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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100336", "answer_count": 1, "body": "A humble way of requesting others to do something is: (verb in\nて-form)+ていただけませか.\n\nおいで is short for おいでなさい. It is the honorific お + いでる, which is an Ichidan\nverb, so the て-form is おいでて.\n\nShould it be おいで **て** いただけませか instead of おいでいただけませか?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T02:52:14.290", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100335", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T03:14:17.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55324", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "honorifics" ], "title": "おいでいただけませか grammar", "view_count": 65 }

[ { "body": "The correct phrase is:\n\n> おいでいただけませ **ん** か？\n>\n> Would you please come? \n> (super-literally: \"Can't I receive a favor of your coming?\")\n\n * It's ませんか, not ませか. ません is the negative form of ます (you can see why in the super-literal translation above).\n\n * おいで is indeed from お + [いでる](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%87%BA%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8B), but you need the masu-stem, not the te-form here. Please remember the [basic rule](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=20356). Just like you say お掛けいただけませんか (\"Would you please have a seat?\") and お話しいただけませんか (\"Would you please talk about it?\"), you need to say おいでいただけませんか. Note that いでる is a dated verb that is no longer actively used outside a few fixed expressions such as おいでになる, おいでなさい, おいで and いでよ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T03:14:17.500", "id": "100336", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T03:14:17.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100335", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2nNtx.jpg)[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9js30.jpg)\n\nWhen i use Google Translate on my phone it translate it as either - or ! But\nmy problem is that it looks nothing like the one in the the various Manga´s\nand such where i see it. So anyone know what this Kanji sign, is supposed to\nlook like if it was written on a keyboard?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T15:44:53.070", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100337", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T16:18:09.357", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-22T16:09:53.390", "last_editor_user_id": "57083", "owner_user_id": "57083", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "kanji" ], "title": "What is this sign?", "view_count": 54 }

[ { "body": "That's just the katakana ー which extends the vowel sound. The word is ボール. If\nyou're not familiar with this character it's time to revise katakana.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T16:18:09.357", "id": "100338", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T16:18:09.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "100337", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100340", "answer_count": 2, "body": "> **どの要求にも** 当てはまらないような気がした \n> He felt as though none of the requirements applied (to him)\n\nI can't find anything that discusses the pattern \"question word + noun + にも\"\nas in the bold part of the above sentence.\n\nMy best guess is that this is like the noun equivalent of 何を食べても (no matter\nwhat he eats). In this case どの要求にも is \"no matter what the requirement\". So the\nliteral translation of my sentence would be \"He felt as though, no matter what\nthe requirement, it did not apply (to him)\".\n\nIs my analysis correct? Are there any other similar patterns that express the\nsame idea?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T16:29:43.050", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100339", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T02:15:08.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Question word + noun + にも", "view_count": 92 }

[ { "body": "Do you understand 何もない (\"there is nothing\"), 何も食べない (\"I eat nothing\"), 誰もいない\n(\"there is no one\") and so on? Then this pattern is the same except that a\ncase particle is inserted. は and を are _replaced_ by も to say\n_nothing/nowhere/etc_ , but other particles are followed by も.\n\n * 東京 **へ** 行く。 \n東京 **に** 行く。 \nI will go **to** Tokyo.\n\n * どこ **へ** も行かない。 \nどこ **に** も行かない。 \nI will go **to** nowhere.\n\n * 上司 **から** 指図を受ける。 \nI take orders **from** my boss.\n\n * 誰 **から** も指図を受けない。 \nI take orders **from** no one.\n\n * 漫画 **に** 興味がある。 \nI am interested **in** manga.\n\n * 何 **に** も興味がない。 \nI am interested **in** nothing.\n\n * どれ **に** も興味がない。 \nI am interested **in** none of them.\n\n * その要求 **に** 当てはまる。 \nIt applies **to** that request.\n\n * どの要求 **に** も当てはまらない。 \nIt applies **to** none of the requests.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T16:45:12.520", "id": "100340", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T02:15:08.070", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-25T02:15:08.070", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100339", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Your translation is on point.\n\n> どの要求も\n\nI will try to explain why it means \"whatever ...\".\n\nに is the direction particle (for 当てはまる), so I will exclude it from the\nexplanation.\n\nも is the inclusive particle (it includes all possible cases)\n\nどの要求も -> どの要求 (an indefinite requirement) + も (including all possibilities) ->\nIncluding all requirements -> Any requirement / whatever requirement / no\nmatter the requirement / every requirement\n\n* * *\n\nAs for 何を食べても, I don't think they are equivalents. Because the も particle\nencloses 何を食べて which is not a noun (どの要求). So も works the same way but\nincluding all possibilities of 何を食べて. In this case, the も doesn't add the\nmeaning of \"everything\" or \"anything\" to 何 as it does to 要求. So the\ntranslation would be \"No matter what (single thing) you eat...\".\n\nThis is important because your original sentence may also be translated as \"He\nfelt as though all of the requirements didn't apply (to him)\" which is the\nmost literal translation I can think about. But in 何を食べても the idea is that\n\"Whatever thing you eat (an indefinite thing, a single one), ...\", but not\n\"Even if a eat everything...\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-22T17:14:40.743", "id": "100341", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-22T17:14:40.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100339", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100348", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I have learnt that ～なさい is used to tell someone to do something, from someone\nof a higher social standing to someone of a lower social standing (eg from a\nparent to a child), and hence should not be used when talking to a superior.\n\nI have also learnt that お/ご～なさい is also used to tell someone to do something,\nand is a form of respectful language (尊敬語), from someone of a lower social\nstanding to someone of a higher social standing (eg from a employee to a\ncustomer).\n\n 1. Why are the two constructions using なさい the opposite of each other? Is the difference just because of the お/ご in front of the word?\n\n 2. Why is お/ご～なさい respectful even though なさい is the imperative of なさる/なさいます?\n\nThank you", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T07:49:09.170", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100344", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T12:22:38.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57088", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "keigo" ], "title": "Why is なさい condescending but お/ご～なさい respectful?", "view_count": 72 }

[ { "body": "なさい is _technically_ an honorific form because it's originally a slurred\nimperative form of [なさる](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8B-nasaru-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-meaning/).\nHowever, this does not mean you can use it respectfully to someone of higher\nstatus in modern Japanese conversation. The respectful sense has been largely\nlost over time, and something like 食べなさい or 行きなさい is now basically a command\nused by a parent or teacher to young children. 食べろ is too strong and is rarely\nused in real life conversation. Apart from this, 食べなさい is practically the\nstrongest and most dignified command a child will hear on a daily basis. For\nexample, on elementary or middle school exams, you might find instructions\nlike 文章を読んで問題に答えなさい.\n\nWhen it's used with お/ご, it's a bit different. お食べなさい does sound politer and\nmore respectful than 食べなさい, but this form is fairly uncommon today. Perhaps\nyou would see `お + なさい` mainly in fairy tales, fantasy works, and novels\nwritten more than 100 years ago. In such settings, `お + なさい` is basically a\npolite and courteous request/invitation, and occasionally someone of a little\nlower status may use it as a polite request. You might see `お + なされ` more\noften, which is an old form of `お + なさい`. Anyway, unless you intentionally\nwant to sound old and pompous, you should not use these forms in modern\nconversation.\n\nAs exceptions, お休みなさい (\"Good night\") and お帰りなさい (\"Welcome back\") are fixed\ngreetings that are almost always safe regardless of the social status. It's\nperfectly natural and safe to say these to your boss in your office.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T12:10:44.100", "id": "100348", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T12:22:38.027", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-23T12:22:38.027", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100344", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100350", "answer_count": 3, "body": "The Harvard sentences\n([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_sentences), [full list of\nsentences](https://www.cs.columbia.edu/%7Ehgs/audio/harvard.html)) are a set\nof English sentences that:\n\n 1. Are phonetically balanced in the sense that the phonemes that are used in the sentences appear at the same frequency they do in English.\n 2. Contain all phonemes that appear in English.\n\nHere are a few examples of them:\n\n 1. Oak is strong and also gives shade.\n 2. Cats and dogs each hate the other.\n 3. The pipe began to rust while new.\n 4. Open the crate but don't break the glass.\n\n**Question:** Is there an equivalent of the Harvard sentences for Japanese,\ni.e. a phonetically balanced collection of Japanese sentences containing all\nphonemes used in Japanese?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T07:55:08.853", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100345", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T23:59:05.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35764", "post_type": "question", "score": 5, "tags": [ "phonetics", "resources" ], "title": "Is there an equivalent of the Harvard sentences for Japanese?", "view_count": 2147 }

[ { "body": "Looks like there is no set of standard sentences that is exactly like Harvard\nSentences, but:\n\n * If you are looking for phrases for testing radio connection, that would be [本日は晴天なり](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/100099/5010). This is an \"official\" phrase that appears even in [this government regulation](https://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/horei/law_honbun/72393000.html).\n * If you are looking for words that contain all phonemes in Japanese, the best-known one is [いろは歌](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroha).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T11:11:26.170", "id": "100346", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T11:11:26.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100345", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Not an exact equilvalent but a similar dataset in Japanese is [ATR 503\nsentences](https://research.nii.ac.jp/src/en/ATR503.html). Instead of single\nphonemes, it is balanced for two-phoneme sequences and three-phoneme\nsequences. ATR stands for Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute\nInternational.\n\nHere is a sample they provide:\n\n> A01 あらゆる 現実を すべて 自分の ほうへ ねじ曲げたのだ。 \n> A02 一週間ばかり ニューヨークを 取材した。 \n> A03 テレビゲームや パソコンで ゲームを して 遊ぶ。 \n> A04 物価の 変動を 考慮して 給付水準を 決める 必要がある。 \n> A05 救急車が 十分に 動けず 救助作業が 遅れている。 \n> A06 言論の 自由は 一歩 譲れば 百歩も 千歩も 攻めこまれる。 \n> A07 会場の 周辺には 原宿駅や 代々木駅も あるし ちょっと 歩けば 新宿御苑駅も ある。 \n> A08 老人ホームの 場合は 健康器具や ひざ掛けだ。 \n> A09 ちょっと 遅い 昼食を とるため ファミリーレストランに 入ったのです。 \n> A10 嬉しいはずが ゆっくり 寝ても いられない。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T13:09:21.673", "id": "100350", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T13:09:21.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "100345", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "For completeness, here's the full set of the ATR 503 sentences mentioned in\nYusuke's answer, collected from the [ATR503 Twitter\nbot](https://twitter.com/ATR503_bot):\n\n * A01: あらゆる現実を、すべて自分のほうへねじ曲げたのだ。\n * A02: 一週間ばかり、ニューヨークを取材した。\n * A03: テレビゲームやパソコンで、ゲームをして遊ぶ。\n * A04: 物価の変動を考慮して、給付水準を決める必要がある。\n * A05: 救急車が十分に動けず、救助作業が遅れている。\n * A06: 言論の自由は、一歩譲れば、百歩も千歩も攻め込まれる。\n * A07: 会場の周辺には、原宿駅や、代々木駅もあるし、ちょっと歩けば、新宿御苑駅もある。\n * A08: 老人ホームの場合は、健康器具や、ひざ掛けだ。\n * A09: ちょっと遅い昼食をとるため、ファミリーレストランに入ったのです。\n * A10: 嬉しいはずが、ゆっくり寝てもいられない。\n * A11: 自然の研究者は、自然をねじ伏せようとしてはいけない。\n * A12: おごりを捨て、謙虚な姿勢を取り戻さねば、冬は過ごせない。\n * A13: 先だって、ごく短期間だが、久方ぶりに、ヨーロッパへ行った。\n * A14: しかし、このプロ野球ブームも、永久に続くとは限らぬ。\n * A15: お客さんは、それじゃあ練習さえすれば、誰にでも出来るんじゃないかなっ、て考え始めるよ。\n * A16: アフリカ人は、実に巧みに、ぴゅんとつばを吐く。\n * A17: 前者を、普遍文化と呼び、後者を、個別文化と呼ぶことにする。\n * A18: 叔父さんは、岬の一軒家に独りぼっちで住んでいた。\n * A19: 立春が過ぎても、厳しい寒さの日々が続く。\n * A20: 大昔のフィリピンには、豊かな土地があった。\n * A21: 旅館やホテルに着くと、非常口を尋ねる。\n * A22: やるべきことはやっており、なんら、落ち度はない。\n * A23: 私は、上着を脱ぎ、石組みの上に両手をついて、うつ伏せになった。\n * A24: 外人サンは、完璧主義である。\n * A25: 人間とは、微妙で、複雑な生き物である。\n * A26: ここ一ヶ月は、ほとんど不眠不休の徹夜続きで、目が腫れ上がっている。\n * A27: 午前八時、健康な捕虜は、作業所へ、トラックで出発する。\n * A28: 見上げるフジもいいが、路地植え、また、鉢植えの花もきれいです。\n * A29: 母は、脳血栓の後遺症で、老人性痴呆症になり、一年前から入院中です。\n * A30: パジャマとティーシャツがめくれて、薄い肋骨の下に、ぺちゃんこの腹が見えた。\n * A31: また、襟や、袖口ポケット口などが、油汚れで変色を起こすこともあります。\n * A32: 着用中に、ダウンやフェザーが飛び出す原因ともなります。\n * A33: インタビューは、午後十時から始まり、途中で夕食をはさみ、延々、四時間に及んだ。\n * A34: 効果を急ぐあまりの過度の練習は避け、ウォーミングアップも、念入りにやりましょう。\n * A35: 弟子に腕を支えられながら、最後まで引き続けた。\n * A36: 気管支ぜんそくや鼻炎も広まっている。\n * A37: 大ピラミッド近くに、二つの部屋が、埋まっていたのである。\n * A38: 普通、中距離トラックのドライバーは、中年の人が多い。\n * A39: 自動車や、精密機械などで、技術系の採用を、抑えるところが目立ち、売り手市場の技術系にも、かげりが見え始めた。\n * A40: ユーザーにも責任がある、との論理は、暴論と言わざるをえません。\n * A41: 本書は、言葉の政治人類学といってもよい。\n * A42: 節目にあわせて、本会議場を、半分にちょん切るとするか。\n * A43: 首相自ら、国民一人一人、百ドル、舶来品を買うようにすすめた。\n * A44: 十進法は、両手の十本の指を数えることから起こった。\n * A45: ワインと、日本酒とを問わず、原産地、成分表示を急ぐべきではないか。\n * A46: 年齢はまだ十四だが、数えきれぬほど、日本の舞台を踏んだので、日本語はぺらぺらだそうだ。\n * A47: 日本のエスペラントとして、やはり標準語は必要だ。\n * A48: 翌年、父の選挙を手伝って、遊説行脚のマネージャーを勤めた。\n * A49: 何もかもがたちまち腐り、指紋でよごれ、ぐにゃぐにゃになってしまうようだ。\n * A50: 逆境に耐えたこのプロデューサーの作品には、ヒューマニズムが、脈々と息ずいている。\n * B01: 予防や、健康管理、リハビリテーションのための制度を、充実していく必要があろう。\n * B02: 老若男女が、火を囲んで飲み、手をつないで歌う。\n * B03: 出口のない、飛行中の航空機の異変は、恐怖の極限状況といってよい。\n * B04: わずかな収入をやりくりして、現金で、サービスを利用している。\n * B05: 難しい食事療法から、下痢の世話まで、二十四時間介護の日々が続いた。\n * B06: 倒れて道路をふさぐ恐れがある、ブロック塀や、石塀を点検し、改善しておく。\n * B07: ついで、財務省が、専門家を集めて、具体案を練った。\n * B08: こういう絵が、やすやすと描けるはずはない。\n * B09: 背の高さは一七〇センチほどで、目が大きく、やや太っている。\n * B10: なつかしいプロペラ機で、ふわりふわりと、地球を一周したところがすばらしい。\n * B11: よほど具合が悪くなければ、昼間、横になるなんて夢のまた夢だ。\n * B12: 強風と、冷え込みの強い、神宮のグラウンドである。\n * B13: ぶらぶらと、球場まで十分足らずの道を歩いていく。\n * B14: 大声を出しすぎて、かすれ声になってしまう。\n * B15: 足し算引き算は出来なくても、絵は描ける。\n * B16: それをかばおうとして、右ひざと、ふくらはぎをやられた。\n * B17: 現地に着いて、いざというときおぶってくれる、原住民を頼んだが、これがピグミーであった。\n * B18: ゆらゆら電球が揺れて、影が、草の上をちらちらした。\n * B19: ぼくは、ほとんど夢中で、駅前の人ごみの間をすり抜けた。\n * B20: この喜びは、むろん、家へ帰り着いても消えずにつづいた。\n * B21: どの部屋の意匠にも、遊び心があふれていて、楽しい。\n * B22: 飛ぶ自由を得ることは、人類の夢だった。\n * B23: 育ちのよい坊ちゃんのよさと、逆境に育った人間の強さ。\n * B24: 初めて、ルーブル美術館へ入ったのは、十四年前のことだ。\n * B25: 自分の実力は、自分が一番よく知っているはずだ。\n * B26: 茶色の眼は、柔和なかがやきをおびていた。\n * B27: 今流行の、単身赴任族の淋しさを、ちょっぴり味わわせてもらったのも、有意義な体験だ。\n * B28: やはり無表情のまま、何もことばがありません。\n * B29: 生きた潤滑油です。\n * B30: 彼の数学の授業は、抜群に面白く、試験前には、月給外補習授業をするほど、熱心である。\n * B31: そうでなくても、寿司屋の職人は、減らず口をききたがる人間が多い。\n * B32: リードが大きければ、牽制球を投げなければならない。\n * B33: アメリカが風邪をひけば、日本もクシャミをする、といわれる程で、日本経済も不況です。\n * B34: ラッパも鳴らないし、笛も鳴らないが、ぞろぞろと起き出し、洗面所へゆく。\n * B35: 主人に甘え、社会に甘え、自分に甘えて、ぬるま湯に、どっぷり浸っている。\n * B36: 船は、ひそかに揺れつつ、錨をひきずって流れつづけた。\n * B37: これまで、少年野球、ママさんバレーなど、地域スポーツを支え、市民に密着してきたのは、無数のボランティアだった。\n * B38: もちろん調査後は、元通り密閉する。\n * B39: 冷房では、冷え過ぎが、問題になる。\n * B40: いずれは、ハワイやカリフォルニアなど、日本人が多く住む、暑い土地で育ててみたい。\n * B41: 最近の不調を理由に、ソウル五輪候補選手から外すことを発表した。\n * B42: 事故の直接原因となった、圧力隔壁のずさんな修理、そのずさんさを見落とした、チェックシステムなどがそうだ。\n * B43: 女性とは逆で、何とか常識を破って、めだってやろうと、意気込む人がほとんどだ。\n * B44: もっと広い議場をという声もあったが、チャーチル首相が抑えた。\n * B45: ギンザケの卵を輸入して、ふ化させ、海中で育てる養殖も始まっている。\n * B46: 文書は年々増えていく。\n * B47: おしゃれとは縁がなく、ジーパンにティーシャツ、ジャンパーといった格好で、駅まで自転車を走らせる。\n * B48: 熱でうるんだ青い空に、積乱雲がある。\n * B49: 富者は、貧者と同じ栄養状態に落ち込み、貧者は、餓死まで、後一歩という状態へ落ち込んでいく。\n * B50: 販売関係の企業の代表者は、セミナー終了後、会議室に集まれ。\n * C01: 六百人のお客さんの人いきれに、むし暑くて、扇子を使わずにいられない。\n * C02: やがて、証拠の書類や、物品が押収され、諸君は、取調べのため、国税局へ連行される。\n * C03: 最初、速いテンポで巻きこんでおいて、中盤じっくり見せる。\n * C04: 文芸編集者としては、作家たちに、最も信頼されている、名編集者だ。\n * C05: あの坂をのぼれば、海が見える。\n * C06: エネルギーを節約するための技術を開発することも大切である。\n * C07: 生活扶助、医療扶助、住宅扶助などによって、貧困に陥った人々を、援助している。\n * C08: 開放は進むが、そのことで、日本の輸入が急増し、貿易黒字が急減するとは思えない。\n * C09: 手抜きがあれば、いい布は、生まれない。\n * C10: 農業をやめざるをえない人があり、関連企業も、この不況にひきずられているという。\n * C11: 生みの親は、サンフランシスコに住む日系人たちだった。\n * C12: 現地の発音を重んじて、そう呼ぶようになった。\n * C13: その列車が、大口を開けて、国家秘密法をちらつかせている。\n * C14: 十年前、日本の一人当たりのＧＤＰは、世界で、十六位程度だった。\n * C15: もう夢中になって、玉ねぎ、じゃがいも、あらゆる野菜を買い込む。\n * C16: ぐずぐず考えていたら、三十分も、フトンから出られなかった。\n * C17: 一年ほど前からひそかに茶を習い始めている。\n * C18: 水が上がってきたら、あとはゆっくりと、上下させればよい。\n * C19: 広い構内に、レストランや、列車食堂などを配し、札幌ビール園に似た雰囲気だ。\n * C20: 近くの原野で、乗馬、射撃、狩猟などを楽しむことができる。\n * C21: 日本人の美意識を決定づけたのが、茶の湯だが、茶室の標準は、四畳半、なかには一畳あまりというミニもある。\n * C22: しかし、そうなるとかえって眠れず寝酒の量もふえてゆく。\n * C23: ずっしりと手応えのある体験を積む青年が増えてほしい。\n * C24: いつごろ将棋を覚えたか、はっきりしない。\n * C25: 夫人名義になっている住宅の半分を、わざわざ除いて公表する。\n * C26: ちゃんとした文章をしゃべらず、単語で間に合わせる。\n * C27: わたしは、安心とあせりがごちゃまぜの、複雑な心境だ。\n * C28: 包丁の手を止めて、流れる涙をエプロンでぬぐったのは、タマネギのせいだけではない。\n * C29: わたしには、約束時間ぎりぎりに、家を出るという、悪い癖がある。\n * C30: 初めは喜んだ見舞い客を、いやがるようになった。\n * C31: 救急車で病院に運ばれる途中に、息を引き取ったのだという。\n * C32: 冬が長くて辛ければ、それだけ、歓びも大きいのだ。\n * C33: 女の子は、以前は、パンより御飯が好きで、喜んでお代わりをした。\n * C34: これは、私よりよほど重症である。\n * C35: 細長い指先で、激しく鍵を叩く。\n * C36: 幼児は、しばしば、フィクションと現実とを、混同する。\n * C37: 新聞、週刊誌、雑誌にかぎらず、ほとんどすべての取材記者は、自分の予定原稿を持って、やってくるのだ。\n * C38: 世間体を繕い、他人の、自分への評価や印象を、いつも気づかう人が多いのも、事実であろう。\n * C39: 汚染は、もはや地球規模であり、人類は、その、種の存続さえ、危うくされているのだ。\n * C40: 自分を守ってくれる人が欲しくて、必死だった。\n * C41: 収入とは無関係のボランティアではあっても、続けると決意した以上、踏み出さねばならない。\n * C42: 午後四時の電車で帰りますから、牛乳をあたためて、水筒に入れ、乳母車に積んで、迎えに行きます。\n * C43: 主人の仕事は、建築業で、作業服を着て、出勤します。\n * C44: これでは、母親が嘆くのも、無理はありません。\n * C45: ブラッシングすると毛羽立ちやすいので、注意が必要です。\n * C46: 疲労回復には、十分な睡眠が必要だ。\n * C47: プレー中絶えず笑いを浮かべる彼女の強さばかりが目立った。\n * C48: 日本でも、半導体価格が上昇し始め、不況に、出口が見え始めた。\n * C49: 反政府デモへの、一般学生、一般市民の合流を、過大評価することは、適切ではあるまい。\n * C50: セミしぐれの中を、東京、千鳥ケ淵、戦没者墓苑を訪れた。\n * D01: 十分間の休憩を与えられ、乱れた髪を結い直し、肩の汗をぬぐって、支度部屋で呼吸を整える。\n * D02: つぎの瞬間、万歳、万歳の声が聞こえていた。\n * D03: スピーチが下手なのだから、原稿を、用意したほうがいい。\n * D04: ふりあおぐと、すぐ頭上を、光が走った。\n * D05: 労働力の、需要と供給の出会う場が、労働市場である。\n * D06: 日本が輸入する、食品や石油を、守るためのものなのか。\n * D07: みんな、服やネクタイの色は、よく覚えている。\n * D08: 無事、脱出はできても、いつ島に戻れるのか、という不安は続く。\n * D09: 昭和十二年ごろと比べ、最近の公務員の初任給は、千六百倍になっている。\n * D10: 留守中の郵便物を処理するだけで、優に半日はかかる。\n * D11: 羊は、慌てて、列に戻り、再び、群れと一緒に進んでいく。\n * D12: やっぱり、一生懸命やれば、自然と結果はついてくる。\n * D13: 四畳半のアパートの我が家には、三人ものお客さまがみえた。\n * D14: 不満や、いらだちは、もっぱら、受験や、身のまわりに向けられている。\n * D15: 竹の皮に、麦飯のおにぎりを包んで持参し、昼食は、これに、番茶だ。\n * D16: 午後は出勤して、航空問題や、漁業問題の仕事に取り組む。\n * D17: 早めに朝食を済ませ、十時から、館員と夫人が集合し、記念撮影を行う。\n * D18: ぼくたちが泊まる、獅子口小屋へ着いたのは、二時半ごろだった。\n * D19: 怒れば怒るほど、火に油を注ぐようなものだった。\n * D20: 大半は、大手の流通業者をへて、書店へ流れるが、たちまち、返本となって姿を消す本が少なくない。\n * D21: 人々は非難し、悩みながら、歩み寄っていく。\n * D22: 十四年前、アル中患者になりすまして、ある精神病院に入院した、本社の記者は書いている。\n * D23: おかげで、目標は、依然遠いままだ。\n * D24: うれしそうに、自分でパンツをはいている。\n * D25: 先日、久しぶりで、郷里へ帰ってきた。\n * D26: この日一日で、日焼けをした腕などが、ひりひりする。\n * D27: 医院を出たあと、気づいて腕時計を見ると、ちょうど、五時半であった。\n * D28: こうした川の恵みを存分に受けながら、人類は、繁栄への道を、歩み始めたのだといっていい。\n * D29: 虚偽、不条理を許さないという勇気によってしか、我々は、人間らしい心を保持することができないのです。\n * D30: 不思議そうな表情が、一瞬、疲れが抜けたような、柔らかい表情に変わった。\n * D31: まるで、大空に両手を広げ、バンザイしたように伸びた枝が、ドームのように、上水路をおおっています。\n * D32: われわれ、技術者は、最高の技術、最善の手を追求して、明け暮れしてきた。\n * D33: 管理され、保護されて、無駄を知らずに育った人間は、弱い。\n * D34: 板敷きの上にひざまづいて、自分は、不浄な人間だと、懺悔するのです。\n * D35: 横目でちらっと見れば、主人の立ち上がる気配がする。\n * D36: 私たち夫婦は、軍の依頼で、中国人運転手の通訳をしながら、上海まで、逃避行の同伴をした。\n * D37: シャツもなく、ズボンもなく、もちろん古新聞もなければ、古雑誌もない。\n * D38: 遊びも、勉強も、マイペースで、帰るべき時間にはきちんと帰るという几帳面さもある。\n * D39: 時々、狭い敷地の罅の入った直線コースで、子供が、キャッチボールをやっている。\n * D40: 首相になってからのほうが、ずっと、表情が柔和だった。\n * D41: 俺は、コツコツとシングルを狙うよと言うが、もちろん本音ではなく、持ち前のパワーを発揮し始めてきた。\n * D42: 予想外の事態に、電力会社も、ちょっぴり困惑気味だ。\n * D43: レーザー光線を、レンズで拡散させ、撮影したい物体に当て、その反射光を、半透明なフィルムで受ける。\n * D44: 中年以上は、おふくろの味を求め、若い人は、袋の味を求める。\n * D45: ガラス扉を押して入ると、一瞬、首や肘から、汗の膜が剥ぎとられる。\n * D46: 少年は、指をズボンでふくと、素直に、いそいそと立ち上がった。\n * D47: 頭上には、たえまなくヘリコプターの爆音が聞こえる。\n * D48: 司祭が踏み絵をするということは、どんな拷問よりも辛い。\n * D49: 八王子地方と、文化人とを結びつけ、読みごたえのあるものを、十年余りも続けた。\n * D50: 何気なく空を見上げていた青空に、ポッカリと、入道雲が、あちこちに浮かんで、見おろしていた。\n * E01: 家に来た年賀状は、三百枚ほどで、丁度、出した分と同じぐらいだ。\n * E02: 苗木への愛情は、かえって深まっていくようだった。\n * E03: 秀麗な富士山も、一歩足を踏み入れれば、岩石の露出した、あらあらしい姿を現す。\n * E04: 山の裾に休息している、憐れな漁村の屋根を見た。\n * E05: あらゆる暴力手段を使って、相手に恐怖感を与える。\n * E06: 日本の女性を含め、彼女たちは、軍需物資なみに扱われた。\n * E07: 事故原因の究明は、急いでもらいたい。\n * E08: 日本人は、引き揚げの苦しさばかり言い、中国人の傷を考えない。\n * E09: 中国近代史をいろどった、英雄の時代が過ぎてゆく。\n * E10: これほど、躍動感がなくて、静かで、沈痛な胴上げというのも珍しい。\n * E11: われら凡人は、スキャンダルが嫌いではない。\n * E12: まさに、かわら版的政治寸評である。\n * E13: 多様な青春模様が、見事に表現されている。\n * E14: 父の腕は、ただ彼をぐんぐん引っ張っていくだけだった。\n * E15: うれしくて、夕食時に一人で、ワインで乾杯する。\n * E16: ジャムをたくさん入れた、ロシア紅茶がおいしかった。\n * E17: 我慢しきれず、大声で怒鳴りつけ、その日の撮影は中止になってしまう。\n * E18: 午後は、溜った書類に目を通して返す。\n * E19: 墓地とはまた別種の、神秘性が潜んでいるように思われた。\n * E20: 母の旅行好きは、近ごろ有名だが、その唯一の欠点は、船に弱いということであった。\n * E21: すぐそばで、はあはあ弾ませている呼吸だけが聞こえてきた。\n * E22: 露と霧で、ぐっしょり砂がぬれて、足跡がくっきりついている。\n * E23: 今後、ほぼ全面的に、行政が怠慢になる恐れがある。\n * E24: 細長いから、電気冷蔵庫で冷やすのにも、便利という。\n * E25: 自分の好きなジャズピアニストの演奏への、震えるような感動を綴る人もいた。\n * E26: 暖房は、暑過ぎるくらいで、部屋を出るときに、毛布を掛けてやればいいと思った。\n * E27: 不思議なことに、自分の目の部分だけには寄せつけません。\n * E28: 自己を顧みる、人間らしい態度である。\n * E29: 私は、編集員を、四年くらいはやったと思う。\n * E30: むろんこれは、偶然の一致ということが大いにあろう。\n * E31: ずいぶんの情熱と、エネルギーをもって勉強され、研究された。\n * E32: 制度が動かぬとなれば、やはり、不都合が出てくる。\n * E33: そっくりショーというテレビ番組を見たことがある。\n * E34: 山の診療所で、最も注意しなければならぬのは、小児の病気であった。\n * E35: 一つは、教育というものの、重要さと、難しさです。\n * E36: 一つの技術を身につけるだけでも、大変な忍耐と、努力が必要です。\n * E37: その間、息子はというと、足を怪我し、夏休みを待って、手術を受け、ずっと入院中だった。\n * E38: こちらの準備もございますので、早急の御返事を、お待ちいたしております。\n * E39: 夜は眠れないぐらい、かゆくて苦しい。\n * E40: フィリピンで、日本人の血を引き継ぐものは、学校でも、職場でも、不利になることが多かった。\n * E41: 海山の、往復割引きっぷの大半は、夏休みに向けて、売り出される。\n * E42: 半分近い、六業者が、密輸品とみられる、鯨肉の売買を持ちかけられた。\n * E43: 飲み屋のおやじ、旅館の主人、医者をはじめ、交際のある人にきいてまわったら、みんな、私より収入が多いはずなのに、税金は安い。\n * E44: 母は、怒って、豆を地べたに投げつけた。\n * E45: 今でも、横笛はもちろん、尺八のような縦笛も、竹がほとんどだ。\n * E46: 祖母は、おおむね機嫌よく、サイコロをころがしている。\n * E47: 非行をはたらく少年少女がどんどん増えていますが、ちっとも、不思議ではありません。\n * E48: 汚職事件、全て、四十二三歳から、四十六七歳まで、課長補佐、課長、部次長といったあたりが、間違いをおこす。\n * E49: あんな物は、新聞や雑誌の白いスペースを埋めるための砂利だ。\n * E50: 夜空を、赤い灯が点滅しながら旋回し、十分おきに、照明弾がゆっくりと落ちてくる。\n * F01: ウィンドサーフィンに興じる若者達を眺めて、砂浜に寝ころがっていた。\n * F02: 夕食は、一行がそろって、刺身と、牛肉の鉄板焼きをつつく。\n * F03: お偉方がぞくぞくと登場し、恐縮する。\n * F04: 歴史家は、まるで、純情無垢な調子で、物語を始める。\n * F05: 心身障害者の保護と、回復訓練のための、援護施設を増設する。\n * F06: 舗装という文明の象徴は、しばしば、逆流現象を起こして、人間に害をもたらす。\n * F07: 人間の心の弱さを利用し、都合のいい証拠を、次々につくりあげてゆく。\n * F08: 初めからそうだったわけではなく、手術当時は、落ち込み、おびえて、眠れぬ夜もあった。\n * F09: 日本の球場では、よく、口汚いののしり声が、耳に入る。\n * F10: 小さい雪は早く、大きい雪は、ふわふわと落ちてくる。\n * F11: 暖房器具の時期に、冷房器具を並べるようなデパートは、たちまちつぶれる。\n * F12: 相手チームもスマートだし、何よりも、球場の雰囲気が抜群である。\n * F13: 奈良の平城宮跡から、十数年前、大量の木片が、発掘された。\n * F14: 気象庁がこの呼称を発表したのは、地震発生後、四時間あまりたってからだった。\n * F15: スクールで得たのは、一生ぬぐえない恐怖感と、人への不信感だけだ。\n * F16: かん詰めは、やや細めの二本のまきを使って引きあげた。\n * F17: 真っ昼間なのに、キャンプの外れの電柱に、電球がともっていた。\n * F18: この意見に、宇宙人たちは、パチパチと、それぞれすべての手で拍手して賛成した。\n * F19: 横浜市は、最近、電気自動車で、ごみを収集するテストを始めた。\n * F20: 人工衛星から見れば、湖や沼も、こぼれた水だ。\n * F21: 今では、赤子のように、無欲で、愛らしい表情をする父に、胸ふさがる思いがする。\n * F22: 娘は、妙な関心のつぶやきを残し、部屋へ入っていった。\n * F23: 昼から夜まで、およそ子供の考えつく、ありとあらゆる遊びをやった。\n * F24: わずかの間だが、ズボンの裾をまくって、浅い波打ち際の水中を歩く。\n * F25: 無邪気な老夫人というのが、いい感じだった。\n * F26: それから何ヶ月もたいへんな日々が続いた。\n * F27: 幼児とおばあさんの面影がだぶって、ゆらゆらと遠ざかっていく。\n * F28: 人間の心底に潜む、自分本位の醜さを、遠慮なくさらけ出します。\n * F29: それで窓をあけると、火傷をしそうな熱風が吹きこんでくる。\n * F30: 色白で、透けるような肌で、やや薄い色の瞳であった。\n * F31: 野球の後のビールぐらい、うまいものはない。\n * F32: 無論、神話は神話でよいのであって、それを排撃したりする必要はない。\n * F33: 私が一番古い友達というので、碑文に、一筆すすめられた。\n * F34: どこへ行っても、彼の周囲には、自然にファンが生まれた。\n * F35: いま人間に必要なのは、自分さえよければいい、という、欲望や、狭い心ではありません。\n * F36: 主人は、それを黙って受け取って、出勤して行った。\n * F37: 結婚以来三年半ぶりの東京も、旧友とのお酒も、夜行列車も、駅で寝て、朝を待つのも久しぶりだ。\n * F38: うちの中学は弁当制で、持って行けない場合は、五十円の学校販売のパンを買う。\n * F39: 不況で、中小企業がどんどん倒れるので、競争相手が多くなった。\n * F40: このプロジェクトの入札者の中では、弊社が最もふさわしい資格を有していると、自負いたしております。\n * F41: 御存知の通り、不良クラッチに関する補償は、製造側に原因がある場合のみに限られています。\n * F42: 固定型は、今後、金利が引き上げられても、現行水準のままというメリットがある。\n * F43: 円高ショックを少しでも和らげようと、自動車、電機などの機械産業全般に広がった。\n * F44: 一方で、日本と米国の金融機関のシティ進出は目ざましい。\n * F45: 航空事故を、限りなくゼロに近づけるには、それほど、なり振りかまわぬ努力がいる。\n * F46: 水夫たちが大声でわめくと、原住民は、互いに顔を見合わせ、手を振って答えた。\n * F47: お化けはお化けでも、目もなければ鼻もない、ノッペラボウの一種である。\n * F48: たたんである半纏を広げれば、あちこちにつぎはぎがあり、肩口にできたほころびなんか、去年のままになっている。\n * F49: さすが横着な私も、我慢しきれず、胃腸の専門病院へ入院した。\n * F50: 長雨がようやく晴れ上がると、山の襞の一つ一つが、鮮やかに見えるほど、間近に、山が見える。\n * G01: 朝の光線を逆行気味に受けて、ススキが、美しく光る。\n * G02: 私がふとつぶやくと、父は、大きく首をふった。\n * G03: お金を入れ、ボタンを押すと、切符が出てくる。\n * G04: 一般論でいえば、援助する側は、援助される側の屈折した心理を見落としがちである。\n * G05: 手帳に走り書きした家族への遺書は、読む者の心を、深く揺り動かす。\n * G06: その結果、雨が降れば、大量の表土、赤土、化学肥料、農薬が、海に流れだす。\n * G07: 筆者の知人に、サンタのおじさんがいる。\n * G08: 降るような星空で、その星空を流れるように行く雲が美しい。\n * G09: 傷の上を、手ぬぐいで冷やされると、ずいぶんしみたけれども、周作は我慢をした。\n * G10: 取っ組み合いは、夕方まで続いた。\n * G11: 汚れた窓から、雨にぬれた街が見える。\n * G12: 駐車違反が減少し、交通事故が減少すれば、一気に吹きとぶことだろう。\n * G13: テニスをする元気のある人が、ちょっぴり妬ましい。\n * G14: 今日も勝ってやるぞという気合が、徐々に入っていった。\n * G15: 半年、一年とつづくと、自分から願い出て、病院を移ることがあるという。\n * G16: 裏返せば、それだけ、事件を重大視している証拠である。\n * G17: セルフサービスの夕食と、余興もあって、賑やかに談笑し、解散は、夜更けとなった。\n * G18: 日本人は、決して、ユーモアと無縁な人種ではなかった。\n * G19: おやじは頑固だけれども、そんなえこひいきはせぬ男だ。\n * G20: 少年はしゃべり終わると、まゆをしかめて口をつぐんでしまった。\n * G21: 私は、いろいろの弁護を、自分の胸でこしらえてみました。\n * G22: 私の指には、宝石の指輪は、もうはめられません。\n * G23: 賢明な為政者は、わざわざ紛糾のタネはつくらないものだ。\n * G24: 涙をポロポロ流して辞表を書いたが、慰留された。\n * G25: 保育所へ、末っ子を迎えにいった帰り、病院へも寄ったので、すっかり遅くなってしまった。\n * G26: 普段は、泥にまみれたもんぺ姿の母が、薄化粧して、水色のワンピースを着て来た。\n * G27: 喜びばかりが続くとは限らないのだ。\n * G28: それからプッツリやめたのが、失敗の始まりである。\n * G29: 娘は、ベッドの端で、きちんと膝頭をそろえて、じっと、電話のベルを待つのです。\n * G30: 護送車は、歌声を残して、骨まで凍りそうに冷たい氷雨が降っていた闇に消えた。\n * G31: 持ち物は、食器着替えの下着、タオル、洗面用具などだ。\n * G32: デパートへ行って、エレベーターで最上階にあがり、まず、お好み食堂へ入った。\n * G33: 人間故に要求される倫理が、人間の不幸をも生むということになるかもしれない。\n * G34: 十歳年上のご主人が、お元気で、家事一切をなさっていました。\n * G35: いつまでも東京あたりでぐずぐずしていれば、いずれは、焼け出されるのではないかという不安はつねにあった。\n * G36: 彼が、この出張中に、訪問希望の部署、及び、調査希望の部門は、以下の通りです。\n * G37: 友情、思いやり、協力の心は、将来の社会生活に、強い影響を、及ぼします。\n * G38: ランドセルをそっと玄関に放りこんで、母親に見つからぬように、外に出ていく。\n * G39: 現在の入試にまつわる混乱は、選抜方法の改善で収まるものではない。\n * G40: それらは、むろん、原作そのものではないし、その忠実な翻訳でもない。\n * G41: 屋根には、気密式の電動ドリルで穴を開け、生じる粉塵は、どんどん吸引する。\n * G42: 晩餐の料理とサービスは、大手四ホテルが、輪番制で受け持っているが、メニューは、常にフランス料理と決まっている。\n * G43: 各校の、主将や、マネージャーが、緊張した面持ちで、クジを引く。\n * G44: 世論に押されて、通産省も、五十二年から併用を認めた。\n * G45: 地球表層を覆う、地殻プレートの運動を探るのが、この実験の眼目だ。\n * G46: ヒンズー教、チベット仏教にとって、ここは、宇宙の中心、神聖侵すべからざる聖域である。\n * G47: 整理券を手に入れるのに、五時間以上行列した人もいる。\n * G48: 保守主義と毒づかれて、よりによって、最先端の前衛作家を選んだのだから、王立アカデミーも人が悪い。\n * G49: 事実とすれば、よほど頭の回転の速い人だろう。\n * G50: 理由は非常に明白であって、私は講演が下手だからである。\n * H01: 世界が黄色く見えるという表現は、リアリズムだったのだ。\n * H02: 当時、日本一の長距離バスである。\n * H03: 虫、自動車の排気ガス、台風など、苗木を害するものは多い。\n * H04: 今度は逆に、黒い部分に注目してみる。\n * H05: やっと乗った電車の中では、あっちこっちへと押されて、へとへとになる。\n * H06: わたしたちの社会は、言葉によるコミュニケーションによって、支えられている。\n * H07: 何故か、不意に、自分の少年時代を思い浮かべた。\n * H08: ある社長は、若い間はおおいに遊べという。\n * H09: うろたえずに、輸出依存の体質を徐々に見直していく作業が大切になる。\n * H10: 三十日間を超える、綿密なインタビューの成果だろう。\n * H11: 国産品のように見えて、実は外国産という食品が、氾濫している。\n * H12: 建設省や国土庁は、土地ころがしを防ぐための規制を、ゆるめようとしている。\n * H13: 人は、手や指先の繊細な動きや、目の表情がすばらしいという。\n * H14: ユーモアとは、高慢このうえない解毒剤だ。\n * H15: 戦争末期、ソ連軍と戦って、捕虜になった体験を持つ人だ。\n * H16: だまされるほうの、知識水準に問題があるのでございます。\n * H17: 限られた予算で仕事をする、美術スタッフの気持ちを、おしはかって我慢する。\n * H18: 十二月八日の開戦をスクープした夜、主筆として、眠れぬ夜を過ごした。\n * H19: 一年中、擦り切れた、小倉の詰めえり服、一着でとおす。\n * H20: そのあと、数名で、六本木のスシ屋に行った。\n * H21: 洋服屋さんは、妻と私に半々に言った。\n * H22: がらがらと響く音のほうが大きくて、演説はそれきりで終わった。\n * H23: 人々は、花の苗や種を、焼却し畑の花を全部抜きとってしまう。\n * H24: 己を超えなければ、勝利の女神はほほえんでくれないらしい。\n * H25: 週休二日制になっていて、土曜日は休みだった。\n * H26: みると、妻は一心不乱に眠っている。\n * H27: そのあとを、老人は雨にぬれながら、大声で泣きわめいて追ってゆく。\n * H28: もう、夕暮れのようである。\n * H29: このタイプの人間が、一番多量の仕事をする。\n * H30: 日本へ戻ってから、それぞれ、出世をしている様子であった。\n * H31: 大雨が降って、水かさが増せば、流域いっぱいに広がって流れることもあった。\n * H32: 婚家は、実家のすぐ近くで、ハイヤーを使う程の距離ではなかった。\n * H33: 帽子も、ベレー帽とか、いろいろあるが、ぼくはもっぱら、野球帽を愛用している。\n * H34: ドラマは、あくまでもドラマであり、虚構であって、現実ではない。\n * H35: 結婚も離婚も、他人からは、有無を言わさず、自分から決定した。\n * H36: 小さな家に引越し、はや九ヶ月が過ぎさりました。\n * H37: きょろきょろとあたりを見回すと、突然彼は声をひそめ、とっておきの秘密をうちあける顔つきになった。\n * H38: たばこの焼け焦げは、見苦しいものです。\n * H39: 長期保管には、防虫剤を使用します。\n * H40: チリダニは、人のフケや、アカを好む。\n * H41: 大衆を扇動すれば、軍隊の介入を招くだけだ。\n * H42: 頭上には、右上方へと、急角度でのぼる線が、くっきりと描かれている。\n * H43: 安心して舟をこぐこともできれば、やじもとばせる。\n * H44: 閉会式で泣き出したコンパニオンも、夜のディスコパーティーでは、激しく踊りまくった。\n * H45: この一週間、午後の時間を全部、庭で火を燃やしながら過ごした。\n * H46: 母親のうれしそうな表情が、脳裏によみがえった。\n * H47: ピラミッドを築くだけの苦労が、そこにそそがれたはずであった。\n * H48: 実際、そうでもなければ、五年間も、ここの個室で、入院生活を続けられるはずはない。\n * H49: 老人は、漁夫として、すばらしい人間だと思う。\n * H50: 実習中は、雪が降っていたけれど、ほっぺの痛さも、もう、味わえなくなるかと思うと、全然、平気だった。\n * I01: 五十五歳だって、うれしいときはうれしいのだ。\n * I02: 自然の知恵でよく知っている。\n * I03: 心と心の通い合う、豊かなコミュニケーションを回復させる道ではなかろうか。\n * I04: 円形の軌道に沿って、地球をめぐっている。\n * I05: 天然記念物級の規模という学者の発言もあった。\n * I06: セミが鳴き、夕日をあびた絹雲が、淡いさんご色に染まっていた。\n * I07: おそらく、ほかにも、遺書を書いた人はいるはずだ。\n * I08: 秋雨前線とのおつき合いでは、一雨ごとに、紅葉が濃くなってゆく。\n * I09: 群衆行動で恐ろしいのは、どさくさまぎれの心理だ。\n * I10: 病床の母親が、だれかに手紙の代筆を頼む。\n * I11: 早くも、意志薄弱ぶりを発揮した。\n * I12: 眼の前だけをにらみ、一歩一歩登るしかない。\n * I13: 俺のプライベート時間を、俺がどう過ごそうと、全て俺の責任なのだ。\n * I14: 勝てる試合に、なぜ勝てそうなピッチャーを先発させないのだろうか。\n * I15: 昼前に、合宿所の電話が鳴った。\n * I16: テロがあるからやめろと、さんざん、いわれた。\n * I17: しかし、その応援ぶりは、ヤケ気味に、かえって激しくなった。\n * I18: 今も、改めて、このしんと沈んだ抒情に感服する。\n * I19: 乱暴で乱暴で、ゆく先が案じられると、母がいった。\n * I20: これは、漁民たちの日常経験である。\n * I21: 窒素や燐は、むろん、天然にも、河川などを通じて、海に流れこむ。\n * I22: 父はたばこを吸い、母はぼんやりしていた。\n * I23: 検札に来た車掌も、見て見ぬふりである。\n * I24: このおおらかさが、結局は分裂を救う。\n * I25: その水源の湖沼は痛めつけられ、悲鳴を上げる元気も無い。\n * I26: 笑い方に注意すべきである。\n * I27: 職員室でも、枠を取り払って、何でもしゃべりあう。\n * I28: こんなに騒がせて、ホームランの一本も打たなきゃ、承知しない。\n * I29: 今日は、熊の縫いぐるみで、何やら遊びが始まった。\n * I30: 最後まで、どうも不思議なほどおいしいなと思い続けた。\n * I31: 人間が、同じ人間を助けられないわけがありません。\n * I32: 入試前の夏休みだというのに、本ばかり読みふけっていた。\n * I33: 山村では、若い力が減り、悩んでいる。\n * I34: 五分ほど洗面所に行って戻ってみると、ベッドの上に置いてあった、肩かけ鞄が無い。\n * I35: もっとも、編集会議には、そのほうが都合がよい。\n * I36: 鉛筆だと、力をいれて、書くのでスピードが鈍るのである。\n * I37: 自分のような死をなし遂げる人間が、再び、生み出されぬことを願ったはずだ。\n * I38: 不思議な感銘と、不意を疲れる脅威を覚える時、感情移入せずにはいられなかった。\n * I39: お寺まで、一人ずつ手を引いて連れて行ったのを覚えています。\n * I40: みんなは、それから、彼が入院中、人づきあいが悪く、どうも苦手だったという評をし始めた。\n * I41: また、御都合がよろしければ、その晩、夕食に御招待したいと存じます。\n * I42: 超満員の観客席のファンは、圧倒的に彼女びいきだ。\n * I43: 欧米では、沈みゆくベネチアの町を救う運動が広がっている。\n * I44: 古くなって、雨漏りがすれば、ふき替えればいい。\n * I45: 平和を望み、握手しあい、兄弟のような気持ちで、別れを告げる。\n * I46: いい職人は、仕事というものは、覚えれば覚えるほど、難しくなるといいます。\n * I47: むしろ、規則正しさで、安らぎを、感じさせてくれた。\n * I48: 明朝それが届いたら、腕におぼえのある連中を組んで、上陸用船艇で、あちら岸へ渡る。\n * I49: 初めて、沈黙を破って、キリストがささやいた。\n * I50: 残酷な事実、現実に目を覆って通り過ぎることの方が、より、恐ろしい。\n * J01: 小さな鰻屋に、熱気のようなものがみなぎる。\n * J02: どろぼうでも入ったかと、一瞬僕は思った。\n * J03: 学生は、レポートを置くと、ちょっと頭を下げて出て行った。\n * J04: 切符を買うのは、自動販売機からである。\n * J05: 都会では、出会う人のほとんどが、見知らぬ人である。\n * J06: 表現する能力を身につけることである。\n * J07: 企業規模別の賃金格差も、少しずつ縮まってきた。\n * J08: 一票の格差は、さらに拡がるだろう。\n * J09: これが、広い意味での、金属疲労による破壊である。\n * J10: いい味のワインを売る店なら、客があふれる。\n * J11: 平均倍率を下げた形跡がある。\n * J12: 人物の独白があれば、空から見おろすような描写がある。\n * J13: 文明を支える土台が崩れてしまう。\n * J14: 人々が自由に出入りできる。\n * J15: だんだん自分が恐ろしくなって、家に逃げ帰った。\n * J16: 午前中で終わる練習を、ネット裏からかい間見た。\n * J17: いつもの休日のパターンを過ごして、日が暮れる。\n * J18: 音楽の好きな俺のために、わざわざ、ロックミュージックを用意してきてあった。\n * J19: 不思議なくらい、美しく彩られた道を行く。\n * J20: 真っ白な歯が、白いテープとともにゆれた。\n * J21: 入学試験を受けるときより、必死の思いである。\n * J22: こちらも、きゃっとわめいて、とび上った。\n * J23: 両手の指は変形し、関節の辺りが、こぶ状に盛り上がっていた。\n * J24: 問題は、投票、開票の不正である。\n * J25: 変わりびなは世相をつづる。\n * J26: 良い医師は、患者の話を良く聞く。\n * J27: 後手にまわって負けた警察が奮起する番だ。\n * J28: 天衣無縫、おおらかなものだ。\n * J29: 今度は、河豚の季節に行ってみたい。\n * J30: 運転免許を取って三年目になります。\n * J31: なぜ自分ばかりこんな目にあうのだろう。\n * J32: 娘のフィアンセで、こいつだけにはどうしても負けられない。\n * J33: それは、たいてい一時間にも及ぶ。\n * J34: 自分より大きく感じられるものは、すべて怖い。\n * J35: その夫人は、眼をこっちに向けてはいるが、見てはいない。\n * J36: 私は、それを旅館に持って帰った。\n * J37: 品の良い横顔が、さみしそうだった。\n * J38: 願望さえ強ければ、時間は向こうからやってくる。\n * J39: それは、泥沼のような逆境からぬけだしたいという、切ないほどの願望だろうか。\n * J40: 毎日病院まで通った、母の愛の深さ、強さである。\n * J41: 久し振りに、懐かしい人間味に触れて、心和んだ夜だった。\n * J42: 遺留品といっては、糸一本も落ちていなかった。\n * J43: むずかしいときこそ、プロの腕の見せ所です。\n * J44: 彼も、初球を本塁打して、劇的なサヨナラ勝ちを収めた。\n * J45: イランに、天気予報は無い。\n * J46: 不公平の存在は否認しなかった。\n * J47: 生まれて間もない子猫が一匹、家に紛れ込んできた。\n * J48: 私たちは、静かに歩み寄り、頭をさげた。\n * J49: 雨のためか、野鳥が群がって奇声をあげていた。\n * J50: 部屋いっぱいにタバコの濃霧がたちこめ、ゆるやかに動いている。\n * J51: 畑は干上がり、土は割れる。\n * J52: 青い青い海は、女性の美しさをもっている。\n * J53: 回りの美しい雪景色を見る余裕も出た。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T23:59:05.333", "id": "100355", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T23:59:05.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35764", "parent_id": "100345", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "Though this question has been asked a lot, I do not find any explanation with\nthe literal meaning and the logic behind the expression (with 別 referring to\n\"distinction\").\n\nAs a result, it's difficult to understand the difference between this\nexpression and expressions like 特に, both being translated as \"[not]\nparticularly\". Furthermore, I have trouble understanding how 別に with this\nmeaning is translated in negative sentences as \"it's not like ...\" such as in\n\"別に欲しくない\" being translated as \"it's not like I want it or anything\".\n\nIf you were to literally translate the meaning of this expression in English,\nwhat would it be?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T11:11:58.723", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100347", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T14:38:49.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54803", "post_type": "question", "score": 5, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "etymology" ], "title": "The actual meaning of 別に (べつに)", "view_count": 947 }

[ { "body": "特に is an objective expression and can be used in formal or academic writing.\nOn the other hand, 別に sounds much more informal. Depending on the context, 別に\ncan easily sound like saying \"meh\".\n\nBoth 別に欲しくありません and 特に欲しくありません basically mean \"I don't want it in particular\",\nbut it is recommended to use the latter when you want to sound polite. (When\nyou want to fend off salespeople or telemarketing calls, using the former is\njust fine!)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T12:32:47.187", "id": "100349", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T12:39:13.250", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-23T12:39:13.250", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100347", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "に works as an [adverbializer](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AB).\n\n別 is a noun and it means \"separate\".\n\n別に is an adverb meaning \"in a separate way\".\n\nThen it becomes easy to understand \"別に欲しくない\" -> \"I don't desire it in a\nseparate way\" or \"It's not desire inducing (to me) in a separate way\"\n(completely literal)\n\nYou can see how the translations make a idiomatic jump towards \"It's not like\nI want it or anything\". Although it's grammatically incorrect, it's already\nestablished lingo of tsunderes in its English representation.\n\nAdditionally, something being separate from other things also gives the\nmeaning of it being special, more important, particular, etc.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T14:38:49.900", "id": "100351", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-23T14:38:49.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100347", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "> どこに入れたものかな? \n> I wonder where I should put you?\n\nThe context is deciding which class to place a student in. I have two\nproblems:\n\n 1. Why is 入れた in the past tense? At the time this sentence is spoken the decision has not been made.\n\n 2. What is the function of もの?\n\nI've checked all the usual questions on もの and ものか but I haven't been able to\nfigure out how it works in this sentence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T15:42:51.233", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100352", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T01:43:11.657", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-mono" ], "title": "Meaning of もの in どこに入れたものかな?", "view_count": 35 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100357", "answer_count": 2, "body": "> 広間の中では、ゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪 **だけ** が同じようにキラキラ輝いている **だけ** だった。 \n> Dumbledore's silver hair was the only thing in the whole hall that shone as\n> brightly as the ghosts. (original Harry Potter text)\n\nI'm having trouble parsing this sentence.\n\n 1. Does the と in ゴーストと mean 'and' or is it marking the target of comparison, \"with\"?\n\n[ゴースト **と** ダンブルドアの白髪]だけが同じようにキラキラ輝いている \"only the ghosts **and** dumbledore's\nsilver hair are shining in the same way.\n\nOr,\n\nゴーストと[ダンブルドアの白髪だけが同じようにキラキラ輝いている] \"only Dumbledore's silver hair is shining in\na way similar to the ghosts.\n\nMaybe the distinction isn't that great and it doesn't really matter but I'd\nlike to know if it's better to think of it one way or the other.\n\n 2. What is the だけ at the end adding to this sentence? My understanding is that だけ after a verb means that the verb is performed and nothing else. To me this means that there is nothing happening in the hall except the glowing of the ghosts and Dumbledore's hair. That's not what the original text says. In fact I'm struggling to see how this sentence reproduces the meaning of the original at all.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-23T17:34:43.673", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100354", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T06:31:21.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-だけ" ], "title": "Confusing use of だけ", "view_count": 134 }

[ { "body": "**1. \"and\" vs \"with\"**\n\nWhen I read the Japanese, the と in ゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪だけ means \"and\".\n\nThis is because 同じようにキラキラ輝いている in English can be read as \"similarly glitter\nshining\" in a literal sense. Also the が, which marks ゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪だけ as what\nis \"similarly glitter shining\", gives backing to the と being intended as\n\"and\".\n\nThat being said, there might be some ambiguity where と could be treated as\n\"with\" instead. However, I feel like the Japanese's sentence composition or\nstructure would be different in order for the \"with\" to be more apparent for\nEnglish.\n\n**2. Use of だけ**\n\nWhen it comes to だけ, it simply means \"only; just; nothing but; etc\" here.\nゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪だけ can literally be read as \"the ghost(s) and only Dumbledore's\nsilver hair\".\n\nYou mention:\n\n> To me this means that there is nothing happening in the hall except the\n> glowing of the ghosts and Dumbledore's hair. That's not what the original\n> text says. In fact I'm struggling to see how this sentence reproduces the\n> meaning of the original at all.\n\nIn my opinion, translations can be dangerous and often a trap because they are\ninterpretations at the end of the day. Let me try and illustrate this:\n\nJapanese text:\n\n> 広間の中では、ゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪だけが同じようにキラキラ輝いているだけだった。\n\nOriginal English from Harry Potter:\n\n> Dumbledore's silver hair was the only thing in the whole hall that shone as\n> brightly as the ghosts.\n\nMy translation of the Japanese:\n\n> Within the hall, the ghosts and only Dumbledore's silver hair glittered\n> similarly.\n\nYour \"and\" version:\n\n> Only the ghosts and Dumbledore's silver hair are shining in the same way\n> [within the hall].\n\nWhen looking at our interpretations, they have the same meaning and are just\nworded differently. Additionally, I agree that you could also say our\ninterpretations could mean \"there is nothing happening in the hall except the\nglowing of the ghosts and Dumbledore's hair\" even though it's not explicitly\nstated, which is all thanks to the number of ways the Japanese can be\ninterpreted into English.\n\nAnd that is the key thing to realize here, we are both interpreting the\nJapanese, which is an interpretation of the original English.\n\nThis leaves a lot of room for things to get lost in translation. And why\n\"that's not what the original text says. In fact I'm struggling to see how\nthis sentence reproduces the meaning of the original at all.\" becomes very\napparent and getting back to the original meaning from the Japanese is\nimpossible in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T01:41:01.977", "id": "100356", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T02:04:06.137", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T02:04:06.137", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "100354", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The second interpretation is impossible in practice. If that と was meant for\nthe target of comparison, it would have been placed right before 同じように.\n\n> ダンブルドアの白髪だけがゴーストと同じようにキラキラ輝いている\n\nI would like to believe even this translator with their poor reputation knows\nthat much.\n\nYour understanding of the second だけ is correct. The sentence doesn't reproduce\nthe meaning of the original English.\n\nIt would have sufficed to say:\n\n> 広間の中では、ゴーストとダンブルドアの白髪だけが同じようにキラキラ輝いていた。\n\nor\n\n> 広間の中では、ダンブルドアの白髪だけがゴーストと同じようにキラキラ輝いていた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T06:06:59.090", "id": "100357", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T06:31:21.547", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T06:31:21.547", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "100354", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "学生時代 部の友達教えてもらってね\n\nDoes it mean more \"a friend taught me\" or is more like \"I had a friend teach\nme\"?\n\nAnd what happened if switched with てくれる?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T06:18:34.217", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100358", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T11:41:48.177", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "sentence", "giving-and-receiving" ], "title": "The exact nuance of てもらう vs くれる", "view_count": 82 }

[ { "body": "A particle is missing in that sentence.\n\n> 学生時代 部の友達 **に** 教えてもらってね\n\nThis に is not usually omitted.\n\nIt means a friend taught the speaker and the speaker is grateful. It doesn't\nsay whether the speaker asked the friend to teach them.\n\nThe difference between もらう and くれる is syntactic. With くれる the giver is the\nsubject.\n\n> 学生時代 部の友達 **が** 教えてくれてね\n\nIt doesn't say whether the speaker asked the friend to teach them, either.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T06:28:16.230", "id": "100359", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T06:38:36.013", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T06:38:36.013", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "100358", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "There are a few occurrences of this in the early contacts with the West (eg\nthe 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa and some other places) but I find virtually no\ndiscussion of this usage in the literature (apart from a brief mention in a\n1991 article by De Palma in Italian). Moreover, in foreign language versions\nof the documents where it occurs the word is rendered as Emperor or Sovereign.\nThere is extensive discussion of the frequent title Taikun as well as the\nrarer title King of Japan for the shogun, but I can't find anything on kunshu.\nI don't need basic information about this word. I need specifically references\nto scholarly discussions of its use--or any occurrences of it being used like\nthis before 1850 or so. Thank you very much.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T08:57:43.493", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100361", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T16:10:22.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57100", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "titles" ], "title": "The title 君主 kunshu as applied to the shogun", "view_count": 60 }

[ { "body": "君主/monarch is an umbrella term that includes 国王 (king), 天皇 (Japanese emperor),\n皇帝 (emperor), and so on. Since it's an umbrella term, individual monarchs are\nnot directly called 君主 by the people. The \"Japanese 君主\" always refers to the\n天皇/Emperor. (This does not mean that the Japanese 天皇 was actually called 君主 by\nthe people at any point in history.)\n\nTechnically, the word 将軍/Shogun is a **military** position meaning \"general\".\nIt's a word that represents the head of all soldiers (or samurai). Although\nthe 将軍 was the _de facto_ hereditary ruler of Japan in the Edo period, his\nposition was (nominally) appointed by the emperor. Therefore, my understanding\nis that 将軍 is never classified as a type of 君主.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T16:10:22.480", "id": "100365", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T16:10:22.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100361", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100366", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I am watching the anime \"Bleach\" with Japanese audio, and I hear them talk\nabout something in the story called the Soul Society. When I look at the\ntranscript, I see, that 尸魂界 is used. Curious about the pronunciation, I\nhear/see the translation in [Google\nTranslate](https://translate.google.com/?sl=ja&tl=en&text=%E5%B0%B8%E9%AD%82%E7%95%8C&op=translate)\nromanized as ソウル・ソサエティ (Soul Society). I also see in the [Bleach\nwiki](https://bleach.fandom.com/wiki/Soul_Society) referred to in the same\nway.\n\nHas Google Translate been trained to just accept that reading? But it also\ndoesn't make sense to me why the Japanese audio says a different, romanized\nreading from usual combinations of kunyomi/onyomi. It is not clear to me if\nthere are multiple valid readings of this word.\n\nAre there other words like this, or is this type of thing usually only done\nfor audio/video media? Is there a name for this type of pattern?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T09:24:45.973", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100362", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T16:31:59.730", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T16:18:08.757", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "25682", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "words", "readings", "loanwords", "creative-furigana" ], "title": "Why can 尸魂界 be read as ソウル・ソサエティ \"Soul Society\"? Are there other words that can have a different loan word reading?", "view_count": 96 }

[ { "body": "尸魂界 is a made-up word that is used only in Bleach, and its reading, ソウル・ソサエティ,\nis also completely unique to Bleach. (See [this tag\ninfo](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/tags/creative-furigana/info) of\n[creative-furigana](/questions/tagged/creative-furigana \"show questions tagged\n'creative-furigana'\")).\n\nSince this is a popular title that has been around for decades, Google\nTranslate and similar services _may_ recognize the term along with its special\nreading. However, since it's still a unique term used in only one title, it's\nnot surprising if Google Translate fails to offer the reading that Bleach fans\nexpect. Simply, there are no guarantees when it comes to such unique and\nnonstandard terms.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T16:31:59.730", "id": "100366", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T16:31:59.730", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100362", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100364", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Ningen ga kurushindeiru means Humans are suffering while ningen wa tsuyoi\nmeans Humans are strong.\n\nMy question is can't we just say Ningen wa kurushindeiru?\n\nMy reason for asking this is because \"ga\" according to the video tutorial I'm\nwatching is usually paired with verbs that mean to exist or verbs expressing\ndesire.\n\nNingen ga kurushindeiru does not express existence or desire. So I'm wondering\nwhy the video I watched didn't just say Ningen wa kurushindeiru", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T12:22:06.683", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100363", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T13:26:04.187", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T12:28:55.063", "last_editor_user_id": "57016", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "\"Ningen ga kurushindeiru\" vs \"ningen wa tsuyoi\"", "view_count": 71 }

[ { "body": "I would recommend you [this\nbook](https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=0FDC2ED76A14C85D3ED3DAB27FABAC7F).\nIt has a great and comprehensive explanation about the difference between が\nand は. I will just try to rephrase it in a concise way.\n\nは\n\n 1. sets the topic.\n 2. puts emphasis on what follows it.\n 3. gives the idea of distinction.\n\nが\n\n 1. sets the subject.\n 2. puts emphasis on what is before it.\n 3. answers an implicit who...?\n\n> My reason for asking this is because \"ga\" according to the video tutorial\n> I'm watching is **usually** paired with verbs that mean to exist or verbs\n> expressing desire.\n\nUsually but not always, が here is just doing what it always does, although it\nhas nothing to do with existence or desire.\n\n* * *\n\nNow to answer your question. The reason is that when anyone reads (or\nwrite/say) a sentence, they imply a context with it. \"I really hate banks\" has\nalready a context assumed where it makes sense. Think about how you assume the\nsentence to be said in an affirmative manner and not ironically to mean the\nopposite.\n\nJapanese people share these implied contexts and that sets the use of が of は\nin isolated example sentences.\n\n> 人間は強い \n> (I know not about other beings but) as for humans, [humans/we/they] are\n> strong.\n\n> 人間が苦しんでいる \n> (Who is suffering?) Humans are (the ones) suffering.\n\nYou can say 人間は苦しんでいる and it would imply what I marked for 人間は強い. It's not by\nany means ungrammatical. My best guess is that Japanese people tend to use が\nto mark things the like, desire, etc. and as a consequence when they think in\nan isolated manner about a subject experiencing something they intuitively\nchoose が.\n\nHow they inductively acquire the language may also play a role here. I mean\nhow frequently a certain phrase is said within a given context.\n\nAnyhow, it is just the way it is, as long as you understand the meaning of は\nand が, you will acquire this implied contexts as you engage with Japanese\ncontent.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T13:26:04.187", "id": "100364", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T13:26:04.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100363", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100368", "answer_count": 1, "body": "あっちゃいけない\n\nI can find multiple example sentences for this but no explanation :\n\nそのための売買市場がなぜあっちゃいけないんだろうね？\n\n私だけが特別であっちゃいけないんです\n\nそしてその権力者に仕える指導者たちもまた権力を振りかざすのがたまらなく好きだ43いいか、おまえたちは、そうであっちゃいけない！\n\nThe meaning appears to be : \"To not have the right to\"\n\nMy guesses are : あちらいけない contraction = can't go there = \"you can't go there,\nyou don't have the right to\" (idiom)\n\nOr something like しちゃいけない (you must not do) but with ある = it must no be\n\n-->あってはいけない ?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T17:04:37.227", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100367", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T17:12:18.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57030", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "words", "colloquial-language", "idioms", "contractions" ], "title": "あっちゃいけない - Grammatical origin", "view_count": 56 }

[ { "body": "あっちゃいけない is a very simple contraction of あってはいけない, yes. 'There must not be'.\nIn a couple of your sentences it's である, so for example 'I shouldn't be the\nonly one who's special', 'Why shouldn't there be a market for that purpose?',\n'You lot can't be like that!'", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T17:12:18.473", "id": "100368", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T17:12:18.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "100367", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100370", "answer_count": 1, "body": "_newest:In fact ,just a wrong spliting.By it,there is any else letter easy to\nsplit wrongly for beginner or how to avoid it(I think はーどもーmeans hi~hello\nbecause sounds like it@-@)_\n\nOriginal texts:Ok,I find meaning in the machine(just like Google Translate)\nmaking:\"local girl\",\"she\",\"wheresome\"——this is most confusing one.But there is\nactually a title:\"はーどもーどかのじょ\"[<$>its\nlink<$>](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU4sm9lrZPw)of a song.According to\noriginal music,what is the probable or appropriate meaning in the original\ntitle?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T17:35:47.190", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100369", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T18:25:50.967", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-24T18:25:50.967", "last_editor_user_id": "57102", "owner_user_id": "57102", "post_type": "question", "score": -1, "tags": [ "meaning" ], "title": "Probable meaning of \"どかのじょ\"in the title?", "view_count": 73 }

[ { "body": "> はーどもーどかのじょ\n\nHard-mode girlfriend", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T17:42:11.417", "id": "100370", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T17:42:11.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100369", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "For example if you have the sentence \"ストッキングは、靴下でも代用かのうです。\" Is でも a single\nword or is it the で-particle followed by the も-particle? If the latter one is\nthe case, then も can be left off right?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T18:16:30.537", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100371", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T01:39:43.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57103", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "particles", "particle-で", "particle-も", "particle-でも" ], "title": "「noun」は、「noun」でも代用かのうです。 - What is the role of でも here？", "view_count": 70 }

[ { "body": "> ストッキングは、靴下でも代用かのうです\n\nI would say that this も means \"or the like\". This meaning comes from the all-\nmighty \"also\". で is the particle that marks what thing you replace with.\n\n> You can replace ストッキング with 靴下 or the like.\n\nI mean by omitting も, you could be implying that you can **only** replace it\nin that particular way.\n\nFor example\n\n> テープが無くなったので、のりで代用する。 \n> Tape has run out so we will substitute it with glue. -> We run out of tape,\n> so we will use glue instead.\n\nNote that you will use glue and nothing else.\n\nSo, it's pretty neat that they included も in the answer because it implies\nthat you may replace it with other words but also 靴下 in particular.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T19:12:49.587", "id": "100372", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-24T19:12:49.587", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100371", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Basically it's で (\"with\") followed by も (\"even/also\"), but the nuance added by\nthis type of も is not large. See: [Nuance between でいい and\nでもいい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15091/5010)\n\n靴下 **で** 代用可能です is \"substitutable **with** socks\", and 靴下 **でも** 代用可能です is a\nlittle closer to \"substitutable **also with** socks\", but in a sentence like\nthis, も is unimportant and optional. It's okay to ignore も and just translate\nit simply like \"you can use socks instead\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-25T01:39:43.983", "id": "100378", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T01:39:43.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100371", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "> 残りの夏休み遊べないのは残念だけど ゆっくりしてこい!\n\nSo he tells his friend who is moving soon to another town\n\n> 残りの夏休み遊べないのは残念だけど \n> it's too bad we won't be able to play anymore for the remaining days of\n> summer, but\n\n> ゆっくりしてこい!\n\n\"Take it easy\"? What meaning does てこい provide here?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-24T21:27:02.777", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100374", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T02:30:09.397", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T01:00:45.883", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "て-form", "imperatives" ], "title": "What is the meaning of てこい?", "view_count": 123 }

[ { "body": "ゆくりして -> Take it slowly / Do it calmly / leisurely /...\n\nこい -> 来る in imperative\n\nSemantically, て form + こい = imperative of the verb in て form\n\nThe idea of the 来る imperative is to give emphasis to what is before it. Kind\nof like: \"Bring it on!\" [かかってこい]. The nuance is that kind of like a challenge.\nIt really encourages the person to do the action. \"Do it and I/we will be\nunfazed by it.\", \"Do it and I/we will be OK\". It is considered rude or\nmasculine.\n\nIt can also imply that you have to go to another location to do the action and\ncome back as in (近くの店)買ってこい.\n\n> Do take it easy (and it will be OK)!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-25T00:22:06.043", "id": "100376", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T00:22:06.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100374", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This (-て)くる here means \"and then come back\". So the literal translation is\n\"Have a relaxing time and come back\".\n\nYou probably don't see the need for this kind of くる right now because saying\n\"and then come back\" is completely unnecessary in English in a situation like\nthis. However, it's important in Japanese when describing doing something in a\ndistant place and returning to your current location. In Japanese, just saying\nゆっくりしろ in this context would sound awfully unnatural.\n\nFor more examples, see: [What does やってくる mean in this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/95301/5010)\n\nConversely, a ryokan host commonly says ゆっくりして **いって** ください to their guests,\nwhich literally means \"Relax and then leave\". In English, saying \"and then\nleave\" is not only unnecessary but even hostile, so it is usually just\ntranslated as \"Make yourself at home\" or something like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T01:13:37.943", "id": "100380", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T02:30:09.397", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T02:30:09.397", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100374", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "First of all, this question shares the same context with [another Q&A asking\nfor the meaning of\n手{て}かがり](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/100375/32952).\n\nWhat follows is an excerpt from N2新完全マスター, in particular the section 問題紹介\nwhere they are explained the different exercises that appear in the N2\nJapanese Language Proficiency Test:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/aBxMS.png)\n\nI have trouble understanding the following sentence:\n\n> 【例題3】では「〜について」「〜に対する」という文法形式 **を** 手がかり **に** 、その前後にどんな言葉がくるかを考えます。\n\nWhere is the verb corresponding to the highlighted particles を and に? It sure\ncan't be 考えます because it takes another を.\n\nFinishing the relative clause adverbially with 手がかりに feels incomplete and\nabrupt. I found [this related\nQ&A](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/20854/32952) where they explain that\nsometimes the verb is omitted in the construction AをBに, but this sentence\ndoesn't seem to fit the typical examples with body parts and such listed in\nthe [accepted answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/20854/32952).\n\nIs して implied here, as explained in the [alternative\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/20855/32952) of the same Q&A, or\nwhat is going on?\n\n> 【例題3】では「〜について」「〜に対する」という文法形式 **を** 手がかりに[ **して** ]、その前後にどんな言葉がくるかを考えます。In\n> the example 3, [ **make a hint of** ] the grammar forms について and に対する, and\n> think of what word comes before and after them.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-25T00:38:00.257", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100377", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-25T00:38:00.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particles", "particle-を" ], "title": "Why is the particle を used without a verb in the following context?", "view_count": 44 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100388", "answer_count": 2, "body": "According to Cure Dolly's guide,~ない is an adjective/auxiliary adjective used\nfor describing state of non-existence/not doing. When we use an adjective, we\nhave to use が because a subject state is being described. We use a verb\nwhenever we describing a state when something exist or being done:\n\n> 猫がいる。 桜が走る。\n\nAnd an adjective when something does not exist or not being done:\n\n> 猫がいない。 桜が走らない。\n\nFor example, when auxiliary ~たい is used, we're using が, because a verb becomes\nan adjective.\n\n> 車が持ちたい。\n\nWhy don't we use が with negatives while they're in fact adjectives too?\n\n> 車 **が** 持ちたい。\n>\n> それ **を** しない。(Never heard of それがしない.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T06:51:38.993", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100381", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T21:02:02.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57110", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Negatives problem", "view_count": 104 }

[ { "body": "It is better to consider VERB〜ない forms to still be syntactically verbs, which\nonly conjugate like 〜い adjectives.\n\nAlso negative forms of verbs in Classical Japanese have more verbal\nconjugation (〜ず itself is inconjugable, but it participates in extended forms\nwith あり, which undergo contraction; 〜ぬ was regular 四段活用 verb).\n\nYou can use particle を with desiderative VERB〜たい forms.\n\nSee also [In what way is the negative form of a verb an\nadjective?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4746/) and [How does\nJapanese grammar think about verb\nnegation?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100200/), [が vs を in\nsentences of desire\n(-たい)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15171/), [Is it possible\nto use the 〜たい form with the particle が instead of\nを?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/68241/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T08:10:43.643", "id": "100382", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T08:22:48.473", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T08:22:48.473", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100381", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You could think it's something like this:\n\n> [私が]それをしない \n> I won't exist as doing that\n\nGrammatically, 私がない is the sentence at its core. それをし just modifies ない. It\ndescribes the particular non-existence 私 does.\n\n> それがしない \n> That won't exist as doing (it)\n\nThe last one is pretty odd. No wonder it is never used. It doesn't mean \"This\nis not done\" or \"This will not be done\".\n\n* * *\n\n[Lesson 88](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi3BmIRZZPs) expands on the issue\nof を and が in たい sentences. I will briefly summarize it.\n\nUsing を instead of が gives the idea of a non-impulse desire. それを分かる. さくらを助けたい.\nパンが食べたい.\n\n> それを食べたい\n\nたい is an adjective meaning \"desire-inducing\" and it is modified by それをたべ. The\nsubject might not 私 but the thing/situation that induces the desire to それをたべ.\nFor example, \"the fact of not having eaten それ for a long time\" may be a\nsubject.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T17:17:51.043", "id": "100388", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T21:02:02.073", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T21:02:02.073", "last_editor_user_id": "56959", "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100381", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "私が家でよく作るのは、生姜焼きや唐揚げ、鍋料理などです。どれも、とても簡単ですよ！どんな料理 _なのか_ を、少し説明しますね。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T09:41:13.553", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100383", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T03:26:42.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57114", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "words", "learning", "use-and-frequency" ], "title": "What is the meaning of なのか in this sentences? Is it a grammar pattern?", "view_count": 71 }

[ { "body": "In a sense, it's a \"pattern\", but it's something you can analyze logically.\nLet's do so step by step:\n\n * (こんな)料理だ。 \nIt is (such-and-such) a cuisine.\n\n * どんな料理か？ \n(converted to a question using どんな) \nWhat (kind of) cuisine is it?\n\n * どんな料理なのか？ \n(with [explanatory- _no_](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-\ngrammar/question-markers/) for seeking clarification) \nWhat (kind of) cuisine is it?\n\n * どんな料理なのか \n(as a noun clause, aka [embedded\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/5010)) \nwhat (kind of) cuisine it is\n\n * どんな料理なのかを、少し説明しますね。 \n(the embedded question is used as the object of 説明する) \nI'll briefly explain **what (kind of) cuisine it is**.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T03:26:42.687", "id": "100394", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T03:26:42.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100383", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100396", "answer_count": 1, "body": "どう長い文章を作るかが分かるようになりたいです。この間、日本語教師の動画を観ていたら、下の文が出てきました。これはまさに先生が言った話です。\n\n>\n> 10歳、11歳ぐらいときに、子供向けの英会話教室に通い始めて、通い始めた理由がその英会話教室に入会したら、ぬいぐるみがもらえるっていうキャンペーンをやっていて、\n> 本当にそのぬいぐるみが欲しくて、母に『英語頑張るから』と言って、入会させてもらいました。\n\n「～て」は繋がる行為でも繋がらない行為でも使われるらしいですね。例えば、動画の字幕は英語で書かれていて、その字幕に先生が自分のことを話すときも、英会話教室のキャンペーンを話すときもあっても、文頭から文末まで「～て」で繋がっているんですが、文の分析を確かめてもらいたいと思います。\n\n①まず、先生は「子供向けの英会話教室に通い始めて」と言ったとき、最初に「～て」の文型で考えの連続を続けるつもりだったけど、途中で他のことを話すことにしてそのまま続けました。「通い始めてぇ…それで…あ、実は…」みたいな感じです。で、「子供向けの英会話教室に通い始めました。通い始めた理由が…」とも言い換えたら、同じ意味だと思いますか？この判断は合っていますか？\n\n②日本語ではよく代名詞を省きますね。「ぬいぐるみがもらえるっていうキャンペーンをやっていて」と言ったとき、「彼らは」を省略しましたか？それなら、次の文でまた「私は」を使いましたか？つまり、「英会話教室に入会したら」と言ったので、間接的に誰の話かが分かるはずだから、代名詞を省いて色々な人について下のように話せますか？\n\n「（私は）10歳、11歳ぐらいときに、子供向けの英会話教室に通い始めて、通い始めた理由がその英会話教室に入会したら、（彼らは）ぬいぐるみがもらえるっていうキャンペーンをやっていて、（私は）本当にそのぬいぐるみが欲しくて、母に『英語頑張るから』と言って、入会させてもらいました。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T09:45:37.730", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100384", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T09:49:31.603", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T09:49:31.603", "last_editor_user_id": "17384", "owner_user_id": "17384", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "て-form", "parsing", "pronouns", "omission" ], "title": "同じ文章で違う代名詞を省けますか？", "view_count": 107 }

[ { "body": "The sentence you have quoted is a disorganized and half-broken sentence that\nonly happens when someone says something _as they are thinking_. I feel\nparticularly uncomfortable with this sentence because it has no copula (だ/です)\ncorresponding to (通い始めた)理由が. An educated person never constructs a sentence\nlike this when writing carefully.\n\nHowever, in speech, people often have to start a sentence before deciding how\nto finish it. You have to get used to sentences like this. I think this\nsentence can be explained in several ways:\n\n * In casual speech, people often prefer て/で to です even at the end of a sentence (言いさし表現) to keep the listener's attention. When parsing a long sentence connected by many て, such as this one, it may be necessary to consider that a sentence has effectively ended after a て/で. See: [て form at end of phrase but not being used for requests](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60762/5010)\n\n * As you said, sometimes people even start another sentence in the middle of one sentence. It's called a parenthetical aside (See: [What does 人の手により in this sentence mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68179/5010)). In your case, it seems that the speaker suddenly wanted to start to describe a reason by saying 通い始めた理由が, but then failed to correctly conclude the parenthetical part by saying something like なんですけど.\n\n * Even in serious writing, some people are not very good at matching a subject and a predicate correctly. See: [Sentence topic without grammatical function](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61152/5010)\n\nAs for the implied subjects, the subject of キャンペーンをやっていて is either the school\nitself or someone in the school. Something like this is very common, and this\nis not a problem of this sentence.\n\nI made minimal changes to the original sentence. The following is still a\nlittle messy as written language, but is organized enough as conversational\nsentences. For example, an editor of an interview article would revise the\noriginal transcription to something like this. If you feel comfortable reading\nthis one, don't worry too much about the remaining \"broken\" parts:\n\n>\n> 10歳、11歳ぐらいのときに、子供向けの英会話教室に通い始めまして。通い始めた理由が、その英会話教室に入会したら、ぬいぐるみがもらえるっていうキャンペーンをやっていた、というものなんですけど、本当にそのぬいぐるみが欲しくて、母に『英語頑張るから』と言って、入会させてもらいました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T04:10:47.357", "id": "100396", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T04:22:25.600", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T04:22:25.600", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100384", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "According to these websites\n\n<https://bizushiki.com/wakiduke>\n\n<https://origamijapan.net/origami/2018/06/05/wakizuke/>\n\n脇付 follow this classification when thinking on the sender and the addressee of\na letter.\n\n 1. 差出人が男性：一般的な脇付\n 2. 差出人が男性：目上の人への脇付\n 3. 差出人が男性：両親への脇付\n 4. 差出人が女性：一般的な脇付\n 5. 差出人が男性・女性：師や目上の方への脇付\n 6. 差出人が男性・女性：高貴な人への脇付\n\nBased on it, I have these questions related with the usage of 脇付.\n\n 1. **Respecting groups 1 and 4, what kind of person does 一般 refer to?** For example, 机下, which is used for doctors, is classified in group 1 \"差出人が男性：一般的な脇付\", while 侍史, also used for doctors, is classified in group 2 \"差出人が男性：目上の人への脇付\", so I don't understand very well who is exactly a 一般的な相手.\n\n 2. I see 男性 have 脇付 for 上目の人 (group 2) and for 両親 (group 3), whereas 女性 don't seem to have 脇付 for 上目の人 and for 両親. Then, **if a woman must send a letter towards 上目の人 or 両親, which 脇付 would she use?**\n\n**For 上目の人, would a woman only be able to use the only one 脇付 introduced in\ngroup 5 \"差出人が男性・女性：師や目上の方への脇付\", that is, 函丈（かんじょう）?**\n\n 3. **Are all the 脇付 inside each group interchangeable?**\n\n**For example, can all the 脇付 in group 1 \"差出人が男性：一般的な脇付\" be used for doctors\nlike 机下 (classified in group 1)?**\n\nWhen I look for each one of them on dictionaries in order to know their\nnuances (especially to which kind of person is used each one), the most common\nresult I get is just \"手紙の脇付の一\", so I don't know very well their usage. **If\nyou could please tell me individually each 脇付 of each group for what specific\nperson (e.g. doctors, lawyers, professors, etc.) is used, it would help me a\nlot.**", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T15:03:13.510", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100385", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-26T15:03:13.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "47013", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "words" ], "title": "Usage of 脇付 depending on the sender and the addressee", "view_count": 38 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100397", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I came across the word 今現在 and I can't figure out when to use it. I found out\nit [means](https://jisho.org/search/%E4%BB%8A%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8) \"just now; at\nthis moment; at this point of time\" but this information doesn't really help\nme understand when to use it instead of 今 or 現在.\n\nI am (somewhat) aware of the difference between 今 and 現在. Both refer to the\npresent time and can overlap in their usage in some cases, being 今 the closer\nto \"now\" in terms of \"the immediate time physically speaking\" and 現在 closer to\n\"the present time\", \"currently as opposed to the past or the future\". While I\nmight be inaccurate or even outright wrong in my understanding of both words,\nat least I have some difference I can rely on when trying to decide when to\nuse one or the other, but with 今現在 I am lost.\n\nI found the word in the book N2新完全マスター page 4, in the section 問題紹介:\n\n>\n> よく、「自分が本当にやりたいことをみつけなければならない」と、あたかもそれが動力すれば必ずみつかるもののように語られ、プレッシャーを感じる人も多いと思いますが、私はそれがみつかるかどうかは、極端にいって「運」しだいだと思います。だから、\n> **今現在** 、それがみつかっていない **から** といって、焦ることも、自己嫌悪に陥ることもありません。\n\n* * *\n\nI am also probably missing some crucial information related to this から bit\nthat I highlighted that makes the sentence more confusing to me. I just parsed\nthe sentence skipping this から in the following way to try to understand it:\n\n> だから、 **今現在** 、それがみつかっていない ** ~~から~~** といって[ **も** ]、焦ることも、自己嫌悪に陥ることもありません。\n\nFor this reason, だから\n\neven if といって[も]\n\nI haven't found this それがみつかっていない\n\nat this moment, 今現在\n\nit's not the case that こともありません\n\nI fret 焦る\n\nor I’ve fallen into self-hatred 自己嫌悪に陥る.\n\n* * *\n\nWhen is 今現在 preferable to 今 and 現在? Could 今現在 be replaced by 今 or 現在 in the\nprovided context?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T15:39:46.003", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100386", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T04:58:32.327", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T16:03:53.387", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "meaning" ], "title": "When to use 今現在 instead of 今 or 現在?", "view_count": 73 }

[ { "body": "It's just a longer and thus more emphatic version of 今. It's one of the words\nused when you want something stronger than \"now\". It's like \"right at this\nmoment\". Semantically, I think 今現在 is much closer to 今 than to 現在.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T04:58:32.327", "id": "100397", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T04:58:32.327", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100386", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "End of chapter 33 of the manga 課長島耕作.\n\n> 先斗町 袖より合うも 春の夜の 他生の縁と なつかしむなり\n\n先斗町 is the setting of the chapter.\n\nI guess 春の夜 doesn't differ from its dictionary entry:\n\n> short spring night\n\nI know `袖より合うも他生の縁` is a variation of the proverb `袖すり合うも他生の縁` (although I\ndon't really get the difference with the より and すり.)\n\nWhat I'm not understanding is the last part `となつかしむなり`\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7TBBS.png)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T17:14:11.217", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100387", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T04:31:27.287", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-26T17:18:51.807", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "51857", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning" ], "title": "Meaning of となつかしむなり in this context?", "view_count": 77 }

[ { "body": "> ...となつかしむなり\n\nと is quotative particle.\n\n懐かしむ{なつかしむ} is verb meaning \"to recall fondly\".\n\nI think that this なり could be form of (originally) Evidential _nar-_ which\noriginally had meanings: (1) \"it sounds as if somebody does, one can hear\nsomebody do\", (2) \"it is said/reported that somebody does\". It should not be\nmistaken with homophonous Old/Middle/Classical Japanese copula _nar-_ (← _ni\nar-_ ). Evidential _nar-_ is supposedly contraction of _*na_ \"sound\" + _ar-_\n\"to exist\", so it conjugates analogically to classical verb\n[あり](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E3%82%8A) (ancestor of modern\nある). (Neither of them should be confused with 成る{なる} \"to become\" and 鳴る{なる}\n\"to sound, to ring, to roar\".)\n\nAfter mediaeval times, this なり was used only in poetry and literary language,\nand it functions as exclamation.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T20:51:16.500", "id": "100389", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T04:31:27.287", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T04:31:27.287", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100387", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100391", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was reading a light novel and found this bit that really bothers me.\n\n> ここから彼女の通っている小学校までは少し距離があるのだ **が** 、 **しかし** 《創世》にかかれば、移動距離などまるで意味をなさない。\n\n(although it seems pretty intuitive, if needed the context is that the girl is\nable to warp space)\n\nHow common is this? Does this fall in the same category of using たとえ before a\nば/... phrase to anticipate the hypotetical nature of the sentence", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-26T21:26:16.233", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100390", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T01:29:51.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44165", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "conjunctions" ], "title": "Use of two adversative conjunctions in succession", "view_count": 41 }

[ { "body": "It is quite common as a dramatic and/or literary expression. You should not\noveruse it, but you can use it when you want an emphatic version of \"however\".\nだがしかし is used almost as a set phrase at the beginning of a sentence; an\nEnglish equivalent would be \"But yet\".\n\nSee also:\n\n * [What are the rules of connecting two adverbs?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/83485/5010)\n * [clarification about ながら and だが being linked together](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77093/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T01:29:51.350", "id": "100391", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T01:29:51.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "What are cars called that look stock but have lots of performance\nmodifications in Japan? Americans call them Sleepers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T02:19:24.687", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100392", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-26T03:03:55.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57120", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "slang" ], "title": "What are cars called that look stock but have lots of performance modifications in Japan? Americans call them Sleepers", "view_count": 100 }

[ { "body": "チューニングカー (from \"tuning car\") or チューンドカー (from \"tuned car\").\n\nFrom [JMdict / EDICT](https://www.edrdg.org/wiki/index.php/JMdict-\nEDICT_Dictionary_Project) (edict2u) dictionary:\n\n> チューニングカー;チューンドカー /(n) tuned car/modified car/EntL2831780/", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T02:37:01.847", "id": "100393", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T02:37:01.847", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100392", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 3, "body": "My middle name is Asano, named after my great grandmother, but my family has\nlost the ability to write Japanese and not sure exactly what kanji she used in\nher name. Am I able to decide my own characters for Asano, like 朝野? The same\ngoes for my little brother whose middle name is Kenjirō. Is it okay to use the\ncharacters 健次郎?\n\nThank you!", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T03:32:49.060", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100395", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T08:28:28.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57121", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "kanji" ], "title": "Can I choose my own kanji characters for my middle name?", "view_count": 107 }

[ { "body": "[ENAMDICT](https://www.edrdg.org/enamdict/enamdict_doc.html) has the\nfollowing:\n\n```\n\n あさの /(f) Asano/\n あさ乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n アサノ /(f) Asano/\n 亜沙乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 亜紗乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 阿佐野 [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n 旭乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 安佐乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 安沙乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 浅の [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n 浅乃 [あさの] /(f,s) Asano/\n 浅之 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 浅埜 [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n 浅野 [あさの] /(p,s,f) Asano/\n 旦乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 旦野 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 朝希 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 朝乃 [あさの] /(f,s) Asano/\n 朝之 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 朝埜 [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n 朝野 [あさの] /(p,s,f) Asano/\n 麻乃 [あさの] /(f,s) Asano/\n 麻之 [あさの] /(u) Asano/\n 麻埜 [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n 麻野 [あさの] /(f,s) Asano/\n 晨乃 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 晨野 [あさの] /(f) Asano/\n 淺野 [あさの] /(s) Asano/\n \n```\n\nAnd:\n\n```\n\n 絢赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 絢二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 絢二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 鎌治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 乾志郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 乾次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 乾二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健司郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健至郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健治朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 健二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 兼次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 兼治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 兼赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 兼二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 兼二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 堅次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 堅治郎 [けんじろう] /(g) Kenjirō/\n 堅赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 堅二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 堅二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 建司郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 建次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 建赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 建二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 建二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 憲次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 憲治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 憲赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 憲二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 憲二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 懸事郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 研次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 研治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 研赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 研二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 研二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 絹次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙志郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 謙二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 賢次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 賢治郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 賢赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 賢二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 賢二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 顕次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 顕治朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 顕赦 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 顕仁郎 [けんじろう] /(g) Kenjirō/\n 顕二朗 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 顕二郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n 權治郎 [けんじろう] /(g) Kenjirō/\n 縣次郎 [けんじろう] /(m) Kenjirō/\n \n```\n\nSo both 朝野 and 健次郎 are listed there.\n\n(m = \"male given name or forename\", f = \"female given name or forename\", u =\n\"unclassified name\", g = \"given name or forename, gender not specified\", s =\n\"family or surname\", p = \"place name\")", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T05:04:18.217", "id": "100398", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T05:04:18.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It depends on what you're trying to do.\n\nPrescriptively speaking, the kanji of a person's name is fixed in one way. It\nis not allowed to be changed freely. If your ancestor's name was actually 麻乃\nbut you used 朝野, that is \"wrong\" in principle. If you are compiling an\nofficial history of your lineage, you should never assign arbitrary kanji to\nher name. You should do your research.\n\nHowever, if you simply want to casually assign some kanji for fun, then no one\nis going to stop you from doing so. I can assure you that both 朝野 and 健次郎 are\nreasonable and natural choices. But there are many other possible kanji\ncombinations that can be used for Asano and Kenjiro, so the chance that they\nare _actually_ correct would be less than 50%.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T05:44:39.677", "id": "100400", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T06:09:45.113", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T06:09:45.113", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Yes and no.\n\nYour middle name is \"Asano\" spelt in English and does not have any kanji\ncharacters. Even if you knew the correct characters of your great\ngrandmother's name, they would not be a part of your name.\n\nSo for fun, yes can say your name uses such characters if you want, just like\npeople with typical English names can spell their name with Japanese\ncharacters, too. It won't actually become your name, but it would be fine in\nyour social circle.\n\nHowever, if you are planning on living in Japan, you cannot legally spell your\nname in kanji on official documents, even if they were the correct kanji. It\nis also worth noting that middle names aren't a thing in Japan and can\nactually cause you a few headaches.\n\nThe name on your foreign residency card will also be written in English.\nBecause of that, your bank and other documents will use the English name (or\nthe katakana version). Since most other documents will use the English name,\nyour job will ask you to use the same name on their contracts and documents.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T08:28:28.047", "id": "100404", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T08:28:28.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "100395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "Shouldn't が be used instead of を since 残る is an intransitive verb?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T05:41:52.403", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100399", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T05:52:17.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57103", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "particle-が", "particle-を" ], "title": "彼はお金を残らず奪われた。— が instead of を", "view_count": 53 }

[ { "body": "> 彼はお金を残らず奪われた。\n\nお金{かね}を is connected here with 奪われた{うばわれた}, passive past form of transitive\nverb 奪う{うばう} \"to steal, to seize\".\n\n残らず{のこらず} is adverbial modifier of 奪われた{うばわれた}, it means \"without remaining\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T05:52:17.540", "id": "100401", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T05:52:17.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100399", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100403", "answer_count": 1, "body": "An example sentence I've seen is 「彼にビデオを借りました。」 which was prompted with \"I\nborrowed a video from him.\" and for a long time I would accidentally say\n「彼からビデオを借りました。」 instead the first time. Does that impolitely make him seem\nlike a faceless corporation/building or is it just wrong in every case?\n\nAlso, does 借りる with に mean something more like \"to take on a debt\" than just\n\"borrow\"? As in, the focus being more on the obligation towards the lender\nrather than the item. (That is how I have rationalized the use of に here.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T07:30:07.730", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100402", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T08:14:01.750", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39176", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "syntax", "particle-に", "particle-から" ], "title": "Why is 「人」から「物」を借りる wrong?", "view_count": 278 }

[ { "body": "(人)にビデオを借りました and (人)からビデオを借りました are both correct, and there is no difference\nin meaning. Perhaps に is relatively more common in a very simple case like\nthis, but using から is not unnatural at all. The verb 借りる can be used when\nseriously borrowing money and when casually borrowing an eraser, and the\nparticle choice has nothing to do with this.\n\nHowever, に is so versatile that you may have to pay special attention when a\npassive/causative form is involved. What does this sentence mean?\n\n> その本は彼に借りられました。\n>\n> 1. The book was borrowed **by** him. (He received the book)\n> 2. The book was borrowed **from** him. (He gave the book)\n>\n\nIn this case, 1 is the correct interpretation, and you need to use から (or より)\nto say 2.\n\n> その本を彼に借りさせました。\n>\n> 1. I made him borrow the book (from someone).\n> 2. I made (someone) borrow the book from him.\n>\n\nThis is technically ambiguous, but people tend to take this as 1 when there is\nno context. その本を彼から借りさせました is better when 2 is the intended meaning.\n\nRelated: [Ambiguity when describing with verbs, e.g.\n酒を飲ませる人](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/79905/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T08:14:01.750", "id": "100403", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T08:14:01.750", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100402", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100412", "answer_count": 2, "body": "I found the word in an anime quite some time ago, and I wanted to finally\nconfirm if I understood its meaning.\n\nFrom the 新明解, the definition is:\n\n> 人をある立場から評価して、しかるべき地位を与えること。\n\nThe context in which I found this is:\n\n> （千束）これ 見たでしょ？取引時間 間違えてた 指令部のせいです～。楠木さんにだって 責任あるでしょう？ \n> （楠木）他人の **処遇** を気にする前に もっと働いてほしいもんだがな。遊びで お前にライセンス 出してるわけじゃないんだぞ。\n\nCould the 「地位を与えること」 part be understood as \"telling people what to do\" in this\ncase? Or is it more something like \"judging people\"? Or could this meaning\njust \"assuming a certain attitude\", as in this example sentence 「冷たい―を受ける」?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T11:13:24.580", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100407", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T21:43:56.343", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T21:43:56.343", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "44165", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "words" ], "title": "Understanding a meaning of 処遇", "view_count": 88 }

[ { "body": "I would say it's more like \"putting people in their (proper) place\". So\ndefinitely closer to \"judging people\".\n\n> しかるべき地位を与えること \n> To give them their proper (social) position/status.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T13:07:14.510", "id": "100410", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T13:07:14.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100407", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "[地位](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D) means social position/status,\nand しかるべき地位を与える means placing someone in an appropriate social\nposition/status. If it's from [this\nnovel](https://syosetu.org/novel/307082/3.html), this 他人 refers to Takina, and\n他人の処遇 refers to the decision to kick her out of DA after [the \"命令違反\"\nepisode](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Re_y-W_DTwg). So this 処遇 is about a\ndemotion rather than a promotion in this case, but it's still about someone's\nposition in an organization.\n\n> 他人の処遇を気にする前に もっと働いてほしいもんだがな。\n>\n> I wish you would work more before worrying about the treatment of someone\n> else (=Takina).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T13:42:50.680", "id": "100412", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T14:21:54.493", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T14:21:54.493", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100407", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100413", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I am learning Japanese, and one of the ways I'm doing so is playing games. I\nam playing \"Stranger of Sword City,\" and I saw this exact expression, in the\ngame:\n\n> 何か[暖]{L}を取るものを探して彷徨ったあなたは、やがて古びた箱を見つけ出し……\n\nI was confused by the 「暖」 in the third character. How do you pronounce that?\nIs it just 「あたた」..? Is it 「ダン」? I looked through various 辞書 but couldn't find\na reference to the naked 漢字. I eventually thought to ask Chat-GPT if there is\na name for when a 漢字 appears without ひらがな following, and it said that, yes\nthere is: 送り仮名抜き, and that it is often used for poetic technique.\n\nI'm still not clear on how this is supposed to be verbalized though.\n\nWhat's really going on here? And how do you pronounce it?", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T13:06:43.683", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100409", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T21:42:58.437", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T21:42:58.437", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "57128", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "words", "readings", "set-phrases", "okurigana" ], "title": "How do I pronounce this 「暖」 that lacks 送り仮名?", "view_count": 133 }

[ { "body": "暖 in this context is read だん, and it means \"heat\" (noun).\n[暖を取る](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9A%96%E3%82%92%E5%8F%96%E3%82%8B) is a\ncommon set phrase. Since you correctly noticed it has no okurigana, you could\nhave also checked if 暖 has a meaning as a noun on its own. 暖 is a rare word\noutside of this set phrase, though...", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T13:58:25.790", "id": "100413", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T14:05:04.407", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-27T14:05:04.407", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100409", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 俺って誰かさんと違うえらい子だから。Because I am admirable, unlike a certain someone.\n>\n> 空気読んじゃうんだよね。[I] surely can read the mood.\n\nSo the POV character is watching two friends flirt and he's pretending to be\nasleep. When one of them says \"I can read the mood\", I don't see why he'd use\n読んじゃう over 読める for example.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T13:07:30.363", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100411", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-29T10:19:44.143", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-29T10:19:44.143", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "て-form", "sentence" ], "title": "Why is ちゃう used without negative connotation in the following sentence?", "view_count": 135 }

[ { "body": "I think there is a sense of doing something without even\ntrying/meaning/thinking. 空気読める is kind of neutral in this regard.\n\n> 空気読んじゃうんだよね \n> It's because (without even trying) I end up reading the mood, y'know?\n\nIt could also have a negative connotation like \"(I don't even want to but /\nregrettably) I end up reading the mood\" which doesn't seem to be the case\ngiven the previous clause.\n\n* * *\n\nGrammatically\n\n読んじゃう -> 読んで + しまう", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T17:59:10.970", "id": "100414", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T17:59:10.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100411", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I was wondering what is the nuance with ある before nouns, like in this\nsentence.\n\n> 夏の **ある** 暑い日の午後、彼はその運転手に再会した.\n\nI don't quite understand if the addition of ある before nouns can convey a\ncertain feeling, or certain nuance/meaning that I'm not aware of. To me, 夏の暑い日\nand 夏のある暑い日 can be translate basically in the same thing. Other time a saw\nthis kind of thing, especially in novel.\n\nSo ある, in these cases, what add in particulary?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-27T22:12:31.197", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100415", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-27T22:12:31.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "verbs", "nouns", "ある" ], "title": "ある before nouns", "view_count": 43 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100418", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Context：\n\n> 今日は午後からまつ毛パーマをあてに行きました。\n\nWhat is the difference between \"まつ毛パーマをしに行きました\" and \"まつ毛パーマをあてに行きました\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T07:08:28.593", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100417", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-28T07:29:52.690", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54510", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning", "verbs" ], "title": "What does “~をあてに~” mean?", "view_count": 80 }

[ { "body": "The verb あてる is used for \"get\" in \"get a perm\". (まつ毛)パーマをあてに行く means \"go to\nget a perm\". We also use the verb かける for this. I don't see much difference\nbetween (まつ毛)パーマをあてる and (まつ毛)パーマをかける. I personally don't say\n(まつ毛)パーマをする/パーマをしに行く but it seems that some people use the verb する and it\nsounds okay to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T07:29:52.690", "id": "100418", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-28T07:29:52.690", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "100417", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "Context: MC is asking 2 of his subordinates about their desired salary/\nallowance, which he will pay for them. Since he has been isekai'd , he doesn't\nknow about the average salary/ income or terminologies of this world(similar\nto Japan Sengoku era). MC also just received a few territories from his clan\nleader as a reward, so he can use the income/taxes from those lands to pay for\nhis troops / squad members.\n\n> MC「幾ら欲しい？」\n>\n> Koroko「えっ」\n>\n> Hiyoko「何がですか？」\n>\n> MC「いや、扶持のこと。希望額があるかなって」\n>\n> Hiyoko「な、何なんですかその生々しい質問！」\n>\n> MC「だって俺、そういう相場も分かんないしさ。今までひよはどのくらいもらってたの？」\n>\n> Hiyoko「え、いや、その……」\n>\n> MC「ああ……そうか。雑司からだと格上げになるから、お給金もそのぶん上げないといけないのか……」\n>\n> だとすると、今のひよの収入も参考にならないよな。\n>\n> ……やっぱり俺じゃ分かんないぞ、こりゃ。\n>\n> Hiyoko「あの、その……」\n>\n> MC「 **やっぱり申告制でひとつ** 」\n>\n> Hiyoko「うぅ……どうしよう、ころちゃん」\n>\n> Koroko「どうしようって言われても……私こそ、どうしようだよぅ」", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T07:32:08.720", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100419", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-28T07:32:08.720", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50156", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning", "translation", "phrases" ], "title": "What does 「やっぱり申告制でひとつ」mean in this context?", "view_count": 38 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100425", "answer_count": 2, "body": "This line is from the lyrics of a song called TSUNAMI\n\n> 止めど流る清か水よ \n> 消せど燃ゆる魔性の火よ\n\nI had to look up the dictionary to understand what ど does in that line, and\nfound an entry with this example.\n\n> 呼べど答へず、捜せど見えず\n\nIf I understood correctly, 呼べど＝呼んでも and 捜せど＝捜しても; and ど is linked to the\nば-form.\n\nThen shouldn't 止めど流る be 止めれど流る because we say 止めれば, but I'm not sure because\n流る and 燃ゆる is already not following modern grammar, and maybe also for 止めど.\n\nIs classical grammar applied to 止めど, or is the author using some poetic\nlicense to match the number of moras?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T10:36:28.903", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100420", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T06:21:55.747", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55724", "post_type": "question", "score": 4, "tags": [ "grammar", "song-lyrics", "conditionals", "classical-japanese" ], "title": "Is there some poetic license in 止めど or is it following classical grammar?", "view_count": 229 }

[ { "body": "One of pseudo-forms of verbs is 未然形{みぜんけい}, called Irrealis in Wiktionary,\ncalled _a-_ stem by Frellesvig (2010).\n\nOne of finite forms of verbs is 已然形{いぜんけい}, called Realis in Wiktionary,\ncalled **Exclamatory** by Frellesvig (2010), called **Evidential** by Vovin\n(2020).\n\nForm with suffix 〜ば added to 未然形{みぜんけい} in Old/Middle/Classical Japanese is\ncalled \"Conditional conjunction\" in Wiktionary, called **Conditional** by\nFrellesvig (2010), called **Conditional Converb** by Vovin (2020).\n\nForm with suffix 〜ば added to 已然形{いぜんけい} in Old/Middle/Classical Japanese is\ncalled \"Causal conjunction\" in Wiktionary, called **Provisional** by\nFrellesvig (2010), called **Conjunctive Converb** by Vovin (2020).\n\nForm with suffix 〜ど added to 已然形{いぜんけい} is called \"Contrasting conjunction\" in\nWiktionary, called **Concessive** by Frellesvig (2010), called **Concessive\nConverb** by Vovin (2020).\n\nFrellesvig (2010, pages 53, 55, 57, 133):\n\n> The following summarizes main functions of each category and gives for\n> reference the forms of the verb _sin-_ 'dies'.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> Exclamatory ( _sinure_ ) This form is mainly used to form the predicate of\n> an exclamative main clause, sometimes on its own, but often in correlation\n> with the focus particle _koso_ (see 8.9.2). The exclamatory can also\n> function as the predicate in a subordinate clause, often translated with one\n> of a number of conjunctional meanings: 'if, when, although, because'.\n> Usually it is accompanied by some modal or other particle. It also functions\n> as a combining stem, selected by some suffixes, see 3.4.4.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> Conditional ( _sinaba_ ) The conditional concludes a conditional subordinate\n> clause 'if'.\n>\n> Provisional ( _sinureba_ ) The provisional concludes a provisional,\n> temporal, or causal subordinate clause, most of which can be rendered by\n> English 'as'.\n>\n> Concessive ( _sinuredo_ ) The concessive concludes a concessive subordinate\n> clause 'although, even though'; the concessive is often followed by the\n> particle _mo_ with no discernible difference in meaning.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> 3.7.4 Conjunctional particles\n>\n> Conjunctional particles follow finite verb forms to form subordinate\n> clauses: (...) _**to**_ (a) concessive '(even) if, although' (in this use,\n> often followed by _mo_ : _**tomo**_ ; cf. here the etymologically related\n> concessive formant _-do(mo)_ ), (b) purposive 'in order to, (so) that';\n\nVovin (2020, pages 572, 574, 672):\n\n> 3.2.1.3 Evidential _-ure_ ~ _-e_ ~ _-re_\n>\n> The evidential suffix’s main allomorph is _-ure_ , which is found after all\n> vowel verbs (except strong vowel verbs, where it becomes just _-re_ ), and\n> all irregular verbs (except _r_ -irregular verbs). After all consonant verbs\n> and _r_ -irregular verbs the allomorph _-ɛ_ ~ _-e_ - is used, according to\n> the morphonological rule of _-r-_ loss mentioned in chapter 2, section\n> 2.5.4.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> The evidential is used by itself as a final form. In most cases it appears\n> when the particle _kǝsǝ_ precedes it in the sentence, replacing the final\n> predication suffix. (...) Nevertheless, in contrast to Middle Japanese,\n> where _koso_ always triggers the change of the final predication form to the\n> evidential, there are many cases in Western Old Japanese when the evidential\n> can be used as a final predication form without the preceding _kǝsǝ_.\n>\n> Although it is difficult to say exactly what the evidential form means, I\n> believe that used in isolation, its function is close to that of the\n> exclamation point in English; in any case, it obviously indicates some kind\n> of emphatic statement. The fact that it is used together with _kǝsǝ_ , a\n> strong emphatic particle, further supports this proposal. I call it\n> evidential because frequently it emphasizes fact(s) that should be evident\n> to the speaker or his/her addressee. Otherwise, the evidential is usually\n> followed by the conjunctive converb _- mba_ or the concessive converb _-\n> ndǝ_/ _- ndǝmǝ_, usages that I survey below in the sections dedicated to\n> them.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> 3.2.2.1.5 Concessive Converb _- ndǝ[mǝ]_\n>\n> The concessive converb _- ndǝ[mǝ]_ has just one allomorph, but it has two\n> variants: _- ndǝ_ and _- ndǝmǝ_ with no overt functional difference. The\n> former appears to be its original form and the latter in all likelihood\n> represents historically a combination of _- ndǝ_ with the following emphatic\n> particle _mǝ_. The concessive converb _- ndǝ[mǝ]_ always follows the\n> evidential form of a verb. In a diachronic perspective this probably means\n> that it was once a bound noun that became a converb suffix through the\n> process of grammaticalization, although we can no longer recover the exact\n> meaning of this bound noun.\n>\n> ...\n>\n> The concessive converb _- ndǝ[mǝ]_ is probably the most versatile converb\n> since the evidential form it follows immediately can be preceded by more\n> suffixes and bound auxiliaries than any other converb. In contrast to the\n> conjunctive converb that cannot combine with any evidential forms of mood\n> markers and to the conditional converb that can combine only with the\n> subjunctive mood suffix, the concessive converb can combine with both\n> tentative mood markers, but does not combine with the subjunctive mood\n> suffix.\n>\n> The concessive converb _- ndǝ[mǝ]_ has only one function: introducing a\n> concessive clause\n\n* * *\n\nExample of some conjugated forms of 2 verbs in Old Japanese:\n\n * intransitive consonant-stem (四段) verb 止む{やむ} (\"to stop (itself)\")\n * transitive weak-vowel-stem (二段) verb 止む{やむ} (which is ancestor of modern transitive strong-vowel-stem (一段) verb 止める{やめる})\n\n| Consonant-stem verb | Weak-vowel-stem verb \n---|---|--- \nStem | yam- | yame- \n終止形 / Terminal / Conclusive | yamu (止む / やむ) (→ modern yamu (止む / やむ)) | yamu\n(止む / やむ) (→ modern yameru (止む / やむ)) \n連体形 / Attributive / Adnominal | yamu (止む / やむ) (→ modern yamu (止む / やむ)) |\nyamuru (止むる / やむる) (→ modern yameru (止む / やむ)) \n未然形 / Irrealis / _a-_ stem | yama- (止ま / やま) (→ modern yama- (止ま / やま)) |\nyame- (止め / やめ) (→ modern yame- (止め / やめ)) \nConditional | yamamba (止まば / やまば) | yamemba (止めば / やめば) \n已然形 / Realis / Exclamatory | yame (止め / やめ) | yamure (止むれ / やむれ) \nProvisional | yamemba (止めば / やめば) (→ modern yameba (止めば / やめば)) | yamuremba\n(止むれば / やむれば) (→ modern yamereba (止めれば / やめれば)) \nConcessive | yamendǝ (止めど / やめど) | yamurendǝ (止むれど / やむれど) \n \nIn Early Middle Japanese, vowels _(w)o_ and _ǝ_ merged into _o_.\n\nIn Late Middle Japanese, 已然形{いぜんけい}/Realis/Exclamatory was lost as\nindependent, distinct word form, but remained for formation of derived forms\n(only _-ba_ / 〜ば in Modern Japanese).\n\nProvisional has taken conditional function.\n\nIn Modern Japanese, the only remnant of Concessive ど is in\nconjunction/particle けれ **ども** (informal variants: けれど, けども, けど), whose けれ\npart is 已然形{いぜんけい}/Realis/Exclamatory of unknown source (see some theories in\nEtymology section\n[here](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82)).\n\n* * *\n\n~~That song currently uses 止めど{やめど} form of intransitive verb 止む{やむ}, but for\nsemantics to make more sense here, it should use 止むれど{やむれど} form of transitive\nverb 止む{やむ}.~~\n\nThat song currently uses 止めど{とめど}, which is incorrect, as explained in\nnaruto's answer.\n\nAdditionally 流る{ながる}, which is 終止形{しゅうしけい}/Terminal/Conclusive form, should be\nchanged to 連体形{れんたいけい}/Attributive/Adnominal form 流るる{ながるる}.\n\n* * *\n\nSources:\n\nBjarke Frellesvig 2010 \"A History of the Japanese Language\"\n\nAlexander Vovin 2020 \"A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old\nJapanese\"", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T14:00:07.757", "id": "100422", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T06:21:55.747", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-29T06:21:55.747", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100420", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I would say that this とめど is \"grammatically incorrect\". Strictly speaking, it\nshould be とめ **れ** ど, as you suggested. However, since most people are not\ngood at classical grammar, such mistakes are not uncommon even in lyrics\nwritten by famous artists. They are hardly noticed by ordinary native\nspeakers.\n\n[This page](http://kotobakai.seesaa.net/article/8180059.html) has an\ninteresting hypothesis as to why such a mistake occurred in this song:\n\n> 「止めどなく」という言葉があり（止めるところがない）、これと混線したために「止めど流るる」という言葉が使われたのでしょう。\n\nIn modern Japanese, we have an i-adjective\n[とめどない](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%AD%A2%E3%82%81%E3%81%A9%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\n(\"endless\"). This is actually a shortened form of とめどころない (どころ = \"place\") and\nhas nothing to do with the conjunctive auxiliary ど. However, the existence of\nthis word may have led him to think that とめど was the correct conjugation of\nとめる. Personally, I had to spend quite a few minutes rechecking dictionaries\nand grammar rules before concluding that this とめど was a \"mistake\". It's\nbecause I was somehow more familiar with the とめど sound itself than with とめれど.\n\nHistorically, とめる (transitive \"to stop\") has several classical variants, but\nnone of them will conjugate to とめど, anyway.\n\n * とめる (modern, ichidan) → とめれど\n * [とどむ](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E6%AD%A2%E3%82%80) (classic, nidan) → とどむれど\n * [とむ](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A8%E3%82%80) (classic, nidan) → とむれど\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, this is not the only \"mistake\" in the lyrics. ながる is a classical\nversion of the modern ながれる, but when it is used to modify a noun (in this\ncase, 清か水), we must use its attributive form, which is ながるる. In the next line,\nhowever, he employed another archaic verb\n[もゆ](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E7%87%83%E3%82%86) and correctly\nconjugated it to もゆる to modify a noun (魔性の火).\n\nThis probably means that he _knew_ the basic grammatical rule, but\ndeliberately ignored it in the first line to fit the metrics of the song. That\nis, he wanted the two lines to share the same rhythm:\n\n```\n\n とめど ながる さ や かみず よ \n けせど もゆる ましょうのひ よ\n \n```\n\nWhile とめどながる might be \"wrong\" and とめれどながるる might be correct, almost no one\nnotices or dares to point out minor grammatical problems with archaic\nexpressions that appear in pop songs.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T04:55:56.783", "id": "100425", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T06:02:18.193", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-29T06:02:18.193", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100420", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100426", "answer_count": 1, "body": "When do verbs in causative verbs affect the verbs before them? Like if you say\n雨は花を食い溺らす (made up term), does the rain eat at the flowers and drown them, or\nfeed them too much and drown them? Like if you say \"蹴り飛ばす\", it's obvious\nyou're not making the object kick ().", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-28T22:31:36.410", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100423", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T06:41:24.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "conjugations" ], "title": "The causative form in a verb after another in 連用形", "view_count": 71 }

[ { "body": "When two verbs are connected using the 連用形 (and with no comma), it's called a\n[複合動詞 (compound verb)](https://vvlexicon.ninjal.ac.jp/en/). In general, it\nbehaves as one verb, often with a special meaning. When せる/させる is attached to\na compound verb, the causative meaning is applied not to the first or second\nverb but to the compounded meaning:\n\n * 食べ終えさせる: to make someone finish eating\n * やり直させる: to make someone retry\n * 思い出させる: to remind someone\n * 蹴り飛ばさせる: to make someone kick it away\n\nYou should not try to make a new compound verb such as 食い溺れる unless you really\nwant to go creative and coin a new verb. 食い溺れる is basically a nonsense phrase;\nif you say it, the listener will be simply confused. The same is true with its\ncausative version, 食い溺れさせる. (溺らす is very rare and you should not use it in\ncontemporary Japanese.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T06:41:24.880", "id": "100426", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T06:41:24.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100423", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100437", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Why is が{ga} used instead of を{wo} in ~が{ga}[聞ける]{kikeru} in the following\nsentence?\n\n> [日本]{nihon} [に]{ni} [いながら]{inagara}、[フランス語]{furansugo} [の]{no} [ラジオ]{rajio}\n> [番組]{bangumi} **[が]{ga}** [聞ける]{kikeru}。\n\nIf I understood correctly, it should literally mean \"While in Japan, the\nFrench radio program listens,\" since \"French radio program\" is marked as the\nsubject by が{ga}.\n\nBut, lo and behold, the translation of this sentence is: \"You can listen to\nFrench radio programs while in Japan\".\n\nNow, if I use を{wo}, the translation becomes: \"Listen to French radio programs\nwhile in japan\".\n\nThis has confused the life out of me. Why is that so?", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T08:13:47.823", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100427", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T03:20:32.047", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T01:04:49.187", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "Why is が{ga} used instead of を{wo} in ~が{ga}[聞ける]{kikeru}?", "view_count": 198 }

[ { "body": "There are two different things that are combining here and causing your\nconfusion. First, the fact that the verbs for \"to listen\" and \"to hear\" use\ntwo different words that are very similar, and second, the verb is conjugated\nin the potential form. Let's take a look to each point (1. and 2.) separately.\n\n#### 1. [聞く]{kiku} vs [聞こえる]{kikoeru}\n\nNote that for some verbs related to interacting with the world through our\nsenses (to look, to listen, etc.) there are several words to express the same\naction in Japanese depending on wether the action is intentional or not. This\n_somewhat_ corresponds to the dichotomies listen/hear and look/see in English.\n\n 1. [聞く]{kiku} → to _purposely_ listen. For example,\n\n> [演奏]{ensou} [を]{wo} [聞く]{kiku} (I listen to a musical performance)\n\n 2. [聞こえる]{kikoeru} → to _unintendedly_ hear. For example,\n\n> [隣]{tonari} [の]{no} [部屋]{heya} [に]{ni} [ある]{aru} [テレビ]{terebi} [が]{ga}\n> [聞こえる]{kikoeru} (I hear the television next door).\n\nThe same can be said of [見る]{miru} (to _purposely_ look at) and [見える]{mieru}\n(to see, to be visible).\n\nSo even if [聞く]{kiku} and [聞こえる]{kikoeru} are related, it's better if you\nregard them as different words, [as @Karl Knecthel pointed\nout](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100427/why-is-%E3%81%8Cga-\nused-instead-of-%E3%82%92wo-\nin-%E3%81%8Cga%E8%81%9E%E3%81%91%E3%82%8Bkikeru#comment163519_100427). In your\noriginal sentence, the verb is [聞ける]{kikeru}, which ultimately comes from\nconjugating [聞く]{kiku} (and not [聞こえる]{kikoeru}) to the potential form.\n\n#### 2. Potential form of [聞く]{kiku}\n\nTo make the potential form of some types of verbs, the last hiragana ending in\n\"u\" is replaced by the hiragana with the same consonant but ending in \"e\" +\n\"ru\":\n\n * [飲む]{nomu} To drink → [飲める]{nomeru} To be able to drink\n * [聞く]{kiku} To listen → [聞ける]{kikeru} To be able to listen\n\nNow, [聞く]{kiku} is a transitive verb so it takes を{wo} to mark objects, but\nwhen using the potential form of a verb, i.e. [聞ける]{kikeru}, the particle\nを{wo} changes to が{ga}. You can find plenty of posts here discussing this\nchange, [as @aguijonazo\ncommented](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100427/why-use-ga-not-\nwo#comment163526_100427). You can also find instances where を{wo} is used\ninstead of が{ga} to mark the object of a potential verb, but in general the\nrule is that **potential verbs take が{ga}**. Using the previous potential\nverbs as an example:\n\n> [ジュース]{juusu} **[を]{wo}** [飲む]{nomu} ( [I] drink juice)\n\n> [お酒]{osake} **[が]{ga}** [飲めない]{nomenai}。 ( [I] **can't** drink alcohol)\n\n> [ラジオ]{rajio} **を** [聞く]{kiku}。 ( [I] listen to the radio)\n\n> [日本]{nihon} [に]{ni} [いながら]{inagara}、[フランス語]{furansugo} [の]{no} [ラジオ]{rajio}\n> [番組]{bangumi} **[が]{ga}** [聞ける]{kikeru}。 ( [You] **can** listen to radio\n> programs in French while in Japan)\n\nAs @aguijonazo [pointed\nout](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100427/why-use-ga-not-\nwo#comment163526_100427), you [can also find\ninstances](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/609) where を{wo} is\nused instead of が{ga} to mark the object of a potential verb, but in general\nthe rule is that potential verbs take が{ga}.\n\n#### 3. An example with [聞こえる]{kikoeru}\n\nIn order to highlight the difference between [聞ける]{kikeru} and [聞こえる]{kikoeru}\nin your context, let's think of an scenario involving the radio where it makes\nsense to use [聞こえる]{kikoeru} (to be heard, to hear) but not [聞ける]{kikeru} (to\nbe able to listen to):\n\n> [ラジオ]{rajio} [で]{de} [ロック]{rokku} [の]{no} [番組]{bangumi} [を]{wo}\n> [探していたら]{sagashiteitara}、[フランス語]{furansugo} [の]{no} [番組]{bangumi} [が]{ga}\n> [聞こえてきた]{kikoetekita}。 While looking for a rock program in the radio, I\n> could hear a French program.\n\nAs you can see, [聞こえる]{kikoeru} also takes the particle が{ga} but for\ndifferent reasons than [聞ける]{kikeru}, i.e. because [聞こえる]{kikoeru} is an\nintransitive verb. Also note that even though I used \"could\" for the English\ntranslation of this last example sentence, this is **not** the potential form\nof [聞く]{kiku}, but the different verb [聞こえる]{kikoeru}.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T23:40:00.767", "id": "100437", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T03:20:32.047", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T03:20:32.047", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "100427", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "In this sentence:\n\n> [父]{chichi}[親]{oya} [が]{ga} [昔]{mukashi} [宝くじ]{takarakuji} [に]{ni}\n> [当たった]{atatta} [こと]{koto} [を]{wo} [話した]{hanashita}。\n\n[当たった]{atatta} is a verb taking the object [宝くじ]{takarakuji}. So why is\n[に]{ni} used in this place and not [を]{wo}? Isn't [を]{wo} more correct, as it\nmarks the object?\n\nIf translated literally, doesn't [宝くじ]{takarakuji} [に]{ni} [当たった]{atatta} mean\n\"won _to_ the lottery\" instead of \"won the lottery\"?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T09:58:24.590", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100428", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T23:50:57.387", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-29T23:50:57.387", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": null, "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "Why is に{ni} used instead of を{wo} in ~に{ni}[当たる]{ataru}?", "view_count": 549 }

[ { "body": "The verb \"ataru\" is intransitive. It takes an indirect object, not a direct\nobject. The indirect object is marked by \"ni\".\n\nThe English verb \"win\" is transitive (in the context of \"win a lottery\"). It\ntakes a direct object.\n\nThe transitivity of the verb \"win\" in English has no bearing on the Japanese\nverb. They are just totally separate from each other. What makes \"win\" a\ntranslation of \"ataru\" in this context is just the fact that, in English,\n\"win\" is the verb that is used. In Japanese, in the same context, \"ataru\" is\nused. But there is no reason to think they should be the same transitivity as\neach other.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T10:26:36.063", "id": "100429", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T10:26:36.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "100428", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "The verb [当]{a}[た]{ta}[る]{ru} [has many\n\"meanings\"](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B) translated\nto English, but there is a core sense in them of being on target, hitting a\nbullseye, being exactly right. It's an intransitive verb in all of these\ncases, even though we would need transitive English verbs to translate them -\nit is vital to keep in mind that _languages are not just arbitrary collections\nof labels for an agreed-upon set of concepts_ ; they reflect the thought\nprocesses of their originators and the evolution of those world views, in a\ncultural context, over centuries if not millennia.\n\nMy guess about the underlying idea is that the \"target\" isn't seen as a direct\nobject in Japanese because the action of 当たる _isn't about the striking, but\nthe precision_. Winning a _competition_ , or a one-on-one _contest_ , would\nnormally use a different verb [勝]{ka}[つ]{tsu} (although this is also\nintransitive!); but 当たる makes sense for a lottery, I think, because the point\nof a lottery is that you're trying to guess numbers and get them exactly\nright. (English can make a distinction as well; it would be strange to say\nthat you \"defeated\" or \"were victorious over\" a lottery.)\n\nPerhaps \"be accurate\" works as a gloss for the central meaning. That's\nintransitive in English, too.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T21:03:50.707", "id": "100436", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T21:03:50.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "100428", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "第一次若槻内閣(若槻禮次郎)は鈴木商店の不良債権を抱えた台湾銀行の救済のために緊急勅令を発しようとしたが、枢密院の反対にあい、総辞職した。 there is\nnothing to seperate the phrase :\"鈴木商店の不良債権を抱えた\" from\n\"台湾銀行の救済のために緊急勅令を発しようとしたが\" i know i am just a noob in japanese but i like to\nread wikipedia.Can someone explain why these kind of \"no gap\" exists? link to\narticle :<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C> 目次:金融恐慌", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T12:51:21.977", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100430", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T16:17:33.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55538", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "can someone tell me whether or not japanese has the rule of omitting the comma,linking two different phrases like in this article i found on wikipedia", "view_count": 85 }

[ { "body": "I'm not sure why you think it's 2 different phrases. There's no comma because\n「鈴木商店の不良債権を抱えた」describes 「台湾銀行」. This is a very common form of description.\nThe equivalent in English would be something like \"In order to save _**the\nBank of Taiwan that held the bad debts of 鈴木商店**_...\" No comma needed in\nEnglish either.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T13:23:12.903", "id": "100431", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-29T13:23:12.903", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "100430", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "In correct terms, those are separate **clauses**.\n\n[Clause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause) is a verb with its subject and\ntheir modifiers.\n\nRelative clause is a subordinate clause which modifies a noun.\n\n[Phrase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase) is a group of words or singular\nword acting as a grammatical unit. There are different types of phrases, e.g.\n[nominal phrases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase), adpositional\nphrases (only [postpositional\nphrases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositional_phrase#Postpositional_phrases)\nin Japanese), [verb phrases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_phrase).\n\n「鈴木商店の不良債権を抱えた」 is a relative clause, and it contains several phrases:\n\n「鈴木商店の」 - postpositional phrase\n\n「鈴木商店」 - nominal phrase\n\n「不良債権を」 - postpositional phrase\n\n「不良債権」 - nominal phrase\n\n「鈴木商店の不良債権を抱えた」 - verb phrase\n\nAbove whole clause modifies noun「台湾銀行」.\n\n* * *\n\nIn writing, after any clause or postpositional phrase (or nominal phrase not\nfollowed by case particle), you are **allowed to put comma or to not put it**\n, and there is **usually** no difference in meaning. When whole sentence or\nclause is long, it is good idea to put commas after clauses to simplify\nreading.\n\nIn short sentences, commas are rarely used. However the following examples are\nvalid:\n\nこれは、私{わたし}の、猫{ねこ}です。 \"This is my cat.\"\n\n寝て{ねて}いる、猫{ねこ}。 \"Cat, who is sleeping.\" (example with relative clause)\n\n* * *\n\nI said earlier \" **usually** no difference in meaning\". When there is?:\nExample:\n\n連用形{れんようけい}/Continuative form of verbs can be used for several functions,\nincluding combining of clauses\n([中止法{ちゅうしほう}](https://jisho.org/search/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A2%E6%B3%95)) and\ncreation of compound verbs. Commas can be added to force interpretation with\nseparate clauses:\n\n書き{かき}出す{だす} is a compound verb \"to write out/down, ...\".\n\n私{わたし}は書き{かき}出した{だした}。 \"I wrote out/down (something).\" OR \"I wrote (something\n1), and I took out (something 2).\"\n\n私{わたし}は書き{かき}、出した{だした}。 \"I wrote (something 1), and I took out (something 2).\"\n\n* * *\n\nAnother situation when commas are useful is when omitting particle after noun\n(which is rather limited to は, が, を), to prevent reading of two words as one\ncompound word. Examples (titles of novels):\n\n『世界最高の暗殺者、異世界貴族に転生する』\n[[*](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E8%80%85%E3%80%81%E7%95%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AB%E8%BB%A2%E7%94%9F%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B)]\n\n『史上最強の大魔王、村人Aに転生する』\n[[*](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E9%AD%94%E7%8E%8B%E3%80%81%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BAA%E3%81%AB%E8%BB%A2%E7%94%9F%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B)]\n\n『勇者、辞めます〜次の職場は魔王城〜』\n[[*](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%87%E8%80%85%E3%80%81%E8%BE%9E%E3%82%81%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%9C%E6%AC%A1%E3%81%AE%E8%81%B7%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%AF%E9%AD%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E3%80%9C)]", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T14:37:06.597", "id": "100433", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T16:17:33.540", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T16:17:33.540", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100430", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100439", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was reading [this\narticle](https://www.i-manabi.jp/system/regionals/regionals/ecode:2/65/view/8206)\non 香川県 in the early 明治 period when I encountered this phrase:\n\n> 山峰 **少フシテ** 平地多ク\n\nI've seen stuff like ふ meaning う (思ふ→思う), but that doesn't seem to apply here.\nI'm guessing this means 山峰 **少くて** 平地多く.\n\nIs this transformation of く → ふ common? If so, why is it 少ふして and yet the\ntransformation is not applied to 多く to become 多ふ as well? A source describing\nthis would be awesome.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T13:31:26.730", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100432", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T04:15:21.597", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T01:15:39.027", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "10045", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "meaning", "orthography", "kana-usage", "obsolete-kana" ], "title": "What's the meaning of 少フシテ?", "view_count": 217 }

[ { "body": "It is a technically wrong, but then very popular sort of spelling for\n少【すくな】うして (canonically 少【すく】なうして).\n\nAfter multi-syllable coalescence in the [Late Middle\nJapanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese) period took away\na considerable portion of phonological distinction manifested in the\ntraditional orthography (based on Early Middle Japanese), people usually\nspelled words while inferring from the correspondence between their own\npronunciation and the common pattern of spelling. That makes representation of\nword-internal or long vowels quite unstable in the actual world.\n\nAs a general tendency, _vowel morae that are derived from grammatical\nalteration_ were likely spelled as if having //h// consonant (はひふへほ in place\nof あいうえお) regardless of etymology, probably after the quantitatively dominant\nハ行四段活用 verbs.\n\n> 用ひる (correctly 持つ + 率【ゐ】る > 用ゐる [[motiwiru]] > 用いる [[motɕiːru]]) \n> 書ひて (correctly 書きて [[kakite]] > 書いて [[kaite]]) \n> 来ねへ (correctly 来なへ *[[kənape]]? > 来ない [[konai]] > 来ねえ [[koneː]])\n\nIn the (modern) Western dialects, many conjugative endings are smoothed down\nto long vowels. The original form すくなくして has developed into スクノーシテ\n(//sukunoːsite//). In this case, such long vowels were often written like\n//oː// → あふ/おふ, //juː// → いふ, //joː// → えふ.\n\nDespite historical incorrectness, some of those once widespread spellings are\nstill used today (even after the orthographic reform) to set some [ye\nolde](https://gizmodo.com/ye-olde-is-fake-old-english-and-youre-\nmispronouncing-1679780566) atmosphere.\n\n * **かほり** (correctly [かをり](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%92%E3%82%8A) [[kawori]] > かおり [[kaori]]) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uzFN9.png)\n * **どぜう** (correctly [どぢゃう](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B3%A5%E9%B0%8C%E3%83%BB%E9%B0%8C-341915) [[dodjau]] > どじょう [[doʑoː]]) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/NEn18.png)\n * **せうゆ** (correctly [しゃういう](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%86%A4%E6%B2%B9-79930) [[(t)ɕaũ.iu]] > しゃうゆ [[ɕau.ju]] > しょうゆ > [[ɕoːju]]) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/QgBWp.png)\n\n* * *\n\n> why is it 少ふして and yet the transformation is not applied to 多く to become 多ふ\n> as well?\n\nBecause the change in Classical adjective 連用形: 少なく > 少なう (> 少のう) never\naffected the 中止法 usage. In a nutshell, it only applies when the 連用形 form\nconnects to (i.e. modifies or modified by) the right next word. 中止法 has become\nso rare in the spoken language that I don't know whether there are dialects\nthat universally applies this mutation.\n\n> 山峰（少なく／少なう）して平地多く \n> 山峰（少なく／× 少なう）、平地多し\n\nThis is somewhat parallel to the split of verbal 連用形 (so-called _masu-form_\nand _te-form_ ).\n\n> 酒を **買い** 、家へ帰る。 (written language; 中止法) \n> 酒を **買って** 、家に帰る。 (Tokyo) \n> 酒を **[買うて]【コーテ】** 、家へ帰る。 (Osaka)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T00:48:32.907", "id": "100439", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T04:15:21.597", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T04:15:21.597", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "100432", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100438", "answer_count": 1, "body": "When you search them up, they have readings, and meanings sometimes, but\nthey're non standard and can't even be used anywhere, neither do I know if\nthey were used in old Japanese.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T18:33:34.883", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100434", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T00:33:24.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "kanji" ], "title": "What are the 漢字 that aren't jouyou or jinmeiyou for?", "view_count": 103 }

[ { "body": "Maybe it makes sense to look at the question from a different angle. That is\nto say, what are the purposes of the classification of kanji as [常用]{jouyou}\nand [人名用]{jinmeiyou} (and possibly others)?\n\n[From Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji):\n\n> The [jouyou] list is **not a comprehensive list of all characters and\n> readings in regular use** ; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline\n> for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of\n> permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents.\n\nSo, it doesn't mean that non-jouyou kanji are non standard or that they can't\nbe used anywhere. In fact, some non-jouyou kanji are even in regular use, if\nwe are to believe the explanation in Wikipedia.\n\nA similar point can be made of [jinmeiyou\nkanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji), i.e. they serve a\nparticular purpose (labeling people's names) but they aren't more \"valid\" or\nmore \"standard\" than non-jinmeiyou kanji.\n\nGoing back to your question, we can say that the basic purpose of non-jouyou\n(or non-jinmeiyou) kanji is exactly the same as that of jouyou and jinmeiyou\nkanji. They are used to write in Japanese, if not in certain scenarios (i.e.\nin official government documents).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T00:11:32.520", "id": "100438", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T00:33:24.303", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T00:33:24.303", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "100434", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> おかげで６年間俺はずっと後悔してきた \n> That to that/Because of that, I dragged my regret for 6 years\n>\n> あの時ちゃんと返事しとければって\n>\n> 好きだって \n> That I love you.\n\nSo the character is saying his friend ghosting him prevent him for answering\nto her confession, but now they meet again and he's telling her that.\n\nMy interpretative is that both って \"quoting\" his 後悔してきた, however I'm not sure\nhow to take 返事しとければ\n\nSome googling suggest 返事しとければよばった but can just be omitted like that?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-29T19:12:02.520", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100435", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T01:51:37.363", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T01:51:37.363", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "sentence", "quotes", "form" ], "title": "use of ば　+ って in a sentence", "view_count": 83 }

[ { "body": "Yes, with the previous verb 後悔する, I'm very sure that\n[～ばよかった](https://hedgehog-japanese.com/grammar/jlpt-n3/bayokatta/) is intended\nhere.\n\nAlthough Japanese has a wide variety of idiomatic omission after conditionals,\nthe existence of ～ておく (しとければ < しておければ) makes it doubly certain. Since ～ておく\nimplies that one intentionally sets something in a state to take an effect\nthereafter, ～ておけばよかった is an especially common expression when someone regrets\nthe past choice at a turning point of life.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T01:50:11.640", "id": "100440", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T01:50:11.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "100435", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100453", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was doing some JLPT reading practice and found this passage that I cannot\nreally comprehend. The Miyamoto Musashi quote is highlighted in the brackets:\n\n> （略）\n> 前田さんによれば、真剣同士の戦いは、実際に刀と刀がぶつかっていなくても、二人のではすでに想定される刀の軌道が運動し合っているため、とても濃密な空間が出現している。たとえば宮本武蔵の言葉で言うと、相手が打つときの、「〝打つ〟の動作の〝う〟の頭をとらえて押し込む」というような、言葉にすると奇妙としか言いようのない呼吸があるという。\n\nI don't really understand what M.M. was trying to say with\n「〝打つ〟の動作の〝う〟の頭をとらえて押し込む」and how that is related to respiration (呼吸).\n\nI was taking that sentence as something like \"striking your opponent when you\nread their initial movement in their attempt to hit you\" but I might be\ncompletely mistaken.\n\nThank you", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T10:03:22.543", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100442", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T05:27:13.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "29644", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "translation", "reading-comprehension", "jlpt", "literature" ], "title": "Grasping the meaning of this passage by Miyamoto Musashi", "view_count": 113 }

[ { "body": "When people talk about the 呼吸 of two people, it often metaphorically refers to\nsynchronization, harmony, synergy, rapport, tune (as in \"in tune with\nsomeone\"), wavelength (as in \"on the same wavelength\"), etc. It's basically\nabout understanding each other without words. For example, 呼吸が合わない in a sport\ncontext often means there's a lack of coordination, synchronization, or\nunderstanding between two players.\n\nI'm not sure what is the most natural word for 呼吸 in this context, but I hope\nyou can get the basic idea.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T05:19:11.130", "id": "100453", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T05:27:13.173", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T05:27:13.173", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100442", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100445", "answer_count": 2, "body": "> 僕はまりみたいに弾んだ。 \n> I bounced like a ball.\n\nThis is the fist time I've come across the word まり.\n\n 1. Are there differences in usage between まり and ボール?\n 2. Is it usual to write it in kanji, 鞠?\n 3. Is まり more formal or is it perfectly normal in casual conversation?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T15:07:17.970", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100443", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T06:12:30.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "Difference between 鞠 and ボール", "view_count": 353 }

[ { "body": "First of all, we seldom use まり in a daily conversation. We come across the\nword when learning a traditional Japanese culture called [蹴鞠]{けまり} at school.\nIt seems to be similar to a volleyball you use feet instead of hands. We do\nnot see this play other than a traditional ritual like this picture.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pGiBN.jpg)\n\n * For, No.1,3 ボール in katakana and [球]{たま} or [球]{きゅう} in kanji are only used in a daily life.\n\n * For No.2 Yes. When you want to describe a ball in archaic way, it can be used although we seldom see the kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T15:59:50.463", "id": "100445", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T15:59:50.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "100443", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "We sometimes use the word 'まり' for balls without specific purpose defined but\njust a children's toy. Traditionally, kids would have played まりつき, まりなげ or\nother まりあそび with simple rubber-made balls, and such balls could be called as\n'ゴムまり' or simply 'まり'. These days they are almost replaced by better crafted\nballs like soccer or basket balls.\n\nAnother usage of 'まり' is colorful thread-woven ball-shape objects which should\nbe displayed in special occasions like ひなまつり or alike.\n\nOf course, 蹴鞠 is great example of use of the word, that is the game\ntraditionally played among ancient Kyoto nobles in Heian period, and nowadays\ndemonstrated as scenic presentations.\n\nThere is another kanji for まり, which is '毬' but this does not make any great\ndifference against use of 鞠, while they suggest its materials (毛糸 or 皮革) but\nin most cases people does not care much about that point.\n\nThe word まり has its own context and is OK even in casual conversations if it\nis natural enough, but, if it is out-of-context, most of ボールs should not be\ncalled as まり, and it won't be taken as formal wording.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T03:49:56.213", "id": "100450", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T06:12:30.390", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T06:12:30.390", "last_editor_user_id": "36261", "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "100443", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100447", "answer_count": 2, "body": "I know the verb 演じる is used for performing on stage, but can it be used for tv\nshows/movies/anime as well? For example, can I say\n\n3月のライオンというTVアニメで花澤香菜さんは演じました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T16:02:28.110", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100446", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T21:46:45.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42007", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "verbs", "english-to-japanese" ], "title": "演じる for performing in tv/movies/anime", "view_count": 104 }

[ { "body": "Yes, 演じる can be used for tv shows, movies, anime as well, but...\n\n> 3月のライオンというTVアニメで花澤香菜さんは演じました。\n\nIf I heard this, I would want to ask 「何の役を」?\n\nYou can use 演じる this way (演じる is a transitive verb):\n\n> ［tv show/movie/anime etc.］で［actor］さんは［role］(役/の役)を演じました。\n\ne.g.\n\n> 「3月のライオンというTVアニメで花澤香菜さんは川本ひなた(の)役を演じました。」 \n> 「ハリソン・フォードさんはスター・ウォーズでハン・ソロを演じました。」\n\nIf you don't mention the role, you can use the verb 出演する (to appear), like\nthis (出演する is an intransitive verb):\n\n> 「花澤香菜さんは3月のライオンというTVアニメに出演しました。」\n\n(「花澤香菜さんは3月のライオンというTVアニメに川本ひなた役で出演しました。」 would also work.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T16:39:12.820", "id": "100447", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-30T16:56:37.443", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-30T16:56:37.443", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "100446", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "If you want to talk about someone starring in a show/play/game without\nspecifying the role, you can use 出演{しゅつえん}する.\n\nSo your sentence would look like\n\n> 花澤香菜さんは3月のライオンというTVアニメに出演しました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T21:46:45.793", "id": "100467", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T21:46:45.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9508", "parent_id": "100446", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "目を逸らしながらだと撫でられますよ\n\nTl: While avoiding his eyes, you can pet him.\n\nBut what is the だと in ながらだと?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T19:31:50.833", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100448", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T04:57:52.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-と" ], "title": "What is ながらだと? How is different from ながら?", "view_count": 70 }

[ { "body": "だと means \"if (it's)\", \"if (we use)\", \"if (you mean)\", etc. It's a relatively\ninformal expression. Note that this と is not the quotative particle but the と\nmeaning \"if/when\". See: [Function of\n\"だと\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52928/5010)\n\nだと mainly takes a noun:\n\n * 彼だと彼女に勝てないだろう。 \nIf it's him, he wouldn't be able to beat her.\n\n * 明日だと10時が空いています。 \n(If you like) tomorrow, 10:00 is available.\n\nBut it can also take adverbial expressions such as ゆっくり, 赤く, 急いで, いっしょに, ～から,\nand ～ながら. This is a convenient way of applying the meaning of \"if\" without\nexplicitly saying the corresponding verb:\n\n * 白く塗るのはいいが、赤く **だと** 目立ってしまう。 \n= 白く塗るのはいいが、赤く塗ると目立ってしまう。 \nPainting it white is fine, but if you paint it red, it would stand out.\n\n * ゆっくり **だと** 間に合いませんよ。 \n= ゆっくりやると間に合いませんよ。 \nIf you do it slowly, you will not make it in time.\n\n * 明日を待ってから **だと** 遅すぎます。 \n= 明日を待ってから出発すると遅すぎます。 \nIf we depart after waiting for tomorrow, it would be too late.\n\n * 目を逸らしながら **だと** 撫でられますよ。 \n= 目をそらしながら撫でると撫でられますよ。 \nYou can pet it if you do it while looking away from it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T04:44:32.267", "id": "100452", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T04:57:52.873", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T04:57:52.873", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100448", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "So MC is a onsen date with his quasi girlfriend and he tells her this:\n\nだから急なデートの誘いにも乗ってくれた\n\nThat's why you accept the proposition of a date\n\nだめだって言ってるけど本心は違って\n\nYou say it's no good/I don't want to be with you, etc, but it's not your true\nopinion\n\n俺と二人きりで意識してくれてるんですよ\n\nThis is the part I'm not sure. What is this use of 意識してくれて? I want to say it's\nlike \"You were consciousness of being just the two of us\", but I don't\nunderstand this use of 意識してくれて", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-30T22:15:58.417", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100449", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T04:25:52.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "sentence", "reading-comprehension" ], "title": "Understanding the verb 意識してくれて", "view_count": 57 }

[ { "body": "1. 俺と二人きりで意識してるんですよ。 \nIt's just the two of us with me, and she's conscious of it.\n\n 2. 俺と二人きりで意識して **くれて** るんですよ。 \nIt's just the two of us with me, and _(thankfully)_ she's conscious of it.\n\nYour sentence (Sentence 2) is the same as Sentence 1 but くれる is attached. 意識する\nis \"to be conscious\", and 意識してる is its te(i)ru form. くれる after a te-form\nindicates her action (\"being conscious\") is beneficial to the subject.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T04:25:52.063", "id": "100451", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T04:25:52.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100449", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "So I have this sentence: Sotsugyou paatii ni wa sanka shinai yotei desu.\n\nNow if I take wa from the sentence, it should still mean the same. What is the\npurpose of wa in this sentence?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T05:42:18.507", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100454", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T05:42:18.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "Compound particles: ni wa", "view_count": 47 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "私の恋人のみどり My lover Midori\n\n外面がいいことが悩みだという不器用な人\n\nOn the outside is fine she's a clumsy person.\n\nWhat I don't understand is 悩みだという acting here. Am I missing something?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T11:06:49.380", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100455", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T13:53:57.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-と", "sentence" ], "title": "Noun だという adjective+ noun", "view_count": 76 }

[ { "body": "The clause 悩みだという modifies 不器用. It tells you what kind of clumsy she is: the\nkind about which one might say (the という construction) \"that's\ndistressing/problematic\" (悩みだ).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T11:36:57.527", "id": "100456", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T11:36:57.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "100455", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "You can parse it like this:\n\n> 『[外面]{そとづら}がいいことが悩みだ』という［不器用な］人\n\n> _Literally_ A ［clumsy］ person who claims \"My trouble is that I'm double-\n> faced\"\n\n[外面]{そとづら}がいい means \"being nice to everybody except one's family\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T13:29:38.687", "id": "100458", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T13:53:57.513", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T13:53:57.513", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "100455", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "Does one have a different meaning? My guess is that 1人のお客さん means \"one guest\",\nwhile お客さんの1人 means \"one of the guests\", but I'm not sure.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T12:52:57.683", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100457", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T12:52:57.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54725", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "counters" ], "title": "What’s the difference between 1人のお客さん and お客さんの1人？", "view_count": 27 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100460", "answer_count": 1, "body": "[Source](https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000081/files/46600_33648.html)\n\n> それで日本人ならば、 **ちょうど** 花見とか月見とか言う処 **を** 、蛙どもは雲見をやります。 \n> Frogs do cloud seing in the exact same way that Japanese people do flower\n> viewing or moon viewing.\n\nIs ちょうど modifying やります? What is omitted after を? How would you translate this\nliterally?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T14:38:36.023", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100459", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T17:59:17.107", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T17:59:17.107", "last_editor_user_id": "56959", "owner_user_id": "56959", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Grammar - ちょうど as an adverb and を verb omission (actual ところを)", "view_count": 60 }

[ { "body": "* No, this ちょうど modifies 言う. It means \"exactly\", \"precisely\", \"surely\" or \"just (like)\".\n * Nothing is omitted after this を. This を is not an object marker but an [archaic conjunctive particle](https://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa010018.htm) that means \"and\" or \"but\" depending on the context. We still commonly use ところを in modern Japanese, and this should be learned as a grammar pattern. \n * [Does ところを always mean the same thing as のに? What is the difference between ところへ and ところに?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19173/5010)\n * [Use of のところ for comparison?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/84644/5010)\n * [Bunpro: ところを (JLPT N1)](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%82%92)\n * [jisho.org: ところを](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%82%92)\n\n> How would you translate this literally?\n\nそれで日本人ならば、ちょうど花見とか月見とか言う処を、蛙どもは雲見をやります。\n\n * So if (they were) Japanese, (this is exactly a situation where) they would say cherry watching or moon watching, but frogs do cloud watching.\n * Therefore, (in situations) where Japanese people would (surely) say (let's do) cherry watching or moon watching, frogs do cloud watching.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T15:13:43.927", "id": "100460", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T15:44:09.400", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T15:44:09.400", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100459", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100462", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Sorry if the question isn't clear enough. In English, we can make an\naffirmative guess based on prior information we received from\nsomeone/something by saying \"X must be Y\". Some example contexts below:\n\n 1. Manager at my job informs us that a new person will join the team and begin working here starting Monday morning. Sure enough, Monday morning comes, I see someone in the office I don't recognize and go \"Oh, he must be the new person my manager was talking about\".\n\n 2. Friend of mine told me about this really neat restaurant located on a certain road. Later, I'm driving on the same road and see a restaurant that matches my friend's description and go \"This must be that restaurant my friend was talking about earlier\".\n\nI don't think the usual grammar pattern for must be (～なければならない・いけない and all\nits variants) works here, but if it does please let me know.\n\nI've thought of some ways to express it below but not sure if they are even\ncorrect:\n\nExample 1:\n\n 1. 彼は社長が話してた新人ですね\n 2. 彼は社長が話してた新人はずなんですね\n\nExample 2:\n\n 1. これはさっき友達が話してたレストランだね。\n 2. これはさっき友達が話してたレストランはずなんだね\n\nI don't know if \"ね\" or \"はず\" express this properly, or if I'm just wrong and\nthere's a completely different way to express this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T15:19:44.903", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100461", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T15:28:39.113", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T15:25:00.877", "last_editor_user_id": "57162", "owner_user_id": "57162", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "usage" ], "title": "How to say \"must be\" in the sense of making an affirmative guess?", "view_count": 104 }

[ { "body": "You're correct that はず is the right word for this meaning of \"must\". However,\nyou're using はず wrong. The correct grammar is `noun + の + はず + だ/です`. (はず\nbehaves as a noun, and nouns should be joined with の.) Alternatively, you can\njust say ～でしょう, which is like \"I suppose\" but is enough in many cases.\n\n * 彼は社長が言ってた新人のはずです。 \nHe must/should be the new recruit the president was talking about.\n\n * これはさっき友達が言ってたレストランのはずです。 \nThis must/should be the restaurant my friend mentioned earlier.\n\n * 空腹でしょう。 \nYou must be hungry.\n\nYou cannot use なければならない・いけない for this meaning. ね is like \"huh?\". Although it\n_can_ be used with はずだ, you don't usually need it.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T15:28:39.113", "id": "100462", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T15:28:39.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100461", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "In [the Chantelise opening narration](https://youtu.be/A0Zc-EE7GdE), having\nJapanese audio and English text translation, multiple sources, like\n[rpgfan](https://www.rpgfan.com/review/chantelise-a-tale-of-two-sisters/),\n[hardcoregaming101](http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/chantelise/) and\n[RPGamer](https://rpgamer.com/review/chantelise-review/) say that Elise is\nquoting a warning that her mother gave her.\n\nThe Japanese version of the narration is:\n\n> 月が赤い夜は外に出ちゃいけないよ！ 魔女に呪われてしまうからね。\n\n> そんなおとぎ話をよく聞かされたっけ\n\nAnd the given English translation is:\n\n> \"Don't go out at night when the moon is red, or the witch will curse you\n> forevermore!\"\n>\n> They told us that old fairy tale so often...\n\nBut the translation just says that a non-specific \"they\" was where the warning\ncame from. Did the translation lose some detail and the narration actually\nspecifies that it's her mother's warning?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T16:40:34.970", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100463", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T20:23:07.357", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T18:20:58.083", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "9717", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "translation" ], "title": "Who is the agent in the sentence そんなおとぎ話をよく聞かされたっけ?", "view_count": 78 }

[ { "body": "No, the narration in Japanese does **not** specify who is saying these words.\n\nIf we take a look to the sentence (I tried to provide a more literal\ntranslation):\n\n> そんなおとぎ話をよく **聞かされた** っけ That kind of fairy tale was told quite frequently\n\nWe see that the verb **聞かされた** is used. This is the short form of the past,\ncausative-passive conjugation in Japanese of the verb 聞く (to listen). In\ncausative-passive constructions, the agent is marked by the particle に. For\nexample:\n\n> 寝る時、 **母に** 話しを聞かされる。 [I am] told a story **by mom** before going to sleep.\n\nSince in your original sentence there is no agent marked by に, there is no way\nto know who is the one making the warning from the text itself. In Japanese,\nit's pretty normal that some information is understood directly from context,\nand therefore passive or causative-passive construction without the agent\nspecified are common.\n\nIt you are interested in the causative-passive form, please check out\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/52131/32952). When 聞く (\"to\nlisten\") is conjugated to the causative 聞かせる, it becomes \"to make someone\nlisten\", i.e. \"to tell someone (a story, etc). The same logic applies to the\nverbs 見る \"to look\" and 見せる \"to make someone look\", i.e. \"to show\".\n\nThen, if you turn the (short) causative 聞かす into the causative-passive 聞かされる,\nit literally means \"someone is made to listen\" or in a less convoluted way\n\"someone is told (a story, etc)\".\n\nAll in all, I'd say that \"they told us\" is not a bad translation, but I'm not\nan English native speaker. Maybe other expressions such as \"They say...\" or\n\"It is said that...\" are better. Also note that the English translation is\nsomewhat liberal, for example it throws in \"forevermore\" even though nothing\nlike that is said in the Japanese version.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T17:52:02.717", "id": "100464", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T20:23:07.357", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T20:23:07.357", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "100463", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100475", "answer_count": 2, "body": "Lately I've been looking up some entries in \"A Dictionary of Intermediate\nJapanese Grammar\". Under the entry for にもかかわらず (p. 257), it describes the\nformation rules for な-adjectives as:\n\n> (iii) Adj (na) stem **{なの/である(の)} / だった(の) / であった(の)}** にもかかわらず\n\nNote 2 also says:\n\n> The verb (i.e. Vinf) and Adj(i)inf can be connected directly with _ni mo\n> kakawarazu_ , but **Adj(na) has to be nominalized before it is connected\n> with the conjunction** , as shown by KS(D) and Ex.(h). However, if the\n> Adj(na) is followed by _de aru_ , use of the nominalizer _no_ is optional.\n\nYet, under the entry for くせに on page 155, the book states under \"Related\nExpressions\" #2:\n\n> _Ni mo kakawarazu_ expresses an idea similar to _noni_ and _kuse ni_.\n> However, _ni mo kakawarazu_ is a highly formal and bookish expression and it\n> expresses no emotion. Therefore, it cannot be used in highly emotive\n> situations as in Ex.(g), (3), and (4). **Note that the formation rules are\n> different from those of _kuse ni_ , as in [1]**. \n> [...] \n> (ii) **{Adj(na)stem / N} {∅ / だった} にもかかわらず** \n> Examples : \n> **{不便 / 不便だった} にもかかわらず** \n> {子供 / 子供だった} にもかかわらず\n\nThis seems to suggest that the stem of な-adjectives can be directly connected\nto にもかかわらず, even though the book itself contradicts this under the entry for\nthe latter. So now I'm thoroughly confused. Is **不便にもかかわらず** grammatically\ncorrect?\n\nI also searched various web resources for the grammar rules, but many of them\nflatly state that you should add である to な-adjectives, which seems to be an\noversimplification (according to ADoIJG at least...)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T21:08:02.727", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100465", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T15:07:00.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48341", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "na-adjectives" ], "title": "Rules for にもかかわらず with な-adjectives", "view_count": 95 }

[ { "body": "According to my textbook, 上級へのとびら, lesson 9, you can attach a noun (名詞) or a\nna-adjective (形容動詞) to にもかかわらず directly without である, being である also possible.\n\nQuoting an example sentence from the grammar explanation in the book (note the\n**brackets to denote \"optional\"**):\n\n> 彼女は **外国人** (である) **にもかかわらず** 、日本人より日本の文化を愛している。\n\nThe book does not provide an example sentence with a na-adjective, but it does\nsay that they conjugate like nouns for this grammar. In the book, the grammar\nis of \"Type 3\", which means that Nouns and adjectives connect to that grammar\npoint with ∅ / だった / じゃない / じゃなかった:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PvOaf.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/eLwNY.jpg)\n\nAs you can see at the third row (Type 3) of the second table where grammar\nconnection types are shown, they use 不便 as an example, so 不便にもかかわらず should be\npossible.\n\nI would say it is grammatically correct but of course your textbook note is\npretty clear on the need for a nominalization and after all, it does **not**\nprovide an example sentence with an actual na-adjective. In the end, I backed\nmy answer using _another textbook_ as a source, so take it with a grain of\nsalt.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-31T21:29:43.513", "id": "100466", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-31T21:49:59.313", "last_edit_date": "2023-07-31T21:49:59.313", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "100465", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> Adj(na) has to be nominalized before it is connected with the conjunction\n\nIf \"nominalize\" in this passage only refers to nominalization by の, this\nstatement is indeed less accurate. Putting にもかかわらず directly after the na-\nadjective stem is actually grammatical.\n\nAs you may know, na-adjectives are just nouns followed by copula in their\norigin. Thus, stem of a na-adjective is syntactically a noun, and reverting it\nback to the bare stem is, in a sense, nominalization. However, in the\nmeantime, they are semantically already adjectives as a whole, so the bare\nstem usually has no explicable \"meaning\" on its own (unlike the stem of suru-\nverbs can be used as verbal noun by itself). Its only practical role is being\ncomponent of some expressions or compounds, one of which is にもかかわらず.\n\nThat being so, I still argue that ～なのにもかかわらず is felt more natural (flowing\nsmoothly) as a native speaker. 不便にもかかわらず does not sound very bad, but it is\nperhaps because 不便 can be a noun \"inconvenience\" as well. I mentally try to\nparse what comes before にもかかわらず as noun by default. Using na-adjective stem\ndirectly sounds as if wearing an extra academic or journalistic flavor seeking\nterseness.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T15:07:00.700", "id": "100475", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T15:07:00.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "100465", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100473", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Context:\n\n> 今日は前の職場の同僚とランチに行きました。韓国料理が食べたいと言ったので、大阪の鶴橋でご飯を食べました。\n\nI guess the subject is the author's colleague, but may I ask, I think the\nsentence doesn't explicitly state who the subject of \"言った\" is, so why can't it\nbe the author?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T02:51:51.173", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100468", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T10:45:13.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54510", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "subjects" ], "title": "What is the subject of \"韓国料理が食べたいと言ったので、\"?", "view_count": 81 }

[ { "body": "Yes, the subject is most probably 同僚.\n\nThe only other available option is the speaker. Technically you could argue\nit's the speaker, but it wouldn't make sense for them to explicitly quote\nthemselves using 食べたい **と言った**. Instead it is much more reasonable to think\nthat it's 同僚 [being quoted](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14771/32952).\n\nas [@MNEMO pointed\nout](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100468/what-is-the-subject-\nof-%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%E3%81%8C%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7#comment163589_100468),\nif it was indeed the speaker who wanted to eat Korean food, they would say\nsomething like 韓国料理が食べたかったので, without any quote.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T10:45:13.757", "id": "100473", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T10:45:13.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "100468", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100508", "answer_count": 2, "body": "Context:\n\n> プロジェクトチームでの懇親会は初めてだったので、メンバーのいろんな面を知れて楽しかったです。\n\nWhy is there \"で\" in \"プロジェクトチームでの懇親会\"?\n\nWhat's the difference between these phrases?\n\n * プロジェクトチームの懇親会は初めてだった。\n * プロジェクトチームで懇親会は初めてだった。\n * プロジェクトチームでの懇親会は初めてだった。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T06:21:57.297", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100469", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T17:03:55.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54510", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "particle-の", "particle-で" ], "title": "What's the difference between \"プロジェクトチームでの懇親会\", \"プロジェクトチームで懇親会\" and \"プロジェクトチームの懇親会\"?", "view_count": 76 }

[ { "body": "If you said one of these sentence, many Japanese can understand meaning\nwithout misunderstanding.\n\nIf I had to say...\n\nIf it's followed by the word \"は初めてだった\", I feels strange under Pattern 2.\n\nBecause provably these are interpreted as 「は初めてだった」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T19:36:54.363", "id": "100483", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T19:36:54.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "100469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> **A** プロジェクトチームの懇親会は初めてだった。\n\nThis can mean the project team held a 懇親会 for the first time, but it can also\nmean that it was only the speaker who _experienced_ the 懇親会 for the first\ntime. It is unclear whether the speaker participated in the 懇親会 or merely\nobserved it, and it is also unclear whether or not the speaker is a member of\nthe project team.\n\n> **B** プロジェクトチームで懇親会は初めてだった。\n\nThis sounds awkward. To use で I would rephrase it like:\n\n> **B1** プロジェクトチームで懇親会を開いたのは初めてだった。\n\nLike **A** , it was either the project team's or the speaker's first time. It\nis also unclear whether \"they\" (excluding the speaker) or \"we\" (including the\nspeaker) held the 懇親会, but in the case of \"we\", it implies the speaker is a\nmember of the project team, unlike **A**. Xで denotes the mode of\nconduct/existence that is X, and can be seen in **Xで** ある. They/We, being the\nproject team, held a 懇親会 for the first time.\n\nOr I would rephrase **B** into:\n\n> **B2** プロジェクトチームで懇親会に参加したのは初めてだった。\n\nIn this case the 懇親会 was arranged not by the project team but by another, and\nit is implied that there were participants other than the project team.\nArguments similar to those on **B1** also apply to this. However, it may be\nthat the speaker had participated _the_ 懇親会 before by themself in this case.\n\n> **C** プロジェクトチームでの懇親会は初めてだった。\n\n**C** means either **B1** or **B2** , or something along the same line.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T16:11:36.780", "id": "100508", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T17:03:55.563", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T17:03:55.563", "last_editor_user_id": "57182", "owner_user_id": "57182", "parent_id": "100469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100477", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I've got this sentence: かれはすしをたべにいっている。\n\nWhy is たべ which is たべる followed after by に and then by another verb? Is this\ncorrect?\n\nApparently it means \"He is going to eat the sushi.\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T09:38:33.500", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100470", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T17:47:19.143", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T16:38:15.107", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles", "particle-に" ], "title": "Is たべにいっている in the sentence 「かれはすしをたべにいっている」 correct?", "view_count": 130 }

[ { "body": "I recommend you read with kanji and copy-paste it into a dictionary. If you\nread in full romaji or kana some ambiguities will arise that will be\nespecially confusing for a beginner.\n\n* * *\n\nSetting that aside.\n\n> kare wa sushi wo tabe ni itte iru \n> 彼はすしを食べに行っている\n\n食べに is the tricky part\n\n食べ is a noun meaning \"eating\", it's 食べる in what's called masu stem 食べ(ます).\n\nmasu stem + に (destination particle) gives the meaning of \"in order to\".\n\nSo, \"He went (somewhere) to eat sushi (and hasn't come back yet)\".", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T18:03:14.247", "id": "100477", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T17:47:19.143", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T17:47:19.143", "last_editor_user_id": "56959", "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100470", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100472", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Episode 10 of \"Kimi wa Houkago Insomnia\", MC and love interest's older\nsister are talking. Older sister (as bait) says she heard love interest had\nconfessed to MC, and MC responds all embarassed, confirming older sister's\nsuspicions. Afterwards, older sister tells MC \"that stuff about hearing your\nconfession from my lil sis was a lie: just wanted to get you to spill the\nbeans\". In Japanese, the \"just wanted to get you to spill the beans\" part\nsounds like \"kamakaketa dake\", but I have no idea what's actually being said.\nAll I can think of is kamareru (e.g. to have \"bitten\" the bait), and kakeru\n(in this context, to have employed/casted something upon someone). But the\ngrammar seems wrong, and I'm pretty sure I'm mishearing what's actually being\nsaid. Any help in identifying what's actually being said (and why it means\nwhat it does) is greatly appreciated. Actual clip:\n<https://i.imgur.com/IgJoT0O.mp4>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T10:18:14.060", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100471", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T10:22:38.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "words", "anime", "spoken-language", "listening" ], "title": "kamakaketa = having someone spill the beans?", "view_count": 188 }

[ { "body": "Nvm, literally just found the answer >.<.\n<https://jisho.org/search/%E9%8E%8C%E3%82%92%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B>\n\n鎌 (sickle/scythe) is a cheeky way of referring to trick/leading questions. And\nかまをかける is to pose such a leading question.\n\nI'll leave this question+answer up, just in case anyone else happens to have\nit.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T10:22:38.663", "id": "100472", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T10:22:38.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "parent_id": "100471", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 彼がうちの会社に来た理由を聞いたとして俺はどうする \n> 返ってくるであろう答えも想像はつく\n\nThe character saw a friend at his company and now he's wondering why did he\njoin? Did he do it for him?\n\nI do know するとして is used for suppositions, but I don't understand why he used\nthe past here.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T17:58:45.570", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100476", "last_activity_date": "2023-09-02T01:12:44.787", "last_edit_date": "2023-09-02T01:12:44.787", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "conditionals" ], "title": "Past + として used in a sentence instead present", "view_count": 72 }

[ { "body": "Seems like the friend joined the company because of the speaker and this\nreason, if known, would be problematic to him.\n\nIt's similar to とすると and としたら. Literally としても without the も particle. Keep in\nmind that the て form gives the idea that the clause that follows is somehow a\nconsequence of the first one, but not so strongly as としたら does. I translated\nit as \"if\" regardless, but you get the idea.\n\n[CLAUSE NON-PAST] + とする -> To assume [CLAUSE NON-PAST] (meaning we don't know\nwhether [CLAUSE NON-PAST] is true, but we regard it as true).\n\n[CLAUSE PAST] + とする -> To make a hypothetical assumption about [CLAUSE PAST]\n(meaning we do know that [CLAUSE PAST] didn't happen, but we presume it did)\n\nI found this particularly confusing because [CLAUSE NON-PAST / PAST] とする is\noften translated as \"If I were to [CLAUSE]..\" and many [CASE]とする can be\nwritten in both past and non-past.\n\n> 彼がうちの会社に来た理由を聞いたとして俺はどうする \n> If I assume someone **had heard** the reason he joined our company, what\n> should I do? / Assuming I **were to ask** him the reason...", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T18:41:16.127", "id": "100480", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T09:51:45.667", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T09:51:45.667", "last_editor_user_id": "56959", "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100476", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 3, "body": "ておく basically means to do something in advance/preparation, and 伝えておきます seems\nto be a common saying for \"I will tell somebody\", e.g.\n\n> 素晴らしい披露宴だったと彼に伝えておきます。\n\nI do not understand how does ておく here work, for I see nothing about \"doing in\nadvance\" in this sentence.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T18:12:02.340", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100478", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T09:29:37.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56682", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "set-phrases", "aspect" ], "title": "Function of ておく in 伝えておきます", "view_count": 705 }

[ { "body": "I think of ておく as putting an action into place so that it する's (does its\nconvenient effect) later. Additionally, you get it out of your mind. You\nproactively do it and get it out of your way.\n\nMaybe there is some effect her saying will do to her husband. Something like\nmaking him take a certain decision, putting him into a good mood so that she\ncan X,Y,Z...\n\n[Here](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/teoku/) it is descibed as \"to\ndo something for future convenience\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T19:01:16.433", "id": "100482", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T19:01:16.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100478", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "In your example, I'm guessing (needs more context!) this this would come\nacross as saying \"I will tell him it was a wonderful reception\" while implying\n\"...so you don't have to tell him\" or \"...so he doesn't have to ask\".\n(Depending on the context, it could imply a million other things. Ex: \"...to\nmake him jealous for you\" or \"...to hide the fact that you didn't actually\nhave a reception\")\n\nI haven't found this particular wording, but I'd say that ておく can simply imply\nthat you are doing something for a positive purpose. It's similar to てしまう, but\nwith a positive connotation.\n\nAnother example:\n\n> 濃厚接触者になったため、在宅勤務にしておきます。\n\nI was exposed, so I will work from home (purpose: \"to play it safe\")\n\n> 濃厚接触者になったため、在宅勤務にしてしまいまう。\n\nI was exposed, so I will work from home (implies that the speaker has a reason\nnot to want to work from home)\n\nThe first example could be explained with @0149234's \"for future convenience\"\ndefinition, but often times you'd use ておく subconsciously, without fully\nrealizing what those conveniences are--hence \"for some positive purpose\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T04:30:01.787", "id": "100495", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T04:35:51.830", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T04:35:51.830", "last_editor_user_id": "32122", "owner_user_id": "32122", "parent_id": "100478", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "If you said 伝えます it would most likely be understood to mean you will tell him\nright away. By saying 伝えておきます it becomes clear you tell him at some point in\ntime before it's too late, that is, in the near future.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T09:23:53.010", "id": "100497", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T09:29:37.743", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T09:29:37.743", "last_editor_user_id": "57182", "owner_user_id": "57182", "parent_id": "100478", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "Consider\n\n> **夏から秋にかけて** 台風がよく来ます。\n>\n> Typhoons frequently come **from summer to autumn**.\n\nI know that 夏から秋にかけて effectively means \"from summer to autumn\". But more\nliterally I assume it means \"from summer to autumn, (something) hangs\".\n\nDoes anyone know _what_ \"hangs\" though (as in, what is the implied subject\nmissing from 夏から秋にかける)? Is it something like 時?\n\n> 時が夏から秋にかける\n>\n> Time hangs from summer to autumn.\n\nOr is it the subject of the main clause (in this case: typhoons)?\n\n> 台風が夏から秋にかける\n>\n> _Typhoons_ hang from summer to autumn.\n\nI understand this might be an odd curiosity for some, but my goal is to\nunderstand why 掛ける is being used to convey some notion of \"time over some\nperiod\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T18:35:41.690", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100479", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T23:44:36.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "etymology", "phrases" ], "title": "What is the implied subject in 夏から秋にかける?", "view_count": 499 }

[ { "body": "I'm Japanese, but I have never thought about it. It's just my personal\nopinion.\n\nThe 「かけて」 seems to specify \"it is a range or period\". It's similar to\n「渡{わた}って」.\n\nThese evoke a connected bridge.\n\nI thought it turned into that meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T18:57:17.430", "id": "100481", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T23:44:36.273", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-01T23:44:36.273", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "100479", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "If I'm incorrect in this, someone please correct me. But as far as I'm aware,\n～から～にかけて is a set phrase, and かける is never used in the dictionary form as in\nthe example you created. I think a natural English translation would be\n\"(_____) spanning (from) ～ to ～\"; I wouldn't try to think of it in terms of\n\"hanging\". Also, in this pattern, it's typically (always?) written in\nhiragana. So it's not necessarily 掛ける (although not necessarily NOT 掛ける\neither).\n\nThe subject should be pretty obvious depending on the context, but it won't be\nexplicitly stated. So your example would be \" _ **the time period**_ spanning\nfrom summer to autumn\", but you won't see 時(間)が. As you'll see in my example\nbelow, it could be a physical area/space as well.\n\nA few things to note with this pattern. The first is that the start and end\npoints are not exact or definite. You can see that summer and autumn are not\nexact points in time, but a general period.\n\nNext is that the second clause is not something that is a one-time\nthing/occurrence, but something that is continual/continuous or recurring. In\nyour case, typhoons occurring often.\n\nHere is an excerpt from my grammar book:\n\n> ～から～にかけて 【～から～までの間】\n>\n> []{ポイント}\n> 「～から～まで」は始まりと終わりがはっきりしていて、その間ずっと同じ状態が続いてることを表す。「～から～にかけて」は始まりと終わりがそれほどはっきりしていない。後の文は一回だけのことではなく、連続的なこと。\n>\n> × A駅からB駅にかけて、わたしのアパートがあります。 \n> ○ A駅からB駅にかけてアパートがたくさん並んでいる。\n>\n> × [夜中]{よ・なか}から明け[方]{がた}にかけて、チンさんが訪ねてきた。 \n> ○ 夜中から明け方にかけて弱い地震が数回あった。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T21:21:20.457", "id": "100484", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-01T23:39:15.230", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-01T23:39:15.230", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "100479", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100498", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In <https://japanesetest4you.com/japanese-language-proficiency-test-\njlpt-n4-grammar-exercise-7/> I encountered the following sentence:\n\n> 父は何でも作れたんだ。\n>\n> **戸棚が必要なら、父が作ってくれた。**\n\nIf I were to translate this into English, I'm guessing it would be\n\n> Father could make anything.\n>\n> If I **need** a cupboard, father **would have made** it for me.\n\nNotice I internally translated as **need** instead of **needed** because it\nwas 〜が必要なら and not 〜が必要だったなら.\n\nSimilarly, I internally translated as **would have made** because of the past\nform in the phrase 作ってくれた.\n\nLooking at my internal translation, however, I end up getting confused because\nof the divergence of tenses. Surely, the sentence would have been better\ntranslated as:\n\n * If I need a cupboard, father would make it for me.\n\nor\n\n * If I needed a cupboard, father would have made one for me.\n\nIn other words, perhaps the sentence could have been:\n\n> 戸棚が必要なら、父が作ってくれるだろう。\n\nIn essence, I'm perhaps not understanding how tenses are evaluated. So what\ndid the sentence actually mean? How am I supposed to interpret it correctly?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T21:35:36.513", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100485", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T11:35:57.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4450", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "grammar", "translation", "tense" ], "title": "Why are conflicting verb tenses allowed in usage of なら", "view_count": 123 }

[ { "body": "Your sentence simply means:\n\n> 戸棚が必要なら、父が作ってくれた。 \n> When(ever) a cupboard was necessary, Father made it (for me/us).\n\nHowever, if the context so far clearly indicates the cupboard never existed,\nthe following \"counterfactual\" or \"subjunctive\" interpretation is also\npossible (のに can be used for clarity).\n\n> 戸棚が必要なら、父が作ってくれた(のに)。 \n> If a cupboard is/was necessary, Father would have made it! (counterfactual)\n\nRelated: [How to express the subjunctive mood in\nJapanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64544/5010)\n\n* * *\n\nI think なら is a tense-less expression; it's interchangeable with 必要であるなら or\n必要だったなら/必要であったなら depending on the subsequent context.\n\n * 今すぐ必要なら、持って行ってください。 \n= 今すぐ必要であるなら、持っていってください。 \nIf you need it right now, take it.\n\n * 明日必要なら、言ってください。 \n= 明日必要であるなら、言ってください。 \nIf you will need it tomorrow, tell me so.\n\n * その時必要なら、なぜそう言わなかったの？ \n= その時必要だったなら、なぜそう言わなかったの？ \nIf you needed it at that time, why didn't you say so?\n\nYou can use なら with a noun, in which case なら is clearly tense-less:\n\n * iPhoneならできるようになります。 \nIt will be possible with an iPhone.\n\n * iPhoneならできます。 \nIt's possible with an iPhone.\n\n * iPhoneならできた。 \nI was able to do it with an iPhone. / I managed to do it with an iPhone.\n(factual) \nI could have done it with an iPhone. (counterfactual)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T11:35:57.450", "id": "100498", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T11:35:57.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100485", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 俺は恵子に何も感じてないので 男女の関係は一切ないです\n\nI don't have any feelings toward 恵子, so our relationship isn't one of a man\nand a woman\n\n> 確かに...\n\nThat's true/etc.\n\nAnd then he answers:\n\n> 疑ってませんか?\n\nI'm confused by the answer. Is this \"Won't you doubt me?\" or more \"Don't you\nhave doubts\"? or more \"You are not doubting me\"?\n\nHe tells the character his relationship with Keiko is platonic and the other\ncharacter accepts it.\n\nBut I don't get his answer.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T22:21:03.910", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100486", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T01:07:28.493", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T01:06:17.203", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "negation", "particle-か" ], "title": "the meaning of てませんか in this sentence", "view_count": 73 }

[ { "body": "I assume this:\n\n> A: 俺は恵子に何も感じてないので 男女の関係は一切ないです \n> B: 確かに... \n> A: 疑ってませんか?\n\nThis is fairly common. Negative questions in Japanese sometimes are kind of\nlike echo questions in English. They don't mean \"Is it the case that you\naren't doubting me...?\", but \"You are doubting me, aren't you?\".\n\nYou can see the link between these two meanings pretty easily. Asking with a\nquestion with a negative verb implies that you think that the positive\nstatement is the case. \"Don't you have to go to school today?\" (The speaker\nthinks that you had to go to school).\n\nA [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so7BXOwSyEU) with more confusing\nexamples.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T01:02:28.063", "id": "100489", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T01:07:28.493", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T01:07:28.493", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100486", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/o5Nvm.png)\n\nWhat exactly is the use of 合わせる here? Causative + potential?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-01T23:23:38.050", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100487", "last_activity_date": "2023-09-01T04:04:20.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "verbs", "potential-form", "causation" ], "title": "Causative + Potential and the verb 合わせる", "view_count": 58 }

[ { "body": "Let's look at this verb. _(Note that I'm keeping the list of senses\ndeliberately short for the sake of simplicity.)_\n\n合わせる is analyzable as the causative of 合う.\n\n * 合【あ】う: to come together, to happen together, to do together\n * 合【あ】わせる: to cause to come, happen, or do together\n\nIt is also regarded by modern Japanese resources as a verb unto itself.\n\n * 合【あ】わせる: to put together, to combine things (transitive)\n\nIn this second sense, we get the natural passive of that:\n\n * 合【あ】わせられる: to be put together, to be combined\n\nPassives can also be used to express potential. Whether or not to translate a\npassive verb as potential in English comes down to the context of the source\nand what you want to emphasize.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T00:14:34.523", "id": "100488", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T00:14:34.523", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "100487", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100493", "answer_count": 2, "body": "So I have this sentence:\n\n> [東京]{とうきょう}へ[何]{なに}しに[行]{い}くの？\n\nThe translation for this is \"What are you going to Tokyo for?\"\n\nBut as I understand it へ means \"to\", and 何しに行く means \"What are you going to\ndo?\" So it should mean, \"What are you going to do to Tokyo?\"\n\nBut why does it mean \"What are you going to Tokyo for?\"?\n\nAlso how do you say \"What are you going to do to Tokyo?\" in Japanese?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T02:56:40.540", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100492", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-08T13:43:28.990", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-08T13:43:28.990", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "Does へ in 東京へ何しに行くの？ mean \"to\"?", "view_count": 147 }

[ { "body": "`masu-stem + に + motion verb` is a construction to mark a purpose. Whenever\nyou see this set, you need to notice it's about a purpose of\ngoing/coming/visiting/traveling/etc.\n\n * えいがを み **に** いく \nto go in order to watch a movie\n\n * ゲームを し **に** くる \nto come in order to play a game\n\n * にほんへ すしを たべ **に** むかう \nto head to Japan in order to eat sushi\n\nなにし **に** いく has this pattern, too because し is a masu-stem of する and いく is a\nmotion verb. A very literal translation of なにしにいく is \"to go in order to do\nWHAT\". You can get this by replacing a concrete object with なに (\"what\"). If\nyou add とうきょうへ, you just get \"to go to Tokyo in order to do WHAT\".\n\n * なにしに いくの？： Do you go in order to do WHAT? → What are you going for?\n * **とうきょうへ** なにしに いくの？: Do you go **to Tokyo** in order to do WHAT? → What are you going to Tokyo for?\n * とうきょうへ さくらを みに いく。: I go to Tokyo in order to watch cherry blossoms.\n\n> how do you say \"What are you going to do to Tokyo?\"\n\nIf this is a question where a response like \"I'll drop bombs\" is expected, it\nwould be \"とうきょうに(は) なに(を) するの？\"", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T03:26:20.017", "id": "100493", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T11:04:33.157", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T11:04:33.157", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100492", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Let's brake up your sentence word for word and translate it into English.\n\n\"nani shi ni iku\"\n\n⇩⇩\n\n\"what do there going\" (word-for-word)\n\n⇩⇩\n\n\"What are you going there to do\" (Rearranged into English)\n\n⇩⇩\n\n\"What are you going there for?\" (Translated to slightly more colloquial\nEnglish)\n\n*し is the stem of する、so think of it as \"to do\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T07:39:33.027", "id": "100496", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T07:39:33.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "100492", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100500", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In SAO Progressive (2nd movie), Asuna and Kirito are arguing, and Kirito asks\nArgo to weigh in. Argo responds \"犬｛いぬ｝も食｛く｝わない物｛もの｝に関｛かか｝わる気｛き｝はないよ～\", which\nis officially translated as \"Don't pull me into your couple's quarrel.\" And\nthen Kirito and Asuna, in tandem, react stunned/indignant seemingly at being\ncalled a \"couple\" (asuna says \"へーッ？！\" [translated as \"Huh?\"], and kirito says\n\"いぬ？！\" [which gets translated as \"Couple?\"]).\n\nClip: <https://i.imgur.com/sGvYSbf.mp4>\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/50epx.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Yx91f.png)\n\nBut here's the thing: the actual phrase doesn't seem to be coded to references\ncouples in particular to me. To also throw a weird wrench into the mix,\n[jisho.org says](https://jisho.org/search/inumokuwanai) that it simply refers\nto something that everyone would avoid/dislike, but then goes on to use, as an\nexample, a lover's spat.\n\nSo I'm wondering: is a lover's spat something that's strongly coded\ninto/implied by the expression, or can it be used much more widely, and\ndoesn't particularly imply a lover's spat?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T12:23:07.907", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100499", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T12:37:25.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "meaning", "expressions", "anime", "connotation" ], "title": "犬{いぬ}も食{く}わない having a connotation of getting involved in a lover's spat?", "view_count": 190 }

[ { "body": "Some monolingual dictionaries (e.g. 三省堂国語辞典 第八版) list 夫婦げんかは犬も食わない as an\nidiom, and this is where 犬も食わない is used almost exclusively other than about\nfoods.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T12:37:25.127", "id": "100500", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T12:37:25.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57182", "parent_id": "100499", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100503", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I've encountered this a number of times, where, in Japanese, a question mark\n(?) is used when someone is clearly making a statement, not when posing a\nquestion or hypothetical or any such thing. It seems to particularly happen\nwhen a sentence concludes with \"よ\".\n\nIs this just a unique use of the question mark (?) by japanese people, that\napplies more to intonation (a rising tone towards the end of the sentence),\nand less to the fact that the sentence is a question? Or am I misinterpretting\nthings?\n\nAs for examples, here's two off the top of my head:\n\n 1. There's an anime titled \"Mondaiji-tachi ga Isekai kara Kuru Sou desu yo?\" (yes, it ends in a question mark)\n 2. In SAO Progressive (2nd movie), goon #1 says basically says \"let's attack!\", and goon #2 says \"短気は損気ですよぉ？\" according to the Japanese subtitles (the statement being essentially \"haste makes waste\". This is a statement, not a question or anything of the sort.).\n\nAs a bonus related question, I swear I see \"ですよね。\" with a period at the end\nway more often than with a question mark at the end. Whereas in English,\n\"isn't it?\"/\"ain't that right?\" will always have question marks at the end. So\nyeah, in general, I'm not sure how Japanese people think a question mark is\nsupposed to be used @.@. Or maybe I don't know how it's supposed to be used? A\nquestion mark is supposed to be used to mark a question, right? @.@\n(rhetorical or otherwise)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T13:20:52.670", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100501", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T14:23:18.983", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T13:25:54.037", "last_editor_user_id": "35659", "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "orthography", "punctuation", "literature", "written-language" ], "title": "Japanese people using a \"?\" (question mark) after making a statement (not question) ending in \"よ\"?", "view_count": 168 }

[ { "body": "This type of \"よ?\", pronounced with a rising intonation, is like \"..., you\nknow?\", \"..., don't you know?\", \"..., okay?\", \"..., huh?\", \"..., and so?\" or\n\"..., so what's next?\" and so on, depending on the context. In any way, it's a\nkind of \"question\" in the sense that it seeks the listener's response.\n\n * 短気は損気ですよ？ \nHaste makes waste, you know?\n\n * 本当ですよ？ \nThat's true, okay? / don't you believe me?\n\n * その映画？ 見ましたよ？ \nThe movie? Yes I saw it (but why do you ask)?\n\n * 先生が来ましたよ？ \nThe teacher just arrived (so what should I do)?\n\nAs for your next question, depending on the intonation, a sentence-end ね may\nor may not be a question. \"ですよね\" without a question mark is a very common\nexpression like \"That's understandable\" or \"I knew it\". \"ですよね?\" with a\nquestion mark is like \"I'm correct, right?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T14:10:13.800", "id": "100503", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T14:23:18.983", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-02T14:23:18.983", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100501", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100505", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I am still studying Nihongo and I'm literally at the very basic part of\ncharacters but I had to say to a customer that our shop was closed for today,\nand I ended up embarrassing myself. Please help me with how to formally say\n\"Sorry, we're closed for today.\" to a customer. Thank you!!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T13:27:32.980", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100502", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T15:27:59.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57186", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "english-to-japanese", "formality", "greetings" ], "title": "How do you say, \"Sorry, we're closed for today.\"?", "view_count": 69 }

[ { "body": "If you're talking to someone, you can say\n\n * 「すみません、本日{ほんじつ}の営業{えいぎょう}は終了{しゅうりょう}いたしました」\n * \"Sumimasen, honjitsu no eigyou wa shuuryou itashimashita\"\n * Sorry, we have already finished doing business today\n\nAlternatively, you can say (or leave a sign on the door/outside)\n\n * 「本日{ほんじつ}は閉店{へいてん}しました」\n * \"Honjitsu wa heiten shimashita\"\n * We have closed today\n\nAnd it should be fine, according to an answer on chiebukuro. However, there is\na small chance that it gets interpreted as \"Store has permanently closed\"\n<https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1394257368>\n\nAnother common sign to leave on your door / outside is simply\n「営{えい}業{ぎょう}終{しゅう}了{りょう}」(Can simply be translated as \"Closed\" (for the day))\n\nA good sign example can be viewed here: <https://harigamiya.jp/item/sorry-we-\nare-closed.html>\n\n(Text from image)\n\n```\n\n 営業終了\n 本日の営業は終了いたしました\n またお越しをお待ちしております\n SORRY WE ARE CLOSED\n \n```\n\n(Translated)\n\n```\n\n Closed\n We have finished doing business for the day\n We await your next visit\n SORRY WE ARE CLOSED\n \n```", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T15:27:59.950", "id": "100505", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T15:27:59.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54527", "parent_id": "100502", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I have decided to choose a more flashy and direct title for my new work.\nSpecifically, I am creating a magic system and I have chosen the name \"Rei\"\n(霊) for it, but I don't want to offend anyone or anything. So, I have decided\nto follow the example of some manga and add one more kanji to the name. I have\nchosen \"真霊\" (Shinrei) and I like it. I would like to know if it is a good\nname, or more precisely, how can I ensure that my power system does not\ndisrespect the meaning of the name?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T14:26:57.630", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100504", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T15:29:07.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57052", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning", "words", "kanji", "manga", "names" ], "title": "Can you suggest a name for an energy in a magic system that incorporates the kanji 真霊?", "view_count": 52 }

[ { "body": "It won't offend anyone, but 真霊 would simply mean \"true ghost\". It doesn't look\nlike the name of a system to the eyes of a Japanese speaker. A simple\nworkaround is to add the suffix [-術](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutsu),\nmaking it 真霊術 (Shinrei-jutsu). Actually, while 霊術 is not in a dictionary, it's\na real word that vaguely refers to various spiritual/psychic arts in fantasy\nor occult contexts.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T15:29:07.717", "id": "100506", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T15:29:07.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100504", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "In Bleach Sennen Kessen-hen (S01,E04), (slight spoilers) captains have an\nability called Bankai. They thought that the enemy could seal this ability.\nBut as KB realizes, the enemy actually steals this ability. The actual\ndialogue being \"Chigau, fuuin de ha nai. Bankai wo...ubawareta!\"\n\nclip: <https://i.imgur.com/x6dazu6.mp4>\n\nBut this seems...wrong grammatically? Shouldn't it be \"Bankai ga ubawareta\"\n(my bankai was stolen), or else \"Bankai wo ubatta\" (they stole my bankai)?\n\nOr is it the case that KB is saying two seperate phrases? (i.e. \"bankai\nwo...\", and then, after a pause, \"ubawareta...\").\n\nEdit: in the following scene, someone explicitly says \"bankai wo ubawareta\"\n(with no ambiguous pause), so maybe my understanding of japanese grammar is\nwrong? Can \"を\" naturally be used with the passive voice like this? Or is this\nsome kind of special case? @.@ As an example, the sentence \"the pudding was\neaten by Hanako\" would always be \"プリン(が/は)花子に食べられた\", it would never have an\n\"を\" particle, right? @.@", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T16:00:23.173", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100507", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-02T16:24:12.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles", "particle-が", "particle-を", "passive-voice" ], "title": "\"を奪{うば}われた\" used incorrectly instead of \"が奪{うば}われた\"? (Bleach)", "view_count": 41 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Bleach Sennen Kessen-hen, at the end of each episode, an old poetic-style\nline or two is read to invoke the next episode. But I wonder whether it's\nactually some old poetic style of speech, or if it's just some ultra-chuuni\nthing.\n\nAt the end of S1E5, an old man speaks:\n\n魂{こころ} 燃{も}え立{た}つ\n\n天{あめ}の降{ふ}るとも\n\nIn particular, 魂 (tamashii) and 天 (ten) are given completely non-standard\nreadings. I can see how the words relate (tamashii is more spirit, kokoro is\nmore soul. ten is more heavens, ame is more of the rain).\n\nMy question is: is this legitimate old-style japanese poetry, or is this a\ncase of being chuuni and assigning furigana/alternative readings because\nyou're feeling extra cool/deep?\n\nFwiw, both readings absolutely make sense in context, whether it's the soul or\nspirit burning, or whether it's rain (i.e. tribulations) falling, or the\nheavens falling.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T16:51:55.883", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100510", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T02:58:40.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "kanji", "readings", "anime", "interpretation", "furigana" ], "title": "\"魂 燃え立つ 天の降るとも\" having \"魂\" read as \"こころ\" and \"天\" read as ”雨\"? (Bleach)", "view_count": 69 }

[ { "body": "魂【こころ】 is a reading that is neither standard nor traditional, and it does give\noff a chuni vibe. However, when you only look at the second line, it appears\nlike a normal piece of a traditional Japanese poem. 天【あめ】 is a real ancient\nreading that has been in use for over 1000 years (cf\n[天叢雲剣](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusanagi_no_Tsurugi)). The play on words\nbetween 天【あめ】 and 雨【あめ】 is a traditional\n[_kakekotoba_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakekotoba). (Does \"heavenfall\"\nhave any meaning in this part of the work?) とも is a conjunctive in classical\nJapanese. Of course, these two lines correctly follows the (5-7-5-)7-7 rhythm\nof a traditional Japanese _waka_. So I'd describe these lines as \"mostly in\nthe style of traditional _waka_ , but with a bit of modern element that\n_might_ be called chuni-ish\".\n\n[Here is the list of poems in\nBleach](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/poem%20collections%20of%20bleach), and I\ncan see very few are written in the style of traditional _waka_. While they\nare still poems, they basically belong to contemporary Japanese poetry written\nin contemporary Japanese. And most of these poems are quite serious as\ncontemporary poetry, and must not be labeled as chunibyo. If I were told that\nthey were written by a famous poet 70 years ago, I would readily believe it.\n(That does not mean they look \"old\".)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T19:38:16.727", "id": "100512", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T02:58:40.207", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T02:58:40.207", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100510", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I hear it like: ではありません{HHLHHHL}\n\nIs it correct?\n\nCould not find answer in OJAD.\n\n**PRAAT:** [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PynZ9.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/YdP7M.png)\n\nSound sample: <https://voca.ro/1iCkbzE4w7HT>", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T18:38:33.723", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100511", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T09:21:12.193", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T09:21:12.193", "last_editor_user_id": "57189", "owner_user_id": "57189", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "particles", "pitch-accent", "phonology", "phonetics" ], "title": "What is pitch accent for ではありません?", "view_count": 172 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "100518", "answer_count": 1, "body": "As I understand it, when you make a clause and then put こと at the end of it\neverything is transformed into a noun (e.g. 食べましたこと is eaten _thing_.) If it's\na noun, it should be modified by an adjective, but I encountered this sentence\n\n> しかし、スケジュールの都合ですぐに公開することは難しく、断念せざるをえませんでした。\n\nSource:\n<https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/international_news_navi/articles/feature/2023/08/01/33180.html>\n\nI'm not sure what to make of the 難しく. It isn't て-form so it must be an adverb,\nbut wouldn't it be describing the noun スケジュールの都合ですぐに公開すること then? Or should 難しく\nbe treated like it's part of the phrase before こと even though it's after\neverything?\n\nI checked on <https://senseijapanese.com/japanese-\ngrammar/using-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8-to-nominalize-a-verb-or-sentence/> and it\ngave\n\n> しごとのことがきらいです\n\nas an example, so is it possible to use both adjectives and adverbs with こと?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-02T22:12:33.853", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100514", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T02:46:27.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39515", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "adverbs", "nominalization", "particle-こと" ], "title": "Use adjective or adverb for clause + こと", "view_count": 52 }

[ { "body": "こと is a [nominalizer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29367/5010), and\n食べたこと refers to the action of eating itself, not something that was eaten\n(food).\n\n> 公開することは難しい。\n>\n> Releasing (it) is difficult. \n> It's difficult to release it.\n\nHere, 公開する is a verb (\"to release\"), and こと turns it into a noun, i.e.,\nnominalizes it (\"releasing\").\n\nNext, 難しく is indeed the ku-form of 難しい, but it's not used as an adverb here.\nIt's used to join two clauses like a te-form does. This is called 中止法. The\narticle you've linked has lots of 中止法 for verbs (始まり, 携わり, 退職し...), but the\nsame happens with the 連用形 of adjectives, too. See: [Use of く-form over くて in\nan い-adjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12642/5010)\n\nWith these two points in mind, the sentence can be parsed like so:\n\n * 公開する \nto release it\n\n * 公開すること \nreleasing it\n\n * 公開することは難しい。 \nReleasing it is difficult.\n\n * すぐに公開することは難しい。 \nReleasing it immediately is difficult.\n\n * すぐに公開することは難しく、... \nReleasing it immediately is difficult, (and...)\n\n * しかし、スケジュールの都合ですぐに公開することは難しく、断念せざるをえませんでした。 \nHowever, due to scheduling constraints, releasing it immediately was\ndifficult, and she had no choice but to give up.\n\n連用形 (aka \"continuative form\", or ku-form in the case of i-adjectives) is more\nthan \"adverbial form\". See: [Do I have a good grasp on the basics of what the\ncontinuative form is?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65936/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T02:46:27.393", "id": "100518", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T02:46:27.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100514", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100517", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I came across this usage of で in\n[this](https://japaneseparticlesmaster.xyz/de-in-japanese/) article.\n\n> 彼はお酒を熱燗で飲む \n> He drinks sake in a hot state.\n\nIs this で the て form of the copula or the particle で?\n\n * If its the て form of the copula, why is を and not が? What is being coupled? Is it grammatical to basically have the main clause chopped in the middle?\n\n * If it's the particle で, how could it be that this 熱燗で tells something about the object as opposed to telling something about the verb (i.e. the \"limit\" within which it applies).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T00:00:32.080", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100515", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T06:55:50.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "で used to indicate the state of something", "view_count": 228 }

[ { "body": "It's the particle で, definition #4 of 格助詞「で」 in 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> で \n> 〘格助〙 \n> ❹ 動作を行うときの **様態** を表す。 \n> 「急ぎ足 **で** 歩く」 \n> 「親子 **で** 出席する」 \n> 「笑顔 **で** 答える」 \n> 「土足 **で** 上がる」\n\nIt expresses [様態]{ようたい}, in what manner some action is performed.\n\nIt's not the copula だ→で since the sentence cannot be split to ～～熱燗だ+飲む.\n\n* * *\n\n> how could it be that this 熱燗で tells something about the object as opposed to\n> telling something about the verb\n\nI see it as more like 熱燗で飲む (how you drink it)...\n\n「ポン酢 **で** いただきます」「[生]{なま} **で** 食べる」などの「で」だと思います。「お肉を低温 **で** 調理する」「ビデオを２倍速\n**で** 再生する」なども同じ「で」だと思いますがどうでしょう。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T01:07:38.890", "id": "100517", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T06:55:50.300", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T06:55:50.300", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "100515", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100521", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Japanese there are conditional sentences that translate well into the\nEnglish conditional:\n\n 1. **お金があればいいね。** \n_It would be nice if I had money._\n\n 2. **食べなければ病気になるよ。** \n_If you don't eat you'll get sick._\n\nThese sentences line up well with the _\" If A, then B\"_ pattern in English.\n\nHowever, there are also a few grammar patterns in Japanese that use the\nconditional that don't translate well into English:\n\n 3. **考えれば考えるほどわからなくなる。** \n_The more I think about it, the less I understand._\n\n 4. **本を読むのが好きな人もいれば、嫌いな人もいます。** \n_There are those who like reading books and those who do not._\n\n 5. **彼女は国語も上手なら、数学も上手だ。** \n_Not only is she good at Japanese, she's also good at math._\n\nIs there a historical or linguistic reason why these (seemingly) logically\ndifferent uses of the conditional tense exist? Is the problem a lack of\nimagination on my part? Is it inherently wrong to compare ば/なら as if they were\n1:1 equivalents to the English conditional?\n\nThanks in advanced for your input.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T00:53:44.617", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100516", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T06:03:18.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57190", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "conditionals" ], "title": "Historical/Linguistic explanation for the conditional in (seemingly) non-conditional situations?", "view_count": 74 }

[ { "body": "You may need to expand the concept of \"conditional\" a little bit and think of\nば as a marker for \"triggers\" in general. ば is not only for \"If A then B\", but\nalso for \"A and then B\", \"When A, B\", \"Whenever A, B\", or even \"Since A, B\".\nIn medieval times, it even gained a meaning of \"A whereas/while B\".\n\n * 気がつけば既に夜が来ていた。 \nWhen I realized it, night had already fallen.\n\n * ここまで来れば安全です。 \nSince we've come this far, we're safe.\n\n * ボタンを押せばいつでも水が出ます。 \nWhenever you press the button, water comes out.\n\n * 好きな人もいれば嫌いな人もいる。 \nWhenever/While/Whereas there are those who like it, there are also those who\ndislike it.\n\nIn classical Japanese, ば meant both \"if\" and \"since/when/whenever\" depending\non the conjugation of the preceding verb. For example, 書かば meant \" **If** I\nwrite\", but 書けば meant \" **Since** I (will) write\"! See\n[this](https://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa010012.htm) and\n[this](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%B0) for details. The form like\n書け (to which ば would be attached) is called \"hypothetical form\" (仮定形) in\nmodern Japanese, but the same form was called \"realis form\" (已然形; literally\n\"already-so form\") in classical Japanese. (This form without suffixes like ば\nis not an independent, distinct word form in modern Japanese, but it was in\nclassical Japanese.)\n\nThis is why, even in modern Japanese, ば sometimes feels closer in meaning to\n\"since\" or \"whenever\" than to \"if\". In modern Japanese, 書かば and 書けば have\nmerged into one (書けば), and we use it mainly for truly hypothetical\nexpressions, hence the name 仮定形. But we still see exceptional cases, and\nthat's understandable because ば has never been just for \"true if\".\n\nBy the way, in Japanese grammar, the if-type connection is called 仮定条件\n(\"hypothetical conditional\"), and the since-type connection is called 確定条件\n(\"realized(?) conditional\"). 確定条件 is probably not what you imagine when you\nhear \"conditional\", but they _are_ considered two kinds of conditional.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T05:15:11.790", "id": "100521", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T06:03:18.227", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T06:03:18.227", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100516", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100520", "answer_count": 2, "body": "So I have this sentence:\n\n> [クリスマス]{くりすます}に[来]{き}てさえいれば、[ケーキ]{けーき}を[食]{た}べられたのに。\n\nand I've been trying to puzzle what 来てさえいれば means. I know いれば is the\nconditional form of いる and きて is the te form of くる but what does さえ mean? If\nit's a verb then what's its dictionary form?\n\nAlso what's the purpose of られたのに? I only know なのに, what's られた for? Also the\nsentence translates to \"If you came for Christmas, you could have eaten the\ncake\" but if られたのに is related to なのに, then it should mean \"even though\". Why\nis \"even though\" not in the translation?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T03:21:58.553", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100519", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-27T06:42:06.247", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-08T13:54:22.783", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "conditionals" ], "title": "What does 来てさえいれば mean in 「クリスマスに来てさえいれば、ケーキを食べられたのに」?", "view_count": 139 }

[ { "body": "さえ is particle \"even\".\n\nIn that sentence, さえ is part of construction `VERB-て + さえ + いれば`, which as a\nwhole means \"if only ..., as long as ...\".\n\n* * *\n\nYour segmentation of _tabe raretanoni_ is incorrect. It should be: _taberareta\nno ni_.\n\n* * *\n\nSuffix _-(r)are-_ has 4 functions: spontaneous action, passive voice,\npotential, honorific.\n\nForm of this suffix with initial _r_ is used with vowel-stem verbs, and this\nsuffix itself is vowel-stem auxiliary verb.\n\nThis suffix would be followed by other suffixes, e.g. suffix _-ru_ of vowel-\nstem Conclusive or suffix _-ta_ of Perfective (\"past tense\").\n\n_kak-_ = \"to write\" (Conclusive: 書{か}く)\n\n_kak-are-_ = \"to be written, to be able to write, ...\" (Conclusive: 書{か}かれる)\n\n_tabe-_ = \"to eat\" (Conclusive: 食{た}べる)\n\n_tabe- **r** are-_ = \"to be eaten, to be able to eat, ...\" (Conclusive:\n食{た}べられる)\n\n* * *\n\n_no ni_ often means \"even though, although\", but in this case it generally\nmeans disappointment.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T05:08:34.057", "id": "100520", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T05:08:34.057", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100519", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You will find a fuller explanation of the usage of さえ in my answer to a\nsimilar question [雨さえなければ -\nmeaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/100797/%E9%9B%A8%E3%81%95%E3%81%88%E3%81%AA%E3%81%91%E3%82%8C%E3%81%B0-meaning),\nbut in short, here さえ is focusing 来て where it is adding the nuance of '(if)\njust', so 'if [he] had just been here at Christmas, he could have eaten the\ncake'. I assume the passive form of 食べる is being used as respect, an\nadversative passive would be odd here I think. のに is signalling a hypothetical\ncondition, 'if he had come.., he could have eaten...[but he didn't in fact\ncome]'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-27T06:42:06.247", "id": "100806", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-27T06:42:06.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "40564", "parent_id": "100519", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100523", "answer_count": 2, "body": "I’ve come across two sentences that seem to share a construction that I’m not\nfamiliar with:\n\n 1. 一時間 働いて どのくらいのお金がもらえますか。\n 2. ご心配かけて申し訳 ございません I haven’t been able to find references to it.\n\nIn both, the initial phrase seems to be a participial construction serving as\na sentence adverbial: “working for an hour”, and “causing worry”. Is this the\nbest way to consider them?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T08:21:00.307", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100522", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T13:43:33.160", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T08:44:07.800", "last_editor_user_id": "34360", "owner_user_id": "34360", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "participial constructions / sentence adverbials", "view_count": 79 }

[ { "body": "> Should the structure:\n>\n\n>> noun phrase without particle + te-form of verb\n\n>\n> always be interpreted as a sentence adverbial?\n\n_-te_ form of verb can function adverbially (or it can be translated in such\nway), but there is no requirement that clause with _-te_ contain a noun or\nthat such noun be without a particle.\n\n（ご）心{しん}配{ぱい}掛{か}けて is form of expression （ご）心{しん}配{ぱい} **を** 掛{か}ける with\nparticle を dropped.\n\nYou could say, with the same meaning: ご心配 **を** かけて申し訳ございません。\n\nAlso note that participial treatment is from the point of view of English\nlanguage. Japanese sentences often have implicit subjects or objects.\n\nWith over-explicit pronouns: 私はあなたにご心配をかけて…\n\nEnglish translation of either of above variant can be participial \"For causing\nworry, ...\" or explicit \"I caused worry to you, and ...\".", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T08:43:02.660", "id": "100523", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T09:08:49.997", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-03T09:08:49.997", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100522", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "In this case the て form connects the two distinct clauses.\n\nWhen we connect two clauses with the て form, there **could** be the\nimplication that the second clause is a consequence of the first.\n\nWe really are saying A & B, meaning A then B. This is because when we say A &\nB, we usually mean that B happened after A, which is the conditional in its\ninfancy. So the three meanings are deeply connected. (A & B, A then B, if A\nthen B)\n\n> 一時間 働いて どのくらいのお金がもらえますか。 \n> If I work for an hour, then how much money will I be able to receive?\n\nIn the following case, the idea of conditional is even weaker. I would say\nit's non-existent. This is a A & B meaning A then B. Which is to say B follows\nA as a consequence, but A actually happened.\n\n> ご心配かけて申し訳 ございません \n> I made you worry, (and / then) I'm sorry. -> Because I made you worry, I'm\n> sorry. -> Sorry for worrying you.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T13:43:33.160", "id": "100525", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-03T13:43:33.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100522", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "Also, as a follow-up, is it used solely to refer to MtF trans individuals?\nFrom what I've read online in Japanese, that seems to be the case, but I just\nwanted to confirm. And if so, what is the most common (but PC/inoffensive) way\nto refer to transgendre individuals in Japan (MtF or FtM)?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T12:32:46.500", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100524", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T02:08:13.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 8, "tags": [ "word-choice", "culture", "gender", "connotation" ], "title": "Is ニュー・ハーフ considered a derogatory/offensive term in Japan for a transsexual individual?", "view_count": 1818 }

[ { "body": "ニューハーフ is an obsolete word that was used mainly in the 80's when no one knew\nthe terms like trans or LGBT. If you used it today, I suppose most people\nwould interpret it as a joke first before thinking about whether it's\npotentially offensive.\n\nIn those days, sex reassignment surgery was almost sci-fi, so the term ニューハーフ\nusually referred to male individuals on TV who were dressed in female attire\nand (often excessively) used feminine language such as だわ, かしら and なのよ. So\nit's more of a character stereotype rather than a specific gender identity.\nThis largely overlaps the type of people called\n[オネエ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89)\ntoday.\n\nToday, transgender people are simply called トランス(ジェンダー)男性/女性.\n\n**EDIT:** According to Wikipedia, the term was first made popular as the\ncatchphrase of Rumiko Matsubara ([video in\n1981](https://youtu.be/ypcPi2bxMB8?t=182)). I personally don't know her, but\npeople I imagine when I hear the word ニューハーフ are people who are more\n\"noticeable\" than she is.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T00:37:13.503", "id": "100527", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T02:08:13.333", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T02:08:13.333", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100524", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> でも正直なぜ裕子さんだけと思わないこともなかった\n\nI am very confused about this use of ないこともなかった.\n\nWhat exactly is it trying to say?\n\nI don't understand the double negative. \"I also never happened that I didn't\nthink\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-03T21:43:39.987", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100526", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T01:16:11.033", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T01:01:34.587", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "negation" ], "title": "なぜ + ないこともなかった, what is this double negative?", "view_count": 85 }

[ { "body": "思わないこともなかった is roughly the same as 思わないことはなかった. It is a double negative\nexpression, \"it's not that I did not think\" or \"admittedly I thought\". For\nthis も, see: [Meaning of も in\nそんなの珍しくもない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65646/5010)\n\n> でも正直「なぜ裕子さんだけ」と思わないこともなかった\n>\n> However, to be honest, it's not that I didn't think \"Why just Yuko?\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T01:16:11.033", "id": "100528", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T01:16:11.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100526", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100534", "answer_count": 4, "body": "I'm confused whether 僕にしかできない事 means\n\n> (1) something (you) can do only to me\n\nor\n\n> (2) something only I can do\n\nMy Korean brain suggests (1) because its naive translation 나한테밖에 못하는 일 means\n(1). But this phrase is from the lyrics of a song called 花束の代わりにメロディーを and\ncontinues as follows.\n\n> 僕にしかできない事がある \n> 花束の代わりにメロディーを \n> 抱きしめる代わりにこの声を\n\nFrom the context, (2) makes better sense because メロディー and 声 is from the\nsinger (僕).\n\nWhich is the correct translation of 僕にしかできない事?\n\nIf (2) is correct,\n\n 1. will taking away に as 僕しかできない事 make any difference?\n 2. what should I say if I wanted to express \"(1) something (you) can do only to me\"?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T13:15:33.427", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100530", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-05T02:52:57.997", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-05T02:25:41.613", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "55724", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-に", "ambiguous-relative-clauses" ], "title": "Confused in understanding 僕にしかできない事", "view_count": 826 }

[ { "body": "A [search](https://eikaiwa.dmm.com/uknow/questions/47797/) shows that (2) is\nlikely the correct interpretation - (僕・自分)にしかできないこと usually translates to\n\"Something in which only I can do.\"\n\nAnother instance can be viewed\n[here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13175362673):\n\n> Q: ｢君にしかできない｣｢あなたにしかできない｣ これを英語でなんと言いますか？\n\n> A: You are the only one who can do it.\n\nTo answer the second part of your question,\n\n 1. It looks like the 「に」before a pronoun is incredibly common, though I found at least one instance [here](https://tsukubawebcorpus.jp/headword/V.00005/en/) in which it is not used (あなたしかできない). In that instance, however, it appears to me that it **shares the same general meaning** as (あなたにしかできない) in that the person the speaker is talking to is the only one who can do it. Perhaps it is only used in situations of importance, for emphasis, or maybe the _particle was simply dropped_ (which can happen in speech). I was unable to find any grammar or nuance explanations specifically for ～にしかできない, though there were plenty for simply ～しか～ない and だけ.\n\nThe full quote for (あなたしかできない) is below:\n\n> ...「自民党にあと5年以上政権を渡してはダメ。 でないとまた（自分の癒着を棚に上げ）東電との癒着政治が続く。 福島原発事故で原発推進した私も反省する。\n> 是非、再生可能エネルギー法案を成立させてほしい。 **あなたしかできない** 。\n> と空気を入れたのだ（小泉元総理の言葉には多少の違いはあるが、おおまかこの通り）。 【転載終了】つむじ風さんのブログより ：転載 記事URL コメント\n> URL: <http://ameblo.jp/wishes-cometrue/entry-10930671371.html>\n\n[Another instance -\n俺しかできないんだ](https://tsukubawebcorpus.jp/headword/V.00005/en/)\n\n> ...家族。 大切なのは当たり前ですよね。 しかし、仕事も大切なんだ、と言う人はたくさんいるかと思います。 家族のために働いているんだ！\n> 俺は頑張っているんだ！ **俺しかできないんだ** ！ こう言い聞かせて満員電車に乗り込んでいる人もいるでしょう。\n> 本当に家族のためだと思っている人は、ある意味家族の大切さを忘れないかもしれません。 ...URL: <http://nanapi.jp/2342/>\n\n 2. I don't think I can answer this in a satisfying way.\n\nNote: I've noticed the links only redirect directly to the corpus. The search\nterm I had used was \"できる\" and the verb I had selected was under \"Auxiliary\nVerb\": できない. I then kept scrolling through pages until I found matches with\nthe browser search function for 「しかできない」.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T14:53:00.267", "id": "100531", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T20:55:10.873", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T20:55:10.873", "last_editor_user_id": "54527", "owner_user_id": "54527", "parent_id": "100530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "(2) is the correct one, it's difficult to think it's otherwise even without\ncontext. (1) is possible but unconventional.\n\nSimilar to the potential:\n\n私に(は)この漢字が読めます -> This kanji is readable (to me)\n\n私がこの漢字を読めます -> I can read this kanji\n\n[The difference between が and を with the potential form of a\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/609/the-difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%8C-and-%E3%82%92-with-the-potential-form-of-a-verb)\n\nできる is just the potential of する. So the rules described above also apply to\nit.\n\nSo できる also has this kind of double polarity. 私がそれをできる vs 私にそれができる. \"I can do\nthat\" vs \"That is doable to me\".\n\n> 僕にしかできない事 \n> Something that is doable only to me -> Something only I can do\n\n* * *\n\n> will taking away に as 僕しかできない事 make any difference?\n\nBecause of the polarity thing explained, not really. Many people also explain\nthis by saying that しか replaces particles like が or を. Moreover, in casual\nspeech many particles get dropped.\n\n> what should I say if I wanted to express \"(1) something (you) can do only to\n> me\"?\n\nI don't know either. The main problem is the ambiguity between 僕に meaning \"for\nme (it's possible)\" and \"to me (it's done)\". Maybe something like this.\n\n> 君が僕にしかできないこと", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T20:11:52.870", "id": "100532", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T20:11:52.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "100530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> 僕にしかできない事\n\nPotential ambiguity here is caused by particle に having multiple functions:\n\n * Indirect object marker (\"to ..., for ...\")\n\n * Agent marker in clauses with passive/potential verbs (\"by ...\")\n\nIn English and many other languages, passive and potential are syntactically\nor morphologically distinct constructions, but in Japanese, at least\nhistorically, they were different functions of the same constructions.\n\nBjarke Frellesvig (2010, \"A History of the Japanese Language\", page 63) in\nchapter about Old Japanese (about 700 - 800):\n\n> The OJ **passive functioned as a pure passive, a medium voice, and as a\n> potential**. OJ had two competing passive markers of which _**-(a)ye-**_ was\n> used rather more frequently than _**-(a)re-**_ (their roles are reversed in\n> EMJ into which _-(a)ye-_ only survived in a number of lexicalized forms (\n> _kikoye-_ , _miye-_ , _omopoye-_ ) and in reading glosses to Chinese texts,\n> see 9.1.6). _-(a)ye-_ was used with QD, _n_ -irr, _r_ -irr and UM verbs;\n> _-(a)re-_ with QD, _n_ -irr, and _r_ -irr verbs. Passives were not formed on\n> verbs from other conjugation classes. _-(a)ye-_ thus had a wider use than\n> _-(a)re-_ , both in terms of distribution and in terms of frequency. The\n> straightforward interpretation of these facts is that _-(a)ye-_ was the\n> earlier passive marker and was replaced by innovative _-(a)re-_. There are a\n> few lexicalized passive forms with a slightly irregular formation: _kikoye-_\n> <= _kik-_ 'hear'; _omopoye-_ <= _omop-_ 'think' (found alongside _omopaye-_\n> , but was much more frequent).\n>\n> The passive auxiliary variant _**-rare-**_ , attaching to vowel base verbs,\n> does not appear in the language until EMJ (see 8.4.1) and forms no part of\n> OJ, although it is included in some grammars.\n\nBjarke Frellesvig (2010, \"A History of the Japanese Language\", page 338) in\nchapter about Late Middle Japanese (about 1200 - 1600):\n\n> The ancestor of the cNJ potential auxiliary _-re-_ makes its appearance in\n> the second half of LMJ. It is found with consonant base verbs **in the shape\n> _-e-_** , e.g. _yom-e-nu_ 'cannot read' in the _Shiki-shō_ from 1477, and\n> **initially had the same functions as the passive: passive, potential, and\n> respect**. _-E-_ is usually said to have developed as a reduced variant of\n> the passive _-rare-_ and for example in the _Shiki-shō_ we find both _yom-e-\n> nu_ and _yoma-re-nu_ 'read-PASS-NEG; cannot read'. Alternatively, _-e-_ may\n> have developed from the auxiliary verb _-e-_ 'be able to' (< _e-_ 'get').\n> During NJ this auxiliary became specialized as an independent potential\n> auxiliary, but only recently in cNJ was it analogically extended to be used\n> with vowel base verbs, e.g. cNJ _tabe-re-_ 'be able to eat'.\n\nVerb [できる](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B) also\nhas meanings \"be able to do\" (potential meaning) and \"be made\" (passive\nmeaning), and other meanings.\n\n> will taking away に as 僕しかできない事 make any difference?\n\nしか replaces が and を, so without しか this sentence could be:\n\n * 僕ができない事\n\n(This with added しか (がしか → しか) is synonymous with original sentence with にしか.)\n\n * 僕をできない事\n\n(This is invalid due to できる not allowing usage with particle を.)\n\n> what should I say if I wanted to express \"(1) something (you) can do only to\n> me\"?\n\nTo avoid aforementioned ambiguity of particle に, another construction can be\nused, e.g. 〜の為{ため}に:\n\n僕の為{ため}にしかできない事", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-04T23:17:16.633", "id": "100533", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-04T23:29:41.530", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-04T23:29:41.530", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "僕にしかできない事 is an **inherently ambiguous** phrase that can mean both (1) and (2)\ndepending on the context. In the context of the lyrics, (2) is the correct\ninterpretation. Note that に can mark the doer of a potential verb (see: [Use\nof に in 「私には本物の若殿様がわかります」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24955/5010)).\n\nHere is an example context where the same phrase means (1):\n\n> 彼女にとって正直に話すことは、 **僕にしかできない事** なのだ。 \n> Expressing her true feelings is **something [she] can do only to me**.\n\nTo avoid this ambiguity, you can alternatively say:\n\n**(1)** something (someone) can do only to me\n\n * 僕に対してしかできない事\n\n**(2)** something only I can do\n\n * 僕だけができる事\n * 僕しかできないこと (colloquial)\n * 僕[によって](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/37097/5010)しかできないこと (stilted)\n\nBut 僕にしかできないこと is natural enough and you really don't have to avoid it when\nthere is enough context.\n\nYou can read many more similar examples with this tag: [ambiguous-relative-\nclauses](/questions/tagged/ambiguous-relative-clauses \"show questions tagged\n'ambiguous-relative-clauses'\")", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T02:45:27.490", "id": "100534", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-05T02:52:57.997", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-05T02:52:57.997", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I've come across a problem repeatedly when I use Japanese, and that is the\nproper use of ほとんど. I've gathered that it means _most_ in an opposite manner;\ne.g. ほとんどない to say _mostly don't have_ and I want to know how I can just say\n_most_ in a regular manner; e.g. in _most people do that_.\n\nFor example, ほとんどの人 would be an incorrect translation of \"most people\"; is\nthere a more correct way to phrase this, like たくさんの人 (which would mean a\nslightly different thing than I am aiming for; i.e. _a lot of people_ instead\nof _most people_ ) or some other phrase that I am missing?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T14:28:38.877", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100536", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-05T14:44:00.120", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-05T14:39:17.437", "last_editor_user_id": "57207", "owner_user_id": "57207", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "word-choice", "adverbs" ], "title": "Saying \"mostly\" in Japanese: ほとんど or something else?", "view_count": 78 }

[ { "body": "ほとんどの人 seems to be a good translation of \"most people\". [An example from NHK\nnews](https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10012471891000/k10012471891000.html)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T14:44:00.120", "id": "100537", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-05T14:44:00.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56924", "parent_id": "100536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was looking into a presumably older song, Gion Kouta, and I noticed that one\nof the lyrics is 「恋しや」. I'm assuming this comes from the adjective 「恋しい」, but\nI don't know why 「や」 is used instead of 「い」. Does 「や」 make 「い」 adjectives into\nnouns? Is it an older adjective ending? I'm confused about this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T21:07:39.830", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100538", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:26:34.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57208", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "i-adjectives", "particle-や" ], "title": "What's going on with adjectives ending with や?", "view_count": 67 }

[ { "body": "恋し is the classical Japanese form of 恋しい. It is already in its terminal form\n(終止形) so や is just an exclamation word here.\n\nYou can check the conjugation table\n[here](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%80%E3%81%97#Japanese).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T00:26:34.723", "id": "100543", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:26:34.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56924", "parent_id": "100538", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100544", "answer_count": 1, "body": "From [Sakura Tips podcast episode 615.\nパッキング](https://sakuratips.com/2023/08/05/615/), there is a transcript to the\npodcast. I'm having difficulty understanding due to my confusion regarding\nword/phrase ordering.\n\nOriginal transcript:\n\n> 昨日パッキングをしました。\n>\n> 日本語ではパッキングともいいますし、荷造りともいいます。\n>\n> 私は1年間に出張も合わせて10回ほどパッキングをしています。\n>\n> **特に去年は出張が多かったので、もっとですね。**\n>\n> **15回以上はパッキングをして、泊まりに行っていました。**\n>\n> なので私はパッキングに慣れています。\n>\n> 大学生の頃はそういうことに慣れていなかったので、2泊3日の旅行でもとても荷物が多かったです。\n>\n> 普段は家でも使っていないようなものまで、キャリーケースの中に入れていました。\n>\n> ですが、今はパッキングのプロなので、2週間の旅行でも、少ない荷物で行くことができます。\n\nI've highlighted in bold the two sentences I'm having trouble understanding:\n\n 1. > **特に去年は出張が多かったので、もっとですね。**\n\nI translated this as \"In particular, because in the last year I had a lot of\nbusiness trips, it was more.\"\n\nThese 特に and もっとですね parts are confusing me. Which verb/adjective is the adverb\n特に modifying? Is it modifying 多かった？Or is it modifying もっとです？And regarding\nもっとです... is it referring to 去年？Or is it referring to the implied now state\n(i.e. 今)?\n\n 2. > **15回以上はパッキングをして、泊まりに行っていました。**\n\nI translated this as \"After the 15th business trip, I would pack and stay\novernight.\"\n\nTo me, this was a weird sentence because I'm not used to having the frequency\nof something as a topic... did I get the translation right? I think it's\nsupposed to mean something like \"I would pack and stay overnight, but only\nafter the 15th business trip\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T21:55:57.747", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100539", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:52:37.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4450", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "translation", "particle-は", "adverbs", "word-order" ], "title": "I'm having trouble understanding the usage of 特に...もっとですね, and 15回以上は", "view_count": 59 }

[ { "body": "1. This 特に is working as a sentence adverb, aka [disjunct](https://www.englishwithashish.com/disjunct-in-english/). In your translation, \"In particular\" is also a disjunct, because it doesn't modify any particular word. This もっとです means \"it was more than 10\", referring to the number of packing he does in a year.\n 2. 15回 is \"15 times\" rather than \"15th\". You usually need to say [第](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/98639/5010)15回 or 15回[目](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82422/5010) to make it mean \"15th\", although it's omitted in some situations. 15回以上は means \"more than 15 times\". This は is not a topic marker but [は meaning \"at least\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29438/5010). If you want to say \"after the 15th\", it would be 15回 **目** 以 **降** は or 15回目より後は.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T00:32:23.757", "id": "100544", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:52:37.617", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-06T00:52:37.617", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100539", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100542", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I apologize if this question is too basic, but I was doing some beginner\nexercises on an app (no, not _that_ app), and it marked this as incorrect:\n\n> あのアメリカ人はラーメンをフオークで食べていますね。\n\nThe correct order, it insisted, should be:\n\n> あのアメリカ人はフオークでラーメンを食べていますね。\n\nHowever, on the linked video found on [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/50389/where-do-\nadjectives-fit-in-the-sentence-structure), both should _technically_ be\ncorrect, right? Is the app wrong to mark it incorrect, or am I\nmisunderstanding the flexibility of Japanese sentence structure?\n\nIf it's not technically incorrect, what would the first order imply or\nindicate that the second, which I gather is the standard order, wouldn't?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-05T22:34:39.840", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100541", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:09:17.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55730", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "particles", "syntax" ], "title": "Can the direct object (with を) appear before the instrumental (with で)?", "view_count": 77 }

[ { "body": "Both sentences are perfectly correct and natural as far as the word order\ngoes. In this case, neither is more natural than the other.\n\nBut let me point out these:\n\n * It's フォーク (fork), not フオーク (fu'ohk).\n * ね is for light confirmation. If this sentence is more like \"Hey, look at that American!\", you should say this instead: \n\n> あのアメリカ人はフォークでラーメンを食べています **よ** 。", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T00:09:17.423", "id": "100542", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T00:09:17.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100541", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "じゃあ私早退の子の連絡しなきゃいけないから\n\nThe teacher says this at the beginning of the scene, with no further context\n\nI'm confused about the use of 早退の子の連絡 here. Specifically I don't see how の連絡しな\nworks?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T01:50:34.610", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100545", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-12T15:27:34.983", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-12T15:27:34.983", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "particle-の" ], "title": "How does の連絡しな work in じゃあ、私早退の子の連絡しなきゃいけないから?", "view_count": 96 }

[ { "body": "早退の子の連絡 refers to informing the student who left early about tomorrow's\nhomework or textbooks they need to bring. It would have been clearer to say\n早退した子への連絡 instead, but since this is a common practice at least in Japanese\nschools, a brief expression like this is sufficient to convey the meaning.\n\nWith this in mind, the overall structure of the expression is exactly the same\nas [部屋の掃除(を)する](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26120/5010) or\n[英語の勉強(を)する](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4006/5010).\n\n> じゃあ私早退の子の連絡しなきゃいけないから。 \n> = じゃあ私は、早退した子 **への** 連絡 **を** しなきゃいけないから。 \n> = じゃあ私は、早退した子 **に** 連絡(を)しなきゃいけないから。\n>\n> I have to call/contact a student who left early.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T01:14:18.210", "id": "100557", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:19:27.113", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T01:19:27.113", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100545", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100558", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Naniwa is an antiquated name for what is now referred to as the Oosaka region\n(It was called Naniwa around the 1500s last, if I'm not mistaken).\n\nThat being said, In Shinya Shokudo S3E04 (released in 2014), a girl from that\narea is referred to as \"Naniwa musume\" by the Shokudou owner, and again as\nsuch by some other guys. Why is she referred to as such, instead of using\n\"Oosaka musume\"? Is there any particular connotation or something I'm missing\nabout \"Naniwa\"? Or is it kind of like how, sometimes, people like referring to\nthe Northeast United States as \"New England\"?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HCjsp.jpg)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T10:46:19.720", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100548", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:39:26.777", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "word-choice", "words", "culture", "history", "connotation" ], "title": "Any reason \"Naniwa musume\" is used to refer to a girl in modern times (as opposed to \"Oosaka musme\")?", "view_count": 89 }

[ { "body": "[Old prefecture names](https://www.myjapanesehanga.com/home/articles/ancient-\nprovinces-of-japan.html) are still popular as nicknames. Naniwa is nationally\nknown as a nickname for Osaka, just as Edo is still commonly used as the\nalternative name for Tokyo.\n\nNicknames for residents of a certain prefecture are also frequently based on\nthese old names. See: [Japanese demonyms for each\nother](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56813/5010)\n\nWhile 大阪(の)娘 is also perfectly correct, terms like 江戸っ子 and 浪花娘 are more often\nused in reference to certain character stereotypes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T01:34:13.640", "id": "100558", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:39:26.777", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T01:39:26.777", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100548", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Shinya Shokudou (Midnight Diner) S3EP06, and old mom meets with this old\nguy, and they're talking at a diner in front of the old mom's daughter (who's\ncasual friends with the old guy). The old mom's being super gregarious and\nflirty, and is like \"I booked a hotel with a large bed, but it's so lonely\nhere\". Then the old guy's like \"俺はよ、塩っ気と色っ気には弱えんだよ\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ORV9O.png)\n\nI understand everything about the sentence, except the 塩気｛しおけ｝ part. I know\nthe word means \"salty\" normally, but the subs go out of their way to say that,\nin the context, it means \"sass\". However, when looking it up, I'm not sure I\ncan find anything of the sort. Can anyone corroborate this? At the very least,\nin America, \"salty\" often implies one is angry/miffed in modern contexts (e.g.\na salty loser), or very seasoned/experienced in older contexts (e.g. a salty\nseadog).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T12:36:44.957", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100549", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:01:58.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "words", "expressions", "slang" ], "title": "塩気/塩っ気 (shiokke) = sass?", "view_count": 72 }

[ { "body": "If the word [塩対応](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%A1%A9%E5%AF%BE%E5%BF%9C) (recent\nslang) has clearly been mentioned in the context, someone might playfully\nrefer to it as 塩っ気. Otherwise, 塩気 on its own does not have any metaphorical\nmeaning, so he is probably just saying he likes salty foods. Of course, he\nbrought it up to rhyme with 色っ気.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T01:01:58.273", "id": "100556", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:01:58.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100549", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100559", "answer_count": 1, "body": "When people are speaking crassly, things like じゃない will often be pronounced\nじゃねえ, with maybe a few variations (e.g. じゃねー, or using katakana, etc.). My\nquestion is, how does one usually do this for \"弱{よわ}い\"? Do they use うぇ? or ゑ?\nOr 弱え? Or what? Sorry if this question is super simple.\n\nHow is it usually written when one contracts \"知った事じゃない\" to \"shitta\nkotchanee!\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T12:42:48.563", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100550", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-12T15:23:12.297", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-12T15:23:12.297", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "slang", "orthography", "spoken-language" ], "title": "How is \"yowee\" supposed to be written in japanese? (e.g. \"anta wa yoweenda yo!\", meaning \"you're weak!\")", "view_count": 155 }

[ { "body": "Traditionally, the Japanese language did not have the sound of うぇ. That's why\nthe verb わらう conjugates like わらえ rather than わらうぇ, わらいます rather than わらうぃます\nand so on.\n\nよわい also contracts to よえー rather than ようぇー. Likewise, つよい becomes つえー rather\nthan ついぇー.\n\n\"Shitta kotchanee\" is しったこっちゃねえ or しったこっちゃねー.\n\nJapanese people recognize sounds like うぇ, うぃ and いぇ today, but they are almost\nexclusively used for loanwords.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T01:47:57.557", "id": "100559", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:47:57.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100550", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100560", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Dictionary states that the word みやこ can be written as either 都 or (less often)\n京. What factors (nuances of meaning, context, etc.) determine which of the two\nkanji is more appropriate?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T15:52:44.810", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100551", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:57:57.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10268", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "usage" ], "title": "When writing みやこ, how to choose between 京 and 都?", "view_count": 83 }

[ { "body": "You should almost always go with 都. みやこ is an uncommon and nonstandard\n(hyogai) reading of 京. Without furigana, 京 is normally read as きょう, and it\nusually refers specifically to Kyoto rather than capitals in general.\n\nIn general, \"surprising\" readings like 京【みやこ】 are chosen by creative writers\nto add some flavor to their text. In this case, if you are creating a\nfictional work set in Old Kyoto, such a reading might be fitting. But ordinary\npeople should not do this without reason.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T01:57:57.133", "id": "100560", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T01:57:57.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100551", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100554", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Does anyone know how the kanji for \"eye\" and \"tea\" came to be joined to mean\n\"disorderly\"? (I am a beginning student and cannot read advanced monolingual\ndictionaries.) Googling didn't bring up any answers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T18:06:32.790", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100552", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T10:09:49.167", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T10:09:49.167", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "27152", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "etymology", "ateji" ], "title": "Etymology of 目茶目茶", "view_count": 104 }

[ { "body": "Kanji spellings for both むちゃ （無茶） and めちゃ （滅茶／目茶） are examples of\n[ateji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji) (当{あ}て字{じ}), kanji used only for\ntheir phonetic value and **not** for their meanings.\n\nAccording to dictionaries,\n[めちゃ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%BB%85%E8%8C%B6-643954) developed as sound\nshift from [むちゃ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%84%A1%E8%8C%B6-641920).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T23:48:14.230", "id": "100554", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-06T23:48:14.230", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100552", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100555", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I am having difficulty translating something (I am translating as an\nexcerise), how would one translate a more instrumental sentence, like:\n\n\"Charlie sweetens the cake with sugar\" \"Arthur killed Mordred with Excalibur\"\n\nI know how to say \"Charlie sweetens the cake\", but I am having difficulty\nworking in the \"with sugar\" part. I know で is used for an instrumental noun,\nbut I am not exactly sure where in the sentence one would place it. I tried\nmultiple different placements in google translate, but I can't get it right,\nand Google translate is also getting confused by a lot of the words, mostly\nthe transliterated names.\n\nSo, can somebody help me with this so that I can better learn Japanese\nsentence structure and translate what I am trying to translate? It is just\nhard to translate sentences when they start to get more complicated, like the\nones mentioned, and it is hard to look up more specific minutia of grammar\nsuch as this. Please and thank you.\n\n(This is not the exact sentence I am trying to translate, but it is of a\nsimilar structure and such)\n\nチャーリーがケーキお甘くする砂糖で actually seems to work when I put it in with far more real-\nworld words. I think google translate was mostly getting really confused by\nthe fantasy terms and extra possessives. Is this right?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-06T23:30:17.893", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100553", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T00:26:52.883", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T00:05:49.117", "last_editor_user_id": "57217", "owner_user_id": "57217", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "translation", "verbs" ], "title": "Trying to translate a more complex sentence, Instrumentives", "view_count": 45 }

[ { "body": "> チャーリーがケーキお甘くする砂糖で\n\nJapanese clauses normally have _NOUN1 PARTICLE1 NOUN2 PARTICLE2 NOUN3\nPARTICLE3 ... VERB_ structure. In speech, it sometimes happens that speaker\nremembers to say additional information after already saying verb, but if you\nare writing this sentence, it is better to write it in more correct form.\n\nDirect object marker should be written as を (sometimes romanized as _wo_ ),\nnot as お.\n\nYou can add topic particle は, replacing が.\n\nIn naturally sounding sentences, when not trying to emphasize something,\nsubject should be at the beginning, and direct object close to verb. In this\ncase 砂糖で would be between them.\n\nSo corrected sentence would be:\n\nチャーリーは砂糖でケーキを甘くする", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T00:26:52.883", "id": "100555", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T00:26:52.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100553", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100571", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Context:\n\n> 今朝は5時半に目が覚めて **からその後** 寝られず、一日中眠たかったです。\n\nWhat does \"から\" mean in this context?\n\nIf it means \"after/later\", are \"から\" and \"その後\" repetitious?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T02:20:43.953", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100561", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T13:16:51.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54510", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "particle-から" ], "title": "What does \"~から~\" mean in \"覚めてからその後寝られず\"?", "view_count": 178 }

[ { "body": "You can translate から as \"since\" and その後 as \"after that\" or \"thereafter.\" It is\nredundant. \"I woke up at 5:30 and from then on couldn't get back to sleep. I\nwas sleepy all day.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T13:16:51.267", "id": "100571", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T13:16:51.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32581", "parent_id": "100561", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100565", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I came across another confusing Japanese translation of the Qur'an. Here's the\nArabic text:\n\n> قُلۡ هُوَ اللّٰهُ اَحَدٌ​ (the Qur'an chapter 112 verse 1)\n\nHere's the English translation:\n\n> Say, He is Allāh, [who is] One.\n\nNow, I found 2 different translations of that sentence. The first one:\n\n> 言え，かれはアッラー，唯一なる御方であられる。(Ryoichi Mita)\n\nThe second one:\n\n> 言え。かれはアッラー、唯一なるお方。(Saeed Sato)\n\nWhat is the function of であられる in the first Japanese translation?\n\nI already tried searching for the answer in this website, but I can't seem to\nfind one. Any pointers will be appreciated.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T04:54:49.377", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100562", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T09:02:40.597", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T09:02:40.597", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "50011", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "passive-voice", "honorifics", "copula" ], "title": "What's the function of であられる?", "view_count": 375 }

[ { "body": "It is copula _de ar-_ (\"to be\") with suffix _-are-_.\n\nIn the context of referring to deities, most likely honorific/respectual\nfunction of this suffix is intended.\n\nYou most likely heard [suffix\n_-are-_](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B) described as\nsuffix of passive voice, but this suffix actually has 4 functions (and other\nfunctions in dialects) (using order of meanings from that dictionary):\n\n 1. spontaneous action\n\n 2. passive voice\n\n 3. potential\n\n 4. honorific/respectual\n\n> 4. （尊敬）動作の主語に対する軽い敬意の念を表す。\n>\n\n> 4. (Respect) Expresses light sense of respect towards subject of action.\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T07:01:08.573", "id": "100565", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T09:00:08.497", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T09:00:08.497", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100562", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "What's the difference between them?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T06:29:28.050", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100563", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T12:34:18.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57219", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "What's the difference between ひる (noon) and ごご (afternoon)?", "view_count": 90 }

[ { "body": "Colloquially, 昼{ひる} is the time 12:00 in official timezone of given place.\n\nScientifically, 昼{ひる} is the time when Sun reaches its apparent highest point\nin the sky (its zenith). It is approximately in the middle of time between\n日{ひ}の出{で} (\"Sunrise\") and 日{ひ}の入{いり} (\"Sunset\").\n\nWe can ask Google to tell us 日{ひ}の出{で} and 日{ひ}の入{いり}. Example for 東{とう}京{きょう}\nand 京{きょう}都{と} on 2023-08-09:\n\n[https://www.google.com/search?q=日の出+東京+2023-08-09](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA+%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC+2023-08-09)\nsays 04:55.\n\n[https://www.google.com/search?q=日の入+東京+2023-08-09](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%85%A5+%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC+2023-08-09)\nsays 18:38.\n\n[https://www.google.com/search?q=日の出+京都+2023-08-09](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA+%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD+2023-08-09)\nsays 05:12.\n\n[https://www.google.com/search?q=日の入+京都+2023-08-09](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%85%A5+%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD+2023-08-09)\nsays 18:53.\n\n(This feature of Google also works with terms in other languages, e.g. English\n\"sunrise\" and \"sunset\".)\n\nWe can use [Python](https://www.python.org/) to calculate 昼{ひる} in those\ncities on that day:\n\n```\n\n >>> import datetime\n >>> 日の出_東京 = datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 4, 55)\n >>> 日の入_東京 = datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 18, 38)\n >>> 日の出_京都 = datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 5, 12)\n >>> 日の入_京都 = datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 18, 53)\n >>> 秒間_東京 = 日の入_東京 - 日の出_東京\n >>> 秒間_京都 = 日の入_京都 - 日の出_京都\n >>> 秒間_東京\n datetime.timedelta(seconds=49380)\n >>> 秒間_京都\n datetime.timedelta(seconds=49260)\n >>> 昼_東京 = 日の出_東京 + 秒間_東京 / 2\n >>> 昼_京都 = 日の出_京都 + 秒間_京都 / 2\n >>> 昼_東京\n datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 11, 46, 30)\n >>> 昼_京都\n datetime.datetime(2023, 8, 9, 12, 2, 30)\n \n```\n\nSo:\n\n * 昼{ひる} in 東{とう}京{きょう} will be approximately on 2023-08-09 11:46:30.\n\n * 昼{ひる} in 京{きょう}都{と} will be approximately on 2023-08-09 12:02:30.\n\n* * *\n\n午{ご}後{ご} is used when specifying time in traditional 12-hours system (12時間制).\n(See also\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%88%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A8%E5%8D%88%E5%BE%8C).)\n\n午{ご}前{ぜん}[８]{はち}時{じ} = 08:00 (in 24-hours system) = 08:00\n[A.]{ante}[M.]{meridiem} (in 12-hours system)\n\n午{ご}後{ご}[８]{はち}時{じ} = 20:00 (in 24-hours system) = 08:00\n[P.]{post}[M.]{meridiem} (in 12-hours system)\n\nJapan also has modern [24-hours system\n(24時制)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/24%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T11:17:26.820", "id": "100567", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T11:17:26.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100563", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "昼（ひる）means midday or daytime. 午前（ごぜん）means AM and 午後（ごご）means PM or,\ncolloquially, afternoon (as in English). 正午（しょうご） means exactly noon. News and\ngovernment documents use stricter guidelines. [Here is a chart from the\nJapanese Meteorological\nAgency](https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/yougo_hp/saibun.html).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T12:34:18.070", "id": "100570", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T12:34:18.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32581", "parent_id": "100563", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "What's the difference between these words? Apparently they both mean \"morning\"\nbut are they interchangeable?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T06:45:47.903", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100564", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T07:42:59.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57219", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "What's the difference between ごぜん and あさ for \"morning\"?", "view_count": 83 }

[ { "body": "午{ご}前{ぜん} is used when specifying time in traditional 12-hours system (12時間制).\n(See also\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%88%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A8%E5%8D%88%E5%BE%8C).)\n\n午{ご}前{ぜん}[８]{はち}時{じ} = 08:00 (in 24-hours system) = 08:00\n[A.]{ante}[M.]{meridiem} (in 12-hours system)\n\n午{ご}後{ご}[８]{はち}時{じ} = 20:00 (in 24-hours system) = 08:00\n[P.]{post}[M.]{meridiem} (in 12-hours system)\n\nJapan also has modern [24-hours system\n(24時制)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/24%E6%99%82%E5%88%B6).\n\n朝{あさ} is used for general meaning \"the morning\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T07:35:42.117", "id": "100566", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T07:42:59.700", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T07:42:59.700", "last_editor_user_id": "56758", "owner_user_id": "56758", "parent_id": "100564", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100569", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Shinya Shokudou, S3EP08, a Japanese lady who currently works in New York\n(but is back home in Japan for a bit) asks the owner of a Shokudou for a\ncigarette as he's smoking. The owner says \"Over in the US, I heard that it's\nfrowned upon if you're a smoker.\" according to the subtitles, but I can't make\nout what's being said for the \"frowned upon if you're a smoker\" part. Anyone\nhave any idea?\n\nHere's the clip: <https://files.catbox.moe/8e1f4f.mp4>\n\nTo me, it sounds like he's saying \"Mukou ja, _**aigenka wa katami ga semai**_\ntte kiku kedo.\", but it's the emboldened phrase that I can't find anything\nrelevant about. All I know is \"kokoro ga semai\" would imply that someone is\nclose-minded about something.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T12:00:57.980", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100568", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T12:07:40.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35659", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "words", "expressions", "spoken-language", "listening" ], "title": "What is being said here that means \"it's frowned upon if you're a smoker [in the US]\"", "view_count": 348 }

[ { "body": "It says 愛煙家{あいえんか}は肩身{かたみ}が狭{せま}い. 愛煙家 means literally just _smoke-lover_.\n\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/word/%E8%82%A9%E8%BA%AB%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%AD%E3%81%84)\nlists 肩身が狭い as _ashamed_ , but to be a bit more precise, it describes the\nsituation where the person feels s/he must squeeze her/himself (taking\nnarrower space) by surrounding pressure. Or more simply the situation makes\nher/him feel awkward.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T12:07:40.653", "id": "100569", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T12:07:40.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "100568", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100573", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In\n\n> 彼女は優しいことも **あれば** 、怖いこともある。\n>\n> Sometimes my girlfriend is nice, but other times she's scary.\n\nit appears that あれば is being used in a way that has nothing to do with\nconditionals. Is this the case? Or is there some conditional interpretation of\nthis sentence that accurately conveys the meaning of this sentence?\n\n> As for my girlfriend, if there are even times she is kind, there are also\n> times when she is scary.\n\nForcing a conditional interpretation doesn't seem to work very well in\nEnglish. But is this still what the sentence _literally_ means?\n\n**EDIT:** I was under the impression that -えば conditionals always have\nantecedents that are presumed (currently) false by the speaker. But \"優しいこと\"\nseems (currently) presumed true by the speaker. So it's very perplexing why\nあれば can be used to mean \"sometimes\" here!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T17:07:36.463", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100572", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T17:55:24.050", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-07T17:17:43.757", "last_editor_user_id": "51280", "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "conditionals" ], "title": "When あれば means \"sometimes\", does it still have a conditional interpretation?", "view_count": 68 }

[ { "body": "The structure is used to express contrast. \"If she has a kind side then she\nalso has an intimidating side.\" \"My girlfriend has a kind side and a harsh\nside.\" \"Sometimes she is nice, sometimes she is scary.\" Technically, the\nsyntax is a conditional but the derived meaning is not. This makes more\nlogical sense when the structure is used to make broader generalizations such\nas \"If there are good things, then there are also bad things.\"\nいいこともあれば、悪いこともある。Or \"Some like baseball, others like soccer.\"\n野球が好きな人もいれば、サッカーが好きな人もいる。So, technically, whether or not she has a scary side\ndepends on her having a kind side as well. But we can take away that the\nsentence means she has both sides.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T17:55:24.050", "id": "100573", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T17:55:24.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32581", "parent_id": "100572", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100575", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I would like some more context on what is being said in cooking instructions\nfor Takoyaki. On the ingredients list, サラダ油 is listed, and it has this\nfootnote:\n\n> ごま油を一割混ぜると香ばしい風味に！\n\nTo provide some context to my question, a phrase like 銀河に願いを from Kirby Super\nStar trails off without indicating what verb the \"wish\" is an object to; I\nstill do not know what verb is supposed to be there, but one can figure out it\nrelates to making a wish.\n\nLooking back at the footnote, I know that the verb dropped relates to adding\nthe aromatic flavor to the takoyaki when it is cooked (the oil is applied to\nthe タコ焼き機 before the batter is poured in), **but what verb in specific is\ndropped?**\n\nIf someone knows a resource of common omissions like these, I would also\nappreciate that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T18:14:43.503", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100574", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-12T15:18:54.733", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-12T15:18:54.733", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "34965", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "verbs", "food", "omission" ], "title": "What verb was cut off here (implied verb)?", "view_count": 388 }

[ { "body": "Thinking of cases like this as some specific verb being omitted may be the\nwrong track to begin with - in most cases. Here I see no other option than なる", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-07T20:08:40.533", "id": "100575", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-07T20:08:40.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "100574", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I found [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25376/how-to-\nappropriately-pair-tenses-in-subordinate-and-main-clauses) thread that was\nreally useful, but I'm still have some doubts, especially because\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/73567/what-tense-of-a-\nverb-should-be-used-in-the-subordinate-clause) other thread seems to suggest\nthat there isn't significative difference between using one or the other.\n\nThe sentence that triggered my interest is the following:\n\n> ｛丸い・四角い｝形をした建物を構築する。\n\nSince it's just an example sentence found in a grammar blog, it may not have\nmuch depth of meaning, but I wanted to try. Using the line of thought found in\nthe first linked thread, I interpreted the past form in the relative clause as\nindicating that the intention of making the building into a certain shape was\nplanned.\n\nIf the clause had instead used 〇〇形をする建物, I guess the focus on the intention\nfades, and the construction just ends up with a round or square building.\n\n * Does my interpretation make any sense?\n * Is thinking about such choices practical in any way, or, as the second thread linked asserts, there isn't much of a difference between using past or present (in most/many cases)?\n * In what cases do substantial differences arise?\n * in such cases, is the explanation provided in the first cited thread sufficient, or could there be more nuances in some circumstances?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-08T00:52:10.510", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100576", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-09T01:20:06.810", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-08T02:12:14.627", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "44165", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "relative-clauses", "past" ], "title": "Past vs present tense in relative clause", "view_count": 89 }

[ { "body": "You're thinking the other way around. 丸い形をする建物 would mean \"a building that\n_will_ be round (in the future)\", which is almost certainly a wrong\nexpression. You need to say either 丸い形をした建物 or 丸い形をしている建物.\n\n * [\"太ってる猫\" vs \"太った猫\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3361/9831)\n * [What are the general principles of using verbs to modify nouns (e.g. 焦げるトースト/焦げたトースト)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11975/9831)\n * [Why does 音を表したことば use the past tense?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43864/9831)\n * [Use of かける (N5 question)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29671/9831)\n\nBesides, this type of する is just \"have (a trait)\" in English, and does not\ninvolve someone's intention or planning. For example, 赤い色をした葉っぱ is just \"red\nleaves\".\n\n * [「〜がする」 the extended use of する (to do)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17850/5010)\n * [What does する mean when it does not mean \"do\"? （血のにおいがする）](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2289/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-09T01:20:06.810", "id": "100584", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-09T01:20:06.810", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100576", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "100586", "answer_count": 1, "body": "So I've changed the question since it was a segmentation fault.\n\nWhy did the sentence use \"anata to\"?\n\nTomo means together, doesn't to already means together?", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-08T04:53:03.697", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "100577", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-09T09:36:21.537", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-08T05:15:00.087", "last_editor_user_id": "57016", "owner_user_id": "57016", "post_type": "question", "score": -1, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Why does the sentence \"Omo wa anata to tomoni oraremasu\" use \"anata to\"?", "view_count": 139 }

[ { "body": "あなたとともに is \"together with you\", where あなた is \"you\", と is \"with\", and ともに is\n\"together\". I don't think this is a redundant expression in both English and\nJapanese. Just saying しゅはともにおられます would make sense with the aid of a context,\nbut it may sound ambiguous or weaker. Without あなたと, the Lord might be together\nwith someone entirely different!\n\nBy the way, if 主 refers to Christian God, its correct reading is しゅ, not おも.\nPlease see [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/46854/5010). (おも\nmeans \"main\" as in main dish.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-09T02:41:40.083", "id": "100586", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-09T09:36:21.537", "last_edit_date": "2023-08-09T09:36:21.537", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "100577", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]