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Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered (Vintage, 2014). Print.
. Lafayette in the Somewhat United States (Riverhead, 2015). Print.
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Société des Cincinnati de France, site of the French Society of the Cincinnati
French Founding Father at the
The Cornell University Library Lafayette Collection
The Marquis de Lafayette collection, Cleveland State University
Lafayette College, The Marquis de Lafayette Collections
Marquis de Lafayette Collection, Library of Congress
Martha Joanna Lamb, Lafayette letters from prison, The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, pp. 353â76
"Lafayette Triumphant: His 1824â1825 Tour and Reception in the United States"
Thomas Jefferson Letter, 30 November 1813 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
Lafayette Family papers at the
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2003幎5æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321149-8)
2004幎4æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321157-3)
2005幎2æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321168-9)
2005幎10æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321172-6)
2006幎7æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321178-8)
2007幎3æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321184-9)
2007幎12æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321187-0)
2008幎7æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321189-4)
2009幎7æ (ISBN 978-4-06-321192-4)
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æšæºçãªOpenBSDãå«ãã©ã®ãã£ã¹ããªãã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã2x/2yã®ã¢ã€ãã£ã¢ãæ¡çšããªãã£ãããã®ããŒãžã§ã³ããŒã«ãŒã®å€æŽã¯crypt_blowfish.ã«éå®ãããã
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ã§çºèŠããããããã¯8ãããã®ãã€ãã§ããunsigned charã«é·ããæ ŒçŽãããŠããã®ãåå ã§ããããã¹ã¯ãŒãé·ãšããŠ255æåãè¶ãããšããªãŒããŒãããŒããŠé·ãã255ã«äžžããããŠããŸã£ãã
BCryptã¯OpenBSDã®ããã«äœããããOpenBSDã®ã©ã€ãã©ãªã§ãã°ãçºèŠãããæã¯ããŒãžã§ã³çªå·ãæŽæ°ãããããšã決å®ãããã
ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã
bcryptã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯"OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt" ãšããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãBlowfishãçšããŠ64åæå·åããæååãäœæãããbcryptã§ã¯éåžžã®Blowfishã®éµã»ããã¢ããé¢æ°ãã³ã¹ããé«äŸ¡ãªïŒexpensive key setupïŒEksBlowfishSetupé¢æ°ã«çœ®ãæããŠãã:
Function bcrypt
Input:
cost: Number (4..31) log2(Iterations)ãäŸãã° 12 ==> 212 = 4,096åç¹°ãè¿ã
salt: array of Bytes (16 bytes) ã©ã³ãã ãœã«ã
password: array of Bytes (1..72 bytes) UTF-8ãšã³ã³ãŒãããããã¹ã¯ãŒã
Output:
hash: array of Bytes (24 bytes)
//key setup algorithmã䜿ã£ãŠãBlowfishã®ç¶æ
ãåæå
state EksBlowfishSetup(cost, salt, password)
//"OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt"ãšããæååã64åç¹°ãè¿ãæå·å
ctext "OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt" //24ãã€ã ==> 3ã€ã®64ããããããã¯
repeat (64)
ctext EncryptECB(state, ctext) //éåžžã®Blowfishã®ECBã¢ãŒãã䜿ã£ãŠæå·å
//24-byteã®ctextãçµæã®ãã¹ã¯ãŒãã®ããã·ã¥
return Concatenate(cost, salt, ctext)
Expensive key setup
ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ã次ã®ããžãã¯ãæã€éµã»ããã¢ããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã®"Eksblowfish"ã«åŒ·ãäŸåããŠãã:
Function EksBlowfishSetup
Input:
cost: Number (4..31) log2(Iterations)ãäŸãã° 12 ==> 212 = 4,096åç¹°ãè¿ã
salt: array of Bytes (16 bytes) ã©ã³ãã ãœã«ã
password: array of Bytes (1..72 bytes) UTF-8ãšã³ã³ãŒãããããã¹ã¯ãŒã
Output:
state: opaque BlowFish state structure
state InitialState()
state ExpandKey(state, salt, password)
repeat (2cost)
state ExpandKey(state, 0, password)
state ExpandKey(state, 0, salt)
return state
InitialStateã¯ãªãªãžãã«ã®Blowfishã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãšåãããã«åäœãããPé
åãšS-boxã« ã®16é²æ°ã®å°æ°ç¹æ°éšåãèšå®ãããã®ã§ããã
Expand key
ExpandKeyé¢æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªåŠçãè¡ã:
Function ExpandKey(state, salt, password)
Input:
state: Opaque BlowFish state structure Pé
å ãš S-box ã®ãšã³ããªãŒãå«ã
salt: array of Bytes (16 bytes) ã©ã³ãã ãœã«ã
password: array of Bytes (1..72 bytes) UTF-8ãšã³ã³ãŒãããããã¹ã¯ãŒã
Output:
state: opaque BlowFish state structure
//ãã¹ã¯ãŒããç¶æ
ã®å
éšã«ããP-arrayã«æ··ããŠãã
for n 1 to 18 do
Pn Pn xor password[32(n-1)..32n-1] //ãã¹ã¯ãŒãã埪ç°ããŠããããã«æ±ã
//ãœã«ãã®äžäœ8ãã€ãã䜿ãstateã®æå·åãè¡ãã8ãã€ãã®çµæã P1|P2 ã«æ ŒçŽãã
block Encrypt(state, salt[0..63])
P1 block[0..31] //äžäœ32ããã
P2 block[32..63] //äžäœ32ããã
//ãœã«ããçšããŠç¹°ãè¿ãç¶æ
ã®æå·åãè¡ããPã®é
åã®æ®ãã®éšåã«æ ŒçŽããŠãã
for n 2 to 9 do
block Encrypt(state, block xor salt[64(n-1)..64n-1]) //çŸåšã®key scheduleãšåŸªç°ãããœã«ããçšããŠæå·å
P2n-1 block[0..31] //äžäœ32ããã
P2n block[32..63] //äžäœ32ããã
//æå·åãããç¶æ
ããç¶æ
å
éšã®S-boxã«æ··ããŠãã
for i 1 to 4 do
for n 0 to 127 do
block Encrypt(state, block xor salt[64(n-1)..64n-1]) //åäž
Si[2n] block[0..31] //äžäœ32ããã
Si[2n+1] block[32..63] //äžäœ32ããã
return state
ExpandKey(state, 0, key) ã¯éåžžã®Blowfishã®key scheduleãšåãããããã¹ãŠãŒãã®ãœã«ãå€ãšã®XORããšãã®ã¯æå³ããªããExpandKey(state, 0, salt)ãåæ§ã ãããœã«ãã128ãããã®éµãšããŠæ±ã£ãŠããã
ãŠãŒã¶ãŒå
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ã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ç®è¡ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã18åã®32ããããµãããŒïŒ72ãªã¯ããã/ãã€ããšåãïŒã«åæåããããšãèŠæ±ããŠããããã§ãããbcryptã®ãªãªãžãã«ä»æ§ ã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã©ã³ãã®ããã¹ãããŒã¹ã®ãã¹ã¯ãŒãããã®ã¢ã«ãŽã«ãºã ã®æ°å€ãšã©ã®ããã«ãããã³ã°ããã¹ããã匷å¶ãããã®ã¯ãªãã£ããããã¹ãã§æžãããçãã³ã¡ã³ãã§æååã®ASCIIãšã³ã³ãŒããããæåãã·ã³ãã«ã«å©çšããå¯èœæ§ããããšæžãããŠãããã匷å¶ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªã: ãæåŸã«ãkeyåŒæ°ã¯ç§å¯æå·éµã§ããããŠãŒã¶ãŒãéžãã 56ãã€ããŸã§ã®ãã¹ã¯ãŒãã§ããå¯èœæ§ãããïŒæååãASCIIæååã®å Žåã¯ãŒãã®ãã€ãã®çµç«¯ãå«ãïŒã
ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯åæå€ãšããŠ72ãã€ãã®å
¥åãæ±ãããäžèšã«åŒçšæãã56ãã€ããŸã§ãã®ãã¹ã¯ãŒãã«èšåããŠããç¹ã¯æ³šç®ã«å€ãããProvosãMaziÚresãå¶çŽãçãããçç±ã«ã€ããŠã¯è¡šæããŠããªãããBruce Schneierã«ããBlowfishã®ãªãªãžãã«ã®ä»æ§ãèŠãŠæ±ºå®ããå¯èœæ§ããã: ãéµãµã€ãºã®448ãããå¶éã«ãããã¹ãŠã®ãµãããŒã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãããã¯ãéµã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãããã«äŸåããŠããããšãä¿èšŒãããã
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é¢é£é
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bcrypt is also the name of a cross-platform file encryption utility implementing Blowfish developed in 2002.
Argon2 (The algorithm selected by the Password Hashing Competition in 2015)
Crypt (C)#Blowfish-based scheme crypt password storage and verification scheme Blowfish
Key stretching
PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2)
scrypt
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