The advantage of this coupling device 1 is that, using simple means, a
release device 35 is created that also seals the interior space and also
indicates a correct connection.
To release the nipple 3 from the socket 5, an axial force F directed toward
the end surface 41 is applied to the release grip 37. This force causes a
displacement of the actuator element 39 in the direction of the force F.
The end 47 of the actuator element 39 thereby pushes the split clip 33
over the surface of the conical longitudinal segment 11 up and at an angle
with respect to the axis of rotation R. As soon as the split clip 33 lies
inside the groove 23, the nipple 3 can be extracted from the socket 5.
FIG. 2 shows an additional embodiment of a coupling device 1.
The parts which correspond to the parts in the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 1 are all identified with the same reference numbers, which makes the
repetition of a detailed description of these items unnecessary.
The socket 5 and the nipple 3' are again connected by means of the split
clip 33 which produces a clamping action between the two conical surfaces
11 and 27.
In contrast to the configuration of the nipple 3 illustrated in FIG. 1, the
nipple 3' in this embodiment has a bead 61 which provides axial support
for the release device 35 during the introduction of the nipple 3' into
the socket 5. The release grip 37 in turn comprises a sealing lip 43'
which, in contrast to the sealing lip 43 of the first embodiment, is
attached on the outer peripheral region--viewed in the radial direction.
The release grip 37 has a bore 63 which runs in the axial direction and
runs all the way through the release grip. An indicator pin 65 is inserted
into this bore so that it can move and forms an indicator element 65'. The
length of the indicator pin 65 is greater than the distance between an
outer end surface 67 of the release grip 37 and the end surface 41 when
the nipple 3' and the socket 5 are connected to one another. Of course,
there can also be a plurality of indicator pins distributed around the
periphery of the release grip 37.
When the nipple 3' is inserted into the socket 5, the end of the indicator
pin 65 comes into contact with the end surface 41 and, as the nipple 3' is
inserted further, the indicator pin 65 is pushed out of the bore 63. The
head of the indicator pin 65 projects beyond the end surface 67 and
indicates a correct connection of the nipple 3' and the socket 5. Of
course, when the individual parts are appropriately sized, the invention
teaches that when the nipple 3' and the socket 5 are connected, the
indicator pin 65 can also be made to fall out of the bore 63 altogether.
The coupling device illustrated in FIG. 2 has the advantage that the
release device 35, in addition to its inherent function of releasing the
connection, can easily perform two additional functions, namely on one
hand the indication of a correct connection of the two coupling elements
3', 5 and on the other hand the sealing of the interior space 17 against
the penetration of dirt. For this purpose, only two additional components
are necessary, namely the indicator pin 65 and the sealing lip 43'.
Of course, it is conceivable to form the actuator element 39 so that it is
not tubular, but consists only of two actuator arms or actuator segments
located at some distance from one another in the peripheral direction.
FIG. 3 shows a coupling device 1' which differs from the embodiment
illustrated in FIG. 2, and is shown only partly and in cross-section. The
parts--where shown--that are identical to the parts in FIG. 2 are
identified by the same reference numbers. The description of these
identical parts is not repeated below. In the end surface 41 of the socket
5 there is a groove 69 which can be formed in the shape of an encircling
groove or a snap-ring groove 71. Inserted into the groove 69 or the
snap-ring groove 71 is a part 73 which can be a plastic part 75. This part
73 is preferably a different color than the end surface 41 and/or a
sealing lip 43". The part 73 thereby forms a marking 77 which serves as an
indicator element 77'. The marking 77 or the part 73 or the plastic part
75 is preferably formed in the shape of a ring which can be inserted or
placed in the snap-ring groove 71. It thereby forms an insert which is
preferably completely contained by the groove 69 or the snap-ring groove
71, and thus does not project beyond the end surface 41.
The indicator element 77' or the marking 77 is visible in the uncoupled or
partly coupled state of the coupling device 1 illustrated in FIG. 3,
because the sealing lip 43" is not in contact with the end surface 41. In
one preferred embodiment of the invention, the sealing lip 43" is realized
so that it is somewhat longer than the sealing lip 43' of the embodiment
of FIG. 2. The sealing lip 43" is preferably made of an elastic material,
in particular soft rubber.
FIG. 4 illustrates the correctly coupled state of the coupling device 1'.
When the nipple 3' is inserted into the socket 5, the sealing lip 43"
comes into contact with the end surface 41. Because the sealing lip 43"
runs at an angle with respect to the end surface 41, the sealing lip 43"
is bent upward, and comes to lie on the end surface 41 and on the marking
77 or on the indicator element 77' with its inner surface 79. The length
of the sealing lip 43" is preferably selected so that when the coupling
device 1' is correctly coupled, the marking 77 is completely covered,
because the outside diameter of the sealing lip 43" of the release grip 37
is increased. It is thereby possible to determine unambiguously that the
coupling has been connected properly.
Of course, instead of the part 73 or the insert and the groove 69 or
snap-ring groove 71, there can be only a painted area on the end surface
41 which, like the marking 77, forms the indicator element 77'. The color
marking or the part 73 can be made so that it is fluorescent or contains
fluorescing materials, so that even under unfavorable lighting conditions,
it makes possible an unambiguous and easily readable indication of the
coupling.
Of course, it is also possible to provide the indicator element 77'
described in relation to FIGS. 3 and 4 for the coupling device 1
illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1b, so that the sealing lip 43 interacts with
the indicator element 77'. | 5F
| 16 | L |
While the disclosed subject matter is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the disclosed subject matter to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosed subject matter as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
One or more specific embodiments of the disclosed subject matter will be described below. It is specifically intended that the disclosed subject matter not be limited to the embodiments and illustrations contained herein, but include modified forms of those embodiments including portions of the embodiments and combinations of elements of different embodiments as come within the scope of the following claims. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. Nothing in this application is considered critical or essential to the disclosed subject matter unless explicitly indicated as being “critical” or “essential.”
The disclosed subject matter will now be described with reference to the attached figures. Various structures, systems and devices are schematically depicted in the drawings for purposes of explanation only and so as to not obscure the disclosed subject matter with details that are well known to those skilled in the art. Nevertheless, the attached drawings are included to describe and explain illustrative examples of the disclosed subject matter. The words and phrases used herein should be understood and interpreted to have a meaning consistent with the understanding of those words and phrases by those skilled in the relevant art. No special definition of a term or phrase, i.e., a definition that is different from the ordinary and customary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art, is intended to be implied by consistent usage of the term or phrase herein. To the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a special meaning, i.e., a meaning other than that understood by skilled artisans, such a special definition will be expressly set forth in the specification in a definitional manner that directly and unequivocally provides the special definition for the term or phrase.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numbers correspond to similar components throughout the several views and, specifically, referring toFIG. 1, the present subject matter shall be described in the context of an illustrative design analysis computing apparatus100for evaluating designs of semiconductor devices. The computing apparatus100includes a processor105communicating with storage110over a bus system115. The storage110may include a hard disk and/or random access memory (“RAM”) and/or removable storage, such as a magnetic disk120or an optical disk125. The storage110is also encoded with an operating system130, user interface software135, and a design for manufacturing (DFM) application165. The user interface software135, in conjunction with a display140, implements a user interface145. The user interface145may include peripheral I/O devices such as a keypad or keyboard150, mouse155, etc. The processor105runs under the control of the operating system130, which may be practically any operating system known in the art. The DFM application165is invoked by the operating system130upon power up, reset, user interaction, etc., depending on the implementation of the operating system130. The DFM application165, when invoked, performs a method of the present subject matter. The user may invoke the DFM application165in conventional fashion through the user interface145. Note that although a stand-alone system is illustrated, there is no need for the data to reside on the same computing apparatus100as the DFM application165by which it is processed. Moreover, the DFM application165may include multiple components that may reside on different computing apparatuses100. Some embodiments of the present subject matter may therefore be implemented on a distributed computing system with distributed storage and/or processing capabilities.
It is contemplated that, in some embodiments, the DFM application165may be executed by the computing apparatus100to evaluate semiconductor device design data and retarget shapes in the layout to improve manufacturability. Data for the DFM evaluation may be stored on a computer readable storage device (e.g., storage110, disks120,125, solid state storage, and the like).
Portions of the subject matter and corresponding detailed description are presented in terms of software, or algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These descriptions and representations are the ones by which those of ordinary skill in the art effectively convey the substance of their work to others of ordinary skill in the art. An algorithm, as the term is used here, and as it is used generally, is conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of optical, electrical, or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise, or as is apparent from the discussion, terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical, electronic quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
A general process flow for the computing apparatus100in implementing the DFM activities of the DFM application165is illustrated in the data diagram ofFIG. 2and the process flow diagram ofFIG. 3. The computing apparatus100implementing the DFM application165is represented by a DFM unit200. Inputs to the DFM unit200include a design layout file205and a library of pattern rules210, which includes design rules for pattern checking and bias tables for retargeting. The design layout file205is checked for design rule errors prior to the DFM analysis. In block300, the DFM unit200decomposes the design layout file205into a color1layout file215and a color2layout file220. Although the following description is illustrated using two colors for the multiple patterning process, indicating the use of two reticles for the patterning, it is contemplated that the techniques may be applied to any number of reticles for the multiple patterning process.
In block310, the color1layout file215and the color2layout file220are retargeted by the DFM unit200separately using a first set of retargeting bias values to generate a retargeted color1layout file225and a retargeted color2layout file230. Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with general techniques for retargeting, so they are not described in great detail herein. In general a bias table is employed to evaluate the existing shapes and their spacing relative to other shapes. An edge of a particular shape may be moved depending on its proximity to another shape.FIG. 4is a diagram of an illustrative bias table400for the retargeting, andFIG. 5illustrates two exemplary lines500,510with a predetermined spacing, sp, between them. In general, retargeting is conducting by moving an edge of the line500based on the space available. The design width of the line500and the spacing between the lines are used to index the bias table400to determine an amount to increase the width of the line, represented by Δx inFIG. 5.
Using the bias table400, the retargeting is completed for all of the lines each of the color1and color2layout files215,220. The retargeting is illustrated inFIG. 6. Lines600,610represent lines form one color and line620represents a line from the second color. Because the colors are retargeted separately, the line620is not visible during the targeting for color1. The spacing, SP1, is used for retargeting in the bias table400, and the width of the line600is increased by Δx1. The biases used in the bias table for the retargeting in block310are generally limited by lithography resolution for forming the lines600,610. Biases may be used for tip-to-tip spacing, line-to-line spacing, and tip-to-line spacing. By retargeting, the DFM unit200changes the dimensions of various design shapes to increase manufacturability.
The retargeted layout files225,230are then subjected to a cleaning and combining process in block320, where design rules are checked to determine if any minimum spacing rules are violated due to the retargeting. The cleaning may be performed on the individual retargeted color1and color2layout files225,230or after they are combined to generate a combined layout235. In the cleaning process, any retargeting changes that result in design rule violations are rolled back in block320, so the affected shapes are returned to their original dimensions.
A second retargeting process is performed in block330on the combined layout file235using different parameters than were used in the first retargeting in block310. For purposes of illustration, assume that the first retargeting that resulted in change in the line600of Δx1resulted in a design rule violation. During the cleaning process, the change would have been rolled back. In the combined layout file235, both colors are represented as if they were on the same reticle (i.e., the same color). The combined layout file235is retargeted using a second set of bias values in a second bias table to generate a retargeted combined layout240. The second retargeting is illustrated inFIG. 7. Because all of the lines600,610,620are visible in the combined layout file235, the spacing used to index the bias table is SP2. Based on the design width of the line600and the spacing, SP2, the bias table indicates an edge movement of Δx2.
Relative to the first bias table, the second bias table is less aggressive. All spaces are assumed to be between shapes on two different masks for the first bias table, while all spaces are assumed to be between shapes on the same mask for the second bias table. In general, the spacing rules for the second bias table are dominated by integration limits, such as critical dimension uniformity/tolerance (CDU) for both colors, inter-layer overlay, electrical break-down specifications (e.g., minimum insulation space), bias (e.g., top or bottom CD difference), etc. In general, the second retargeting process reclaims some of the increases that were lost in the cleaning process. Because the second bias table is more conservative, the degree of edge movement, Δx2, is less than what was present in the first retargeting using the first bias table, Δx1.
Following retargeting in block330, the retargeted combined layout240is decomposed in block340into a final color1layout245and a final color2layout250representing each of the reticles in the multiple patterning process. The design process for the reticles used in the multiple patterning process continues in a conventional fashion. In block350an optical proximity correction process is performed on the final color1and color2layout files245,250. Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with the processes for optical proximity correction. In block360, the reticles for each color are manufactured.
Retargeting the integrated circuit device layout using the techniques described herein allows improvements in manufacturability of the layout for a multiple patterning process. Both single color and multiple color retargeting are used to increase the level of improvement achievable with only single color retargeting analysis.
The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the disclosed subject matter may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
| 6G
| 06 | F |