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9012017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20Tau%20%28local%29 | Chi Tau (local) | Chi Tau () was a local fraternity at Chico State University that landed in the media spotlight following the 2005 hazing death of Matthew Carrington.
Fraternity history
Chi Tau was founded as a local chapter in May 1939, existing as an unaffiliated organization for seventeen years. Its early mission statement was,"To build character and to create a stronger feeling of brotherhood through tolerance." The 1940 yearbook notes that the name was derived from the words "character" and "tolerance."
Seeking a national connection it became Delta Alpha chapter of Delta Sigma Phi on May 20, 1956. Alumni from the chapter operating as a governing board purchased a home for the chapter in 1991.
In 2001, due to a series of alcohol violations the chapter was suspended by Delta Sigma Phi headquarters, and at the same time expelled from the university - this action also taken for alcohol violations. The chapter decided to continue to operate as a rogue (unsanctioned, unrecognized) fraternity, reverting to its original (local) name of Chi Tau. Alumni members from the Delta Alpha era continued to own the group's house, located on West Fourth Street, the same house which had been purchased by the control board in 1991.
By Fall of 2003, within two years of the group's "going local," the Interfraternity Council (IFC) at Chico State pushed for the city to remove the group's Greek letters from the front of their house. They explained that the Chi Tau organization was giving other, legitimate, Greek groups on campus a bad reputation and they wanted to distance themselves from a troublesome group. The local fraternity was known for parties, alcohol, and violence because, since its expulsion as a recognized organization, it was not held to the policies or standards of other nationally-affiliated groups. Hence, other Greek organizations wanted to strip the "XT" letters from the house in a measure to prevent community members from associating Chi Tau with these other recognized Greek organizations. For its part, the local Chi Tau chapter was no longer interested in regaining affiliation with Delta Sigma Phi because they felt they would be restricted by Delta Sig policies and would not benefit from a relationship with the national organization.
Hazing death
In 2004, the following year, twenty-one year old Matthew Carrington transferred to Chico State to start classes that Fall as a transfer student from Diablo Valley College. He was studying management information systems, and was asked to pledge Chi Tau by his friend Mike Quintana. The two men began their pledgeship that same Fall.
By late 2004 or early 2005, towards the end of the several-month pledge process, Carrington indicated to friends that he was tired of pledging and his grades were beginning to suffer from it. Yet he continued. Chi Tau forced the pledges to spend the final week, known by the fraternity as "Inspiration Week," or more commonly by the pledges as "Hell Week", in the basement of the fraternity house. The 10-foot by 20-foot basement was a cold, damp room littered with cigarette butts and writing on the walls, including the phrase "In the basement, no one can hear you scream."
Day 1
Matt's week of living in the basement began on 30 January 2005. On that same day, a sewer line in the house had burst, flooding the basement with several inches of sewage contaminated water. Pledges were forced to do push-ups and sit-ups in the sewage and sleep in small cubby holes that had been cut into the basement wall.
Day 2
The "Pledge Olympics" got underway around 11PM. Pledges were forced to run up and down the stairs and play Wiffleball inside the house. Due to extremely cold conditions, they were allowed to sleep in the main portion of the house instead of the basement.
Day 3
The events of Tuesday, February 1 would last into the early hours of Wednesday morning. Carrington and Quintana were instructed to stand on one foot on a wooden bench, wearing only T-shirts, jeans, and socks, while Chi Tau members quizzed them on fraternity history. If an incorrect answer was given, they were told to drink as much water as possible from a five-gallon Alhambra bottle or do push-ups on the floor. Cold water was also poured on them while being blasted by fans. They had to ask permission to urinate on themselves and were eventually told to take their shirts off with basement temperatures in the 30s. Near 2AM, active Chi Tau members, Gabriel Maestretti, John Paul Fickes and James DeVilla Abrille, arrived at the house after a night of heavy drinking. Maestretti passed out on a couch in the basement. At around 2:30AM, the pledges, already in poor condition, were told they were done. However, Maestretti woke up and decided he would take over the initiation event instead of allowing the pledges to leave the basement or sleep. Fickes and Abrille joined in on the events that would follow. They ignored other members of the fraternity who came down to the basement on two occasions and told the three to stop. At one point Carrington dropped the five-gallon bottle and spilled water on one of the three actives. He was forced to do more push-ups as punishment.
Carrington collapsed around 3:40AM and went into a seizure that lasted nearly one minute. Chi Tau members changed Carrington out of his wet clothing and laid him on the couch after wrapping him in a sleeping bag. Quintana noticed that Carrington had stopped breathing around 5AM. He performed CPR on Carrington until paramedics arrived and transported him to Enloe Medical Center, where he died soon after arrival that early morning on Wednesday, February 2, 2005. The official cause of death was cardiac dysrhythmia and cerebral edema, or brain-swelling, due to water intoxication. Hypothermia also contributed to the death.
Aftermath
In response to the death of Carrington, California passed Matt's Law, which allowed for felony prosecutions of hazing deaths. Prior to the passing of Matt's Law, crimes stemming from hazing were only prosecutable as misdemeanors.
Due to the passage of Matt's Law, the death of Carrington resulted in the first felony charges brought for hazing in the United States. Gabriel John Maestretti pleaded guilty to involuntary manslaughter, James DeVilla Abrille pleaded guilty to misdemeanor hazing, and Jerry Ming Lim and John Paul Fickes both pleaded guilty to being accessories to involuntary manslaughter. All four men were given jail sentences ranging from 90 days to one year, with Maestretti given the longest sentence of one year. At his sentencing, Maestretti said, "I did what I did out of a misguided sense of building brotherhood, and instead I lost a brother. I will live with the consequences of hazing for the rest of my life. My actions killed a good person, and I will be a felon for the rest of my life, and I'll have to live with that disability, but I'm alive and Matt's not."
After Carrington's death, Chico State University temporarily placed all Greek recruitment on suspension.
Chi Tau was shut down, and its building was sold.
References
Sources
Korry, Elaine. "A Fraternity Hazing Gone Wrong" Nov-2005; viewed Apr-2008
Vega Cecilia M. Chronicle Staff Writer. "Horrifying details in hazing death Police arrest 5 – Chico State may abolish fraternities." Friday, March 4, 2005. viewed Apr-2005.
Dateline NBC, Chico hazing death video. June 24, 2005. viewed Apr-2008
Defunct fraternities and sororities
Student societies in the United States |
36911497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tributes%20to%20Marvin%20Gaye | List of tributes to Marvin Gaye |
Albums
Several albums have been released to commemorate Gaye's influence on popular music.
Among the two albums released include Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye, released in 1994 in collaboration with MTV, who previewed the album's contents with the airing of the documentary about Gaye, also titled Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye, that featured vintage Gaye performances, as well as performances of his songs by other artists, notably Stevie Wonder, Madonna, Bono and Gaye's daughter, Nona.
The second tribute album, Marvin Is 60: A Tribute Album, was released in 1999 on Motown in celebration of Gaye's 60th birthday. Released that June, the album featured Erykah Badu, D'Angelo and Will Downing. The respective artists released songs from the tribute album including covers of "Your Precious Love" and "You Sure Love to Ball" to R&B radio stations.
R&B band Frankie Beverly & Maze based their 1989 album, Silky Soul on Gaye, who had served as the band's early mentor following their early years. The title track was recorded as a tribute to Gaye and interpolated Gaye's melody from "What's Going On". The song was released as a single and became a top-ten hit on the R&B chart. Marvin's daughter Nona was featured in the video.
Upon reviewing her albums, Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 and janet., David Ritz compared Jackson's switching of topics from social issues to sensual material to that of Gaye's.
Jazz composer Don Byron's album, Don Byron's String Quartet No. 2: Four Thoughts on Marvin Gaye, I-IV, A Tribute to the Life of Marvin Gaye was released by the string quartet Ethel on the album, Heavy (Innova, 2012).
American DJ and producer Amerigo Gazaway released an album in 2014, remixing the work of hip hop artist Mos Def with Marvin Gaye's music.
Songs
Even before Gaye's death in 1984, Gaye was mentioned by name in a couple of songs. In Spandau Ballet's breakthrough single, "True", one verse cited "listening to Marvin (all night long)/this is the sound of my soul", which was seen as an example of the influence of Gaye's romantic song style. Gaye was also mentioned by name in electro funk outfit R.J.'s Latest Arrival's "Shackles (On My Feet)".
Following Gaye's own death, Lionel Richie composed the song, "Missing You", which he immediately gave to Diana Ross, who was reportedly struggling with her friend's death. The song was released in late 1984 and became Ross' final top-ten single. A day after Gaye's death, new wave band Duran Duran dedicated "Save a Prayer" to Gaye. In 1985, The Commodores issued the ballad, "Nightshift", which was dedicated to both Gaye and Jackie Wilson.
Also in 1984, reggae performer Charlie Chaplin (Richard Patrick Bennett OD) issued "Tribute to Marvin Gaye" on his album "Sound System". It is a lively uptempo reggae song, with lyrics such as "You should never do a thing like that / never take a gun and kill your own son / What a witch, what a wicked and dreadfull bitch", but he also expresses pity for the father: "You would feel much better he were here"... Backing band on the album was Roots Radics.
The alternative band Violent Femmes' song "See My Ships" from their 3 album, referenced Gaye's death in a double-entendre to express anxiety about God (the father)'s final judgment: "Mercy mercy me, Marvin Gaye, he was shot by his father, O my father have mercy on me". Prefab Sprout's "When the Angels" from their album, Steve McQueen, was dedicated to Gaye.
Aaliyah's cover version of "Got to Give It Up" features a rap from Slick Rick, samples Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean", and was included on her 1996 album One in a Million. It was released as the second single in the UK. Aaliyah's version of "Got to Give It Up" failed to chart in the US when it was commercially released there in January 1997 (although it was not sent to radio stations for airplay, a 12-inch vinyl single was released to record stores), but it was a minor hit in the UK peaking at number 37 in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number 34 in New Zealand. The single's B-side, "No Days Go By", was one of Aaliyah's few self-compositions.
A new remix of Aaliyah's "Got to Give It Up" (without Slick Rick's vocals) was included on her posthumous 2002 compilation album I Care 4 U. The video is a re-edit of the original, which was directed by Paul Hunter. The video was edited to both the album version with Slick Rick, and a remix, without Slick Rick's vocals.
In 2003 and 2004, Gaye was often mentioned in songs by rappers such as Jay-Z and T.I. on their respective songs, "Dirt Off Your Shoulder" and "Rubber Band Man", while in 2004, the R. Kelly song, "If I Could Make the World Dance" was dedicated to Gaye. That same year, George Michael referenced Marvin's name on his song, "John and Elvis Are Dead" from his Patience album. In 2015, singer Charlie Puth released his first single, "Marvin Gaye", with Meghan Trainor as his duet partner, the song referring to Gaye and his 1973 hit, "Let's Get It On", with the chorus line, let's Marvin Gaye and get it on. Songs that paid tribute or mention reference to Marvin Gaye include:
"Die a Happy Man" by Thomas Rhett
"The Introduction" by T.I.
"True" by Spandau Ballet
"Shackles" by R.J.'s Latest Arrival
"Missing You" by Diana Ross
"Nightshift" by The Commodores
"When the Angels" by Prefab Sprout
"I Think We'd Feel Good Together" by Rob Thomas
"Silky Soul" by Frankie Beverly & Maze
"Laughing" by The Stranglers
"My Dear Mr. Gaye" by Teena Marie, recorded for her album, Starchild.
"Hörst Du mich?" by German Hip Hop band Fettes Brot: its first verse was dedicated to Gaye.
"The Day Marvin Gaye Died" by The Avett Brothers
"Club at the End of the Street" by Elton John mentions Marvin.
"Classic" By MKTO
"Hurt Me Tomorrow" by K'naan
"Keep Your Head Up" by 2Pac: the rapper mentions him with the lyric, "I remember Marvin Gaye used to sing to me/he had me feeling like Black was the thing to be."
Stevie Wonder's "Lighting Up the Candles" was a tribute to Marvin and Stevie first performed it at Gaye's funeral; he later issued the song on his soundtrack to Jungle Fever.
Israeli artist Izhar Ashdot dedicated his song "Eesh Hashokolad" ("The Chocolate Man", Hebrew: "איש השוקולד") to Gaye.
Rapper Kanye West referenced Gaye in his song "Slow Jamz" featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx on the 2004 album "The College Dropout".
Rapper Big Sean recorded a song used on his Finally Famous album titled "Marvin & Chardonnay" featuring Kanye West and Roscoe Dash.
Rapper Drake recorded "Marvin's Room" in reference to producing the song in Marvin Gaye's studio.
Rapper Charles Hamilton referenced Marvin in his song "Stay On Your Level".
Rapper Mos Def's song "Modern Marvel" from his 2004 album The New Danger was dedicated to Marvin.
Rapper Tyler, The Creator referenced Marvin in his song "Yonkers".
Rapper Immortal Technique referenced Marvin and "What's Going On" in his song "Crossing the Boundary".
Rapper B. Dolan referenced Marvin in his song "Marvin (Can't Remember)".
Rapper Cormega referenced Marvin in his song "Journey".
Rapper Raekwon's song "Marvin" from his 2017 album "The Wild" is about Gaye's life story.
Rap/R&B duo NxWorries (Anderson Paak & Knxwledge) referenced Marvin in their song "Suede" on their 2015 EP "Link Up & Suede"
R&B singer R. Kelly mentions Gaye at the end of "If I Could Make The World Dance" on his 2004 Happy People/U Saved Me album. Kelly states: "Marvin Gaye inspired me to write that one, y'all."
R&B trio H-Town sang the first part on the line "Listening to some Marvin Gaye" on the first single, "Knockin' Da Boots" from their 1993 debut album, Fever for Da Flavor.
R&B group The Whispers briefly references Marvin and his hit single Sexual Healing on the single "In the Mood" with the lyric "how about some Marvin Gaye...feel like some sexual healing...."
Funk Band Vulfpeck referenced Marvin in their song "Captain Hook".
Hozier's 2018 song, "Nina Cried Power"
"Marvin Gaye" by Charlie Puth featuring Meghan Trainor, released as a single and peaked at position 25 on the Australian charts in early 2015. Puth and Trainor released the song in tribute to the singer and the soulful quiet storm sound he paved the way for.
Other tributes
Marvin's death was referenced in The Sopranos on an episode titled "Members Only", when Uncle Junior shoots Tony Soprano and Vito Spatafore later remarks: "He Marvin Gaye'd his own nephew”. Gaye is referenced as one of the supernatural acts to appear in the short story and later television version of Stephen King's Nightmares and Dreamscapes in "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band".
A play by Caryl Phillips called A Long Way from Home, focusing on Gaye's relationship with his father and his last years in Ostend, was broadcast by BBC Radio 3 in March 2008. It featured O. T. Fagbenle as Gaye and Kerry Shale as Marvin Gay Sr., with Rhea Bailey, Rachel Atkins, Damian Lynch, Alibe Parsons, Ben Onwukwe and Major Wiley. It was directed by Ned Chaillet and produced by Chris Wallis.
In 2010, Marvin's sister Zeola Gaye started producing musical plays titled My Brother, Marvin, in which has been played in several cities. In 2012, a similar titled musical play started playing also in tribute to Gaye.
Rapper Tupac Shakur refers to Marvin Gaye in his song Thugz Mansion:
"Seen a show with Marvin Gaye last night, it had me shook."
On November 20, 2018, the United States Postal Service announced that Marvin Gaye would be featured on a first class postage stamp, as part of the Postal Service's Music Icons series (past honorees include Elvis Presley and John Lennon). The postage stamp was issued on Tuesday, April 2nd, 2019, in Los Angeles. Dignitaries who attended the Stamp Issuance Ceremony included Berry Gordy, founder of Motown Records; Mary Wilson, member of The Supremes and program emcee; Smokey Robinson, singer, songwriter and Motown executive; Kadir Nelson, stamp artist and author; and Kenny Lattimore, classical, jazz and gospel singer, as well as Marvin's so,n Marvin Gaye III, daughter Nona Gaye, sister Zeola Gaye and brother Antwaun Gaye.
Music videos
Sources
Gaye, Marvin, List of tributes to
Marvin Gaye |
13678087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfiz | Alfiz | The alfiz (, from Andalusi Arabic alḥíz, from Standard Arabic alḥáyyiz, meaning 'the container';) is an architectonic adornment, consisting of a moulding, usually a rectangular panel, which encloses the outward side of an arch. It is an architectonic ornament of Etruscan origin, used in Visigothic, Asturian, Moorish, Mozarabic, Mudéjar and Isabelline Gothic architecture.
It is frequent in the Islamic Hispanic art and Mozarabic art (usually in connection with the horseshoe arch). As the image illustrates, there are two alfiz variants:
Alfiz starting from the impost.
Alfiz starting from the floor.
The space between the arch and the alfiz is called enjuta or arrabá, usually richly decorated (iron-gray in the illustration). Each curved triangle is called albanega (spandrel).
References
Islamic architectural elements
Mozarabic architecture
Moorish architecture of the Iberian peninsula
Ornaments (architecture) |
537528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANF | ANF | ANF may refer to:
Companies
ANF (real estate), a French property-management company
ANF Les Mureaux, a French aircraft manufacturer 1918–1937
Ateliers du Nord de la France, a French locomotive manufacturer
Abercrombie & Fitch (NYSE symbol), an American clothing retailer
Firat News Agency (Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê), a Kurdish news agency
Federations and other organisations
Association d'entraide de la noblesse française, an official French organization for valid descendants of the French nobility
Australian Newsagents' Federation, a chain of newsagencies in Australia
Australian Nursing Federation, the national union for nurses in Australia
Places
Allegheny National Forest, near Erie, Pennsylvania
Angeles National Forest, near Los Angeles, California
Ashurst New Forest railway station (National Rail code), Ashurst, Hampshire, England
Cerro Moreno Airport (IATA code), Antofagasta, Chile
Science, technology, mathematics, and medicine
Administrative Normal Form, a representation used in computing
Agitated Nutsche Filter, a type of filter for liquid
Algebraic normal form, a method of standardizing and normalizing logical formulas
A-normal form, an intermediate representation of programs in functional compilers
Anti-nuclear antibody, or anti-nuclear factor in blood
Array Network Facility, a component of the EarthScope USArray project
Atrial natriuretic peptide, or atrial natriuretic factor, a hormone
Other uses
America Needs Fatima, a campaign of the American TFP
Anti-Narcotics Force, a law enforcement agency in Pakistan |
23474921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Tonga%20relations | Australia–Tonga relations | Foreign relations exist between Australia and Tonga. Tonga has a High Commission in Canberra, and Australia has a High Commission in Nukuʻalofa.
History
In 1999, Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer welcomed Tonga's admission to the United Nations. The Minister said that the Australian Government had helped fund the Commonwealth Small Island States Office in New York so Pacific states can afford to be represented here.
Following the outbreak of violence in Tonga in 2006, the Tongan Government asked the Australian Government for assistance from Australian forces. Following this request, eighty-five Australian soldiers and police were sent to Tonga with support from New Zealand.
In 2008 Tonga's High Commission in Canberra opened. Crown Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (now King Tupou VI) became its first chief of mission.
Development assistance
Australia is the largest donor of aid to Tonga through its Ausaid program. In 2008/09, Australian aid amounted to AUD13.2M Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said in 2009 that Tonga was an important partner of Australia in the Pacific. He further added "We have extensive development assistance programs with both countries [Samoa and Tonga] and we have very strong people-to-people links.
In February 2009, fifty Tongan seasonal workers from a federal government pilot scheme aimed at combatting a skills shortage in the rural sector arrived in the town of Robinvale, Victoria.
References
External links
Australian High Commission in Tonga
Tonga
Bilateral relations of Tonga
Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Tonga and the Commonwealth of Nations |
41340441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msida%20Lions%20S.F.C. | Msida Lions S.F.C. | Msida Lions S.F.C. is a football club competing in the league swan, amateur league Football league associated with the Malta Football Association. The Squad is currently made up of 14 players and a Committee of 6 Members at the time. The Club was formed on 4 December 2013.
Football clubs in Malta
Msida |
12858181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette%20Katzenkazrahi | Bette Katzenkazrahi | Bette Katzenkazrahi (nee Douglas; formerly Duke, Lakin, Goodman, Kennedy, and Davis) is a fictional character from the US NBC soap opera Sunset Beach, played by Kathleen Noone.
Development
Carolyn Hinsey of the Daily News reported Noone's casting in November 1996. Noone previously appeared on daytime television for a number of years in fellow soap opera All My Children. Hinsey wrote that Noone had not ruled out a return to daytime television, after finding success in primetime, 'and she had said that she would embrace the chance to return if she found the right role. Of her casting in Sunset Beach, Noone commented: "This sounds like such fun." She later told Steve Gidlow of Inside Soap that when the character was explained to her, she thought that the role would be "delicious to play" and likened Bette to her favorite dessert, saying she was "that good!" Noone described Bette as "an Auntie Mame-type character".
In her fictional backstory, Bette has traveled around the world and has been married multiple times. She is a mother figure to Annie Douglas (Sarah G. Buxton). Noone called her character "outrageous" and said she gets away with saying things other people can only dream of. She also stated: "She's just so direct and open, which means she says it as she sees it. She's also kinda fun and brassy, and that's why the audience seems to like her so much."
Noone signed a new contract with the serial in August 1999, she also incorrectly predicted that Sunset Beach would not be axed by NBC. Of Bette, Noone stated: "She is a blast. They didn't use her properly on the show, but she was a blast. I'm sorry they didn't have the insight to do that, but they didn't. But on we go, you know? At least I got a chance to create her. And maybe I'll play something like this someplace else."
Storylines
During the entire run, Bette was a much beloved person. Although she always knew the newest gossip and eventually ended up hired by Gregory Richards (Sam Behrens) as a gossip columnist, Bette was always fun and entertaining. She had been married seven times. During the first year, Bette was involved in a storyline involving her best friend Olivia Richards (Lesley-Anne Down). She supported her while knowing that Olivia had been in an affair with her daughter's boyfriend. She even lied to her best friend Elaine Stevens (Leigh Taylor-Young) about the whereabouts of her long-lost son. However, she did it all to protect the people she loved. Bette was also involved in a short story where her ex-husband Al Kennedy died in her hot tub.
Bette had also been flirting with Eddie Connors (Peter Barton) for a while, but their love never happened because Eddie was killed off. Later, the arrival of her daughter Emily Davis (Cristi Harris) in May 1998 brought a whole new story for Bette. Their relationship was rocky, so they slowly worked on becoming closer to each other, which they finally did. In 1999, during the end, Bette found love again in A.J. Deschanel (Gordon Thomson).
Reception
For her portrayal of Bette, Noone was nominated in the category of "Female Scene Stealer" at the 1998 Soap Opera Digest Awards. The following year, Noone received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the Daytime Emmy Awards. Julia Shih of The Michigan Daily opined that Bette is one of the soap opera's most "annoying" characters because of her "sexual appetite". Inside Soap's Steve Gidlow disagreed, writing "Life is never dull with Aunt Bette Katzenkazrahi, Sunset Beach's most wacky and eccentric resident". Syndicated soap opera critic Nancy M. Reichardt thought that Noone was "over the top" in her initial portrayal of Bette, but she eventually "settled into her somewhat more realistic boundaries."
References
Sunset Beach characters
Television characters introduced in 1997 |
1162324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20General%20in%20His%20Labyrinth | The General in His Labyrinth | The General in His Labyrinth (original Spanish title: ) is a 1989 dictator novel by Colombian writer and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez. It is a fictionalized account of the last seven months of Simón Bolívar, liberator and leader of Gran Colombia. The book traces Bolívar's final journey from Bogotá to the Caribbean coastline of Colombia in his attempt to leave South America for exile in Europe. Breaking with the traditional heroic portrayal of Bolívar , García Márquez depicts a pathetic protagonist, a prematurely aged man who is physically ill and mentally exhausted. The story explores the labyrinth of Bolívar's life through the narrative of his memories, in which "despair, sickness, and death inevitably win out over love, health, and life".
Following the success of One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera, García Márquez decided to write about the "Great Liberator" after reading an unfinished novel by his friend Álvaro Mutis. He borrowed the setting—Bolívar's voyage down the Magdalena River in 1830—from Mutis. García Márquez spent two years researching the subject, encompassing the extensive memoirs of Bolívar's Irish aide-de-camp, Daniel Florencio O'Leary, as well as numerous other historical documents and consultations with academics.
Its mixture of genres makes The General in His Labyrinth difficult to classify, and commentators disagree over where it lies on the scale between novel and historical account. García Márquez's insertion of interpretive and fictionalized elements—some dealing with Bolívar's most intimate moments—initially caused outrage in parts of Latin America. Many prominent Latin American figures believed that the novel portrayed a negative image to the outside world of one of the region's most important historic figures. Others saw The General in His Labyrinth as a tonic for Latin American culture and a challenge to the region to deal with its problems.
Background
The initial idea to write a book about Simón Bolívar came to García Márquez through his friend and fellow Colombian writer Álvaro Mutis, to whom the book is dedicated. Mutis had started writing a book called about Bolívar's final voyage along the Magdalena River, but never finished it. At the time, García Márquez was interested in writing about the Magdalena River because he knew the area intimately from his childhood. Two years after reading , García Márquez asked Mutis for his permission to write a book on Bolívar's last voyage.
García Márquez believed that most of the information available on Bolívar was one-dimensional: "No one ever said in Bolívar's biographies that he sang or that he was constipated ... but historians don't say these things because they think they are not important." In the epilogue to the novel, García Márquez writes that he researched the book for two years; the task was difficult, both because of his lack of experience in conducting historical research, and the lack of documentary evidence for the events of the final period of Bolívar's life.
García Márquez researched a wide variety of historical documents, including Bolívar's letters, 19th-century newspapers, and Daniel Florencio O'Leary's 34 volumes of memoirs. He engaged the help of various experts, among them geographer Gladstone Oliva; historian and fellow Colombian Eugenio Gutiérrez Celys, who had co-written a book called with historian Fabio Puyo; and astronomer Jorge Perezdoval—García Márquez used an inventory drawn up by Perezdoval to describe which nights Bolívar spent under a full moon. García Márquez also worked closely with Antonio Bolívar Goyanes, a distant relative of Bolívar, during the extensive editing of the book.
Historical context
The novel is set in 1830, at the tail end of the initial campaign to secure Latin America's independence from Spain. Most of Spanish America had gained independence by this date; only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule.
Within a few decades of Christopher Columbus's landing on the coast of what is now Venezuela in 1498, South America had been effectively conquered by Spain and Portugal. By the beginning of the 19th century, several factors affected Spain's control over its colonies: Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, the abdication of Charles IV, Ferdinand VII's renouncement of his right to succeed, and the placement of Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. The colonies were virtually cut off from Spain, and the American and French Revolutions inspired many creoles—American-born descendants of Spanish settlers—to take advantage of Spanish weakness. As a result, Latin America was run by independent juntas and colonial self-governments.
The early 19th century saw the first attempts at securing liberation from Spain, which were led in northern South America by Bolívar. He and the independence movements won numerous battles in Venezuela, New Granada and present-day Ecuador and Peru. His dream of uniting the Spanish American nations under one central government was almost achieved. However, shortly after the South American colonies became independent of Spain, problems developed in the capitals, and civil wars were sparked in some provinces; Bolívar lost many of his supporters and fell ill. Opposition to his presidency continued to increase, and in 1830, after 11 years of rule, he resigned as president of Gran Colombia.
Plot summary
The novel is written in the third-person with flashbacks to specific events in the life of Simón Bolívar, "the General". It begins on May 8, 1830 in Santa Fe de Bogotá. The General is preparing for his journey towards the port of Cartagena de Indias, intending to leave Colombia for Europe. Following his resignation as President of Gran Colombia, the people of the lands he liberated have now turned against him, scrawling anti-Bolívar graffiti and throwing waste at him. The General is anxious to move on, but has to remind the Vice-President-elect, General Domingo Caycedo, that he has yet to receive a valid passport to leave the country. The General leaves Bogotá with the few officials still faithful to him, including his confidante and aide-de-camp, José Palacios. At the end of the first chapter, the General is referred to by his full title, General Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, for the only time in the novel.
On the first night of the voyage, the General stays at Facatativá with his entourage, which consists of José Palacios, five aides-de-camp, his clerks, and his dogs. Here, as throughout the journey that follows, the General's loss of prestige is evident; the downturn in his fortunes surprises even the General himself. His unidentified illness has led to his physical deterioration, which makes him unrecognizable, and his aide-de-camp is constantly mistaken for the Liberator.
After many delays, the General and his party arrive in Honda, where the Governor, Posada Gutiérrez, has arranged for three days of fiestas. On his last night in Honda, the General returns late to camp and finds one of his old friends, Miranda Lyndsay, waiting for him. The General recalls that fifteen years ago, she had learned of a plot against his life and had saved him. The following morning, the General begins the voyage down the Magdalena River. Both his physical debilitation and pride are evident as he negotiates the slope to the dock: he is in need of a sedan chair but refuses to use it. The group stays a night in Puerto Real, where the General claims he sees a woman singing during the night. His aides-de-camp and the watchman conduct a search, but they fail to uncover any sign of a woman having been in the vicinity.
The General and his entourage arrive at the port of Mompox. Here they are stopped by police, who fail to recognize the General. They ask for his passport, but he is unable to produce one. Eventually, the police discover his identity and escort him into the port. The people still believe him to be the President of Gran Colombia and prepare banquets in his honor; but these festivities are wasted on him due to his lack of strength and appetite. After several days, the General and his entourage set off for Turbaco.
The group spend a sleepless night in Barranca Nueva before they arrive in Turbaco. Their original plan was to continue to Cartagena the following day, but the General is informed that there is no available ship bound for Europe from the port and that his passport still has not arrived. While staying in the town, he receives a visit from General Mariano Montilla and a few other friends. The deterioration of his health becomes increasingly evident—one of his visitors describes his face as that of a dead man. In Turbaco, the General is joined by General Daniel Florencio O'Leary and receives news of ongoing political machinations: Joaquín Mosquera, appointed successor as President of Gran Colombia, has assumed power but his legitimacy is still contested by General Rafael Urdaneta. The General recalls that his "dream began to fall apart on the very day it was realized".
The General finally receives his passport, and two days later he sets off with his entourage for Cartagena and the coast, where more receptions are held in his honor. Throughout this time, he is surrounded by women but is too weak to engage in sexual relations. The General is deeply affected when he hears that his good friend and preferred successor for the presidency, Field Marshal Sucre, has been ambushed and assassinated.
The General is now told by one of his aides-de-camp that General Rafael Urdaneta has taken over the government in Bogotá, and there are reports of demonstrations and riots in support of a return to power by Bolívar. The General's group travel to the town of Soledad, where he stays for more than a month, his health declining further. In Soledad, the General agrees to see a physician for the first time.
The General never leaves South America. He finishes his journey in Santa Marta, too weak to continue and with only his doctor and his closest aides by his side. He dies in poverty, a shadow of the man who liberated much of the continent.
Characters
The General
The leading character in the novel is "the General", also called "the Liberator". García Márquez only once names his protagonist as Simón Bolívar, the famous historical figure, whose full title was General Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios, on whom the General's character is based. The novel's portrait of a national and Latin American hero, which challenges the historical record, provoked outrage in some quarters on its publication.
At the beginning of the novel, the General is 46 years old and slowly dying on his last journey to the port of Cartagena de Indias, where he plans to set sail for Europe. As Palencia-Roth notes, "Bolívar is cast here not only as a victim but as an agent of Latin America's tragic political flaws". The fortunes of the historical Simón Bolívar began to decline in 1824 after the victory of his general Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho. The novel draws on the fact that the historical Bolívar never remarried after the death of his wife, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza. García Márquez uses other documented facts as starting points for his fictional portrait of Bolívar–for example, his dedication to the army above all else, his premature aging, and his bad temper. Of the latter, Bolívar's aide-de-camp O'Leary once remarked that "his imperious and impatient temperament would never tolerate the smallest delay in the execution of an order".
In an interview with María Elvira Samper, García Márquez has admitted that his portrayal of Bolívar is partly a self-portrait. He identifies with Bolívar in many ways, since their method of controlling their anger is the same and their philosophical views are similar: neither "pays much attention to death, because that distracts one from the most important thing: what one does in life".
José Palacios
The novel begins with the name of José Palacios, who, here as with the historical figure of the same name, is Bolívar's "long-serving mayordomo". As literary critic Seymour Menton observes, Palacios's "total identification with Bolívar constitutes the novel's frame". Palacios constantly waits on the General, and at certain times he alone is allowed in the General's room. He has learned to live with his master's unpredictability and does not presume to read his thoughts. Simultaneously, however, Palacios is also the General's closest confidante, the person best able to read his moods and share in his emotions. Born a slave, the character is six years younger than the General, and has spent his entire life in his service. Throughout the novel, Palacios provides the General with clarifications or reminders of dates and events during the General's time of disillusion. According to one critic, Palacios's ability to recall past events in Bolívar's life is essential for García Márquez's recreation of the character, as it allows the Bolívar of official history to be placed within the context of everyday life.
Manuela Sáenz
Manuela Sáenz is the General's long-time lover, his last since the death of his wife, 27 years earlier. Her character is based on Simón Bolívar's historical mistress Doña Manuela Sáenz de Thorne, whom Bolívar dubbed "the liberator of the liberator" after she helped save him from an assassination attempt on the night of September 25, 1828. García Márquez's fictional portrait stimulated a reassessment of this historical figure, who is increasingly seen, according to Venezuelan historian Denzil Romero, "not just as a mistress but as the intelligent, independent, forceful woman she was". In the novel, she is described as "the bold Quiteña who loved him but was not going to follow him to his death". The General leaves Manuela Sáenz behind, but throughout the novel he writes to her on his journey. She also attempts to write letters to him with news of the political situation, but the mail carriers have been instructed not to accept her letters. Like the historical figure on whom she is based, the fictional Manuela Sáenz is married to Dr. James Thorne, an English physician twice her age. The historical Manuela Sáenz left Thorne after Bolívar wrote declaring his undying love for her. In the novel she is characterized as astute and indomitable, with "irresistible grace, a sense of power, and unbounded tenacity".
General Francisco de Paula Santander
As he reflects on the past, the General often thinks and dreams about his former friend Francisco de Paula Santander. The historical Francisco de Paula Santander was a friend of Simón Bolívar, but was later accused of complicity in a plot to assassinate him and sent into exile. In the novel, the General remembers that he had once appointed Santander to govern Colombia because he believed him to be an effective and brave soldier. He formerly regarded Santander as "his other self, and perhaps his better self", but by the time of the events in The General in His Labyrinth Santander has become the General's enemy and has been banished to Paris after his involvement in the assassination attempt. The General is depicted as tormented by the idea that Santander will return from his exile in France; he dreams, for example, that Santander is eating the pages of a book, that he is covered in cockroaches, and that he is plucking out his own eyeballs.
Field Marshal Antonio José de Sucre
Field Marshal Antonio José de Sucre is portrayed as an intimate friend of the General. The historical Antonio José de Sucre, the Field Marshal of Ayacucho, had been the most trusted general of Simón Bolívar. García Márquez describes him as "intelligent, methodical, shy, and superstitious". The Field Marshal is married to and has a daughter with Doña Mariana Carcelén. In the first chapter of the novel, the General asks Sucre to succeed him as President of the Republic, but he rejects the idea. One of the reasons Sucre gives is that he wishes only to live his life for his family. Also at the beginning of the novel, Sucre's death is foreshadowed. Sucre tells the General that he plans on celebrating the Feast of Saint Anthony in Quito with his family. When the General hears that Sucre has been assassinated in Berruecos on his way back to Quito, he vomits blood.
Minor characters
The novel revolves around the fictionalized figure of Bolívar and includes many minor characters who are part of the General's travelling party, whom he meets on his journey or who come to him in his memories and dreams of his past. Sometimes they are identified by particular quirks or tied to small but significant events. They include, for instance, General José María Carreño, a member of the entourage, whose right arm was amputated after a combat wound, and who once revealed a military secret by talking in his sleep. At other times, they are prostheses for the General's now failing powers: Fernando, for example, the General's nephew, is "the most willing and patient of the General's many clerks", and the General wakes him "at any hour to have him read aloud from a dull book or take notes on urgent extemporizations". One of the least developed of the minor characters is the General's wife, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza, who had died, readers are told, in mysterious circumstances shortly after their marriage. The General has "buried her at the bottom of a water-tight oblivion as a brutal means of living without her"; she only fleetingly enters his memories in the book's last chapter. According to Menton, she is "upstaged" by Manuela Sáenz, whose later history García Márquez recounts as if she instead were the General's widow. María Teresa's death, however, marked the General's "birth into history", and he has never tried to replace her.
Major themes
Politics
In The General in His Labyrinth, García Márquez voices his political views through the character of the General. For example, Alvarez Borland points out that in the scene where the General responds to the French diplomat, his words closely reflect García Márquez's 1982 Nobel Address. The diplomat is critical of the barbarism in Latin America and the brutal means used in attempting to achieve independence. Bolívar replies by pointing out that Europe had centuries to progress to its current state, and that South America should be left to experience its "Middle Ages in peace". Similarly García Márquez remarks in his Nobel Speech that "venerable Europe would perhaps be more perceptive if it tried to see Latin America in its own past. If only it recalled that London took three hundred years to build its first city wall ...".
The novel was published in 1989, when the Soviet Union was disintegrating and the political map was being radically redrawn. Reviewing The General in His Labyrinth in 1990, the novelist Margaret Atwood pointed to another instance of García Márquez raising political issues through the character of the General. He has him tell his aide that the United States is "omnipotent and terrible, and that its tale of liberty will end in a plague of miseries for us all".
Atwood noted the contemporary relevance of this sentiment, since "the patterns of Latin American politics, and of United States intervention in them, have not changed much in 160 years." She suggested that García Márquez's fictionalization of Bolívar is a lesson "for our own turbulent age ... Revolutions have a long history of eating their progenitors." The central character is a man at the end of his life, who has seen his revolution and dream of a united Latin America fail.
Figural labyrinth
According to literary critic David Danow, the labyrinth of the novel's title refers to "a series of labyrinths that are contingent upon matters of history, geography, and biography ... that consistently and conclusively result in a dead end"—in this case, the General's own death. His final voyage along the Magdalena River involves a doubling back and forth from one location to another that leads him and his followers nowhere. The labyrinth does not lead to happiness; instead, it results in madness from constant pondering on the past and an impossible future. At the end of his life, the General is reduced to a spectre of his former self. The labyrinth also recalls the labyrinth built to imprison the minotaur in Greek mythology, and the endless travelling and searching of ancient Greek heroes. In Danow's view, "The Labyrinth mirrors the wanderings and travails of the hero in search for meaning and resolution to the vicissitudes of life".
García Márquez depicts the General's body itself as a labyrinth. His doctor observes that "everything that enters the body, adds weight, and everything that leaves it is debased." The General's body is described as a "labyrinth coming to a literal dead end". The labyrinth is also expressed in geographical and architectural imagery. The country's destiny is imagined as a break-up, a folding of north into south. The seas offer the hope of a new life and a new world, but the closer the General is to Colombia, the less chance he has of moving on. García Márquez describes buildings as "daunting, reverberating (if not exactly reiterating) with the echoes of a bloody past". The portrayal of the General's world as a labyrinth is underlined by his constant return to cities and towns he has visited before: each location belongs to the past as well as to the present. The General in his Labyrinth blurs the lines between perdition in a man-made world and wandering in the natural world.
Fate and love
Bolívar's fate is known from the beginning, and García Márquez constantly uses images which foreshadow this ending. For instance, a clock stuck at seven minutes past one, the exact time of the General's death, appears repeatedly in the novel. This sense of fate is introduced in the epigraph, which comes from a letter written by the historical Bolívar to General Santander on August 4, 1823: "It seems that the devil controls the business of my life." As Palencia-Roth points out, the word used for devil here is rather than the more familiar . derives from the Greek word , which can equally mean divine power, fate, or destiny. Accordingly, the General succumbs to his fate and accepts his death as destiny.
The theme of love is central to the novel. Bolívar had a reputation as a womanizer, and books have been written on his philandering; but as depicted in this novel, during the last seven months of his life, the General could no longer engage in the activities that had fueled that reputation. García Márquez mentions a woman every few pages, many of whom are his own invention, exploring love through the General's memories. Palencia-Roth notes that the presence of these women "allows a labyrinthine exploration of his life before his final journey" and suggests that García Márquez uses love as a barometer of the General's heart and health. Although Bolívar is usually thought to have died from tuberculosis, Palencia-Roth believes that for the author, the General dies from the lack of love. "Despised by many of his countrymen, abandoned by all but a few aides and associates, left—during the final seven months of his life—without even the companionship of his longtime mistress Manuela Saenz, Bolívar had no choice but to die of a broken heart."
Numbers and religious symbols
Numbers are an important symbolic aspect of the novel. The book is divided into eight chapters, almost all of equal length, which represent the eight-year love affair between the General and Manuela Sáenz. The General's last hours are marked by an octagonal clock. Allusions to the number three are even more common in the novel. As García Márquez scholar Isabel Rodríguez Vergara notes, the number three—the Trinity which occupies a vital place in the symbology of the Catholic Mass—is repeated 21 times throughout the book. She quotes Mircea Eliade: "In the novel it represents a symbolic sacrifice aimed at redeeming humankind—that of Bolívar, a misunderstood redeemer sacrificed by his own people."
Rodríguez Vergara observes that the General is like a supernatural being, simultaneously dying and being surrounded by symbolic circumstances such as rain, fiestas, and the plague. The novel begins with Bolívar immersed in purifying waters, in a state of ecstasy and meditation that suggests a priestly ritual. One of the women with whom the General sleeps, Queen Marie Louise, is described as a virgin with the profile of an idol—an allusion to the Virgin Mary. The General rides a mule into the last towns on his journey towards death, echoing Christ's entry into Jerusalem. He dies of mysterious and unknown causes, and the people burn his belongings in fear of catching his illness. In Rodríguez Vergara's view, "Bolívar was sacrificed as a scapegoat to purge the guilt of the community."
René Girard has interpreted the recurrence of rain in the novel as one of the purifying rituals the community must undergo in order to wash away the contagion of violence. The fiestas may represent another ritual of purification and also symbolize war. Fiestas are held to honour the General when he arrives at a town, but at other times, political demonstrations against the General are mistaken for a fiesta. According to Rodríguez Vergara, this shows how "information is manipulated" and "depicts an atmosphere where fiesta and war are synonymous".
Melancholy and mourning
Latin American cultural theorist Carlos J. Alonso, drawing on Freudian theory, argues that the novel is essentially a therapeutic device, designed to help move Latin America past its problematic experience of modernity. He compares this to the way the healing state of mourning replaces grief in the process of recovering from a death. Both activities are mechanisms for dealing with loss. Alonso believes that The General in his Labyrinth, by almost entirely centering the novel on the General's death, forces the reader to confront the horror of this process. In Alonso's view, the reader is meant to pass from "a melancholy relationship vis-a-vis the figure of Bolívar to a relationship that has the therapeutic qualities of mourning instead".
Latin America's history and culture, Alonso suggests, began with the loss of Bolívar's dream of a united continent and as a result has developed under a melancholy shadow ever since. Thus, by forcing the reader to return to the origin of modernity in Latin America and confront its death in the most horrific way, García Márquez compels the reader to move from melancholy to mourning, "so that the phantom of the lost object of modernity may cease to rule the libidinal economy of Spanish American cultural discourse and historical life".
Challenging history
García Márquez comments on the nature of historical fact by drawing attention to the way history is written. The novel recreates a time in Bolívar's life that has no historical precedent, as there is no record of the last 14 days of his life. In García Márquez's account readers observe Bolívar intimately, seeing his human qualities. In the view of critic Isabel Alvarez Borland, by choosing to fictionalize a national hero in this way, García Márquez is challenging the claim of official history to represent the truth. In the "My Thanks" section of the novel, García Márquez asserts ironically that what he is writing is more historical than fictional, and he discusses his own historical methodology in detail. By posing in the role of a historian, he challenges the reliability of written history from within the writing process. According to Alvarez Borland, this serves to "remind us that a claim to truth is not the property of any text; rather it is the result of how a historian (as a reader) interprets the facts".
The General in His Labyrinth also confronts the methods of official historians by using an oral style of narration. The narration can be considered an oral account in that it is woven from the verbal interactions of everyday people. Alvarez Borland explains that the advantage of this technique, as discussed by Walter Ong, is that "the orality of any given culture, residing in the unwritten tales of its peoples, possesses a spontaneity and liveliness which is lost once this culture commits its tales to writing." The oral style of narration therefore provides a truthfulness which official history lacks. Alvarez Borland concludes that The General in His Labyrinth suggests new ways of writing the past; it takes account of voices that were never written down as part of official history.
The historian Ben Hughes commented on the novel: "The Liberator's British confidants, including Daniel O'Leary, were amongst the closest figures to the general in this period. Nevertheless, they are ignored in the novel. Instead, Márquez uses the character of a fictional Colombian servant, José Palacios, as The Liberator's final sounding board, thereby neatly sidestepping the more complex reality." In Hughes's view modern South American literature has played a role in cleansing the national memory of British soldiers' assistance to The Liberator.
Comparisons with other García Márquez novels
In an interview published in the Colombian weekly on March 20, 1989, García Márquez told María Elvira Samper, "At bottom, I have written only one book, the same one that circles round and round, and continues on." Palencia-Roth suggests that this novel is a "labyrinthine summation ... of García Márquez's long-standing obsessions and ever-present topics: love, death, solitude, power, fate".
Like the Patriarch in García Márquez's The Autumn of the Patriarch, Bolívar was an absolute dictator. The Patriarch is never identified by name; Bolívar, too, is identified chiefly by his title. Bolívar also invites comparison with Colonel Aureliano Buendía in One Hundred Years of Solitude: both characters believe the wars they have waged have been fruitless and overwhelming, and both face numerous attempts on their lives, but eventually die of natural causes. In his belief that life is controlled by fate, the General resembles Buendía in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Santiago Nasar in Chronicle of a Death Foretold.
Palencia-Roth notes that critics have been struck by the humorless elegiac style of The General in His Labyrinth; its dark mood and somber message is similar to that of The Autumn of the Patriarch. Love is a theme common to both Love in the Time of Cholera and The General in His Labyrinth, but the latter is considered a tragedy. These two novels have been used to demonstrate the range of García Márquez's work.
Isabel Alvarez Borland, in her essay "The Task of the Historian in ", claims that " ... while is in many ways a continuation of García Márquez's criticism of Latin America's official history seen in his earlier works, the novel contrasts sharply with his previous fictions". In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, according to Alvarez Borland, the narrator challenges the truth of official language. However, The General in His Labyrinth "differs from these earlier works in employing narrative strategies which seek to answer in a much more overt and didactic fashion questions that the novel poses about history".
In a summary of Edward Hood's book , García Márquez is characterized as an author who uses repetition and (intertextuality between the works of a single author) extensively in his fiction, including in The General in His Labyrinth. Hood points out some obvious examples of repetition in García Márquez's works: the themes of solitude in One Hundred Years of Solitude, tyranny in Autumn of the Patriarch, and the desire for a unified continent expressed by Bolívar in The General in His Labyrinth. An example of intertextuality can be seen in the repetition of patterns between books. For example, both Jose Arcadio Buendia in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Bolívar in The General in his Labyrinth experience labyrinthian dreams.
Genre
Critics consider García Márquez's book in terms of the historical novel, but differ over whether the label is appropriate. In his review of The General in his Labyrinth, Selden Rodman hesitated to call it a novel, since it was so heavily researched, giving Bolívar's views "on everything from life and love to his chronic constipation and dislike of tobacco smoke". On the other hand, reviewer Robert Adams suggested that García Márquez had "improved on history". According to critic Donald L. Shaw, The General in His Labyrinth is a "New Historical Novel", a genre that he argues crosses between Boom, Post-Boom, and Postmodernist fiction in Latin American literature: "New Historical Novels tend either to retell historical events from an unconventional perspective, but one which preserves their intelligibility, or to question the very possibility of making sense of the past at all." Shaw believes that this novel belongs to the first category. García Márquez is presenting both a historical account and his own interpretation of events.
David Bushnell, writing in The Hispanic American Historical Review, points out that the work is less a pure historical account than others suggest. García Márquez's Bolívar is a man "who wanders naked through the house, suffers constipation, uses foul language, and much more besides." He argues that documentation does not support many of these details. Bushnell suggests, however, that the fact that the novel is not entirely historically accurate does not necessarily distinguish it from the work of professional historians. The main difference, Bushnell believes, is that García Márquez's work "is far more readable" than a pure history.
Reception
The General in His Labyrinth was relatively poorly received by the general public in the United States, despite the praise of critics. Critic Ilan Stavans, who himself praised the book as "one of the writer's most sophisticated and accomplished", attributes this to the novel's time period and to its profusion of historical information, neither of which proved attractive to English-speaking readers. Isabel Alvarez Borland notes that, like Stavans, "critics in the United States have largely celebrated García Márquez's portrait of this national hero and considered it a tour de force"; but she also observes that in Latin America the book received more mixed reviews, ranging from "outrage to unqualified praise".
The novel generated huge controversy in Latin America: some Venezuelan and Colombian politicians described its depiction of Bolívar as "profane". According to Stavans, they accused García Márquez of "defaming the larger-than-life reputation of a historical figure who, during the nineteenth century, struggled to unite the vast Hispanic world". The novel's publication provoked outrage from many Latin American politicians and intellectuals because its portrayal of the General is not the saintly image long cherished by many. Mexico's ambassador to Austria, Francisco Cuevas Cancino, wrote a damning letter, which was widely publicized in Mexico City, objecting to the portrayal of Bolívar. He stated: "The novel is plagued with errors of fact, conception, fairness, understanding of the historical moment and ignorance of its consequences ... It has served the enemies of Latin America, who care only that they can now denigrate Bolívar, and with him all of us." Even the novel's admirers, such as the leading Venezuelan diplomat and writer Arturo Uslar Pietri, worried that some facts were stretched. García Márquez believes, however, that Latin America has to discover the General's labyrinth to recognize and deal with its own maze of problems.
More positively, Nelson Bocaranda, a Venezuelan TV commentator, considers the novel to be a tonic for Latin American culture: "people here saw a Bolívar who is a man of flesh and bones just like themselves". Mexican author Carlos Fuentes agrees with Bocaranda saying: "What comes across beautifully and poignantly in this book is a man dealing with the unknown world of democratic ideas". García Márquez realistically portrays a ridiculous figure trapped in a labyrinth, magnifying the General's defects, and presenting an image of Bolívar contrary to that instilled in classrooms. However, the novel also depicts Bolívar as an idealist and political theorist who predicted many problems that would obstruct Latin American advancement in the future. García Márquez depicts a figure who was aware of the racial and social friction in Latin American society, feared debt, and warned against economic irresponsibility. He has the General warn his aide-de-camp, Agustín de Iturbide, against the future interference of the United States in the internal affairs of Latin America.
Novelist and critic Barbara Mujica comments that the book's English translator, Edith Grossman, fully captures the multiple levels of meaning of the text, as well as García Márquez's modulations in tone. García Márquez himself has admitted that he prefers his novels in their English translations.
Publication history
The original Spanish version of The General in His Labyrinth was published simultaneously in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Spain in 1989. The first American edition was listed as a best seller in The New York Times the following year.
The novel has been translated into many languages since its first publication in Spanish, as detailed by Sfeir de González in 2003.
Notes
References
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1989 novels
Historical novels
Dictator novels
Novels by Gabriel García Márquez
Colombian magic realism novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
Works about the Spanish American wars of independence
Novels set in Colombia
Novels about revolutionaries
Spanish-language novels
Cultural depictions of Simón Bolívar |
1086667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkal%20Congress | Utkal Congress | Utkal Congress was a political party in the Indian state of Odisha. It was formed in 1969 when Biju Patnaik left Indian National Congress. After the 1971 Odisha elections UC took part in the Bishwanath Das ministry in the state. In 1974 Utkal Congress merged into Bharatiya Lok Dal.
Background
Odisha was a stronghold of Congress in immediate post independence era. However factionalism was rife. A group of Congress dissidents led by Harekrushna Mahatab split in 1967 to form Jana Congress. In 1967 general election Most of the leadership of Congress lost. In 1969 Congress split at national level forming Congress(O) and Congress(R). Biju Patnaik stayed with Congress(R). However, in 1970 Rajya sabha elections the state unit proposed a different candidate to that of the central leadership. However, in the election both candidates lost. This caused Biju Patnaik led group to sever all the ties from the central leadership. Initially named as Utkal Pradesh Congress, the group ultimately chose Utkal Congress as their name.
Electoral history
Biju Patnaik resigned from Congress(R) on 6 April 1970. Following that he along with his colleagues Nilamani Routray formed the state based party in the model of DMK. This fledgling party Fought its first election soon after in 1971 General elections. It secured 24% votes and 32 seats. It formed a coalition with Swatantra Party and formed a government under leadership Bishwanath Das. This government did not last for long and few of the Utkal Congress members wanted to go back to Congress(I)(Congress(R) had named itself Congress (I) at this point). So a Congress(I) government under the leadership of Nandini Satpathy formed. However this government did not last long either. There was an election in 1974 to Odisha legislature. Utkal Congress formed a coalition with Swatatantra party and a group of Congress (I) members led by Harekrushna Mahtab called Pragati Legislature party. In the election Utkal Congress slightly increased it tally to 35 seats. However Congress won the majority. At the end of 1974 all the constituents of Pragati Legislature party merged with Charan Singh led Bharatiya Lok Dal.
References
See also
Indian National Congress breakaway parties
Defunct political parties in Odisha
1969 establishments in Orissa
Political parties established in 1969
Political parties disestablished in 1977
Bharatiya Lok Dal |
28926376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleg%20Sprague | Peleg Sprague | Peleg Sprague may refer to:
Peleg Sprague (Maine politician) (1793–1880), American politician from Maine; United States federal judge
Peleg Sprague (New Hampshire politician) (1756–1800), American politician from New Hampshire |
1126449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahurangi%20Point | Kahurangi Point | Kahurangi Point is a headland on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island, overlooking the Tasman Sea. It is located in Kahurangi National Park between Karamea and Farewell Spit.
Kahurangi Point is traditionally regarded as the northernmost point of the West Coast region, although for most purposes it is considered part of the Tasman District region.
A lighthouse was built in 1903, automated in 1926, staff removed in 1960 and replaced with an LED beacon in 2007. The materials for the building were shipped to Big River about to the north, then carted along the beach and hauled up a light tramway. The keeper's house is now a Department of Conservation hut.
The Kahurangi upwelling system makes the area rich in oceanic biodiversity and the waters off Kahurangi Point is one of areas being frequented by pygmy blue whales along with off South Taranaki Bight which was discovered in 2007 and was confirmed in 2014.
References
External links
1:50,000 map
Headlands of New Zealand
Landforms of the Tasman District
Buller District
Kahurangi National Park
Headlands of the West Coast, New Zealand |
22011375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenochroa | Arenochroa | Arenochroa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arenochroa flavalis, which is found in Mexico and the United States, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Nevada and California.
References
Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of North America
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe |
48966473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bunyan%20Slaughter | John Bunyan Slaughter | John Bunyan Slaughter (1848-1928) was an American rancher and banker. Born to a ranching family, Slaughter ranched in Texas and New Mexico before acquiring the U Lazy S Ranch in Garza County, Texas, in 1901 and managing it for nearly three decades.
Early life
Slaughter was born on December 15, 1848, in Sabine County, Texas. His father, George Webb Slaughter, was a Baptist minister from Mississippi who became a rancher in Texas. He grew up in Palo Pinto County, Texas.
Career
Slaughter became a cattle driver with his brothers, John and C.C., when the three men drove cattle on the Chisholm Trail all the way to Abilene, Kansas, in 1866. In the 1870s, Slaughter and his brother John claimed rangeland near McDonald Creek in Crosby County, Texas. The two brothers raised cattle on their ranch and drove it to Kansas, where they sold it annually.
They sold the ranch in 1883 and claimed rangeland in Socorro County, New Mexico. However, a shootout occurred on October 30–31, 1884, between the Slaughters's cowboys and cowboys hired by Solomon Luna, another rancher. When Luna sued the Slaughters, he won the lawsuit. Meanwhile, Slaughter ranched near the Green River in Utah, followed by eastern New Mexico.
Slaughter acquired a ranch in Glasscock County, Texas, in 1890 which he managed it until 1898, when he sold it. He was the vice president of the People's National Bank of Colorado City, Texas.
Slaughter acquired the 99,188-acre U Lazy S Ranch in 1901. He was its manager for 27 years. In 1902, he built a ranchhouse, which was subsequently listed as a Texas landmark. In 1906, he sold 50,000 acres to C. W. Post, who founded the new town of Post, Texas.
Personal life
Slaughter married May Burris in 1877. She died in 1879. He married Isabella Masten May, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1880. They had three children. They first lived on a homestead in Crosby County until they moved into a mansion in Fort Worth, Texas, followed by a mansion on their ranch in Garza County.
Death and legacy
Slaughter died on November 11, 1928. He was buried at the East Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth. His widow died in 1947. His son, John B. Slaughter, Jr., inherited the U Lazy S Ranch.
References
External links
1848 births
1928 deaths
People from Sabine County, Texas
People from Crosby County, Texas
People from Socorro County, New Mexico
People from Fort Worth, Texas
People from Garza County, Texas
Ranchers from Texas
American bankers
People from Glasscock County, Texas |
14340494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedele | Bedele | Bedele (also called Buno Bedele) is a town and separate Aanaa in south-western Ethiopia. Located in the Buno Bedele Zone of the Oromia Region, this town has a longitude and latitude of and an elevation between above sea level.
History
Ras Tessema Nadew made his capital near Bedele in the early 1900s. Henry Savage Landor passed through the town in 1906. The map attached to C. W. Gwynn's account of his 1908/09 triangulation survey of southern Ethiopia shows that Bedele had a telegraph station, connected by way of Gore. The Buno Bedele Health Center was built in 1966 with a majority of Swedish donations.
The road connecting Bedele to Agaro, long, was completed in 1968 at a cost of 12 million dollars (Ethiopian), by the French company Razel Frères. Construction on a road to Metu began around 1970.
In February 2009, Regional President Abadula Gemeda laid the cornerstone for a new cultural center in Bedele. At the same time, he officially opened the new technical and vocational college in the town.
Bedele Brewery
Bedele is the headquarters for the Bedele Brewery. Founded in 1993, Bedele is a formerly government-owned corporation, producing about 75 million bottles of beer each year for domestic and export customers; it was bought by Heineken in August 2011.
Demographics
The 2007 national census reported a total population for Bedele of 19,517, of whom 9,837 were men and 9,680 were women. The majority of the inhabitants practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 52.9% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 24.98% of the population said they were Protestant, and 21.44% were Moslem.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Bedele has an estimated total population of 21,289 of whom 10,556 are men and 10,733 are women. The 1994 census reported this town had a total population of 11,907 of whom 5,725 were males and 6,182 were females. 90% of the residents are ethnic Oromo.
Notes
Populated places in the Oromia Region
Beer in Africa |
46915784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge%27s%20Wigwam | Hedge's Wigwam | Hedge's Wigwam was a popular restaurant in Pleasant Ridge, Michigan, from 1927 until 1967. It was located at 24362 Woodward Avenue, one block from the original Saginaw Trail. The restaurant showcased a Native American theme and was known for good food at a good price.
History
Roy Hedge opened an orange juice stand at Ten Mile and Main Street in 1920. As the business grew, Hedge added food to the menu including barbecued beef sandwiches and chicken pot pies. After a visit to Mackinaw City where he saw a Native American-themed restaurant, Hedge decided to create a similar-styled restaurant, and Hedge's Wigwam opened in 1927.
The exterior of the building featured a giant concrete teepee over the front door, a fort-like log-sided exterior, and five painted concrete Native American statues out front. Each Native American stood with his arms folded and a blanket over his back. They weighed each. It appears that the statues were cast from just two different molds. Their positions in front of the restaurant changed over the years as the front of the building was remodeled. The five concrete statues that stood guard in front of the building used to be painted every year in the spring. In the later years they began to be neglected and started to chip away. There is evidence from several postcards that one or two additional statues stood on the roof. It is unknown if they were also made of concrete.
The restaurant was described as "a unique air-conditioned cafeteria serving excellent food in an unusual and pleasing atmosphere." The exotic interior had birchbark columns and picture frames; moss-covered walls; redwood tables with shadowbox tops containing Native American artifacts; cedar chairs; parchment lighting; Native American paintings, ceramic table settings with Hedge's teepee logo; a stone staircase, and a waterfall with a wishing-well, fish pond. Several moose heads were mounted on the walls. It also had a gift shop.
The cafeteria-style buffet was unique in the area. Once inside the restaurant, patrons were led to their table by a host dressed as a Native American maiden.
Hedge's Wigwam became a big area attraction. For four decades, it was the place for cruisers to stop for a good meal on their drive up Woodward. According to the Roger Schmidt article, "Hedge died in 1955 and left the business to his longtime employees. At the time of his death, the restaurant was serving close to 2,000 meals a day."
According to a postcard of Hedge's Wigwam, it was open from 11 A.M. to 2. A.M. daily, all year round. It was located at Woodward Avenue at 10 Mile Rd., and operated in connection with Hedge's Wigwam, "a delightful table service dining room on Woodward Ave. at 12 Mile Rd., Royal Oak, Mich. Both restaurants are only a short drive from the city of Detroit, and are near the Shrine of the Little Flower (National Shrine of the Little Flower) and the Detroit Zoological Park (Detroit Zoo)." A matchbook from Hedge's Wigwam also lists both addresses.
Interstate 696 was being planned in the 1960s, which was to be routed through the area of the restaurant. Despite delays in the construction of the freeway, planned improvements to the restaurant were canceled and it was closed in 1967. Several items from the restaurant, including the Native American statues, were auctioned off in January 1968.
Historic location
The original Hedge's Wigwam was built at the intersection of Woodward Avenue, Main Street, and Ten Mile Road (now Interstate 696). This is one block from the Ridge Road portion of the original Saginaw Trail which traveled from Detroit to Saginaw, Michigan. This was also the original site of Rose's Tavern, the home and business of the first pioneer of European descent to settle in what would become Pleasant Ridge, Michigan. Virgil Maxim Rose came from Pennsylvania to Detroit but when a cholera epidemic broke out in 1832, he moved his family to this location. They started a farm and built their house which served as an inn and tavern facing south on this triangular piece of land. The inn had several names including Traveler's Home, Traveler's Rest, and Rose's Tavern. It was visited often by traveler's from Detroit as that was about a one-day journey. The tavern burned to the ground around 1880.
Artifacts
Several artifacts from the original Hedge's Wigwam have survived. A cedar chair is on display at the Ferndale Historical Museum. A coat rack and some ceramic items are at the Pleasant Ridge Historical Museum.
Of the seven statues, one named "Chief Pontiac" has been on display at the Paint Creek Cider Mill in Oakland Township, Michigan for decades and still remains there in 2015. A sign created by the Charter Township of Oakland stands in front of the Paint Creek Cider Mill and details the history of the statue and Hedge's Wigwam. The statue was part of a collection of historic artifacts owned by Dale Miller who purchased the cider mill property in 1945 in hopes of restoring the 1835 gristmill. This sign, as well as the plaque over Chief Pontiac, inaccurately identify the location of the late Hedge's Wigwam as Royal Oak.
A second statue was recently donated by a resident of Pleasant Ridge to the Royal Oak Historical Society museum, which is located one block from the Crooks Road portion of the Saginaw Trail. The statue was moved on August 7, 2015 from a home in Royal Oak to the entrance of the museum. The Royal Oak Historical Society is planning on painting the statue.
A third statue is located at Clarkston Union restaurant in Clarkston, Michigan.
A fourth statue is located at a private residence in Royal Oak, Michigan and prominently displayed for the neighborhood to enjoy.
The location of the remaining statue is unknown.
Trading Post
The building was purchased in 1971 and was opened as the Trading Post, a boutique and antique store. After the Ferndale Fire Department inspected the building, no building permit was issued due to safety concerns. After a court battle, the Trading Post was opened on April 15, 1971. This was followed by ongoing battles between the City of Pleasant Ridge and the owner regarding safety violations, noise and crowd issues. On March 22, 1972, the Trading Post was destroyed by a fire. Although arson was determined as the cause, no suspect was ever named.
References
External links
Ferndale Historical Society
Michigan Revisited, 2009
Mel Birnkrant's Recollections of a Toy Collector
Restaurants in Michigan
1927 establishments in Michigan
Woodward Avenue |
41006269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regasification | Regasification | Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162 °C (−260 °F) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature. LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges. Floating barge mounted plants have the advantage that they can be towed to new offshore locations for better usage in response to changes in the business environment. In a conventional regasification plantRU, LNG is heated by sea water to convert it to natural gas / methane gas.
Byproducts
In addition to regasification, many valuable industrial byproducts can be produced using cold energy of LNG. Cold energy of LNG utilisation for extracting liquid oxygen and nitrogen gas from air, makes LNG-regasification plants more viable when they are located near integrated steel plants and/or urea plants. Cold energy of LNG usage in lieu of massive and energy intensive cryogenic refrigeration units in natural-gas processing plants is also more viable economically. The natural gas processed with cold energy of LNG and the imported LNG can be readily injected into a conventional natural gas distribution system to reach the ultimate consumers.
The cold energy of LNG can be used for cooling the exhaust fluid of the gas turbine which is working in closed joule cycle with Argon gas as fluid. Thus near 100% conversion efficiency to electricity is achieved for the LNG/natural gas consumed by the gas turbine as its exhaust heat is fully used/absorbed for the gasification of LNG.
However, the abundant availability of natural gas, and the mature technology and its acceptability in using the LNG directly (without regasification) in road and rail vehicles would lead to lesser demand for LNG regasification plants.
See also
Gas-to-liquids
Existing regasification terminals
Liquid air
CNG carrier
References
External links
Dynamic depressurisation calculations LNG regasification unit
Global LNG Regasification Markets
Liquefied natural gas
Fuel gas
Petroleum industry |
47565053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary%20Life | Imaginary Life | Imaginary Life is the debut full-length studio album by Worriers. The album was produced by Laura Jane Grace.
Track listing
All songs written by Lauren Denitzio
Personnel
Lauren Denitzio – vocals, guitar
John McLean - guitar
Rachel Rubino - guitar
Audrey Zee Whitesides - bass
Mike Yannich - drums, backing vocals
Lou Hanman - backing vocals
References
2015 debut albums
Worriers (band) albums
Don Giovanni Records albums |
21887509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%20Werner | Brent Werner | Brent Werner (born April 15, 1974) is an American motorcycle speedway rider who was a member of United States team at Speedway World Cups.
Career details
Individual World Championship
1994 – 12th place in American Final
Team World Championship (Speedway World Team Cup and Speedway World Cup)
2000 - Coventry – 3rd place (0 pts)
2001 - Wrocław – 5th place (2 pts)
2002 – 6th place
2006 – 6th place
U.S. Junior National Championship
1988 – US Champion
1989 – US Champion
See also
United States national speedway team
Speedway World Cup
References
1974 births
American speedway riders
Living people
Oxford Cheetahs riders |
5883919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate%20Teacher%20Programme | Graduate Teacher Programme | The Graduate Teacher Programme (GTP) was a programme in England and Wales for graduates who want to gain Qualified Teacher Status while working. A person must work in a school as an unqualified teacher in order to participate in the programme, which can last from three months to a year. The Department for Education announced in mid-2012 that The Graduate Teacher Programme will no longer exist, and has now been replaced with a new scheme called School Direct. The last academic year the programme ran was 2012/2013.
Getting a place
To obtain a GTP place, a candidate must usually secure a training placement themselves at a school willing to support them as an unqualified teacher. However, some institutions organise this for them. The school will then offer to employ the student as a supernumerary teacher (i.e. not being used as substitute for employing a qualified teacher). With the school's backing, a formal application must then be made to a Designated Recommending Body (DRB). These are normally universities, colleges, local authorities or private educational companies. The DRB administers the application process, making the formal selection of successful candidates, and the payment of the TDA grant to the school, and provides tutor support for the student. Numbers are limited by the money made available by the TDA.
In some cases it is possible to make a self-funded application. In these cases, an application must still be made to a DRB but the school provides the entire salary for the trainee.
Applications are normally made towards the end of the calendar year up to February for entry to the school in September, but every DRB has its own arrangements and dates for application deadlines. Sometimes a second competition for places is held within the year if some spaces have not been filled. Places are awarded according to the quality of the candidate, and also the supporting school which the DRB must believe is capable of offering the appropriate standard of support.
Availability of the GTP
The GTP is not available evenly across England and Wales though places available broadly reflect regional population densities. Competition can be very fierce since the salary-based training is much better paid than a Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) course, and is especially attractive to mature entrants. Subjects available also vary greatly both regionally and by DRB.
GTP students normally train in a single subject in which they must have a degree. Places for Primary and Secondary Shortage (e.g. Mathematics, Science and English) exceed those available for Secondary Non-Shortage (e.g. History). Some DRBs only offer places for Primary and Secondary Shortage.
The training
Training commences by working a small portion of a normal timetable (around 30%), and this gradually builds up over the year to 90% in the third term. The GTP will be supernumerary (in all but a very few exceptional circumstances), which means that qualified teachers must already be employed by the school to teach the classes allocated to the student. School policy varies on how day-to-day teaching by the student is allowed. Some schools will leave students to teach whole classes from the outset, supervised at a distance by the qualified teacher whose class it is and by the school-based mentor and senior tutor. Some schools will insist that the student only 'team-teach' with the qualified teacher present at all times until it is felt the student can cope on his or her own.
GTP students are allowed to train on a more limited age range than the PGCE. At secondary level an example would be to train in two Key Stages, such as Key Stage 3 (Years 7-9 ages 11–14) and Key Stage 4 (Years 10-11, ages 14–16), rather than the full age range of 11-18. However, many GTP trainees will teach across the full 11-18 age-range and will invariably teach far more in those Key Stages than a PGCE student would.
Alongside their teaching, the student has to compile dossiers of evidence to record lesson plans, observations and other experiences. These must prove they have reached each of the Training and Development Agency for Schools' 33 Standards required to achieve Qualified Teacher Status. The quantity and quality of evidence considered necessary to fulfil each Standard varies between DRBs, since the DRB has to interpret the TDA's requirements. In England only, the student must also complete the QTS Skills Tests to fulfil Standard 16. This is not required in Wales.
A placement of several weeks at a second contrasting school is also required to ensure the training is not overly school-specific. for example, a trainee at a single sex grammar school might have a second placement at a mixed comprehensive.
Throughout the training year the student is regularly inspected by the school-based senior tutor and mentor (usually departmental colleagues). A number of inspections of teaching and the portfolio are made by staff from the DRB.
Students also have to produce evidence of research in the form of written assignments. The number of assignments and their individual length and content varies between the DRBs.
Historically, GTP students attended a number of centrally taught days administered by their DRB, which varied from DRB to DRB. Some, for example, offered six taught days distributed throughout the year. Others offered fortnightly taught days. However, since September 2008 there is a standardised requirement for all trainees to undertake 60 days of training, shared between the DRB and the school.
The reason for the change is to make the GTP a more academic-based qualification which will enjoy broader recognition, and also provide a basis for credits towards a Master of Education degree (MEd). The intention is to attract a higher calibre of applicants, especially well-qualified graduates who might otherwise have opted for the costly but better-recognised PGCE course.
Completion of training
On completion of the training year, the successful student is recommended for Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) by the DRB. This is then normally awarded through the General Teaching Council for England or the General Teaching Council for Wales, allowing the student to work as a teacher in England or Wales. In exceptional instances QTS can be awarded in less time, but this is rare. QTS may be withheld if the relevant teaching council is unhappy about the standard of training offered by the DRB. This, too, is very rare.
International recognition
Unlike academic-based teaching qualifications such as the PGCE, the GTP is not well recognised outside England and Wales, with evaluation services in countries including Scotland, Australia
and New Zealand and Canada finding it difficult to evaluate employment-based training teacher training pathways.
History
The GTP was first offered in 1998. It was originally aimed at mature entrants to the teaching profession, who could not afford to give up work and undertake a traditional method of teacher training such as the PGCE. Because of this, the programme was restricted to those aged 24 and over. However, the age requirement was dropped in 2004 to avoid breaking new European Union discrimination laws.
See also
Registered Teacher Programme
References
External links
Graduate Teacher Programme - TDA website
the QTS 33 Standards on the TDA website
- up-to-date information on the QTS Skills Tests
Designated Recommending Bodies
General Teaching Council for Scotland registration requirements
National Database of Candidates
Professional titles and certifications
Teaching in the United Kingdom |
47134244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%20of%20Burdur | Governor of Burdur | The Governor of Burdur (Turkish: Burdur Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Burdur. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Burdur is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Burdur. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Burdur provincial police force and the Burdur Gendarmerie.
Appointment
The Governor of Burdur is appointed by the President of Turkey, who confirms the appointment after recommendation from the Turkish Government. The Ministry of the Interior first considers and puts forward possible candidates for approval by the cabinet. The Governor of Burdur is therefore not a directly elected position and instead functions as the most senior civil servant in the Province of Burdur.
Term limits
The Governor is not limited by any term limits and does not serve for a set length of time. Instead, the Governor serves at the pleasure of the Government, which can appoint or reposition the Governor whenever it sees fit. Such decisions are again made by the cabinet of Turkey. The Governor of Burdur, as a civil servant, may not have any close connections or prior experience in Burdur Province. It is not unusual for Governors to alternate between several different Provinces during their bureaucratic career.
Functions
The Governor of Burdur has both bureaucratic functions and influence over local government. The main role of the Governor is to oversee the implementation of decisions by government ministries, constitutional requirements and legislation passed by Grand National Assembly within the provincial borders. The Governor also has the power to reassign, remove or appoint officials a certain number of public offices and has the right to alter the role of certain public institutions if they see fit. Governors are also the most senior public official within the Province, meaning that they preside over any public ceremonies or provincial celebrations being held due to a national holiday. As the commander of the provincial police and Gendarmerie forces, the Governor can also take decisions designed to limit civil disobedience and preserve public order. Although mayors of municipalities and councillors are elected during local elections, the Governor has the right to re-organise or to inspect the proceedings of local government despite being an unelected position.
List of governors of Burdur
See also
Governor (Turkey)
Burdur Province
Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)
References
External links
Biography of the Governor of Burdur
Politics of Burdur Province |
50451788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaeotricha%20utahensis | Antaeotricha utahensis | Antaeotricha utahensis is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Clifford D. Ferris in 2012. It is endemic to North America, where it has been recorded in Utah and New Mexico.
References
Moths described in 2012
utahensis
Moths of North America |
27586273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Weiner | Allen Weiner | Allen S. Weiner is an American academic who is a senior lecturer in International Law at Stanford Law School.
Weiner is also the co-director of the Stanford Program in International and Comparative Law and the Stanford Center on International Conflict and Negotiation. He was formerly a Stanford Professor of International Law. He also teaches for undergraduates, working with Scott Sagan on the popular "Face of Battle" and "Rules of War" courses, which introduce topics of military history and the law of armed conflict.
Awards
U.S. State Department Superior Honor Award, 1992 (individual), 1995 (group), 1999 (group)
Federal Bar Association Younger Federal Lawyer Award, 1997
Honorable Mention, Associated Students of Stanford University Teacher of the Year Award, 2006
Select works
International Law, with Barry E. Carter and Phillip R. Trimble, Aspen Publishers, 5th ed., July 2007
Allen S. Weiner, "Hamdan, Terror, War", 11 Lewis & Clark Law Review 997 (2007).
Allen S. Weiner, "Law, Just War, and the International Fight Against Terrorism: Is it War?", in Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture: Challenges to Just War Theory in the 21st Century, Stephen Lee, ed., Berlin: Springer Press, 2007.
Allen S. Weiner, "The Use of Force and Contemporary Security Threats: Old Medicine for New Ills?", 59 Stanford Law Review 415 (2006).
Choice of limits, limits of choice: Argentina, Australia, and the process of political change, Harvard University, 1985
References
External links
FSI bio
Sequoia Union High School District governing board
Stanford Law School faculty
Harvard University alumni
Stanford Law School alumni
Living people
American lawyers
International law scholars
Year of birth missing (living people) |
56249262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands%E2%80%93Downtown%20station | Redlands–Downtown station | Redlands–Downtown is a future rail station under construction in Redlands, California, United States. The station is being built as part of Arrow service and is expected to open in 2022. When complete, the station will also become the new outbound terminus of selected Metrolink San Bernardino Line trains.
A four-level parking structure will be north of the depot. 384 parking spaces will be provided.
Santa Fe Depot
The station is adjacent to the Redlands Santa Fe Railroad Depot, which opened to passenger service in 1910 and is the centerpiece of the historic Redlands Santa Fe Depot District. The building's owner refurbished the structure in anticipation of service. Metrolink will not directly utilize the old building, but new platforms and facilities are to be installed track side.
References
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Public transportation in San Bernardino County, California
Future Metrolink (California) stations
Redlands, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1910
Railway stations closed in 1938
Former Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway stations in California |
42954110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202015%20European%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Qualification | Boxing at the 2015 European Games – Qualification | Qualification for the boxing events at the 2015 European Games will begin in June 2014. Nations are limited to one entry per weight division. Azerbaijan will have host nation positions available in each weight category.
Qualification rules
Men's
NOC's will be awarded quota places by EUBC and AIBA based on historical data of previous European Championships.
Women's
In the women's events, the EUBC European Women’s Boxing Championships in Bucharest, Romania will be the official qualification event after which European ranking will be established by 30 June 2014. If an NOC has more than one athlete in the top 14, the next best ranked NOC will get the allocation. 2 other place per weight category are reserved for 'universality' and host nominations. Moreover, the top five European athletes in the 75 kg class at the 2014 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships in South Korea will earn a quota place.
Qualification timeline
Qualification summary
References
Qualification
Qualification for the 2015 European Games |
31637641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorik%20Hendrickx | Jorik Hendrickx | Jorik Hendrickx (born 18 May 1992) is a Belgian former competitive figure skater. He is the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy champion, the 2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist, a three-time Coupe du Printemps champion (2012, 2013, 2016), the 2017 International Challenge Cup champion, and a three-time Belgian national champion (2010, 2016, 2017). He qualified to the final segment at five World Championships and two Winter Olympics, finishing 16th in 2014 and 14th in 2018. He placed in the top ten at five European Championships.
Personal life
Jorik Hendrickx was born in Turnhout, Belgium. He studied sport marketing and management at Johan Cruyff University in Tilburg. In early 2017, he began an internship at Speedo, working on a research project. At All Sport Benelux, his research focuses on the growth of Belgian e-commerce. His younger sister, Loena, is also a figure skater.
On February 1, 2018, Hendrickx publicly came out as gay.
Career
Hendrickx began training at age five and a half. Since the age of 10, he is coached by Carine Herrygers. He began competing on the junior level internationally in 2007. He was out for four months in 2008 as a result of a groin injury. He debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in autumn 2009.
Hendrickx finished 9th at the 2012 European Championships. The next season, he received his first senior Grand Prix assignment, the 2012 Trophee Eric Bompard in November. Hendrickx placed 4th in the short program, but had to withdraw the next day after sustaining an injury in an off-ice warmup for the morning practice. He fractured his ankle, tearing ligaments from his fibula. Returning to the ice in January 2013, Hendrickx began practicing some jumps toward the end of the month. He missed the 2013 European Championships but competed at the 2013 World Championships, finishing 19th and qualifying a men's entry for Belgium at the 2014 Winter Olympics. He finished 16th.
After Turnhout's ice rink closed, Hendrickx decided to train at a temporary rink. He said, "It's extremely cold and the quality of the ice is not what it should be. The most important thing is that I didn't have to change environment, my school, coaches, medical team." He finished 4th at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. It was the best result by a Belgian skater since 2009.
Hendricks won the 2017 Nebelhorn Trophy, and obtained an men's singles entry for Belgium at the 2018 Winter Olympics at Pyeongchang, South Korea. He participated in the figure skating event at the Olympics with his sister Loena, who also represented Belgium at the ladies' singles. After the Olympics, he skipped the 2018–19 figure skating season, and announced his retirement on 8 August 2019.
Coaching career
Hendrickx now coaches figure skating. Among his students are Loena Hendrickx, his sister, and Lindsay van Zundert, the Dutch national champion in 2021.
Programs
Results
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
Small medals for short program and free skating awarded only at ISU Championships.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Belgian male single skaters
People from Turnhout
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters of Belgium
Gay sportsmen
LGBT sportspeople from Belgium
LGBT figure skaters |
52247184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon%20Roost%20Creek | Pigeon Roost Creek | Pigeon Roost Creek may refer to:
Pigeon Roost Creek (Indiana)
Pigeon Roost Creek (Missouri) |
9674104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joseph%20of%20the%20Cross | John Joseph of the Cross | John Joseph of the Cross (15 August 1654 – 5 March 1739) (not to be confused with John of the Cross) - born Carlo Gaetano Calosinto - was an Italian priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor who hailed from the island of Ischia. He had a reputation for austerity and for the gift of miracles and was appointed Master of Novices.
He was beatified in 1789 and later canonized in 1839.
Life
Carlo Gaetano Calosirto was born on 15 August 1654 on the island of Ischia off the coast of Naples.
He entered the Order of Friars Minor in Naples before he turned sixteen and assumed the religious name of "John Joseph of the Cross". He was the first Italian to follow the reform movement of Peter of Alcantara. In 1674 he was sent to found a convent for the order at Afila in Piedmont and assisted in the actual construction itself. He was ordained to the priesthood - much against his will it should be noted - and as the superior performed the lowliest tasks.
In 1702 the Italian convents were no longer dependent on the Spanish houses but were formed into a separate province. He was appointed as the Vicar Provincial of the Alcantarine Reform in the Italian peninsula as a result of this. As the superior he ordered that no beggar should be dismissed from the convent gate without some form of relief: in times of need he devoted to their necessities his own portions and even that of the convent he lived at. When he trekked across the mainland as the provincial he would not make himself known at the inns where he lodged because he disliked distinction and did not believe such should be paid to him.
He desired those whom he restored to health to take some certain medicine that the cure might be attributed to a mere natural source and with regard to his own prophecies - which were numerous - he affected to judge from analogies and experiences.
Sainthood
He was beatified under Pope Pius VI on 24 May 1789 and was later canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on 26 May 1839 under Pope Gregory XVI. At the Aragonese Castle (Il Castello Aragonese) on Ischia there is a small chapel consecrated to the late friar.
References
External links
Santi e Beati
The Franciscan Book of Saints, ed. by Marion Habig, OFM
Lives of the Saints for Every Day of the Year, edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O. Cist., Ph.D.
1654 births
1739 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Italian Friars Minor
18th-century Christian saints
Beatifications by Pope Pius VI
Venerated Catholics
Canonizations by Pope Gregory XVI |
578427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnee%20tugalluulakh | Ünee tugalluulakh | Starting position for Ünee tugalluulakh.
Ünee tugalluulakh (, let the cows calve) is a mancala game played by Kazakhs in western Mongolia. The rules are the same as the iesön khorgol game.
References
External links
Rules to Unee tugaluulax posted on the manqala.org wiki.
Traditional mancala games
Mongolian games |
46336837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudi%20Roth | Trudi Roth | {{Infobox person
|name = Trudi Roth
|image = Trudi Roth spielt Tante Martha for EN-WP.jpg
|image_caption = Roth as Tante Martha in Fascht e Familie (late 1990s)
|birth_date =
|birth_place = Basel, Switzerland
|death_date =
|death_place = Zürich, Switzerland
|occupation = Stage and film actress
|years_active = 1947–2016
|notable_works = Fascht e Familie (1994–1999)}}
Trudi Roth (2 April 1930 – 11 June 2016) was a Swiss stage and film actress who starred in Swiss German language cinema and television and stage productions.
Biography
Born in Basel, Switzerland, Roth lived in the municipality of Zürich. Her first stage experiences date back to her childhood as she had a small role at the Stadttheater Basel in 1939. She attended the Konservatorium under Ernst Ginsberg in Basel, followed by performances beginning in 1947 with the cabaret-doodle-doo, KiKeriKi with César Keiser and Cabaret Cornichon respectively Cabaret Fédéral. Later she starred in comedies and musicals, and Trudi Roth acted for the radio in radio plays and for the Swiss television.
Roth's most popular role was the character of Martha Aebersold in the Swiss comedy serial Fascht e Familie in the 1990s. Among others, Trudi Roth also starred in about a dozen plays, musicals and farces on Bernhard-Theater Zürich between 1965 and 2001. Trudi Roth motivated film director Marie-Louise Bless to create the television film Das Paar im Kahn in 2004.
Charles Lewinsky, creator of Fascht e Familie, recalls that she played every summer the Chaschperli in Zürich, followed by appearances in films, television series and in the Bernhard Theater. At the age of 80, she still played a role in his play 'Huusfründe'. He remembers the long conversations with Trudi Roth: It was impossible, to talk briefly with Trudi. When I told my wife, now I call on Trudi she said: 'I'll see you in an hour'. Trudi Roth was Charles Lewinsky sympathetic at the first co-operation, above all to have the gift of the gab.
Personal life
From 1953 to 1957 she lived in Düsseldorf while working for the German Kom(m)ödchen ensemble; Roth then returned to Basel. With her partner Hans Moeckel, conductor of the Swiss Federal entertainment orchestra, she moved to Zürich in the 1970s. Although in a relationship, she remained single and childless.
Death
In the last years of her life, the actress sometimes did not recognize her brother Alfred, and forgot her former success as an artist. We were very close, "like twins," he said in an interview: She had a quirky sense of humor, was never jealous, spoke directly and lived modestly." As Trudi Roth's family announced to the Swiss television SRF, the actress and cabaret artist died on the night of 11 June 2016 in a nursing home in Zürich. Cause of death was her age of 86, and dementia.
Awards
1995: Prix Walo Filmography (selected works)
2004: Flamingo (TV series)
1994–1997: Fascht e Familie (100 episodes)
1980: 1962: The 42th Heaven 1953: Metamorphose''
References
External links
1930 births
2016 deaths
Swiss stage actresses
Swiss film actresses
20th-century Swiss actresses
People from Basel-Stadt
Swiss musical theatre actresses
Swiss television actresses
Swiss satirists
Parodists
Women satirists |
28838453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthomer | Synthomer | Synthomer plc, formerly known as Yule Catto & Co, is a British-based chemicals business. It is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
History
The company traces its roots back to 1863, when Andrew Yule founded a trading house known as Andrew Yule & Co. in Calcutta. At the same time Andrew's brother, George Yule, set up George Yule & Co. in London, which acted as British agency arm of Andrew Yule & Co.
When in 1919 Andrew Yule & Co. and George Yule & Co. were sold to the US banking group J.P. Morgan & Co. and its British merchant banking affiliate Morgan Grenfell & Co., both were turned from a partnership into a private limited company. That same year Thomas Catto (1879–1959) was sent to India to take over the management of the firm from Sir David Yule (1858–1928), a nephew of Andrew Yule. David Yule continued to hold the title of Chairman but had no active part in the operations of the business.
In 1920 Thomas Catto and David Yule changed the name of the British purchasing arm of Andrew Yule & Co., George Yule and Company, to Yule, Catto & Company Ltd. Due to increased taxation, the devaluation of the Indian rupee and the abolition of the managing agency system, Yule, Catto & Co decided in 1969 to sell its shareholding in Andrew Yule & Co. to the Indian government.
With the acquisition of Revertex Chemicals in 1980, Thomas Catto's son, Stephen (1923–2001) started to turn Yule Catto & Co. into an international speciality chemicals and building products manufacturer. Since 2007 the group has been transformed from a diversified chemical business to a focussed speciality polymer business. In 2012 the company changed its name to Synthomer on the basis that the majority of its business already traded under that name.
In July 2019, Synthomer announced that it was going to buy OMNOVA Solutions for an enterprise value of $824 million; the transaction was completed on 2 April 2020.
Operations
The company has three activities: polymer chemicals, pharma chemicals and impact chemicals.
References
Sources
External links
Official site
Companies based in Essex
1863 establishments in England
Harlow
Chemical companies of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Specialty chemical companies
Companies based in London
Chemical companies established in 1863
Companies established in 1863 |
39457774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian%20Eastern%20Command | Jordanian Eastern Command | The Jordanian Eastern Command (Arabic:المنطقة العسكرية الشرقية) is the Jordanian Armed Forces regional command responsible for the North - East front against Syria and Iraq.
History
Since major restructuring in 1977, the Royal Jordanian Army has kept the Eastern Command (formerly known as 5th Armoured Division) deployed between the Iraqi border and Ar Ramtha on the Syrian border with some presence in Zarqa. But in 2000, King Abdullah II made a big step to modernize and restructure Jordanian Armed Forces when the Divisions have been transformed into a lighter, more mobile forces, based largely on a brigade structure and considered better capable of rapid reaction in emergencies.
Jordanian forces traditionally maintained a defensive posture along this sector. A number of major roads link Jordan and Syria in this region, crossing undulating terrain with no natural obstacles. The important air base at Mafraq are less than 20 km from the border with Syria and are therefore vulnerable to surprise attack or artillery bombardment. As a result, Jordanian forces traditionally paid particular attention to their defenses in this region. The Sector from Ramtha to the Iraqi border was covered by the Eastern Command (5th Armoured Division).
This command was involved in many conflicts and engagements, including the Six-Day War, the War of Attrition (and its Battle of Karameh) and war against the Syrian army during Black September.
Organisation
The Eastern Command controls regional units from Ar Ramtha and Mafraq to the Iraqi border with some units based in Zarqa. The Head of Eastern command is Brigadier General Mohammed Suleiman Bani Yasin.
Eastern Command HQ
Command Staff
HQ Defense Company
Command Communication Group
Border Guard Force (BGF)
1st Border Guard Force Brigade
Brigade HQ
Signal Company
1st Border Guard Force Battalion
4th Border Guard Force Battalion
5th Border Guard Force Battalion
6th Border Guard Force Battalion
Mechanized Engineer Company
Supply & Transport Company
Brigade Medical Center
Brigade Maintenance Workshop
Combat & Maneuver Units
Martyr Wasfi Al-Tal 2nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade
Brigade HQ
JTAC Team
Signal Company
Habis Al-Majali 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion
Royal Guard 6th Mechanized Infantry Battalion
Prince Faisal 17th Tank Battalion
1st Field Artillery Battalion (M109A3)
81st Field Air Defense Battalion
Field Reconnaissance Company
Anti-Armor Company
Mechanized Engineer Company
Supply & Transport Company
Medical Support Company
Chemical Support Platoon
Brigade Maintenance Workshop
Martyr King Abdullah I 90th Mechanized Infantry Brigade
Brigade HQ
JTAC Team
Signal Company
Al-Hussien 2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion
Princess Basma 3rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion
Prince Talal 5th Mechanized Infantry Battalion
12th Field Artillery Battalion (M109A3)
5th Field Air Defense Battalion
Field Reconnaissance Company
Anti-Armor Company
Mechanized Engineer Company
Supply & Transport Company
Medical Support Company
Chemical Support Platoon
Brigade Maintenance Workshop
Combat Support Units
Eastern Command Artillery
Command Artillery HQ
STA Company
41st Mortar Battalion (AGRAB Mk2)
5th Field Air Defense Group
Command Engineer Battalion
Service Support Units
Supply and Transport Battalion
Command Maintenance Group
Medical Support Group
Administrative Transport Group
Command Training Center
Unit summary
References
Military units and formations of Jordan
Military units and formations established in 2000 |
4346798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSL | WYSL | WYSL (1040 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Avon, New York, and serving the Rochester metropolitan area. It broadcasts a talk radio format and is known as "The Voice of Liberty." The station is owned by Robert C. Savage under the name "Radio Livingston."
By day, WYSL is powered at 20,000 watts, the second most powerful AM station in the Rochester area. But 1040 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WHO in Des Moines. So at night, to avoid interference, WYSL must greatly reduce its power to 500 watts. A directional antenna with a four-tower array is used. Programming is also heard on two FM translators: W221CL at 92.1 MHz in Rochester and W238DE at 95.5 MHz in Spencerport.
Programming
Weekdays begin with a wake-up talk and information program, Quinn in the Morning hosted by Jim Quinn. Several nationally syndicated conservative talk shows are also heard, Glenn Beck in late mornings, Dan Bongino in afternoons and Dana Loesch in the evening. Red Eye Radio from WBAP in Fort Worth is carried overnight.
Weekends are largely paid brokered programming, with shows on health, money, religion, guns and law. WYSL carries some local high school, college and minor league sports. Some newscasts from Channel 10 WHEC-TV, the NBC Network affiliate in Rochester, are simulcast on WYSL. Most hours begin with world and national news from Townhall News.
History
All-News Radio
The WYSL call sign was taken from a radio station in Buffalo. That station is now WWWS. Management started the new WYSL in 1987, originally on 1030 kHz. But that frequency required the station to sign off at sunset. So the station moved to 1040 kHz, allowing it to broadcast around the clock.
The station began with an all-news radio format, combining local content with news programming from the Associated Press. The all-news format ended in 2006 for a number of reasons. First, the Associated Press discontinued its expanded radio services in July 2005. WYSL replaced the network with CNN Headline News, the only other national commercial all-news outlet available. After that, however, Headline News stopped broadcasting news in the evening, switching to talk and reality shows. This left a large hole in the schedule.
Adding Talk
As a result, WYSL picked up conservative talk hosts Laura Ingraham and Bill O'Reilly, and added Rusty Humphries and Jerry Doyle from the Talk Radio Network in the evening, as it transitioned to a News/Talk outlet.
WYSL was affiliated with ABC News Radio and the Wall Street Journal Radio Network, but switched to the Salem Radio Network for newscasts in 2012. It now airs a different Salem news service, Townhall News.
WYSL increased its daytime power from 2,500 watts to 20,000 watts in November 2006. It operates at reduced power at night to protect clear-channel station WHO in Des Moines, Iowa.
Local Talk Shows
WYSL continued to transition into a full-time talk radio station in 2007. Early in 2007, the station added its first local talk show, hosted by local attorney Bill Nojay, as well as picking up Dennis Miller in the afternoon drive time slot. Jim Bohannon was added for late evenings, while Jim Quinn's syndicated The War Room with Quinn and Rose was picked up in the morning drive, thus eliminating the last "all news" programming block on the station, in October 2007. Nojay's show began syndication in 2008 on WLEA in Hornell as well as on WGVA and its numerous simulcasts in the Finger Lakes.
An FM translator, W221CL, went on the air in early 2010 which covers the city of Rochester and portions of Monroe County. The FM station is branded "FM TALK 92.1 WYSL", which simulcasts WYSL 1040 AM.
Conflict with HD Radio
Owner Robert Savage has been a vocal opponent of HD Radio technology being used on the AM band, saying it causes interference and unnecessary broadcast delay for minimal gain in quality.
He filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission over interference caused by WBZ's nighttime HD signal on the adjacent 1030 kHz frequency,
Former Programs
Attorney Bill Nojay hosted a daily hour-long program on WYSL for several years, prior to his election to the New York State Assembly as well as during his tenure in the legislature. Nojay's show was syndicated across two other radio stations in upstate New York.
Nojay was still hosting the show when he apparently committed suicide in 2016. Nojay's time slot was filled by Shannon Joy for a time.
See also
WHEC-TV
WHAM (main commercial competitor)
CNN Headline News
The Wall Street Journal
References
External links
WYSL-1040 official website
YSL
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1987 |
374031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-tail | V-tail | The V-tail or Vee-tail (sometimes called a butterfly tail or Rudlicki's V-tail) of an aircraft is an unconventional arrangement of the tail control surfaces that replaces the traditional fin and horizontal surfaces with two surfaces set in a V-shaped configuration. It is not widely used in aircraft design. The aft edge of each twin surface is a hinged control surface called a ruddervator, which combines the functions of both a rudder and elevator.
The V-tail was invented in 1930 by Polish engineer Jerzy Rudlicki and was tested for the first time on the Hanriot H-28 trainer aircraft, modified by a Polish aerospace manufacturer Plage and Laśkiewicz in the summer of 1931.
Variants
The X-shaped tail surfaces of the experimental Lockheed XFV were essentially a V tail that extended both above and below the fuselage.
Conventional
The most popular conventionally V-tailed aircraft that has been mass-produced is the Beechcraft Bonanza Model 35, often known as the V-tail Bonanza or simply V-Tail. Other examples include the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft and the Fouga CM.170 Magister trainer. The Cirrus Vision SF50 jet is a recent example of a civilian aircraft adopting the V-tail. Some gliders, like the Lehtovaara PIK-16 Vasama, were designed with a V-tail, but the production Vasamas had a cruciform tail.
Inverted
The Blohm & Voss P 213 Miniaturjäger was one of the first aircraft to have an inverted V-tail. Uncrewed aerial vehicles such as the LSI Amber, General Atomics Gnat and General Atomics MQ-1 Predator would later feature this type of tail. The Ultraflight Lazair ultralights, of which over 2,000 were produced, featured an inverted V-tail, which also carried the rear landing gear.
Advantages
Ideally, with fewer surfaces than a conventional three-aerofoil tail or a T-tail, the V-tail is lighter and has less wetted surface area, so thus produces less induced and parasitic drag. However, NACA studies indicated that the V-tail surfaces must be larger than simple projection into the vertical and horizontal planes would suggest, such that total wetted area is roughly constant; reduction of intersection surfaces from three to two does, however, produce a net reduction in drag through elimination of some interference drag.
Light jet aircraft such as the Cirrus Vision SF50, the Eclipse 400 or the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aerial drone often have the power plant placed outside the aircraft. In such cases V-tails are used to avoid placing the vertical stabilizer in the exhaust of the engine, which would disrupt the flow of the exhaust, reducing thrust and increasing wear on the stabilizer, possibly leading to damage over time.
In military aircraft, V-tails reduce the number of right angles on an aircraft, improving its stealth characteristics.
Disadvantages
In the mid-1980s, the Federal Aviation Administration re-assessed the Beechcraft Bonanza due to safety concerns. While the Bonanza met the initial certification requirements, it had a history of fatal mid-air breakups during extreme stress, at a rate exceeding the accepted norm. The type was deemed airworthy and restrictions removed after Beechcraft issued a structural modification as an Airworthiness Directive.
V-tailed aircraft require longer rear fuselages than aircraft with conventional empennages to prevent yawing. This tendency, called "snaking", was apparent on taking off and landing on the Fouga CM.170 Magister, which has a relatively short fuselage.
Ruddervators
Ruddervators are the control surfaces on an airplane with a V-tail configuration. They are located at the trailing edge of each of the two airfoils making up the tail of the plane. The first use of ruddervators may have been on the Coandă-1910's X-tail, although there is no proof that the aircraft ever flew. The later Coandă-1911 flew with ruddervators on its X-tail. Later Polish engineer Jerzy Rudlicki designed the first practical ruddervators in 1930, tested on a modified Hanriot HD.28 trainer in 1931.
The name is a blend of the words "rudder" and "elevator." In a conventional aircraft tail configuration, the rudder provides yaw (horizontal) control and the elevator provides pitch (vertical) control.
Ruddervators provide the same control effect as conventional control surfaces, but through a more complex control system that actuates the control surfaces in unison. Yaw moving the nose to the left is produced on an upright V tail by moving the pedals left which deflects the left-hand ruddervator down and left and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. The opposite produces yaw to the right. Pitch nose up is produced by moving the control column or stick back which deflects the left-hand ruddervator up and right and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. Pitch nose down is produced by moving the control column or stick forward which induces the opposite ruddervator movements.
See also
Cruciform tail
Pelikan tail
T-tail
Twin tail
References
External links
Simple Aerodynamics Of The V-Tail, from "Flying the Beech Bonanza" by Eckalbar, John C
Aircraft tail configurations
Polish inventions |
44647390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegida | Pegida | Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamicisation of the Occident (), abbreviated Pegida (, stylised in its logo as PEGIDA), is a pan-European, anti-Islam, far-right political movement. German Pegida believes that Germany is being increasingly Islamicised and defines itself in opposition to Islamic extremism.
Pegida wants to curb immigration into Germany; it accuses the authorities of failure to enforce immigration laws. Pegida has held many demonstrations, often accompanied by counter-demonstrations. In 2015, , the founder of Pegida, resigned from the movement after reportedly posing as and making racist statements on Facebook. He was later reinstated.
Though nationalism is a central feature, Pegida offshoots have formed in various countries.
History
Origin
Pegida was founded in October 2014 by , who runs a public relations agency in Dresden. 's impetus for starting Pegida was witnessing a rally by alleged supporters of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) against the siege of Kobani by the Islamic State (ISIL) on 10 October 2014 in Dresden, which he posted on YouTube on the same day. The next day he founded a Facebook group called ('Patriotic Europeans against Islamisation of the Occident').
On 7 October, Yazidis and Muslim Chechens had violently clashed in . On 26 October, out of 5,000 protesters, "at least 400 right-wing extremists went on a rampage in downtown Cologne during a demonstration" by "Hooligans Against Salafists". mentioned these events in a release for his first demonstration.
First wave of demonstrations
The first demonstration, or "evening stroll" (according to Pegida), took place on 20 October 2014, and attracted only a handful of people. During the following days, the movement began gaining wider public attention, and, subsequently, the weekly Monday demonstrations drew larger numbers of people. Among the 7,500 participants on 1 December 2014, the police identified 80 to 120 hooligans. The demonstration grew to 10,000 people on 8 December 2014.
During the weekly demonstrations on Monday evenings, Pegida supporters carried banners with slogans such as "For the preservation of our culture", "Against religious fanaticism, against any kind of radicalism, together without violence", and "Against religious wars on German soil".
On 19 December 2014, PEGIDA e.V. was legally registered in Dresden under the registration ID VR 7750, with as chairman, as vice-chairman, and as treasurer. Pegida also formally applied for the status of a nonprofit organization.
Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo and rising tensions
While the demonstration on 29 December 2014 was cancelled by the organizers, the movement continued to draw large numbers of participants in early January 2015. After the Charlie Hebdo shooting on 7 January 2015 in Paris, politicians (including ministers and ) warned Pegida against misusing the attack on Charlie Hebdo for its own political agenda. On Saturday 10 January 2015 some 35,000 anti-Pegida protesters gathered to mourn the victims of Paris, observing a minute's silence in front of the .
On 12 January 2015, Pegida organizers organised a rally of some 25,000 participants. Pegida's main organizer, , declared the six central political objectives of Pegida, which include calls for selective immigration and the expulsion of religious extremists, the right and duty to integrate, and tighter internal security.
On 15 January 2015, a young Eritrean immigrant, Khaled Idris Bahray, was found stabbed to death in his Dresden high-rise apartment. International media correspondents portrayed an "atmosphere of hatred and resentment" and published social media comments of Pegida sympathizers, who had expressed disdain for the dead Eritrean. Pegida's organizers rejected any possible connection. One week later, the police investigation led to the arrest and eventual conviction of one of the victim's Eritrean housemates.
Dresden police did not permit the demonstration planned for 19 January 2015, due to a definite threat against one of Pegida's leadership members in form of an Arabic-language tweet labelling Pegida an "enemy of Islam". Pegida cancelled its 13th demonstration and stated in a post on its Facebook page that there was an explicit threat against a leadership member, and "his execution had been ordered by ISIS terrorists".
Resignations
On 21 January 2015, Bachmann resigned from his position in Pegida after coming under fire for a number of Facebook posts. Excerpts from a closed Facebook conversation incriminated Bachmann as having referred to immigrants with the insults "animals", "scumbags" and "trash", which are classified as hate speech in Germany. He was also quoted as commenting that extra security was needed at the welfare office "to protect employees from the animals". A self-portrait of Bachmann allegedly posing as a reincarnation of Adolf Hitler, titled "He's back!" (which the Sächsische Zeitung later discovered to be a forgery, reporting that the moustache was added after the photo was taken), went viral on social media and was printed on front pages worldwide. On another occasion, Bachmann had posted a photo of a man wearing the uniform of the US white supremacist organisation Ku Klux Klan accompanied by the slogan: "Three Ks a day keeps the minorities away". The Dresden state prosecutors opened an investigation for suspected (incitement to hatred), and Deputy Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel said the real face of Pegida had been exposed: "Anyone who puts on a Hitler disguise is either an idiot or a Nazi. People should think carefully about running after a pied piper like this".
reported that Pegida's media spokeswoman, , turned to the Alternative for Germany () for advice, and that the and both confirmed there was a phone conversation between the AfD's and . said to that should no longer be supported (""). On that same day announced 's resignation.
On 28 January, resigned as well, citing "the massive hostility, threats and career disadvantages" as the reason. At the same time four other leading figures of Pegida stepped back. On 2 February 2015 and six other former Pegida members founded ('Direct Democracy for Europe') to distance themselves from the far-right tendencies of Pegida".
Reinstatement
In February 2015, Pegida confirmed on its Facebook page that had been re-elected as chairman by the six other members of the organisation's leadership committee, after the published a report that the Hitler moustache on the now infamous photo had been added after the photo was taken.
Dresden mayoral election, 2015
In June 2015, following the resignation of CDU incumbent on health grounds, , who was dismissed from Pegida's leadership circle in June 2016, ran for the mayoral office of Dresden, polling 9.6% in the first round with support from the far-right National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD). On 7 July 2015, group leader announced that Pegida would participate in all future federal elections in Germany.
Renewed protests
The European migrant crisis revived the movement, which drew as many as 20,000 supporters to a 19 October 2015 rally in Dresden. At the same time, observers perceived a further radicalisation of the crowd.
On 28 September, two journalists were injured when Pegida participants kicked a local newspaper reporter and punched another TV reporter in the face. On 12 October, Pegida demonstrators carried a mock gallows showing nooses reserved for Chancellor and her deputy . derided the demonstrators who made this, calling it a "laughable piece of work with spelling errors" (""), a reference to the fact that the name Sigmar had been written with an "ie" ().
At Pegida's anniversary event on 19 October 2015, keynote speaker named the Muslim refugees as invaders, with Germany becoming a "Muslim garbage dump". said that politicians were acting like " against their own people", as they wanted critics of Germany's refugee policy to leave the country. Addressing the crowd shouting "Resistance!", he claimed that the majority of Germans were held in contempt by the political class and that politicians wished that there were "other alternatives [to fight Pegida supporters] – but the concentration camps are unfortunately out of order at the moment". The crowd applauded and laughed, and let him continue his speech for another 20 minutes before calling upon him to finish.
When 1,500 to 2,000 people celebrated Pegida in 's first anniversary, dozens of hooligans protested, vandalizing foreign-owned shops. Over 100 people were arrested. Mayor Burkhard Jung called it "open street terror".
Party founding
The founder of Pegida, , has set up a new political party, the ("Liberal Direct Democratic People's Party", or ). The FDDV was established on 13 June 2016. Tommy Robinson founded a branch of Pegida in the United Kingdom.
Position paper
At the beginning of December 2014, Pegida published an undated and anonymous one-page manifesto of 19 bulleted position statements.
Pegida's specific demands were initially unclear, largely because Pegida has refused a dialogue, considering the press to be a politically correct conspiracy. Demonstrators have been observed chanting (lying press) a term that has a long history in German politics.
Alongside the German national flag, supporters of the movement have often been seen with a variant of the "Wirmer flag", a flag proposed by resistance member in 1944 for use after World War II.
According to a report from December 2014, Pegida considers Islamism a misogynist and violent ideology. In January 2015 The Guardian described Pegida as a far-right movement, The New York Times labelled Pegida as anti-immigrant, and Angela Merkel has repeatedly questioned the motives underlying its anti-immigrant message.
The State Authority for the Protection of the Constitution () of Thuringia considers (the regional Pegida branch of South Thuringia) to be steered by right-wing nationalists.
In February 2015 the 19 positions were revised and broken down to the ten "Theses of Dresden".
10 September 2015, Pegida demanded ten changes to the German refugee policy. They called for an immediate stop for asylum seekers and for a German 'asylum-emergency law'.
Participants and supporters
According to Frank Richter, director of Saxony's Federal Agency for Civic Education, Pegida is "a mixed group—known figures from the National Democratic Party of Germany, soccer hooligans, but also a sizable number of ordinary citizens". , director of the Migration Council has pointed out that the movement is strongest where people have hardly any experience with foreigners, and among "easterners who never really arrived in the Federal Republic and who now feel they have no voice".
In December, , president of the of Saxony, said that initial suspicion that Pegida might tie in with the riots staged by earlier in Cologne were not substantiated, so the movement was not put under official surveillance. He said there were no indications that the organizers were embracing right-wingers. This assessment was contested by the weekly who researched the ideological proximity of Pegida organizer to the German Defence League or the European Identitarian movement. In a interview on 19 January Meyer-Plath reaffirmed that the participant spectrum was very diverse and that there was no evidence of radicalisation.
Dresden University of Technology (TU) interviewed 400 Pegida demonstrators on 22 December 2014 and 12 January 2015. According to the poll, the main reasons of their participation were dissatisfaction with the political situation (54 percent), "Islam, Islamism and Islamisation" (23 percent), criticism of the media and the public (20 percent), and reservations regarding asylum seekers and migrants (15 percent). In all, 42 percent had reservations regarding Muslims or Islam, 20 percent were concerned about a 'high rate of crimes' committed by asylum seekers, or feared socio-economic disadvantages. The author, , did not see Pegida as a movement of right-wing extremists, pensioners or the unemployed, but stated that the rallies served as a way to express feelings and resentments against a political and opinion-making elite which have not been publicly articulated before.
A group of social scientists led by Dieter Rucht from the Social Science Research Centre of Berlin () collected data both by flyer and online survey. Despite a participation rate of only 18 percent in the online survey, it largely had similar results to the survey in Dresden. According to data from the WZB, Pegida was a male-dominated group, participants were mostly employees with a relatively high level of education, they had no confidence in institutions and they sympathised with AfD. In some cases the participants demonstrated far-right and right-wing extremist attitudes. The conclusion emphasised that Pegida supporters cannot be viewed as 'ordinary citizens', since they articulate group-focused enmity and racism.
on Facebook, the Pegida fan page had about 200,000 supporters. According to political consultant , the fanpage allows the users there to present and more easily spread their ideas, which are not represented in the mainstream media.
In December 2014, representatives of the NPD encouraged people to participate in Pegida rallies, as did the German Defence League and the internet blog Politically Incorrect in an uploaded 'propaganda clip'. According to the police, a few hundred "violent hooligans" have been participating in the Dresden rallies since December 2014. The journalist supports Pegida with his new right youth magazine .
Reactions
Counterdemonstrations
Numerous protests against Pegida and affiliated movements in cities across Germany have drawn up to 35,000 demonstrators in Dresden and up to 100,000 nationwide in January 2015, considerably more than Pegida's own concurrent demonstrations.
In protest against a Pegida march, the floodlights of the Catholic Cologne Cathedral were switched off on the evening of 5 January 2015. Dresden's plant used the same method of protest.
German tabloid newspaper launched a petition against Pegida, including former Chancellors and , as well as actress and former footballer .
Polls
According to a survey by the Emnid institute conducted in December 2014, 53% of East Germans and 48% of West Germans showed understanding for Pegida demonstrations. Differentiated by political parties, supporters consisted of 86% of all surveyed AfD members, 54% of all CDU members, 46% of all SPD members and 19% of all questioned supporters of and respectively. 43% of all Germans participating in the survey thought that Pegida protesters are mainly concerned about the "spread of Islam". 33% believed that mainly right wing extremists attend their demonstrations.
On behalf of German online newspaper , YouGov conducted a survey from 12 to 15 December 2014. The survey showed that 30% of all 1107 surveyed felt sympathetic with regards to the demonstrations. Another 19% said they were understanding rather than the opposite. 26% approved at least partially of the demonstrations, while 10% showed little sympathy and a further 13% no understanding at all.
A survey by TNS Infratest conducted in December 2014 on behalf of German magazine showed that 65% of all surveyed German citizens felt that the government did not respond appropriately to their concerns about asylum policy and immigration. 28% disagreed, while 34% observed an increasing Islamisation in Germany.
A representative survey by Emnid conducted from 17 to 18 December 2014 showed that 85% of all 1006 surveyed were not willing to participate in demonstrations for Pegida policy. Only 9%, more than half of all surveyed AfD followers, said they were in fact willing to demonstrate.
On 18 December 2014, the Forsa Institute conducted a survey which showed that 67% of all surveyed Germans considered the danger of Islamisation exaggerated. 29%, consisting of 71% of all surveyed AfD supporters, felt too strong an Islamic influence in Germany and deemed respective demonstrations justified. 13% said they would participate in protests near their residence. 10%, consisting of 57% of all surveyed AfD followers, would even vote for an anti-Islamic party.
A special report by the Bertelsmann Foundation, complemented by a TNS Emnid survey from November 2014, showed that a majority of German citizens considered Islam dangerous. Consequently, there seemed to be a "strong sympathy" for "Pegida paroles". In absolute numbers, 57% of all surveyed thought of Islam as a danger. 40% felt like "foreigners in their own country“, while 24% stated that they would like to prevent further Muslim immigration. These opinions were not exclusive to any political camps or social classes.
Political opponents
Chancellor has criticised Pegida, saying that the leaders of Pegida "have prejudice, coldness, even hatred in their hearts". The Federal Minister of the Interior said that among the participants of the mass rallies were many ordinary people who expressed their concerns about the challenges of today's society. , the leader of the political party Alliance for Progress and Renewal, has said he considers most of the positions of Pegida to be legitimate. According to , the people taking part in these demonstrations did not feel that their concerns were being understood by politicians. Similarly, the Dresden city council's AfD faction welcomed Pegida's weekly demonstrations.
, chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, voiced his opposition to the group, saying that the possibility of an Islamic conquest of Germany would be as "absurd" as a resurrection of the Nazi regime. described Pegida as being "highly dangerous": "It starts with verbal assault and leads to actual attacks like the one on a planned refugee hostel in Bavaria". He referred to an arson attack on a home for asylum-seekers that was ready for occupation. After the attack, swastika graffiti was found at the scene. Schuster said that Pegida is a combination of "neo-Nazis, far-right parties and citizens who think they are finally allowed to show their racism and xenophobia openly". He condemned the movement, stating that the fear of Islamist terror was being exploited to disparage an entire religion.
from the Central Council of Muslims in Germany stated that again and again right-wing extremists gave the public the false impression of a racist Germany. The slogans of the protesters showed that xenophobia and anti-Semitic racism had become socially acceptable.
Pegida has been criticised by Lutheran clergy, including the Bishop of Hamburg .
's credibility as a leader has been criticised because he has numerous criminal convictions, including "16 burglaries, drink-driving or without a licence and even dealing in cocaine". In 1998 he fled to South Africa to avoid German justice, but was finally extradited and served his two-year jail sentence.
In November 2014, Saxony's Interior Minister, (CDU), claimed that foreign criminals stayed in Germany too long. He announced the creation of a special police unit to deal with criminal immigrants in Dresden and the rest of Saxony. Investigators and specialists in criminal and immigrant law would collaborate to process foreign criminals in the criminal justice system, and prevent those not eligible for asylum from obtaining the right to stay in Germany. admitted that there had been a number of criminal acts committed by immigrants near the homes for asylum-seekers, but these were a minority and should not be allowed to undermine solidarity with the great majority of law-abiding refugees. He said police worked on criminal immigrant cases too slowly.
On the night of 5 January 2015, the lights illuminating the Brandenburg Gate were completely turned off in protest against the Berlin offshoot named and also the lights of the Catholic cathedral in Cologne in repudiation against . The exterior lighting of the in Dresden was also kept dark during the weekly Pegida marches. Both rallies in Berlin and Cologne were successfully blocked and disbanded by counterdemonstrations.
On 26 January 2015 the US Overseas Security Advisory Council published an online security message entitled "Demonstration Notice Riots/Civil Unrest", stating U.S. citizens in Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich may "encounter Pegida and counter-Pegida demonstrations" on 26 January and 16 February 2015 in , and "should avoid areas of demonstrations".
Reactions from political scientists
Political scientist from Dresden believes that politicians are 'clueless' when it comes to dealing with Pegida. He says that this points to a serious problem in society, which neither the left wing nor parties of the political middle ground concern themselves with. This allows new social initiatives critical of Islam and immigrants to form. According to him, the demonstrators are normal people approachable by the CDU, if only the party stopped following ostrich policy concerning immigration.
Far-right politics expert thinks that the demands in Pegida's position paper stem from the middle class centre-right and could as well be the content of CDU/CSU's position papers. Social psychologist from the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG) assesses the party as a "middle-class right-wing populist movement".
According to right-wing extremism researcher , Pegida states what many people think. says that these opinions are widespread in society and that great anti-democratic potential is erupting there. According to political scientist we are facing "a right-wing oriented group of enraged citizens", that "mingles with members of the right-wing scene and even hooligans". Political scientist Hajo Funke sees a connection between Pegida and the great increase in attacks on asylum seekers in 2014. He says that because politics did not react to the population's fear of ever-increasing numbers of asylum seekers, these groups could use these fears and fan them further.
In his article for the German newspaper , political scientist and historian called it "cynical to want to place Pegida in the tradition of 1989". The demonstrators in Dresden do not align themselves with the philosophy of the extreme right-wing, he says, but they fit the bill for "extremism of the centre ground", which is widespread in Saxony and for whose "group-based misanthropy ... at times the CDU, but prevalently the NPD and as of now the AfD stand" in parliament.
In a similar fashion, historian traces the fact that Pegida were able to form in Dresden back to the city's history. In one of his columns in the he referred to the Jewish emancipation of 19th century Saxony, where the comparatively few resident Jews were faced with unequally difficult legal obstacles. concluded that in Dresden "freedom, self-aggrandising local presumption and fear of foreigners" have long belonged together.
Political philosopher considers Pegida an anti-political movement. According to , political action serves the common good and thus requires politicians to voice especially the interests of minorities. While politics was based on pluralism, Pegida was in fact anti-pluralistic and thus anti-political. In 's eyes, the movement has neither an appreciation of otherness nor empathy, which he sees as the basic virtue of political action.
Explaining especially those protests against the actually non-existent threat of Islamisation from people with middle-class backgrounds, political scientist referred to results from studies on prejudice. These studies indicate that aggressive prejudices do not originate from those groups met with resentment, but are rather a result of the situation of those who have them. In addition, fear of social decline often seems to be expressed through aggression. This is then directed especially against those minorities which may seem dangerous, but are in reality unable to defend themselves, often due to a perceived unpopularity within the respective society. In the first half of the 20th century, it was the Jewish minority who were imputed with plans for world domination. Today, it is the Muslim minority who is accused of plotting an Islamisation of Europe.
In an interview about Pegida, researcher on prejudice referred to his previous warnings about right-wing extremists using the fear of foreign infiltration for their ends. It was not the formation but the attendance figures that really surprised him.
Political scientist and researcher on extremism considers Pegida demonstrations "a new phenomenon of xenophobia". In an interview, he accused Pegida leaders of fuelling "hostility and hatred against people of different ethnicity or religion".
On 5 January 2015, the Council on Migration called for a new general orientation in German society. Since, in their eyes, migration was controllable only to a limited extent, they suggested an orientation committee. Consisting of politicians and representatives of immigrants and minorities, this would work together in order to analyse and redefine "German identity and solidarity in a pluralist republican society". Their results were to be included in German schools' curricula in order to emphasize the historical importance of migration in Germany. In the eyes of the Council, German policy has been influenced for far too long by the CDU's guiding principle of "Germany not being a land of immigration". Thus, a concept of integration should include foreigners and refugees in German society. According to the Council, German integration policy should not only focus on immigrants, but also provide courses on integration for groups such as Pegida. Praising German Chancellor 's distancing herself from Pegida, the Council stressed that an immigration society is a very complex construct.
Political theorist considers Pegida a part of increasingly right-wing populist tendencies in Europe, in their Islamophobia possibly being the heir to widespread antisemitism. He claims that the demonstrations themselves expose the movement's moderate position paper as a fig leaf for "blatantly unconstitutional xenophobia". Thus, democrats should not sympathize with the movement, as their referring in particular to Judeo-Christian values was contrary to their actual demands. also voiced concerns about the "ghosts of the old nationalism re-entering Germany through the back door". According to political theorists, a democracy needs to be measured by how it protects its minorities. A knowledge of foreign cultures should be taught in schools. Only in this way would it be possible to understand globalisation as a chance for cultural enrichment in the face of global terrorism.
International reactions
The controversy around Pegida sparked reactions from international media as well. In France, wrote that Islamophobia divided German society, while and discussed possible parallels to the French far-right National Front. Several French and francophone cartoonists published a flyer aimed against a funeral march by Pegida in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015. The signatories – among them a surviving member of Charlie Hebdos editorial staff – disapproved of Pegida using the mourning to gather attention for their own cause. They stated that Pegida symbolised everything Charlie Hebdo had fought against and asked the population of Dresden for more tolerance and to be open towards different cultures.
The Times claimed that, for the first time since 1945, a German populist movement was publicly complaining about an ethnic minority. This would frighten the establishment. BBC News said that Germany is not used to such large numbers of demonstrators supporting such positions. The Guardian described Pegida as an emerging campaign against immigrants that would eventually endanger tourism.
The New York Times claimed that, because of its communist history, East Germany was more xenophobic than the rest of the country. The paper claimed that, in light of the low numbers of Muslims living in Saxony, the fear of Islamisation was bizarre.
Russia Today reported comprehensively on Pegida. Its subsidiary Ruptly broadcast several rallies live on the internet.
Turkey's and reported on Pegida and counterrallies. Sabah interpreted the demonstrations as a "rise of the radical right in Europe". In an interview with the , Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu compared Pegida followers with members of the terror organisation IS. He said that both had an archaic mindset and that Turkey was "very concerned about Pegida". He called the movement a "threat to Turks, Muslims and Germany itself".
The Arabic news network Al Jazeera primarily reported on counter-demonstrations.
Offshoots and variations
In Germany
Pegida has spawned a number of smaller offshoots across Germany, including in Leipzig, in , in Kassel, in , in Bonn, in , and in Frankfurt. After some internal disputes, representatives of , an affiliate aiming to operate in the federal state of North Rhine Westphalia, distanced itself from the , and clones in North Rhine Westphalia. The latter were said to have been taken over by members of the openly xenophobic right-wing splinter party Pro NRW. In January 2015, replaced their media representative with , a member of the German Defence League, an anti-Islamist organisation modelled on the English Defence League.
In December 2014, rival right-wing forces founded an anti-American Facebook group under the name PEGADA (, or "Patriotic Europeans Against the Americanisation of the West"), claiming the true problem was not the phenomenon of Islamism but the suspected American forces behind it. On 25 January they held a first rally in Erfurt under the title EnDgAmE (, or "Committed democrats against the Americanisation of Europe"). Promoted by a number of activists of the Third Position -Movement and by Hooligans against Salafists (). they attracted some 1,000 protesters, but were opposed by 800 mostly left-wing counter-demonstrators including Erfurt's mayor and trade union members, Jusos and the local .
Another offshoot, , drew scrutiny after several of its members became involved in a neo-Nazi plot to bomb a refugee centre.
International
In January 2015, Pegida sympathizers held their first rally in Oslo, Norway with around 200 protesters, but this support quickly collapsed. In neighbouring Denmark, around 200 protesters marched in the capital, Copenhagen. In the same month, a Spanish branch applied for a protest outside the main mosque in Madrid, which was rejected by government officials. Marches were planned in Switzerland and Antwerp, Belgium but not permitted due to anti-terrorism raids in Verviers one week earlier. The Antwerp demonstration was finally held on 2 March 2015 without the mayor's permission. About 350 persons were present and about 227 of them were fined for participating in an unauthorised demonstration.
On 28 February 2015, Pegida UK held its first protest in Newcastle upon Tyne, with around 400 attending. Around 1,000 people turned up to oppose, led by former MP George Galloway. There was a small Pegida demonstration in London on 4 April 2015, with a counter-demonstration by anti-fascist groups.
The first Pegida demonstration in Sweden gathered eight people in and 5,000 opponents. When Pegida called a demonstration in they gathered four persons. In Uppsala, Pegida managed to gather about ten persons. Following several failed demonstrations and internal strife the Swedish branch dissolved.
A demonstration on 28 March 2015 in Montreal, Canada by sympathizers of Pegida was cancelled when hundreds of people gathered to counter-protest. A demonstration on 19 September 2015 in Toronto was attended by about a dozen members of Pegida Canada. The demonstration ended in a melee with counter-protesters who outnumbered Pegida members about twenty to one.
Political scientist Farid Hafez argues that Pegida was not able to settle down in Austria, since the far right FPÖ already represented the ideology of Pegida in parliament and absorbed most of the far right human resources.
Pegida Ireland had planned to have its inaugural rally in Dublin on 6 February 2016, during which Identity Ireland's Peter O’Loughlin, who was also to be chairman of Pegida Ireland, was to speak. While on his way to the rally on a tram, he and members of the movement were attacked by a group of men wearing black masks. The planned rally never took place. A group of Pegida supporters was attacked and chased into a store by a group who broke away from a counter-demonstration.
Fortress Europe
On 23 January 2016, representatives of 14 like-minded allies, including Pegida Austria, Pegida Bulgaria, and Pegida Netherlands, met with and in the Czech Republic to sign the Prague Declaration, which states their belief that the "history of Western civilisation could soon come to an end through Islam conquering Europe", thus formalizing their membership in the Fortress Europe coalition against that eventuality. Other signatories present were the Czech organizations ('Bloc against Islam'), and Dawn – National Coalition (, with the Polish National Movement, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia and Italy's . 's said that the meeting was, among other things, a reaction to the attacks on women in Cologne in Germany on New Year's Eve, which took place as celebrations were being held to usher in 2016. At the end of the Prague Declaration, above the signatures, it is stated that there would be demonstrations on 6 February 2016 to manifest their determination. Others who joined Fortress Europe or participated in Pegida-organised demonstrations are: Identity Ireland, Pegida Switzerland, Pegida UK, Reclaim Australia, and former French Foreign Legion General 's group in Calais (lists may not be comprehensive).
Literature
See also
Birlikte
Counter-jihad
Eurabia
Islamic fundamentalism
Jihad and Jihadism
Stop Islamisation of Europe
Demographics of Europe
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Rosellini, Jay. The German New Right: AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-Imagining of National Identity (Hurst, 2020) online review
External links
Dresden
2014 establishments in Germany
Articles containing video clips
Anti-Americanism
Anti-immigration activism in Germany
Far-right politics in Germany
Anti-Islam sentiment in Germany
Organisations based in Dresden
Political organisations based in Germany
Racism in Germany
Right-wing populism in Germany
Antisemitism in Germany
Islamophobia in Europe
Counter-jihad |
59859892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Paparoni | Carlos Paparoni | Carlos Alberto Paparoni Ramírez (10 September 1988) is a Venezuelan politician, son of politician Alexis Paparoni. He is a deputy of the National Assembly for the fourth circuit of the Mérida state. During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, he has been working as an aide and commissioner of finance to interim president Juan Guaidó.
While protesting outside Venezuela's Supreme Court with other opposition politicians in March 2017, he was attacked by armed groups and the Venezuelan National Guard.
References
Justice First politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Venezuela)
Venezuelan lawyers
Central University of Venezuela alumni
Pages with unreviewed translations
1988 births
Living people |
69537665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Orleans%20Breakers%20%282022%29 | New Orleans Breakers (2022) | The New Orleans Breakers are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. They are one of eight members of United States Football League (USFL).
They currently play their home games at Protective Stadium and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, which also hosts the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers.
History
The New Orleans Breakers were one of eight teams that were officially announced as a USFL franchise on The Herd with Colin Cowherd on November 22, 2021.
On January 27, 2022, it was announced on The Herd with Colin Cowherd that former NCAA Football Head coach Larry Fedora was named the Head coach and General manager of the Breakers.
Personnel
Current roster
Each team will have a 38-man active roster and a 7-man practice squad.
Staff
References
United States Football League teams
American football teams in New Orleans
2021 establishments in Louisiana
American football teams established in 2021
New Orleans Breakers |
27428325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo%20Aliprandi | Michelangelo Aliprandi | Michelangelo Aliprandi (1527–1595) was an Italian painter from Verona, who also painted a fresco at the Miniscalchi Palace there. He who flourished from about 1560 to 1582.
Work
He was an imitator, if not a pupil, of Paolo Veronese, in whose style he painted an altar-piece — the Madonna and Child between St. Roch and St. Sebastian — in the church of SS. Nazaro e Celso in Verona, where it is still preserved. Many of the works which Aliprandi painted in and around his native city are however lost.
His drawing of Virgin and Child crowned by the angels, with St. Sebastian and St. Rock is in the Louvre.
References
External links
Museo-Miniscalchi Website
Attribution:
1527 births
1595 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Renaissance painters
Painters from Verona |
26196073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conall%20mac%20Fidhghal | Conall mac Fidhghal | Conall mac Fidhghal, 24th King of Uí Maine, died 782.
Reign
Connall's era is very obscure. Following two relatively lengthy reigns under Aedh Ailghin (died 767) and Dunchadh ua Daimhine (died 780), his kingship marked the start of some four or five short reigns.
This may indicate conflict, perhaps due to internal succession disputes or aggression from the expanding Uí Briúin under Artgal mac Cathail (died 791).
Notes
References
Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin.
Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
External links
Commentary by Dan M. Wiley (The Cycles of the Kings Web Project)
People from County Galway
People from County Roscommon
8th-century Irish monarchs
Kings of Uí Maine |
11552929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromic%20acid%20cell | Chromic acid cell | The Chromic acid cell was a type of primary cell which used chromic acid as a depolarizer. The chromic acid was usually made by acidifying (with sulfuric acid) a solution of potassium dichromate. The old name for potassium dichromate was potassium bichromate and the cell was often called a Bichromate cell. This type of cell is now only of historical interest.
History
Construction
The main elements of the cell were:
Anode, zinc
Electrolyte, dilute sulfuric acid
Depolarizer, chromic acid
Cathode, carbon
The cell was made in two forms - the single-fluid type, attributed to Poggendorff and the two-fluid type, attributed to Fuller. In both cases, cell voltage was about 2 volts.
Poggendorff cell
The cell was set up in a long-necked glass bottle with a zinc plate located between two carbon plates. The electrolyte and depolarizer were mixed. The mixture would dissolve the zinc plate even when the cell was not in use, so there was a mechanism for lifting the zinc plate out of the liquid and storing it in the neck of the bottle.
Fuller cell
The cell was set up in a glass, or glazed earthenware, pot. This contained the chromic acid solution, the carbon plate and a porous pot. Inside the porous pot was dilute sulfuric acid, the zinc rod, and a small quantity of mercury. The mercury formed an amalgam with the zinc and this reduced "local action", i.e. unwanted dissolution of the zinc when the cell was not in use.
See also
List of battery types
References
External links
Website: Telegraph batteries
Battery types |
68850944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charali%20%28Nepal%29 | Charali (Nepal) | Charali () is a neighbourhood in Birtamod, Jhapa in Nepal. The place lies at the intersection of East-West highway and Mechi Highway that traverses from South to North. It serves as a major entry point for the eastern hills of Nepal.
References
Populated places in Jhapa District |
106450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Hazel | Eddie Hazel | Edward Earl Hazel (April 10, 1950 – December 23, 1992) was an American guitarist and singer in early funk music who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was a posthumous inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. His ten-minute guitar solo in the Funkadelic song "Maggot Brain" is hailed as "one of the greatest solos of all time on any instrument". In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked Hazel at no. 83 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists.
Biography
Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1950, Hazel grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey because his mother, Grace Cook, wanted her son to grow up in an environment without the pressures of drugs and crime that she felt pervaded New York City. Hazel occupied himself from a young age by playing a guitar, given to him as a Christmas present by his older brother. Hazel also sang in church. At age 12, Hazel met Billy "Bass" Nelson, and the pair quickly became close friends and began performing, soon adding drummer Harvey McGee to the mix.
Career
In 1967, the Parliaments, a Plainfield-based doo wop band headed by George Clinton, had a hit record with "(I Wanna) Testify." Clinton recruited a backing band for a tour, hiring Nelson as bassist, who in turn recommended Hazel as guitarist. Hazel was in Newark, New Jersey, working with George Blackwell and could not be reached. After Nelson returned from the tour, he tried to recruit Hazel. His mother at first vetoed the idea, since Hazel was only seventeen, but Clinton and Nelson worked together to change her mind.
In late 1967, the Parliaments went on tour with both Nelson and Hazel. In Philadelphia Hazel met and befriended Tiki Fulwood, who quickly replaced the Parliaments' drummer. Nelson, Hazel and Fulwood became the backbone of Funkadelic, which was originally the backup band for the Parliaments, only to later become an independent touring group when legal difficulties forced Clinton to temporarily abandon the name "Parliaments".
The switch to Funkadelic was complete with the addition of Tawl Ross and Bernie Worrell (rhythm guitar and keyboards, respectively). Funkadelic (1970), Free Your Mind... And Your Ass Will Follow (1970) and Maggot Brain (1971) were the first three albums, released within two years. All three albums prominently featured Hazel's guitar work.
The third album's title song, "Maggot Brain", consists of a ten-minute guitar solo by Hazel. Clinton reportedly told Hazel during the recording session to imagine he had been told his mother was dead. Music critic Greg Tate described it as Funkadelic's A Love Supreme. In 2008, Rolling Stone cited this as number 60 on its list of 100 greatest "guitar songs" of all time.
Nelson and Hazel officially quit Funkadelic in late 1971 over financial disputes with Clinton, though Hazel contributed to the group sporadically over the next several years. The albums America Eats Its Young (1972) and Cosmic Slop (1973) featured only marginal input from Hazel. Instead, Hazel began working with the Temptations (along with Nelson), appearing on 1990 (1973) and A Song for You (1975).
For the 1974 Funkadelic album Standing on the Verge of Getting It On, Hazel co-wrote all of the album's songs. On six of those songs the songwriting credit was in the name of Grace Cook, Hazel's mother. Hazel also had a significant presence as arranger and lead guitarist on the same year's Parliament album, Up For The Down Stroke. In 1974, Hazel was indicted for assaulting an airline stewardess and an air marshal, along with a drug possession charge. While Hazel was in jail, Clinton recruited Michael Hampton as the new lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic.
In the next several years, Hazel appeared occasionally on Parliament-Funkadelic albums, although his guitar work was rarely featured. One song that featured Hazel's lead guitar is "Comin' Round the Mountain" on Hardcore Jollies (1976). In 1977, Hazel recorded a "solo" album, Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs, with support from other members of Parliament-Funkadelic, including vocals from the Brides of Funkenstein. He was completely absent from One Nation Under a Groove (1978), Funkadelic's most commercially successful album. Hazel made another prominent appearance in "Man's Best Friend" on the George Clinton album Computer Games (1982), as well as the track "Pumping It Up" from the P-Funk All Stars album Urban Dancefloor Guerillas.
Death
On December 23, 1992, Hazel died from internal bleeding and liver failure. "Maggot Brain" was played at his funeral.
Legacy
Three collections of unreleased recordings have been released posthumously: The 1994 four-song EP Jams From the Heart (which Rhino Records later added as bonus material to its rerelease of Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs), 1994's Rest in P and 2006's Eddie Hazel At Home.
Other recordings by Hazel have appeared on albums by other musicians. Several albums produced by Bill Laswell, including Funkcronomicon (released under the name Axiom Funk, 1995) have featured Hazel's guitar. Bootsy Collins has also incorporated recordings of Hazel in some of his recent releases, for example, "Good Night Eddie" on Blasters of the Universe. The band Ween recorded a tribute to him called "A Tear for Eddie" on their album Chocolate And Cheese. There is an image of Hazel on the back of Primal Scream's album Give Out But Don't Give Up. John Frusciante recorded a tribute to Hazel's "Maggot Brain" on his 2009 album The Empyrean in the nine-minute-long "Before the Beginning".
Nick Cave named him one of his favorite guitarists.
Sound, guitars, equipment
Hazel played in the vein of Jimi Hendrix and added "the aggressive rock and roll sound of Jimi Hendrix into the funky world of James Brown and Sly Stone". He used much reverb and was a "razor sharp" rhythm player, besides an exceptional soloist with "fuzz-drenched leads". He played a variety of guitars including Gibsons, but is best known as a player of Fender Stratocasters. His typical setup included a Marshall 100-watt amplifier, MXR Phase 90 phaser, Echoplex, Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone, and a Dunlop Cry Baby wah, and in his later days with P-funk a Music Man HD-130 amplifier.
George Clinton recalled that when they were moving from Motown/doo wop toward a more rock and roll oriented sound, they were looking for a heavier, European sound, and he got Hazel a Marshall stack (with an 8x12 cabinet), and a Stratocaster (to replace a big-body Gretsch). Clinton noted, though, that it didn't matter what Hazel played--"it could be a Kay or anything--he could make it sound the same". Asked about effects, Clinton said, "Eddie started right out learning the pedals—the wah wah, the Big Muff, and phasers and shit. We bought all the gadgets in the world".
Discography
Solo recordings
Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs (1977), Warner Bros.
A Night for Jimi Hendrix (Live At "Lingerie Club", Hollywood, 1990) [feat. Krunchy]
Jams From the Heart (1994), JDC - EP
Rest in P (1994), P-Vine
At Home (With Family) (2006), Eddie Hazel
The Basement Rehearsals (feat. Krunchy) (2014)
References
External links
1950 births
1992 deaths
African-American guitarists
American funk guitarists
American male guitarists
American rhythm and blues guitarists
Songwriters from New York (state)
American soul guitarists
Deaths from bleeding
Lead guitarists
P-Funk members
Musicians from Brooklyn
African-American rock musicians
20th-century American musicians
Guitarists from New York City
20th-century American guitarists
P-Vine Records artists
African-American songwriters
20th-century American male musicians |
70106464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Sargent | Rufus Sargent | Rufus Sargent (1812-1886) was an American architect practicing in Newburyport, Massachusetts during the nineteenth century.
Life and career
Rufus Sargent was born January 7, 1812, in Amesbury, Massachusetts to Nicholas Sargent and Sally (Currier) Sargent. In 1840 he moved to Newburyport, where he first worked as a carpenter. By 1843 he had formed a partnership with Henry Morse which lasted only briefly. By 1848 he was calling himself an architect rather than carpenter, and would also advertise services as a civil engineer in later years. Sargent was the most prominent architect practicing in Newburyport and Essex County during his lifetime, and after the Civil War also built extensively in New Hampshire. In the Spring of 1886 he moved south to Palatka, Florida, possibly for his health. While there he worked as an architect for the Henry B. Plant-affiliated Florida Southern Railway, and died there in 1886.
Sargent was consulting engineer for the Newburyport City Railroad, completed in 1872. His major buildings include the First Baptist Church of Methuen (1869, Gothic Revival), the bank for the Institution for Savings in Newburyport (1871, Italianate) and the City Hall of Peabody (1882–83, Second Empire).
Personal life
Sargent was a descendant of William Sargent, an early settler of Amesbury in the 1630s.
In 1835, while still living in Amesbury, Sargent married Abigail Buswell of Northfield, New Hampshire. They had two daughters. After living in various houses around Newburyport for most of his life, in 1877 Sargent purchased land at 8 Harris Street, where he built his own house in the Italianate style. His family continued to live there after his death. Sargent died November 1, 1886, in Palatka. He was buried in Newburyport.
Legacy
Sargent's buildings were designed in the popular styles of the Victorian era, especially the Italianate and Second Empire styles. They contrast with the earlier architecture of Newburyport, a city best known for its Federal architecture.
At least three of Sargent's works have been listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places, and others contribute to listed historic districts.
Architectural works
House for Nathan Poor, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1843)
First Presbyterian Church remodeling, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1848)
House for Charles H. Coffin, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1851, burned 1894)
House for Ebenezer Sutton, Peabody, Massachusetts (1854, altered)
St. Anna's Chapel of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1862–63)
Ocean House, Rye Beach, New Hampshire (1863–65, burned 1873)
House for Ebenezer Sutton, Center Harbor, New Hampshire (1865)
North Andover Town Hall, North Andover, Massachusetts (1867, demolished 1954)
Eben Dale Sutton addition to the Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Massachusetts (1867–69, NRHP 1973)
House for Henry C. Moses, Exeter, New Hampshire (1868, NRHP 1985)
Robinson Female Seminary, Exeter, New Hampshire (1868, burned 1961)
First Baptist Church, Methuen, Massachusetts (1869, NRHP 1984)
West School, Peabody, Massachusetts (1869, demolished 1955)
Institution for Savings Building, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1871)
Center School, North Andover, Massachusetts (1872, demolished 1952)
Kelley School (former), Newburyport, Massachusetts (1872)
Merrill Block, Exeter, New Hampshire (1873–74)
Newburyport Five Cents Savings Bank Building, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1874)
Immaculate Conception R. C. School, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1879, demolished)
Simpson addition to the Newburyport Public Library, Newburyport, Massachusetts (1881–82)
Peabody City Hall, Peabody, Massachusetts (1882–83, NRHP 1972)
Essex County Jail addition, Salem, Massachusetts (1884–85)
House for Sherman Conant, Palatka, Florida (1886)
Gallery of architectural works
Notes
References
Architects from Massachusetts
19th-century American architects
People from Amesbury, Massachusetts
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
1812 births
1886 deaths |
34160603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fictional%20cats%20in%20comics | List of fictional cats in comics | This list of fictional cats and other felines in comics is subsidiary to the list of fictional cats. It is restricted solely to notable feline characters from notable comics. For characters that appear in several separate comics, only the earliest appearance will be recorded here.
See also
List of fictional cats
References
Comics
Fictional cats in comics
Cats |
5497696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyer%20baronets | Bowyer baronets | There have been five baronetcies created for members of the Bowyer family, a political family in the UK: three in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Three of the titles are extinct while the remaining extant baronetcies have been united in one holder. The Bowyer Baronets are all descended from Thomas Bowyer who late in the 14th century married Katherine de Knypersley of Knypersley Hall in Staffordshire.
Bowyer baronets of Leighthorne, Sussex (1627)
Bowyer baronets of Denham Court (1660): see Baron Denham
Bowyer baronets of Knipersley, Staffordshire (1660)
Bowyer baronets of Radley (1794): see Baron Denham
Bowyer baronets of Weston Underwood: see Baron Denham
See also
Bowyer-Smyth baronets
Goring baronets
Set indices on titles of nobility |
22783571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon%2C%20California | Rubicon, California | Rubicon (also called "Rubicon Bay") is a former settlement in El Dorado County, California. It was located on Lake Tahoe north of Emerald Bay.
A post office operated at Rubicon from 1901 to 1906 and from 1909 to 1913.
In 2011, Rubicon received over 500 inches of snow.
References
Former settlements in El Dorado County, California
Former populated places in California |
5624463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20European%20Athletics%20Indoor%20Championships | 1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships | The 1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, Piraeus, Attica, Greece, on 2 and 3 March 1985.
Medal summary
Men
Women
Medal table
Participating nations
(10)
(5)
(13)
(4)
(21)
(17)
(2)
(18)
(17)
(7)
(12)
(5)
(21)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(14)
(5)
(7)
(22)
(22)
(13)
(8)
(1)
(26)
(6)
See also
1985 in athletics (track and field)
References
Results - men at GBRathletics.com
Results - women at GBRathletics.com
EAA
European Athletics Indoor Championships
European Indoor Championships
Sports competitions in Piraeus
International athletics competitions hosted by Greece
European Athletics Indoor Championships
European Athletics Indoor Championships |
8666713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%27s%203rd%20congressional%20district | North Carolina's 3rd congressional district | North Carolina's 3rd congressional district is located on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina. It covers the Outer Banks and the counties adjacent to the Pamlico Sound.
The district is currently represented by Greg Murphy following a special election after the seat was left vacant following the passing of Walter B. Jones Jr. in February 2019. Jones had been the district's representative from 1995 until his death. In 2008, he defeated Democrat Craig Weber for reelection, and was challenged in 2010 by former chair of the Pitt County Democratic Party Johnny Rouse, whom he defeated by a vote of 72% to 26% (141,978 votes to 50,600). In 2012, he was challenged by Frank Palombo, the former New Bern Police Chief, for the Republican Party nomination. The winner of the Republican primary then faced Marine Corps Veteran Erik Anderson in the general election.
A special election to fill the vacancy caused by Jones's death was held on September 10, 2019. State representative Greg Murphy won the election.
List of members representing the district
Election results
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
North Carolina's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
Rouse for Congress, North Carolina election results - Politics - Decision 2010 - msnbc.com
03 |
23144698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Whitehead | Norman Whitehead | Norman Whitehead (1915–1983) was a landscape painter, working chiefly around his hometown Alfreton, Derbyshire. Active mainly in the 1930s he was greatly influenced by the works of Paul Nash and the Vorticism movement, experimenting with form and developing a style which was very much his own.
Biography
Whitehead was encouraged in art by teachers at school, and at the age of 15 joined Alfreton Art Club. However, on leaving school he joined the family haulage business, becoming a driver for the firm, which widened his horizons as he drove around the countryside. He also became the firm's bookkeeper, but lacking training for the task, he made errors, leading to an investigation in 1935 by the Inland Revenue. His mother blamed him, and banished him to the coal-house, where he lived for years.
In the meantime he had started to paint, and through this began to mix with socially liberal people, through whom he became aware of the growing pacifist movement, to which he was attracted. In 1938 Whitehead visited London for the first time, to attend a Peace Pledge Union (PPU) rally at Friends' House, Euston Road. The following year he went to London again, to seek advice from the PPU about registering as a conscientious objector in the likely event of war. While there, he met Mrs Jan Gordon, art critic of The Observer, who illustrated her article in the newspaper with his paintings, describing his work as 'touched by genius'.
Whitehead's pacifism was now confirmed, and in World War II he was registered by the Local Tribunal as a conscientious objector, conditional upon driving an ambulance in Derbyshire. He later regretted his decision not to "stand up to Fascism". This perceived lack of action and the rift with his mother, during which a number of his paintings were destroyed, conspired to frustrate his ambition to become a professional artist and perhaps prevented his being recognised in British Modernist art. After 1947 he never painted again.
The majority of Whitehead's paintings were stored in the loft of the family home until shortly before his death, when he attempted to catalogue them. In 1998 his widow donated his work (1933–1939), a few hundred paintings, to local museums.
Norman Whitehead's paintings are now on permanent display in a dedicated gallery of the Ilkeston Erewash Museum.
Notes
External links
Home of a permanent display of Norman Whitehead's paintings
1915 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English conscientious objectors |
22025675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botum%20Sakor%20National%20Park | Botum Sakor National Park | Botum Sakor National Park (, ) is the largest national park of Cambodia. Situated on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand, Botum Sakor (or Botumsakor) is a peninsula projecting southwest from the Cardamom Mountains. The national park comprises an area of and spans three districts of Koh Kong Province: Kiri Sakor, Botum Sakor and Koh Kong. The park is under the administration of the Cambodian Ministry of Environment.
The landscape
The majority of Botum Sakor’s area comprise gently sloping lowland, covered by evergreen woods and grasslands, emerging in coastal flood plains with mangrove and swamp forests. The climate is characterized by a tropical monsoon and the area has two high tides per day, with a range of approximately 1.5 m. The human population of Botum Sakor National Park is unknown.
Wildlife
The national park of Botum Sakor has a very rich and varied wildlife that is unique in the world. Only very little on-location research has been done and published on the biodiversity of the area so far and for the remote interior of the park, no scientific investigation has ever been carried out, due to the area's extremely hard terrain. Nevertheless, the limited available knowledge and emerging understanding, are clearly showing that this area is of very high importance on a global level, with many threatened and endemic species living here. More than a few are even listed as critically endangered on the international IUCN Red List. Therefore, the establishment of the area as a national park in 1993, was an important step towards securing the biodiversity of planet Earth.
Mammals
As of 2009, evidence of over 44 mammal species have been found within the national park boundaries, eight of which are of high conservation priority, being listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, some of them critically. These endangered species includes the Sunda pangolin (Anis javanica), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Indochinese lutung (Trachypithecus germaini), hog deer (Axis porcinus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), and pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus). Local poachers affirm, that the pileated gibbons here forms a considerable population and it has been speculated, that the national park might in fact contain as much as 10% of the global population.
Many other threatened species have their home in Botum Sakor National Park, in fact over a quarter of the mammalian species here are of conservation interest due to their global status. These include large-toothed ferret-badger (Melogale personata), hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana), smooth-coated otter (Lutra perspicillata), sambar deer, large-spotted civet and more. There is a possibility that sun bear and moon bear might be present as well.
Amphibians and reptiles
Surprisingly only a relatively small number of amphibian species have been found on the premisses of the national park. The area was expected to hold a large number of species, since the Cardamom Mountains are home to many and there are a broader variety of ecosystems to be found in Botum Sakor, compared to the mountains. Many of the amphibians found in the park, are of great importance nonetheless. Both the Mortensen’s frog (Rana mortenseni) and spine-glanded mountain frog (Paa fasciculispina) are endemic to the south west of Cambodia and the Thailand-owned section of the Cardamom mountain range, and two threatened species of turtle and one species of tortoise is also living here.
Most of the many reptiles of Botum Sakor are snakes, including charismatic species such as the king cobra and the Malay pit viper. Snakes are regularly seen, and subsequently hacked to death by local residents, at local plantations. There is also a known small population of Siamese crocodiles in some of the parks creeks. Cambodia in fact retains the world's largest population of this critically endangered species, which was recently (2007) thought to be extinct even. The larger saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is also here, and although it is of least concern from a global conservational viewpoint, they are threatened in South-east Asia. In Cambodia, saltwater crocodiles are thought to be restricted to Koh Kong Province.
Birds
There are hundreds of species of birds to be found within the park area, but only preliminary research has been carried out so far. Of particular interest to conservationists is the white-winged duck (Cairina scutulata), which is endangered and one of the rarest waterfowl in Asia. There are a number of other threatened or near-threatened birds here too, like green peafowl (Pavo muticus), lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster), great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and grey-headed fish eagle (Icthyophaga icthyaetus).
Insects
The research on the lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) in Botum Sakor is also preliminary and at the same time unique for the country as a whole, since very little research on this group have been published on Cambodia at all. As of 2009, 147 species of lepidoterans have been recorded in the park, with as many as 49 species in the family Nymphalidae alone. Almost all the lepidopteran species (and individuals) were found in the dense forests or the swamp forests, with very few in the open areas of meadow and river edge habitats. A larger number of species of the subfamily Satyrinae has been registered in the swampy forest habitats; a mean of 38 species per habitat area. The most common species in the park overall, seems to be the common evening brown butterfly (Melanitis leda). Due to the lack of identification literature on butterflies and moths in Cambodia, a number of unidentifiable species have been caught during research projects.
Understanding the distribution and development of the butterflies and moths are important in understanding and managing the national parks, as they are good indicator species of the environment. The relatively high percentage of Nymphalidae species in Botum Sakor are, in addition to other factors, reflecting that the habitats are indeed disturbed by excessive clear cutting and logging.
Threats and concerns
Disturbance of Botum Sakor National Park is extremely high. In the years 1997 - 2002, an estimated 229 km2 of evergreen forest was lost through illegal logging (~30 km2/year).2 These initial crimes and large scale destructive activities, was eventually halted at the beginning of the new millennium, but the national park is now facing an increasing threat of destruction under the pretext of so-called development1 at both local, national and international levels.
Agriculture, industry and construction projects
After establishing the Botum Sakor National Park in 1993, the Government of Cambodia apparently decided, that a large part of the land should be used for various agro-industrial and construction projects. A series of Economic Land Concessions has been issued and signed in recent years. How land is exploited, sold and leased in Cambodia is notoriously murky, but below is a list of well documented projects in relation to the park:
In November 1998, a concession agreement was signed with the Chinese company The Green Rich Co., Ltd. to plant, grow and harvest oil palms, fruit trees and acacia in a 60,200 ha (602 km2) area. More than 80% of the land is located within Botum Sakor National Park in the north-east and constitutes roughly 40% of the Koh Kong Districts contribution to the national park. The project was initially scheduled to be carried out in 6 stages, converting 10,000 ha of the national park to plantations in each stage, but disputes with the Cambodian Ministry of Environment arose.
In April 2008, a concession agreement lasting 99 years was signed with Tianjin Union Development Group for the purpose of developing an area of 36,000 ha (360 km2) for tourism. The land is in both Kiri Sakor District and Botum Sakor District. Resort brochures show ambitious plans: a new airport with a capacity of 10 million passengers a year, double the capacity of Phnom Penh International Airport and more than 40 times the number of visitors who arrived in 2017 at Sihanouk International Airport, docking facilities for full-size cruise ships, and high-speed rail connections to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
In August 2009, a concession agreement was signed with Koh Kong sez Co.,Ltd., to initiate a large scale agro-industrial project in a 9,977 ha (99.77 km2) area. The land is located within the Kiri Sakor District.
In April 2010, a concession agreement lasting 90 years was signed with the Cambodian company L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd. To construct Tapioca plantations in a 4,097 ha (40.97 km2) area. The land is located in the upper-middle of the national park, mainly in the Botum Sakor District, but involving all of the three districts contributing to the park.
In January 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. for business activities in a 9,835 ha (98.35 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District. Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. is Korean based and primarily engaged in the casino business, but it operates in three associated segments: casinos, hotels and spas.
In July 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd. to construct rubber plantations and conduct unspecified agro-industrial business activities in a 4,280 ha (42.80 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District, just north of the land concession with Paradise Investment Co., Ltd.
In December 2012, a contract was signed with an unknown company to construct a reservoir and hydropower dam, involving a 6,771 ha (67.71 km2) area. The land is apparently located in the Botum Sakor District.
Impact
A simple calculation reveals that the total area involved in the agricultural, industrial and constructional projects, adds up to more than 119,120 ha (1191.2 km2). This comprise 70% of the national park. Needless to say, if the projects are allowed to unfold as they are planned, it will mean the ultimate destruction of Botum Sakor National Park.
Landsat satellite images, journalistic investigations and activist reports clearly shows how large areas have been clear-cut at an accelerated pace in the concessions since 2008. Especially the coastal mangrove has suffered and is almost non-existing throughout the park, as of 2012.
Illegal logging
There is now substantial evidence, that the criminal practices of illegal logging on the premises of the national park, has become a problem once again in the last few years and at an alarmingly accelerated pace even. Satellite images (Landsat and Envisat), journalistic investigations and activist reports shows how the formerly densely forested interior has been thinned to an extent, that almost all of Botum Sakor National Park has been directly affected. Many of the densely forested habitats are now degraded and categorized as so-called mixed forest habitat because of this thinning. There seems to be a number of reasons for the new illegal logging practices and various groups participate, spanning from opportunistic locals, some of the companies involved in the concessions (see above) and organized criminal syndicates. Some of the logged timbers are rosewood and various threatened hardwood species used in luxury buildings and for expensive furniture, but also plants like the saffrol laurel tree (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, a member of the cinnamon tree genus) and yellow vine are being cut and collected to make psychoactive drugs like ecstasy, for south-east Asian traditional medicine, and other purposes. Many spots where illegal timbers and plant harvests are processed or cut up, have been uncovered within the national park itself.
Poaching
Poaching in Cambodias national parks remains extremely rampant and Botum Sakor is no exclusion to this trend. The methods that are most disturbing in Botum Sakor are the setting of snares, and the opportunistic hunting of small mammal species for food. The poaching in Cambodia have many reasons, but one of the reasons in Botum Sakor National Park is feeding the traditional Chinese medicinal market. It is generally believed, that this area of Cambodia, classified as one of the world's 25 top biodiversity hot spots by Wildlife Alliance, is destined to be turned into a ghost forest unless radical measures are taken.
Fragmentation of habitats
Habitat fragmentation of the national park is a concern. The recently completed highway route 48 along the northern boundary of the park isolates it from the southern Cardamom Mountains. While some animals can cope, the highway have clearly fragmented and confined the arboreal species population such as the pileated gibbon.
Active NGOs in the area
The following NGOs are known to be active in the area:
Flora & Fauna International
Conservation International
Wildlife Alliance
References and notes
Sources
REPORT 4 Fauna and flora diversity studies in Botum Sakor National Park, Cambodia April 2005 – September 2009 Frontier Cambodia, January 2010. Society for Environmental Exploration 2010.
Ashwell, D. and Walston, N. (2008): An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
Daltry, J.C. and Traeholt, C. (Compilers) (2003). Biodiversity assessment of the Southern Cardamoms and Botum Sakor Peninsula. WildAid: Cambodia Program and Department of Forestry and Wildlife. Phnom Penh.
Royan, A. (2010) Significant mammal records from Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2010 (1): 22-26.
Royan, A. (2009) Avifaunal inventory with annotated accounts for Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2009 (1): 26-39.
Royan, A. (2009) Confirmation of the endangered fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus in Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Bulletin of the IUCN/SSC cat specialist group, 51: 10-11.
The Phnom Penh Post: "Work on $5 billion tourism project begins", October 1.st 2010.
Cambodian Government authorises clear-cutting global witness
Open Development Cambodia ODC
External links
Lonely Planet's page on travel to Botum Sakor National Park
Botumsakor Community Development Organization BCDO
Interactive map of the area Open Development Cambodia (ODC)
National parks of Cambodia
Protected areas established in 1993
Geography of Koh Kong province
Cardamom Mountains
Tourism in Cambodia |
26829657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioglyphostoma%20ericea | Lioglyphostoma ericea | Lioglyphostoma ericea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 12 mm and 15 mm.
The light brown shell is slightly shouldered. The ribs continue to the sutures, nodulous below the shoulder, by the crossing of revolving lines.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama, Costa Rica and the Galapagos Islands; also off the Angel de La Guarda Island, Gulf of California; off Isla Smith, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico.
References
Hinds, Richard Brinsley. "Descriptions of new shells from the collection of Captain Sir Edward Belcher." The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (1843): 255–257.
External links
Gastropods.com: Lioglyphostoma ericea
ericea
Gastropods described in 1843 |
4441883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimsb%C3%BCttel | Eimsbüttel | Eimsbüttel () is one of the seven boroughs (Bezirke) of Hamburg, Germany. In 2020 the population was 269,118.
History
On March 1, 2008 Eimsbüttel lost part of its area to the borough Altona where it formed the Sternschanze quarter.
Geography
In 2006 according to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the borough Eimsbüttel has a total area of 50.1 km2.
The borough Eimsbüttel is split into nine quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Schnelsen and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood Grindel.
Demographics
In 2006 in the borough Eimsbüttel were living 246,087 people. The population density was . 19.3% were children under the age of 18, and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. 13% were immigrants. 10,042 people were registered as unemployed.
In 1999 there were 140,694 households and 51.5% of all households were made up of individuals.
Education
The University of Hamburg is located in the borough.
In 2006 there were 32 primary schools and 20 secondary schools in Eimsbüttel.
Culture
Sports
The Eimsbütteler TV is one of the sports clubs using the facilities in the Eimsbüttel borough. Founded in 1889 it is one of the older sports clubs of Hamburg with a widespread offer on departments.
Infrastructure
Health systems
The Diakonie Klinikum Hamburg has several branches in Eimsbüttel borough and provides 450 beds in total. The hospital branch Alten Eichen, Jütländer Allee 48, with 208 beds and 5 departments is also a branch of the Diakonie Klinikum Hamburg and provides the capacity to dispatch emergency medical services.
The hospital Jerusalem, Moorkamp 2, is a lutheran hospital with 105 visiting consultants' beds in 9 departments.
In 2006, there were 172 day-care centers for children, 742 physicians in private practice and 69 pharmacies.
Transportation
Hamburg Dammtor railway station for long distance and city trains is located in the quarter Rotherbaum. Eimsbüttel borough is serviced by the rapid transit system of the city train and the underground railway with several other stations. Public transport is also provided by the buses of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund.
The Bundesautobahn 7 (A7) is here also the European route E45 connecting Kaaresuvanto in Finland, with Gela in Italy, and passes the borough from the North to the South into the quarter Bahrenfeld. The Bundesautobahn 23 (A23) starts in Eimsbüttel borough and connects Hamburg with the town of Heide, Schleswig-Holstein. The exits Hamburg-Stellingen, Hamburg-Schnelsen and Hamburg-Schnelsen-Nord (Airport) for the A7 and the exit Hamburg-Eidelstedt for the A23 are located in Eimsbüttel borough.
According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in the borough Eimsbüttel were 91,871 private cars registered (376 cars/1000 people).
Notes
References
Act of the areal organisation, July 6, 2006 Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG)
Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website
Hospitals in Hamburg 2006, Government Agency for Social Affairs, Family Affairs, Health and Environment of Hamburg website
External links
Stadt Hamburg: Bezirk Eimsbüttel
Boroughs of Hamburg
Historic Jewish communities |
21848197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20F.%20Wade | James F. Wade | James Franklin Wade (April 14, 1843 – August 23, 1921) served as a major general of volunteers in the United States Army during the Spanish–American War.
Wade was born in Jefferson, Ohio on April 14, 1843. His father, Senator Benjamin F. Wade, was a Radical Republican senator from Ohio during the Civil War, and a harsh critic of President Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew Johnson.
James Wade commissioned a lieutenant in the 6th Cavalry Regiment (United States) from the state of Ohio on May 14, 1861, which he accepted on June 24, 1861. He performed exceptionally well at Beverly Ford on the Rappahannock River during the Battle of Brandy Station where he earned a brevet promotion to captain on June 9, 1863 for gallant and meritorious service.
Wade was appointed brevet lieutenant colonel of the 6th US Colored Cavalry on May 1, 1864 marking the start of a 23-year career commanding African-American cavalrymen. On September 19, 1864, he was promoted to colonel and commander of the regiment. He received a brevet promotion to major on December 19, 1864 for gallant and meritorious service in action at East Marion, Tennessee. Wade received further brevets to lieutenant colonel and colonel on March 13, 1865. for meritorious service during the war, and yet another to brigadier general of volunteers on February 13, 1865 for gallant service in the campaign in southwestern Virginia.
On July 28, 1866, he was promoted to the permanent rank of major in the newly established 9th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on July 28, 1866. This was one of the "Buffalo Soldier" regiments which later became famous for their service on the frontier. Major Wade was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the 10th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on March 20, 1879.
Wade left the buffalo soldiers with his promotion to colonel of the 5th Cavalry Regiment (United States) on April 21, 1887. He served ten years as the commander of this regiment before he was promoted to brigadier general, US Army on May 26, 1897. Wade was promoted to major general of volunteers on May 4, 1898. Two days later, he assumed command of the Third Army Corps at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, Georgia. Following the armistice in August, he became a member of the Cuban Evacuation Committee to oversee the removal of Spanish forces from Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Wade then returned to his Regular Army rank and the command of the Department of Dakota. In 1901 he was placed in command of the Department of Southern Luzon in the Philippines, and on April 13, 1903 he was promoted to the permanent rank of Major General and placed in command of the Division of the Philippines.
In 1904 he returned to the United States as commander of the Division of the Atlantic at Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York City. In his final posting, he was in charge of all U.S. Army posts and activity east of the Mississippi River, serving until his retirement on April 14, 1907, after 46 years of service.
References
Sources
1843 births
1921 deaths
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American people of the Indian Wars
People from Jefferson, Ohio
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army generals |
30039257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Manitoba | FC Manitoba | FC Manitoba is a Canadian soccer team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 2010 as WSA Winnipeg, the team plays in USL League Two, the fourth tier of the United States soccer league system.
The team plays its home games at the Ralph Cantafio Soccer Complex on the FIFA-approved synthetic grass of the complex's John Scouras Field. The team's colours are navy, gold, and white.
History
WSA Winnipeg
The World Soccer Academy was founded in 2001 in Winnipeg as a youth soccer academy by Eduardo Badescu.
In December 2010, WSA Winnipeg created a semi-professional team to participate in the US-based Premier Development League to begin play in the 2011 season. This marked the return of high level soccer to the city of Winnipeg since the Winnipeg Fury of the original Canadian Soccer League ceased operations in 1993. The club was supported by Mondetta, a well-recognized brand in Canadian professional sports, as one of its primary sponsors. The team primarily fielded rosters built around local talent.
They played their debut match on May 28, 2011, against the Thunder Bay Chill, losing 1-0. They got their first win the next day in a rematch versus the Chill, winning 3-0. The first goal in franchise history was scored by Kenny Sacramento. In their first season, they played an exhibition match against Italian Serie A club AS Roma.
FC Manitoba
In January 2020, the team was purchased by the Garcea Group of Companies and renamed FC Manitoba, while revamping the entire development system of the club, separating from the World Soccer Academy. The team also received new colours and a new logo. The new team's debut season in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2020, they signed former Serie A player Michele Paolucci to a contract. Due to the travel restrictions as a result of the continuing pandemic, the team opted out of the 2021 USL League Two season as well. Instead, in 2021, they participated in the 2021 Summer Series with other Canadian semi-professional and amateur clubs. FC Manitoba would return to USL2 for the 2022 season.
Year-by-year
Head coaches
Eduardo Badescu (2011–2019)
Tony Mazza (2020)
Jose Borg (2021–)
Affiliate team
FC Manitoba also operates an affiliate team, Ital-Inter SC, in Premier Division of the Manitoba Major Soccer League.
Women's team
In 2021, they announced that they would be creating a women's team. They were set to join the semi-professional US-based Women's Premier Soccer League.
References
External links
Official USL League Two site
Association football clubs established in 2010
USL League Two teams
Soccer clubs in Winnipeg
2010 establishments in Manitoba
Expatriated football clubs |
28316549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla%20cristallinula | Crisilla cristallinula | Crisilla cristallinula is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
References
Rissoidae
Gastropods described in 1868 |
66383043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Fontenot | Terry Fontenot | Terry Houston Fontenot (born December 16, 1980) is an American football executive who is the general manager of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). Fontenot previously served with the New Orleans Saints in various executive roles throughout the 2000s and 2010s. He previously played college football at Tulane.
Early years and playing career
Terry was one of seven children born to Roy and Jacquetta Fontenot in Lake Charles, Louisiana. He went to LaGrange High School, where he graduated in 1999 after lettering in football, track and baseball.
College
Fontenot played four years at strong safety for Tulane from 1999 to 2002, serving as a captain in 2001. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in business and organizational information technology.
Executive career
New Orleans Saints
In 2003, Fontenot was hired by the New Orleans Saints as a scout. In 2013, Fontenot was promoted to director of pro scouting. In 2020, Fontenot was once again promoted to assistant general manager and vice president of pro personnel.
Atlanta Falcons
On January 19, 2021, Fontenot was named the general manager of the Atlanta Falcons. Fontenot is the first black general manager in Falcons history.
References
External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lake Charles, Louisiana
Tulane Green Wave football players
New Orleans Saints scouts
New Orleans Saints executives
Atlanta Falcons executives
Players of American football from Louisiana
American football safeties
National Football League general managers
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American people |
66440657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20Columns | Grey Columns | Grey Columns, at 399 Old Montgomery Rd. in Tuskegee, Alabama, was built as a plantation house from 1854 to 1857.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It now serves as the home of the president of Tuskegee University.
It was built by William Varner principally in Greek Revival style, but with elements of the Italianate. It has an octagonal cupola. It was built at the center of a cotton plantation.
The listing also includes a contributing structure, which is an addition built around 1920. Former outbuildings and slave quarters are no longer present.
It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934 and in 1978.
References
External links
National Register of Historic Places in Macon County, Alabama
Plantation houses in Alabama
Buildings and structures completed in 1857
Buildings and structures in Macon County, Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama |
14140953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Rosen | Adam Rosen | Adam Joseph Rosen (April 12, 1984 – December 19, 2021), often known as AJ Rosen, was an American-British Olympic luger, the nation's best, who debuted in 2003.
Personal life
A native and resident of New Rochelle, New York, Rosen was Jewish. His mother, Gay, is from the United Kingdom. He was named after his grandfather, who served aboard for the Royal Navy during World War II. He graduated from New Rochelle High School in 2002, after playing football for the school team for one season.
Rosen was involved with the New York State Civil Air Patrol, having earned a Cadet Senior Master Sergeant rank in 2001. He was also a part-time music entrepreneur. He was a dual U.S.-British citizen. His younger brother Brett plays baseball for the Great Britain national baseball team.
He died from cancer on December 19, 2021, at the age of 37.
Career
Rosen became attracted to luge while watching the 1994 Winter Olympics on television in his New Rochelle home when he was nine years old. He trained with the Canadian luge team.
He finished 16th in the men's singles event at both the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, out of 36 competitors, and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, out of 38 competitors.
Rosen did not qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics, so luge did not receive UK Sport funding for the 2018 Olympic cycle. He qualified for the 2018 Winter Olympics, along with Rupert Staudinger, where with inferior equipment he finished 22nd.
His best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was 24th in the men's singles event at Igls in 2007. He had the best-ever result for a British luger when he finished in sixth place at the Viessman Luge World Cup in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, during the 2008–09 World Cup season. He returned to competing after a 2009 accident in which he dislocated his hip and damaged his nerves.
References
External links
AJRosen.com
1984 births
2021 deaths
American aviators
American male lugers
British male lugers
American emigrants to England
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
Olympic lugers of Great Britain
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish British sportspeople
21st-century American Jews |
43118228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture%20hat | Picture hat | A picture hat or Gainsborough hat is an elaborate woman's hat with a wide brim. It has been suggested that the name may be derived from the way the broad brim frames the face to create a "picture".
This is a very broad category of hat; some versions may be similar to the halo or cartwheel hat. This style featured in virtually every decade of the 20th century, and has a history dating back to at least the 18th century.
History of the hat
The picture hat was first popularised as a style at the end of the 18th century and is said to have been inspired by the hats seen on portraits of society women painted by Thomas Gainsborough. It was then often known as the Gainsborough Chapeau. Other names included garden hat. These early hats were large, with a wide brim and were designed to perch on top of the lavish hairstyles popular during this era. Hats incorporated details such as feathers and trims – some are said to have even included whole stuffed birds.
The picture hat became fashionable again from the end of the 19th century – popularised in images of Gibson Girls in the United States and Canada and in the Gaiety Girls of the London theatre.
20th-century revival
In the early 1920s, The Times described Paris fashions of large picture hats in black velvet trimmed with traditional garden flowers. In the same year, the picture hat was described as: "greatly in favour", alongside the toque. As a fashion correspondent noted in 1922, its popularity may have been due to its adaptable nature: "They are wearable in every season, and vary more in the way they are put on than in shape". Styles were simpler than those worn in the Edwardian era – following the prevailing fashion of cloches by including a more close-fitting crown to flatter shorter hairstyles. A 1920s advert for Harrods' spring hats showcased a black straw picture hat with a wide brim embroidered with silk and chenille. By the end of the 1920s, picture-style hats were changing shape, as noted by a fashion correspondent: "Hats with higher fronts to the crown are being made, and one new shape has a turned-back brim at the side, in the style of the old-fashioned picture hat, but smaller".
1930s designs
A 1930 review of millinery designs created by Madame Agnès – who was also a sculptor – noted a trend towards more unusual shapes for picture hats: "The brims of picture hats are irregular and are attached to the crown in such a way as to lift the front away from the forehead or to form a little point". Picture hats remained popular for sporting events and marriages, although by the middle of the decade some designs were becoming smaller. In 1935, The Times described summer designs worn forward on the head, with low crowns and trimmings of flowers, fruit or draped fabric. Picture hats continued to be worn for both day and evening events – a Paquin evening gown of 1938 included a black velvet model with veil, worn with matching elbow-length gloves.
Post-war picture hats
The Queen and other members of the British royal family continued to favour picture hats in the immediate post-war years, and they remained a fixture at weddings and sporting occasions. By 1955, however, The Times had announced the disappearance of the picture hat in fashion, as streamlined cloche, cocktail and new conical-shaped hats came into vogue. The article noted: "A solitary wide-brimmed classic among some 60 models selected from those now going into the shops...but such a shape has for long been beloved of many Englishwomen, and by comparison the rest of the hats were a chic and challenging assortment". The death knell was perhaps sounded too soon, as by 1958 hats were either very large or very small. Parisian milliner Claude Saint-Cyr was designing dramatic picture hats – relying more on shape than on trimmings for effect – very much in the style that would be worn three years later by Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the picture hat persisted – although designs such as the pillbox and bucket hat were more popular – but tended to have a higher crown. The Victoria and Albert Museum archive has a photograph of a Madame Paulette model from 1963 that illustrates the fashion for height as well as width. By the early 1970s, there was a revival – with memorable examples including the design worn at the Saint Tropez wedding of Bianca Jagger in 1971, and the outsize model worn by Farrah Fawcett at her wedding to Lee Majors in 1973.
The picture hat remains a popular style for events such as Ladies' Day at Ascot and its high-profile fans include Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, who is known for her wide-brimmed designs.
Picture hats still appear on the fashion catwalk; notably Marc Jacobs included oversized fur designs harking back to in the late Victorian age his 2012 autumn-winter show at New York Fashion Week.
See also
Cartwheel hat
Halo hat
Peach basket hat
References
External links
The Gainsborough Hat, Library of Congress collection; photograph by Fred Holland, c. 1895
Picture hat in the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection; attributed to Lanvin, c. 1922
Balenciaga picture hat in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection, 1955
Hats
History of fashion
18th-century fashion
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Fashion accessories
Formal wear |
1577566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Korea%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics | South Korea at the 1972 Summer Olympics | South Korea, as Korea, competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. 42 competitors (32 men and 10 women), took part in 24 events in 8 sports.
Medalists
Archery
In the first modern archery competition at the Olympics, South Korea entered three women. Their highest placing competitor was Kim Ho-gu, at 7th place in the women's competition.
Women's Individual Competition:
Kim Ho-gu - 2369 points (7th place)
Ju Chun-sam - 2349 points (12th place)
Kim Hyang-min - 2275 points (20th place)
Athletics
Men's High Jump
Park Sang-soo
Qualification Round — 2.00m (→ did not advance)
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Lee Chung-ping, Soo Wen-ho, Chen Chin-lung, and Chen Ming-chih
Heat — 41.78s (→ did not advance)
Women's Shot Put
Paik Ok-ja
Qualification Round — 15.78m (→ did not advance)
Women's Discus Throw
Paik Ok-ja
Qualification Round — DNS (→ did not advance)
Boxing
Men's Light Middleweight (–71 kg)
Jae Keun-lim
First Round — Bye
Second Round — Defeated Namchal Tsendaiush (MGL), 3:2
Third Round — Lost to Rolando Garbey (CUB), TKO-2
Judo
Shooting
Five male shooters represented South Korea in 1972.
Open
Swimming
Men's 400 m freestyle:
Cho Oh-ryun - Heat: 4:21.78 (did not advance)
Men's 1500 m freestyle
Cho Oh-ryun - Heat: 17:29.23 (did not advance)
Volleyball
Men's: 7th place
Roster: Choi Jong-ok, Chung Dong-kee, Jin Jun-tak, Kang Man-soo, Kim Chung-han, Kim Kun-bong, Kim Kyui-hwan, Lee Chun-pio, Lee In, Lee Sun-koo, Lee Yong-kwan, and Park Kee-won
Preliminary round: 2-3
Semi–Final: Lost to Romania (0-3)
Final: Defeated Brazil (3-0)
Women's: 4th place
Roster: Jo Hea-jung, Kim Eun-hui, Kim Young-ja, Lee In-sook, Lee Jung-ja, Lee Kyung-ai, Lee Kyung-sook, Lee Soon-bok, Yoon Young-nae, Yu Jung-hye, and Yu Kyung-hwa
Preliminary round: 2-1
Semi–Final: Lost to Japan (0-3)
Final: Lost to D.P.R. Korea (0-3)
Weightlifting
Lightweight:
Won Shin-hee - 427.5 kg (7th place)
Wrestling
References
Korea, South
1972
1972 in South Korean sport |
2058414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenia | Yemenia | Yemenia () is the flag carrier airline of Yemen, based in Sanaa. It operates scheduled domestic and international passenger flights to destinations in Africa and the Middle East, as well as to Asia and Europe out of its hubs at Sanaa International Airport, and to a lesser extent Aden International Airport.
History
Early years
Yemenia dates its origins back to Yemen Airlines, a company that was founded in the second half of the 1940s and owned by Ahmad bin Yahya, then King of Yemen. When the Yemen Arab Republic was proclaimed in 1962, Yemen Airlines was issued a new airline licence on 4 August of that year (which remains valid until today), thus becoming the flag carrier of the country, with its head office in the Ministry of Communication Building in Sana'a. In 1967, the airline entered a co-operation with United Arab Airlines, which lasted until 1972. During that period, it was known as Yemen Arab Airlines.
In September 1972 and following nationalisation Yemen Airlines was reorganised and renamed Yemen Airways Corporation (YAC). At March 1975 YAC had 60 employees; the airline's fleet consisted of four DC-6Bs and four DC-3s that served domestic destinations and an international network that included Asmara, Cairo, Djibouti, Dhahran, Jeddah and Kuwait. On lease from World Airways, YAC operated a pair of Boeing 737-200 aircraft for two and a half years until the carrier ordered an aircraft of the type in mid-1976. In early 1977, a new airline was jointly established by the governments of the Yemen Arab Republic and Saudi Arabia, with both countries holding 51% and 49% of the shares, respectively, and the name Yemen Airways was adopted on 1 July 1978. In April 1978, a two-year contract for the provision of two Boeing 707-320Cs that included the supply of aircrews and engineering support was signed with British Midland Airways (BMA). In July 1979, the carrier signed a three-year agreement with Pan Am for the provision of technical maintenance and personal training. Two de Havilland Canada Dash 7s were ordered. The unilateral cancellation of the contract signed with BMA by Yemen Airways led the British carrier to file a claim against the Yemeni airline, which resulted in the impoundment of one of its Boeing 727-200s.
At July 1980 the workforce was 750 and chairmanship was held by Shaif M. Saeed. By this time, five Boeing 727-200s, two Boeing 737-200s, one Douglas DC-6A and three DC-3s made up the airline's fleet. Domestic scheduled passenger services linked Sana'a with Baydhan, Hodeida, Mareb and Taiz; Abu Dhabi, Athens, Cairo, Damascus, Dhahran, Dubai, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuwait, Muscat, Rome and Sharjah were part of the international network. Cargo services were also undertaken. The two Dash 7s were part of the fleet by March 1985, along with five Boeing 727-200s and one Boeing 737-200, and the airline had expanded its route network to include Amsterdam, Bombay, Frankfurt, Larnaca and London-Gatwick. The number of employees had grown to 1,100.
When South Yemen was united with the Yemen Arab Republic to form today's Yemen in 1990, plans were made to form a single national airline by merging South Yemen's Alyemda into Yemenia. To achieve this, the shares held by Saudi Arabia were bought back by the government of Yemen in 1992. The merger took place in 1996.
Yemenia became an Airbus A310 operator in 1995 with two leased A310-200s; the introduction of the Airbus A310-300 followed in March 1997.
Development in the 2000s
At March 2000 the chairmanship was held by Hassan Sohbi and the number of employees was 4,017. The aircraft operated at this time consisted of three Airbus A310-300s, two Antonov An-26s, five Boeing 727-200 Advanced, one Boeing 737-200 Advanced, one Boeing 737-200C, four Dash 7s, two DHC-6 300s and two Lockheed C130H Hercules. The list of domestic destinations served at this time were Aden, Al Ghaydah, Ataq, Hodeidah, Riyan Mukalla, Sanaa, Seiyun, Socotra and Taiz, whereas Abu Dhabi, Addis Ababa, Amman, Asmara, Bahrain, Beirut, Cairo, Damascus, Dar es Salaam, Djibouti, Doha, Dubai, Frankfurt, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Khartoum, London, Moroni, Mumbai, Nairobi, Paris, Riyadh, Rome and Sharjah comprised the international network. On lease from International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC), the first Boeing 737-800 joined the fleet in May 2002. The first Airbus A330-200 entered the fleet in 2004 on lease from ILFC.
Since 2008, a number of safety actions by the European Union have been taken against Yemenia because of alleged poor maintenance standards in Yemen. In July 2009, France suspended the airworthiness certificates of two Yemenia Airbus A310 aircraft that were registered in the country. European services to Frankfurt were relaunched in December 2009. Since then, systematic inspections of Yemenia aircraft parked at EU airports are carried out, in order to assess and verify the safety standards. On 20 January 2010, then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that, owing to concerns of terrorist activity in Yemen, flights between the UK and the country would be suspended, as long as the security situation would not improve.
2015–onwards
In March 2015, Yemenia was forced to suspend all flight operations until further notice due both to a military conflict that had Sanaʽa International Airport as a target of air raids and to restrictions over the Yemeni airspace. In August 2015, Yemenia reinstated flights to Aden International Airport, with the first flight originating from Saudi Arabia. The blockade was reinstated on 21 February 2016, and lifted on 14 November 2017, when the first commercial flight touched down at Aden International Airport. Flights were cancelled once again, this time for less than a week, resuming on 1 February 2018. According to The National newspaper, in November 2018 Yemenia announced that they would be seeking to resume flights from Aden International Airport to Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Muscat and Salalah in the Persian Gulf and Asmara, Moroni, and Djibouti in Africa, as well as leasing more aircraft. However, there has not been any addition to the destinations of Yemenia airlines (Cairo, Amman, Jeddah, Khartum and Mumbai).
In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen, Yemenia operated repatriation flights to Egypt, Jordan, and India. The airline received $1.15 million in compensation. In June chairman Ahmed Masood Alwani announced that the airline's two Airbus A310s would be phased out.
Corporate affairs
Headquarters
The head office is located in the Hassaba District, in Downtown Sanaʽa, however the building was destroyed by fire during fighting in May 2011. On 3 June the same year, during the 2011 Yemeni revolution, the building was again set on fire.
Destinations
As of February 2021, Yemenia operates scheduled flights to three domestic and eight international destinations with most originating at Aden International Airport and Seiyun Airport. The network is enlarged by codeshare flights operated by Felix Airways.
Fleet
Current fleet
, Yemenia has an all-Airbus fleet that consists of the following aircraft:
Fleet development
In 2008, during the Dubai Air Show, the carrier signed a contract for the purchase of ten Airbus A350-800s. The order was subsequently altered to include the larger -900 version. In , Yemenia signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus for USD 700 million that covered ten Airbus A320s; the order was firmed up in . The first Airbus A320 joined the fleet in . The A320 order was later restructured and four of them were converted to the A320neo.
Historical fleet
Over the years, the airline has operated the following aircraft types:
Incidents and accidents
Yemenia has experienced the following incidents and accidents including three hijackings:
On 3 November 1958, a Yemen Airlines (as the company was named at that time) Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registered YE-AAB) crashed near Poggiodomo in Italy, killing the eight people on board. The aircraft had been on a flight from Rome Ciampino Airport to Yemen with a planned stopover at Belgrade, carrying the Yemenite Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
On 19 March 1969, a Yemen Airlines C-47 (registered 4W-AAS) crashed near Ta'izz during a post-maintenance test flight, killing the four occupants. It turned out that the elevator of the aircraft did not work properly. Repair work had been done on that part, because it had been damaged some days earlier in a ground collision.
On 16 September 1971, another Yemen Airlines C-47 (registered 4W-ABI) crashed near Rajince, Serbia when it encountered severe icing conditions, killing the five people on board. The aircraft had been on a multi-stopover flight from Yemen to Europe and had just departed Belgrade Airport.
On 1 November 1972, a Yemen Airlines Douglas DC-3 (registered 4W-ABJ) was destroyed in a crash-landing at an airfield near Beihan.
On 25 August 1973, a Yemen Airlines Douglas DC-6 was hijacked during a passenger flight from Ta'izz to Asmara. The perpetrator forced the pilots to divert the aircraft with fifteen other passenger and six crew members on board to Kuwait Airport, for which a refueling stop at Djibouti Airport turned out to be necessary. In Kuwait, the hijacker surrendered to local police forces.
On 13 December 1973, a Yemen Airlines DC-3 (registered 4W-ABR) crashed near Ta'izz.
On 23 February 1975, a Yemen Airlines DC-3 was hijacked during a flight from Al Hudaydah to Sana'a and forced to land at an airport in Saudi Arabia. There, the aircraft was stormed and the perpetrator overpowered.
On 14 November 1978, a Yemen Airlines C-47 (registered 4W-ABY) was damaged beyond repair in a heavy landing at an airfield near Ma'rib.
On 26 June 2000, a Yemenia Boeing 737-200C, registered 7O-ACQ, was damaged beyond repair when it veered off the runway upon landing at Khartoum International Airport following a cargo flight from Yemen.
On 21 January 2001, Yemenia Flight 448, a Boeing 727-200 with 91 passengers and 10 crew on board, was hijacked 15 minutes into a flight from Sana'a to Ta'izz by an Iraqi man. The plane was forced to land at Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport, where the perpetrator was overpowered by the crew.
On 1 August 2001, a Boeing 727-200 (registered 7O-ACW) was damaged beyond economic repair when it overran the runway upon landing at Asmara International Airport following a flight from Sana'a with 107 passengers and four crew on board, none of whom were significantly injured.
On 23 June 2007, a DHC-6 twin otter was damaged by gunfire at An Naeem Airstrip, killing one passenger.
The company's worst accident occurred on 30 June 2009, when Yemenia Flight 626 from Sana'a to Moroni, Comoros crashed into the sea shortly before landing. Of the 142 passengers and eleven crew that had been on the Airbus A310-300 with the registration 7O-ADJ, only a young girl survived the accident.
In March 2015, a Boeing 747SP (registered 7O-YMN) which was operated in Yemenia branding for the government of Yemen was damaged by gunfire during a militia attack at Aden airport. A subsequent blaze destroyed the aircraft completely.
On December 2020, there was an attack at Aden Airport when a number of Yemeni cabinet ministers arrived in a Yemenia plane. At least 20 people were killed and several injured.
See also
Transport in Yemen
References
External links
Airlines of Yemen
Arab Air Carriers Organization members
Airlines established in 1962
Government-owned airlines |
50763235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrysville%2C%20Ohio | Berrysville, Ohio | Berrysville is an unincorporated community in Highland County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.
History
Berrysville was laid out in 1846, and named in honor of the local Berryman family. A post office called Berrysville was established in 1851, and remained in operation until 1909.
References
Unincorporated communities in Highland County, Ohio
Unincorporated communities in Ohio |
14919083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo%20%28disambiguation%29 | Scooby-Doo (disambiguation) | Scooby-Doo is a series of animated television programs.
Scooby-Doo may also refer to:
Scooby-Doo (character), the titular Great Dane of the series
Scooby-Doo (film), a 2002 live-action film based on the Scooby-Doo series
Scooby-Doo (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the film
Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster, a roller coaster
Scooby's Ghoster Coaster, a roller coaster
Scooby-Doo (video game), video game based on the Scooby-Doo series
Scooby, a colloquial name for the Subaru Impreza
See also
List of Scooby-Doo media
Scooby (disambiguation)
Scoubidou (disambiguation) |
58076299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaros%20Rota | Lazaros Rota | Lazaros Rota (; born 23 August 1997) is an Albanian-born Greek professional footballer who plays as a right back for Super League club AEK Athens and the Greece national team.
Club career
Lazaros Rota started his career with the 2nd team of Iraklis Reserves. He continued in FK Slavoj Trebišov, a 2. Liga (Slovakia) club until he signed a professional contract with Zemplín Michalovce.
Zemplín Michalovce
Rota made his professional Fortuna Liga debut for Zemplín Michalovce against DAC Dunajská Streda on 29 July 2018. Rota had played the entirety of 1–4 away defeat.
Fortuna Sittard
Rota's move to Fortuna Sittard was announced on 31 January 2020. He signed a 3.5 year contract with the Dutch club. On August 31, the Dutch club announced that the two sides had reached a mutual consensus to terminate the contract of the international defender.
AEK Athens
On 2 September 2021, AEK Athens announced the acquisition of the 24-year-old right back, for the next three years for an undisclosed fee.
International career
On August 2020, he had called up to the Greece national football team for the UEFA Nations League against Slovenia and Kosovo. He made his debut on 11 October 2020 in a Nations League game against Moldova.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
MFK Zemplín Michalovce official club profile
Futbalnet profile
Fortuna Liga profile
1998 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Greece international footballers
Greek expatriate footballers
Association football defenders
FK Slavoj Trebišov players
MFK Zemplín Michalovce players
Fortuna Sittard players
Slovak Super Liga players
2. Liga (Slovakia) players
Eredivisie players
Expatriate footballers in Slovakia
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Greek expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands |
483347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosayamada%2C%20K%C5%8Dchi | Tosayamada, Kōchi | was a town located in Kami District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 22,160 and a density of 190.28 persons per km2. The total area was 116.46 km2.
On March 1, 2006, Tosayamada, along with the town of Kahoku, and the village of Monobe (all from Kami District), was merged to create the city of Kami and no longer exists as an independent municipality. However it is still considered a town by residents and is still used in official addresses with the post office.
Tosayamada has a sister city relationship with Largo, Florida. Yamada Senior High School and Largo High School (Florida) have an ongoing yearly exchange program.
Tosa-Yamada Station is the town's train station.
Schools
Kochi University of Technology
Yamada Senior High School
Kagamino Junior High School
People from Tosayamada
Taira Hara, manga artist
Yumiko Kurahashi, writer and translator
External links
Official website of Kami
Kochi University of Technology in Tosayamada
Yamada High School Homepage
Dissolved municipalities of Kōchi Prefecture |
59770160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabane | Sabane | Sabane may refer to:
Sabanê language, Brazil
Sabane Station, Iwate, Japan
See also
Saban (disambiguation) |
20310119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Rocca | Sue Rocca | Sue Rocca (born 1949) is an American politician and former nurse from Michigan. Rocca was a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives and a member of the Macomb County Commission.
Early life
On May 12, 1949, Rocca was born as Sue Marshall in Delaware, Ohio. Rocca's father was Ralph Marshall. Rocca's mother was Sadie Marshall. Rocca graduated from Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Delaware, Ohio.
Education
Rocca attended Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio. Rocca earned an Assocciate of Science degree in nursing from North Central Michigan College.
Career
Rocca was a registered nurse. Rocca was a head nurse in the psychiatric ward of Lockwood MacDonald Hospital in Petoskey, Michigan. Rocca was also a nurse at William Beaumont Hospital in Troy, Michigan.
In 1986, Rocca's political career began when she was appointed a member of the Michigan Health Occupations Council by Governor James Blanchard. Rocca served on this council until 1994.
In 1992 Rocca was elected a member of the Macomb County Commission.
On November 8, 1994, at age 45, Rocca won the election and became a Republican member of Michigan House of Representatives for District 30. On November 5, 1996 as an incumbent, Rocca won re-election and continued serving District 30. On November 3, 1998, as an incumbent, Rocca won the election and continued serving District 30. Rocca served until 2000. Rocca introduced several bills to focus anti-drug efforts. One of these criminalized the use of Ketamine.
In November 2000, Rocca did not run for District 30 due to term-limits. During her time in the statehouse she served on the Constitutional Law and Ethics, Health Policy , Regulatory Reform , Senior Health, Security and Retirement committees In May 2001, after David Jaye was expelled from Michigan Senate, a special Republican primary election was held. On September 11, 2001, Rocca ran for a seat in Michigan Senate for District 12 unsuccessfully. Rocca was defeated by Alan Sanborn.
In May 2010, Rocca did not seek a seat as a commissioner in Macomb County Commission. Rocca retired at the end of her term.
Personal life
Rocca's husband was Sal Rocca, an Italian-born American politician in Michigan. Rocca has 2 children, Tory Rocca (step-son) and Michael Rocca. Rocca and her family live in Sterling Heights, Michigan. On December 30, 2020, Sal died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan. She wanted it to be known to the public Sal's cause of death, as to emphasize the seriousness of the pandemic to them.
References
External links
Sue Rocca at votesmart.org (archive.org)
Sue Rocca at macombcountymi.gov
Sue Rocca at Michigan legislature
All in the family ... at freep.com
Sue Rocca at politicalgraveyard.com
Living people
1949 births
American nurses
American women nurses
Bowling Green State University alumni
County commissioners in Michigan
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Republicans
People from Delaware, Ohio
People from Sterling Heights, Michigan
Women state legislators in Michigan
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
55126521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20Good%20at%20Goodbyes | Too Good at Goodbyes | "Too Good at Goodbyes" is a song by English singer Sam Smith. It was written by James Napier, Tor Hermansen, Mikkel Eriksen and Smith, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and StarGate. It was released on 8 September 2017 through Capitol Records, as the lead single from their second studio album, The Thrill of It All (2017).
The song reached number one in the UK and number four on the Billboard Hot 100. It also topped the charts in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, and reached the top 10 in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as the top 20 in Austria, Finland, Germany, and Spain.
Background and release
On 31 August 2017, Smith announced new music was coming via social media. On 1 September, Spotify put up billboards in New York City, Los Angeles, and London to announce the release date of Smith's new music.
The song was released worldwide to download and streaming websites on 8 September.
Composition
"Too Good at Goodbyes" is in the key of D minor in common time with a tempo of 92 beats per minute. The chord progression is Dm–F–C–Gm. Smith's vocals span from F3 to D5.
Critical reception
Jon Blistein from Rolling Stone called Smith's comeback song "poignant" and wrote, "The piano-led song finds the singer pulling away from a volatile relationship. 'But every time you hurt me, the less that I cry / And every time you leave me, the quicker these tears dry,' he sings, soulfully. 'And every time you walk out, the less I love you / Baby, we don't stand a chance / It's sad, but it's true.' The lilting chorus is buoyed by a choir, as they harmonize, 'I'm way too good at goodbyes.'" Chris Willman of Variety said about the track, "Once again, Smith is plumbing the depths of melancholia with a flawless, effortlessly flexible tenor that seems to be on loan to the underworld from somewhere in the heavens. There's not a lot in the track that he, carry-over collaborator Jimmy Napes, and songwriter-producer duo Stargate have come up with to detract from that instrument. For the first minute of the song, Smith’s voice is joined only by the sparsest and most basic piano chords, along with some finger-snapping. Eventually a light beat kicks in, then a gospel choir, as if to almost mock Smith’s romantic lamentation by raising it to the level of spiritual battle." Marc Hogan of Pitchfork was more negative, and opined "'Too Good at Goodbyes' doesn't so much reflect a person exceptionally skilled in ending relationships as it feels equal parts calculating and convoluted."
Music video
Smith uploaded the official audio to their YouTube and Vevo accounts on 8 September 2017. The audio was later removed when they released the official music video for the song on 18 September 2017. It was filmed in Newcastle upon Tyne. On 29 September 2017, Smith released a video of them performing "Too Good at Goodbyes" at the Round Chapel in Hackney. , the music video has been viewed over 1.2 billion times.
Chart performance
"Too Good at Goodbyes" topped the UK Singles Chart on 15 September 2017 - for the week ending dated 21 September 2017 - with 33,000 downloads and 4.4 million streams, dethroning Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" from the summit and giving Smith his sixth number-one single on the chart. It also stayed atop the UK charts for three consecutive weeks giving Smith his longest run at number one there. It also debuted at number one in Australia and New Zealand. It is Smith's first number one single in Australia.
In the United States, the song entered at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated 30 September with 90,000 downloads and 20.8 million streams, topping the Digital Songs chart and receiving an audience of 35 million in radio airplay. It is also Smith's highest debut in the country and his second song to top the Digital Songs chart after "Stay with Me" in 2014. "Too Good at Goodbyes" later ascended to number four on the issue dated 25 November, after the release of The Thrill of It All. In November 2017, the song was certified platinum in the US for shipments of one million units.
Live performances
Smith announced four live dates in September to help promote the song. They also performed it at the We Can Survive concert on 21 October.
Formats and track listings
Digital download
"Too Good at Goodbyes" – 3:21
Digital download (Acoustic)
"Too Good at Goodbyes" – 3:40
Digital download (Galantis Remix)
"Too Good at Goodbyes" – 3:12
Digital download (Snakehips Remix)
"Too Good at Goodbyes" – 3:58
Credits and personnel
Personnel
Lead vocals, Additional Background vocals – Sam Smith
Choir arrangement – Lawrence Johnson
Choir vocals – The LJ Singers
Songwriting – Sam Smith, James Napier, Mikkel Storleer Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen
Production – Jimmy Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice, Stargate
Recording engineers – Steve Fitzmaurice, Darren Heelis, Gus Pirelli
Assistant engineers – Tom Archer, Henri Davies, Isabel Gracefield Grundy, Steph Marziano, John Prestage, Will Purton
Mixing – Steve Fitzmaurice
Mastering – Bob Ludwig
Drums – Earl Harvin
Percussion – StarGate, Jimmy Napes, Earl Harvin
Drum programming – Steve Fitzmaurice, Darren Heelis
Bass – Jodi Milliner
Acoustic and Rhodes electric pianos – Reuben James
Guitar – Ben Jones
String arrangement – Simon Hale
String leaders – Richard George, Everton Nelson, Bruce White, Ian Burdge
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one songs of 2017 (Malaysia)
List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand)
List of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s
References
External links
Sam Smith (singer) songs
2010s ballads
2017 songs
2017 singles
Capitol Records singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Malaysia
Number-one singles in Scotland
Pop ballads
Torch songs
Songs written by Sam Smith (singer)
Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen
Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen
Songs written by Jimmy Napes
UK Singles Chart number-one singles |
33073393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannbach%20%28Saale%29 | Tannbach (Saale) | Tannbach is a brook that is long in north-east Bavaria and southern Thuringia, Germany.
The source is located east of Gefell in the Saale-Orla-Kreis district in Thuringia. Initially it flows south through Gebersreuth, a district of Gefell, before reaching Mödlareuth. During the Cold War the little brook marked the border between West and East Germany and divided the little village into two parts. After Mödlareuth it flows in south-westerly direction before it joins the Saale as right tributary.
See also
List of rivers of Bavaria
List of rivers of Thuringia
References
Rivers of Bavaria
Rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany |
49051849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne%20Suter | Corinne Suter | Corinne Suter (born 28 September 1994) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer and specializes in the speed events of downhill and super-G. She made her World Cup debut at age 17 in November 2011, won two medals at the World Championships and won World Cup season titles in downhill and super-G in 2020. She won gold in the women's Downhill at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
World Cup results
Season titles
2 titles – (1 Super-G, 1 Downhill)
Season standings
Race podiums
4 wins – (3 DH, 1 SG)
18 podiums – (11 DH, 7 SG)
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
Corinne Suter at Swiss Ski Team
1994 births
Swiss female alpine skiers
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Switzerland
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland |
37966468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%202421 | Kosmos 2421 | Kosmos 2421 (Cosmos 2421) was a Russian spy satellite launched in 2006, but began fragmenting in early 2008. It also had the Konus-A science payload designed by Ioffe Institute to detect gamma-ray bursts. Three separate fragmentation events produced about 500 pieces of trackable debris. About half of those had already re-entered Earth's atmosphere by the fall of 2008.
Satellite life span
Kosmos 2421 was launched on June 25, 2006 on a Tsyklon-2 from LC90 at Baykonur. Other designations are 2006-026A and NORAD 29247. It is a US-PU/Legenda type satellite, and was in a 65 degree, 93 minute circular orbit 410–430 km up. The main body of the satellite finally re-entered and burned up on 19 August 2010.
There have been 190 known satellite breakups between 1961 and 2006. Kosmos 2421 was one of the top ten space junk producing events up to 2012. There was estimated to be 500,000 pieces of debris in orbit at that time.
Space station maneuver
On August 27, 2008, the International Space Station (ISS) fired the boosters of the Jules Verne automated transfer vehicle to avoid debris fragment 33246 from the remains of Kosmos 2421. Without a change, that piece was predicted to have a 1 in 72 chance of hitting the station. Kosmos 2421 had been in a higher orbit than ISS, so when ISS's apogee (high point of orbit) surpassed the debris field's perigee (low point of orbit), many fragments would cross ISS's orbit.
See also
Space debris
Fengyun-1C
2009 satellite collision (Kosmos 2251 and Iridium 33)
Kosmos 954
List of space debris producing events
References
External links
IEEE - The Growing Threat of Space Debris
The Threat of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 2006 |
42952902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont%20Neck%20Site%20-38KE06 | Belmont Neck Site -38KE06 | The Belmont Neck Site is a historic archaeological site located near Camden, Kershaw County, South Carolina. From about 950 to 1300 A.D., the Belmont Neck Site was the location of a platform mound and town associated with the Native American chiefdom of Cofitachequi. It appears to be the first of 12 mound towns along the Catawba/Wateree River. From approximately 1772 to 1796, it was the location of indigo production by Colonel John Chesnut of Camden.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.
References
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Kershaw County, South Carolina
Camden, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Kershaw County, South Carolina |
25468583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20do%20Jacu%C3%ADpe | Conceição do Jacuípe | Conceição do Jacuípe is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil
Neighboring municipalities
Amélia Rodrigues
Coração de Maria
Santo Amaro
Feira de Santana
Terra Nova
Teodoro Sampaio
See also
List of municipalities in Bahia
References
Municipalities in Bahia |
937968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmann%20%28lunar%20crater%29 | Lehmann (lunar crater) | Lehmann is a lunar impact crater attached to the northern rim of the much larger walled plain Schickard. To the northwest is the crater Lacroix.
Lehmann is heavily worn with an irregular rim. A small double-crater overlays a portion of the northwest rim. The interior floor is nearly flat with groupings of tiny craterlets near the south and west edges. There is a gap in the southern rim which connects the floor to Schickard. A sinuous rille runs along the length of this valley.
References
Impact craters on the Moon |
28466154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razvor | Razvor | Razvor is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D205 highway.
References
Populated places in Krapina-Zagorje County |
56962968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengnan%2C%20Shaoyang | Chengnan, Shaoyang | Chennan Subdistrict () is a subdistrict and the seat of Daxiang District in Shaoyang prefecture-level City, Hunan, China. The subdistrict has an area of with a population of 80,300 (as of 2015). It had 18 villages and 12 communities under its jurisdiction in 2015, its seat is Mati Community ().
References
Daxiang District
Township-level divisions of Hunan |
54405943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Manfield | Philip Manfield | Sir Moses Philip Manfield (26 July 1819 — 31 July 1899) was an English shoe manufacturer and politician based in Northampton.
Manfield was born in Bristol, the son of Moses Philip Manfield, who was also a shoemaker. His childhood took place in a poor working-class family of Unitarians. After his father became ill, the family was supported by the efforts of his mother.
He was home educated by his mother until the age of 12; at this age he was apprenticed to a local boot closer. He rose through the business to become the manager
In 1843, he moved to Northampton to manage a business that soon failed. A year later, in 1844, with the help of the local Unitarian church he opened his own shoe manufacturing business, Manfield and Sons, initially focusing on army contracts and the lower end of the market. The business founded by Manfield grew to be a national business of shoemakers and retailers. The company became a listed company in 1950, at that time having 93 shops in the UK and a number abroad.
In 1845, he married Elizabeth Cambridge Newman with whom he had a daughter who died in infancy. Elizabeth died in 1852 and two years later he remarried Margaret Milne, with whom he had two sons. Manfield was prominent in local politics. He was a member of the Northampton Town Council for 22 years and became mayor of the city in 1894. He later an MP for the Northampton constituency. He was knighted in 1884.
Sir Philip died in Northampton at aged 80, nearly three weeks after the death of his wife.
References
1819 births
1899 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
People from Northampton
Businesspeople from Bristol
British Unitarians
British manufacturing chief executives
Mayors of places in Northamptonshire
Knights Bachelor
19th-century British businesspeople |
53367633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Wiza | One Wiza | Juan Manuel Güiza Cerón (; born May 10, 1991), known professionally as One Wiza (), formerly known as "One" in Guatemala, is a Colombian rock musician, singer, actor, multi-instrumentalist, and music producer. Born in Villavicencio, Colombia, he is most noticeable for being a finalist in the reality TV show La Voz Colombia (The Voice) Season 2 on Caracol TV, and for being the lead singer of The One Man Band, a prominent Rock band from Guatemala.
Wiza has also shared the stage with some of the most prominent Latin American acts from all around the world, including Enanitos Verdes from Argentina, Hombres G from Spain Chayanne from Puerto Rico, Timbiriche from Mexico and Fonseca from Colombia, amongst several others.
In 2019 Wiza was officially invited overseas by the National Symphony Orchestra of Guatemala to perform as a soloist and lead singer for their Symphonic Queen Tribute. He's also notable for being invited as the soloist singer for other chamber orchestral shows, including the international Opera Queen theatrical show, the No Guns, More Roses Symphonic theatrical show, and the Beatles International Day Show in Guatemala.
As an actor, Wiza played Drew Boley, one of the lead characters from the hit Broadway Musical Rock of Ages.
Juan was also winner for the Hard Rock Cafe's 40th anniversary international singing competition, and a winner for the TV game show "Atrévete a Cantar" (Who Dares, Sings!), aired on RCN TV network in Colombia.
Wiza has been a part of numerous notable musical projects in Colombia. He is the former singer of Colombian progressive metal band Entropia the "Orquesta Sinfónica del Rock" (Rock Symphonic Orchestra) of Bogota, and his own electronic-rock project Versaphonica. He is prominent as a vocalist and performing artist in Colombia, Guatemala, Ecuador and El Salvador.
Early life
Wiza began his vocal studies in The New School University of New York City in 2002 and later in the El Bosque University in Bogota in 2004. He graduated as a Music Producer from the ENE Audio Institute in 2013. In 2014 he received a "Writing and Composition Scholarship Award", from the Berklee College of Music in Boston, however decided not to attend. He also took private vocal sessions with internationally renowned vocal coaches Melissa Cross in 2011 and Ron Anderson in 2013.
Career
Early Career (2006–2010)
Juan was lead singer, composer and producer for Progressive metal band Entropia from 2006 until 2009. The band received significant recognition from various different media in Colombia, including News Papers El Tiempo, El Espectador, El Nuevo Siglo, and various different radio stations such as LaUD Stereo Radiónica, amongst others. Online Metal magazine, Metal Music Archives wrote:“Calling Entropia one of the best, if not THE best, act coming from Colombia right now isn't at all far from the truth” … “Virtually everything about this band hints towards ‘prog metal veteran’ status”.Wiza was the lead singer and producer for Entropia's first album "… of Human Introspection" in 2006. In 2008 he was lead singer, composer and producer for its second album Simetria, which received large exposition and was critically acclaimed worldwide. Honorary critics for Metal Music Archives gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, and wrote:“I especially have to applaud Juan Manuel Güiza's vocals, which can handle falsettos like Ray Alder and breathtaking harmonies and delicacy like Daniel Gildenlöw”.A different Honorary critic for the same magazine also wrote:“One way that they show their own style is in the vocals. Juan Manuel Güiza is very talented vocally and I really like his style. Sometimes it reminds me of Road Salt One, modern-era Pain of Salvation mixed with a James Labrie type sound and other times it is just hard to explain, but I do like his tone, and quality of voice”.In 2008, with Wiza on board as lead vocals, Entropia was selected to perform at Rock al Parque, the largest free outdoor music festival in Ibero America, the third largest in the world This same year, Entropia was selected to form part of an official Iron Maiden tribute album called "The Golden Beast", which was released by EMI Music.
Wiza left Entropia in 2009. Regarding his departure, Metal critic "Quadrupleplay" wrote:“A near legend in Colombia, such that after leaving Entropia almost nobody dares to replace him, Juan Manuel Güiza brings the catchy swagger that goes along with Entropia's exciting blend of technical, heavy and accessible elements. All about punch rather than crunch, Juan Manuel delivers vocals alternately in a high baritone, soaring falsetto and power singing.”.
TV Success and Solo Career (2010–2014)
Wiza started his own electronic rock project Versaphonica in late 2010. in 2011 Subterránica Online music Magazine called the band "an impeccable music proposal" and "an impressive technological musical journey". They performed in several different venues in Bogota, including the Hard Rock Cafe and the Ozzy Bar. Wiza disbanded the live band shortly after, due to lack of idoneous musicians for its musical and conceptual vision, however he continued the studio recordings as a solo producer.
In 2013 Wiza was a winner for the TV Singing competition "Atrevete a Cantar", aired by Mundo Fox and RCN TV, one of the largest TV networks in Colombia.
This same year, he was also a participant and finalist for La Voz Colombia (The Voice) on Caracol TV, one of the largest TV networks in Colombia. He was one of the 8 finalists for the Ricardo Montaner team. La Voz Colombia was aired on Caracol TV and was one of the most watched TV shows of the year. In 2014, La Voz Colombia was also aired in Ecuavisa, the largest TV Network in Ecuador.
During this period Wiza was also lead singer for the Orquesta Sinfónica del Rock of Bogota. They performed in various prominent venues in Colombia, including the 10th anniversary of the restaurant "Andres Carne de Res" in Medellin, and the Julio Mario Santo Domingo theater in Bogota. In 2013 they released they're first single "La Vida En Espiral". It was met with positive reviews. Regarding Wiza's vocals, Factor Metal Webzine wrote:"… and the icing on the cake was the powerful and emotive interpretation of Juan Manuel Güiza, who added an equilibrium to the entire concept, between the softer and more calm sections, against those stronger and more energetic; showcasing his wide vocal register and impeccable technique." Wiza left the Orquesta Sinfónica del Rock in 2014.
Guatemala, The One Man Band (2015 – Present)
In 2015 Wiza traveled to Los Angeles, CA to work with various music executives, and record with producer and Living Dead Lights drummer Nick Battani in Vision Red Studio.
Wiza relocated to Guatemala in 2016 where he formed the band "The One Man Band", named after his stage name "One". In early to mid-2016 The One Man Band became a notable act in Guatemala, after they won the privilege to perform in the International Beatles Day, a 7-year-old national tribute celebration held in honor of the famous British rock band: The Beatles.
The event was sponsored by the Embassy of the UK, the Embassy of Costa Rica; and took place in the Tikal Futura convention centre, one of the largest venues in Guatemala. The event was covered by most main mass media and TV networks, including Prensa Libre, Siglo 21, Publinews and Nuestro Diario News papers; and Guatevision and Canal + TV Channels. Wiza was also invited as a spokesperson to a press conference held by the British Embassy of Guatemala, and held a two-hour radio interview for Mentes Frescas, RCN 94.9 Guatemalan radio station.
Wiza made his first appearance in Guatemalan TV in mid 2016, when he was invited to "Un Show con Tuti", a popular Guatemalan Talk Show aired on Guatevision, Guatemala's main TV station. He was also invited for interview on "+ Beats", a music magazine on "Canal +". Wiza also performed in the Reality TV Show "Super Modelo Guatemala" of the same TV Network.
In October 2016, The One Man Band appeared in the "Mes de la Cerveza", one of the largest events of the year in Explanada Cayalá, Guatemala. The One Man Band was chosen to perform at the Guatemalan New Year's Eve party in Cayala, on December 31, 2016.
Wiza was interviewed in February 2017 in "Que Comience La Mañana", a morning talk show and magazine, to talk about his experiences as a Colombian artist living in Guatemala, as well as his achievements in this country. One Wiza was also invited to perform at the 13th Anniversary of "Viva La Mañana", a different morning news and culture magazine aired on Guatevision.
On March 9, 2017 and March 14, 2017; One Wiza was invited to perform with his "The One Man Band" at the British Queen's Birthday Party in Guatemala. Ambassador Thomas Carter and Carolyn Davidson thanked One Wiza in their speech for helping to promote the British culture, and called him "Extremely Talented".
Opening act for International Rock Acts
Wiza and his "The One Man Band" were also chosen to be the opening act for international Colombian artist Fonseca on May 20, 2017. This same year they also performed as the opening act for Spaniard artist Rosana, a month later, on June 24, 2017. Both shows were held at the Forum Majadas auditorium and met great success.
In December 2017, once again One Wiza and his "The One Man Band" were the opening act for two of the most important rock bands of the Spanish rock genre: Enanitos Verdes from Argentina and Hombres G from Spain; the tour was called "Huevos Revueltos", and took place throughout the Americas. Two shows were held on the December 1 and 2, 2017 in Guatemala and were both sold out. He was also featured as the opening act for Latin Grammy Award-Nominee Fey and Latin pop band Kabah, on October 13 of the same year.
Timbiriche, considered one of the most iconic Latin Pop acts of the 1980s and the early 1990s, held a tour to celebrate 35 years of their musical career and history. One Wiza and his Band were chosen to be the opening act. The concert was packed with more than 6000 people, and was held at the Cardales de Cayalá fields in Guatemala.
On December the 12th 2019, Wiza was featured as the opening act for multiple Latin Grammy-nominee Chayanne, performing in front of more than 10000 people to a sold-out concert at Cardales de Cayala, Guatemala.
Symphonic Theatrical Shows – National Symphony Orchestra of Guatemala, Opera Queen and No Guns More Roses
In 2016, Wiza was called to be the lead singer for Opera Queen, a Symphony Chamber Orchestra tribute with more than 40 musicians on stage. The spectacle was performed in several venues, including the National Theater of Guatemala, the Centro Cultural Miguel Angel Asturias, main chamber "Efraín Recinos": the country's most distinguished venue. Wiza and the Opera Queen Company traveled to perform at the El Salvador National Theater, the "Teatro Presidente", later in 2016.
Regarding the Opera Queen Show, El Diario de Hoy, newspaper of El Salvador, called One Wiza's vocal register "Idoneous for the show", and also reported that "The singer (One Wiza) has a very large vocal registry, one that allows him to reach the notes to make a true homage to Queen".In 2017 International NGO World Vision held a symphonic concert and a campaign with NiuMark Music, to raise awareness on violence against children in Guatemala. The concert was entitled "No Guns, More Roses", and was a symphonic tribute concert with more than 40 musicians on stage, playing original symphonic renditions of the North American Hard Rock band Guns N' Roses. It was played in conjunction with the "Sonidos de Esperanza" children symphonic orchestra from San Juan Sacátepequez, which is a part of the World Vision Foundation; and was held at the National Theater of Guatemala, the Centro Cultural Miguel Angel Asturias, main chamber "Efraín Recinos": the most prominent of this country.
One Wiza was the lead and only singer for the show. During the performance, Guatemalan child pianist and sensation Yahaira Tubac, who was 7 years old at the time; performed the song "November Rain", arguably one of the most famous from the band. The show received major coverage from the media and was regarded as highly successful, so much that it even spawned an entire dedicated half-hour TV documentary especial on the TV show "A Fondo Sin Reservas" hosted by Haroldo Sánchez on Guatevision. During the show, One Wiza is interviewed as the lead singer for the show, and can be seen throughout the entire documentary.
Regarding One Wiza's performance in "No Guns, More Roses", Eslly Melgarejo wrote for Guatevision News:"One Wiza (One) was responsible to bring life to the concert 'No Guns More Roses' with his voice, he was also acclaimed and applauded by the spectators present."In 2019 Wiza received a formal letter of invitation from the National Symphony Orchestra of Guatemala, to perform as a soloist for the 6th concert of their extracurricular season: a symphonic tribute to the British Rock band Queen. Wiza was flown in from Australia to begin rehearsals in September 2019 in preparation for the concert, which was held on October the 10th 2019 at the National Theatre of Guatemala, Centro Cultural Miguel Angel Asturias.
Acting Career – Musical Theatre and Rock of Ages
One Wiza made his debut as an actor on the original Broadway musical "Rock of Ages", in February 2018, playing the character of Drew Boley, one of the two lead characters for the show, along Sherry, his counterpart. Rock of Ages is a rock/jukebox musical, with a book by Chris D'Arienzo, built around classic rock songs from the 1980s, especially from the famous glam metal bands of that decade. The musical features songs from Styx, Journey, Bon Jovi, Pat Benatar, Twisted Sister, Steve Perry, Poison and Europe among other well-known rock bands. The show was directed by Guatemalan musical theatre production company Spotlight, and played every Friday and Saturday, starting on February 2 till March 3. This was the second season for the act, which was held at the Dick Smith theatre, AKA the Guatemalan American Institute (IGA) in Guatemala.
References
Colombian rock musicians
Colombian rock singers
Living people
1984 births |
23994597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Green%20Path%20of%20Hope | The Green Path of Hope | The Green Path of Hope (, Shivâray-e Hemahengi-ye Rah Sibez 'Mid) is an Iranian association established by Iranian presidential campaign candidate, Mir-Hossein Mousavi. It was founded on August 15, 2009 as the organizational body of the Green Movement. Mousavi described it as the "countless self-initiated and independent social networks" which form the body of Green Movement. It has also been mentioned as a "political front" in some media.
Name
According to Mousavi's advisor, Ali Reza Beheshti, Mousavi himself chose the name. He chose the word "Path" to avoid terminology such as "party" or "movement". He also chose the word "green" because of the green color symbol used by protesters, and the word "hope" based on a promise to establish a government of "hope" if elected.
Goals
The Green Path of Hope seeks to continue protests against the legitimacy of Ahmadinejad's presidency following lawful and peaceful ways, and the full execution of the constitution, as Mousavi says:
History
Mousavi did not name his movement as a political party or even as a movement, but a "path", because, according to Iranian law, parties and movements need to be authorized by the Interior Ministry and since Mousavi does not recognize the government as legitimate and the ministry is unlikely to grant him permission, he chose this name to bypass the law.
Mousavi is quoted in describing the movement:
According to organization officials, the movement functions on a campaign basis, including political parties, NGO's and social networks. Referring to the new movement, Mousavi has said "The Green Path of Hope is formed for the sake of people's rightful demands and for claiming their denied rights". He pointed that autonomous and spontaneous social networks in community are part of this movement. "During election our mottos chose and remained in constitutional frame work, today we are devoted to those slogans" he said. "We believe if people's demands were treated fairly and instead of using media to link spontaneous movements to foreigners, government promoted truth by fair criticism, they could satisfy public views", he added.
Methods
The way has six main members of the central council, that are connected to the reformist parties and movements, NGOs, and the social networks. The main body will be the ordinary protesters. The method is to create pressure from the lower parts of the society and make them connected in a social network, and therefore to lead the protests in a lawful way.
Members of the Central Council
The Green Path of Hope has three central leaders. Hossein Ali Montazeri also had a leading role in the movement in the earlier phase of the movement.
See also
2009 Iranian election protests
References
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
2009 Iranian presidential election
Reformist political groups in Iran
Political parties established in 2009
2009 establishments in Iran
Banned political parties in Iran
Iranian Green Movement |
21642791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A580 | A580 | A580 may refer to:
A580 road (England)
Canon PowerShot A580, a camera
DSLR-A580 aka α580, a digital SLR with A-mount in the Sony Alpha camera system |
43343370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Haller | Franz Haller | Ferenc Haller, count Haller von Hallerkeö (24 March 1796 – 5 March 1875) was a Hungarian politician. He served as ban of Croatia-Slavonia between 1842 and 1845 during the Croatian national revival and the Illyrian movement in the 1830s and 1840s.
Haller was born in Kerelőszentpál, Transylvania, as a member of the Hungarian-Transylvanian branch of the Haller von Hallerstein family. He was promoted by emperor Franz Joseph as ban on 16 June 1842 and was later promoted to lieutenant general. He took office on 18 October. Haller was brought in to carry on Magyarization in Croatia. In 1843, the use of the Illyrian name was banned. In large part due to the July victims incident, in which thirteen protesters were killed in Zagreb, Haller resigned his post and continued his military career in the Austrian Empire. Bishop Juraj Haulik became ban soon after.
In 1845 Haller donated 500 forint for building the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb.
Sources
1796 births
1875 deaths
Bans of Croatia
Hungarian generals
Hungarian politicians
People from Mureș County |
57253318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Cricket%20World%20Cup%20knockout%20stage | 2019 Cricket World Cup knockout stage | The knockout stage of the 2019 Cricket World Cup consisted of two semi-finals, played at Old Trafford in Manchester on 9 July and Edgbaston in Birmingham on 11 July, and a final, at Lord's on 14 July. It was the third time Edgbaston hosted a World Cup semi-final and the fourth at Old Trafford – a record for a World Cup venue.
Rules
All of the knockout games had a reserve day. If a reserve day came into play, the match would not be restarted but resumed from the previous day's play (if any). In the event of no play on the scheduled day or the reserve day, in the semi-finals, the team that finished higher in the group stage progressed to the final, and if no play were possible in the final, the trophy would be shared. If any match ended in a tie, a Super Over would be used to determine the winner; each team would select three batsmen and a bowler, with the full team available to field. There would be no penalty for the loss of a wicket, but the loss of two wickets would end the Super Over. If the scores in the Super Over were also tied, the winner would be determined by the two teams' overall boundary count, including both the match itself and the Super Over.
Qualification
On 25 June 2019, Australia became the first team to qualify for the semi-finals, after beating England at Lord's. India were next to qualify, thanks to victory over Bangladesh at Edgbaston on 2 July. The following day saw tournament hosts England become the third team to qualify, after they beat New Zealand at the Riverside Ground. New Zealand were the fourth and final team to qualify, after Pakistan were unable to increase their net run rate sufficiently enough in their match against Bangladesh at Lord's. As group winners, India faced fourth-placed New Zealand in the first semi-final, while the second semi-final will feature Australia and England, who finished second and third, respectively. The International Cricket Council (ICC) appointed the umpires for the two matches on 7 July.
Bracket
Semi-finals
Due to persistent rain, the first semi-final was suspended in the 47th over of New Zealand's innings, and continued on 10 July. New Zealand eventually posted a total of 239/8 from their 50 overs; in response, India were bowled out for 221, 18 runs short, sending New Zealand through to their second Cricket World Cup final, having also played in the final in 2015.
The second semi-final saw England take on Australia at Edgbaston. Australia won the toss and chose to bat first, but lost three of their top four batsmen for single-figure scores, two of them to Chris Woakes, to reduce them to 14/3 a ball into the seventh over. Steve Smith held his wicket to top-score with 85 as Australia were bowled out for 223 with Woakes and Rashid being the best of the bowlers with three wickets apiece. Nevertheless, England were well over halfway to their target by this point, and an unbroken partnership of 79 between Joe Root and captain Eoin Morgan saw them home to an eight-wicket victory and their first World Cup final since 1992.
Final
References
External links
2019 Cricket World Cup |
23659496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82%20Wiszniewski | Michał Wiszniewski | Michał Wiszniewski (1794–1865) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, and literary historian.
Life
Wiszniewski graduated from the celebrated Krzemieniec Lyceum (secondary school), where he subsequently taught for a time.
In 1831 he became a professor at Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He was a conservative activist during the Kraków Uprising of 1846. In 1848 he emigrated to Italy.
Wiszniewski was an epigone of the Polish Enlightenment, and at the same time a precursor of Positivism.
He authored a pioneering book on Characters of Human Minds, which is regarded as the first Polish work in the field of psychology.
Works
Bacona metoda tłumaczenia natury (Bacon's Method of Explaining Nature; 1834)
Charaktery rozumów ludzkich (Characters of Human Minds; 1837, English edition 1853
O rozumie ludzkim (On the Human Mind; 1848)
Historia literatury polskiej (A History of Polish Literature; vols. 1–10, 1840–57)
See also
History of philosophy in Poland
List of Poles
Notes
References
"Wiszniewski, Michał," Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, vol. 4, 1976, p. 660.
Polaczkówna, M., "Michał Wiszniewski, 1830-1848," Rocznik krakowski, vol. 12, 1910.
Kadler, A., "Działaność filozoficzna Michała Wiszniewskiego," Charisteria: Rozprawy filozoficzne, 1960.
Bańka, J., Poglądy filozoficzno-społeczne Michała Wiszniewskiego'', 1967.
1794 births
1865 deaths
Jagiellonian University alumni
19th-century Polish philosophers
Polish psychologists
Polish literary historians |
38190805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Society%20of%20Traders | Free Society of Traders | The Free Society of Traders was a company of merchants, landowners, and personal associates of William Penn who were granted special concessions in order to direct the economy of what was at the time a young colony. Most were Quaker merchants from London and Dublin.
It was originally a joint-stock company launched in London in 1681, after Penn received his Royal charter from Charles II that March. Some of the concessions made to these men in order to attract financial support, Penn offered early (100) investors a bonus of 5,000 acres each, plus exclusive rights to property in the capital city. Said property was to be meted out as property dividends in proportion to their country land at an annual 2% interest in their initial purchase. Penn also fashioned a rudimentary form of own government from the Traders' members. Such offers were extended to entice early colonizers.
Society Hill, a neighborhood of Philadelphia, is named after the Free Society of Traders, which had its offices at Front Street on the hill above Dock Creek.
References
Chartered companies
Trading companies of the United States
Companies based in Philadelphia |
20139622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondust%20%28video%20game%29 | Moondust (video game) | Moondust is a 1983 generative music video game created for the Commodore 64 by virtual reality pioneer, Jaron Lanier. Moondust was programmed in 6502 assembly in 1982, and is considered the first art video game. Moondust has frequently been used as an art installation piece in museum exhibitions from Corcoran Gallery of Art's 1983 "ARTcade" to the Smithsonian's 2012 "The Art of Video Games". It has also been used by Lanier and others in papers and lectures as an example to demonstrate the unexpected ephemerality of digital data.
Moondust is also considered to be the first interactive music publication, and it sold quite successfully. With the profits from Moondust and additional funding from Marvin Minsky, Lanier formed VPL which would later go on to create the DataGlove and the DataSuit and to become one of the primary innovators of virtual-reality research and development throughout the 1980s.
Gameplay
Moondust'''s gameplay is characterized by graphical complexity, and the game features an abstract ambient score. The goal of the game is to cover the bullseye at the center of the screen with "moonjuice." To do this, the player controls spaceman Jose Scriabin (named in honor of synaesthetic composer Alexander Scriabin) as he drops a seed square and then moves around the screen in arcing paths to run over the seed, smearing it to cover the bullseye. As Jose travels, flight patterns of he and the bullet-shaped spaceships he must avoid are created and as they pass through the trails that are created, and as the moonjuice spreads and smears, the musical score is modified according to a generative algorithm. In-game scoring system assigns point-values according to an algorithm when the level is completed. Players start with three seeds but may acquire more if they have scored highly enough. The game has been compared to the works of Jeff Minter.
The game features 4 modes: Beginner, Evasive, Freestyle, and Spinsanity. In Beginner mode, the seeds that Jose must smear remain in one position wherever they had been dropped. In Evasive mode, however, the seeds seek to evade Jose by rushing to the edge of the screen. Freestyle mode greatly increases the player’s control over Jose, removing the physical element of momentum to connect Jose's motions directly to the joystick controller's. In Spinsanity mode, the spaceships travel in a spiral pattern making smearing of the seed more difficult for the player.
ReceptionAhoy!s review began "And now for something completely different. You have never seen anything like Moondust ... No mazes, no nuke the alien aggressors, no 'find ring, sit on ring'". The magazine, which gave the game a grade of B for graphics and A for gameplay, stated that it was "not for everybody", warning that "the instructions are confusing. Even the people at Creative Software didn't know what Lanier was up to". The review nonetheless concluded "Players shopping for a non-violent game that incorporates graphics and music will want to consider Moondust ... I recommend it". The Commodore 64 Home Companion agreed on Moondust''s uniqueness, describing it as "one of the most creative new games I've seen for any computer". Describing gameplay as "more like ballet than combat", the book concluded that it "is a computer game for people who don't like computer games".
References
External links
1983 video games
Commodore 64-only games
Music video games
Video games developed in the United States
Art games
Commodore 64 games |
56195372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Echo%2C%20Queensland | Glen Echo, Queensland | Glen Echo is a rural locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the Glen Echo had a population of 31 people.
Geography
Sugar Loaf Mountain is in the far north of the locality () .
History
In the Glen Echo had a population of 31 people.
References
Gympie Region
Localities in Queensland |
57178854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Australian%20Labor%20Party%20leadership%20election | 1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election | The Australian Labor Party held a leadership election on 19 March 1996, following the resignation of Paul Keating after the party's defeat at the 1996 federal election. Kim Beazley was elected unopposed as Keating's replacement, thus becoming Leader of the Opposition.
Background
Speculation about Keating's successor began midway through his second term in office, as a result of consistently poor polling. Finance Minister Kim Beazley, Health Minister Carmen Lawrence, Foreign Minister Gareth Evans, and Employment Minister Simon Crean were all reported as possible contenders at various stages. In June 1995, deputy leader Brian Howe announced his resignation. Beazley was elected unopposed as his replacement, thus becoming Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Keating then endorsed Beazley as his own eventual successor, stating that he was "the obvious person in the long run". It was reported that Carmen Lawrence was the preferred candidate of Howe's Labor Left faction for the deputy leadership, but that she chose not to stand because she did not have the numbers in the caucus as a whole. Her position was thought to have been damaged by an ongoing Western Australian royal commission into her role in the Easton affair.
In April 1995, opinion polling by AGB McNair on behalf of The Sydney Morning Herald had Gareth Evans (20 percent), Carmen Lawrence (18 percent), Kim Beazley (13 percent), and Simon Crean (8 percent) as the favourites to succeed Paul Keating as Labor leader, although 31 percent of respondents were unsure. By July 1995, the same polling firm had Beazley on 27 percent, followed by Lawrence (19 percent), Evans (10 percent), and Crean (9 percent).
Keating announced he would resign as Labor leader on the night of 2 March 1996, when it became clear that Labor had lost the federal election to John Howard's Coalition. By the following week, it was correctly being reported that Beazley would be elected unopposed as his successor when the Labor caucus met on 19 March. However, there was initially some concern that he would not win his seat, the Division of Brand in Western Australia – his final margin of victory was only 387 votes.
Candidates
Kim Beazley, incumbent Deputy Leader, former Minister for Finance, Member for Brand
Potential candidates who declined to run
Simon Crean, former Minister for Employment, Education and Training, Member for Hotham
Gareth Evans, former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Member for Holt
Carmen Lawrence, former Minister for Human Services and Health , Member for Fremantle
Results
In the lead-up to the caucus meeting, most media attention was given to who would be the party's new deputy leader. Gareth Evans eventually defeated Simon Crean by 42 votes to 37.
Deputy leadership ballot
Aftermath
After Labor nearly won the 1998 federal election Gareth Evans stood down as deputy leader being replaced by Simon Crean.
References
Australian Labor Party leadership spills
March 1996 events in Australia
1996 elections in Australia
Australian Labor Party leadership election |
8677431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Foden | Ben Foden | Benjamin James Foden (born 22 July 1985) is an English rugby union player who plays for Rugby United New York (RUNY) in Major League Rugby (MLR). A fullback or scrum-half, he won 34 caps for England between 2009 and 2013.
Career
Born in Chester, Foden was educated at Bishop Heber High School in Malpas, Cheshire before moving to the sixth form at Bromsgrove School. His Bromsgrove School teacher Paul Mullan was a big influence on his career, as was his father, Rob, who coached Ben and brother Tom's youth team.
His career has been divided between playing at scrum-half and fullback, though he can also operate on the wing. In an interview in March 2009, Foden accepted that his future lay at playing fullback.
Foden played for Cheshire and North of England U16s, and England U16s. He then went on to play for England U19s, and England Counties.
Club
He joined Sale Sharks in 2004. Foden's desire to play scrum half saw him sign for Northampton Saints on the basis of a promise to play him at his preferred position; a promise that Sale Sharks could not give him, considering his strong performances at full-back, and the club presence of England international scrum-half Richard Wigglesworth and the arrival of Welsh international Dwayne Peel for the next season. In the 2005–2006 season, Foden played as a replacement in the final as Sale won their first ever Premiership title.
He gained his nickname of "Pop Idol" or "Pops" by missing the first day of pre-season with the Sharks for an audition on the programme.
He began his Northampton Saints career competing with Lee Dickson for the scrum half position; Dickson won the battle for the scrum half shirt, and Northampton frequently used Foden at full back. In the 2008–09 season, he helped the Saints win the European Challenge Cup.
In March 2011, following a Saints win over Wasps, Foden was arrested following an altercation with a taxi driver in London, but both Northampton and the RFU were happy to let the issue lie after he accepted a police caution.
In May 2014, Foden won the Aviva Premiership title with Northampton, playing 80 minutes plus extra time in the final against Saracens at full back and scoring a try.
Foden played on the wing for most of the 2016-17 season, scoring five tries. The most recent of those tries came as Saints secured their place in the European Rugby Champions Cup for the following campaign as they fought off Stade Francais in the European Champions Cup play-off final.
After a decade with the club Northampton confirmed that Foden would be leaving at the end of the 2017/18 season. In July 2018, Rugby United New York announced that they had signed Foden for the 2019 Major League Rugby Season.
International
He was included in the England U21s team for the 2005 Six Nations and World Championships, and the 2006 Six Nations and World Championship. Foden was a member of the 2006 Grand Slam winning England U21 squad, playing in all five matches and notching up three tries. He went on to play at the 2006 Under 21 Rugby World Championship later that year, sharing the number 9 jersey with Danny Care. He played for the England Sevens in 2006/7 and 2007/8, and the England Saxons at the 2008 Churchill Cup against USA before being included in the England Elite Playing Squad.
Foden was named in the England squad for the Six Nations on 14 January 2009, and earned his first cap for the England v match on 7 February 2009 when he came on as a replacement at scrum-half for Harry Ellis, with England winning 36–11.
He was included in the England squad for the 2009 summer tour against the Barbarians and Argentina and made his first start for England in the uncapped game against the Barbarians on 30 May 2009, a game which saw him playing on the wing and scoring a try in the 32nd minute.
Despite fullback Delon Armitage being injured for the 2009 Investec Autumn Internationals, Foden was not included in the squad – manager Martin Johnson instead preferring to play wings Ugo Monye and Mark Cueto out of position. By the 2010 Six Nations, Armitage was fit again, though a series of below par performances saw Foden seize the 15 shirt, with substitute performances against and , before gaining his first Test start against . An improved performance by the England side saw Foden score his first try in a Test match, though the team lost 12–10.
Foden retained his starting place for the summer tour to , playing with club colleague Chris Ashton. Although England lost the first Test, they won the second 20–21. He also featured as a replacement in an uncapped game for England against the side.
He was named in the elite player squad for the 2010–11 season.
Later that year he cemented his place as England's first-choice fullback, his early flirtation with scrum-half shelved after some strong form. Foden was a key member of the side that beat Australia twice in 2010 and also started all of England's Six Nations games as they came up short of a Grand Slam in 2011. He gained more metres (100.6) in the 2011 6 Nations than any other player in the Championship. Foden was selected for England's 2011 World Cup squad, holding off the challenge of Delon Armitage to retain the fullback shirt during England's disappointing campaign.
Television
In October 2019, Foden was a contestant in The X Factor: Celebrity as a member of the group, Try Star, alongside Levi Davis and Thom Evans. They were eliminated in the semi-final, finishing in fifth place.
In October 2021, it was announced that Foden would be participating in the fourteenth series of Dancing on Ice.
International tries
† Full international cap not awarded for Barbarians Test match
Personal life
Foden married Una Healy of girl group The Saturdays on 30 June 2012 in her native Ireland. They have two children, daughter Aoife (b.2012) and son Tadhg (b.2015). In July 2018, it was announced that Foden and Healy had separated. Foden married Jackie Belanoff-Smith in 2019. On 20 May 2020, Jackie gave birth to their daughter Farrah.
References
External links
England profile
Northampton Saints Profile
Premiership Profile
Whitchurch Rugby Club
Career Stats@Statbunker
RUNY Signing
1985 births
Living people
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
English expatriate rugby union players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate rugby union players in the United States
Northampton Saints players
People educated at Bromsgrove School
Rugby New York players
Sale Sharks players
Rugby union players from Chester
Rugby union fullbacks |
19184412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovsep%20Aznavur | Hovsep Aznavur | Hovsep Aznavur (; 1854, London - June 1935, Cairo) was an Ottoman Armenian architect. He is noted for his construction plans for the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church of Istanbul, Turkey.
Biography
Born in London in 1854, Aznavur's family moved to Istanbul in 1867. Aznavur completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. Some of his best known works are Bulgarian St. Stephen Church, Mısır Apartment and Aznavur Passage. He was active in Armenian community life. In 1921, he became a founding member of the Ramgavar Party, one of the three major historic Armenian political parties. He escaped from Istanbul after the Armenian genocide and died at the end of June 1935 in Cairo, Egypt.
References
Sources
Pamukçiyan, Kevork. IV. Biyografileriyle Ermeniler, Ermeni Kaynaklarından Tarihe Katkılar, yayına hazırlayan: Osman Köker, Aras Yayıncılık, Istanbul, August 2003.
Short biography of Hovsep Aznavur
Tigran Khzmalyan. Armenian Architects of Istanbul: Online Exhibition, March 27, 2015
Stefan Bulgar Kilisesi
1854 births
1935 deaths
Ethnic Armenian architects
Architects of the Ottoman Empire
British people of Armenian descent
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
Artists from London
People of the Ottoman Empire |
4427369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluga | Taluga | Taluga may refer to:
Taluga (country), proposed micro-nation on the Cortes Bank
USS Taluga (AO-62), American Navy oiler ship |
10895405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtobacterium%20flaccumfaciens | Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens | Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes disease on a variety of plants. Gram-positive bacterium characteristics include small irregular rods, lateral flagella, the ability to persist in aerobic environments, and cells containing catalase. In the interest of studying pathogenicity in plants, the species Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is broken down further into pathovars, which help to better describe the pathogen.
Hosts and symptoms
Curtobacterium flaccumfacien is a bacterial wilt pathogen. The hallmark symptoms of bacterial wilt are leaf and petiole wilting. Chlorosis of the leaf and tissue occurs due to the lack of water transport. Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens as a species has a wide host range not limited to kidney beans, soybeans, tulips, and tomatoes. However, the species is artificially separated into a pathovar based on host range and symptoms.
One of the economically important pathovars is Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. Flaccumfaciens. This pathovar is classified as bacterial wilt and has a primary host range of the genus Phaseolus (beans), but the pathogen can infect many other species of the Fabaceae. In beans the symptoms can be devastating to the crop yield. These beans have severe foliage wilting and chlorosis.
One ornamental example is Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. oortii. The primary host are plants from the genus Tulipa (Tulip). Although the host range differs, the symptoms are relatively similar. During flowering typical symptoms of dehydration are observed. Similarly to beans, the tulips get wilt. In severe cases, the plant eventually fails to recover from wilting and dies.
Disease cycle
Survival
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens can overwinter in plant debris, diseased plants, wild hosts, seeds, or vegetative propagative organs. The bacteria can survive only a couple of weeks as free bacteria in soil. Multiple factors go into survival of a bacterial population, including temperature, humidity, and soil characteristics. Infected seeds cannot be used for susceptible bean crops because Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens has been known to survive in dried bean pods from five years and up to 24 years in laboratory conditions. Different pathovars survive in slightly different ways. For example, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. oortii survive in the vegetative propagative organs (bulbs) rather than in the seeds, like Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens.
Dispersal
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens causes wilting at high populations and disperses in many ways. The bacteria multiply relatively quickly which increases the possibility that Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens can shed from dying or dead plant material. The pathogen is normally dispersed via agricultural practices such as, planting saved seed and through farm equipment. In the case of beans & tulips these practices move the propagule during overwriting phase of their life cycles. This is effective dispersal for the pathogen.
Infection
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens usually enters the plant though a wound. Natural wounds (created by excision of flowers or genesis of lateral roots) and unnatural wounds could become entry sites. There are no reports of vectors, but the nematode Meloidogyne incognita may assist entry by providing unnatural wounds.
Management
Management varies for each between hosts. For this purpose, we will look specifically at the detection and control methods of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. Since most plant pathogens are Gram-negative detection of Gram-positive bacterium, using methods such as the KOH test, is a beginners diagnostic tool used to identify this bacterium. Bacteria may be detected beneath the seedcoat by means of a combined cultural and slide agglutination test. Bean seed from countries where the disease is known to occur should be inspected for discoloration of the seedcoat. Immunofluorescence staining can also be used to detect the bacterium in contaminated seed lots. Control may be affected by using disease-free seed and crop rotations. Seeds grown in dry climates are usually free from infection and are, therefore, recommended for distribution. The strongest control regulations handed down by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection (EPPO) to date was a quarantine procedure. There is little resistance available commercially to Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and antibiotics are ineffective.
See also
List of soybean diseases
References
External links
Micrococcineae
Soil biology
Soybean diseases |
19865333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbeg%2C%20Highland | Balbeg, Highland | Balbeg () is a clachan (hamlet) about 0.5 miles (1 km) north-east of Balnain, 4 miles (6 km) west of Drumnadrochit, Inverness-shire (in the Scottish Highlands) and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.
Balbeg is also the name of another small settlement, located on the north west shore of Loch Ness, about 4 miles south of Drumnadrochit. The two settlements are sometimes confused.
History
Balmacaan Estate
Much of Glenurquhart was part of the Balmacaan Estate (also known as the Glen Urquhart Estate) owned by the Grant family of Seafield between 1509 and 1946. The estate was rented to the wealthy American industrialist and local benefactor Bradley Martin in the late 19th and early 20th century and flourished in the 1880s and 1890s, but went into decline after the 1920s. The estate then changed hands so frequently that the issue was raised in parliament. The best forestry wood had been felled during World War 2 and the estate was dissolved in 1946. Balmacaan House, near Drumnadrochit, was abandoned soon afterwards<ref name="auto11"/, set on fire by vandals in the 1960s and demolished in 1972.
In 1946 Bunloit Farm was separated from Balmacaan Estate and Bunloit Estate was formed round it near the small settlement of Balbeg, located on the north west shore of Loch Ness, about 4 miles south of Drumnadrochit.
Glenurquhart, the valley in which Balbeg is located, used to be part of the lands of the Grants of Glenmorison, with the lands of the Frasers to the north for most of its time.
Balbeg, like Balnain, did not yet exist in 1832. The River Enrick, which flows through Glenurquhart, was known as Endrie Water at this time. Several buildings were erected during 1872, appearing on some maps, but not others. It was there by 1896 and 1878
Climate
Like most of the United Kingdom, the Inverness area has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
The weather is pleasantly warm and sunny in the spring and summer, cool and fairly rainy in the autumn and very cold and snowy (with some blizzards) in the winter.
Transport
There are occasional buses to Balnain, from which Balbeg is a short walk.
Images
References
See also
Inverness
Charles Kennedy MP
Corrimony
Balnain
Drumnadrochit
Populated places in Inverness committee area |
2674410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrianampoinimerina | Andrianampoinimerina | Andrianampoinimerinā () (1745–1810) ruled the Kingdom of Imerina from 1787 until his death. His reign was marked by the reunification of Imerina following 77 years of civil war, and the subsequent expansion of his kingdom into neighboring territories, thereby initiating the unification of Madagascar under Merina rule. Andrianampoinimerina is a cultural hero and holds near mythic status among the Merina people, and is considered one of the greatest military and political leaders in the history of Madagascar.
Andrianampoinimerina took power upon deposing his uncle, King Andrianjafy, who had ruled over Imerina Avaradrano (Northern Imerina). Prior to Andrianampoinimerina's reign, Imerina Avaradrano had been locked in conflict with the three other neighboring provinces of the former kingdom of Imerina that had last been unified under King Andriamasinavalona a century before. Andrianampoinimerina established his capital at the fortified town of Ambohimanga, a site of great spiritual, cultural and political significance that was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. The king's original royal lodgings can still be visited at Ambohimanga today. From this position, he progressively extended his domain first over all Imerina and then over the greater Highlands, absorbing the Betsileo, Sihanaka, Bezanozano and Bara territories. Having reigned for 23 years at the time of his death, Andrianampoinimerina had successfully reunited Imerina and vastly expanded the Merina kingdom, with the intent to ultimately unify all of Madagascar under Merina rule. His son and heir, Radama I, continued the conquests Andrianampoinimerina had begun, and over the next two decades largely achieved his father's vision.
Early life
Birth
Andrianampoinimerina was born Ramboasalamarazaka (short form: Ramboasalama) around 1745 in Ikaloy, in central Madagascar, to Princess Ranavalonandriambelomasina, daughter of King Andriambelomasina of Imerina (1730-1770), and her husband Andriamiaramanjaka, an andriana (noble) of the Zafimamy royal family in the independent kingdom of Alahamadintany to the north of Imerina. His mother's brother Andrianjafy was named Andriambelomasina's successor and was king of Imerina Avaradrano, the northern quadrant of the former Kingdom of Imerina, from 1770 to 1787.
Ramboasalamarazaka was born during a period when conflict and famine afflicted Imerina. For almost a century, from the end of the reign of King Ralambo (1575–1600) to King Andriamasinavalona (1675–1710), the Kingdom of Imerina in Madagascar's central highlands had generally enjoyed prosperity, expansion and civil peace. This stability and the unity of Imerina collapsed after Andriamasinavalona divided the kingdom among his four favorite sons, leading to 77 years of civil war that weakened the ability of subsequent princes to respond effectively to the pressures of slave trading and a growing population. Merina kings had long intended to extend their kingdom to the North by absorbing the Zafimamy kingdom of Alahamadintany, and the Zafimamy kings of Alahamadintany had also wished to extend their land to the South by absorbing the Merina Kingdom. The marriage between Ramboasalamarazaka's parents was a political alliance contracted as part of Andriambelomasina's strategy to mitigate the threat of invasions by the Alahamadintany-Zafimamy alliance to the North. The marriage agreement stipulated that after the reign of Andriambelomasina's son, Andrianjafy, the throne would pass to his daughter's son, Ramboasalamarazaka. The alliance between these two royal families represented a fair and peaceful compromise: the prince born of this union would rule over both states and unify the two kingdoms.
Andrianampoinimerina's Zafimamy ancestors practiced endogamy and therefore rarely mixed with the descendants of the legendary first inhabitants of Madagascar, the Vazimba. However, Ramboasalamarazaka had partial Vazimba ancestry on his mother's side through her antecedent, King Andriamanelo (1540–1575), son of Vazimba Queen Rafohy (1530–1540) and her Merina husband Manelo. He was born during the first quarter of the moon (tsinambolana) of the month Alahamady, the sign of a highly auspicious birth according to popular belief. Following the Merina customs of the time, his parents gave him the humble name Ramboasalama (Ra-amboa-salama, "The healthy dog") to protect him from attracting the undesirable attention of jealous rivals or evil spirits, before being changed in childhood to Ramboasalamarazaka.
Childhood and education
Ramboasalamarazaka spent his early childhood in his father's Zafimamy court at Ikaloy. There he received a traditional education, including mastery of fanorona, a local board game believed to develop intelligence and the ability to think strategically. Young nobles being groomed for leadership roles typically learned to perform kabary (a stylized form of public address), including the judicious use of ohabolana (proverbs) to persuasively make a point. Young Merina princes also often learned to play the valiha, a bamboo tube zither then reserved for Merina and Zafimamy nobles. Around the age of 12, Ramboasalamarazaka continued his education under the supervision of his grandfather, King Andriambelomasina, at Amboatany and the royal court in Ambohimanga.
Merchant
As a young man, Ramboasalamarazaka worked as a merchant and may have also traded in slaves. During this period he gained a reputation as a champion of the commoner, committed to defending them against raids by Sakalava warriors and slave traders and fighting against corruption. Regarded as a self-made man who did not rely on his privileges as a prince, his independence, temperament, tenacity and sense of justice made him popular among the commoners and the slaves of Ambohimanga. His popularity stood in contrast to public discontentment with his uncle, King Andrianjafy, who was viewed as a despotic and incompetent ruler. Ramboasalamarazaka frequently made promises to the populace regarding his future reign, which led Andrianjafy perceived as a threat to his authority, leading him to execute citizens of his territory who engaged his nephew in such promises; contrary to his intentions, this response only served to turn popular opinion against Andrianjafy.
Conflict with Andrianjafy
Although Andrianjafy may have initially intended for Ramboasalamarazaka to succeed him, this appears to have changed following the birth of his son, whom his wife persuaded him to name as successor in disregard of his father's earlier decree. Andrianjafy consequently made several attempts to have his nephew killed, but on each occasion Ramboasalamarazaka was warned by Andrianjafy's brother and managed to avert the plot. In 1787, when Ramboasalamarazaka was 42 years old, the conflict between the men reached a turning point: Andrianjafy decided to send a group of assassins to Ramboasalama's residence in Ambohimanga. Andrianjafy's brother again took action and warned Ramboasalamarazaka to flee, but rather than leave Ambohimanga, Ramboasalama followed the advice of an elder who instructed him to sacrifice a ram to invoke ancestral protection. The elder then gathered the twelve most respected men of Ambohimanga and thirty soldiers, and rallied them to enforce the decree of Andriambelomasina by overthrowing Andrianjafy and swearing allegiance to Ramboasalama. After the success of the coup, the new king adopted his ruling name, Andrianampoinimerina. The support of the Tsimahafotsy, inhabitants of Ambohimanga, ensured the defense of the city against efforts by Andrianjafy to reclaim his capital and his authority.
Andrianjafy rallied the people of his home village of Ilafy to fight against those of Ambohimanga. Both sides were armed with spears and firearms. An initial battle at Marintampona saw the Ilafy army defeated. Both sides regrouped for a second confrontation at Amboniloha, which took place at night and did not end in a definitive win for either side. In the morning, Andrianjafy moved his army north of Anosy and the two sides clashed again in a battle that lasted two days. The Ilafy army lost the skirmish and retreated to their village. After losing these battles, the residents of Ilafy decided to submit to Andrianampoinimerina. To rid themselves of Andrianjafy, the people encouraged him to travel to Antananarivo and Alasora to seek allies in the defense of their town. Once he had departed, the villagers barred the town gates and announced their desire to enforce the decree of Andriambelomasina. Seeking support to recapture the throne, Andrianjafy traveled to Antananarivo, Ambohipeto, Alasora and Anosizato to secure an alliance, but each time he was rebuffed. The conflict came to an end in 1787 when Andrianampoinimerina exiled his uncle; varying sources report that shortly afterward Andrianjafy either died in exile or was killed by Andrianampoinimerina's followers.
Reign and expansion of territory
Reunification of historic Imerina
Continuing his conquests in the 1790s, Andrianampoinimerina began establishing control over a comparatively large part of the highlands of Madagascar including the twelve sacred hills of Imerina. Andrianampoinimerina conquered Antananarivo in 1793 and concluded treaties with the kings of Antananarivo and Ambohidratrimo. He shifted the kingdom's political capital back to Antananarivo in 1794. By 1795 he had gained the allegiance and submission of all the territories that had formed Imerina at its largest extent under Andriamasinavalona, effectively achieving the reunification of Imerina. The former kings of Antananarivo and Ambohidratrimo periodically engaged in resistance against his authority in disregard of the treaties they had concluded, prompting Andrianampoinimerina to launch renewed campaigns to eliminate both kings; the re-pacification of Antananarivo began in 1794 and achieved definitive success in 1797, with Ambohidratrimo reconquered shortly afterward. By 1800, he had absorbed several other previously independent sections of Imerina into his kingdom. He reinforced alliances with powerful nobles in conquered regions of Imerina through marriage to local princesses, and is said to have wed 12 women in total. He placed each wife at a house built at each of the twelve sacred hills. After the political capital of Imerina was shifted back to Antananarivo, Andrianampoinimerina declared Ambohimanga to be the spiritual capital of Imerina.
Conquest of greater Madagascar
The latter half of Andrianampoinimerina's reign from around 1800 was marked by an effort to unite the island's 18 ethnic groups under his rule. This effort began with the sending of royal messengers bearing invitations to become vassal states under Andrianampoinimerina's sovereignty, or face a military conquest. The first focus of this expansion was territory that had historically been inhabited by the Merina people but had come under the rule of other groups, particularly including the eastern lands held by the Sihanaka and Bezanozano peoples. Andrianampoinimerina then consolidated Merina power in neighboring southern central Betsileo territories, establishing military outposts to protect Merina settlers as far south as the Ankaratra mountains and Faratsiho. Kingdoms that united with Imerina as a result of diplomatic efforts included the Betsileo around Manandriana; the Betsileo, Merina and Antandrano Andrandtsay of Betafo; and the western region of Imamo. The Sakalava of Menabe and Manangina rejected these offers and actively resisted Merina domination; the Bezanozano territories likewise resisted, although the Merina managed to preserve a tenuous hold over the area.
The gradual conquest of surrounding lands by Andrianampoinimerina and his Merina army was vigorously opposed by the Sakalava, who remained a major threat to Andrianampoinimerina and his people. Throughout his reign, bands of Sakalava mounted slave raids in Imerina and brought captured Merina to the coast for sale to European slave traders. Sakalava armies mounted repeated incursions into Imerina and nearly breached the capital city on more than one occasion. Andrianampoinimerina launched several campaigns to pacify the Sakalava but none were successful. He also sought to establish peace through marriages intended to form political alliances, but without achieving lasting peace or an end to the slave raids.
Certain Merina nobles and several members of the royal family also posed a threat to Andrianampoinimerina's rule. After deposing Andrianjafy, the fallen king made an attempt on Andrianampoinimerina's life. This assassination attempt was foiled by an informant who had learned about the conspiracy by chance. Andrianampoinimerina rewarded the informant by marrying his daughter to his son, future King Radama I. Andrianampoinimerina furthermore declared that any child from this union would be first in the line of succession after Radama. The marriage did not produce children, however, and following Radama's death in 1828, this royal wife would rule Madagascar for 33 years as Queen Ranavalona I. Andrianaimpoinimerina's authority was also threatened by his adopted son, Rabodolahy, who plotted to kill Radama; when these efforts failed, he attempted to assassinate Andrianampoinimerina, but was discovered and executed.
Governance of the Kingdom of Imerina
Beginning in 1797, Andrianampoinimerina ruled his expanding kingdom from Antananarivo, the traditional capital of the Kingdom of Imerina. He is credited with major development and reorganization of the city. His vision for the capital was to serve as a microcosm of his kingdom and a model of urban planning that would be replicated in each new territory. In keeping with sacred Merina symbolism associated with height, space and cardinal orientation, he retained the royal compound - the Rova of Antananarivo - at the crest of the highest hill in the city, and in the center of the urban space that expanded around it. He also undertook significant expansion of the sacred rova compound and improved its venerable buildings. This included the reconstruction in 1800 of Besakana, the "throne of the kingdom" built by king Andrianjaka in the early 1600s as the first royal residence at Antananarivo - one of several houses used as residences by Andrianampoinimerina at the palace, the other principal residence being Mahitsielafanjaka after he moved his capital from Ambohimanga to Antananarivo. He implanted representatives of ethnic groups he had recently conquered in specified neighborhoods of the city. Each Merina social class had its designated districts: slaves lived south of the rova (a disfavored direction in Merina cosmology), the mainty (royal servant class) lived to the southeast in Amparihy, important hova clans were allotted the district to the west of the royal compound, and each of the seven sub-classes of andriana nobles were assigned to a district to the sacred north and northeast of the palace. Within this broad district structure, each clan (foko) was assigned a specific neighborhood in an orientation roughly corresponding to the orientation of their home village vis-a-vis the capital city. In the popular imagination of the residents of modern-day Antananarivo, the city in the time of Andrianampoinimerina is envisioned as a perfect and harmonious urban space embodying the best of Merina ingenuity and spiritual significance.
The legitimacy of Andrianampoinimerina's reign was bolstered by his characterization of other Merina rulers' claims to power as fanjakana hova - rule by hova (commoners), whose lineages were only weakly tied to the line of succession relative to his own. In addition, like Merina kings before him, he consolidated the power of the sampy (royal idols) and attributed the success and legitimacy of his reign to the proper respect shown toward these conduits of supernatural power. He balanced this strengthening of the supernatural and ancestral legitimacy of his kingship against inclusiveness of the commoner class by making several hova from the Tsimiamboholahy and Tsimahafotsy clans into powerful and trusted advisers. He also consulted a group of ombiasy (royal advisers of the Antaimoro clan), who were literate in the sorabe script historically used on the east coast to inscribe a series of ancient texts considered to contain powerful magic and specialized scientific and ritual knowledge.
The population of Imerina was governed through a mixture of traditional practices and innovative measures. While all land technically belonged to the sovereign, its administration was carried out by andriana who were assigned a menakely (subdivision of land) to govern. These administrators were themselves overseen by roving royal advisers. The land was cultivated by commoners, who were given a parcel to farm based on the size of the family it was meant to feed, and each family paid taxes to the king in return. Andrianampoinimerina passed laws giving children the right to claim meat from the butcher that had not been sold by the day's end, and allowing the poor to eat cassava from others' fields, provided they took only what they could cook and consume on the spot. In this way, the basic nutritional needs of most citizens were met.
Social organization
The hierarchy of Merina andriana sub-classes established in the 16th century under Andriamanelo was revised by Andrianampoinimerina, as it had been done by Andriamasinavalona. He decreed new rights and responsibilities for the andriana, including the privilege of placing sculptures or images of the voromahery (black kite) on their homes to indicate their noble status.
In order to strengthen relationships within clans and communities, and to promote moderation and equitable distribution of resources, Andrianampoinimerina decreed that families should build larger, monolithic stone tombs to hold the remains of all family members, and that the construction of these tombs was to be undertaken as a shared responsibility among members of the family to be entombed there.
Modifications and expansions on several traditional royal rituals under Andrianampoinimerina enabled him to develop a state religion in which he was the central figure. The tradition of the fandroana festival established by the 17th century Merina king Ralambo was made a much larger event intended to symbolically renew the nation and the cosmic power that legitimized and strengthened Andrianampoinimerina's reign as well as the power of the state. This served to further unify his citizens while legitimizing and strengthening his rule.
Public works
The long-established royal Merina tradition of fanompoana (labor as a form of tax) was continued and expanded under Andrianampoinimerina. Major public works were carried out under his reign, including the further expansion of irrigated paddy fields in the Betsimitatatra plains surrounding Antananarivo. He devised systems for organizing work teams, motivated their efforts by setting up competitions between teams, and punished those who failed to contribute their due share of effort. He mobilized groups of hiragasy village musicians to entertain work teams and later employed them to travel among towns and villages across the kingdom, broadcasting news, announcing new laws and promoting proper social behavior.
Laws
Andrianampoinimerina developed a legal system that applied throughout the territories he ruled. He was the first Merina king to establish formal civil and penal codes, the latter ameliorated and transcribed by his son Radama. He declared twelve crimes to be capital offenses, while many others entailed collective punishment for the guilty party and his or her family members including forced labor in chains and being reduced to slave status. These harsh penalties were intended to act as a strong disincentive to engage in antisocial acts; the consumption of alcohol, marijuana and tobacco were also outlawed, although they remained prevalent. To judge infractions of his laws, the king often relied on the tradition of tangena, whereby surviving the ingestion of poison indicated an accused person's innocence.
Economy
Under Andrianampoinimerina, regulations were established to manage trading in slaves and other commodities. Estimates put the number of slaves traded by the king at around 1,800 per year, mainly in exchange for firearms and principally to French merchants who sold them on to Mauritius and Reunion. This brought order to the kingdom's economy, enriched the crown, and enabled the king to monopolize trade in certain particularly lucrative goods, thereby weakening opportunities for political rivals to amass enough wealth and influence to unseat him. While this soured his relationship with certain andriana, it increased his popularity among the commoner and slave classes. His practice of commonly deciding in favor of commoners in disputes with nobles further strengthened his image as a fair ruler.
Andrianampoinimerina regulated commerce and the economy by creating official markets (tsena) and standardizing market scales (fandanjana) and other units of measurement, including length and volume. King Andrianampoinimerina established the first marketplace in Antananarivo on the grounds today occupied by the Analakely market's tile-roofed pavilions, constructed in the 1930s. Andrianampoinimerina decreed Friday (Zoma) as market day, when merchants would come to Analakely to erect stalls shaded with traditional white parasols. This sea of parasols extended throughout the valley, forming what has been called the largest open air marketplace in the world. Traffic congestion and safety hazards caused by the ever-growing Zoma market prompted government officials to split up and relocate the Friday merchants to several other districts in 1997. Prosperity for the masses in Imerina increased throughout Andrianampoinimerina's reign, leading to growth in population density.
Military organization
Finally, he established a citizen army called the foloalindahy (the "100,000 soldiers"). Men fit for military service were recruited to engage in Andrianampoinimerina's campaigns of conquest between periods designated for public works projects. These campaigns served to enrich Imerina by capturing slaves for labor and service to the Merina andriana and hova classes, or for sale or trade to coastal communities in exchange for firearms. His military was equipped with the sizeable stock of arms he procured from coastal traders in western Madagascar.
Death and succession
Andrianampoinimerina died in the Mahitsielafanjaka house on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo on 6 July 1810 at the age of 65, having fathered eleven sons and thirteen daughters by his many wives. In the Vazimba tradition of Merina kings before him, the body of Andrianampoinimerina was placed in a canoe made of silver (rather than the customary hollowed out log) and interred in one of the royal tranomasina tombs at Ambohimanga. Shortly after the French established a colonial presence on the island in 1896, they destroyed Andrianampoinimerina's original tomb in March 1897, removed his remains, and relocated them to the rova of Antananarivo where they were interred in the tomb of his son. This was done in an effort to desanctify the city of Ambohimanga, break the spirit of the Menalamba resistance fighters who had been rebelling against French colonization for the past year, weaken popular belief in the power of the royal ancestors, and relegate Malagasy sovereignty under the Merina rulers to a relic of an unenlightened past. Andrianampoinimerina was succeeded by his 18-year-old son, Radama I. In order to fulfill his oath that the child of his son Radama would follow in the line of succession, Andrianampoinimerina had his oldest son, Ramavolahy, killed to prevent any contest for the throne.
Legacy
Historian Bethwell Ogot states Andrianampoinimerina is "regarded as the most important of Imerina's kings". Historian Catherine Fournet-Guérin notes he is an "object of great admiration in the popular imagination." A French trader who had conducted business with him declared in 1808, "He is without doubt the richest, the most feared, the most enlightened, and has the largest kingdom, of all the kings of Madagascar." Malagasy textbooks characterize him as a hero and the originator of the notion of a unified Malagasy national identity.
The primary source of information about the reign of Andrianampoinimerina is Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara, a Malagasy language book relating the oral history of the Merina kings as collected by a Jesuit missionary, Francois Callet, in the late 19th century. Prior to the eventual release of a French language translation in the 1950s, references to the king in academic and popular writing during the colonial period de-emphasized his role as a conduit of traditional religious power and authority, instead glorifying his administrative practices in an attempt to bring greater credibility to the colonial government as a vehicle for building upon and strengthening the principles of good governance that he introduced. Beginning in the 1970s, historians began to focus more on the spiritual aspects of his role as king, and researchers questioned and compared sources in an effort to arrive at a more factual and balanced history of Andrianampoinimerina and his reign.
Innovations during the reign of Andrianampoinimerina were to have long-standing consequences for the structure of Malagasy society in the 19th century. Madagascar specialist Francoise Raison-Jourde attributes the widespread conversions of the masses following the conversion to Christianity of Ranavalona II in 1869 to the precedent established by Andrianampoinimerina of a state religion in which the sovereign is the head and the people are expected to follow. Similarly, Andrianampoinimerina's decision to empower the hova and the two families of advisers in particular led over the next fifty years to the strengthening of the hova middle class that formed the backbone of the merchant, craftsman, farming and administrative cadres. By the reign of Radama II, hova power rivaled and ultimately exceeded the power of the nobles, leading to the aristocratic coup d'etat that ended Radama's reign and the absolute power of the monarch, and established a joint system of government in which the hova Prime Minister and his cabinet governed while the sovereign was reduced to a symbolic figurehead of ancestral power and authority. Ambohimanga, which Andrianampoinimerina declared the spiritual capital of Madagascar, remains among the country's most important spiritual and cultural sites, and was recognized as Madagascar's only cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. A major street in Antananarivo, running parallel to the Avenue de l'Independence and one block east, is named after him.
See also
History of Madagascar
References
Bibliography
1745 births
1810 deaths
Merina people
Malagasy monarchs
19th-century monarchs in Africa |
44619551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%20Croatian%20parliamentary%20election | 1901 Croatian parliamentary election | Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia from 6 to 9 November 1901.
Results
References
Elections in Croatia
Croatia
1901 in Croatia
Elections in Austria-Hungary
November 1901 events
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
24588718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Stanley | Robert Stanley | Robert Stanley may refer to:
Robert Stanley (MP) (died 1632), member of parliament (MP) for Lancashire
Robert Christopher Stafford Stanley (1899–1983), governor of the Solomon Islands (1953–1955)
Robert H. Stanley (1881–1942), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
Robert Stanley (aviator) (1912–1977), American test pilot and engineer
Robert Crooks Stanley (1876-1951), American metallurgist and industrialist
Robert C. Stanley (1918–1996), American artist known for his paperback book covers
Bob Stanley (baseball) (born 1954), American baseball pitcher
Bob Stanley (musician) (born 1964), British musician
Mike Stanley (Robert Michael Stanley, born 1963), American baseball catcher
Robert Stanley (Australian politician) (1847–1918), Australian politician
Robert Stanley (mayor) (1828–1911), British mayor and businessman
See also
Stanley Roberts (disambiguation) |
27979742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara%20Fury | Niagara Fury | The Niagara Fury were an independent junior ice hockey team in the Continental Junior Hockey League. The team played out of Chippawa Willoughby Memorial Arena in Chippawa, Ontario.
History
The franchise was formed in 2010 as a charter member of the Continental Junior Hockey League for the 2010–11 season. The Fury's first head coach was Jim Cashman. The Fury were one of only two teams to play in the CJHL's only season. After originally going dormant for the 2010–11 season, the Erie Blizzard merged with the Fury in order to field a team and the Fury would play home games in both Chippawa, ON and Erie, PA for the 2010–11 season. Prior the 2011–12 season, the Erie Blizzard and Niagara Fury were once again announced to field their own teams. By October 2011 the only teams still listed as playing for the 2011–12 season were the Blizzard and Fury after all other announced teams had failed to sign enough players. In November, the Blizzard announced they were withdrawing from the CJHL and became a charter member in the Midwest Junior Hockey League and the CJHL and Niagara Fury ceased operations shortly after.
Season-by-season records
References
External links
Official site
Sport in Niagara Falls, Ontario
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
2010 establishments in Ontario
2011 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 2010
Sports clubs disestablished in 2011 |
29259600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parectopa | Parectopa | {{Taxobox
| name = Parectopa
| image = Parectopa robiniella 1296151.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Parectopa robiniella
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis = Insecta
| ordo = Lepidoptera
| infraordo = Heteroneura
| familia = Gracillariidae
| subfamilia = Gracillariinae
| genus = Parectopa| genus_authority = Clemens, 1860
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
}}Parectopa' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.
SpeciesParectopa bosquella (Chambers, 1876)Parectopa bumeliella Braun, 1939Parectopa capnias Meyrick, 1908Parectopa clethrata Lower, 1923Parectopa dactylota Meyrick, 1915Parectopa exorycha Meyrick, 1928Parectopa geraniella Braun, 1935Parectopa grisella (van Deventer, 1904)Parectopa heptametra Meyrick, 1915Parectopa interpositella (Frey & Boll, 1876)Parectopa lespedezaefoliella Clemens, 1860Parectopa leucocyma (Meyrick, 1889)Parectopa leucographa Turner, 1940Parectopa lithocolletina (Zeller, 1877)Parectopa lithomacha Meyrick, 1915Parectopa lyginella (Meyrick, 1880)Parectopa mnesicala (Meyrick, 1880)Parectopa nesitis (Walsingham, 1897)Parectopa ononidis (Zeller, 1839)Parectopa ophidias (Meyrick, 1907)Parectopa oxysphena Meyrick, 1934Parectopa pennsylvaniella (Engel, 1907)Parectopa picroglossa Meyrick, 1912Parectopa plantaginisella (Chambers, 1872)Parectopa promylaea (Meyrick, 1817)Parectopa pselaphotis Meyrick, 1915Parectopa pulverella (Walsingham, 1897)Parectopa quadristrigella (Zeller, 1877)Parectopa refulgens Meyrick, 1915Parectopa robiniella Clemens, 1863Parectopa rotigera Meyrick, 1931Parectopa thermopsella (Chambers, 1875)Parectopa toxomacha (Meyrick, 1883)Parectopa trichophysa Meyrick, 1915Parectopa tyriancha Meyrick, 1920Parectopa undosa (Walsingham, 1897)Parectopa viminea Meyrick, 1915
Former speciesParectopa albicostella Braun, 1925Parectopa occulta'' Braun, 1922
External links
Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)
Gracillariinae
Gracillarioidea genera |
17297146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyb%C3%B6rzs%C3%B6ny | Nagybörzsöny | Nagybörzsöny () is a village in Pest county, Hungary.
Location
Nagybörzsöny is a village in the Börzsöny Mountains. It is near the National Park of Duna-Ipoly. The Börzsöny-creek flows through the village.
History
The earlier name of this village was Börzsöny and it was, in all probability, founded in the 12th century by King Géza II of Hungary. In medieval times, it was able to grow into a full-fledged mining town due to its proximity to various ores, including gold. Documents dating from 1312 already describe these mines. However, the most significant part in the mines' history took place in the eighteenth century. In 1789, Pál Kitaibel officially discovered the element Tellurium in the Nagybörzsöny ores. Two other Hungarians were also noted for their research of the element. In 1782, Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, otherwise known as (Müller Ferenc), independently named the element. A third Hungarian who also laid claim to Tellurium was Ignaz von Born. Muller was from Sibiu/Nagyszeben in what is now Transylvania, and von Born worked in Vienna. In 1798, the new element was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth; the name is derived from the Latin word "tellus", meaning earth. Tellurium has thermoelectric applications, and was used in alloys within the steel industry. The element eventually played an important role in the making of the outer shell of the first atom bomb.
Transport
It is the terminus of a narrow-gauge railway to Szob.
Sightseeings
The main attraction of the village is an architectural one: The Árpád age romanesque church Szent István-templom, built in the 13th century. The church is surrounded by walls.
Saint Nicolaus church
Church of the miners. Gothic style, built in the 14th century
Evangelic church classicist style, built in the 18th century
Watermill: industrial memorial
References
Aradi N. (Ed.): A művészet története Magyarországon. (The History of Arts in Hungary). Gondolat, Budapest
Fülep L. (Ed.): A magyarországi művészet története. (The History of the Hungarian Arts). Budapest
Gerevich T.: Magyarország románkori emlékei. (Die romanische Denkmäler Ungarns.) Egyetemi nyomda. Budapest, 1938.
Gerő L. : Magyar műemléki ABC. Budapest, 1984
Henszlmann, I. (1876): Magyarország ó-keresztyén, román és átmeneti stylü mű-emlékeinek rövid ismertetése, (Old-Christian, Romanesque and Transitional Style Architecture in Hungary). Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest
Marosi E.: A román kor művészete, (Art of the Romanesque Ages). Corvina, Budapest, 1972,
Gallery
External links
Homepage of Nagybörzsöny village
Homepage of the village
Aerial images of Nagybörzsöny
Photos of Nagybörzsöny
Populated places in Pest County
Romanesque architecture in Hungary
Hungarian German communities |
25430382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Partners | Baron Partners | Baron Partners is an Australian corporate advisory firm, with offices in Sydney and Adelaide.
Established in 1987, the firm is recognised as one of the top independent corporate advisors in Australia.
They have been involved in over 200 transactions, with an aggregate value exceeding $4 billion.
Baron Partners merged with Melbourne-based firm Henslow in May 2018.
Major transactions
The firm has been involved in numerous significant Australian business transactions, including:
Hess Group's acquisition of Peter Lehmann Wines
The merger of ABB Grain and Ausbulk
Simeon Wines' acquisition of Australian Vintage Limited
Sale of Dairy Vale Foods to the Dairy Farmers Co-operative
Sale of Breville to Housewares International
Salmat Holdings IPO
Brazin IPO
Community activities
Baron Partners have been involved in supporting numerous community activities including awarding prizes for academic excellence.
References
Sydney Morning Herald October 2004
Baron Partners website
External links
Baron Partners website
See also
Corporate advisory
M&A
Investment bank
Universal bank
Financial services companies of Australia |
64609732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Saint%20Demetrius%2C%20Budapest | Church of Saint Demetrius, Budapest | The Church of Saint Demetrius or the Church of the Holy Trinity (, ) was a Serbian Orthodox church in Budapest, Hungary, located in the Tabán area. It was built between 1742 and 1751 in Central European Baroque style by the Serbian community of Buda, and served as the co-cathedral of the Eparchy of Buda. The building was seriously damaged in the siege of Budapest in 1945, and the ruins were demolished in 1949.
History
Establishment and early history
The first group of Serbian refugees arrived at Buda in the first half of November 1690. They belonged to the Great Migration of the Serbs from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Empire led by Arsenije III Crnojević, the Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch. The Cameral Administration of Buda resettled almost 600 families in the part of the Lower Town between Castle Hill and Gellért Hill which had been destroyed during the siege of Buda in 1686. The new neighbourhood was called Tabán, or officially Ratzenstadt (Rácváros), i.e. the "town of the Serbs". The first census in 1696 found more than 1000 Serbian families in the Tabán (about 5000 people). The majority of the new settlers followed the Orthodox faith: 461 of the taxpayer heads of families belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church and 250 were Catholics in 1702.
As the former Ottoman mosque of Pasha Sokollu Mustafa was converted into a Catholic church, the Serbs built their own temporary chapel nearby. Construction of a permanent church dedicated to Saint Demetrius began shortly after the Cameral Administration issued a permit on 23 September 1697. It was consecrated in 1698 by Arsenije III Crnojević although the tower was only added in 1716. The Tabán parish had a stavropegial status being directly under the jurisdiction the Patriarch. During the 18th century the Serbian community increased in number and wealth, and established its own institutions.
Due to the frequent floods of the Danube, the church soon went to ruin, and in 1738 the townspeople – in consultation with the Bishop of Buda, Vasilije Dimitrijević – made a decision to replace it with a more durable and monumental structure. The design of the new church was entrusted to architect Ádám Mayerhoffer whose contract was signed on 29 March 1741. The parish applied for a building permit on 12 August 1741 but the Council of Buda denied it because constructing new Orthodox churches was not allowed. The Serbs claimed that the project was in fact a reconstruction because the roof was leaking badly and the wooden upper parts of the existing building created a fire hazard.
The building permit was only issued on 28 April 1742. Construction work began on 1 May 1742, and the vault and the roof of the nave was already complete on 26 November. The original plans were slightly modified in the final build. Due to a shortage of money the new church was equipped with icons salvaged from the previous building between 1745 and 1747. In 1751 Bishop Dionisije Novaković consecrated the church to the Holy Trinity but a chapel on the loft was established in the honor of Saint Demetrius to carry on the tradition. The Tabán church was the largest church building in the whole Metropolitanate of Karlovci and the only one with two rows of windows.
At first the tower had a simple pyramidal roof clad with shingles but in 1775 a new copper spire was made. The richly decorated spire, designed by Mihajlo Sokolović, was one of the most beautiful Rococo church spires in Central Europe. A painted and gilt wood model was made by Joseph Leonard Weber in 1774 which still exists.
The surroundings of the church in the 18th century were narrow and cramped. In 1766 the Serbian community enlarged the churchyard and asked for a property-tax exemption arguing that the church was surrounded by "small hovels" and they could not even hold a procession. The houses in the vicinity were mainly built of wood or mudbricks. In 1769 the city block of the Serbian Orthodox church contained a house for the magistracy and the school and another for the schoolmaster and the sexton.
19th century
The church was completely burned out in the Great Tabán Fire of 1810 which destroyed the whole district, "only its copper spire survived" as a contemporary report claimed. The reconstruction was a long process that began in 1811 and lasted until the early 1820s. The church was damaged again by the Great Flood of the Danube in 1838 when the water reached a height of 110 cm inside the building.
The surroundings of the cathedral has changed with the renewal of the area after the two disasters as a new square was created along the southern and eastern side of the church. It was called Kirchenplatz (Egyház tér) and served as the main square of the district. In this new setting the church had a narrow churchyard on the south and the east, and it was surrounded on the northern and western sides by an enclosed courtyard and smaller buildings owned by the Serbian parish.
At the end of October 1814 the three rulers of the Holy Alliance, King Francis I, King Frederick William III of Prussia and Emperor Alexander I of Russia visited Buda during the Congress of Vienna. Archduke Joseph, the Palatine of Hungary accompanied them to the Church of the Holy Trinity where the young priest, Jovan Vitković was his protégé. At 10.30am the church was full of spectators when the three rulers arrived. On the great occasion, Vitković delivered three orations: King Francis was greeted in Latin, the Emperor of Russia in Slavic and the King of Prussia in German.
The first half of the 19th century was the heyday of Serbian culture in Buda where local intellectuals established strong connections with the national awakening movement of the Hungarian Reform Era, and even took part in the literary and cultural debates of their Hungarian compatriots. They also paid attention to the national and cultural renaissance unfolding in Serbia, and were part of the Serbian enlightenment. Petar Vitković (Péter Vitkovics) was the priest of the Tabán church from 1803 until his death in 1808. He came from an old Serbian family in Eger but he left his hometown for Buda later in his life. An erudite and jovial man, and a polyglot speaking Serbian, Hungarian, German, Latin and Greek, he wrote several treatises and orations. His large personal library was destroyed in the fire of 1810. His elder son, Mihailo Vitković (Mihály Vitkovics) was a Serbian and Hungarian poet, translator and lawyer who carried an extensive correspondence with his prominent Hungarian contemporaries as well as Serbian writers and intellectuals. Mihailo's younger brother, Jovan Vitković (1785-1849) served as priest of the Tabán church after his father, and cultivated friendships with Benedek Virág, a Hungarian poet and historian living in Tabán, and Matija Petar Katančić, a Franciscan friar, pioneer archaeologist and Croatian writer. In the second half of the century Jeremija Mađarević (Jeremiás Magyarevics) served as priest of the parish from 1864 until 1896. He was loyal to the Hungarian state and was a long-standing member of the Legislative Committee of Budapest.
The housing stock of the Tabán gradually improved in the 19th century, especially after the unification of Pest and Buda in 1873 as Budapest grew into a booming modern capital during the age of the Dual Monarchy. In the late 1890s the Serbian Parish built a large new tenement house on a nearby lot which also served as the headquarters of the deanery. At the same time the church was restored in Neo-Baroque style. The urban context of the church changed fundamentally between 1898 and 1903 when the central part of the Tabán was rebuilt creating new roads and squares, demolishing the poorest quarters and even building a new bridge across the Danube.
20th century and destruction
In 1907 the church got a new bell which was consecrated by Bishop Lukijan Bogdanović and it was first tolled on the 40th anniversary service of King Franz Joseph's coronation on 8 June. In the spring of 1916 the bells were requisitioned by the government and melted down for war uses. In 1933-1934 a large part of Tabán district was demolished by the municipality of Budapest but the church, which was still in use by the Eparchy of Buda, was preserved. The 1934 urban plan of the municipality foresaw the creation of a sunken courtyard around the church and a row of arches on the side of the planned new thoroughfare. However in the following years a new park was created on the site of the demolished district, and the excavated Tabán ruins were incorporated into the design of the green area. The last buildings around the church, including the large tenement house owned by the Serbian parish and the old parish house were demolished in 1938. In the last ten years of its existence the church was stranded in the middle of the park as almost every traces of the former Rácváros disappeared due to the large-scale demolitions. The Serbian Orthodox population in the area was also greatly reduced following these changes.
The building was seriously damaged in the siege of Budapest in 1944-45. The Rococo spire and the roof was destroyed, and parts of the vault fell down but the interior and the iconostasis survived the destruction. The liturgical objects and the paintings were saved by the last parish priest, Vujicsics Dusán (Dušan Vujičić). Although the church was not fit for use, the priest strongly opposed its demolition. In early 1946 György Zubkovics (Georgije Zubković), the Bishop of Buda asked the government for help but the municipality and the Fővárosi Közmunkatanács (Council of Public Works) was against the restoration the church. The urban planners at the time regarded the cathedral obsolete and a hindrance to the intended restructuring of the bridgehead area.
The ruined church was finally demolished in 1949. The cast iron railings of the churchyard were re-erected in the garden of the Serbian Orthodox Church of Budakalász, and a few pieces of furniture were moved by Vujicsics Dusán to the Serbian Orthodox Church in Pest. The area was landscaped but a little more than ten years later it was completely restructured again when the new Elisabeth Bridge was built. In 1962 new roads and a traffic interchange was built covering the land where the cathedral had stood. In 2014 a memorial bell was erected nearby which was created by Kristóf Petrika and László Rétháti. The bell is decorated with the coat-of-arms of the Eparchy of Buda and a Serbian inscription recalling the foundation and the destruction of the former Orthodox cathedral.
Architecture
The Church of Saint Demetrius was a freestanding, single-nave Baroque church with a single western tower and an apse in the east. The walls were built of mixed stone and bricks. The western facade was divided into three vertical sections by simple lesenes. The slightly projecting central bay had segmental arched windows on three levels, the largest one on the first level was topped by a curved Baroque pediment with shell design. The side bays originally had four openings which were later replaced with false windows (these were also removed during the Neo-Baroque remodelling). The heavy cornice was supported by large projecting modillions. The western entrance was protected by an aedicular porch with two Ionic columns and a triangular pediment. The lower level of the tower was flanked by voluted gables with crosses, while the belfry on the upper level had four arched windows on each side with arched pediments and balconets. The corners were emphasized by Corinthian pilasters. The Rococo copper spire was decorated with flaming urns, rocaille ornaments and a lantern. Four turret clocks were set into the arched cornice of the tower.
The architecture of the side facades was similar with lesenes and two rows of superimposed segmental arched windows. The larger windows on the lower level were topped by pediments with shell design. The southern and northern side doors had red marble frames decorated with crosses. A few old gravestones were immured into the outer walls. The facades were enriched by the Neo-Baroque remodelling with new decorative elements like the heavy cornice and the railings of the balconets.
At the time of its construction the church was located in the middle of a city block, surrounded by the institutions of the Serbian Orthodox community. The dense urban grain of the neighbourhood was gradually broken up during the 19th century and finally the area was totally cleared in the 1930s creating a wholly new spatial situation where the church became a solitary building in a park.
Interior: The nave of the cathedral was three bays long, covered with Baroque Bohemian vaults, ending with a shallow apse in the east and a preceded by a vaulted narthex on the west. The double transverse arches sprung from pairs of Corinthian half pillars which had elaborate capitals decorated with festoons. The projecting cornice was strongly articulated. The organ loft above the western narthex opened to the nave by a large triumphal arch. A similar arch on the sanctuary side framed the iconostasis which dominated the view of the interior.
The vault was decorated with frescos. In the first bay in front of the iconostasis there was God the Father standing on a celestial sphere raised by angels, and surrounded by the celestial forces arranged in nine groups. In the corners, the four evangelists were presented, together with their symbols: Matthew with an angel and Mark with a lion at his feet (northern side); John with an eagle and Luke in front of an easel, with the icon of the Virgin on it (the southern side). This was painted by Arsenije Teodorović in 1818, and the composition was similar to his previous work in the Almaška Church in Novi Sad.
Iconostasis
The unusually large dimensions of the building presented a challenge to create a suitably large iconostasis separating the nave from the sanctuary. Due to financial difficulties the work only started a decade after the consecration of the church. On 16 July 1761 a contract was signed with Antonije Mihić, a woodcutter and carpenter from Pest. He not only created the high wooden frame of the iconostasis but also a pulpit, choir stalls on both sides of the altar for six persons, the archbishop's throne with a canopy, sixty stalls along the side walls and a tabernacle above the altar table. Mihić finished most of these works in the first half of 1764. The parish signed a contract with Vasilije Ostojić on 25 March 1764 to paint the icons.
The first iconostasis of the church is only known from descriptions but it seems that its conception strongly influenced the iconostasis of the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral in Szentendre, painted between 1777 and 1781. The co-cathedral in Buda certainly had an outstandingly representative Baroque interior suitable to its status as one of the most important churches in the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. However the Great Tabán Fire of 1810 destroyed the whole ensemble.
Second iconostasis
The wood frame of the second iconostasis was installed in 1815 after the necessary repairs of the interior had been completed. It was created by Petar Padić, a woodcarver from Eger who received the job in 1813 for 6,000 forints. Following the recommendation of the priest, Jovan Vitković, the parish board made a contract with Arsenije Teodorović on 28 May 1817 to paint 68 icons for the iconostasis and to gild their frames, together with the ornaments. He was commissioned to marble paint the proskomedia and the altar space and decorate its walls with three paintings. The first vault in front of the iconostasis was to be painted with a representation of God the Father in Majesty and the nine angelic orders. Two choir stalls were to be gilded and decorated with an icon painted on each of them. These works should have been executed "with diligent labor and all kinds of experience and skill of indefatigable care" within two years from May 1818. His remuneration was 9,000 forints in silver coins, and lodging was provided in Buda and 288 gallons of vine.
Teodorović was a renowned painter from Novi Sad who received his artistic education in the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and worked in a refined Classicist style. He painted many iconostases for the Serbian Orthodox communities of the Habsburg Empire. This time he applied for the job at Jovan Vitković in a letter dated 10 April 1816 and enjoyed the confidence of both Bishop Dionisije Popović and Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirović. He has also known the Vitković family from Eger where he worked on the iconostasis in 1801.
In the end, Teodorović only began to work in August 1818 and finished the larger part of the iconostasis by September 1820. A few icons were made later in his workshop in Novi Sad, and sent to Buda during the course of 1821. The contract was ended on 23 September 1821. Although he was supposed to paint the icons "with his own hands", this was an unrealistic expectation on part of the parish because Teodorović worked with many assistants, and the less important details, the gilding and the background of the paintings were always entrusted to them.
The Buda iconostasis belonged to the group of tall, richly decorated, Ukrainian-type partition screens that appeared in the Metropolitanate of Karlovci in the middle of the 18th century. The icons on the two ends and the medallions of the highest zone were concave, creating an illusionistic impression that the iconostasis extended into the space of the observer. As regards the paintings, the lack of Baroque gestures and the calmness of their style reveals the artist's aspiration towards classical simplicity. Teodorović used engravings and woodcuts of Western artists from prayer books, illustrated Bibles and painter's pattern books as models for his compositions. The icons were arranged in four zones separated by horizontal beams: the Sovereign tier (with additional icons above the lintels of the doors and on the socle), the tier of Feasts, the tier of the Apostles and the great cross surrounded with two rows of medallions depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ and half-length figures of the prophets. The arrangement of icons and the program of the iconostasis focused on the most important topics of Serbian Orthodox theology in the 18th century: God's incarnation and redemption through Christ's sacrifice. The basic structure and the arrangement of the icons was almost identical to Teodorović's previous work, the iconostasis of the Church of the Holy Virgin in Zemun.
The icons
The choice and arrangement of the icons was traditional with a few deviations. The place to the left of the Mother of God is usually dedicated to the Patronal Saint or Feast but this was replaced by an icon of Saint Nicholas. The icon of the Holy Trinity was located instead in the middle of the iconostasis in the form of a large central painting. The celestial figures of Christ, the Theotokos, Archangel Michael and Gabriel are standing on clouds while the saints were shown in real, earthly space. The small icons on the socle were narratively and symbolically connected to the icons of the Sovereign tier: under the icon of Jesus Christ there was an episode from his life, the meeting with the Samaritan woman at the well; under John the Baptist his beheading was depicted. The presence of the Old Testament prophets of Moses and Aaron the tier of the Apostles is somewhat unusual. They illustrated the idea of the high priesthood that began with them, and continued through the apostles who founded the first Christian communities, and appointed the first bishops.
After the demolition of the church, the icons and a few pieces of the wood frame were preserved by the Eparchy of Buda. From 2012 to 2017 the icons were restored, documented and researched for the first time since the dismantling of the screen. The scientific project was a cooperation between the Museum of Serbian Church Art in Szentendre, the Gallery of Matica Srpska in Novi Sad and the Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments.
Socle (from left to right):
Prophet Daniel in the lions' den
The deliverance of Agrikov's son by Saint Nicholas
Visitation
Jesus and the Samaritan woman
Beheading of St. John
Three young men in the fiery furnace
Royal doors:
Annunciation
Side doors:
Holy Archangel Michael (north)
Holy Archdeacon Stephen (south)
Sovereign tier (from left to right):
Saint Demetrius
Saint Nicholas
Theotokos
Jesus Christ
John the Baptist
Saint George
Above the lintels:
Last Supper (above the Royal doors)
The Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple (above the north door)
Birth of the Theotokos (above the south door)
Feasts tier (from left to right):
The Transfiguration of Christ
The Baptism of Christ
Feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
The Nativity
Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
The Resurrection of Christ
The Ascension of Christ
The Assumption of the Virgin
Large central painting (above the Royal doors):
The Holy Trinity with angels
Tier of the Apostles (from left to right):
Holy Prophet Moses
Holy Apostles Matthias and Simon
Holy Apostles Matthew and Bartholomew
Holy Apostles James and Thomas
Holy Apostles Peter and Paul
Holy Apostles Andrew and Philip
Holy Apostles Judas and James
Holy Prophet Aaron
The Great Cross:
The crucifixion of Christ
Around the Great Cross:
Theotokos (first painting left)
Saint John (first painting right)
Mary Magdalene (second painting left)
Saint Longinus (second painting right)
Image of the Saviour Made Without Hands (under the Great Cross)
Inner row of medallions (from left to right):
Agony in the Garden, Arrest of Jesus, Christ before Annas, Christ before Caiaphas, Christ before Herod, Christ before Pilate, Pilate Washing his Hands, Flagellation of Christ, The Crowning with Thorns, Ecce Homo, The Way of the Cross (half of the painting was lost), Jesus Falls at the Cross
Outer row of medallions (from left to right):
Holy Prophet Isaiah, Holy Prophet Jeremiah, Holy Prophet Ezekiel, Holy Prophet Daniel, Holy Prophet Hosea, Holy Prophet Joel, Holy Prophet Amos, Holy prophets Obadiah and Jonah, Holy Prophet Micah, Holy Prophet Nahum, Holy Prophet Habakkuk, Holy Prophet Zephaniah, Holy Prophet Haggai, Holy Prophet Zechariah, Holy Prophet Malachi
Five more icons by Teodorović, that were not part of the iconostasis, also survived:
King David (backs of the northern choir stalls), St. John of Damascus (backs of the southern choir stall), Annunciation, Adoration of the Magi (proscomedy), The Virgin and Child (the Virgin's throne)
The fronts of the choir stalls were also decorated with icons that depicted Saint Ignatius of Antioch (north) and Saint Romanos the Melodist (south). As they are not known today, as well as any documentation about them, it remains unknown whether they were painted by Teodorović. Unusually the pulpit, which had been destroyed by the fire, was not replaced after the reconstruction. The Eleusa icon on the Virgin's throne was signed by the painter: "Created by Arsenije Teodorović, painter and citizen of Novi Sad in 1820". The Serbs in Buda had great respect for this icon, as shown by the numerous votive offerings (silver thalers, ducats, jewels) mentioned in the church inventories.
Parish priests
List of parish priests:
Petar Vitković (Péter Vitkovics) - 1803-1808
Jovan Vitković (János Vitkovics) - 1808-1849
Jovan Milikšić (János Miliksics) - until 1864
Jeremija Mađarević (Jeremiás Magyarevics) - 1864-1896
Velimir Nedeljkovic (Velimir Nedelykovits) - 1898-1936
Dušan Vujičić (Dusán Vujicsics) - 1939-1949
References
Churches in Budapest
Churches completed in 1751
Demolished buildings and structures in Hungary
Buildings and structures destroyed during World War II
Várkerület
Serbian Orthodox church buildings in Hungary
Buildings and structures demolished in 1949
Baroque church buildings in Hungary
18th-century churches in Hungary
18th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings |
6135781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows%20of%20Forgotten%20Ancestors | Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors | Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, alternatively translated into English as Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors or Shadows of Our Ancestors (), also known in English under the alternative title Wild Horses of Fire and under the mistaken title of In the Shadow of the Past, is a 1965 Ukrainian film by the Georgian–Armenian filmmaker Sergei Parajanov based on the novel Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors by Ukrainian writer Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky that tells a "Romeo and Juliet tale" of young Ukrainian Hutsul lovers trapped on opposite sides of a Carpathian family blood feud.
The film was Parajanov's first major work and earned him international acclaim for its rich use of costume and colour. The festival program form the 1966 edition of the New York Film Festival described the film as an "avant-garde, extravagant, sumptuous saga" and a "haunting work" that combined folk-songs and atonal music with fantastic camera work.
Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors is considered to be the most internationally heralded Ukrainian film in history, and a classic of Ukrainian magical realist cinema.
Plot
In a small Hutsul village in the Carpathian mountains of Ukraine, a young man, Ivan, falls in love with the daughter of the man who killed his father. Though their families share a bitter enmity, Ivan and Marichka have known each other since childhood. In preparation for their marriage, Ivan leaves the village to work and earn money for a household. While he is gone, Marichka accidentally slips into a river and drowns while trying to rescue a lost lamb.
Ivan returns and falls into despair after seeing Marichka's body. He continues to work, enduring a period of joyless toil, until he meets another woman, Palahna, while shoeing a horse. Ivan and Palahna get married in a traditional Hutsul wedding in which they are blindfolded and yoked together. The marriage quickly turns sour, however, as Ivan remains obsessed with the memory of Marichka. Estranged from her emotionally distant husband, Palahna becomes involved with a local molfar Yurko, while Ivan begins to experience hallucinations.
At a tavern, Ivan witnesses the molfar embrace Palahna and strike one of his friends. Roused into an uncharacteristic fury, Ivan snatches up his axe, only to be struck down by the molfar. Ivan stumbles into the nearby woods and perceives Marichka's spirit to be with him, reflected in the water and gliding amongst the trees. As reality merges into dream, the colourless shade of Marichka reaches out across a great space and touches Ivan's outstretched hand. Ivan screams and dies. The community gives him a traditional Hutsul burial while children watch through cross braced windows.
Cast
Ivan Mykolaichuk as Ivan
Larisa Kadochnikova as Marichka
as Palahna
Spartak Bagashvili as molfar Yurko
Mykola Hrynko as Chief Shepherd
Leonid Yengibarov as Mykola
Nina Alisova as Paliychuk
Production
Budget
The exact budget for Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors is currently not publicly known, and it is only available from the film's records at Ukrainian State Archives. The partial records gathered by Ukrainian film historians reveal that the cabinet ministers of UkrSSR in May 1966 issued a strongly worded reproachment to Parajanov for "exceeding the budget of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors by 97 thousand karbovantsi". Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Chornyi, however, speculated in 2019 that the film's budget was in line with typical film budgets of the time, ranging from 300 to 500 thousand karbovantsi".
Filming
The film was one of the rare Ukrainian-language feature film productions at the Ukrainian Dovzhenko Film Studios, which typically produced only Russian-language film productions, some of which were later dubbed into the Ukrainian language for theatrical distribution in UkrSSR. The government officials had asked Parajanov to make a Russian version of the film, to which he stated that he has “long resisted translating the Ukrainian-language film dialogues into the Russian language" because he "considered this text to be an inalienable part of the artistic fabric of the film”. In his 1988 interview with Ron Holloway, Parajanov confessed that "the ministry asked me to make a Russian version [of the film]. The film was not only shot in the Ukrainian language, but it was also in the Hutsul dialect [of Ukrainian language]. They asked me to dub the film in Russian but I turned them down categorically."
The film is set in the Ukrainian part of the Carpathian Mountains and the location shooting of the village scenes took place in the Carpathian village of Kryvorivnia. The house in Kryvorivnia where the filming took place is now a museum. The indoor shooting took place in the pavilions at the Dovzhenko Film Studios.
Casting
Originally, Parajanov planned to cast a rising-star and box-office magnet Russian actor Genadi Yukhtin to play the main protagonist Ivan, but under the recommendation of filmmaker Viktor Ivchenko, along with comments from the film's cinematographer Yuri Ilyenko that "Yukhtin just did not fit the part and when [during the try-outs] he dressed in the Ukrainian hutsul garments, it wasn't a fit for him", Parajanov later changed his decision and cast a Ukrainian actor Ivan Mykolaichuk instead.
Music
The music was written by composer Myroslav Skoryk, who wrote the score inspired by Ukrainian hutsul folk culture. The haunting Ukrainian-folk music contributes to the film's grandeur, and is considered to be one of Skoryk's greatest film scores.
Many individuals who worked on the film admitted that the film was a result of collective effort, and was certainly not an auteur film reflecting the personalities and ideas of only its director Sergei Parajanov. Specifically, the film represented a creative catalogue of many Ukrainian artists, not least of all composer Myroslav Skoryk. Film historian James Steffen in his book The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov specifically called out the fact that "one of the most distinctive aspects of the film is its use of [Ukrainian] Hutsul folk music on the soundtrack in addition to Skoryk's folk-inspired orchestral compositions" and expressly noted that "Skoryk's original score, a Bartok-like composition that combines lively [Ukrainian] folk-based themes and rhythms with modernistic dissonance, complements the traditional folk songs used in the film and provides an effective
emotional counterpoint to the image".
The film features leitmotifs that relate to each of the main characters, as well as to the spirit of the Ukrainian West (the hutsul region in the Carpathian mountains). Skoryk's rendition of a Ukrainan folk song The Willow Board (), which was sung by an unknown choir; is played twice in the film and was intended to add musical drama to the wedding scenes. Another one of Skoryk's musical pieces in the film was his composition for the symphony orchestra Hutsul Triptych ().
Release
Festival release
Throughout the film's festival run in Spring 1965, it represented "the Soviet Union" and not "the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic", despite the fact that it was very distinctly Ukrainian. In 1965, the Head of State Film Agency of UkrSSR, , described in his diary how he, along with the film's main actors Larisa Kadochnikova and Ivan Mykolaychuk, went to Argentina for the Mar del Plata International Film Festival to represent the film there, noting that “we represented at the festival the Soviet Union, and we were not the Ukrainian, but the Soviet delegation. I was not offended by the words of greetings addressed to the Soviet Union (the crowd of Mar del Plata cried: ‘Viva Moscú’, ‘Viva Unión Soviética’) [...] We were just representatives of a great people and they [the Argentines] did not suspect the subtleties of relations within the two nations [of Russians and Ukrainians]".Nadia Kindrachuk. Eradication of the National Element in Ukrainian Cinema in the 1960s–1970s // Historia i Polityka. No. 24 (31/2018). p. 113-121
The film began its international film festival tour in Spring 1965 and was warmly received by a number of film festival around the world; later, esteemed American film critic Roger Ebert in his 1978 review noted, perhaps somewhat exaggeratingly, that the film won “almost every award in sight on the 196[5] film festival circuit”. Among the film's screenings at more prestigious film festivals were an in-competition screening at Mar del Plata International Film Festival in March 1965, an out-of-competition screening at Venice Film Festival in late August 1965, an out-of-competition screening at San Sebastian Film Festival in early June 1965, an out-of-competition screening at San Francisco International Film Festival in early October 1965, an out-of-competition screening at Barcelona International Film Festival's Week of Films in Colour in late October 1965, an out-of-competition screening at Montreal Film Festival in late June 1966, an in-competition screening at the inaugural Rome Film Festival in late October 1965, an out-of-competition screening at 'Soviet Film Week' in Rome in late November 1965, an out-of-competition screening at 'Soviet Film Week' in London in late December 1965, an out-of-competition screening at Locarno Film Festival in late July 1966, an out-of-competition screening at New York Film Festival in late September 1966, an in-competition screening at Thessaloniki Film Festival in late September 1966, an out-of-competition screening at BFI London Film Festival's Festival of Festivals in early December 1966, and an out-of-competition screening at Melbourne International Film Festival in late June 1967.
Special screening at Venice Biennale 1977
In 1977, the usual Venice Film Festival was not held. Instead, a special cultural program of Cultural Dissent () was organised as a show of support by Italian artists for the repressed dissident artists from the Soviet Union and other communist countries. A part of this program consisted of a special seminar dedicated to the works of Parajanov and was aimed at showing support for his illegal imprisonment on trumped-up charges of homosexuality. The program also held a special Cinema from the Eastern Countries () event in which two of Parajanov's films, one of which was Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, were screened. Ahead of this screening, - who later became the president of the Venice Film Festival in 1997 – read a declaration which was signed by Italian filmmakers and film critics addressed to the government of the Soviet Union with a protest against the repression of dissident artists.
Theatrical release
The film began its theatrical release in UkrSSR on 4 September 1965 with a gala premiere in Kyiv at the Ukrayina movie theatre. This Kyiv premiere drew a significant political protest due to the growing imprisonment and oppression of Ukrainian intellectuals by the Soviet regime.
The theatrical release of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors had enjoyed a limited commercial success in UkrSSR and other republics of the USSR. The film drew an impressive 6.5 million (according to some sources 8.5 million) admissions during its theatrical run from 1965 to 1966 across the UkrSSR and other republics of the USSR. This was the second best of Parajanov's movies, only behind his 1959 communist kolhosp flick The Top Guy which amassed 21.7 million admissions in domestic USSR box-office.
Home media and Restoration
In 2011, Ukrainian newspapers reported that in 2010, the Dovzhenko Centre had hired a company called TOV IBS to create a restored version of multiple films which included Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors as a part of the centre's push to release two DVD collections of thematic movies known as the Ivan Mykolaichuk Collection and the Yuri Ilyenko Collection. The type of restoration made in 2010 remains unknown, but the fact remains that the Dovzhenko Centre has indeed released a restored version of the film on DVD as a part of both collections, even as they were not for sale and were only intended for insider events.
Among the multiple home media releases, the most significant is the 2015 fully restored version - a "long overdue" version (as described by one of the main actors of the film - Larisa Kadochnikova - in early 2015) with fully restored audio and image - that was created to commemorate the 50th anniversary of film's release. This 2015 fully restored version was commissioned in July 2015 by the Ukrainian State Film Agency (in association with the Dovzhenko Centre) and the Ukraine's Ministry of Culture. In September 2015, this fully restored version premiered on Ukrainian public TV channel UA:Pershyi, in multiple movie theatres throughout Kyiv, and in 24 movie theatres across the other 5 big cities of Ukraine.
Reception and legacy
The film was released in March 1965 to generally favourable reviews from Anglophone film critics from abroad and mixed reviews from Ukrainian film critics from UkrSSR. The 1967 edition of Britannica Book of the Year listed Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors among four stand-out films that came out that year from Eastern Europe and called it a "free-wheeling, extravagantly sumptuous saga". On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. On the ranking aggregator website TSPDT the film is ranked 431st in their ranking of 1000 Greatest Films.
Upon its release, the film attracted mostly positive reviews from Anglophone film critics. Gene Moskowitz of Variety called it "visually resplendent" and "youthfully excessive, but filmically beguiling film in spite of its way out techniques", while Andrew Sarris, also of Variety, stated that it was a "technically admirable if dramatically incomprehensible" film. Roger Ebert, reviewing the film for Chicago Sun-Times in 1978 following Parajanov's imprisonment in Siberian GULAG labor camps in the 1970s, called it "one of the most unusual films I’ve seen, a barrage of images, music and noises, shot with such an active camera we almost need seatbelts" and compared Parajanov's work to "some of the early work of Martin Scorsese". Stephen Holden of The New York Times, called it an "eruptively colourful movie", "charged with fantastical imagery", a "surreal folk fable strewn with larger-than-life characters whose faces and body language speak more eloquently than any words". Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle described the film as "one of those rare films that look totally fresh and uncorrupted - as if the director hadn't pilfered a thing from other film makers but had simply discovered the camera, and how best to use it, by himself". David Parkinson of Empire praised the film, calling it "a cinematic masterpiece, deconstructing the cinematic form and message and blowing the audience away with its multi-layered imagery […] pure genius"; and in his book History of Film, Parkinson further expanded on his reception of the film by calling it "an audacious assault on the conventions of narrative and visual representation" that sought to "redefine the relationship between causal logic and screen space, and thus challenge accepted theories of audience perception" which managed to, paradoxically, "juxtapose subjective and objective viewpoints and use angular distortions, intricate (and seemingly impossible) camera movements, 'rack focus', telephoto-zoom and fish-eye lenses, and what [Paradjanov] termed a 'dramaturgy of colour' to recount his tale of doomed love". Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader noted that it was an "extraordinary merging of myth, history, poetry, ethnography, dance, and ritual". Dave Kehr of The New York Times, described it as a "lyrical, unruly film" that "experiments with a nonrealistic use of color and some of the most free-spirited camerawork seen in a Ukrainian film since the pioneering work of [O]leksandr Dovzhenko", while James Hoberman of The Village Voice, praised it as an "overwhelmingly beautiful movie" where "a sad, short, brutalised life is elevated to ecstatic myth". John Patterson of LA Weekly called it a "startling combination of ethnography, [...] folk-myth and fairy-tale logic that sears the retina with its beauty, energy and ceaselessly inventive filmmaking."
However, reviews from Ukrainian film critics upon its release were mostly mixed. Y. Boboshko and M. Maslovs'kyi, writing for Soviet Culture in November 1964, criticised the film's departure from socialist realism, and through a humorous poem, emphasised that instead of tales of "shadows of ancestors", the authors should be creating stories about "contemporaneity". S. Zinych and N. Kapel'horods'ka, writing for Folk Art in October 1965, emphasised the importance of the literary 'source material' for the film and highlighted the fact that the film was produced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's birthday - the author of the eponymous novel Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors that served as the basis for film's plot; they also emphasised that Parajanov's film managed to masterfully re-create the cultural unicity of western Ukraine's peasants, particularly praising film composer Myroslav Skoryk's fitting choice of Ukrainian folks songs/music as well as cinematographer Yuri Ilyenko's and production designer 's appropriate choice of aesthetics that accurately depicted Ukrainian hutsul peasants's customs, traditions and beliefs. Ivan Drach, whose review of the film was printed in 1969 book Film Directors and Films of Ukrainian Modern Cinema: Artistic Portraits, emphasised that what makes Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors so powerful is film's use of authentic Ukrainian dialogues in the form of the Hutsul Ukrainian accent as well as its use of Ukrainian ethnographic material. Larysa Pohribna, in her 1971 book Kotsiubynsky's Works on Screen, spoke negatively about the film and highlighted that Parajanov's Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors failed to live-up to the Kotsiubynsky's literary source material, and concluded that "servile copying of the literary source material leads only to the creation of weak films".
Given that Parajanov's film drastically departed from the officially 'approved' socialist realism artistic style of the time, it is surprising that Ukrainian film critics were not louder in their reproachment of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors as they would have expected to be. This could be partially due to Ukrainophilic tendencies of the-then head of UkrSSR Petro Shelest who served as a 'patron-protector' of sorts to Parajanov, and Shelest's son Vitaliy later stated in his memoirs that "Paradjanov essentially was being protected [by his father, i.e., Petro Shelest]; practically the same day that father left [the post of the head of UkrSSR] - Parajanov got arrested".
Themes
In his 1988 interview with Ron Holloway, Parajanov confessed that after previously filming 8 films in Ukraine, it was in this film that he was finally able to "find his theme, his field of interest: the problems faced by the [Ukrainian] people". Parajanov further emphasised that he deliberately "focused on ethnography, on God, on love and tragedy".
The film's visuals differed from the officially 'approved' socialist realism style that, according to the Soviet government, was to be used by all artists. Instead, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors is highly symbolic, making frequent use of Ukrainian religious and folkloric images that included crosses, lambs, graves, and spirits. The film also uses colour to represent mood: during Ivan's period of mourning, black and white film stock is used, while in other scenes, colours are often muted, providing a contrast to the vivid usage of red and yellow.
Awards and notable film festival screenings
The film began its international film festival tour in Spring 1965 and was warmly received by the film festival crowd. Among the many awards received and the non-competition screenings that the film had, the most notable were:
Grand Jury Award: Southern Cross for Best Production and Critics' Grand Prize - Mention for Colour Photography, Special Effects and Film Scenography - Mar del Plata International Film Festival (March 1965)
Non-competition screening - San Sebastian Film Festival (June 1965)
Non-competition commercial section screening - Venice Film Festival (August 1965)
Italian Tourist Office Award - Rome Film Festival (October 1965)
Non-competition screening - San Francisco Film Festival (October 1965; again in 1976 as a part of a retrospective)
Non-competition screening - 'Soviet Film Week' in Rome (November 1965)
Non-competition screening - Barcelona International Film Festival's Week of Films in Colour (October 1965)
Non-competition screening - 'Soviet Film Week' in London (December 1965)
Jury Special Prize - All-Union Film Festival in Kyiv (May 1966)
Non-competition screening - Montreal Film Festival (July 1966)
Non-competition screening - Locarno Film Festival (July 1966)
Non-competition screening - New York Film Festival (September 1966)
Golden Medal for Best Director - Thessaloniki Film Festival (September 1966)
Non-competition screening - BFI London Film Festival's Festival of Festivals (December 1966)
Non-competition screening - Melbourne International Film Festival (June 1967; again in 2019 as a part of a retrospective)
Shevchenko National Prize in Cinematography (1988/1991)
In popular culture
In 2013 the band A Hawk and a Hacksaw released their sixth studio album You Have Already Gone to the Other World under the label LM-Duplication as a brand new rescore of the film. Prior to album's release, in 2012 the band performed the album You Have Already Gone to the Other World live during their tour in, among others, the UK, Portugal, Italy and Switzerland as well as during multiple screenings of the film in the US.
See also
List of Ukrainian films
Verbova doshchechka
Notes
References
Further reading
Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors. Ukrainian Revival //
External links
1965 films
1965 drama films
Ukrainian films
Ukrainian-language films
Soviet-era Ukrainian films
Soviet films
Dovzhenko Film Studios films
Films based on works by Ukrainian writers
Films set in Ukraine
Films directed by Sergei Parajanov |