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61424176

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Selvin

Nancy Selvin

Nancy Selvin (born 1943) is an American sculptor, recognized for ceramic works and tableaux that explore the vessel form and balance an interplay of materials, minimal forms, and expressive processes. She emerged in the late 1960s among a "second generation" of Bay Area ceramic artists who followed the California Clay Movement and continued to challenge ceramic traditions involving expression, form and function, and an art-world that placed the medium outside its established hierarchy. Her work has been exhibited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Denver Art Museum, Daum Museum of Contemporary Art and Kohler Arts Center, and belongs to the public art collections of LACMA, the Smithsonian Institution, Oakland Museum of California, and Crocker Art Museum, among others. Critic David Roth has written, "Selvin's position in the top rank of ceramic artists has come through a process of rigorous self-examination … what differentiates [her] is that she eschews realism and functionality, indicating a level of intellectual engagement not always found among ceramicists." Writer and curator Jo Lauria described Selvin's tableaux as "elegiac and stylistically unified" works that serve as "forceful essays on the relationship between realism and abstraction, object and subject, decoration and use." Selvin lives and works in the Berkeley, California area. Life and career Selvin was born and raised in Los Angeles. She studied painting and drawing at University of California, Riverside, and turned to ceramics after taking lessons in Iowa in 1966, where she and her husband lived during his graduate studies. After a move back west, she enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley during a time of artistic ferment influenced by the California Clay Movement and similar movements in glass and fiber arts, which reconceived their work as art rather than "craft." She trained there as a sculptor with Peter Voulkos and Ron Nagle, who encouraged spontaneity and improvisation, producing work that departed from traditional ceramics by privileging color and form over function. After earning BFA (1969) and MA degrees (Ceramics, 1970), Selvin had early exhibitions at the Quay (San Francisco) and Anhalt (Los Angeles) galleries and California Crafts Museum, and was featured in group shows at the Kohler Arts Center and Denver Art Museum. In 1985, Selvin built a warehouse-like, 1,500-square-foot studio in West Berkeley out of corrugated metal and salvaged materials. She continued to show throughout the United States, in featured exhibitions at the Richmond Art Center (1995), Charleston Heights Art Center (1999), Daum Museum of Contemporary Art (2004), and Baltimore Clayworks (2008), as well as major group shows at LACMA, the de Saisset Museum, Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery (Scripps College), and Society for Contemporary Craft. Selvin taught ceramics at several institutions, including State University of New York-Albany (1970–2), and later, California College of the Arts (CCA), beginning in 2007. In 2018, the "Nancy Selvin Award" for undergraduate ceramics majors was established at CCA to honor Selvin's professional and personal commitment in the field. Selvin is married to statistician and retired UC Berkeley professor of biostatistics Steve Selvin; their daughter, Dr. Elizabeth Selvin, is a professor of epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University. Work and reception Selvin's art has included intimate, domestic-related ceramic pieces and still lifes, more expansive mixed-media tableaux, and large-scale outdoor installations. Writers identify the following as characteristic of her work: abstracted, minimal forms that serve as sites to explore painting and composition as much as structure; purposeful investigation of the vessel form, often in relief-sculpture-like and spartan arrangements; a loose, tactile, unconventional approach to surface and materials, including what American Ceramics described as "an almost primal emphasis on process over product"; and a rejection of functionality, enabling intellectual engagement with themes involving the history of utilitarian objects, domestic space, contemplation of the quotidian, and the passage of time. Selvin draws on diverse influences in her work, from early Japanese pottery to the California Clay Movement artists and Abstract Expressionists (particularly their emphasis on spontaneity, materials, and the dissolution of boundaries between surface and form) to less evident sources, such as the austere, slice-of-life photography of Walker Evans. Early work (1970s and 1980s) Selvin's early work focused on intimately scaled, nonfunctional houseware forms as a format to explore more complex aesthetic and thematic concepts such as abstraction, form and function, and domestic rituals. These free-standing, hand-built vessels often featured large handles, unconventional finishes, and trompe l'oeil details. In her "Quilted Teapot" series, she disguised the solidity of clay by slumping and creasing it to create pots in the form of patchwork quilts, which she finished with airbrushed china paint, glaze, decorative decals and images of her surrounding environment. Described in The New York Times as "whimsical multicolor confections," the teapots convey anthropomorphic qualities as well as freighted cultural, social and feminine associations in their decoration. At this time, Selvin also produced handmade paper works that embedded ribbons and lace and clay wall pieces that reproduced arrangements of paper, tape and cardboard. In the early 1980s, Selvin's work evolved in a more formal, painterly direction away from freestanding objects and toward arrangements suggesting Western still lifes, expanses of landscape, and Asian craft traditions. Her "Teabowl" series (1981–2) offered spare, rhythmic, arrangements of simple elements engaging form, plane and line: chunky, squared ceramic tea bowls and thin rods of colored glass set on pearlescent, angled, lacquered trays. Surfaces came to the fore, with glaze (unexpectedly on the bowl interiors) and lacquer surfaces that echoed one another (as did the bowl and tray shapes, the latter sometimes functioning like shadows); matte exteriors with airbrushed layers of splatters provided a contrast to the glisten of the glazes, which sometimes oozed over the bowl lips like cake frosting. Los Angeles Times critic Suzanne Muchnic noted Selvin's "poetic sensibility and use of seductive color," which she wrote enabled the work to tow a line "between the honest earthiness of exposed clay and the precious refinement of lacquer over wood." Still lifes and constructions (1988– ) In the late 1980s, Selvin began creating larger tableaux of ceramic objects in minimal contexts that referenced architecture and domestic space. While this work was more personal and sometimes suggestive of narrative (with the introduction of enigmatic text, as in Rough White, detail), formal concerns of composition, color and surface, as well as process, continued to dominate. The constructions often took the form of rows and arrays of hand-built, pared-down bottle, oil-can, bowl and book forms emphasizing silhouette over three-dimensionality; their irregular, leaning "postures" evoked anthropomorphic qualities—particularly in groupings where differences registered—rendering them both familiar and foreign. Selvin arranged them on ledges, double-sashed wood windows and custom tables made from building-supply materials that she treated as equal design components. Selvin painted her forms loosely with underglaze (rather than glazing them overall), in order to explore color apart from form and to meld color and texture. The resulting work features a wide range of material and surface contrasts (exposed raw clay, ghostly layers of matte underglaze, fragmented text, splattered glaze, slate, metal, chalky drywall) and visible processes (expressionistic gouges and brushstrokes, seams, screened images, pencil markings, incised lines) that both individuate and unify the pieces and also draw in the viewer. Curator Suzanne Baizerman wrote that this approach lent Selvin's work, such as Still Life: Raku and Steel (1997), both a sense of thoughtful contemplation—in their minimal forms and compositions—and unstudied spontaneity, expressed through rustic surfaces and gestural brushstrokes. Initially, Selvin worked with saturated colors that muted the effects of light and shadow; her pieces from the late 1990s onward were increasingly painterly and adopted more limited palettes, often of earthy yellow, white and cream tones. Reviewers describe Selvin's still lifes as both poetic and meticulously ordered, likening them to haiku and the bottle paintings of Giorgio Morandi; curator Mary Davis MacNaughton called it "quiet, understated work [that] encourages us to look for the visual beauty in everyday objects." Others note a vacillation between completion and dissolution, and evolution and decay, suggesting a timeless quality, like relics unearthed from an archaeological site rather than created. Selvin's conscious stripping of practicality from her objects—plugged bottles, illegible labels, "books" without pages to turn, impractical tables—is a key component of the work, moving it beyond utilitarian and purely formal concerns to engage in metaphorical, often wry explorations of form, function and art, and appearance, illusion and reality. In addition to her vessel still lifes, Selvin has created ceramic, book-like works combining enigmatic imagery and fragmentary text that recall ancient cuneiform tablets and explore narrative and abstraction. She has also produced large, abstract gouache-on-paper drawings that critics describe as luminous, textured with scratches, smears and blotches, and simultaneously simple and monumental. In the later 2010s, Selvin has turned to large, free-standing, hand and slab-built terra cotta jars and urns that sometimes reference women Abstract Expressionists, such as Trophy: Helen (Frankenthaler) (2016). Artist-writer Julia Couzens described this work as plainspoken and evocative of homespun quality, simple elegance, and the patina of use as a visceral record of time. Installations and public art Selvin has created several outdoor, site-specific installations. Looking Through Glass (Berkeley, 1991) was a ten-by-sixty-foot, commissioned public work spanning eight, gesturally painted storefront windows with gold leaf borders, each containing a word; collectively, they read "Through the Viewer Art Enters the External World." For Game Board IV (Richmond Art Center, 1995), Selvin arranged ceramic raku balls and feet and gold-leafed log sections on a floor of square slate tiles, engaging the mysteries of systems, games, placement, form and function. In 2003, she was commissioned by Berkeley Civic Arts to create In Berkeley, an outdoor work in which she inscribed sidewalk pavers with notes and facts from the city's 300-year history. Collections and recognition Selvin's work belongs to the public art collections of many institutions, including the LACMA, Smithsonian Institution, Oakland Museum, American Museum of Ceramic Art (AMOCA), Arkansas Arts Center, Crocker Art Museum, Daum Museum of Contemporary Art, Kohler Arts Center, Mint Museum, The Prieto Collection at Mills College, Racine Art Museum, and University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art. Her work has been featured in several books, including American Studio Ceramics: Innovation and Identity, 1940 to 1979 (2015), Masters: Earthenware (2010), 20th Century Ceramics (2003), The Craft and Art of Clay (1992), and The History of American Ceramics: 1607–Present (1988), among others. Selvin has been awarded fellowships from the California Arts Council (2003) and National Endowment for the Arts (1988, 1980) and has received an UrbanGlass First Prize (1998), Westwood Ceramic National Purchase Award (1980), and California Craftsman Award (1978), among honors. She is also a member of the International Academy of Ceramics (2015) in Geneva, Switzerland. References External links Nancy Selvin official website Nancy Selvin profile, Venice Clay Artists American ceramists American women ceramists American women sculptors 21st-century ceramists 20th-century ceramists 21st-century American sculptors 20th-century American sculptors Artists from Los Angeles University of California, Berkeley alumni California College of the Arts faculty 1943 births Living people 20th-century American women artists American women academics 21st-century American women artists

40555153

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Borger

Sebastian Borger

Sebastian Borger (born 1964 in Kronach) is a German journalist and author based in London. Life Having attended the Hamburg school of journalism Henri-Nannen-Schule from 1987 to 1988, Sebastian Borger started his career in journalism in 1989 as a crime reporter for Abendzeitung in Munich. From 1991 to 1995 he worked for news magazine Der Spiegel, both in Hamburg and Dresden. Since graduating from the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1998, he has worked as independent adviser and London correspondent for a number of German-speaking publications, amongst them Berliner Zeitung, Der Standard and regional Swiss newspapers. Borger is a regular pundit on German-British and international topics for the BBC. Publications „Verzockt - Kweku Adoboli und die UBS“, Stämpfli Verlag Bern 2013, External links LinkedIn References 1964 births Living people German male journalists German journalists German-language writers English-language writers from Germany German male writers German expatriates in the United Kingdom

39890039

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Jones%20%28cricketer%29

Amy Jones (cricketer)

Amy Ellen Jones is an English cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter for Warwickshire, Central Sparks, Birmingham Phoenix and England. She made her England debut in 2013 and is a holder of an ECB central contract. Early life and career Jones was born in Solihull, West Midlands, and raised in nearby Sutton Coldfield, where she attended John Willmott School. Her first experience of organised sport was playing on a boys' football team for Aston Villa; she then joined Walmley Cricket Club and rose rapidly through the ranks. She has since commented: While still in her mid-teens, Jones represented the Warwickshire Academy and began to be selected for England Development and Academy programmes. In 2011, when she was 18, she was called up to the England Women's Academy at Loughborough University. By then, she was an accomplished wicket-keeper, and had already had her keeping assessed on occasional training sessions at the academy. Soon after her callup, she was informed she was to become a full-time member of the academy and deputy to then regular England team wicket-keeper Sarah Taylor. Career Jones was the holder of one of the first tranche of 18 ECB central contracts for women players, which were announced in April 2014. In April 2015, Jones was named as one of the England women's Academy squad tour to Dubai, where England women played their Australian counterparts in two 50-over games, and two Twenty20 matches. A member of the 2015 Women's Ashes squad, she played in the one-day matches but was replaced in the squad by Fran Wilson. In October 2018, she was named in England's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. In November 2018, she was named in the Perth Scorchers' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In February 2019, she was awarded a full central contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 2019. In June 2019, the ECB named her in England's squad for their opening match against Australia to contest the Women's Ashes. The following month, she was also named in England's Test squad for the one-off match against Australia. She made her Test debut for England against Australia women on 18 July 2019. Upon the retirement of Sarah Taylor in late 2019, Jones became the first choice wicket-keeper for the England team. By then, she had already kept wicket in 42 of her 80 England matches across all formats. In January 2020, she was named in England's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia. On 18 June 2020, Jones was named in a squad of 24 players to begin training ahead of international women's fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic. She featured in all five matches, making a match best score of 55 in the fourth T20I. In June 2021, Jones was named in England's Test squad for their one-off match against India. In December 2021, Jones was named in England's squad for their tour to Australia to contest the Women's Ashes. In February 2022, she was named in England's team for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup in New Zealand. Personal life Jones is in a relationship with her Perth Scorchers teammate Piepa Cleary, a seam bowler from Australia. In 2021, after the relationship had been a long-distance one for some years, Cleary relocated to England and started playing for North West Thunder. Jones and Cleary are now both based in Loughborough, Leicestershire. References External links 1993 births Living people Sportspeople from Solihull England women Test cricketers England women One Day International cricketers England women Twenty20 International cricketers Central Sparks cricketers Loughborough Lightning (women's cricket) cricketers Perth Scorchers (WBBL) cricketers Sydney Sixers (WBBL) cricketers Warwickshire women cricketers Western Australia women cricketers LGBT cricketers Lesbian sportswomen LGBT sportspeople from England Birmingham Phoenix cricketers 21st-century LGBT people Wicket-keepers

47699624

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhan%20Hasi

Muhan Hasi

Muhan Hasi (, an ethnic Kazakh born 27 November 1989 in Xinjiang province) is a male Chinese long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China. See also China at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics References Chinese male long-distance runners Living people Place of birth missing (living people) 1989 births World Athletics Championships athletes for China Runners from Xinjiang

34462883

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20fight%20%28disambiguation%29

Chicken fight (disambiguation)

A chicken fight is a water game. Chicken fight may also refer to: Cockfight, a fight between roosters Chicken (game), a confrontational game using vehicles Chicken fight (Family Guy), a recurring gag in the TV series Family Guy A South Korean game, often played during the harvest festival Chuseok

49412499

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectophila

Plectophila

Plectophila is a genus of moths of the family Xyloryctidae. Species , Plectophila includes the following species: Plectophila acrochroa (Turner, 1900) Plectophila discalis (Walker, 1865) Plectophila electella (Walker, 1864) Plectophila eucrines (Turner, 1898) Plectophila micradelpha (Turner, 1898) Plectophila placocosma Lower, 1893 Plectophila pyrgodes Turner, 1898 Plectophila sarculata Lucas, 1901 Plectophila thiophanes (Turner, 1917) Plectophila thrasycosma (Meyrick, 1915) References Xyloryctidae Taxa named by Edward Meyrick Xyloryctidae genera

60366754

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altererythrobacter%20aquiaggeris

Altererythrobacter aquiaggeris

Altererythrobacter aquiaggeris is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Altererythrobacter which has been isolated from water from the Geumgang Estuary Bank in Korea. References Sphingomonadales Bacteria described in 2017

10419233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20456%20Squadron%20RAAF

No. 456 Squadron RAAF

No. 456 Squadron RAAF was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) night fighter squadron, operational over Europe during World War II. Formed in mid-1941, the squadron was the RAAF's only night fighter squadron. It was also the first RAAF unit to use a roundel featuring a red kangaroo in a blue circle, on some parts of its aircraft. While this insignia was unofficial and the squadron's main markings conformed to the RAF roundels used by British and other Commonwealth units, it inspired the post-war roundel used by the RAAF. History No. 456 Squadron RAAF was formed on 30 June 1941 at RAF Valley, Isle of Anglesey, Wales, in the United Kingdom under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme as a night-fighter squadron, equipped with Defiant turret-fighters. The squadron was soon re-equipped with Beaufighters and scored its first kill in January 1942. Throughout the year, the squadron's aircraft operated in a mainly defensive role over the United Kingdom, but in December 1942, the squadron was re-equipped with Mosquito fighters and began offensive "Ranger" missions over Europe attacking a variety of targets ground targets including German rolling stock, and also attacking German bombers close to their airfields during "Intruder" missions. In March 1943, after a move to Middle Wallop, No. 456 Squadron was utilised in the night fighter and long-range day fighter roles. It also provided a detachment of aircraft to conduct fighter sweeps in support of aircraft mounting anti-submarine patrols in the Bay of Biscay, and escorted air–sea rescue vessels picking up downed airmen. Further moves occurred as the squadron relocated first to Colerne and then Fairwood Common. It continued in the fighter and ground attack roles until the end of the European war. In January 1944, it was deployed in defence of London following an increase in German bombing (Operation Steinbock) during which its crews accounted for 12 German aircraft, continuing in the air defence role until late February or early March when the squadron moved to Ford. The squadron's first success came on the night of 1/2 March 1944 when 164 German bombers operated over England. Pilot Officer R. W. Richardson claimed a probable victory against a Dornier Do 217 at 03:05 near Ford airfield. On 21/22 March Flying Officer K. A. Roediger claimed a Junkers Ju 88 off Rye at 01:12. Detailed loss records indicate eight Ju 88s failed to return—four can be attached to the claims of other squadrons and four cannot. That same night, the squadron's CO and most successful night fighter ace, Wing Commander Keith Hampshire, began a run of success. At 23:50, near Walberton in Sussex he engaged a Ju 88A-4 of 6 Staffel Kampfgeschwader 6. The aircraft, code 3E+AP, crashed near Arundel railway station. The pilot, Hauptmann Anton Oeben, parachuted clear and was made prisoner of war. Observer Feldwebel Otton Bahn was captured badly injured after his parachute failed to open but died of wounds. The same fate befell Unteroffizier Gerhard Drews and Herbert Ehrhardt was listed as missing in action. Hampshire followed this up on the 27/28 March. Over Beer, Devon, he engaged another Ju 88A-4, code 3E+FT, Werknummer 44551, shooting it down at 23:35. Unteroffizier Günther Blaffert was captured, Obergefreiter Gerhart Harteng was killed, Obergefreiter Josef Helm and Gefreiter Adam Kurz was posted missing. Once again the men were from KG 6, this time from 9 staffel. Within minutes the commander gained a second contact and Ju 88A-4, B3+BL, Werknummer 0144551 from 3./Kampfgeschwader 54, crashed near Taunton, Somerset at 23:51. Oberfeldwebel Hans Brautigam, Obergefreiter Kurt Chalon, Alfred Maletzki were captured and Unteroffizier Robert Belz was killed. On the night of 18/19 April 1944 Flight Lieutenant C. L Brooks engaged a Messerschmitt Me 410A-1 near Nuthurst, Sussex at 22:28. At an altitude of 24,000 ft Brooks hit the German aircraft destroying the starboard engine and setting the wing alight. The machine, from 1./Kampfgeschwader 51, code 9K+JH, Werknummer 20005, nose-dived vertically into the ground. Leutnant Reinhold Witt and Unteroffizier Ernst Tesch were killed. On 25/26 April three pilots were credited with victories: Flying Officer Roediger claimed a Junkers Ju 188 at 05:16 off Portsmouth. Flying Officer G. R. Houston claimed a Ju 88 off Portsmouth at 23,500 ft at 04:57. According to the report the enemy disintegrated at 20,000 ft. Flight Lieutenant R. V. Lewis claimed a Ju 188 at 23:57, 25 miles off Portsmouth. The Mosquito's armoured screen was smashed when the bomber exploded directly in front of it. Flying Officer A. S. McEvoy claimed a further success on 14/15 May 1944, shooting down a Ju 188A-2 over Greenlands Artillery Range, Larkhill, Wiltshire at 02:00. The machine, code U5+HH, Werknummer 160089, from 1./Kampfgeschwader 2 was destroyed and pilot Feldwebel Heinz Mühlberger was captured, Obergefreiter Willi Eberle, Unteroffizier Artur Krüger, Feldwebel Werner Heinzelmann and Obergefreiter Ewald Steinbeck were killed. A further claim was made by Flying Officer D. W. Arnold at 00:20 over Medstead. 13 German bombers were shot down, nine of them Ju 88 and Ju 188s. Five of the nine bombers cannot be attributed to a particular claim. During the Invasion of Normandy, the squadron provided air cover for Allied shipping, shooting down 14 German aircraft in the process. Later, it helped defend Britain against V-1 flying bombs, shooting down 24 between June and August 1944. In September 1944, No. 456 Squadron's aircraft supported British troops around Arnhem, before concentrating their patrolling efforts over the Netherlands and Belgium. A move to Church Fenton occurred at the end of the year, and the squadron began operating over Germany, escorting heavy bombers and attacking German airfields. The unit's final wartime commander, Wing Commander Bas Howard, was killed in an accident on 29 May. The squadron was disbanded on 15 June 1945 at RAF Bradwell Bay, Essex. During the war, the squadron lost 29 personnel killed, including 23 Australians; its crews were credited with shooting down 71 aircraft including 29 V-1 flying bombs. No. 456 Squadron aircrew received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order, 10 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and one British Empire Medal. Aircraft operated No. 456 Squadron operated the following aircraft: Squadron bases No. 456 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields: Commanding officers No. 456 Squadron was commanded by the following officers: References Notes Bibliography External links RAAF Museum: No. 456 Squadron Australian Article XV squadrons of World War II Military units and formations established in 1941 Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludian%20County

Ludian County

Ludian County () is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhaotong, it lies in the north east of Yunnan Province, China, and shares land borders with Guizhou Province. The west and east of the county are high terrains, and the middle is low and flat. Agriculture and smelting industry make the greatest contribution to its economy. History From 135 BC (under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han), Ludian was put under the administration of Zhuti County (), Zhuti Commandery. In 584, the county area became part of Kaibian county, Gongzhou Prefecture. In 754, the Tang Empire fought a war with Nanzhao, the Ludian area was annexed to Wumeng Tribe of Nanzhao. During Song Dynasty period, it was administrated by Kingdom of Dali. In 1273 during Yuan Dynasty, Wumeng Pacification Bureau was established, and the Ludian area belonged to Wumeng Circle, carrying out Military Garrison system. A lot of Han and Hui population entered this area during the Ming Dynasty. Under the reign of Yongzheng Emperor, the forced implementation of new land measures aroused rebellion in Wumeng area. After the rebellion was quelled, Wumeng was put under control of Yunnan Province. In 1731 the Ludian Subprefecture was established, and an earth wall was built around it. In 1913 the subprefecture became a county, a county council was established, and during the following decades the towns and districts expanded. In July 1931 the government started to build the first road through the county. In 1940 the new county seat Kaihuajie was built, and in October 1943 Taoyuan Reservoir was constructed. In November 1949 the People's Liberation Army occupied Ludian, five months later the people's government was established. It launched Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries and Land reform from 1951. In the end of 1968 the Revolutionary Committee was established, in February 1975 the Primary Power Station in Shaba River was built. From the 1980s the agriculture in Ludian developed quickly. From 1982 to 1985, the first soil survey, land resources survey and cultural relics survey were conducted. In August 2014 the county was struck by the 2014 Ludian earthquake which killed over 600 people. Geography The county area lies on the eastern margin of Lüzhi River – Xiaojiang River North-South Tectonic Belt, its main structure is northeastward. The north–south trending structure only occupies the northwest part of the county. Luomakou structural belt has a great influence on the development of geological structure in Ludian area, the geographical position for the belt is east longitude 103°8′ - 103°43′, north latitude 26°50′ - 27°20′. The belt consists of several fault zones and fold structures, Ludian Basin and Baoshan Basin locates at this area. Alpine gorge landform is common in the county area, due to intensive erosion by Niulan River and its tributary Shaba River. Only Zhaolu Basin in the east of the county, Longshu Basin in the north, and karst landscapes in the south are relatively flat. The terrain descends from west to the east, although Niulan River coastal region is an exception. The highest place is the top of Wulianfeng Mountain, in the altitude of more than 2,500 meters. The lower step is in the north and central region of the county, with an elevation of about 2,200 meters. The third area's elevation is about 1,950 meters (Taoyuan, Ciyuan and Wenping Basin), it's more suitable for developing agriculture because of its fertile soil. Main peaks in Ludian include Mount Dahei, Mount Xiaohei, Mount Jilong, Mount Guludapo, Mount Gangouliangzi, Mount Huoganliangzi, Mount Maomao, Mount Dafo, Mount Sanguozhuang and Mount Aluboliangzi. Niulan River flows through the south and west part of the county. Its tributaries include Shaba River, Longquan River, Heishi River, Yuanjia River and Kelang River. Zhaolu River and Taoyuan River flow into Sayu River in northeastern Ludian. The mean annual precipitation is 1,015.50 millimeters, the yearly runoff amount is 563 million cubic metres. Ludian has a groundwater storage of 171 million cubic metres, 98 percent of which are spring water. Most springs concentrated in Niulan River Valley. Lujia Dragon Pool is the main source for drinking water at the county seat. There are two major hot springs, Gantian Hot Spring and Yinchang Hot Spring. Ludian lies in the north of Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, has a low latitude upland monsoon climate. There is no significant temperature difference between the four seasons. From November to April of the next year is dry season, and from May to October is wet season, when more climatic disasters happen. Administrative divisions Ludian County has 10 towns and 2 ethnic townships. 10 towns 2 ethnic townships Taoyuan Hui () Ciyuan Hui () Demographics Ludian had a registered population of 429,791 in 2010, among them 28,134 were non-agricultural. Among the resident population, 204,595 were males and 186,059 were females. The population sex ratio was 109.96, higher than the average of Yunnan province, and still kept growing. More than 80 percent of the county's populace was Han, 16.6 percent Hui, 2.4 percent Yi, 0.1 percent Miao. There were 13 minority groups living in the county. Economy Corn, rice, buckwheat, wheat, beans, potatoes are main food crops produced in Ludian. In 2014 there is 200 thousand acres of corn planted in Ludian. Amorphophallus albus are introduced to Ludian these years, in 2014 its planting area is 7500 acres. Peanut, sesame, perilla frutescens, helianthus, ramie, hemp, sugarcane, local tobacco are main economic crops planted in Ludian before 1949, after 1950 exotic tobacco became dominant in this area. In 2013, about 67.3 acres of tobacco were planted. Animal husbandry in Ludian largely relies on domestic pigs, bovini, horses, caprids, chickens and ducks, local animal varieties in the county include Wujin pig, Zhaotong cattle, Yanjin buffalo, Weixin buffalo, Wumeng horse, Zhaotong goat, Zhaotong sheep and Ludian chicken. In 2013, the total output value of agriculture was 1,526.58 million yuan, with 170610 tonnes of grain production and 27834 tonnes of meat production. Most enterprises lie in Ludian Industrial Park, which was established in July 2003. Until the end of 2013, 42 enterprises had entered the park, among which ten had an industrial output of more than ten thousand yuan: Haolong Cement Plant, Xingyu Company, Kunhua Chemical Industry Company, Lishi Company, Power Supply Company, Wanlong Chemical Industry Company, Huodehong Mining Plant, Lehong Mining Plant, Haolong Commercial Concrete Co., Ltd., Yunnan Hongsheng Tower Industrial Co., Ltd. In 2013 Ludian had an industrial output of 4,582.99 million yuan, smelting, nonferrous metal mining, cement manufacturing and food manufacturing played an important role. The 2014 earthquake had caused a total economic loss of more than 2,000 million yuan. Transport In ancient times Ludian was a courier station on the Tea Horse Road. There was a five-chi road built in Qin Dynasty. By the end of 2007, there was one national highway of 19 kilometers (China National Highway 213), two provincial roads of 108 kilometers, eight county and town level roads of 289.3 kilometers in Ludian. six passenger stations provided transport lines to Zhaotong and Kunming. In Jiangdi town there were four major bridges: one iron chain bridge (built in Qing Dynasty), one steel girder bridge (built in Republican era), one double arch bridge (built in 1970s) and one highway bridge (built in 2007). Natural and historical sites Major places of interest in Ludian include Yanchishan Tourism Area, Tuogu Mosque, Lemachang Ancient Silver Deposit Site and Neolithic Site in Machang Village. Yanchishan is two kilometers south the county seat, has a water area of 1,250 acres, provides tourists area for swimming, fishing and other entertainment forms. Tuogu Mosque was built in 1730, occupies an area of 4,000 square meters, locates about 10 kilometers east of the county seat. It is a Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the Provincial Level. Lemachang Ancient Silver Deposit Site is a Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the City Level, locates 42 kilometers southwest of the county seat. From Han Dynasty Lemachang has been a major producing area of Zhuti Silver, a kind of high quality silver. During the reign of Qianlong Emperor and Jiaqing Emperor, there were more than 100 thousands miners, they could produce more than 500,000 taels of silver every year. The Neolithic Site in Machang was first discovered in 1962, located about five kilometers east of the county seat, has an area of more than 100 thousands square meters. The thickness of its cultural layer is 1.3 meters. Broken pottery pieces unearthed there are mostly belong to grey pottery, and some belong to red pottery. Climate References External links Yunnan Ludian Website County-level divisions of Zhaotong

4883437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguley

Baguley

Baguley ( ) is an electoral ward of the city of Manchester in Wythenshawe, England. The population at the 2011 census was 14,794. Baguley is derived from the Old English words Bagca, badger, and Leah, clearing or meadow. Historically in Cheshire, Baguley is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. It was incorporated into Manchester in 1931. History Baguley is recorded in the Doomsday book with 1.5 ploughlands (1 ploughland being the amount of land that can be ploughed by a team of eight oxen.) . In 1086 the tenants in chief were Gilbert (the hunter) and Hamo de Masci . The Barons de Masci also had control over the manors of Dunham, Bowdon, Hale, Partington, and Timperley In the 13th century, the Massey Family (Baron Hamon deMascy) was the main landlord in Northenden, Through marriage, the Massey's land in Baguley passed to the Baguley Family, who built Baguley Hall in the 14th century. Baguley Hall is a 14th-century timber-framed manor house that may have replaced an 11th- or 12th-century house. The ownership of Baguley can be mapped through the ownership of Baguley Hall and its manor lands. Most of Baguley was developed for housing after World War II as part of the Wythenshawe Estate, including many council houses and later tower blocks (a typical one shown at right is Brookway Court); Manchester City Council publications refer to Baguley as "one of Europe's biggest housing estates". However, much of the social housing has been sold off under the "Right To Buy" scheme and there are also several private housing developments in the area; and parkland was provided from the start under the development plan. Administrative history Baguley was a township of Bowdon, one of the ancient parishes of the Bucklow Hundred of Cheshire. Under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1886 the township became a civil parish in its own right. In 1931 Manchester extended its boundaries south of the Mersey in to form Wythenshawe; Baguley was incorporated into the civil parish and city of Manchester, along with neighbouring Northenden and Northen Etchells. Governance Baguley is part of the Wythenshawe and Sale East parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented at Westminster by Mike Kane MP. It is represented on the City Council by three councillors: Luke Raikes (Lab), Tracy Rawlins (Lab Co-op), and Paul Andrews (Lab Co-op) indicates seat up for re-election. indicates seat won in by-election. Commerce Baguley also includes the Roundthorn Industrial Estate where several factories and businesses are located. This included a Habitat store which opened in the 1970s, but closed in 2011 when the company downsized and closed all of its stores outside London. In the early 1990s, a large Tesco superstore opened in the area. Across the road from this is Brookway Retail Park, which is home to several stores including Aldi, B & M, Matalan, Pets at Home, and Wickes. Railway Baguley railway station was opened on 1 February 1866 and closed on 30 November 1964 during the Beeching cuts. Baguley station was mostly served by local trains operating from Stockport Tiviot Dale to and from Liverpool Central, and on a separate line from Stockport to Atrincham, but the station was located on the Mid-Cheshire Line and express trains ran through it. The line is still used for passenger services running between Manchester, Stockport and Chester via Northwich and for a variety of goods services. Public services See also South Manchester University Hospital Baguley is covered by the South Manchester Division of Greater Manchester Police. References Areas of Manchester Manchester City Council Wards Wythenshawe

6754238

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisoniano

Pisoniano

Pisoniano is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about east of Rome. Pisoniano borders the following municipalities: Bellegra, Capranica Prenestina, Cerreto Laziale, Ciciliano, Gerano, San Vito Romano. Twin towns Sannat, Malta References External links Cities and towns in Lazio

6010592

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Old%20Testament%20%28album%29

The Old Testament (album)

The Old Testament is a greatest-hits album of the group Sunz of Man, released in 2006. Track listing "Genesis" "All We Got" (edit) "Rivers of Eden" "Five Arch Angels" "Soldiers Of Darkness" (featuring 9th Prince, Killa Sin) "No Love Without Hate" "Combination of Death" "Jessica Skit" "Valley of Kings" "Tha Law" "Sin of Man" "Inmates to the Fire" "Next Up" (featuring Method Man) [Hidden track] "Intellectuals" (featuring Raekwon, U-God) "People Change" (featuring MC Eiht) "Savior'z Day" (featuring Ghostface Killah) "Shining Star" (featuring Ol' Dirty Bastard) Sunz of Man albums 2006 compilation albums Albums produced by 4th Disciple

21806461

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20A.%20Caffrey

Andrew A. Caffrey

Andrew Augustine Caffrey (October 2, 1920 – October 6, 1993) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Education and career Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Caffrey received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the College of the Holy Cross in 1941. He served in the United States Army from May 20, 1944 to July 2, 1946. He was a lieutenant in the United States Army Signal Corps, Intelligence Branch. He then received a Bachelor of Laws in 1948 from Boston College Law School and a Master of Laws from Harvard Law School in the same year. He was an associate professor at Boston College Law School from 1948 to 1955. He was Chief of the Civil Division of the Office of United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1955 to 1959, and First Assistant United States Attorney in that office from 1959 to 1960. Federal judicial service Caffrey received a recess appointment from President Dwight D. Eisenhower on October 13, 1960, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge William T. McCarthy. He was nominated to the same position by President Eisenhower on January 10, 1961. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 9, 1961, and received his commission from President John F. Kennedy on August 16, 1961. He served as Chief Judge from 1972 to 1986. He was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1973 to 1979. He was a member of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation from 1975 to 1990, serving as Chair of that panel from 1980 to 1990. He assumed senior status on October 17, 1986. His service terminated on October 6, 1993, due to his death in West Palm Beach, Florida. References Sources Judges of the United States (1983) External links 1920 births 1993 deaths College of the Holy Cross alumni Harvard Law School alumni Boston College Law School alumni Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts United States district court judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower 20th-century American judges 20th-century American lawyers Assistant United States Attorneys United States Army personnel of World War II United States Army officers

33158250

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberia

Barberia

Barberia is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1905 and contains the species Barberia affinitella. It is found in the southern United States from California to Texas. The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are blackish brown with a broad white costal stripe. References Phycitinae Monotypic Heteroneura genera

40044931

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehdasht-e%20Sharqi%20Rural%20District

Dehdasht-e Sharqi Rural District

Dehdasht-e Sharqi Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 12,273, in 2,211 families. The rural district has 50 villages. References Rural Districts of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province Kohgiluyeh County

6034123

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Durspekt

Karl Durspekt

Karl Franz Durspekt (23 November 1913 in Vienna, Austria – 14 February 1978 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian football player and manager. As the son of an engine driver, Durspekt worked as a type setter at first. Later he became a professional football player. When he was a young man, he lived about five years in Rouen (France). He spoke fluently in a French and in a Swedish manner. Further, Sweden became his second home. At the beginning of his career, he played for Admira Wien. During this time he won repeatedly the Austrian championship and the Austrian cup. Durspekt participated in the Mitropa Cup 1934, losing the final to Bologna FC (3:2, 1:5). After the Anschluss that united Germany and Austria in 1938 Admira played for several seasons in the Gauliga Ostmark, one of the top flight regional leagues created through the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich. Durspekt contested with his club Germany's national final in 1939, losing 0:9 to Schalke 04. After his time at Admira, he played for Florisdorfer Athletic Club (FAC). During the Second World War, he joined LSV Markersdorf an der Pielach. The club was regarded as a centre d'accueil for draftee soccer players. There are also other well-known German and Austrian soccer players like Max Merkel or Karl Sesta. After the War he returned to FAC and ended his career as a football player. He played two international matches for Austria in 1935 (0:0 vers. Czechoslovakia, 3:6 vers. Hungary). After he ended his career, he went on to become a coach. He trained teams in Egypt, Greece, Sweden, Norway and in Switzerland among others. The Lunds BK, FC Locarno (1953–54), Åtvidabergs FF (1956–1957), Grazer AK, IK Start Kristiansand (1970) were some of his stations as football coach. He died at the age of 64 in 1978. References 1913 births 1978 deaths Footballers from Vienna Austrian footballers FC Rouen players Ligue 1 players Austrian football managers Austria international footballers Austrian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in France Floridsdorfer AC managers Lunds BK managers Åtvidabergs FF managers Grazer AK managers PAOK FC managers IK Start managers FC Locarno managers Association football forwards Expatriate football managers in Norway Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Norway

64645718

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%20national%20football%20team%20results%20%282000%E2%80%932009%29

Iraq national football team results (2000–2009)

This is a list of the Iraq national football team results from 2000 to 2009. Results 2000s 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 See also Iraq national football team results References External links Iraq fixtures on eloratings.net Iraq on soccerway.com 2000s in Iraqi sport 2000

15794047

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Clelles

Saint-Martin-de-Clelles

Saint-Martin-de-Clelles (, literally Saint-Martin of Clelles) is a commune in the Isère department (Auvergne Rhône-Alpes) in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Isère department Parc naturel régional du Vercors References INSEE statistics Communes of Isère Isère communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

13302443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirramu%20Dance%20Company

Mirramu Dance Company

Mirramu Dance Company is an Australian contemporary dance company founded in early 2002 by Australian dance pioneer Elizabeth Cameron Dalman (the founder of Australian Dance Theatre) and dancer-choreographer Vivienne Rogis. The company is based at Mirramu Creative Arts Centre on the shores of Lake George, New South Wales; it is primarily a project-based company, gathering together its dancers to develop and perform projects on an as-needs basis. It has performed in every Australian city (with performances at the Australian National Gallery, the Workworks Gallery and smaller more intimate venues) and internationally, including Bulgaria, Taiwan, U.S.A, Italy, New Zealand and France. It has a cross-cultural emphasis with strong involvement from Indigenous Australian dancers as well as Japan, and has a close relationship with the Taiwanese Grace Hsiao Dance Theatre. It also has a strong community focus, and collaborates across media and performance disciplines, working with sculptors, painters and multimedia artists. The Mirramu Dance Company performed Morning Star in March 2013 at the James O. Fairfax Theatre, at the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. Banula Marika, who is custodian of the Morning Star (Barnumbirr) story, collaborated with Dalman on the work, serving as cultural consultant. Other performances include The Linen Memorial and Red Silk. References External links Mirramu Dance Company at Australia Dancing Dance companies in Australia

52357236

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween%20II%20%28soundtrack%29

Halloween II (soundtrack)

Halloween II is a soundtrack by John Carpenter for the 1981 film of the same name. It was released in 1981 through Varèse Sarabande. An expanded 30th Anniversary Edition was released in 2009 through Alan Howarth Incorporated. Track listing Personnel John Carpenter – composition, performance Alan Howarth - synthesizer programming, sequencing, editing, recording, production References John Carpenter soundtracks 1981 soundtrack albums Horror film soundtracks Film scores Varèse Sarabande soundtracks Halloween albums Halloween (franchise) mass media

20164184

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20British%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix

2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix

The 2000 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 9 July 2000 at Donington Park. Ralf Waldmann's final win in the 250 cc classification is of particular note. On a drying track, he came from nearly a whole lap down to win at the final corner at the notoriously slippery Donington Park circuit. 500cc race report This race was most notable for the three-way battle for victory between Valentino Rossi, Kenny Roberts Jr. and Jeremy McWilliams, as well as Rossi's first victory in the premier class, coming back from a poor start to win the race. Kenny Roberts Jr. is leading the hunt for the 2000 crown with 125 points, followed by Carlos Checa with 111 and Norick Abe with 91 points. On Saturday, Alex Barros had grabbed pole position - his third of the year and a strong showing after winning last time out in the Netherlands. Behind him was championship leader Kenny Roberts Jr. in second, Garry McCoy in third and rookie Valentino Rossi in fourth. The second row of the grid consisted out of Max Biaggi, Carlos Checa, Norick Abe and last year's champion Àlex Crivillé in fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth places. Aprilia rider Jeremy McWilliams started way down in fifteenth place, failing to improve his time after he broke two bones in his foot after crashing during free practice on Friday. Before the start of the race, a one-minute's silence was held as a tribute to Joey Dunlop, who had died in a freak accident in Tallinn, Estonia while leading a 125cc race only seven days earlier. During the 250cc race, it had rained which left the circuit wet. As a result, every rider had opted to pick the Rain tyre for the race. All riders take off and do their usual warm-up lap before lining up in their respective grid slots. As the lights go out, Rossi has a bad start when his rear tyre slides, lacking grip because of the wet track on the opening lap. As he loses positions, Frenchman Régis Laconi takes the lead going into Redgate (Turn 1), followed by Barros and Gibernau - who made up eleven positions to catapult himself into third by the time the group arrived at the Old Hairpin (Turn 4). Both Rossi and Biaggi had dropped down the order significantly, with Rossi being in thirteenth and Biaggi in fifteenth spot halfway around lap 1. McWilliams meanwhile managed to make good use of the chaos and passed eight people to position himself in seventh. At the short straight before Coppice (Turn 8), McWilliams also passes Nobuatsu Aoki for sixth, then passes Roberts before exiting the corner to move himself up into fifth place. Rossi behind has managed to pass Jurgen van den Goorbergh and is now battling José Luis Cardoso for eleventh at Starkey's Straight. At the front, Abe is trying to pass Gibernau around the outside of the entrance at The Esses (Turn 9), but goes a bit wide when he doesn't manage to break properly because of the wet circuit and slots back behind the Spaniard. As lap two begins, the top six is as follows: Laconi, Barros, Gibernau, Abe, McWilliams and Roberts Jr. Rossi moved up into tenth after passing Tetsuya Harada's Aprilia and Biaggi slid further down the order, now being behind McCoy in a lowly seventeenth spot. Barros is slowly closing up on Laconi, with Rossi passing Okada at the short straight before Coppice for ninth. At Starkey's Straight, Rossi then goes side by side with Loris Capirossi and passes him at the entrance to The Esses for eighth position. At the front, Barros takes the lead by passing Laconi at the entrance of the Melbourne Hairpin (Turn 10). Lap three and Rossi is slowly closing the gap to the Telefónica Suzuki of Aoki, as does McWilliams to Abe. Barros meanwhile is opening up a significant gap to Laconi, who is now starting to struggle a little bit. Rossi caught and passed the Japanese at the entrance of Coppice, moving him up into seventh place. On lap four, Laconi is closing the gap to Barros slightly. No overtakes happened at the front. Lap five and the top four is bunching up, with McWilliams joining the group. Later on in the lap, Roberts Jr. closes up on McWilliams, with the American overtaking him at the entrance of Goddards (Turn 11) for fifth spot. Lap six begins and the top six now consists out of Barros, Laconi, Gibernau, Abe, Roberts Jr. and McWilliams, with Rossi closing up fast. Gibernau moves up the inside of Laconi going into The Esses, taking second place from him. As Laconi tries to go side by side with the Spaniard to retake the position going into the Melbourne Hairpin, Abe then bravely dives down the inside of both, making minor contact as the trio bunches up into the hairpin, with Abe taking two positions in one corner and promoting up into second. Roberts Jr. then takes two places by taking both Gibernau for fourth exiting the hairping and Laconi for third at the short straight before Goddards. McWilliams also tries to take Gibernau's fifth place around the outside of the hairpin, touching and making them both lose momentum as they exit the corner. On lap seven, Rossi makes good use of the chaos in front of him to overtake both McWilliams and Gibernau going into Redgate. However, McWilliams also goes up the inside of Rossi - him also overtaking Gibernau for fifth - taking two positions in one corner. Rossi has a moment exiting the corner but not losing any places because of it. At the entrance of Coppice, McWilliams then takes fourth from Laconi by forcing him to go wide at the entrance of the corner. Coming down into the Melbourne Hairpin, Rossi makes his move and passes Laconi for fifth place by going up his inside, but he runs wide and has to slot back behind the Frenchman as they exit the corner. Right behind the duo, Aoki also overtook Gibernau's Repsol YPF Honda for seventh place at the same hairpin. Lap eight and Abe lines up a pass at the start/finish straight, but thinks the better of it and stays behind for the time being. Gibernau meanwhile dives down the inside of Aoki and retakes seventh going into Redgate. Rossi then finally makes it stick and passes Laconi at the entrance of Coppice, moving him up to fifth position. Gibernau does the same, going side by side with Laconi at Starkey's Straight and picking off the Red Bull WCM Yahama rider at The Esses, moving up into sixth place. As lap nine begins, the top three - consisting of Barros, Abe and Roberts Jr. - now have a significant gap back to McWilliams and behind him, Rossi. Aoki managed to pass both Laconi and Gibernau before the beginning of the lap, moving him up into sixth. Way back, Biaggi only managed to move up into fifteenth so far. At the front, McWilliams has closed the gap to the top three and is now in contention for the win. Abe tries to line up a move to take the lead from Barros but in doing so, has left the door open for Roberts Jr. to dive down his inside at Starkey's Straight, taking second from the Japanese instead as they enter The Esses complex. On lap ten, Roberts Jr. goes up the inside of Barros, easily taking over the lead from him. McWilliams also overtakes Abe for the bottom step of the podium by going up his inside at the Old Hairpin. Lap eleven and Roberts Jr. is now opening up a significant gap to second place Barros, with McWilliams right behind him. The Northern Irishman then makes a move and takes second from Barros at the Old Hairpin. Rossi then tries to pass Abe at Coppice, but runs wide and loses one place to Aoki as well, demoting him to sixth. Aoki himself then passes Abe at Starkey's Straight, finalising the move going into The Esses and taking fourth place from him. On lap twelve, a slightly drying groove now starts to become visible. Aoki surprised Barros by taking third when he went around the outside, then the inside at the fast Craner Curves (Turns 2 and 3). Abe also passes the now fading Barros and moves up into fourth place when he went up his inside at Coppice. At the Melbourne Hairpin, Rossi too made his move and took fifth from Barros. As lap thirteen begins, Rossi immediately is eyeing Abe's fourth position, and makes a successful move on him at Redgate by diving down the inside. At the Craner Curves, Gibernau overtook Barros and moved up to sixth. Laconi has passed Barros as well, with the Brazilian now dropping all the way down to eighth. Lap fourteen and Rossi is now putting the pressure on Aoki. Making good use of his superior top speed, he goes side by side with the Japanese at Starkey's Straight and takes third before entering The Esses. On lap fifteen, Barros behind is now coming under pressure from teammate Capirossi. Laconi has passed Gibernau on the previous lap and at the front, Rossi caught and passed McWilliams for second at Starkey's Straight, almost making contact with him entering The Esses as he refuses to hand over the position so easily. Before the beginning of lap sixteen, Aoki crashes out of a strong fourth place. He had a slight moment, causing him to highside just as he wanted to exit out of the Goddards hairpin, throwing him onto the grass at low speed. He gets up quickly and removes his bike from the dangerous position, but loses a lot of time and continues in last place. At the front, the battle for victory has been reduced to three after the crash of Aoki caused a massive gap to number four Abe, consisting out of Roberts Jr., Rossi and McWilliams. Lap seventeen and a dry line is now clearly visible as a dry groove has formed. The gap Roberts Jr. has to Rossi is +0.903 seconds, but 'The Doctor' is now catching him quickly as it gets cut and is now only +0.377 seconds when they arrive at The Esses. On lap eighteen, Rossi is still catching up to the American. Laconi has also crashed at the exit of Goddards, the Frenchman already back onto his bike and ready to ride again as he has not stalled his motorcycle. The gap to Roberts Jr. meanwhile has extended slightly by Rossi - from +0.377 seconds before to +0.101 seconds now - with McWilliams tagging along as well. He surprises Rossi by going up his inside at the beginning of Coppice to move up into second position, also allowing Roberts Jr. some slight breathing room. Lap nineteen has begun and it is now a threeway battle for the lead. McWilliams is now all over the back of the American, lines up a pass at the Craner Curves and overtakes him at the Old Hairpin, taking over the lead under loud cheering from the British crowd. At Starkey's Straight, he effortlessly overtakes Roberts Jr. and slots in front of him at The Esses. On lap twenty, Biaggi managed to claw his way back up to ninth after being down in fourteenth at the earlier stages of the race. Rossi is now slowly trying to close down the small gap McWilliams has created. Lap twenty-one and Rossi and Roberts Jr. have troubles trying to catch McWilliams, as he is now increasing the gap. However, the gap at Starkey's Straight closes up again from +1.224 to +1.056 seconds. On lap twenty-two, the front is still very much stabilised. In fourth is now Capirossi, who overtook and rode away from Abe by now. However, Capirossi made a mistake going into The Esses, allowing Abe to retake fourth from him in the process. Lap twenty-three and Rossi and Roberts Jr. are now slowly clawing their way back to McWilliams, who starts to slide a bit due to the tyre problems he starts to have. On lap twenty-four, McCoy has come into the pits to change his tyres from wets to slicks due to the changing conditions. Coming out of the Coppice corners, Rossi has a moment but doesn't lose any positions from it. Lap twenty-five and the field bunches up again. At Coppice, both Rossi and Roberts Jr. have moments as they exit the corner, showing that they too are starting to have some real tyre problems. On lap twenty-six, Rossi is now really closing up on McWilliams, who is really suffering from tyre problems by now. Coming out of Coppice, the Northern Irishman has a moment, allowing Rossi to make a move and go side by side with him at Starkey's Straight. However, he does not pass him, choosing to stay behind him for now. As lap twentyseven begins, Rossi is still right behind McWilliams, who himself is being chased by Roberts Jr. A big part of the circuit has now dried up, making the riders wobble frequently. Coming up to the Melbourne Hairpin, he finally decides to take the lead by diving down the inside of McWilliams' Aprilia, outbreaking him and finalising the move exiting the corner. Lap twenty-eight and Roberts Jr. tries to pass McWilliams going into Redgate but misses the speed and almost collides with the rear tyre of the Northern Irishman, forcing him to stay right behind him for now. At the Melbourne Hairpin, Roberts Jr. tries to go down the inside of McWilliams and take second place from him, but he just goes a bit too wide, allowing the Aprilia rider to make the cutback and retake the place exiting the hairpin. Lap twenty-nine, the penultimate lap, has begun and Rossi has now opened up a slight gap back to McWilliams. He then closes up at the Craner Curves as Rossi slides around the corners, much to the delight of the fans. As they exit Coppice, both Rossi and McWilliams' tyres start to smoke as they put on the power. The final lap has now arrived - lap thirty - and Rossi is still leading, followed by McWilliams and Roberts Jr. Coming out of Redgate, all the riders are now sliding around as their tyres are practically gone. McWilliams however is still doing his best to close the slight gap to Rossi with Roberts Jr. hot on his tail. Coming out of The Esses, the Suzuki rider got better traction and goes for the move by going side by side with McWilliams before the Melbourne Hairpin, then outbreaking him and snatching second place from him with just one corner to go. Having a big enough gap, Rossi crosses the line to win his first ever 500cc grand prix, followed by Roberts Jr. in second and McWilliams in third. Further back, Capirossi comes home in fourth, Dutchman van den Goorbergh in fifth and Abe in sixth. On the parade lap back to parc-fermé, Rossi does a burnout as a handful of fans come up to him and congratulate him on his win. He stands on his bike and celebrates in jubilant fashion as well. Roberts Jr. rides up to him and shakes hands with him whilst still onto the bike to congratulate him on his win. The important figures hand out the trophies, with the audience cheering loudly as McWilliams receives his third-place trophy. The Italian national anthem plays and after it is done, the podium girls put wreaths around the necks of the trio and give them all a kiss on the cheek. Then they hand them the champagne with Rossi then cheekily spraying it on one of the girls, then on the rest of the riders. When Roberts Jr. was questioned about his tyre choice, he said the following: "It was a difficult choice until the rain started again, and I'm surprised the tyres held up when the track dried out. I had a lot on mind during the race, like concentrating on not falling down, and keeping an edge to my tyres just in case the rain restarted, and with this in mind, I let Valentino and Jeremy go mid-race. When Valentino got passed him, I tried to go as well, but had to wait until the last lap. I knew I could get the Aprilia there, because I could hear that the engine wasn't as strong as the V4s." When McWilliams was asked about his last-lap fight with Roberts Jr., he commented the following: "I made two mistakes. I think now that perhaps I went too hard mid-race in trying to get away, which finished the tyres, and then I missed a gear on the last lap, and allowed Kenny through. He learnt from his last attempt too, and kept it tight at Melbourne so that I couldn't slide back on the inside. I'm happy to be on the podium though. We didn't think we were going to go anywhere from the fourth row of the grid, and when the rain came down, I was just laughing. We put wets on and couldn't care less - we were going out just to see what we could get as others fell down! This is a better end to a difficult week for Irish motorsports, and this podium is for Joey." When Rossi was asked how he felt after his win, he responded with the following: "I am very happy. We were ready to win in dry conditions but, when the rain came, we were very afraid, and would have been happy with a podium. The race was not so much fun, with the rear wheel spinning all the time, but my rhythm was not too bad and I was able to get past Barros and Abe before getting up to the lead. The tyre is now completely finished, and it was not easy even on the straight. it was very hard to beat Jeremy, but I managed to get by two or three laps from the end, and I am very pleased to win." 500 cc classification 250 cc classification 125 cc classification Championship standings after the race (500cc) Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round nine has concluded. Riders' Championship standings Constructors' Championship standings Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. References British motorcycle Grand Prix British Motorcycle Grand Prix

491089

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt%2C%20Seattle

Roosevelt, Seattle

Roosevelt is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington. Its main thoroughfare, originally 10th Avenue, was renamed Roosevelt Way upon Theodore Roosevelt's death in 1919. The neighborhood received the name as the result of a Community Club contest held eight years later, in 1927. Roosevelt's principal and minor arterials are the one-way pair Roosevelt Way (southbound) and 12th Avenue NE (northbound), Lake City Way (SR 522) and 15th Avenue NE, and NE 65th and 75th Streets. City streets are laid out and designated in a pattern; see street layout of Seattle, directionals. The boundaries of the neighborhood are Interstate 5 to the west, beyond which lies Green Lake; NE Ravenna Boulevard and NE 60th Street to the south, beyond which is the University District; 15th Avenue NE to the east, beyond which is Ravenna; and Lake City Way (SR 522) to the north, beyond which lies Maple Leaf, (map). Schools The Roosevelt district is also home to Roosevelt High School (RHS, opened 1922), one of the older schools in the Seattle School District. Like the street, it is named after Teddy, not Franklin D. Roosevelt. For many years, Roosevelt High School and Garfield High School juggled the lead in the school district in many academic and sports fields. Alumni include Mark Pattison, who played football for the University of Washington Huskies and was drafted in the seventh round in 1985 by the Oakland Raiders of the NFL, actress Rose McGowan,(also attended Nova) and Nobel laureate scientists Linda B. Buck and Robert E. Lucas Jr. Shops Although primarily a residential neighborhood, the Roosevelt district had a Sears department store from 1928 to 1980. After its closure, the land was redeveloped as Roosevelt Square, which now features all natural supermarket Whole Foods Market, local and family-owned pharmacy Bartell Drugs (chain established 1890), a Mud Bay pet store and a Starbucks among other businesses. A block beyond Roosevelt Way to the west is the longest-established vegetarian restaurant in Seattle, independent Sunlight Cafe, nearly as old (1978) as Starbucks. Numerous other small businesses still line 65th Street and Roosevelt Way. Teddy's is a multi-generational, multi-subculture popular biker bar. Roosevelt Way from 62nd Street north to 64th was somewhat of an "audio row", having featured a concentration of stores selling high-end audio and video systems and components. Today, only two such stores remain. Parks The neighborhood includes two parks: Cowen Park, in the southeast corner (contiguous with the larger Ravenna Park of Ravenna); and Froula Playground, in the northeast corner, adjacent to the Green Lake Reservoir. The source of Ravenna Creek has been reduced to Cowen Park; since completion of partial daylighting in 2006, the creek has been reconnected to Lake Washington. Recent projects The underground Roosevelt Link light rail station located at NE 65th St and 12th Ave NE opened for service on October 2, 2021, which connects Roosevelt to downtown Seattle as well as the Northgate neighborhood to the north. See also Neighborhoods of Ravenna Creek Notes and references External links Roosevelt Neighborhood Association official website Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas — Roosevelt Bibliography Economics > Laureates > Robert E. Lucas. PDF at "the company. What we are all about" Howe > Restaurants > Vegetarian. From High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB Medium-Resolution Version, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004. Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004. "Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format. 12 January 2004. The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. [Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files"] "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002 Sound Transit webpage on future light rail station in Roosevelt Further reading "with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders. Walter excerpted from See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter – Twin Ponds".

55094580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Maetzl

Klaus Maetzl

Klaus Maetzl (1941 – 4 May 2016) was an Austrian violinist, noted as a founder of the Alban Berg Quartet. He studied at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna with Franz Samohyl, and studied further with Max Rostal. From 1967 to 1970, he was concertmaster of the Vienna Symphony. In 1970, Maetzl was a founder member, with Günter Pichler, Hatto Beyerle and Valentin Erben, of the Alban Berg Quartet, in which he played second violin; he remained with the quartet until 1978. From 1982 he was a member of the Vienna Chamber Ensemble. From 1971, he was a professor at the University of Music and Performing Arts. He served on the juries of several international competitions during his career. References 1941 births 2016 deaths Austrian classical violinists 20th-century classical violinists

42640209

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands%20%282013%20film%29

Wetlands (2013 film)

Wetlands () is a 2013 German drama film directed by David Wnendt. It is based on the 2008 novel of the same name by Charlotte Roche and focuses on feminist issues, sexuality, and coming of age. The film premiered in International competition at the 2013 Locarno International Film Festival on August 11, 2013. The film later premiered in-competition in the World Cinema Dramatic Competition at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2014. After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Strand Releasing acquired the US distribution rights for the film. Plot 18-year-old Helen uses vegetables for masturbation and believes that body hygiene is overrated in our society. She provokes others by saying and doing things most people would not even dare to imagine. She is sexually adventurous and visits a brothel to experience being with another woman. Helen's parents are divorced and she desperately wishes that they get back together. But her mother is depressive, hygiene-obsessed and mentally unstable, and her father is insensitive and seems not to take notice of what people around him think. She also has a quiet, younger brother whom she teases by taking his stuffed bear. Helen feels alone and unloved in the world. Only her best friend Corinna makes her feel comfortable. Together they break many of society's taboos. By shaving her anal hair too fast, she cuts herself badly and needs to go to hospital. There she plans to get her parents back together and charms her handsome nurse Robin, who is still suffering from a relationship with another nurse from two years before. That nurse does not get along with Helen and is still infatuated with Robin. She makes Helen's life in the hospital more difficult, but Helen and Robin fall in love during her hospital stay. Helen's behaviour is revealed to be related to a traumatic experience she had when she was eight years old, when she found her mother trying to kill herself and Helen's little brother using the gas from the oven. At the end of the movie, Helen reflects on that trauma by saying that she finally talked to her little brother about that experience and that it was the hardest talk she ever had. In the end, as she is with Robin in his van leaving the hospital, she sees her parents finally meeting in the parking lot, and she asks Robin to continue driving. Cast Carla Juri as Helen Memel Christoph Letkowski as Robin Marlen Kruse as Corinna Meret Becker as Helen's mother Axel Milberg as Helen's father Edgar Selge as Dr. Notz Peri Baumeister as Schwester Valerie Reception Wetlands received mostly positive reviews from critics. Scott Foundas of Variety said in his review that "Director David Wnendt and breakout star Carla Juri leave no bodily orifice unexplored in this spiky, smartly packaged commercial enterprise." Boyd van Hoeij, in his review for The Hollywood Reporter, called the film "A poppy take on boundary-pushing sexual matters featuring a stellar breakthrough performance." Eric Kohn of Indiewire graded the film B+ and praised the performance of Carla Juri and film by saying that "Juri’s energetic performance – coupled with an equally jumpy soundtrack that includes Canned Heat and Peaches – manages to root the endeavor in fairly credible pathos, particularly with relation to her desire to see her parents reunite. If we’re stuck with coming-of-age stories as a genre that storytellers must engage time and again, at least in the case of “Wetlands” the usual formula gets a much-needed jolt, while capably recognizing the aspects of the material that work on autopilot. The shock value only goes so far as a gimmick. "Wetlands" succeeds because, like Helen, it manages to sincerely embrace its taboos." Accolades References External links Official website Official U.S. website 2013 films 2010s erotic drama films German erotic drama films German films German LGBT-related films Films set in Berlin 2013 drama films 2013 LGBT-related films 2010s German-language films

325736

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism

Phenomenalism

Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space. In particular, some forms of phenomenalism reduce all talk about physical objects in the external world to talk about bundles of sense data. History Phenomenalism is a radical form of empiricism. Its roots as an ontological view of the nature of existence can be traced back to George Berkeley and his subjective idealism, upon which David Hume further elaborated. John Stuart Mill had a theory of perception which is commonly referred to as classical phenomenalism. This differs from Berkeley's idealism in its account of how objects continue to exist when no one is perceiving them (this view is also known as "local realism"). Berkeley claimed that an omniscient God perceived all objects and that this was what kept them in existence, whereas Mill claimed that permanent possibilities of experience were sufficient for an object's existence. These permanent possibilities could be analysed into counterfactual conditionals, such as "if I were to have y-type sensations, then I would also have x-type sensations". As an epistemological theory about the possibility of knowledge of objects in the external world, however, it is probable that the most easily understandable formulation of phenomenalism is to be found in the transcendental aesthetics of Immanuel Kant. According to Kant, space and time, which are the a priori forms and preconditions of all sensory experience, "refer to objects only to the extent that these are considered as phenomena, but do not represent the things in themselves". While Kant insisted that knowledge is limited to phenomena, he never denied or excluded the existence of objects which were not knowable by way of experience, the things-in-themselves or noumena, though he never proved them. Kant's "epistemological phenomenalism", as it has been called, is therefore quite distinct from Berkeley's earlier ontological version. In Berkeley's view, the so-called "things-in-themselves" do not exist except as subjectively perceived bundles of sensations which are guaranteed consistency and permanence because they are constantly perceived by the mind of God. Hence, while Berkeley holds that objects are merely bundles of sensations (see bundle theory), Kant holds (unlike other bundle theorists) that objects do not cease to exist when they are no longer perceived by some merely human subject or mind. In the late 19th century, an even more extreme form of phenomenalism was formulated by Ernst Mach, later developed and refined by Russell, Ayer and the logical positivists. Mach rejected the existence of God and also denied that phenomena were data experienced by the mind or consciousness of subjects. Instead, Mach held sensory phenomena to be "pure data" whose existence was to be considered anterior to any arbitrary distinction between mental and physical categories of phenomena. In this way, it was Mach who formulated the key thesis of phenomenalism, which separates it from bundle theories of objects: objects are logical constructions out of sense-data or ideas; whereas according to bundle theories, objects are made up of sets, or bundles, of actual ideas or perceptions. That is, according to bundle theory, to say that the pear before me exists is simply to say that certain properties (greenness, hardness, etc.) are being perceived at this moment. When these characteristics are no longer perceived or experienced by anyone, then the object (pear, in this case) no longer exists. Phenomenalism as formulated by Mach, in contrast, is the view that objects are logical constructions out of perceptual properties. On this view, to say there is a table in the other room when there is no one in that room to perceive it, is to say that if there were someone in that room, then that person would perceive the table. It is not the actual perception that counts, but the conditional possibility of perceiving. Logical positivism, a movement begun as a small circle which grew around the philosopher Moritz Schlick in Vienna, inspired many philosophers in the English speaking world from the 1930s through the 1950s. Important influences on their brand of empiricism included Ernst Mach — himself holding the Chair of Inductive Sciences at the University of Vienna, a position Schlick would later hold — and the Cambridge philosopher Bertrand Russell. The idea of some logical positivists, such as A.J. Ayer and Rudolf Carnap, was to apply phenomenalism in linguistic terms, enabling reliable discourse of physical objects, such as tables, in strict terms of either actual or possible sensory experiences. 20th century American philosopher Arthur Danto asserted that "a phenomenalist, believ[es] that whatever is finally meaningful can be expressed in terms of our own [sense] experience.". He claimed that "The phenomenalist really is committed to the most radical kind of empiricism: For him reference to objects is always finally a reference to sense-experience ... ." To the phenomenalist, objects of any kind must be related to experience. "John Stuart Mill once spoke of physical objects as but the 'permanent possibility of experience' and this, by and large, is what the phenomenalist exploits: All we can mean, in talking about physical objects — or nonphysical objects, if there are any — is what experiences we would have in dealing with them ... ." However, phenomenalism is based on mental operations. These operations, themselves, are not known from sense experience. Such non-empirical, non-sensual operations are the "...nonempirical matters of space, time, and continuity that empiricism in all its forms and despite its structures seems to require ... ." See for comparison Sensualism, to which phenomenalism is closely related. Criticisms Roderick Chisholm criticized the logical positivist version of phenomenalism in 1948. C.I. Lewis had previously suggested that the physical claim "There is a doorknob in front of me" necessarily entails the sensory conditional "If I should seem to see a doorknob and if I should seem to myself to be initiating a grasping motion, then in all probability the sensation of contacting a doorknob should follow". Roderick Firth formulated another objection in 1950, stemming from perceptual relativity: White wallpaper looks white under white light and red under red light, etc. Any possible course of experience resulting from a possible course of action will apparently underdetermine our surroundings: it would determine, for example, that there is either white wallpaper under red light or red wallpaper under white light, and so on. Another criticism of phenomenalism comes from truthmaker theory. Truthmaker theorists hold that the truth depends on reality. In the terms of truthmaker theory: a truthbearer (e.g. a proposition) is true because of the existence of its truthmaker (e.g. a fact). Phenomenalists have been accused of violating this principle and thereby engaging in "ontological cheating": of positing truths without being able to account for the truthmakers of these truths. The criticism is usually directed at the phenomenalist account of material objects. The phenomenalist faces the problem of how to account for the existence of unperceived material objects. A well-known solution to this problem comes from John Stuart Mill. He claimed that we can account for unperceived objects in terms of counterfactual conditionals: It is true that valuables locked in a safe remain in existence, despite being unperceived, because if someone were to look inside then this person would have a corresponding sensory impression. But this solution doesn't satisfy the truthmaker theorist since it still leaves open what the truthmaker for this counterfactual conditional is. It's not clear how such a truthmaker could be found within the phenomenalist ontology. Notable proponents Johannes Nikolaus Tetens John Foster References Bibliography Fenomenismo in L'Enciclopedia Garzanti di Filosofia (eds.) Gianni Vattimo and Gaetano Chiurazzi. Third Edition. Garzanti. Milan, 2004. Berlin, Isaiah. The Refutation of Phenomenalism. The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library. 2004. Bolender, John. Factual Phenomenalism: a Supervenience Theory, in SORITES Issue #09. April 1998. pp. 16–31. External links Theory of mind Epistemological theories Analytic philosophy Empiricism Kantianism Metaphysical theories Metaphysics of mind

28071507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%20Rizk

Salom Rizk

Salom Rizk (also known as Sam Risk; born 15 December 1908 in Ottoman Syria, died 22 October 1973 in Silver Spring, Maryland) was a Syrian-American author, best known for his 1943 immigrant autobiography, Syrian Yankee, perhaps the best-known piece of Arab American literature in the middle part of the century. The book has been called "a classic of the immigrant biography genre", especially for the way Rizk's story portrays the American Dream and the virtues of cultural assimilation at the expense of his home country, which he finds loathsome when he returns for a visit. Rizk became well known enough that Reader's Digest sponsored him on a lecture tour around the United States as "the quintessential American immigrant". He also sponsored a drive for the Save the Children Federation, using advertisements in such magazines as Boys' Life to request families send their extra pencils, so that these could be donated to needy school-children around the world as a way of promoting freedom and democracy and fighting tyranny. Youth and journey to the USA Rizk was born to Arab Christian parents in Ottoman Syria (likely modern Lebanon). His mother, who had American citizenship, died when he was young, leaving him in the care of an illiterate grandmother who did not tell him of his American citizenship, which he learns of only when he is twelve; it takes him five more years before he is able to obtain his passport. At the same time, he has been told "many wonderful, unbelievable things" about the United States by his teacher, who describes it as "a country like heaven...where everything is bigger and grander and more beautiful than it has ever been anywhere else in the world...where men do the deeds of giants and think the thoughts of God". Rizk realizes, even in his imagination, that America was "everything that my present life was not", especially given the horrors that befell Syria in World War I. As soon as he was able, he left Syria for the United States. At the Port of Beirut, he boarded the S/S Sinaia, which set sail on March 30, 1927 and arrived at the Port of Providence, Rhode Island, on April 27. As the son of Charles Rizk, a naturalized United States citizen, he travelled on U.S. Passport number 323879 Syrian Yankee Rizk's description of youth is interesting for several reasons: First, it was not common at the time for Syrian immigrants to depict their journey to the United States. Second, Rizk leaves out the obvious fact that his native language is Arabic and distances himself from the Muslim aspects of Syrian culture. Third, despite being dazzled by New York City, Rizk's depiction of America "resembles nothing so much as Hell"; it is not until he returns to his homeland and sees the problems facing both the Middle East and Nazi-era Europe (including the large numbers of Jewish refugees to Palestine) that he recognizes the fulfillment of his American Dream and begins to become a vocal advocate for American values, using his own immigrant status as the grounds for his expertise. In this regard he joined the company of such immigrant writers as Mary Antin and Louis Adamic, who extol the virtues of assimilation A revised version of the book was published in 2000 by Rizk's friend Rev. Harold Schmidt under the new title America, More than a Country. Literary significance Rizk's contributions to American literature come both from the time in which he wrote and from the way he wrote about America. As noted above, his book captures presents the American Dream as real, as something that immigrants do in fact achieve. He thus presents what may be called an extremely optimistic view of immigration and assimilation—a view that was not shared by all immigrant authors of this period. But his work is also important for the time in which it was written. At this point in Arab-American literary culture, the New York Pen League involving Khalil Gibran, Mikhail Naimy and Elia Abu Madi (most of whom wrote in Arabic) had dissolved, and the subsequent generation of Arab American writers (mostly poets rather than novelists) was less cohesive and less interested in writing about their Arab heritage or identity. Rizk thus stands out as one of the few Arab Americans from the middle part of the century to achieve widespread attention. At the same time, the goals and achievements of the Pen League could no longer be followed, as the increase in anti-Arab racism (in the wake of the Arab-Israeli conflict then unfolding) made the writers' Arab heritage more of a burden to them, giving them a sense of a "dislocated past". Eventually, with the rise of ethnic pride movements in the latter half of the century, Arab American writers realized that Rizk's willingness to criticize his native culture was counter-productive, reinforcing ugly stereotypes and making Arab American readers feel even less free. Rizk thus stands as a testament to his age, to the changing tides of Arab American history and its vacillation between assimilation and diversity. References American autobiographers Syrian Christians Syrian novelists 20th-century American novelists American male novelists Syrian emigrants to the United States American writers of Syrian descent 1908 births 1973 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers

40715209

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainoni%2C%20Christchurch

Wainoni, Christchurch

Wainoni is one of the eastern suburbs of Christchurch. It is a lower socio-economic area. Etymology Wainoni is a Māori word, with wai meaning stream and noni meaning a bend or turn. The name was applied by Alexander William Bickerton to his new home on the Avon River. History In 1884, Bickerton and his family moved into a new home near New Brighton, Christchurch that he named Wainoni. Bickerton, who purchased a property around what is now Bickerton Street, was one of the three foundation professors of Canterbury College. It became a centre for the social life of students at the Canterbury College. The property included a small theatre, a vast garden, and fireworks displays for entertainment. Bickerton's idea for the property was to create a new form of society based around his socialist beliefs, however this social experiment was discontinued after several years. From 1903 the property was turned more into a theme park to provide family income, with a zoo, 7,000 person amphitheatre, conservatory, aquariums, cinema, medicine and fireworks factories, and mock naval battles on a man-made lake. It attracted hundreds of thousands of people over the coming years. In the end the Pleasure Gardens, as they were called, started running at a loss and was closed by 1914. The suburb developed for housing during the 1960s. Geography Porritt Park, an old loop of the Avon River, lies within Wainoni. Going clockwise from there, boundary roads of the suburb are Wainoni, Breezes, Pages, and Kerrs Roads. Wainoni is approximately from the central city. Wainoni Park is located in the adjacent suburb of Aranui. Wainoni and its neighbouring suburb of Aranui are often considered together and intermixed. For example, Wainoni School and Wainoni Park are located in Aranui, and Aranui High School is located in Wainoni. Christchurch City Council publishes a combined community profile for the two suburbs. Demographics Wainoni covers . It had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2. Wainoni had a population of 2,799 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 105 people (3.9%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 60 people (-2.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,029 households. There were 1,410 males and 1,386 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 36 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 552 people (19.7%) aged under 15 years, 591 (21.1%) aged 15 to 29, 1,305 (46.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 351 (12.5%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 78.6% European/Pākehā, 19.8% Māori, 9.5% Pacific peoples, 7.8% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas was 16.2%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 53.1% had no religion, 33.1% were Christian, 1.3% were Hindu, 0.8% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 4.2% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 213 (9.5%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 585 (26.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,092 (48.6%) people were employed full-time, 345 (15.4%) were part-time, and 105 (4.7%) were unemployed. Education Haeata Community Campus is a coeducational composite school for years 1 to 13 with a roll of students as of It was created by merging Aranui School (primary school located in Aranui), Avondale School (primary school located in the neighbouring Avondale), Wainoni School (primary school in Aranui) and Aranui High School on the Aranui High site in January 2017. References Suburbs of Christchurch

62951604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stars%20and%20the%20Blackness%20Between%20Them

The Stars and the Blackness Between Them

The Stars and the Blackness Between Them is an American young adult fiction book by Junauda Petrus. It was released on September 17, 2019 by Dutton Books, and tells the story of two teenage girls who build a relationship, as one acclimates to life in Minneapolis after moving from Trinidad, and the other battles an illness. The Stars and the Blackness Between Them received a Coretta Scott King Honor Award. In February 2021, Junauda Petrus announced that a film adaptation is in development. Synopsis 16-year-old Audre lives in Port of Spain, Trinidad. At the urging of her mother, she attends church, but forms a romantic relationship with the pastor's granddaughter, Neri. After they are caught engaging in sexual activity, Audre is sent to live with her father in Minneapolis, where she meets Mabel. Mabel is questioning her own sexuality, and the two become friends. As they prepare for the upcoming school year, Mabel finds out she has a life-threatening illness. Audre supports Mabel as she undergoes treatment, both emotionally and through healing practices she has learned from her grandmother. Publication 2019, United States, Dutton Books, , 17 September 2019, Hardback. Critical reception The book received positive critical reception. Kirkus Reviews described The Stars and the Blackness Between Them in a starred review: "Through a nonlinear storyline and two secondary characters, Afua and Queenie, the author beautifully interjects elements of magical realism while delving into the complexities of spirituality. Readers seeking a deep, uplifting love story will not be disappointed as the novel covers both flourishing feelings and bigger questions around belief and what happens when we face our own mortality." In a second starred review Publishers Weekly wrote, "Petrus’s earnest debut successfully, touchingly combines elements of fantasy, bittersweet realism, and potent, affecting spirituality to tell the coming-of-age story of two complex, beautifully drawn young black women whose friendship and love draw them together even as Mabel’s failing health pushes them apart." Reception 2019 - Kirkus Reviews - 2019 Best Book 2020 - Coretta Scott King Book Award 2020 - American Library Association - Top Ten Best Fiction for Young Adults Book References External links The Stars and the Blackness Between Them on Penguin Random House 2019 American novels American young adult novels LGBT-related young adult novels Novels set in Trinidad and Tobago Novels set in Minneapolis 2019 debut novels Magic realism novels Nonlinear narrative novels 2010s LGBT novels Literature by African-American women African-American young adult novels

43280267

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmyla%20Balushka

Lyudmyla Balushka

Lyudmyla Balushka (born July 27, 1985 in Lviv) is a female wrestler from Ukraine. She was educated at the Lviv State University of International Affairs, and the Lviv State School of Physical Culture. External links bio on fila-wrestling.com Living people 1985 births Ukrainian female sport wrestlers Sportspeople from Lviv World Wrestling Championships medalists European Wrestling Championships medalists

2976422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daitokuji

Daitokuji

Daitokuji may refer to: Daitoku-ji, a Buddhist temple in Japan Lyman Banner, a character in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, known as Professor Daitokuji in Japan B-ko Daitokuji, a character in the 1986 Japanese anime film Project A-ko

19612475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20freestyle%2052%20kg

Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 52 kg

The Men's Freestyle 52 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall. Medalists Tournament results The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals. Legend DNA — Did not appear TPP — Total penalty points MPP — Match penalty points Penalties 0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit 0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority 1 — Won by Points 2 — Draw 2.5 — Draw, Passivity 3 — Lost by Points 3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority 4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Final Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow). Final standings References External links Official Report Freestyle 52kg

39212959

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appledale%2C%20British%20Columbia

Appledale, British Columbia

Appledale is an unincorporated community spanning both sides of the Slocan River in the West Kootenay region of southern British Columbia. The rural neighbourhood immediately west of Highway 6 is about north of Winlaw and south of Slocan. Orchards In 1910, a partnership, called the West Kootenay Orchard Association, bought over 3,000 acres of flat land from lumberman John B. Winlaw. Despite claims to the contrary, not unusual for orchard land promotions of the era, no evidence existed that the land was suitable for fruit growing. Although the conditions are not ideal, those landowners who persevered were able to grow apples. Much of the land remains small farming operations. East shore The main road and former railway corridor have served this side, which had a flag stop. West shore A wooden road bridge existed from the 1920s until its removal in 1984. The crossing helped sell lots across the river at the time. The west shore community is served by the Appledale West Rd stop, on Perrys Back Rd, for West Kootenay Transit System Route 20. References Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia Populated places in the Slocan

6501035

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerestaat%20Party

Boerestaat Party

The Boerstaat Party () is a Boer nationalist South African political party founded on 30 September 1986 by Robert van Tonder. It was never officially registered as a political party because it was unable to rally 500 persons under one roof, a requirement under South African electoral law for official political party status. It was never represented in the South African Parliament, neither in the apartheid era nor after democratisation. In 1989, it joined the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) in declaring support for Jaap Marais, the leader of the Herstigte Nasionale Party and has worked with the HNP on occasion since. The party was a charter member of the Afrikaner Volksfront coalition group. It has also operated with the paramilitary group, the Boere Weerstandsbeweging (Boer Resistance Movement) led by Andrew Ford. The BSP were the third group in South Africa to openly advocate the restoration of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and call for the secession of these territories from the Union of South Africa. Other groups advocated this notion in the past, with the Maritz Rebellion of 1914 and the Ossewa Brandwag of the 1940s being the most notable . This policy was later taken on board by the AWB and other rightist movements. The BSP further argued that the Boer citizens of these nineteenth century republics should be considered as a distinct nation from the Afrikaners, known as a Boerestaat. The BSP has been noted for adopting controversial views on AIDS and came out in support of the views on the subject expressed by Thabo Mbeki. The party has also taken an active role in ensuring that the Voortrekker Monument is cared for, with current leader Coen Vermaak a leading advocate in this campaign. Coen Vermaak has become noted for his controversial statements, arguing that it is official policy to drive white people to extinction through the widespread availability of contraceptives whilst he has further argued that 'I am convinced the abortion law is aimed at getting rid of white babies'. Vermaak has also claimed that AIDS was a hoax designed to promote the use of condoms among whites, claiming that 'no Boer [Afrikaner] ever had Aids. It doesn't exist. It's the biggest scam that can take place'. Whilst the party does not actively call for voting rights to be restricted to whites only, it firmly rejects the post-apartheid doctrine of universal suffrage. For Vermaak, it is ridiculous that a doctor and a vagrant should have an equal say in how the country is governed. He has argued that 'any logical person should understand [that] some people's votes should count more than others'. References External links Official site 1986 establishments in South Africa Afrikaner organizations Boer nationalism Nationalist parties in South Africa Political parties established in 1986 Political parties in South Africa Political parties of minorities White nationalist parties

30609033

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adequality

Adequality

Adequality is a technique developed by Pierre de Fermat in his treatise Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam (a Latin treatise circulated in France c. 1636) to calculate maxima and minima of functions, tangents to curves, area, center of mass, least action, and other problems in calculus. According to André Weil, Fermat "introduces the technical term adaequalitas, adaequare, etc., which he says he has borrowed from Diophantus. As Diophantus V.11 shows, it means an approximate equality, and this is indeed how Fermat explains the word in one of his later writings." (Weil 1973). Diophantus coined the word παρισότης (parisotēs) to refer to an approximate equality. Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac translated Diophantus's Greek word into Latin as adaequalitas. Paul Tannery's French translation of Fermat’s Latin treatises on maxima and minima used the words adéquation and adégaler. Fermat's method Fermat used adequality first to find maxima of functions, and then adapted it to find tangent lines to curves. To find the maximum of a term , Fermat equated (or more precisely adequated) and and after doing algebra he could cancel out a factor of and then discard any remaining terms involving To illustrate the method by Fermat's own example, consider the problem of finding the maximum of (In Fermat's words, it is to divide a line of length at a point , such that the product of the two resulting parts be a maximum.) Fermat adequated with . That is (using the notation to denote adequality, introduced by Paul Tannery): Canceling terms and dividing by Fermat arrived at Removing the terms that contained Fermat arrived at the desired result that the maximum occurred when . Fermat also used his principle to give a mathematical derivation of Snell's laws of refraction directly from the principle that light takes the quickest path. Descartes' criticism Fermat's method was highly criticized by his contemporaries, particularly Descartes. Victor Katz suggests this is because Descartes had independently discovered the same new mathematics, known as his method of normals, and Descartes was quite proud of his discovery. Katz also notes that while Fermat's methods were closer to the future developments in calculus, Descartes' methods had a more immediate impact on the development. Scholarly controversy Both Newton and Leibniz referred to Fermat's work as an antecedent of infinitesimal calculus. Nevertheless, there is disagreement amongst modern scholars about the exact meaning of Fermat's adequality. Fermat's adequality was analyzed in a number of scholarly studies. In 1896, Paul Tannery published a French translation of Fermat’s Latin treatises on maxima and minima (Fermat, Œuvres, Vol. III, pp. 121–156). Tannery translated Fermat's term as “adégaler” and adopted Fermat’s “adéquation”. Tannery also introduced the symbol for adequality in mathematical formulas. Heinrich Wieleitner (1929) wrote:Fermat replaces A with A+E. Then he sets the new expression roughly equal (angenähert gleich) to the old one, cancels equal terms on both sides, and divides by the highest possible power of E. He then cancels all terms which contain E and sets those that remain equal to each other. From that [the required] A results. That E should be as small as possible is nowhere said and is at best expressed by the word "adaequalitas". (Wieleitner uses the symbol .) Max Miller (1934) wrote:Thereupon one should put the both terms, which express the maximum and the minimum, approximately equal (näherungsweise gleich), as Diophantus says.(Miller uses the symbol .) Jean Itard (1948) wrote:One knows that the expression "adégaler" is adopted by Fermat from Diophantus, translated by Xylander and by Bachet. It is about an approximate equality (égalité approximative) ". (Itard uses the symbol .) Joseph Ehrenfried Hofmann (1963) wrote:Fermat chooses a quantity h, thought as sufficiently small, and puts f(x + h) roughly equal (ungefähr gleich) to f(x). His technical term is adaequare.(Hofmann uses the symbol .) Peer Strømholm (1968) wrote:The basis of Fermat's approach was the comparition of two expressions which, though they had the same form, were not exactly equal. This part of the process he called "comparare par adaequalitatem" or "comparer per adaequalitatem", and it implied that the otherwise strict identity between the two sides of the "equation" was destroyed by the modification of the variable by a small amount: . This, I believe, was the real significance of his use of Diophantos' πἀρισον, stressing the smallness of the variation. The ordinary translation of 'adaequalitas' seems to be "approximate equality", but I much prefer "pseudo-equality" to present Fermat's thought at this point.He further notes that "there was never in M1 (Method 1) any question of the variation E being put equal to zero. The words Fermat used to express the process of suppressing terms containing E was 'elido', 'deleo', and 'expungo', and in French 'i'efface' and 'i'ôte'. We can hardly believe that a sane man wishing to express his meaning and searching for words, would constantly hit upon such tortuous ways of imparting the simple fact that the terms vanished because E was zero.(p. 51) Claus Jensen (1969) wrote:Moreover, in applying the notion of adégalité – which constitutes the basis of Fermat's general method of constructing tangents, and by which is meant a comparition of two magnitudes as if they were equal, although they are in fact not ("tamquam essent aequalia, licet revera aequalia non sint") – I will employ the nowadays more usual symbol . The Latin quotation comes from Tannery's 1891 edition of Fermat, volume 1, page 140. Michael Sean Mahoney (1971) wrote:Fermat's Method of maxima and minima, which is clearly applicable to any polynomial P(x), originally rested on purely finitistic algebraic foundations. It assumed, counterfactually, the inequality of two equal roots in order to determine, by Viete's theory of equations, a relation between those roots and one of the coefficients of the polynomial, a relation that was fully general. This relation then led to an extreme-value solution when Fermat removed his counterfactual assumption and set the roots equal. Borrowing a term from Diophantus, Fermat called this counterfactual equality 'adequality'.(Mahoney uses the symbol .) On p. 164, end of footnote 46, Mahoney notes that one of the meanings of adequality is approximate equality or equality in the limiting case. Charles Henry Edwards, Jr. (1979) wrote:For example, in order to determine how to subdivide a segment of length into two segments and whose product is maximal, that is to find the rectangle with perimeter that has the maximal area, he [Fermat] proceeds as follows. First he substituted (he used A, E instead of x, e) for the unknown x, and then wrote down the following "pseudo-equality" to compare the resulting expression with the original one: After canceling terms, he divided through by e to obtain Finally he discarded the remaining term containing e, transforming the pseudo-equality into the true equality that gives the value of x which makes maximal. Unfortunately, Fermat never explained the logical basis for this method with sufficient clarity or completeness to prevent disagreements between historical scholars as to precisely what he meant or intended." Kirsti Andersen (1980) wrote:The two expressions of the maximum or minimum are made "adequal", which means something like as nearly equal as possible.(Andersen uses the symbol .) Herbert Breger (1994) wrote:I want to put forward my hypothesis: Fermat used the word "adaequare" in the sense of "to put equal" ... In a mathematical context, the only difference between "aequare" and "adaequare" seems to be that the latter gives more stress on the fact that the equality is achieved.(Page 197f.) John Stillwell (Stillwell 2006 p. 91) wrote:Fermat introduced the idea of adequality in 1630s but he was ahead of his time. His successors were unwilling to give up the convenience of ordinary equations, preferring to use equality loosely rather than to use adequality accurately. The idea of adequality was revived only in the twentieth century, in the so-called non-standard analysis. Enrico Giusti (2009) cites Fermat's letter to Marin Mersenne where Fermat wrote:Cette comparaison par adégalité produit deux termes inégaux qui enfin produisent l'égalité (selon ma méthode) qui nous donne la solution de la question" ("This comparison by adequality produces two unequal terms which finally produce the equality (following my method) which gives us the solution of the problem").. Giusti notes in a footnote that this letter seems to have escaped Breger's notice. Klaus Barner (2011) asserts that Fermat uses two different Latin words (aequabitur and adaequabitur) to replace the nowadays usual equals sign, aequabitur when the equation concerns a valid identity between two constants, a universally valid (proved) formula, or a conditional equation, adaequabitur, however, when the equation describes a relation between two variables, which are not independent (and the equation is no valid formula). On page 36, Barner writes: "Why did Fermat continually repeat his inconsistent procedure for all his examples for the method of tangents? Why did he never mention the secant, with which he in fact operated? I do not know." Katz, Schaps, Shnider (2013) argue that Fermat's application of the technique to transcendental curves such as the cycloid shows that Fermat's technique of adequality goes beyond a purely algebraic algorithm, and that, contrary to Breger's interpretation, the technical terms parisotes as used by Diophantus and adaequalitas as used by Fermat both mean "approximate equality". They develop a formalisation of Fermat's technique of adequality in modern mathematics as the standard part function which rounds off a finite hyperreal number to its nearest real number. See also Fermat's principle Transcendental law of homogeneity References Bibliography Breger, H. (1994) "The mysteries of adaequare: a vindication of Fermat", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46(3):193–219. Giusti, E. (2009) "Les méthodes des maxima et minima de Fermat", Ann. Fac. Sci. Toulouse Math. (6) 18, Fascicule Special, 59–85. Stillwell, J.(2006) Yearning for the impossible. The surprising truths of mathematics, page 91, A K Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA. Weil, A., Book Review: The mathematical career of Pierre de Fermat. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 79 (1973), no. 6, 1138–1149. Mathematical terminology History of calculus

64963495

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail%20%282019%20American%20film%29

Abigail (2019 American film)

Abigail is a 2019 American short drama film directed and produced by Max Hechtman and Christonikos Tsalikis. The film served as Hechtman's senior thesis. It is influenced by a one-scene screenplay of the same name by writer Jason K. Allen and is inspired by a true story dealing with the subject matter of end-of-life decisions. It was first screened as part of the Fashion Institute of Technology Film and Media Program's senior show on May 17, 2019 and was a year later named a quarterfinalist in Stage 32's 5th Annual Short Film Contest. Its first public screening took place virtually on October 6, 2020 at the 2020 Long Island International Film Expo, where it won the Audience Award, and was nominated for Best Short Film, Best Long Island Short Film and Best Director. This was followed by a screening at the Point Lookout Film Festival on March 31, 2021. Premise A lonely and elderly widower struggles to come to terms with the loss of his wife and the circumstances surrounding her death. When he visits her grave, he encounters a little girl who shows him the path to healing and fills him with hope. Cast Richie Allan as Elmer Elvira Tortora as Abigail Lauren Hart as Woman at Cemetery Leilani Marie Vasquez as The Girl Production Development Jason K. Allen's original script for the film was of just the cemetery scene. When Max Hechtman optioned the script, documentary filmmaker Josh Koury, his professor at the time, encouraged Hechtman to expand upon it in order to fit the requirements of the senior thesis assignment. Hechtman worked closely with his mother, Meryl Hechtman, co-director Christonikos Tsalikis and script editor Miscelleana Tsalikis to make the story fit the required 15-20 minute length limit of the assignment. It is Hechtman's first narrative short to feature professional actors in the roles, with Elvira Tortora and child actress Leilani Marie Vasquez making their screen debuts as Abigail and The Girl respectively. Filming Filming took place in Merrick, NY and at All Faiths Cemetery in Middle Village, NY from November 21, 2018 to April 25, 2019. Post-production Post-production on the film was completed in August 2019. Reception Jenna Reilly of Take 2 Indie Review gave the film 4 stars and wrote that it "not only explores the emotional toll of grieving a loved one – it also gives the viewer a powerful message of hope. If we are open to receiving the signs that surround us – we realize that our loved ones are always with us and that love – never dies." Accolades References External links Official Site Abigail at Max Hechtman's website 2019 films 2019 short films 2019 drama films American films American short films American drama films Films about depression Films about death Films about mental disability Films about suicide American nonlinear narrative films Films directed by Max Hechtman

2217209

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20browser

Class browser

A class browser is a feature of an integrated development environment (IDE) that allows the programmer to browse, navigate, or visualize the structure of object-oriented programming code. History Most modern class browsers owe their origins to Smalltalk, one of the earliest object-oriented languages and development environments. The typical Smalltalk "five-pane" browser is a series of horizontally-abutting selection panes positioned above an editing pane, the selection panes allow the user to specify first a category and then a class, and further to refine the selection to indicate a specific class- or instance-method the implementation of which is presented in the editing pane for inspection or modification. Most succeeding object-oriented languages differed from Smalltalk in that they were compiled and executed in a discrete runtime environment, rather than being dynamically integrated into a monolithic system like the early Smalltalk environments. Nevertheless, the concept of a table-like or graphic browser to navigate a class hierarchy caught on. With the popularity of C++ starting in the late-1980s, modern IDEs added class browsers, at first to simply navigate class hierarchies, and later to aid in the creation of new classes. With the introduction of Java in the mid-1990s class browsers became an expected part of any graphic development environment. In modern IDEs All major development environments supply some manner of class browser, including Apple Xcode for macOS Cincom Smalltalk CodeWarrior for Microsoft Windows, classic Mac OS, and embedded systems Dolphin Smalltalk Eclipse Embarcadero Delphi Embarcadero JBuilder IBM WebSphere IntelliJ IDEA KDevelop Microsoft Visual Studio NetBeans Pharo Smalltalk Red Gate .NET Reflector Smalltalk MT Squeak Smalltalk Step Ahead Javelin Strongtalk Visual Prolog Visual Smalltalk Enterprise Zeus for Windows IDE Modern class browsers fall into three general categories: the columnar browsers, the outline browsers, and the diagram browsers. Columnar browsers Continuing the Smalltalk tradition, columnar browsers display the class hierarchy from left to right in a series of columns. Often the rightmost column is reserved for the instance methods or variables of the leaf class. Outline browsers Systems with roots in Microsoft Windows tend to use an outline-form browser, often with colorful (if cryptic) icons to denote classes and their attributes. Diagram browsers In the early years of the 21st century class browsers began to morph into modeling tools, where programmers could not only visualize their class hierarchy as a diagram, but also add classes to their code by adding them to the diagram. Most of these visualization systems have been based on some form of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Refactoring class browsers As development environments add refactoring features, many of these features have been implemented in the class browser as well as in text editors. A refactoring browser can allow a programmer to move an instance variable from one class to another simply by dragging it in the graphic user interface, or to combine or separate classes using mouse gestures rather than a large number of text editor commands. Logic browsers An early add-on for Digitalk Smalltalk was a logic browser for Prolog rules encapsulated as clauses within classes. More recent logic browsers have appeared as BackTalk and SOUL (Smalltalk Open Unification Language with LiCor, or library for code reasoning) for Squeak and VisualWorks Smalltalk. A logic browser provides an interface to Prolog implemented in Smalltalk (Lisp engines have often been implemented in Smalltalk). A comparable browser can be found in ILog rules and some OPS production systems. Visual Prolog and XPCE provide comparable rule browsing. In the case of SOUL, VisualWorks is provided with both a query browser and a clause browser; Backtalk provides a constraints browser. The comments of Alan Kay on the parallel of Smalltalk and Prolog emerged in the same timeframe but with very little cross-fertilization. The interest in XSB prolog for XUL and the migration of AMZI! prolog to the Eclipse IDE are current paths in logic browser evolution. Rules encapsulated in classes can be found in Logtalk and several OOP Prolog variants such as LPA Prolog, Visual Prolog and AMZI! as well as mainstream SICStus. Web-based versions One variant of the Seaside web framework in Smalltalk permits a class browser to be opened at runtime in the running web browser: an edit to a method then takes immediate effect in the running web application. In the case of Vistascript (Vista Smalltalk) for Microsoft IE7, a right-click on the background opens a ClassHierarchyBrowser. This is somewhat like editing JavaScript prototypes in a web browser or Ruby, Groovy or Jython classes in an IDE running in a JVM. See also List of integrated development environments The Source Navigator and sourcenav NG source code browser. Code navigation tools Class (computer programming)

51064127

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20TCU%20Horned%20Frogs%20football%20team

1967 TCU Horned Frogs football team

The 1967 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1967 NCAA University Division football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 4–6 overall and 4–3 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Fred Taylor in his first year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas. Schedule References TCU TCU Horned Frogs football seasons TCU Horned Frogs football

3165859

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20Santiago%20Zobel%20School

De La Salle Santiago Zobel School

The De La Salle Santiago Zobel School, also referred to by its acronym DLSZ or De La Salle Zobel (Filipino: Paaralang De La Salle Santiago Zobel), is a private Catholic basic education institution for boys and girls run by the Philippine District of the De La Salle Brothers in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was opened in 1978 by the De La Salle Brothers because of the increasing number of students in the grade school department of the former De La Salle College (Now, De La Salle University) in Manila. Background The first De La Salle School in the Philippines, De La Salle College was opened on June 16, 1911 on Calle Nozaleda in Paco, Manila, at the request of the Archbishop of Manila, Jeremiah James Harty to the Brothers of the Christian Schools. It is interesting to note that Archbishop Harty had a very close affinity to La Salle since he was educated in his elementary and high school years in the U.S. in De La Salle Christian Brother-run schools. In 1921, the school moved to its present site on Taft Avenue and the De La Salle Brothers have since opened schools in Green Hills, Mandaluyong; Antipolo, Rizal; Lipa City, Batangas; two schools (University of St. La Salle and St. Joseph School-La Salle) in Bacolod; Iligan City, Lanao del Norte; two schools (De La Salle University-Dasmariñas and De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute) in Dasmariñas, Cavite, and the De La Salle–Santiago Zobel School in Alabang, Muntinlupa. History De La Salle–Santiago Zobel School, a member-school of De La Salle Philippines, Inc., was established on March 29, 1978 after it was decided that the elementary department of De La Salle College be moved to a location that is more suitable and conducive to learning. A high school department was also formed to assure the graduates of Zobel's elementary department of placement in secondary education. The school is located in Muntinlupa's Ayala Alabang Village and was made possible through a joint donation of part of the campus's eleven hectare lot donated by the Ayala Corporation and the Madrigal Family, with the rest of the lot acquired through financing provided by the Filipinas Life Assurance Company. The school's location in Southern Metro Manila also helps in achieving the government's goal of dispersing educational institutions over the Metro, as well as the goal of the Brothers in the Philippines of making their resources available to as many communities as possible. De La Salle Zobel opened in June 1978 with an initial offering of Prep to Grade Six Levels. The Grade School Department became fully operational when Grade 7 was added in June 1979 and in June 1980, the High School Department opened, initially without Freshman classes. It became fully operational in June 1983. Br. Raymond Bronowicz FSC, then the Vice-President for Administration of De La Salle University, was appointed as Zobel's first director. School emblem The double A dividing the bottom part of the shield was derived from the Ayala logo, since the school property is part of Ayala Alabang Village developed by Ayala Land Corporation. The bottom center bears the Christmas nativity star of faith, or Signum Fidei from the official school seal of the De La Salle Brothers. Below the star of faith are the three broken chevrons or the Indivisa Manent symbol found in the Royal Coat of Arms of Saint La Salle's family. The palm branch with 16 leaves at the bottom left honors the 16 De La Salle Brothers who were martyred along with several friends during the Japanese occupation in 1945. The bottom right section of the shield bears the small, iconographic symbol of St. James, the seashell, found in Santiago de Compostela, Cathedral of the Primate of Spain. Santiago is the patron saint of the late Santiago Zobel after whom the school was named. The three small stars at the corners of this section were taken from the official Coat of Arms of the Republic of the Philippines. The upper section of the shield contains the cross and rays, as reminders that the primary purpose of Lasallian education is to lead every student to Christ and to spread the Good News of God's Kingdom. Above the shield is a dove spreading its wings, symbolizing peace and representing the Holy Spirit who sends His light to renew the face of the earth. The color Green gives honor to the first Irish American Christian Brothers of DLSU and White represents the Philippines as the Pearl of the Orient it also means peace and purity of faith and morals; green is also for hope and confidence; and gold is love. Departments The management of Zobel is divided into seven departments, all reporting directly to the President, Br. Bernard Oca FSC. These are the High School Department, the Grade School Department, the Academic Services Department, the Administrative Services Department, the Lasallian Formation and Mission Department, the Human Resource Management and Development Department, the Finance Department, and the Br. Rafael Donato FSC Night High School (BRafeNHS) Department. The Quality Assurance and Management Office directly under the President is a sub-group composed of the Internal Auditor, the Compliance Officer, the Project Management Officer, and the Strategic Planning Officer. The school's Technological and Vocational School is a sub-group under the BRafeNHS Principal. Academics Two main departments make up the academic structure of Zobel, the Grade School and High School Departments. The Grade School curriculum is structured into six learning areas: Mathematics, Science, Language, Reading, Filipino, and MAKABAYAN, the component subjects of which are Christian Living, Social Studies, Computer Science, Music and Art, Physical Education, and Home Economics and Livelihood Education. The High School curriculum, on the other hand, is composed of ten subject areas, which are: Christian Living, English, Araling Panlipunan, Filipino, Science, Math, Music and Art, Physical Education, and Technology and Home Economics. The school also encourages its students to participate in academic contests, which serve as enrichment opportunities. Zobel has been a consistent top performer in academic contests such the Metrobank-Mathematics Teachers Association of the Philippines-Department of Education Math Challenge, the Discovery Channel Whiz Quiz Contest, numerous De La Salle University Contests, and the Inter-school Computer Science QuizBits Contest of the Philippine Science High School, among others. Performing arts With the thrust of supporting the holistic development of students, Zobel further developed the intellect and artistry of its students with the establishment of the Angelo King Center for the Performing Arts in 2000, which is housed in the school's Center for the Performing Arts Building. Since its establishment, the Center has organized yearly Performing Arts Festivals which have showcased the different performing arts groups of the school. These groups include the DLSZ Symphony Orchestra, the DLSZ Strings, the DLSZ Band, the DLSZ Chorale, the Rondalla Ensemble and in addition, the Center continues to hold yearly productions of hit musicals, a tradition started during the early years of Zobel. It has also hosted a number of performing groups from De La Salle University such as the DLSU Pops Orchestra, the DLSU Chorale, and the Chamber Ensemble. Activities, which have been organized at the Center, have been facilitated by highly acclaimed organizations including the UP Theater Arts, CenterStage, Ballet Philippines, Philippine Madrigal Singers, Philippine Ballet Theatre, and the Royal Academy of Dance. In 2002, the Center for Performing Arts was on national television weekly venue-hosting GMA7's popular quiz show, LG Quiz. In 2003, Don Randi, an American jazz musician held a jazz and fusion clinic and concert at the Center. In 2004, recognizing the role of the Center in promoting culture and the arts, the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) officially designated DLSZ Center for Performing Arts as the "CCP of the South." A marker bearing such recognition was unveiled at the lobby of the Center by then CCP President Nestor Jardin, DLSZ's Br. Jaime Dalumpines, FSC, DSLZ-DIPS Director Amanda Boyles, and the head of the Center, Albert Madrigal. In 2009, Athletics Zobel's varsity team, the De La Salle Junior Archers, is De La Salle University-Manila's junior representative to the University Athletic Association of the Philippines while its women's team, the Lady Junior Archers, is De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde's representative to the Women's National Collegiate Athletic Association. During UAAP Season 68, the Junior Archers won its first UAAP Basketball title when it swept the UPIS Junior Maroons, 2–0. It was also La Salle's first Junior's Basketball title in either the NCAA or the UAAP since the De La Salle Greenies of De La Salle College High School (Taft) won the championship in the NCAA in 1955 which was captained by La Salle Basketball Hall-of-Famer Kurt Bachmann. The De La Salle Lady Junior Archers, on the other hand, have been the WNCAA Junior Division Champions for eight straight years, from 1993 to 2000 and again in 2004. Zobel's varsity team for Football on the other hand wins many tournaments and leagues. Learning Resource Center The school currently has 3 Learning Resource Centers, one each for the Prep Level, the Grade School Department, and the High School Department, that provide both conventional print and non-print materials to the school community. In addition to these Centers, the school also maintains an Archives unit that is also under Learning Resource Center; the Archives is located at the St. La Salle Building. The Jacobo Santiago Zobel Memorial Library is the school's primary library and serves the High School Department. The library has two main sections, print and non-print. In 2005, it served 1,128 students, 89 faculty members, 13 administrators, and 82 co-academic personnel. The Antonio Montemayor Anievas Library serves the Grade School Department and is located just across the Santiago Zobel Memorial Library. It is the second biggest library on campus and has organized various programs, which serve to inculcate the love of reading for the Grade School students such as the Book Lovers and Catch Them Read Programs. Division 1 Library The Division 1 Library serves the Prep levels as well as Grades 1 through 3 of the school. It is located in the St. Br. Miguel Hall and is the newest library on campus. This library was first housed at the Prep Building, which has since been demolished and replaced by the Br. V. Felix Masson and Br. Miguel Halls. Adult Night High School (BRAFENHS) The Adult Night High School was opened as a form of outreach to the underprivileged who would want to finish their high school education. It was established during School Year 1997–1998 during the term of Dr. Judith Aldaba. Classes were first held at the Putatan Elementary School and were composed of 69 students in two freshman classes with ages ranging from 14 to 41. Classes were relocated to the Alabang Elementary School during the following school year. In 1999, classes were held at the main campus of De La Salle Zobel. Campus The campus is situated on an irregularly shaped lot located at the heart of the Ayala Alabang Village. The campus's master plan was designed by the firm of architect Francisco Mañosa. In the master plan, the main objective was the creation of a unified learning environment, with the school grounds having a countryside atmosphere. In this view, alterations to the natural elements of the lot were kept at a minimum. When the school opened in 1978, there was only one building available for use, the St. La Salle Building, then called the "Main Building". At present, the campus is composed of a number of structures which have been necessitated by the burgeoning school population. The following major buildings are found on campus: Saint La Salle Building The first building on the campus, it houses the Sixth to Second Year High School classrooms. The basement level, which was formerly a canteen-cum-multi-purpose hall was turned into the school's Learning Resource Center in 1992. It is composed of two libraries: the Antonio Montemayor Anievas Memorial Library (Grade School) and Music Room extensions/ In 2005, the central garden separating the Grade School and High School libraries was converted into a iNook which houses a considerable number of computers available for use by the school community. The Cybernook now uses MacBooks. Also constructed was a state-of-the-art "E-Classroom" which is found right beside the iNook. The ground floor also once housed the offices of the Registrar, the Director, and the Grade School Principal. These offices have since been moved to the newly renovated Mutien-Marie Wiaux Building. At present, the newly renovated Deborah Decena Auditorium (or sometimes known as the Debbie Decena Auditorium), the auditorium, the Information Systems Office, the medical and dental clinics. Beside the Main Building is the newly built, state-of-the-art Our Lady of the Star Chapel where regular masses are held. Beside this chapel is the Parmenie, the new recollection facility. On the third floor are three state-of-the-art computer laboratories and the office of the High School Assistant Principal. Also found within the St. La Salle Building are two pocket gardens, as well as a botanical garden at the rear end of the building. All classrooms in the Main building are air-conditioned, equipped with LCD projectors, and computers connected to the Internet via Wi-Fi. For Academic Year 2009–2010 and 2013– ongoing, major renovations have taken place for the computers in the E-Classroom and the Cybernook. Saint Brother Mutien-Marie Building In 2005, the Administration Building or the St. Brother Mutien-Marie Building, underwent a total renovation. It was one of the earliest building on campus and now houses the Finance Development Office, Registrar and Admissions office, and the Instructional and Performance Assessment Office. It also houses the president's office, grade school and high school principal's office, the Don Enrique Zobel Board Room, Quality Assurance and Management Office and the Human Resources Management and Development Department office. The building is named after St. Brother Mutien-Marie Wiaux, a De La Salle Christian Brother who taught St. Bertuin's School in Malonne, Belgium where he taught for fifty-eight years. He was canonized in 1989 by Pope John Paul II. Saint Joseph's Building The St. Joseph Building is home to all of the school's Home Economics and Livelihood Education classes, including Shop, Automotive/Driving, Practical Gardening, Practical Electricity, Cooking, and Sewing, among others and the Grade 5 classes. In 2004, an annex, the THE Building, was built to decongest the original building which was built in 1992. The building houses the Automotive/Driving and Electricity classes at the ground floor, including the garage for the class vehicles, while a gym (Gym 3) occupied the second floor. In 2005, a model home was built by the back of the original building to house the Cooking and Sewing classes. The original building once housed art classes as well as rehearsal rooms for the DLSZ Band and doubles as transient offices for some of the school's units while some buildings on campus are undergoing renovation. For school year 2007–2008, the THELE building has been transformed to a Seniors (4th year) building due to the many other students that applied during its enrollment period thus adding section I to some of the Grade and High School levels. In school year 2010–2011 classrooms for the 7th grade were moved here. Cadlum Hall and St. Flavius Hall In the Edgardo Cadlum Hall, there is the Cafeteria extension on the first floor and on the second floor, the Gym 2 basketball court. Built at the site of the former stand-alone Gym 2, the Cadlum Hall was built to house a multi-purpose hall and the school bookstore at the ground floor, with the Gym 2 being converted to a dedicated basketball court at the second floor. The hall serves as the canteens extension. It also houses classrooms for Remedial English. The building is named after the longest-serving Principal of Zobel, Edgardo S. Cadlum (1932–2010). The St. Flavius Hall houses the school's main canteen was built in 1991 with the initial food service management being handled by The Aristocrat Restaurant of Engracia Reyes. The immediate past handler of the canteen management was Race Foods, Inc. and at present, it is handled by ZaiDe. The St. Flavius Hall houses, on the first floor, the main canteen and on the second floor the Employees Lounge, Canteen Conference Room and R-Pod, a center for rest, relaxation and rejuvenation for all Lasallian Partners. While this is the main school canteen, a mini-canteen is also located in the Br. Felix Hall. It was named after Br. Flavius Leo FSC, one of the sixteen Christian Brothers who were massacred in the Most Blessed Sacrament Chapel of De La Salle University on Taft Avenue, Manila during the Battle for the Liberation of Manila in World War II. Br. Felix Masson Hall and St. Brother Miguel Halls The Brother V. Felix Masson FSC Hall is named after one of the longest-serving Christian Brothers in the Philippines and, after the recent deaths of Br. Fidelis Leddy FSC(1918–2003) and Br. J. Benedict FSC(1927–2004), the only living American Christian Brother who has been serving in the Philippines for more than fifty years. This building was built in 1997. The classrooms for Grade 2A to 2I, 3A to 3B, GEM/Special Filipino Room, and an outdoor playground are located on the first floor. On the second floor are the classrooms for Grade 3C to 3I, 4A to 4G classrooms and the ISRS Extension Office. In the Br. Felix Masson annex building, the Music Room is located on the first floor, the classrooms for Grade 4H to 4I are on the second floor, and on the third floor are the Science Laboratory and Computer Technology classroom. The newly built St. Brother Miguel Hall, named after St. Br. Miguel Febres Cordero Muñoz FSC, houses the Br. Miguel Febres building basement, where the Art Room, Music Room, Cafeteria annex, Psychometrician/MSSN Coordinator's Office and the Staff Union Office are located. On the first floor is an outdoor playground, the Multipurpose Hall, Medical Clinic Annex, Classrooms for Grades 1A to 1H and the interdisciplinary Botanical Garden. On the second floor is the Gym 5, Learning Resource Center Grades 1 to 4 Student Counselling Rooms, office of Grade School Student Formation Officer, office of the Subject Coordinators, and the office of the Upper Grades Vice Principal for Operations. Br. Andrew Gonzalez Hall (previously known as the Vaugirard) The Br. Andrew Gonzalez Hall, previously known as The Vaugirard, is a gated compound in the school. The Br. Andrew Gonzales Hall houses, on the ground floor, an outdoor playground, the Pre-K to Kinder classrooms, Faculty Room and Meeting Room. On the second floor is the Learning Resource Center, Grade 4 Robotics Rooms and the Office of the Vice Principal for Operations for Lower Grades. Angelo King Center for the Performing Arts and Sylvia P. Lina Theatre In 1996, the school began construction on a building which would house its proposed Center for the Performing Arts. In 2000, this building was completed and would be named after DLSU alumnus Angelo King, who had contributed a significant amount to help finish its construction. The Angelo King Center has a Php150 million theater equipped with state-of-the-art lights and sound facilities, which were imported form Germany. The theater has a seating capacity of 1,052 with balcony and orchestra sections, a two-level lobby, an orchestra pit, four air-conditioned dressing rooms, costume cabinets, a docking area, sixteen fly battens, two motorized curtain systems (vertical and horizontal), and comfort rooms. The television program Digital LG Quiz game show was hosted by 2 Lasallians - LSGH alumnus David Celdran and DLSU alumnae Bianca Araneta who taped several episodes at the King Center Theater for several years. The building houses the rehearsal rooms of the performing arts groups of the school, as well as the music and art classrooms. There are also two box offices located in the building, one at the ground level of the lobby, and one at the upper level, just by the dance studio. The Performing Arts Center is currently under complete renovation of the main theater. The building also houses the Music and Art rooms. Adjacent to the Building is the DLSZ Alumni Association Office and the Independent Teachers Union Office. Br. Ceci Hojilla FSC Center for Lasallian Formation The Br. Ceci Hojilla FSC Center for Lasallian Formation or CLF (near Gate 1) houses the Our Lady of the Star Chapel and below it is the CLF Hall, two (2) Recollection Rooms, and the Family Life Wellness Institute (FLWI). The CLF also houses the Campus Ministry Office and the Social Action Office with the Parmenie Retreat Facility which has the male dormitory on the second floor and female dormitory on the third floor. Each dormitory can accommodate 40 overnight guests. Our Lady of the Star Chapel The Our Lady of the Star Chapel on the second floor of the Br. Ceci Hojilla FSC Center for Lasallian Formation has its own choir loft and can accommodate around 460 individuals. Athletic facilities There are four gymnasiums located around the campus. Gym 1, the second building on campus and the first gymnasium constructed, is also the largest. Gym 1 is currently under renovation since May 2008 and is to be made into a Sports Pavilion which will house state-of-the-art athletic facilities. Besides it being used for most of the Physical Education classes, it is also used for institutional gatherings such as Eucharistic celebrations. It also houses the offices of the Physical Education Department as well as a fully equipped weight training room. The campus is also home to an Olympic-size swimming pool which was constructed in the mid-1990s. In 2005, the pool house was rebuilt and is now a multi-level building with locker & shower rooms at the ground floor and spectator-stands at the upper level. Right beside the swimming pool are the tennis courts, one of the oldest facilities located on campus. The school also has a full-sized football field, which is located behind the Mutien-Marie Building, as well as baseball and softball fields, which are located by The Vaugirard. Because of these facilities, Zobel has been host to many athletic competitions, especially soccer matches, like the inter-school Football Fiesta held recently. Santiago Zobel Jacobo Santiago "Santi" Zobel, after whom the school is named, was the eldest son of De La Salle Alumnus and Benefactor- Don Enrique Zobel. Enrique Zobel was then the President of the Ayala Corporation when De La Salle-Zobel was established. Santiago was born on August 15, 1954 and died of pneumonia on September 7, 1965 at the age of 11. Notable alumni Nathan Azarcon Juno Sauler Alvin Aguilar Eric Buhain Mark Escueta Alan Peter Cayetano Sam Oh Mariel Rodriguez Richard Gutierrez Rhian Ramos Bianca Gonzalez Marion Aunor Rodjun Cruz Rico Yan References and notes External links De La Salle–Santiago Zobel School Official Site Philippine Lasallian Family De La Salle Alumni Association Educational institutions established in 1978 De La Salle Philippines Manila High schools in Metro Manila University Athletic Association of the Philippines Schools in Muntinlupa

5680091

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs%20de%20constructions%20a%C3%A9ronautiques

École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques

The École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de constructions aéronautiques (ENSICA), meaning National Higher School of aeronautical constructions, was a French engineering school founded in 1945. It was located in Toulouse. In 2007, Ensica merged with Supaéro to form the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE). Ensica recruited its students from the French "Concours des Grandes Écoles". A competitive examination which requires studies at the "classes préparatoires". Classes préparatoires last two years where students are to work intensively on mathematics and physics. Studies at Ensica lasted for 3 years where students eventually got a Master in Aeronautics. Area of studies cover all the fundamentals of aeronautics, including: aerodynamics, structures, fluid dynamics, thermal power, electronics, control theory, airframe systems, IT... Students are also trained to management, manufacturing, certification, and foreign languages. Main employers are Airbus, Thales, Dassault, Safran (Sagem, Snecma), Rolls Royce, Astrium, Eurocopter. History The decree giving birth to the "Ecole Nationale des Travaux Aéronautiques" (ENTA) was signed in 1945. The text was then ratified by Charles de Gaulle, president of the temporary government, and by René Pleven, Finance Minister. There were 25 students in the first class and 24 of them joined the "Ingénieurs Militaires des Travaux de l'Air" (IMTA). In 1957, the school changed its name to the "Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Constructions Aéronautiques" (ENICA).The course was extended to three years and the school embarked on its new civil vocation welcoming a higher proportion of civil students. In 1961, ENICA was transferred to Toulouse, the director at that time being Emile Blouin. It then took on a new dimension and established its identity. In 1969, the school joined the competitive entrance examination system organised by the Ecoles Nationales Supérieures d'Ingénieurs (ENSI). It thus increased its recruitment standards to become one of the leading French schools. This excellence was rewarded in 1979 when it received the Médaille de l'Aéronautique from Général Georges Bousquet: ENICA then became ENSICA, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Constructions Aéronautiques. The eighties were marked by a profound diversification in the training courses offered: opening of a "Mastère" degree and an Advanced Studies degree (DEA) in automatic control and mechanics, specialisations in aircraft maintenance and helicopter techniques. ENSICA became the top-listed school for students with pass marks in ENSI competitive entrance examinations and continuously increased the part set aside for research. It also internationalised its training by implementing exchange programmes with English, American and German institutes and universities. In 1994, ENSICA became a public establishment and can now sign, in its own name, agreements and conventions with other organisations and receive research contracts. Today, ENSICA has a staff of 150 people including 25 scientific directors and almost 700 part-time lecturers. The school can accommodate more than 400 students on the initial training courses and the same number of persons doing further training. The 50th class recently graduated. It included a total of 98 graduates 11 students of which did their third year of studies in a foreign university (USA, Great Britain, Germany and Sweden) and a high number of students who carried out their end of study projects abroad. Missions A public establishment under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence, ENSICA gives technological teaching courses for civil and military engineering students and offers a range of training: "Diplôme d'Ingenieur" (engineer's diploma) course; training for and through scientific research; a set of "Mastère Spécialisé" courses; further education courses; research. The engineer's course lasts three years. Departments of Ensica At ENSICA, research and training are integrated into the four training and research departments: avionics and systems, mechanical engineering, fluid mechanics, applied mathematics and computer science. All the departments are composed with a scientific staff. The staff is composed by lecturers-researchers with Ph.D's, lecturers and senior lecturers from universities and full professors. They are responsible for the research work and pedagogical engineering, as well as the coordination of the lecturers' teams. By this way, they actively participate in international actions and in industrial relations. The lecturers come, for one third, from the university and research world, for one fourth from industry and one fourth from the DGA. Human, economics, social, linguistics and multi-cultural training is under the responsibility of three departments: human and social sciences, sports and languages. Main departments are Avionics, Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Dynamics and Mathematics Avionics The Avionics & Systems Department develop : - In the first year a basic training in: Signal processing, Automatic System and Electrical Engineering. - In the third year, two advanced itineraries are proposed into the field : Signals - Communications Control - Avionics The Department trains at these multidisciplinary itineraries : Aircraft system Space systems Control - Guidance Radar - Telecommunications Preparation for the post-graduate diplomas DEA (Advanced Studies Diploma) : Signals - images - acoustics automatics systems. These two itineraries allow, respectively, the preparation for the postgraduate diplomas signals-images-acoutics and automatic systems. Taught subjects Functional approach of electronics and electric engineering Strong theorical bases of signal processing allowing a use in image processing, radar and telecommunications. Optics and optronics bases. Antennas and radars theories and applications in the aeronautical and spatial domains. Approach of real-time systems based on a concrete system built on a micro controller. Finally, control : from modelisation and control of simple processes to applied advanced methods in the aeronautical domain. Mechanical engineering The aim of the Mechanical engineering Department's curriculum is to provide the students with basic knowledge in mechanics indispensable for their future jobs as engineers and this within a multidisciplinary aerospace training framework. The Mechanical Engineering courses lasts three years and includes : - basic training including fundamental knowledge mainly concerning calculation of structures and technological knowledge of mechanisms, manufacturing and materials, - training applied to aeronautics and space; this part increasing progressively throughout the three years. This common core is complemented, within the scope the third-year optional modules, by courses given at ENSICA for the Mechanical Engineering advanced studies degree and more specialised courses related to aeronautics and space. The Mechanical Engineering Department also coordinates the school's space activities: this specific space training corresponds to around 250 hours and development is oriented both towards ultralight systems and manned flight engineering. Fluid Dynamics The courses given by the Fluid Mechanics Department concern the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and continuum mechanics. The courses in these two disciplines are given in the first year and are completed by a basic fluid mechanics course (general equations of the movement of a Newtonian fluid and inviscid fluid movements). In the second year, the studies concern the flow of incompressible viscous fluids and compressible inviscid fluids dealing with the boundary layer, shock wave and turbulence phenomena with complements in unsteady fluid hypersonic and mechanical phenomena. From these theoretical bases, aeronautical applications are introduced in the second year. They mainly concern: external aerodynamics plus flight mechanics and handling qualities. aeronautical turbine engines. Mathematics The goals of CS training are: (1) to study the methods for developing programs (specification methods, object-oriented design, structured programming algorithms, testing); (2) to learn the basics of algorithmics (3) in-depth study of object programming, and learning an object-oriented methodology that uses UML as modeling notation; (4) to study the specific features of "Real-Time" applications and systems and of new-generation network architectures in close association with the research work carried out in the department. Practical implementations of theoretical concepts are based on Java language; ENSICA is co-accredited for issuing the Toulouse Systems Postgraduate School's Computer-based Systems DEAs (Advanced Studies Degrees) in cooperation with UPS science university, INSA and SUPAERO engineering schools, and the Toulouse CS and Telecommunications Postgraduate School's Networks and Telecommunications DEAs in cooperation with INPT engineering school, UPS science university, SUPAERO, INSA, ENST and ENAC engineering schools. Training periods and international perspectives During the 3 years, students of Ensica have the opportunity of studying for one semester or one year abroad, or make a one-year additional training period in a company. Foreign partnerships include: Australia University of Technology Sydney Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Université catholique de Louvain Canada Université de Sherbrooke Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal China Nanjing University Germany Technische Universität München Universität Stuttgart Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Technische Universität Braunschweig Italy Politecnico di Torino Politecnico di Milano Mexico Instituto Politécnico Nacional Netherlands Delft University of Technology Poland Warsaw University of Technology Lublin University of Technology Romania Polytechnic University of Bucharest Military Technical Academy Russia Samara State Aerospace University St. Petersburg State University Singapore National University of Singapore Nanyang Technological University Spain Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (CETSEI) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ETSEIB - ETSEIAT) Universidad de Sevilla Sweden Kungl Tekniska Högskolan United Kingdom Cranfield University Imperial College University of Bristol University of Southampton University of Glasgow USA State University of New York at Buffalo Louisiana State University University of Wisconsin Madison University of Maryland at College Park Syracuse University Aerospace engineering organizations Aviation schools in France Educational institutions established in 1945 1945 establishments in France

39030609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon%20flameback

Luzon flameback

The Luzon flameback (Chrysocolaptes haematribon) is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is found on the northern islands of Luzon, Polillo, Catanduanes and Marinduque, Philippines. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the greater flameback. Habitat Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and less often on tropical moist montane forests up to 1,500 masl. It is threatened by habitat loss, and the illegal wildlife trade. It is possibly extinct on Marinduque Description Large sized woodpecker with a red back hence the name and a yellowish belly. Males and females are sexually dimorphic. Males have a red crest while the females have a more drab black crest with white spots. References Collar, N.J. 2011. Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus. Forktail number 27: 29–38. Luzon flameback Birds of Luzon Fauna of Catanduanes Fauna of Marinduque Luzon flameback

8515993

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limeslade%20Bay

Limeslade Bay

Limeslade Bay is a small cove just to the west of Bracelet Bay in the south east corner of the Gower Peninsula, near Swansea in south Wales. It is a sheltered, mainly rocky beach with little sand. Bathing is possible. There is a car park in the adjacent Bracelet Bay. From Limeslade Bay there is a cliff walk to Langland Bay, about half a mile to the west. Of note is an iron mine at the head of the bay, near the roadside. This is believed to have been worked from Roman times. It is now closed and sealed off. The bay has a varied and different geology from that of the neighbouring Bracelet Bay. This is one of the many 'slades' one finds in Gower - small valleys or dells, usually opening on to the sea. Limeslade was site of the Limeslade Mystery in 1929 - an unsolved murder. External links The Gower Information Centre: Limeslade Bay www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Limeslade Bay and surrounding area Bays of the Gower Peninsula Coves of Swansea

4485650

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Storms%20of%20Early%20Summer%3A%20Semantics%20of%20Song

The Storms of Early Summer: Semantics of Song

The Storms of Early Summer: Semantics of Song is the second full-length album by the American indie rock band Cursive, released in 1998. It was the 22nd release of Saddle Creek Records. Track listing Musicians Tim Kasher Matt Maginn Steve Pedersen Clint Schnase AJ Mogis – recording, engineering, production References External links Official Cursive website Saddle Creek Records 1998 albums Cursive (band) albums Saddle Creek Records albums

42592995

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Newton%20Gloucester

James Newton Gloucester

The Reverend James Newton Gloucester was an African-American clergyman and businessman who was a supporter of abolitionist John Brown. Gloucester lived at 265 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, New York. Like his father, Gloucester was a Black Presbyterian pastor. In 1849 he founded Siloam Presbyterian Church. He and his church members were very active in the Underground Railroad. Gloucester was also a friend and associate of John Brown. Two letters he wrote to Brown are still extant. References African-American abolitionists African-American Christian clergy American Christian clergy African-American businesspeople American businesspeople People from Brooklyn American Presbyterians 19th-century Presbyterians Underground Railroad people Year of birth missing Year of death missing Activists from New York (state) Presbyterian abolitionists

36181845

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-Catholic%20Church%20in%20Badon

Greek-Catholic Church in Badon

The Greek-Catholic Church in Badon was a church in Badon, Sălaj, Romania built in the 18th century and demolished on April 5, 2007. Footnotes External links International Religious Freedom Report 2007 România Liberă, Biserica demolata in Ajunul Floriilor Apocalipsa peste Biserica din Badon! Mediere intre ortodocsi si greco-catolici la Badon Demolarea bisericii din Badon - la mana expertilor Buldozerele lui Ceausescu, in varianta Badon Samanta de scandal intre Biserica Greco-Catolica si Ortodoxa Scandalul bisericii din Badon, citat in raportul SUA despre Romania Badon Churches in Sălaj County 18th-century Catholic church buildings

24647396

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20BC%20Lions%20head%20coaches

List of BC Lions head coaches

The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team based in Vancouver, British Columbia, and are members of the West Division in the Canadian Football League (CFL). The franchise was founded as an expansion team of the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) in 1954. In their 56-year history, the team has appeared in nine Grey Cup finals, and has won five championships. The Lions' current head coach is Rick Campbell and the current owner is David Braley. The Lions' first head coach was Canadian Football Hall of Famer Annis Stukus, who coached the team for two WIFU seasons. The Annis Stukus Trophy—awarded annually to the CFL's best head coach—is named after Stukus. In 1958, the team joined the CFL as one of their charter members. Clem Crowe coached the Lions for its last two seasons in the WIFU and was their first head coach in the CFL. After coaching the first three games of the 1958 season, Crowe was replaced by a group of seven people who coached the Lions for the next two games. Dan Edwards was named head coach for the remaining 11 games. Dave Skrien was the first head coach to coach the Lions for more than three seasons. In his seven years coaching the team he led the Lions to two consecutive Grey Cup finals, including the team's first championship in 1964. Vic Rapp coached the Lions from 1977 until the end of the 1982 season. He coached 96 regular season games with the Lions, which ranks second among Lions head coaches. Rapp won the Annis Stukus Trophy in the 1977 season, the only Lions head coach to do so without winning a Grey Cup championship. Hall of Famer Don Matthews took over the coaching position in the 1983 season and coached the Lions until midway through the 1987 season. He led the Lions to a Grey Cup championship and was named the Annis Stukus Trophy winner in the 1985 season. Matthews' .706 regular season winning percentage is the best among Lions head coaches. From 1988 until 2002, no Lions head coach term lasted as long as four complete seasons. During this time, the Lions won the Grey Cup championship twice: under head coach Dave Ritchie in 1994 and under Steve Buratto in 2000. Adam Rita is the only head coach to have had multiple tenures with the Lions. As of the end of the 2011 season, Wally Buono is the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached, regular-season games won, regular-season points, playoff games coached, and playoff games won. Buono coached the Lions to their fifth and sixth Grey Cup championships and was awarded the Annis Stukus Trophy in the 2006 and 2011 seasons. He is the only Lions head coach to have won more than one Grey Cup. Excluding the group of seven, and counting Rita once, there have been 26 head coaches for the Lions franchise. Key Head coaches Note: Statistics are current through the end of the 2021 CFL season. Notes A running total of the number of coaches of the Lions. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once. Each year is linked to an article about that particular CFL season. The Lions were coached by a group of players led by Chuck Quilter, Byron Bailey, and Paul Cameron, assistant coaches Vic Lindskog and Walt Schlinkman, training camp coach Fred Owens, and general manager Herb Capozzi during a two-game period in the 1958 CFL season. References General Specific Lists of Canadian Football League head coaches by team Head Coaches

24899463

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechetlinsky%20District

Mechetlinsky District

Mechetlinsky District (; ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic and borders with Sverdlovsk Oblast in the north, Belokataysky District in the east, Kiginsky District in the southeast, and with Duvansky District in the south and west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Bolsheustyikinskoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 25,032, with the population of Bolsheustyikinskoye accounting for 31.3% of that number. History The district was established on August 20, 1930. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Mechetlinsky District is one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The district is divided into twelve selsoviets, comprising forty-nine rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Mechetlinsky Municipal District. Its twelve selsoviets are incorporated as twelve rural settlements within the municipal district. The selo of Bolsheustyikinskoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. References Notes Sources Districts of Bashkortostan States and territories established in 1930

375901

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful%20Company%20of%20Arbitrators

Worshipful Company of Arbitrators

The Worshipful Company of Arbitrators is 93rd in the order of precedence of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The organisation formally became a Livery Company on 17 March 1981. The Company supports education in the field of arbitration. It also functions as a charitable institution. Its motto (as displayed beneath its coat of arms) is Law and Custom, and its church is St Mary-le-Bow. As with other Livery Companies, there are two main categories of membership: Liverymen and Freemen. Its limit of 300 Liverymen was decreed by the Court of Aldermen, all of whom must be Freemen of the City of London. Being admitted as a Liveryman acknowledges a dedication to good government and order. Only Liverymen may be part of the leadership of the Company; the Master, the Senior Warden, the Junior Warden and the Court of Assistants; likewise only Liverymen may nominate others for membership. Company Freemen must be of good character and have an interest in and relevant experience of private dispute resolution (while many of the older Companies' links with their original trades have expired, most of the newer Livery Companies maintain close ties with their vocations). The Arbitrators' Company (as it is alternatively styled) arranges a programme of activities to promote arbitration and interest in arbitration in London. In such matters, it is held to be at the leading edge of ideas and development, in ways that cross boundaries between different dispute resolution specialisations in all fields, including commerce and all business and domestic activities. The Company has established charitable trusts through which it expects to continue building substantial funds, with the aim of supporting education in the field of arbitration. It provides members with the opportunity of hearing from distinguished experts in its field and to exchange ideas and views in convivial surroundings. It is also dedicated to the promotion of the City of London as the centre of excellence for International Dispute Resolution. The Company is a member of the Financial Services Group of Livery Companies, the other 11 members of which are the Worshipful Companies of Chartered Accountants, Actuaries, International Bankers, Chartered Secretaries and Administrators, Insurers, Information Technologists, City of London Solicitors, Management Consultants, Marketors, Tax Advisers, and World Traders. References External links The Arbitrators' Company Arbitrators Arbitration organizations 1981 establishments in England

26521459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho%20Jamul

Rancho Jamul

Rancho Jamul was a Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California given in 1829 by Mexican Governor José María de Echeandía to Pío Pico. In 1831 Governor Manuel Victoria reconfirmed the grant to Pío Pico. The grant extended from present day Jamul southeast to Dulzura. History Pío Pico was given a provisional grant of one square league Governor Victoria in 1831. His brother, Andrés Pico, ran the rancho from 1836 to 1838. In 1837 the rancho was attacked by Indians, and the rancho abandoned. In 1851, Pico's brother-in-law, John Forster, claiming to be acting as Pico's agent, sold Rancho Jamul to Bonifacio Lopez, Philip Crosthwaite (Lopez son-in-law), Richard Rust, and William E. Rust. However, it does not appear that anything was ever done in performance of the contract by anyone. But this was the cause latter of extensive litigation concerning ownership of Rancho Jamul. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for two square leagues by Pío Pico for Rancho Jamul was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, but was rejected in 1855 on the grounds of insufficient documentation of the grant. Pico claimed his papers were lost in an Indian attack on the Rancho. While stationed in San Diego, Captain Henry Stanton Burton (–1869) of the First Regiment of New York Volunteers and his new wife, María Amparo Ruiz (1833 –1895), occupied Rancho Jamul in 1854. According to an affidavit made by María Burton and filed in the United States district court in 1880, Burton purchased the interests of Lopez and Crosthwaite in 1853; and the interests of Richard and William E. Rust in 1854. In 1867, nearly twelve years after the claim had been rejected, an appearance was entered in the United States district court on behalf of General Burton. In 1870, María Burton arranged for Pío Pico to declare that he had sold all his interest to Burton. In 1875, Nellie Burton, a daughter of Henry Stanton Burton and María Burton, married Miguél de Pedrorena (1844–1882). In 1876, the grant for Rancho Jamul was patented to the heirs of Henry S. Burton (María A. Burton, and her son, Henry H. Burton and daughter, Nellie Burton Pedrorena). The rancho was used as collateral for mortgages, and numerous claims were filed against the estate and the litigation continued for years. The estate of Henry S. Burton was not settled until 1891. The title changed hands repeatedly. María Burton and her son, Henry Burton, founded the Jamul Portland Cement Manufacturing Company in 1889 but went bankrupt in 1892. In 1915, John D. Spreckels sold to Rancho Jamul to Louis J. Wilde. See also References Jamul Jamul East County (San Diego County) Jamul Jamul

5852608

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrits%20National%20Park

Cabrits National Park

Cabrits National Park is on a peninsula at the north end of the Caribbean island of Dominica, north of Portsmouth. The park protects tropical forest, coral reefs and wetlands. There are hiking trails and an English garrison called Fort Shirley. Cabrits National Park occupies 1,313 acres (531 ha) and was established in 1986. Cabrits is an extinct volcano that was once its own island, separate from mainland Dominica. It was connected to Dominica by the sweeping in of material from Douglas Bay and Prince Rupert Bay. The word Cabrits is derived from "goat" in Spanish, French and Portuguese, and is a reference to the animal that has been indigenous to Cabrits. Goats were introduced to the island by sailors, who set them free on the island to grow, so that there would be meat available when they returned. Cabrits is the last stop on the Waitukubuli Trail which originates in the southern village of Scott's Head. Segment 14 of the trail runs from Capuchin to Cabrits. Fort Shirley Fort Shirley was formerly a military outpost, a sterling example of its kind in the West Indies. The British began building it in 1765 as a garrison to defend north Dominica. The fort was extended by the French during their occupation of Dominica from 1778 to 1784. Georgian in style it consisted of over 50 buildings, and housed over 600 men. It was abandoned in 1854. After suffering for years, Dr. Lennox Honychurch began restoration in 1982. Several of the buildings are completely restored, while ruins of the rest can be found scattered around the peninsula. References External links The Cabrits Garrison - Dominica’s most important historic site Photos from the Cabrits National Park National parks of Dominica Protected areas established in 1986 Peninsulas of Dominica 1986 establishments in Dominica

25445230

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ramsay%20Hutchison

William Ramsay Hutchison

Capt. William Ramsay Hutchison (16 January 1889 – 22 March 1918) was a Scottish international rugby union player. He was killed in World War I. He played for Glasgow District in the inter-city match against Edinburgh District on 3 March 1910. He played for Glasgow High School FP and was capped for in 1911. He is remembered on the Arras memorial bay 5. References External links "An entire team wiped out by the Great War". The Scotsman, 6 November 2009 1889 births 1918 deaths Scottish rugby union players Scotland international rugby union players British military personnel killed in World War I Royal Scots Fusiliers officers Glasgow HSFP players Glasgow District (rugby union) players Rugby union players from Glasgow

12708671

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychogomphus%20bwambae

Onychogomphus bwambae

Onychogomphus bwambae is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. Sources Clausnitzer, V. 2005. Onychogomphus bwambae. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 10 August 2007. Gomphidae Insects of Uganda Endemic fauna of Uganda Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Insects described in 1961

38466075

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilly%20Edinger

Tilly Edinger

Johanna Gabrielle Ottilie "Tilly" Edinger (13 November 1897 – 27 May 1967) was a German-American paleontologist and the founder of paleoneurology. Personal life Early life Tilly Edinger was born to a wealthy Jewish family in 1897. Her father, Ludwig Edinger, founded Frankfurt's first neurological research institute, providing Edinger with multiple contacts in the scientific community that helped drive her career. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Fritz was killed during the Holocaust and her sister Dr. Dora Lipschitz emigrated to the United States. As a teenager, Edinger began to lose her hearing. She required hearing aids, and as an adult she was completely deaf and could not hear without them. Edinger was educated at Schiller-Schule, which was a secondary school for girls in Frankfurt. In 1916, Edinger studied at University of Heidelberg and University of Munich to receive a major in zoology, but later changed to geology/paleontology. Edinger began work on a doctoral dissertation in 1920 with her mentor Fritz Drevermann at the University of Frankfurt. In 1921, parts of her doctoral thesis were published in the journal Senckenbergiana. After completing her degree, Edinger worked at the Geological-Paleontological Institute of the University of Frankfurt as an unpaid "Volunteer-Assistentin" (1921-1927). Edinger continued to work as an unpaid curator at the Senckenberg Museum (1927-1938). Later life Edinger began her professional career in 1921 as a paleontology research assistant at the University of Frankfurt, a position she held until 1927. That year, she moved to a curatorial position in vertebrate paleontology at the Naturmuseum Senckenberg where she continued to work until 1938, her position allowed her to spend time researching and studying vertebrates. While there, she wrote and then published in 1929 the founding work of paleoneurology, Die Fossilen Gehirne (Fossil Brains), which was based on her discovery that mammalian brains left imprints on fossil skulls, allowing paleoneurologists to discern their anatomy. She used endocasts to examine the brain case's interior, a method that was influential in the field. She was heavily influenced in her work by Otto Schindewolf, Louis Dollo and Friedrich von Huene, contemporary vertebrate paleontologists. Being Jewish, her career in Germany became much more difficult to conduct when the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933 and began enforcing "racial laws" that targeted the Jewish population. For the next five years, she continued to work in secret at the Naturmuseum Senckenberg under the protection of the Museum Director, Rudolf Richter. Then, come summer of 1938, Edinger had applied for an American visa with the hope of being able to leave Germany. However, on November 9-10th of 1938, marking the night of the “Kristallnacht”, she was later discovered on the 11th and was forced to consider emigrating elsewhere. In December 1938, Phillipp Schwartz former professor at the University of Frankfurt, used his formerly established Notgemeinschaft Deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland society to provide aid to Edinger. Through this society, she was provided a position as a translator in London in May 1939. Her American immigration visa was accepted just a year after she took the position in London. On May 11, 1940, she arrived in New York, where almost immediately after, she moved to Massachusetts to take a position at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, where she published her second seminal work, The Evolution of the Horse Brain in 1948, three years after becoming a citizen of the U.S. She took leave from Harvard for the 1944–1945 academic year to be a professor of comparative anatomy at Wellesley College, a position she resigned after her hearing deteriorated severely. Edinger's work on fossil horse brains showed that evolution was a branching process, as structures could evolve independently, such as the large forebrain found in advanced mammals. This challenged the prevailing theory of the time, anagenesis, and led to the modern understanding of cladogenesis. In 1963 and 1964, Edinger was elected the president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, reflecting her prominence in the field. Tilly bones, thickened bones on the vertebral columns of some fish species, are named in honor of her. During her time in Cambridge, Edinger would often return to Frankfurt to visit, as she was very loyal to her hometown for presenting her with an honorary degree. Tilly Edinger retired at sixty-seven. She worked at the Museum of Comparative Zoology for twenty-five years upon retirement she continued to serve as an advisor and continued with her writing. On May 27, 1967, while planning to visit Frankfurt again, due to her deafness, she was unaware of an oncoming vehicle and was fatally struck and killed. Education Her early education was provided by several governesses, many of whom taught in both French and English - a quality that proved to serve her well later in life. Her first formal schooling was at Frankfurt's all-girls' high school, known as the Schiller-Schule. Her father was unapproving of her following in his footsteps with taking an interest in neurology as he did not believe women belonged in science. Nevertheless, he later used his respected position in the scientific community to assist in finding strong connections to help further her career. Consequently, matriculating at Heidelberg University and the University of Munich in 1916, where she remained until 1918. She initially studied zoology but switched to paleontology in which she was much happier. The classes she took in zoology, geology, psychology and paleontology allowed her to take her interest in neurology and relate it to geological evidence, later building the foundations of paleoneurology. Despite Edinger's education, her mother still saw her field as nothing more than simply a hobby. She began her doctoral studies at the University of Frankfurt that year. Her study of the brain of Nothosaurus, a Triassic marine reptile, earned her a PhD in natural philosophy in 1921 and was the topic of her first publication. After completing her Ph.D., she went on to perform more research in paleontology part-time and was a curator of fossil vertebrates for Senckenberg Museum. Scientific Legacy Paleoneurology Edinger founded this concept of neurology and paleontology in the 1920s in Germany. She did this by integrating comparative anatomy and sequence stratigraphy. She also introduced the concept of time to neurology and changed what the scientific understanding of the vertebrate brain was then. Ancient Brains Edinger's “fossil brains” discussed the relationship between the brain, the braincase of the skull which held the brain and the endocast which was the internal cast of a hollow object. Her significance in the pre-existing topic of endocasts was that she observed the relationship between the brain/braincase and different vertebrate classes rather dismissing the notion that the braincase was of no reliable use. She introduced her ideas in her first publication in 1921 which regarded the Alligator brain and its braincase. She further went into specifics in her paper on amphibian paleoneurology with A.S. Romer. In this paper they compared the brain and endocasts in modern amphibians which helped them connect systematic and functional differences with endocasts. Brain Evolution Her father, Ludwig Edinger, identified ancient and modern areas of the vertebrate brain and she built on his ideas by introducing the concept of time brought by stratigraphic occurrence. She brought forth the notion that ancient anatomy was not present in living vertebrate, thus calling for the determination of the sequence of innovation with the use of fossils. Her neonatological comparisons were challenged by George Gaylord Simpson and because of this, she suggested a strong analysis of brain enlargement and patterns of cortical sulcation and how they arise independently. She also noted that neural and osteological innovations in horses did not happen at the same time or rate as other body systems, further arguing her point. Brain casts Prior to Edinger's research, endocast descriptions were limited to reports of size and cerebral convolutions. Since she was highly experienced in the field of neuroanatomy, Edinger was able to withdraw additional information from endocasts, such as neural input. She did so by evaluating the different sense organs in the brain to predict the capabilities of reptilian pterosaurs. Most strikingly, she carried on a long time dispute with her Princeton colleague Glenn “Jep” Jepsen. The two argued as to whether a fossil braincase and endocast belonged to carnivore or an early bat. However, the nature of this dispute remained friendly, as illustrated in a poem written by Jepsen. Brain Size Another notable contribution to Edinger's scientific legacy was in her strong critiques of Othniel Charles Marsh's interpretations of the “General Laws of Brain Growth”. While Marsh argued that brain size increased from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, she postulated that one cannot compare the brain size of animals from different lineages. To support her argument, Edinger noted that as body size increased during the Tertiary Period, brain size actually decreased in comparison to body size. However, because Marsh did not take body size into consideration, and Edinger did not take allometric scaling into consideration, neither one was able to draw a definite conclusion about brain size. Career Culmination Awards Throughout her life, Edinger was honored by various organizations for her pioneering work. She received a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship for 1943–1944 as well as an American Association of University Women fellowship for 1950–1951. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953. Several schools also gave her honorary doctorates for her achievements, including Wellesley (1950), the University of Giessen (1957), and her alma mater, the University of Frankfurt (1964). Besides being the president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, she was a member of several other scientific societies, including the Society for the Study of Evolution, the Paleontologische Gesellschaft, and the Senckenberg naturf Gesellschaft. She died on 27 May 1967 in Cambridge, Massachusetts of severe head injuries incurred in a traffic accident. As a result of her death Edinger was unable to complete her latest work, The Comprehensive Summary of Paleoneurology, this volume was later completed by some of her colleagues and was published after Edinger was deceased. Publications Edinger founded modern paleoneurology while at Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main. O.C Marsh's theoretical framework of brain evolution inspired Edinger. While at the Naturmuseum Senckenberg she studied vertebrates and wrote the founding Die Fossilen Gehirne. She discovered that brain matter left imprints on skulls and this was the basis of her publication. While at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, she published The Evolution of the Horse Brain. Edinger also contributed to a bibliography of fossil vertebrates for the Museum of Comparative Zoology. References Citations References Further reading External links Episode 3: Tilly Edinger from Babes of Science podcasts 1897 births 1967 deaths American paleontologists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt alumni Archaeologists from Frankfurt Wellesley College faculty German women scientists Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery Women paleontologists 20th-century American women scientists 20th-century American scientists American women academics

20758802

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%20Arboretum

Zirc Arboretum

The Zirc Arboretum is an arboretum in Zirc, Hungary. The existence of their collection of plants is associated with the arrival of the Cistercian order to Zirc. In the Forestry House in Bakonybél is an exhibition about the arboretum, environmental protection and forestry. References External links Arborétum - Zirc The Zirc Arboretum (Hungarian) Environment of Hungary Arboreta Geography of Veszprém County Tourist attractions in Veszprém County

32492945

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20K.%20Long%20Gymnasium

Earl K. Long Gymnasium

Earl K. Long Gymnasium is a 1,121-seat multi-purpose sports venue on the campus of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in Lafayette, Louisiana. It is home of the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns volleyball team. It was built in 1939 and named for Earl K. Long, who served as governor of Louisiana at the time. The gym was home to the Ragin' Cajuns' men's program until 1950, when the teams moved to Blackham Coliseum. Located on the main campus, E. K. Long Gym houses all of the women's athletic administrative offices, including women's basketball, women's soccer, softball, and volleyball. In years past, Women's basketball doubleheaders with the men's basketball team are played at the Cajundome while single games were played at the Gymnasium. Since 2017, all Women's Basketball games have been played at the Cajundome. In 2020, the March 5th contest between the Cajuns and the UT Arlington is scheduled to be played at the Gymnasium, the first women's basketball game to be played there since the WBI Championship Game in 2016. See also List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References College basketball venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns basketball Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns women's volleyball Basketball venues in Louisiana Volleyball venues in Louisiana University of Louisiana at Lafayette Indoor arenas in Louisiana Buildings and structures in Lafayette, Louisiana Sports venues in Lafayette, Louisiana Sports venues in Louisiana 1939 establishments in Louisiana

18540652

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Secondary%20Ticket%20Agents

Association of Secondary Ticket Agents

The Association of Secondary Ticket Agents, or ASTA UK, is the self-appointed Regulatory Body of the Secondary Ticket Industry in the United Kingdom. The Association was established in October 2005, and represents some companies engaged in the selling of tickets to entertainment and sporting events. The ASTA UK is affiliated with the National Association of Ticket Brokers in the United States. ASTA is recognised by some Government bodies as the representative body for Secondary Ticket Agents. Another body, the Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers, also represents Primary ticket sellers and resellers. Code of ethics The Association requires its members to maintain a high level of ethics in the marketplace and therefore has adopted a set of standards and procedures that govern the conduct of its members. Bonding scheme All members of the Association Of Secondary Ticket Agents (ASTA UK) proposed a scheme underwritten by a Lloyd's of London Broker and scrutinised by the Financial Services Authority. The scheme was well received generally but failed ultimately due to a lack of cross party support. References External links ASTA Official website Regulators of the United Kingdom Tickets Entertainment in the United Kingdom 2005 establishments in the United Kingdom Organizations established in 2005

7724427

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbluff%20Cave

Riverbluff Cave

The Riverbluff Cave is a paleontological site discovered in the United States, near Springfield, Missouri. The entrance is filled with stalactites, stalagmites and columns. The cave is about 830,000 years old (making it the oldest known fossil cave site in the US) and 610 m long, featuring Pleistocene fossils, notably of the short-faced bear (Artcodus simus) the largest bear species on the Earth (around 5–6 feet tall at the shoulder and weighing in the area of 2,000 pounds). The cave Is located in the widespread karst landscape of the Springfield Plateau of the western Missouri Ozarks and developed within the soluble Mississippian limestones of the region. It was unveiled accidentally on September 11, 2001, when engineers were blasting for a new road. The cave is not open to the public, but is the world's second cave to be wired for virtual tours. The Riverbluff Cave Field House opened in 2009 with exhibits of fossils from Riverbluff Cave and from around the world. References External links RiverbluffCave.com Riverbluff Cave: A Walk through the Ice Age The Riverbluff Cave paleontological site and its importance as an educational tool Missouri Cave Is an Ice Age Time Capsule from American National Public Radio Caves of Missouri 2001 in science Museums in Greene County, Missouri Natural history museums in Missouri Protected areas of Greene County, Missouri Paleontology in Missouri Fossil museums

3001915

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodworth%20railway%20station

Dodworth railway station

Dodworth railway station serves the village of Dodworth, in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. The station is west of Barnsley on the Penistone Line between Huddersfield and Sheffield. Originally its immediate next stations were at Silkstone and Summer Lane. Summer Lane was not reopened, and nowadays the next station eastwards is Barnsley. History The present Dodworth station was opened on the site of the original, built by South Yorkshire Railway and opened on 1 July 1854, adjacent to the level crossing which took the main Manchester road (the present-day A628 road) through the village. The crossing and the access to the local colliery was controlled from a signal box, of Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) hipped-roof design, set by the crossing and which was demolished by a derailment on 24 January 1955. The rebuilt box was a brick built, flat roofed affair (this still stands, but is now disused - the crossing is remotely operated from Barnsley Power Signal Box (P.S.B.). The station was rebuilt by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway in the last quarter of the 19th century in their "Double Pavilion" style. This station was closed on 29 June 1959. Coal traffic from the adjacent mine continued to be dispatched by rail right up until its closure in 1985, but the former sidings have since been lifted and the site redeveloped. New station Part of the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive's plan for the line was to reopen the stations at Silkstone (actually at Silkstone Common) and Dodworth. Dodworth was reopened as a single platform station, with car parking facilities from the commencement of the new timetable on 15 May 1989. The station is unstaffed and has only basic facilities (a waiting shelter, timetable information posters and bench seating). There is a display screen in the shelter, occasional automatic announcements and a customer help point at the station entrance. The station is “Green tick” so step-free access is available to the platform for those in wheelchairs. Services Monday to Sunday, trains operate hourly towards Huddersfield westbound and to and eastbound. On a Sunday several services are extended to Lincoln central. Gallery References Sources Railway stations in Barnsley Former Great Central Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1854 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1959 Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1989 1854 establishments in England Reopened railway stations in Great Britain Northern franchise railway stations

65838442

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz%20Bernau

Götz Bernau

Götz Bernau (born 26 May 1941) is a German violinist, music researcher, music pedagogue and music journalist. Life Bernau was born in Braunschweig. After studying violin in Hanover (Karl Heinrich v. Stumpff) and Detmold (Max Strub), Bernau worked as a concertmaster in Bonn, Flensburg, Nuremberg and Regensburg. Between 1969 and 2004, he was first concertmaster of the Berliner Symphoniker, until 1990 Symphonisches Orchester Berlin (SOB), with whom he also appeared regularly as soloist in the Berliner Philharmonie and the Konzerthaus Berlin as well as on tour. Solo engagements have also taken him to orchestras in Europe, Turkey, the USSR, the USA and South America. In addition to the works of the classical violin concerto repertoire, Bernau also presented new compositions - including several premieres and first performances – and devoted himself to unknown and forgotten works from the classical, romantic and modern periods. As a chamber musician, Bernau cultivates a repertoire of different instrumentations - in addition to his involvement with the string quartet and piano trio literature. The spectrum ranges from the one-man orchestra (Der Untergang der Titanic by Wilhelm Dieter Siebert for violin and percussion), duets for violin and one voice (without piano accompaniment) to the larger mixed formations (strings and winds, with and without piano). His collaboration in the Pihtipudas Kvintetti (Piano Quintet), which he co-founded, is worthy of mention and is also documented on several CDs (including several first recordings). Bernau is also active in the field of chamber music for contemporary composers (world premieres, e.g. of works by Carlo Domeniconi, Jaime Mirtenbaum Zenamon, Fazil Say, Wilhelm Dieter Siebert) as well as for forgotten or rarely performed works, including revivals based on manuscripts and early prints of works from the classical and romantic periods. A real speciality is a series of (partly semi-staged) concert programmes, in which Bernau and others are featured among others operas or opera composers (Carl Maria von Weber: Der Freischütz; Giacomo Meyerbeer) using contemporary adaptations of 19th century opera melodies (in duo with pianist Eckehard Scholl), which today can only be found in libraries. He has made radio productions in various European countries and recordings on disks and CDs, both as a soloist and as a chamber musician. In 2004, Bernau was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his extraordinary programmes, his commitment to contemporary works by German and especially Berlin composers, the presentation of foreign contemporary composers in Germany, as well as for his diverse music educational work. World premieres and first performances (works with orchestra) Mozart Camargo Guarnieri: Concerto No. 2 (first performance) Jeannot Heinen: Concerto piece op. 37 (1970) (world premiere) : Concerto No. 2 (1974) (world premiere) Helge Jörns: Concerto No. 2 (world premiere) Helge Jörns: Concerto No. 3 (world premiere, 2002) Ernst Krenek: Concerto op. 29 (1924) (US first performance) Ernst Krenek: Double Concerto for violin, piano and chamber orchestra op. 124 (1950) (German first performance) Usko Meriläinen: Chamber Concerto (1962) (German first performance) Friedrich Metzler: Concerto (1942) (first performance, 2001) Gisbert Näther: Concerto op. 66 (first performance, 1996) Pehr Henrik Nordgren: Concerto No. 3 op. 53 (1981) (German first performance) Wallingford Riegger: Variations for violin and orchestra op. 71 (1959) (German first performance) Aulis Sallinen: Concerto op. 18 (1968) (German first performance) Fazil Say: Reflections for piano, violin and orchestra (1990) (premiere, with the composer) Wilhelm Dieter Siebert: concerto (premiere, 2004) Heitor Villa-Lobos: Fantasia (European first performance) Sabine Wüsthoff: Concerto (world premiere) Jaime Mirtenbaum Zenamon: oracle violin concerto (world premiere) Recordings With the Pihtipudas Kvintetti: Max Bruch, Pehr Henrik Nordgren, Alexander Borodin: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 1. Ernest Bloch, Amy Beach, Toivo Kuula: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 3 (1991). Edward Elgar, Camille Saint-Saëns: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 4. Jean Sibelius, Christian Sinding: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 7 (1994). Anton Rubinstein, Dmitri Shostakovich: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 10 (1996). Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Johannes Brahms: piano quintets. eda records, EDA 25 Louis Ferdinand von Preußen, Daniel Steibelt: Klavierquintette. Concerto Berlin (2001). Antonín Dvořák, Max Reger, Bohuslav Martinů: piano quintets. Concerto Berlin (2010). Other: Violin concertos by and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with the Chamber Orchestra of Eastern Switzerland conducted by Urs Schneider. Berliton (LP). Musica Chirurgica. Compositions by surgeons (Alexander Borodin, Walter Courvoisier, Peter Lichtenthal, Carl Ludwig Schleich, Theodor Billroth) and by Marin Marais. Fruits of the Opera. Opera melodies in compositions for violin and piano (Eckehard Scholl). Concerto Berlin (2002). Works for violin and piano (Valentina Diaz Frénot) by Johannes Brahms, Antonín Dvořák, Remberto Gimenéz, Franz Schubert and Luis Szarán. Concerto Berlin (2003). Publications Carl August Pesch: Sonate B-Dur für Violine solo. Publisher: Götz Bernau, Möseler Verlag, Wolfenbüttel / Zürich 2000, , . References External links German classical violinists Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Concertmasters German music journalists 1941 births Living people Musicians from Braunschweig

4752738

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Political%20Council

Women's Political Council

The Womens' Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1943 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Members included Mary Fair Burks, Jo Ann Robinson, Irene West, Thelma Glass, and Uretta Adair. The WPC was the first group to officially call for a boycott of the bus system during the Montgomery bus boycott, beginning in December 1955. The group led efforts in the early 1950s to secure better treatment for Black bus passengers, and in December 1955 it initiated the thirteen-month bus boycott. They helped organize communications to get it started, as well as to support it, including giving people rides who were boycotting the buses. The African Americans of Montgomery upheld the boycott for more than a year. It ended in late December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in Browder v. Gayle that the state and local laws for bus segregation were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to desegregate public transportation. Origins The WPC formed in 1946 as a civic organization for African-American professional women in the city of Montgomery, Alabama. It was organized by Mary Fair Burks, the chairperson of the English department at Alabama State College, and 40 other women. The WPC was a political organization composed of Alabama State College faculty members and the wives of black professional men throughout the city. It was inspired by the Atlanta Neighborhood Union. Many of its middle-class women were active in education; most of WPC's members were educators at Alabama State College or Montgomery's public schools. The organization targeted Montgomery's small population of black middle class women, encouraging their civic involvement and promoting voter registration. About forty women attended the first organizational meeting. Burks was the group's first president. Burks decided to form the organization after she was arrested after a traffic dispute with a white woman. The group's initial purposes were to foster women's involvement in civic affairs, to promote voter registration through citizenship education, and to aid women who were victims of rape or assault. Many African Americans were illiterate due to centuries of oppression and poverty; they would sometimes fail the literacy test they were forced to take in order to vote. Other times, they were told they had come to the wrong location for registration or come on the wrong date. One goal of the WPC was to teach adults to read and write well enough to fulfill the literacy requirements for voting. One of its most successful programs was an annual event called Youth City, which taught Black high school students about politics and government and "what democracy could and should mean". During election campaigns the WPC worked with the white-only League of Women Voters to inform Black citizens about political candidates. In 1949, Jo Ann Robinson, a newly hired English professor at Alabama State College, joined the council. Her firsthand experiences with segregated seating on buses prompted Robinson to succeed Burks as WPC president in 1950 and to shift the council's primary focus to challenging the seating policy. She organized the Women's Political Council and within a month's time they had over a hundred members. They organized a second chapter and a third, and soon they had more than 300 members. They had members in every elementary, junior high, and senior high school. They had them organized from federal and state and local jobs; Wherever there were more than 10 blacks employed, they had a member there. Under her leadership the council grew to over 200 members and expanded to three chapters in different areas of the city. Eventually, there were around three hundred members and all of them were registered to vote. As president, she began to study the issue of bus segregation, which affected the many blacks who were the majority of riders on the city system. First, members appeared before the City Commission to report abuses on the buses, such as blacks who were first on the bus being required later to give up seats for whites as buses became crowded. The commission acted surprised but did nothing. Bus boycott In Montgomery, black women especially were regularly humiliated by the bus service. Jo Ann Robinson sat down in the white section of a city bus one day without thinking. She was brought to tears by the bus driver who cursed her out for sitting there. The Women's political council was formed because of these indignities. During the early 1950s WPC leaders met regularly with Mayor W. A. Gayle and the city commission to lobby for bus reforms. They complained that the city did not hire any black bus drivers, said that segregation of seating was unjust, and that bus stops in black neighborhoods were farther apart than in white ones, although blacks were the majority of the riders. Although they succeeded in pressuring the city to hire its first Black police officers, they made no progress in their effort to ameliorate bus segregation. Robinson and other WPC members met with bus company officials on their own. The segregation issue was deflected, as bus company officials said that segregation was city and state law. The WPC achieved a small victory, as the bus company officials agreed to have the buses stop at every corner in black neighborhoods, as was the practice in white neighborhoods. In May 1954, shortly after the Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court decision was announced, Robinson wrote a letter to Mayor W. A. Gayle saying that there was growing support among local black organizations for a bus boycott. By 1955, there was growing dissatisfaction with the segregated bus system. The WPC decided that when the right person got arrested, they would initiate a boycott. When Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old high school student was arrested in March 1955, for refusing to give up her seat, the WPC and other local civil rights organizations began to discuss a boycott. Colvin's arrest and conviction angered and unified the Black community, but when they discovered that the unmarried Colvin was pregnant, they did not want to use her as the point person, as she would not have commanded support among the religious and conservative blacks. Rosa Parks, the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, was arrested in December 1955; she, the NAACP, and the WPC agreed that she could be the lead for a boycott. At a meeting of about fifty people in the basement of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, a part of the 1965 historic route of the Selma to Montgomery trial, on December 2, 1955, Parks first told the story of her arrest and the group decided to mount a bus boycott. Participants initially decided was to have a one-day boycott on Monday, December 5, but because the boycott that day was so successful, discussion of continuing it began at a meeting afterward at the church due to the fact that roughly 70 percent of Montgomery's bus passengers were black and most stayed off the buses. A few years earlier, the minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church had tried to prompt a group of blacks to walk off a bus in protest. The driver had ordered Reverend Vernon Johns to get up and let a white man sit down. Johns stood up and challenged the other blacks to march off the bus with him. Asking blacks to protest was asking a lot. They could expect to be fired from their jobs and harassed on the streets, ad could possibly become victims of an economic boycott on the part of the white segregationists. A successful bus boycott would need to be mapped out carefully and executed with discipline. Robinson was consulted by E.D. Nixon, president of the NAACP. The night of Parks' arrest, Robinson called the other WPC leaders, and they agreed that this was the right time for a bus boycott. Parks was a longtime NAACP activist who was deeply respected and seemed like the ideal community symbol around which to mobilize a mass protest. Robinson stayed up all night copying 35,000 handbills by a mimeograph machine at Alabama State College to distribute the next day. She called students and arranged to meet them at elementary and high schools in the morning. She drove to the various schools to drop the handbills off to the students who would distribute them in the schools and ask students to take them home for their parents. Robinson did not put her name or that of the Women's Political Council on the handbills. She feared the city and state officials would realize she had used the mimeograph machine at Alabama State and, in revenge, cut off funds for the all-black school. The handbills asked blacks to boycott the buses the following Monday, December 5, in support of Parks. Thelma Glass and her students helped distribute fliers. By Friday night, word of a boycott had spread all over the city. That same night, local ministers and civil rights leaders held a meeting and announced the boycott for Monday. With some ministers hesitant to engage their congregations in a boycott, about half left the meeting in frustration. They decided to hold a mass meeting Monday night to decide if the boycott should continue. The one-day boycott was so successful that the organizers met on Monday night and decided to continue. They established the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott and elected the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. as president. Jo Ann Robinson served on the group's executive board and edited their newsletter. In order to protect her position at Alabama State College and her colleagues, she stayed out of the limelight. Robinson and other WPC members helped sustain the boycott by providing car transportation for many boycotters. On February 1, 1956, associated lawyers filed a civil suit, Browder v. Gayle, in the United States District Court, on behalf of five women who had each been arrested for defying bus segregation (one dropped out that month.) A three-judge panel ruled on June 13, 1956, that bus segregation was unconstitutional, and the case went to the US Supreme Court. It upheld the lower court ruling on December 17, 1956, and three days later ordered the state to desegregate the buses. The boycott had demonstrated African-American organizing power and highlighted civil rights issues in the city. Its success helped further steps in the drive for civil rights. Members After The Women Political Council Robinson and Burks left Montgomery in 1960, after several Alabama State College professors were fired for civil rights activities. Robinson taught for one year at Grambling State College in Grambling, Louisiana, then moved to Los Angeles, where she taught English in the public schools until 1976, when she retired. After retiring, Robinson remained active in a host of civic and social groups, giving one day a week of free service to the city of Los Angeles and serving in the League of Women Voters, the Alpha Gamma Omega chapter of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, the Angel City chapter of The Links, the Black Women's Alliance, the Founders Church of Religious Science, and Women on Target. In 1987, Robinson published her memoir about the boycott, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, which won the publication prize by the Southern Association for Women's Historians. Through her historical work, Robinson helped restore women to their proper place in the Montgomery boycott, and through her political commitment, she helped launch one of the most important civil rights struggles in the Jim Crow South. In 1960, Burks resigned from Alabama State College after several professors were fired for their involvement in civil rights issues. She then taught literature at the University of Maryland until her retirement in 1986. Burks was appointed to a National Endowment for the Humanities reviewing panel in 1979. Decline of the Women Political Council The success of the boycott and the rise of the Montgomery Improvement Association contributed to the organization's decline. The MIA was created to direct the boycott, as a result the WPC leadership role in the black community was diminished. Younger women reinvigorated the council, guided by older members serving as role models. Robinson stated in her memoir that "Members felt that young, concerned women, with their futures ahead, would benefit by the WPC and that we would help them to organize and select goals and directions for their future." Information is not available on the extent to which the younger women became involved in the later civil rights movement in Montgomery and elsewhere. References Burks, Mary Fair. "Women in the Montgomery Bus Boycott." Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941-1965. Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods, eds. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993. 71-83. Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson.The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. David J. Garrow, ed. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1987. External links "Women's Political Council." King Encyclopedia. African Americans' rights organizations Community organizing History of civil rights in the United States Defunct American political movements Women's organizations based in the United States History of Montgomery, Alabama History of women in Alabama African-American women's organizations Organizations established in 1946 Women's clubs in the United States

21667205

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwarzno%2C%20Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna%20County

Chwarzno, Kościerzyna County

Chwarzno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stara Kiszewa, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Stara Kiszewa, south-east of Kościerzyna, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 184. References Villages in Kościerzyna County

40738703

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widerstand%20%28magazine%29

Widerstand (magazine)

Widerstand. Zeitschrift für nationalrevolutionäre Politik (German: Resistance. Magazine for national-revolutionary politics) was a monthly magazine established in Germany in 1926 to advocate National Bolshevism. It was published in Berlin, under the editorship of Ernst Niekisch. Prominent contributors included Ernst Jünger, Friedrich Georg Jünger, August Winnig, and Joseph E. Drexel. The newspaper was shut down in December 1934. After a time in the underground, Niekisch was arrested and held in Nazi concentration camps from 1937 to 1945. References Bibliography Ernst Niekisch (Hrsg.): Schriften des „Widerstand“. Widerstands-Verlag Anna Niekisch, Dresden [Struvestr. 7 III] Helmuth von Moltke: Die westliche Grenzfrage. Mit einer Einleitung von Ernst Niekisch und dem Signet des Widerstandsverlages von A. Paul Weber. Widerstands-Verlag Anna Niekisch, Dresden 1929, XV, 58 S. (Schriften des „Widerstand“, Hrsg. Ernst Niekisch, Band 1) Ernst Niekisch: Politik und Idee [Erweiterung eines Vortrages]. Buchausstattung von A. Paul Weber. Widerstands-Verlag Anna Niekisch, Dresden 1929, 74 S. (Schriften des „Widerstand“, Hrsg. Ernst Niekisch; Band 2) Ernst Niekisch (Hrsg.): Widerstand. Blätter für sozialistische und nationalrevolutionäre Politik. Widerstands-Verlag Ernst Niekisch: Widerstand [ausgewählte Aufsätze aus „Widerstand – Blätter für sozialistische und nationalrevolutionäre Politik“]. Mit Zeichnungen von A. Paul Weber. [Hrsg. und eingeleitet von Uwe Sauermann. Hrsg. in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Verein zur Förderung Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaftlicher Publizistik und Bildung e.V.]. Sinus-Verlag, Krefeld 1982, , 212 S. (Edition d; Band 3) Ernst Niekisch und A. Paul Weber (Hrsg.): Widerstand. Zeitschrift für nationalrevolutionäre Politik. Widerstands-Verlag, Berlin (Der 9. Jahrgang 1934 erschien noch, dann Verbot im Dezember 1934) Ernst Niekisch (Hrsg.): Entscheidung. Die Wochenzeitung für nationalrevolutionäre Politik. Widerstands-Verlag, Berlin (Erscheinungsverlauf: Nr. 1: 9. Oktober 1932 bis Nr. 11: 26. März 1933; damit Erscheinen eingestellt) Joseph E. Drexel: Geschichte und Geschichten – Ein Leben in Franken. Vortrag: Bayerischer Rundfunk, Studio Nürnberg, 27. März 1969. Verlag Nürnberger Presse, Nürnberg 1969, Privatdruck; 38 S.; hier S. 16 f. Uwe Sauermann: Ernst Niekisch. Zwischen allen Fronten. Mit einem bio-bibliographischen Anhang von Armin Mohler. Herbig, München / Berlin 1980, , 236 S. (Herbig aktuell; Bibliographie E. Niekisch S. 219–236) Uwe Sauermann: Die Zeitschrift „Widerstand“ und ihr Kreis. Die publizistische Entwicklung eines Organs des extremen Nationalismus und sein Wirkungsbereich in die politische Kultur Deutschlands 1926-1934. Universität Augsburg, Philos. Fak., Diss. A, 1984, vorgelegt von Uwe Sauermann. 1984, V, 459 S. – 2. Auflage. Bibliotheksdienst Angerer, München 1985, , V, 458 S. Birgit Rätsch-Langejürgen: Das Prinzip Widerstand. Leben und Wirken von Ernst Niekisch. Zugleich: Dissertation Universität München, 1994/95. Bouvier, Bonn 1997, , 392 S. (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie; Band 7) 1926 establishments in Germany 1934 disestablishments in Germany Defunct political magazines published in Germany German-language magazines Monthly magazines published in Germany Magazines established in 1926 Magazines disestablished in 1934 National Bolshevism Magazines published in Berlin Nationalist magazines Syncretic political movements

43818186

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffcorn

Puffcorn

Puffcorn or corn puffs are puffed or extruded corn snacks made with corn meal, and baked. Puffcorn is an extruded puffed corn snack which belongs in the snack group products made with corn grits, rice, wheat, or other cereals. Puffcorn is often flavoured with cheese, caramel, oil, chili, onion, or garlic powder, and many other spices. Types of puffcorn can vary in length, density, hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and level of redness and yellowness, especially when using different percentages of oat flour. Some products sold as puffcorn are given the appearance of popcorn, although they are not made from whole grains as popcorn is. Puffcorn is commonly known as a ready‐to‐eat functional breakfast cereal or an extruded functional snack. Some puffcorn is made with oat flour, flaxseed and chia corn. Due to the health benefits, there has been increased interest in developing functional food products containing chia. Extrusion has been shown to be an effective method for incorporating other functional ingredients into food products. Manufacturers include Frito Lay, Kurkure and Old Dutch Foods. Sweetened (Corn Pops, Reese's Puffs, etc.) and salty/seasoned (various cheese puffs, etc.) varieties also exist. Manufacturing process Puffcorn, much like other puffed products such as cereals and crispbreads are processed by extrusion cooking through an extruder.  This is a thermodynamic process where the dough is passed through a tube and heated under a certain amount of pressure. The puffcorn dough product is then forced through a narrow opening called a die, and as it gets released, the change in pressure and temperature causes the product to puff out, giving the texture and consistency of puffcorn. The different shapes and textures of puffcorn are manipulated by the die at the end of the extruder and the type of extruder used. Specific types of grain size of the starch required during processing also depends on the snack type itself; for example, if the puffcorn snack requires a fine structure with small pores, an extruder with smaller granulation should be used, whereas crispier puffcorn would require larger granulation. Packaging Factors that are considered to determine the packaging material of extruded snacks like puffcorn are water vapour transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen transmission rate (OTR), optical density (OD), and flavour/odor barrier property. The packaging of choice ultimately compromises between protective properties, the shelf life of the product, aesthetic appeal, and cost. Given that deterioration of Puffcorn products is primarily attributed to loss of crispness, it is crucial that the packaging provides a barrier against water vapour. Oxygen barrier requirements for the packaging of puffcorn may be less stringent as extruded and puffed snacks can be less sensitive to oxygen in comparison with fried snack foods. A variety of materials can be used in packaging of puffcorn, examples of which include Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Laminated Pouches (LP), and Oriented Polypropylene (OPP). In an investigation, extruded snacks were found to be more stable in LP in comparison to LDPE. Properties Chemical and physical properties Starch, the main constituent of puffcorn, is accountable for the snack's structural properties, and thus is expires in 3–4 months. During the extrusion process, starch molecules (amylose) are destroyed partially while new crystalline ones are made. They form an amylose-lipid complex affecting puffcorn's structure, texture and other functional properties. Due to the moist heat, the extrusion process may also cause starch gelatinization, protein denaturation, destruction of microorganisms and inactivation of anti-nutrients. Compared to wheat, using corn results in a softer and more expanded product due to its lower protein content and higher starch content (extruded wheat products are harder and don't expand as much). Sensory properties The quality and overall acceptability of puffcorn, as determined by consumers, is based on characteristics pertaining to their appearance, texture, and flavour (determined via sensory evaluation methods). Desired sensory attributes are attained by controlling the composition of the raw material and the processing conditions during extrusion. Appearance Characteristics of puffcorn, notably diameter, porosity, and homogenous structure, are appearance attributes that aid in the perception of quality of the extruded product. The appearance of these products are enhanced as extrusion feed rate is increased, while increases in extrusion temperature and feed moisture content diminish it. Colour changes during extrusion occur due to product expansion, the decomposition of ingredient pigments, or chemical reactions. Texture and flavour Textural attributes of these extrudates are often associated with their mechanical behaviour, and are related to their appearance and flavour properties. Crispness and melting of extrudates are influenced by extrusion temperature. Higher extrusion temperatures enhance the crispness and melting of extrudates. Feed moisture content decreases the crunchiness and crispness while increasing hardness (density) of the product. Hardness increases the perceived mealy flavour, and is negatively correlated with crispness, melting and burnt flavouring. See also Puffed rice References Snack foods

53250055

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C5%8D%20Station

Endō Station

is a railway station in the city of Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan, operated by the private railway operating company Alpico Kōtsū. Lines Endō Station is on the Kamikōchi Line and is 12.7 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Matsumoto Station. Station layout The station has one ground-level side platform serving one bi-directional track. The station is not attended. Adjacent stations History The station opened on 26 September 1922. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 27 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). Surrounding area Hata Jinja See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Railway stations in Japan opened in 1922 Railway stations in Matsumoto City Kamikōchi Line

930115

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics

Colombia at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Colombia competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's sixteenth appearance at the Olympics, except the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Comité Olímpico Colombiano sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games since 1972. A total of 53 athletes, 32 men and 21 women, took part in 18 sports. Ten Colombian athletes had previously competed in Sydney, including tennis player Fabiola Zuluaga in the women's singles, road cyclist Víctor Hugo Peña, and weightlifter Carmenza Delgado, who became the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony. Colombia left Athens with a total of two Olympic bronze medals, which were both awarded to weightlifter Mabel Mosquera, and track cyclist María Luisa Calle in the women's points race. Originally, Calle finished in the bronze medal position, but was later disqualified under a strict liability rule after she had been tested positive for the banned stimulant heptaminol, handing the medal over to U.S. cyclist Erin Mirabella. As a result of the International Olympic Committee's decision on November 23, 2005, the bronze medal was officially reinstated to Calle after this had been proven to be a false positive due to isometheptene presence in an analgesic prescribed during the competition. Medalists Athletics Colombian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard). Key Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N/A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Track & road events Women Track & road events Field events Boxing Colombia sent five boxers to Athens. Three lost their first matches, while two won once before being defeated. Juan Camilo Novoa was the most successful, as he made it to the quarterfinals after having a bye in his first round and winning his bout in the round of 16. Cycling Road Track Pursuit Time trial Omnium Diving Colombian divers qualified for two individual spots at the 2004 Olympic Games. Men Equestrian Dressage Fencing Colombia has qualified a single fencer. Women Gymnastics Artistic Men Judo Three Colombian judoka (two males and one female) qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Shooting Three Colombian shooters (two men and one woman) qualified to compete in the following events: Men Women Swimming Colombian swimmers earned qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard time, and 1 at the B-standard time): Men Women Taekwondo Three Colombian taekwondo jin qualified for the following events. Tennis Two Colombian tennis players qualified for the following events. Triathlon Colombia has qualified a single triathlete. Weightlifting Nine Colombian weightlifters qualified for the following events: Men Women Wrestling Key - Victory by Fall. - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points. - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points. Men's Greco-Roman See also Colombia at the 2003 Pan American Games Colombia at the 2004 Summer Paralympics References External links Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad Comité Olímpico Colombiano Nations at the 2004 Summer Olympics 2004 Summer Olympics

12986072

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20and%20Mary%20%28TV%20series%29

William and Mary (TV series)

William and Mary is an ITV romantic drama set in London, England, starring Martin Clunes as William Shawcross, an undertaker, and Julie Graham as Mary Gilcrest, a midwife. Its title refers to its two principal characters and is a cultural reference to the reign of the British monarchs William III and Mary II. It was shown in three six-part series in 2003–2005. It was also screened on Seven's best of-Scottish and English-oriented 7TWO. Directors Matthew Evans - (6 episodes, 2003–2005) Stuart Orme - (2 episodes, 2003) Jean Stewart - (2 episodes, 2003) Coky Giedroyc - (2 episodes, 2004) Nicholas Laughland - (2 episodes, 2004) Sandy Johnson - (2 episodes, 2005) Regular cast Martin Clunes - William Shawcross (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Julie Graham - Mary Gilcrest (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Cheryl Campbell - Molly Gilcrest Straud (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Michael Begley - Rick Straud (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Claire Hackett - Doris (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Peta Cornish - Kate Shawcross (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Ricci McLeod - Brendan Gilcrest (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Dominick Baron - Terence Gilcrest (18 episodes, 2003–2005) Georgina Terry - Julia Shawcross (18 episodes, 2003–2005) James Greene - Arnold McKinnon (17 episodes, 2003–2005) June Watson - Mrs. Ball (16 episodes, 2003–2005) Catherine Terris - Jane Spalding (15 episodes, 2003–2005) David Kennedy - Billy Two Hats (14 episodes, 2003–2005) The Emerald Dogs - The Band (11 episodes, 2003–2005) Paterson Joseph - Reuben (10 episodes, 2003–2005) Max and Harvey Mills as Thomas (6 episodes, 2005) Awards BAFTA Awards 2004 Nominated, BAFTA TV Award Best Drama Series Trevor Hopkins, Stuart Orme, Mick Ford British Comedy Awards 2003 Nominated, British Comedy Award Best TV Comedy Actor Martin Clunes Also for The Booze Cruise. National Television Awards, UK 2005 Nominated, National Television Award Most Popular Actor Martin Clunes Also for Doc Martin 2003 Nominated, National Television Award Most Popular Actor Martin Clunes External links Full cast 2003 British television series debuts 2005 British television series endings 2000s British comedy television series 2000s British drama television series ITV comedy ITV television dramas Mary II of England Television series by ITV Studios Television shows produced by Meridian Broadcasting English-language television shows 2000s British romance television series

13171007

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscard%C3%B3n

Moscardón

Moscardón is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. At the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 51 inhabitants. References Municipalities in the Province of Teruel

17467676

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Heart

Radio Heart

"Radio Heart" is the second single from The Futureheads's third album This Is Not the World. It was released on 19 May 2008 in the United Kingdom and reached #65 on the UK Singles Chart and #1 in the UK Indie Chart. The song was featured in the 2009 videogame Colin McRae: Dirt 2. Track listing CD "Radio Heart" "Charity Shop" 7" #1 "Radio Heart" "Invasion!"7" #2''' "Radio Heart" "Radio Heart (Live)" 2008 singles The Futureheads songs 2008 songs Songs written by Ross Millard

56384169

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th%20Anti-Aircraft%20Artillery%20Division%20%28Soviet%20Union%29

74th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division (Soviet Union)

The 74th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division () was an anti-aircraft artillery division of the Soviet Union's Red Army (later the Soviet Army) during World War II and the early postwar period. Formed in late 1943, the division remained in the Moscow Military District until January 1945, when it was sent to the front. The 74th fought in the East Prussian Offensive and the Berlin Offensive in the final months of the war, and was disbanded by the end of the 1950s. World War II The division began forming around 18 October 1943, when Major Nikolay Konev was assigned commander. It included the 445th, 457th, 498th, and 499th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiments, and was part of the Moscow Military District. The division trained at the Moscow Anti-Aircraft Artillery Training Camp in Kuntsevo, and had three regiments of light guns and one regiment of heavy guns. Colonel Nikolay Nikitin was assigned acting commander on 29 November 1943. The division provided air defense for Moscow. In February 1944, the division relocated to a camp at Kosteryovo. On 22 March Nikitin was replaced by Colonel Nikolay Marchenko. The 74th continued training at the Moscow Anti-Aircraft Artillery Training Camp. On 11 August Marchenko was replaced by Colonel Irodion Mikhailov, who commanded it for the rest of the war. The division continued forming at Kosteryovo. In January 1945 it was sent to the front as part of the 2nd Belorussian Front's 70th Army, fighting in the East Prussian Offensive. From the end of February, the 74th fought with the 1st Belorussian Front's 5th Shock Army, and from April covered the 47th Army. As part of the latter, the division fought in the Berlin Offensive. For "successful fulfillment of command assignments" in the Berlin Offensive, the division was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, on 28 May, and one of its regiments received the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd class. Postwar Marchenko continued to command the division until December 1945, when he was transferred to command the 4th Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division. The division was among those anti-aircraft artillery divisions disbanded without being converted into another unit by the end of the 1950s. References Citations Bibliography Military documents (Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence, fond 13760, opus 20173, file 5) Anti-Aircraft Artillery divisions of the Soviet Union Military units and formations established in 1943 Military units and formations disestablished in the 1940s

39965127

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle%20F.C.

Valle F.C.

Valle F.C. is a Honduran football club based in Nacaome, Honduras. They play their home games at the Estadio José Elias Nazar. History They were promoted from Honduran Liga Mayor to Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso in summer 2013 after defeating Juventus (from Guaimaca) on a 3–1 aggregated score. In April 2018, they lost to Brasilia F.C. and were relegated back to Liga Mayor. References Football clubs in Honduras

6948319

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine%20pentaphyllos

Cardamine pentaphyllos

Cardamine pentaphyllos, the five-leaflet bitter-cress or showy toothwort, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to Western and Central Europe in Slovenia and Croatia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to , with palmate leaves and racemes of purple, pink or white flowers in late Spring and early Summer. The Latin specific epithet pentaphyllos means "with five-lobed leaves". The feminine form pentaphylla is sometimes seen, but this is deemed incorrect. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References pentaphyllos Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

14809929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%20in%20Ireland

1826 in Ireland

Events from the year 1826 in Ireland. Events 5 January – Irish currency assimilated to that of Great Britain under terms of the Currency Act 1825. 12 July – in the United Kingdom General Election, four counties elect supporters of Catholic Emancipation. The Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act is passed. First life-boat stationed in Ireland by the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, at Arklow. Arts and literature October – Tyrone Power gets his break as a principal Irish character actor at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London. Births March James P. Boyd, businessman and politician in Ontario (died 1890). John Farrell, soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry at the 1854 Charge of the Light Brigade (died 1865). 13 August – Robert Spencer Dyer Lyons, physician and politician (died 1886). 4 October – Richard Smyth, Presbyterian minister, academic and politician (died 1878). 2 November – Henry John Stephen Smith, mathematician (died 1883). 14 November – Michael Morris, 1st Baron Killanin, jurist, politician, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (died 1901). Full date unknown Robert Cain, brewer and businessman (died 1907). Morgan Crofton, mathematician (died 1915). Denis Dempsey, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (died 1896). Samuel Hill, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India, later killed in action (died 1863). John Lucas, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1861 in New Zealand (died 1892). Patrick McHale, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (died 1866). Alexander Wright, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, in the Crimea (died 1858). Deaths 27 June – Mary Leadbeater, writer (born 1758). 25 September – Judge Fulton, judge, surveyor, politician, and founder of the village of Bass River, Nova Scotia (born 1739). 9 October – Michael Kelly, actor, singer and composer (born 1762). References Years of the 19th century in Ireland 1820s in Ireland Ireland Ireland

46234166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacciai

Federacciai

Federacciai is an Italian Confindustria association and it is the representative entity of all iron and steel companies based in Italy. These companies are about 150. Federacciai primary goal is to promove Italian iron and steel companies to make them work better and to have better revenues in the international market. The former president, Antonio Gozzi, who is also the president of the steel and raw materials company Duferco, was arrested on 17 March 2015 for suspicion bribery business in Congo tryin to achieve a contract for a casino, was released a few days later. References External links Federacciai Official Website Business organisations based in Italy

56401579

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioltello%20train%20derailment

Pioltello train derailment

On 25 January 2018, a commuter train operated by Trenord derailed in Pioltello when two of its carriages came off the track en route to Milan. The incident left 3 women dead and more than 100 people injured, of whom 46 needed medical assistance in hospital. 5 of them were in critical condition. Accident At about 7:00 local time, a passenger train was travelling from Cremona to Milano Porta Garibaldi when two of the carriages derailed and came to a rest at an angle. The accident occurred between the Pioltello-Limito station and the Segrate station. Train operator Trenord say that the train was travelling at normal speed when the derailment occurred. Witnesses say that the train trembled for a few minutes just before the accident. Investigation Italian police began an investigation into the possible cause of the accident and said that a problem with a track switch could be the reason why the derailment occurred. A broken rail on a section of jointed track from the crash site was later identified as the cause of the derailment. That section of track was scheduled for replacement. See also Hither Green rail crash, another derailment caused by a broken rail at a track joint. References 2018 in Italy 21st century in Lombardy Derailments in Italy January 2018 events in Italy Railway accidents in 2018

42793721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20cyanate

Sodium cyanate

Sodium cyanate (NaOCN) is a white crystalline solid that adopts a body centered rhombohedral crystal lattice structure (trigonal crystal system) at room temperature. Preparation Sodium cyanate is prepared industrially by the reaction of urea with sodium carbonate at elevated temperature. 2OC(NH2)2 + Na2CO3 → 2Na(NCO) + CO2 + 2NH3 + H2O It can also be prepared in the laboratory by oxidation of a cyanide in aqueous solution by a mild oxidizing agent such as lead oxide. Chemical Uses Sodium cyanate is an ideal nucleophile, and these nucleophilic properties make it a major contributor to the stereospecificity in certain reactions such as in the production of chiral oxazolidone. Medical applications Sodium cyanate is a useful reagent in producing asymmetrical urea derivatives that have a range of biological activity mostly in aryl isocyanate intermediates. Such intermediates as well as sodium cyanate have been used in medicine as a means of counterbalancing carcinogenic effects on the body, possibly helping people with sickle cell anemia, and blocking certain receptors for melanin which has been shown to help with obesity. See also Cyanate References Cyanates Sodium compounds

50188765

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist%20pathways%20perspective

Feminist pathways perspective

The feminist pathways perspective is a feminist perspective of criminology which suggests victimization throughout the life course is a key risk factor for women's entry into offending. Victimization Victimization has profound psychological consequences and impacts the social development of an individual. There is considerable evidence that victimization is a precursor to involvement in crime. While victimization is a risk factor for both men and women's criminal behavior, it is a stronger predictor for women. Although both men and women may experience victimization in their lifetime, women experience and respond to victimization differently than men due to gender inequalities. Incarcerated women experience higher rates of victimization than both incarcerated men and the general female population. Women's imprisonment is frequently attributed to drug addiction, prostitution, and retaliation to an abuser. While these attributions are characterized as crimes, research has also begun to conceptualize them as survival strategies to cope with victimization. A young girl, for example, may run away from an abusive home and turn to prostitution as a way to make a living. Literature on victimization has often created a division between victims and offenders. However, these two groups are not as separate as was once understood. It was not until the 1970s that research analyzed victimization, traumas, and past abuse as factors that can influence women to commit crimes. In the early 20th century, the personal histories of women in crime were not a focus of research. Early literature suggested women were antisocial due to their biology, environment, and socialization. Lombroso, for instance, distinguished female offenders from non-offenders based on their physical anatomies. These early explanatory factors were understood individualistically outside of a social-historical context. Connection to criminal activity There is a well-documented association between criminal behavior and victimization among female offenders. That said, the age and gendered patterns of victimization risk, context, and consequences are highly visible and exacerbated among incarcerated women. There is evidence to support that women involved with crime often have extensive histories of physical and sexual abuse. Female offenders are more likely to have been abused than male offenders and more likely to have been victimized than female non-offenders. A survey of national correctional populations found that over half of female inmates have been physically or sexually abused, compared to fewer than one in five male inmates. Literature suggests female offenders' victimization often begins at a young age and persists through her lifetime. Nearly two thirds of incarcerated women have experienced at least one event of abuse by age eleven. Ninety-two percent of girls under 18 in the California juvenile justice system report having faced emotional, sexual, or physical abuse. Eighty percent of women in prison in the United States have experienced an event of physical or sexual abuse in her lifetime. This lifetime of violence is "pervasive and severe." The literature suggests that the prevalence of victimization among incarcerated women and its cumulative impact indicates that victimization is a central factor for women's entry into crime. Demographics of victimization The feminist pathways perspective is not meant to suggest that victimization is unique to women. Instead, this perspective addresses how gender impacts the experience of victimization, and how this difference in experience paves the path to crime for women. An individual's risk of victimization is shaped by environmental context, social networks, and demographics. Life course researchers maintain that people are exposed to violence to various degrees based on their location, socioeconomic circumstance, and lifestyle choices. According to the lifestyle exposure perspective, sociodemographic traits give rise to lifestyle differences which may put an individual at an increased risk of victimization. For instance, someone from a low-income neighborhood who spends time in public places at night and among strangers may be more likely to encounter offenders, and therefore at a greater risk of victimization. Age Age is strongly associated with victimization risk, especially for property and violent crimes. Victimization tends to be concentrated early in life. Young people are significantly more likely to experience violent victimization than older adults. Victimization risk peaks between ages 16 and 19. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the risk of victimization increases by 8 percent from ages 12 to 15 and 16 to 19. The opportunity perspective attributes this tendency to the way social activities are structured by age. Young adults are more likely to be in situations where they can be exposed to offenders, or engage in activities where they can be easily targeted. The young age at which the risk of victimization peaks has significant implications on the psychological and social development of the victim. Childhood is a critical period of growth, and child victims, according to the cycle of violence thesis, will be more likely to be involved in violent crime in the future. Thus, victimization during developmental years has the potential to disrupt the normal maturation of an individual, and shape the paths this individual may take– including the pathway to prison. Gender Gender shapes the risk, context, and consequences of victimization. According to government statistics, with the exception of rape, men are more likely than women to be victims of all violent crimes. However, women are underrepresented as victims in official data, and are much more likely than men to be targets of certain types of victimization, such as rape and domestic violence. Women are more likely to have been victims of child abuse than men and more likely to have experienced abuse at an early age. The way victimization is gendered also impacts how women experience and respond to their victimization. Although victimization during childhood or adolescence is a predictor for female and male offending, the literature suggests it is a stronger predictor for females. Researchers provides multiple explanations for why victimization has such a prominent effect on women's future delinquency. Girls grow up in what Chesney-Lind describes as a “different world” than boys, and therefore experience a different form of socialization. Feminist criminologists argue that women adapt to traumas differently than men due to gender inequalities. Women tend to have limited opportunities to cope with stress openly. Instead, it is thought that women internalize traumas as feelings of worthlessness, fear, or distress. As a result, the negative effect of stressors is magnified in women. The literature proposes that gendered expectations and gender roles also shape how traumas impact women differently than men. For instance, society teaches women that they are values by the strength of their familial and social networks. That said, poor interpersonal relationships are a stronger risk factor for female offending than male offending. Trauma theorists argue that traumas are rarely treated professionally. Women, therefore, may adapt to victimization by turning to activities or substances, like drugs, that are considered criminal. These crimes can be framed as coping strategies. Polyvictimization Polyvictimization refers to experiencing different and simultaneous episodes of victimization. Most incarcerated women who have experienced victimization have survived multiple traumas over a lifespan. These repeated traumas have an aggregate impact. A disproportionally high number of all victimizations account for polyvictimizations. Women are more likely to be polyvictimized than men. This is likely because females are more likely to be abused than males, and find themselves in abusive relationships from childhood to adulthood. Research has recognized both the prevalence and mounting consequences of repeat victimization. Polyvictimization can disrupt multiple relationships and aspects of a woman's life. The ripple effects of these disruptions can push a woman off the "path of normalcy." There is evidence that unrelenting traumas in the early stages of a young girl's life can lead her to act criminally or "out of the mainstream" Main Routes from Victimization to Crime Women's victimization has both direct and indirect effects that relate to women's criminal behavior. Among the many traumas female offenders experience in a lifetime, child abuse and partner abuse have well-documented associations with female criminal behavior. Child abuse Female juvenile delinquents are more frequently victims of sexual or physical abuse than male juvenile delinquents. Eighty-two percent of the incarcerated women interviewed by Browne, Miller, and Maguin at the Bedford Hills Maximum Security Correctional Facility were abused during childhood, and nearly 60 percent had been sexually abused by a parental figure. Research suggests that girls experience child abuse– both physical and sexual –differently than boys. For instance, girls are more likely to have experienced penetrative abuse and less likely to have been physically abused. Childhood victimization is a strong predictor of future criminal behavior and future mental health issues. Given the gender differences in child abuse experience, the association between child abuse and delinquency is also distinct for males and females. According to data collected from the Washington State Court Juvenile Assessment data, physical child abuse is a strong predictor of women's violent behavior. However, there is little research on the specific mechanism that links childhood victimization and delinquent behavior. Feminist criminologists understand childhood victimization as a structured theme throughout the lives of incarcerated women. The long-term effects of childhood victimization are essential to understanding how women become incarcerated. For some women, childhood victimization directly relates to their involvement in crime. In these situations, children may be "missocialized" by caregivers who offer them drugs, force them to steal, or exploit them as prostitutes. Childhood victimization also has indirect links to future offending. There is evidence that girls from abusive households are more at risk to run away before adulthood, therefore subjecting themselves to an increased risk of becoming involved with drugs or prostitution. The majority of female juvenile offenders report that their first arrest was for running away from an abusive home. Prostitution, property crimes, and drug distribution become means of survival for young female runaways. Additionally, women who were physically or sexually abused as children by caretakers have a significantly higher risk of drug abuse and addiction. Some young women become dependent on drugs to desensitize themselves from their traumatic histories. Women's involvement in drugs or prostitution then significantly increases their chances of arrest or incarceration. Partner abuse Studies have observed large numbers of incarcerated women who experienced intimate partner violence prior to incarceration. Seventy-five percent of the women studied by Browne, Miller, and Maguin at the Bedford Hills Maximum Security Correctional Facility reported histories of partner abuse. Rates of partner abuse among female offenders are higher than those among male offenders. A national correctional population survey from 1999 found that 61.3 percent of women had been abused by an intimate partner prior to incarceration, compared to only 5.9 percent of men. Research on incarcerated women suggests there is an association between childhood sexual assault and adulthood sexual assault. This suggests that a lifetime of victimization is characteristic of the female offender. Partner abuse is common within this lifetime of victimization. Intimate partner violence has both direct and indirect implications for a woman's entry into crime. Some feminist criminologists suggest that partner abuse coerces, if not forces, women to become involved in crime. In these situations, an abusive partner may entrap a woman into crime. There is evidence that incarcerated women were forced by their partners– through physical attacks or threats –to commit murders, robbery, check fraud, and sell or carry drugs. Richie observed this gender entrapment among battered African-American women in New York City jails, whom she described as being "compelled to crime." Financially abusive partners may manipulate women into debt until they are left with no resources, and as a result, are more likely to turn to criminal activities to support themselves. Partner abuse also has indirect effects on the pathway to crime. There is evidence that women are sometimes implicated for crimes related to their partner abuse. Some women, for example, retaliated against their abuser and were imprisoned for homicide-related charges. Some women were implicated in the abuse of their children, who were also harmed by the abusive partner. Research also finds that victims of intimate partner violence are likely to be involved with drugs. Drugs are either introduced by the abuser, or they become a self-medicated coping mechanism. Abusive partners sometimes isolate a woman from her social networks, thus structurally dislocating her from all legitimate institutions, such as family. Women reported feeling a sense of rejection and worthlessness as a result of this isolation, and often coped by using drugs. Battered women are surrounded by extreme stress and can become dependent on these substances. Obtaining drugs puts these women at an increased risk of arrest. Critique of the victimization explanation Women's agency The feminist perspective on crime is sometimes criticized for overemphasizing or disregarding women's agency. Traditional feminist approaches to women in crime often overlook women's locations in society and place too much emphasis on women's individual choices. This paints female offenders as active participants who are compelled to act criminally. In contrast, some research strips women of their agency and portrays them as "passive victims of oppressive social structures, relations, and substances, or some combination thereof." This portrayal perpetuates the notion that women are always submissive to social structures. Critics hold that it is essential for research on women in crime to consider both the social-historical context and the woman's individual motivations. Intersectionality Although the feminist pathways perspective attempts to differentiate the experience of men and women in crime, it does not take into account the complex factors that also impact a woman's experiences and histories, such as race and class. Some critics argue that a "feminist" perspective too often only considers the experiences of a white, middle-class woman. Just as gender acts as an organizing principle in society, race and class also shape opportunity structures and social positions. A suburban upper-class, white woman, for instance, will likely encounter different forms of victimization in her lifetime than a lower-income, African American woman who lives in a crime-ridden neighborhood. An intersectional, or interlocking, perspective takes into account that other social identities impact an individual's victimization and path into crime. Multicultural feminism is necessary to fully understand how social identities interact with traumatic life course events to pave the way to prison. Separating offenders and victims Feminist scholars have strongly discouraged researchers from portraying female offenders and victims as mutually exclusive groups. Instead, critics argue the line between them should be blurred because women's involvement in crime is so often linked to their subordinate social positions, which make them vulnerable to victimization. Critics hold that women can only be understood as criminals if they are also understood as victims, necessitating fluidity between offenders and victims. References Criminology Feminism Critical theory

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajeo

Guajeo

A guajeo (Anglicized pronunciation: wa-hey-yo) is a typical Cuban ostinato melody, most often consisting of arpeggiated chords in syncopated patterns. Some musicians only use the term guajeo for ostinato patterns played specifically by a tres, piano, an instrument of the violin family, or saxophones. Piano guajeos are one of the most recognizable elements of modern-day salsa. Piano guajeos are also known as montunos in North America, or tumbaos in the contemporary Cuban dance music timba. History The guajeo shares rhythmic, melodic and harmonic similarities with the short ostinato figures played on marimbas, lamellophones, and string instruments in sub-Saharan Africa. The guajeo is a seamless blend of African and European musical sensibilities, and was first played as accompaniment on the tres in the Afro-Cuban son and related music. The tres is a Cuban guitar-like instrument, consisting of three sets of double strings. Changüí The guajeo emerged in Cuba during the 19th century, in the genres known as changüí and son. The following changüí tres guajeo consists of all offbeats. Son There are two types of pure son tres guajeos: generic and song-specific. Song-specific guajeos are usually based on the song's melody, while the generic type involves simply arpeggiating triads—Moore (2010). The rhythmic pattern of the following "generic" guajeo is used in many different songs. Note that the first measure consists of all offbeats. The figure can begin in the first measure, or the second measure, depending upon the structure of the song. Son montuno In the late 1930s Arsenio Rodríguez took the pivotal step of replacing the guitar with the piano in the son conjunto. The piano has ever since, been a staple of Cuban popular music, and its "offspring" salsa. "Como traigo la yuca", popularly called "Dile a Catalina", may be Arsenio's most famous composition. The first half uses the changüí/son method of paraphrasing the vocal melody, but the second half strikes out into bold new territory – using contrapuntal material not based on the song's melody and employing a cross‐rhythm based on sequences of three ascending notes—Moore (2011: 39). Clave Clave motif 3-2 clave Most guajeos have a binary structure, with a specific alignment to the guide pattern known as clave. As Kevin Moore explains: "There are two common ways that the three-side is expressed in Cuban popular music. The first to come into regular use, which David Peñalosa calls 'clave motif,' is based on the decorated version of the three-side of the clave rhythm." The following guajeo example is based on a clave motif. The three-side (first measure) consists of the tresillo variant known as cinquillo. Because the chord progression begins on the three-side, this guajeo is said to be in a three-two clave sequence. 2-3 clave A chord progression can begin on either side of clave. "One" can therefore be on either the three-side, or the two-side, because the harmonic progression, rather than the rhythmic progression is the primary referent. When a chord progression begins on the two-side of clave, the music is said to be in two-three clave. The following guajeo is based on the clave motif in a two-three sequence. The cinquillo rhythm is now in the second measure. Offbeat/onbeat motif 3-2 clave Moore: "By the 1940s [there was] a trend toward the use of what Peñalosa calls the 'offbeat/onbeat motif.' Today, the offbeat/onbeat motif method is much more common." With this type of guajeo motif, the three-side of clave is expressed with all offbeats. The following I IV V IV progression is in a three-two clave sequence. It begins with an offbeat pick-up on the pulse immediately before beat 1. With some guajeos, offbeats at the end of the two-side, or onbeats at the end of the three-side serve as pick-ups leading into the next measure (when clave is written in two measures). 2-3 clave This guajeo is in two-three clave because it begins on the downbeat, emphasizing the onbeat quality of the two-side. The figure has the same exact harmonic sequence as the previous example, but rhythmically, the attack-point sequence of the two measures is reversed. Most salsa music is in two-three clave, and most salsa piano guajeos are based on the two-three onbeat/offbeat motif. Ponchando Ponchando is a term for a type of non-arpeggiated guajeo using block chords. The sequence of attack-points is emphasized, rather than a sequence of different pitches. As a form of accompaniment it can be played in a strictly repetitive fashion or as a varied motif akin to jazz comping. Clave is written in two measures. This ponchando pattern is familiar to many as Santana's "Oye Como Va". Moore states: "Hip fans will often flaunt their knowledge by pointing out that the song was originally recorded by Tito Puente in 1963, and before that by Arcaño y sus Maravillas as "Chanchullo" in 1957, but it goes all the way back to Cachao's "Rareza de Melitón" in 1942. Moñas A moña is a horn guajeo, which can be written or improvised. A section of layered, contrapuntal horn guajeos is also referred to sometimes as a moña. Moñas differ from typical rhythm section guajeos in that they often will rest for a beat or two within their cycle. Those beats within a measure not sounded by the moña are often "filled" by a chorus, or counter moña. What's known as the Cuban típico style of soloing on trombone draws upon the technique of stringing together moña variations. The following example shows five different variants of a 2–3 trombone moña improvised by José Rodrígues on "Bilongo" (c. 1969), performed by Eddie Palmieri. The examples are written in cut-time (2/2); there are two main beats per measure. Moña 1 sounds every stroke of 2–3 clave except the first stroke of the three-side. Melodic variety is created by transposing the module in accordance to the harmonic sequence, as Rick Davies observes in his detailed analysis of the first moña: The moña consists of a two-measure module and its repetition, which is altered to reflect the montuno chord progression. The module begins with four ascending eighth-notes starting on the second [quarter-note of the measure]. This configuration emphasizes the ... two-side of the clave. In both of the modules, these four notes move from G3 to Eb4. Although the first, third, and fourth notes (G3, C4, and Eb4) are identical in both modules, the second note reflects the change in harmony. In the first module, this note is the Bb3 third of the tonic harmony; in the module repetition, the A3 is the fifth of the dominant. Of the final five notes in the module, the first four are [offbeats]; the final D4 is on the [last quarter-note] in the second measure of the module. Along with the final D4, the initial D4 on the [last offbeat] in the first measure of the module and the Eb4 on the [offbeat] immediately preceding the final note of the module are identical in both modules. The [offbeats] in the second-module measure reflect the harmonic changes. The first version of the module is over the dominant chord and contains the pitches A3 (the fifth) and C4 (the seventh). A Bb3 is sounded twice on the two [offbeats] in the module's repetition and represents the third G minor tonic chord. Piano Son montuno When the piano was added to the son conjunto, the harmonic possibilities were widened, facilitating the adaptation of jazz chords into guajeos in the 1940s. As Rebeca Mauleón points out though, the main "role of the pianist in Afro-Cuban music is a more rhythmic one." The piano guajeos of Arsenio Rodríguez's group were innovative for their binary rhythmic structure, reflecting clave. The piano guajeo for "Dame un cachito pa' huele" (1946) completely departs from both the generic son guajeo and the song's melody. The pattern marks the clave by accenting the backbeat on the two-side. Moore observes: "Like so many aspects of Arsenio's music, this miniature composition is decades ahead of its time. It would be forty years before groups began to consistently apply this much creative variation at the guajeo level of the arranging process" (2009: 41). Voicings The typical voicings for piano guajeos is octaves. Sonny Bravo explains: "You can play it in octaves—single notes in both hands. Or you could double it up. When you're backing a singer, you don't want to get too intense. But when the horns come in on the mambo, you've got to cut through a little more. At that point, I'll double the octave in my right hand, while still playing a single note in the left. To get really intense, I'll play double octaves in both hands." Mambo In the late 1940s Dámaso Pérez Prado popularized the mambo, a genre which had been by that time, evolving for a decade. Pérez Prado moved to Mexico City in 1948 and started his own band, where he composed and recorded his most famous mambos. While in Mexico, Pérez Prado earned the title El Rey del Mambo ('King of the Mambo'), and he appeared in several Mexican films. Pérez Prado's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. Latino markets, but some of his most celebrated mambos, such as "Mambo No. 5" quickly "crossed-over" in the United States. A "mambo craze" swept North America in the 1950s. Descarga The right hand of the "Tanga" piano guajeo is another example of a ponchando pattern. "Tanga" was initially a descarga (Cuban jam session) with jazz solos superimposed, spontaneously composed by Mario Bauzá at a rehearsal (May 29, 1943). Descargas were the "laboratories" where instrumentalists honed their skill of soloing in-clave. "Tanga" was, over time, arranged with more complexity, and is generally considered the first original Latin jazz, or more correctly Afro-Cuban jazz tune. The following example is in the style of a 1949 recording by Machito, with René Hernández on piano. Jazz Guajeo motifs Guajeos or guajeo fragments are commonly used motifs in Latin jazz melodies. For example, the A section of "Sabor" is a 2–3 onbeat/offbeat guajeo, minus some notes. Jazz voicings Just as guajeo patterns entered jazz, jazz harmonies were in turn, adopted into the piano guajeos of dance music. The exchange between Cuban popular music styles and jazz became a two-way street. From jazz came a harmonic vocabulary based on extended harmonies of altered and unaltered ninths, elevenths and thirteenths, as well as quartal harmony—chords built on fourths. These harmonic devices entered salsa in the piano styles of Eddie Palmieri and the Puerto Rican Papo Lucca. They would take traditional piano figures based on simple tonic-dominant harmony and elaborate them with modern harmonies"—Gerard (1989: 8-9). Chachachá The chachachá can be thought of as a rare "de-Africanizing" step in Cuban popular music's trajectory in the mid-20th century because it involves unison singing, instead of call-and-response. Although the term, dance step, and popular mania of chachachá took hold in 1951, its key musical elements were already in place in Arcaño's group of 1948, including Enrique Jorrín, the violinist‐composer who would later be credited as the "inventor" of the genre. The main idea of chachachá was to extend the montuno section of the danzón and to use melodies with more onbeats to make dancing easier for the rhythmically challenged—Moore (2009: 15). Mozambique Cuban-style Pello el Afrokán's mozambique was the first post‐revolution Cuban popular dance genre (1963). It was the first Cuban popular music to systematically use rumba clave as its guide pattern. Although the rhythm shares many characteristics with Sub-Saharan African music traditions, it does not have anything to do with music from the African nation of Mozambique. The Cuban mozambique features conga drums, bombos (bass drums), cowbells, and trombones. See: "Mozambique Lesson in Cuba, 1985" (Pello el Afrokan), and "Mozambique Rhythm from Cuba" (Kim Atkinson). Pello's mozambique "María Caracoles" was recorded by Carlos Santana. In terms of density and the way it marks the clave, the "María Caracoles" guajeo is closer in style to a bass tumbao than to a typical piano guajeo. New York-style In New York City during the 1960s Eddie Palmieri created a rhythm called mozambique that was inspired by Pello's invention of the same name. While both rhythms are based on conga de comparsa, they are in fact, two separate, distinct rhythms that do not share any common parts. [See: "The History of the New York-Style Mozambique" (Andy González interviews Manny Oquendo).] Even the clave patterns are different; Pello's rhythm uses rumba clave, while the Palmieri version uses son clave. Pello's mozambiques are, for the most part, in major keys. Palmieri's mozambiques are mostly in minor keys. However, both groups primarily use chord progressions in a 2-3 clave sequence, and a trombone horn section. The following piano guajeo is in the New York mozambique style. Mauleón makes the point that since the Cuban mozambique originally began in what was essentially a percussion ensemble with trombones, there is no set piano part for the rhythm. It is worth noting that while Pello created specific percussion parts for his mozambique, the only specific percussion part in the New York style is the bell pattern. Pilón Enrique Bonne [was] a timbalero, prolific songwriter and creator of various rhythms such as pilón, simalé and upa upa. As the leader of Enrique Bonne y sus Tambores, he was also a pioneer in bringing Afro‐Cuban folkloric influences into popular music. Of the many rhythms that Bonne created or popularized for Pacho's band, the most important was pilón. It started as a dance craze, with the dancers mimicking the movement of stirring a vat of roasting coffee beans, but long after the dance had been relegated to the history of pop culture, the rhythm itself continued to influence the likes of José Luis "Changuito" Quintana of Los Van Van, Orlando Mengual of Charanga Habanera, Denis "Papacho" Savón of Issac Delgado, Tomás "El Panga" Ramos of Paulito FG and Cubanismo, and many Latin Jazz musicians—Moore. One unique aspect of the pilón is the use of simultaneous piano and electric guitar guajeos. Rhythmically, the guitar plays a much simpler form of the piano part. The following example is written in 4/4 rather than cut-time. Changüí '68 The genre known as changüí '68 has everything to do with 1968 and almost nothing to do with the authentic traditional changüí. Elio Revé was from Guantánamo and used the term "changüí" to distinguish his band from other charangas of the 1950s. In 1968 the band departed almost entirely from traditional charanga when Revé hired Juan Formell to be his new bassist, composer and musical director. Formell had been surreptitiously listening to forbidden North American and British pop music and used his new influences to create several hits in a new shockingly un-Cuban style. Changüí '68 . . . was less important for what it wasn't than for what it was. It didn't use interlocking cowbells; it often didn't use normal Cuban dance tempos, and most importantly, it didn't use traditional Latin chord progressions. Changüí '68 broke so many established rules that subsequent genres, including Formell's own songo, were free to reassemble the stylistic elements as they saw fit. While the rhythms of the interlocking [guajeos] of [the following example] might well be found in 1950s charanga, the modal chord progression would not have been found in any music of the 1950s, Cuban or otherwise. The harmonies are directly inspired by late‐60s rock, . . . represented a drastic rethinking of harmony in pop music—Moore (2010: 13,14). Songo Juan Formel's initial songo experiments in Los Van Van used piano guajeos with an on-beat feel, as a way of simulating rock. On "Con el bate de aluminio" (1979), the right hand plays steady onbeats, sounding a rock‐influenced imi – bVII – bVI chord progression. Timba The Cuban jazz pianist Gonzalo Rubalcaba developed a technique of pattern and harmonic displacement in the 1980s, which was adopted into timba guajeos in the 1990s. The following guajeo for Issac Delgado's "La temática" (1997) demonstrates some of the innovations of timba piano. A series of repeated octaves invoke a characteristic metric ambiguity. The following guajeo (or piano tumbao), created by Iván "Melón" Lewis is from "No me mires a los ojos" (Issac Delgado 1995). It is a prime example of one of the most critical timba piano innovations—the idea that the piano tumbao be a “hook” by which the song can be identified and that contributes greatly to the song's popularity. There are three places where the left hand adds an extra note between two right hand notes, a technique never used before in timba, which has become a major timba piano innovation. Melón was the first to use it as a central part of his style. Listen: "No me Mires a los ojos" by Issac Delgado. Lewis's piano guajeo on Delgado's "La temática" incorporates the technique of pattern displacement. A series of repeated octaves invoke a characteristic metric ambiguity (Moore 2010: pt. 4. 96–108). Layered guajeos Diablo Arsenio Rodríguez introduced the idea of layered guajeos—an interlocking structure consisting of multiple contrapuntal parts. The concept, which he began developing in his conjunto in 1934, reached full maturity in 1938. This aspect of the son's modernization can be thought of as a matter of "re-Africanizing" the music. Helio Orovio recalls: "Arsenio once said his trumpets played figurations the 'Oriente' tres-guitarists played during the improvisational part of el son" (1992: 11). The "Oriente" is the name given to the eastern end of Cuba, where the son was born. It is common practice for treseros to play a series of guajeo variations during their solos. Perhaps it was only natural then that it was Rodríguez the tres master, who conceived of the idea of layering these variations on top of each other. The following example is from the "diablo" section of Rodríguez's son montuno "Kile, Kike y Chocolate" (1950). The excerpt consists of four interlocking guajeos: piano (bottom line), tres (second line), 2nd and 3rd trumpets (third line), and 1st trumpet (fourth line). 2-3 Clave is shown for reference (top line). Notice that the piano plays a single celled (single measure) guajeo, while the other guajeos are two-celled. It is common practice to combine single and double-celled guajeos in Afro-Cuban music. During the 1940s, the conjunto instrumentation was in full swing, as were the groups who incorporated the jazz band (or big band) instrumentation in the ensemble, guajeos (vamp-like lines) could be divided among each instrument section, such as saxes and brass; this became even more subdivided, featuring three or more independent riffs for smaller sections within the ensemble. By adopting polyrhythmic elements from the son, the horns took on a vamp-like role similar to the piano montuno and tres (or string) guajeo"—Mauleón (1993: 155). Chachachá Orquesta Aragón creatively juxtaposed a counter violin guajeo over the piano on "No me molesto" (1955). Here is another example of guajeo counterpoint (1957). The violins echo the E – F – F# piano figure. The bass plays a chachachá figure that would be used extensively in timba during the 1990s. Moñas One very effective technique used in mambos and descargas is the use of layered, varying moñas. The trumpet and trombone moñas shown below ("Bilongo") can be repeated verbatim, or altered. Improvisation is within a framework of repetition and the melodic contour of the moñas. In this way, multiple instrumentalists can improvise simultaneously while reinforcing the rhythmic/melodic momentum of the rhythm section. The next moña layers are from the descarga "Guatacando" (1968). The trumpet figure is one clave in length, while the trombone figure is two claves. This is a classic example of how moñas are layered. The trombone Moña consists of two parts, a call-and-response structure. The trumpet moña begins on the last note of first half of the trombone moña. The second half of the trombone moña begins on the pulse (subdivision) immediately following the last note of the trumpet moña. Songo "Fallaste al sacar" (1982) by Los Van Van is an example of creative guajeo counterpoint. Moore states: "Pupy's arrangement pushes the envelope ... by expanding the violin part from the usual sparse rhythmic loop to a long and constantly varying melody, pitted against an almost equally inventive piano [guajeo]. The violin part is active and creative enough to stand alone as a mambo section, but it is used as the underpinning for an equally complex and interesting coro. The violin part could also be nicely adapted for use in a 1990s‐style timba piano [guajeo]." On Los Van Van v. 6 (1980) Juan Formell took the unusual step of adding trombones to his charanga format. Orquesta Revé did the same during the time. "Tú tranquilo" has four interlocking guajeos: two keyboards, violins, and trombones. Timba Many timba bands use two keyboards. The following example shows two simultaneous guajeo parts for Issac Delgado's "Por qué paró" (1995), as played by Melón Lewis (1st keyboard), and Pepe Rivero (2nd keyboard). R&B, funk, and rock New Orleans has a long history of absorbing Afro-Cuban musical influences, going back at least to the mid-19th century. The Cuban influence was exceptionally strong in the Crescent City during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when rhythm & blues (R&B) was first forming. The unique style of R&B that emerged from New Orleans during this period played a pivotal role in the development of funk and the rock guitar riff. Professor Longhair In the 1940s New Orleans pianist "Professor Longhair" (Henry Roeland Byrd) was playing with Caribbean musicians, listening a lot to Perez Prado's mambo records, and absorbing and experimenting with it all.<ref>Palmer, Robert (1979: 14). A Tale of Two Cities: Memphis Rock and New Orleans Roll. Brooklyn.</ref> He was especially enamored with Cuban music. Michael Campbell states: "Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's influence was ... far reaching. Longhair's style was known locally as rumba-boogie. Alexander Stewart states that Longhair was a key figure bridging the worlds of boogie woogie and the new style of rhythm and blues." In his composition "Misery", Longhair plays a habanera-like figure in his left hand. The deft use of triplets in the right hand is a characteristic of Longhair's style. Tresillo, the habanera, and related African-based single-celled figures have long been heard in the left hand part of piano compositions by New Orleans musicians, for example—Louis Moreau Gottschalk ("Souvenirs From Havana" 1859), and Jelly Roll Morton ("The Crave" 1910). One of Longhair's great contributions was the adaptation of two-celled, clave-based patterns in New Orleans blues. Campbell: "In several of his early recordings, Professor Longhair blended Afro-Cuban rhythms with rhythm and blues. The most explicit is "Longhair's Blues Rhumba", where he overlays a straightforward blues with a clave rhythm. According to Dr. John (Malcolm John "Mac" Rebennack, Jr.), the Professor "put funk into music ... Longhair's thing had a direct bearing I'd say on a large portion of the funk music that evolved in New Orleans." The guajeo-like piano part for the Professor Longhair rumba-boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949), employs the 2–3 clave onbeat/offbeat motif. 2-3 clave is written above the piano excerpt for reference. Johnny Otis Johnny Otis released the R&B mambo "Mambo Boogie" in January 1951, featuring congas, maracas, claves, and mambo saxophone guajeos in a blues progression. Listen: "Mambo Boogie" by Johnny Otis (1951). This is a syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to swung subdivisions). Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s," adding: "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes. Concerning funk motifs, Stewart states: "This model, it should be noted, is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle." James Brown The onbeat/offbeat motif is the basis for a great deal of funk music. Blues scales give these rhythmic figures their own distinct quality. The main guitar riff for James Brown's "Bring It Up" is an example of an onbeat/offbeat motif. Rhythmically, the pattern is similar to the typical Cuban guajeo structure, but tonally, it is unmistakably funky. Bongos are used on the 1967 version. The rhythm is slightly swung. "Ain't It Funky Now" has a 2–3 guitar riff (c. late 1960s). "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" (1969) has a similarly funky 2–3 structure. The tonal structure has a bare bones simplicity, emphasizing the pattern of attack-points. Beatles The onbeat/offbeat motif has been a part of rock 'n' roll since the inception of that genre. The guitar riff of the Beatles' "I Feel Fine" is built on the onbeat/offbeat motif. It fits perfectly with 2–3 clave. Today, the 2–3 onbeat/offbeat motif is a staple of North American popular music, even popular music worldwide. It is a motif that originated in sub-Saharan Africa, arrived in the United States in the form of Afro-Cuban music, was absorbed, and reconstituted, then spread globally in the form of rock 'n' roll. African electric guitar: reinterpreting Afro-Cuban guajeos Cuban music has been popular in sub-Saharan Africa since the mid 20th century. To the Africans, clave-based Cuban popular music sounded both familiar and exotic. The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1. states: "Beginning in the 1940s, Afro-Cuban [son] groups such as Septeto Habanero and Trio Matamoros gained widespread popularity in the Congo region as a result of airplay over Radio Congo Belge, a powerful radio station based in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa DRC). A proliferation of music clubs, recording studios, and concert appearances of Cuban bands in Léopoldville spurred on the Cuban music trend during the late 1940s and 1950s." Banning Eyre distills down the Congolese guitar style to this skeletal figure, where clave is sounded by the bass notes (notated with downward stems). Congolese "rumba" Congolese bands started doing Cuban covers and singing the lyrics phonetically. Eventually they created their own original Cuban-like compositions, with lyrics sung in French or Lingala, a lingua franca of the western Congo region. The Africans adapted guajeos to electric guitars, and gave them their own regional flavor. The Congolese called this new music rumba, although it was really based on the son. The following example is from the Congolese "rumba" "Passi ya boloko" by Franco (Luambo Makiadi) and O.K. Jazz (c. mid-1950s). The bass is playing a tresillo-based tumbao, typical of son montuno. The rhythm guitar plays all of the offbeats, the exact pattern of the rhythm guitar in Cuban son. According to the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, the lead guitar part "recalls the blue-tinged guitar solos heard in bluegrass and rockabilly music of the 1950s, with its characteristic insistence on the opposition of the major-third and minor-third degrees of the scale." Congolese soukous The guitar-based music gradually spread out from the Congo, increasingly taking on local sensibilities. This process eventually resulted in the establishment of several different distinct regional genres, such as soukous. Some African guitar genres such as Zimbabwean chimurenga (created by Thomas Mapfumo), are a direct adaptation of traditional ostinatos, in this case mbira music. Most genres though, maintain to some degree, a guajeo template upon which indigenous elements were grafted. Congolese soukous is an example of the latter case. The horn guajeos of Cuban popular music were adapted by soukous guitars. In a densely textured seben section of a soukous song (below), the three interlocking guitar parts are reminiscent of the Cuban practice of layering guajeos. Ghanaian and Nigerian highlife Highlife was the most popular genre in Ghana and Nigeria during the 1960s. This arpeggiated highlife guitar part is essentially a guajeo. The rhythmic pattern is known in Cuba as baqueteo. The pattern of attack-points is nearly identical to the 3-2 clave motif guajeo shown earlier in this article. The bell pattern known in Cuba as clave, is indigenous to Ghana and Nigeria, and is used in highlife. Nigerian afrobeat Afrobeat is a combination of traditional Yoruba music, highlife, jazz, and funk, popularised in Africa in the 1970s. The Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who gave it its name, used it to revolutionise musical structure as well as the political context in his native Nigeria. Kuti coined the term "afrobeat" upon his return from a U.S. tour with his group Nigeria '70 (formerly Koola Lobitos). The following afrobeat guitar part is a variant of the 2-3 onbeat/offbeat motif''. Even the melodic contour is guajeo-based. 2-3 clave is shown above the guitar for reference only. The clave pattern is not ordinarily played in afrobeat. Cuban popular music played a major role in the development of many contemporary genres of African popular music. John Storm Roberts states: "It was the Cuban connection ... that provided the major and enduring influences—the ones that went deeper than earlier imitation or passing fashion. The Cuban connection began very early and was to last at least twenty years, being gradually absorbed and re-Africanized." The re-working of Afro-Cuban rhythmic patterns by Africans brings the rhythms full circle. The re-working of the harmonic patterns reveals a striking difference in perception. The I IV V IV harmonic progression, so common in Cuban music, is heard in pop music all across the African continent, thanks to the influence of Cuban music. Those chords move in accordance with the basic tenets of Western music theory. However, as Gerhard Kubik points out, performers of African popular music do not necessarily perceive these progressions in the same way: "The harmonic cycle of C-F-G-F [I-IV-V-IV] prominent in Congo/Zaire popular music simply cannot be defined as a progression from tonic to subdominant to dominant and back to subdominant (on which it ends) because in the performer's appreciation they are of equal status, and not in any hierarchical order as in Western music." References Cuban music

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Dresden

Battle of Dresden

The Battle of Dresden (26–27 August 1813) was a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle took place around the city of Dresden in modern-day Germany. With the recent addition of Austria, the Sixth Coalition felt emboldened in their quest to expel the French from Central Europe. Despite being heavily outnumbered, French forces under Napoleon scored a victory against the Army of Bohemia led by Field Marshal Karl von Schwarzenberg. However, Napoleon's victory did not lead to the collapse of the coalition, and the weather and the uncommitted Russian reserves who formed an effective rear-guard precluded a major pursuit. Three days after the battle, the Allies surrounded and destroyed a French corps advancing into their line of withdrawal at the Battle of Kulm. Prelude On the 16 August, Napoleon had sent Marshal Saint-Cyr's corps to fortify and hold Dresden in order to hinder allied movements and to serve as a possible base for his own manoeuvres. He planned to strike against the interior lines of his enemies and defeat them in detail, before they could combine their full strength. He had a field army of 442,810 men and 1,284 guns in 559 battalions and 395 squadrons against Allied field forces totaling 512,113 men in 556 battalions, 572 squadrons and 68 Cossack regiments, and 1,380 guns. The Coalition avoided battle with Napoleon himself, choosing to attack his subordinate commanders as per the Trachenberg Plan. On the 23 August, at the Battle of Grossbeeren, south of Berlin, Crown Prince Charles of Sweden (formerly French Marshal Bernadotte, Napoleon's own Marshal) defeated his old comrade Marshal Oudinot. On the 26 August, Prussian Marshal Blücher crushed Marshal MacDonald's army at the Battle of Katzbach. Battle On 25 August, the three monarchs—Alexander I of Russia, Francis II of Austria, and Frederick William III of Prussia—and their staffs assembled on an overlook of the city to discuss their strategy. The city's weak defenses were clear from this vantage point: the French and Saxon garrison of 20,000 men under Marshal Saint-Cyr could not hope to hold a city of that size. The Tsar and General Jean Victor Moreau, formerly a General of France and by 1813 an adviser to the Coalition, wanted to attack at once; Schwarzenberg wanted to wait until additional forces arrived. The following day, 26 August, Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, sent the Coalition force of over 200,000 men to attack Saint-Cyr. The Army of Bohemia was divided into three parts: the Left Wing consisted of Austrians and commanded by Schwarzenberg himself and included the 9 divisions of infantry, 3 divisions of cavalry and 128 guns; the Right Wing consisted of Russians and Prussians under Wittgenstein and included 2 Russian infantry divisions and von Kleist's Prussian corps and 158 guns; the Reserves behind the center consisted of the best Russian and Prussian troops under Barclay de Tolly and included 2 Russian grenadier divisions, 4 Russian Guard cavalry divisions, the Prussian Royal Guard and about 150 guns. The monarchs stayed with the reserves. In Dresden, Saint-Cyr's XIV Corps manned the various redoubts and defensive positions. From 6:00am to noon, the allies probed the French defenses. Napoleon arrived from the north about 10:00am with the Guard Infantry and Murat's I Cavalry Corps arriving shortly afterwards, covering in forced marches over three days. Napoleon's Guard consisted of 2 Young Guard Corps and the Old Guard Division. Shortly after 11:00am, the Coalition monarchs noticed the stream of French troops hurrying into Dresden from the north. There was a lull in the battle between noon and 3:00pm while the French reinforcements took positions and the Coalition leaders pondered whether they should fight Napoleon or withdraw. The Coalition finally began a bombardment and general assault starting about 3:00pm against the southern suburbs of the city. As the Coalition forces made progress, Napoleon swiftly dispatched reinforcements to the threatened areas - the I Cavalry Corps to the French right, Ney and the II Young Guard Corps to the center and Mortier and the I Young Guard Corps to the French left. At 5:30pm, Napoleon launched his riposte. By nightfall, the French had regained almost all of Saint-Cyr's original positions. As night fell on 26 August, a torrential downpour started that lasted throughout the night. The streams became swollen with water and the ground turned to mud. After being reinforced overnight with Victor's II Corps, Marmont's VI Corps and the Guard Cavalry, Napoleon attacked the following morning on the 27 August in a steady rain, destroyed the allied left flank, and won an impressive tactical victory. The flooded Weisseritz cut off a large portion the left wing of the Allied army, commanded by Johann von Klenau and Ignaz Gyulai, from the Coalition's main body in the center. Marshal Joachim Murat took advantage of this isolation and inflicted heavy losses on the Austrians. A French participant observed, "Murat.... cut off from the Austrian army Klenau's corps, hurling himself upon it at the head of the carabineers and cuirassiers. .... Nearly all his [Klenau's] battalions were compelled to lay down their arms, and two other divisions of infantry shared their fate." Of Klenau's force, Lieutenant Field Marshal Joseph, Baron von Mesko de Felsö-Kubiny's division of five infantry regiments was surrounded and captured by Murat's cavalry, which amounted to approximately 13,000 men, and 15 colours. Mesko was wounded, and retired the following year. Gyulai's divisions also suffered serious losses when they were attacked by Murat's cavalry supported by Victor's II Corps during a rainstorm. With damp flints and powder, their muskets would not fire and many battalions became an easy prey to the French cuirassiers and dragoons. As the allied left wing was being disintegrated, the French attacked on the allied right wing with Ney, Mortier and Saint-Cyr. Despite desperate charges by the Russian and Prussian cavalry, this flank was also driven back. The French center was held by Marmont's VI Corps but the center was largely limited to an artillery duel. By about 5:00pm, the entire allied force had to slowly pull back even though Schwarzenberg's powerful reserves had not been committed. That night, the Coalition decided that they have had enough and quietly withdrew south. Napoleon did not realize that they had left until the following morning. An effective rear-guard and the weather allowed Schwarzenberg to withdraw and escape any attempt of encirclement or pursuit. The Coalition had lost some 38,000 men and 40 guns. French casualties totaled around 10,000. Some of Napoleon's officers noted he was "suffering from a violent colic, which had been brought on by the cold rain, to which he had been exposed during the whole 2nd day of the battle." Aftermath On the 27 August, General Vandamme received orders to advance on Pirna and bridge the Elbe there with his I Corps. This was accomplished in a pouring rain, without disturbing the Russians drawn up on the heights of Zehista. This advance by Vandamme ran into the midst of the allied forces withdrawing from Dresden and resulted in the Battle of Kulm three days later. After being attacked from all sides, Vandamme was eventually compelled to surrender. This loss along with the defeats of Marshal Oudinot and Marshal MacDonald overshadowed Napoleon's victory at Dresden. Napoleon's old rival Jean Victor Marie Moreau, who had only recently returned from his banishment from the United States, was talking to the Tsar (who wished to see Napoleon defeated) and was mortally wounded in the battle, dying later on the 2 September in Louny. Hoffman The author and composer E. T. A. Hoffmann happened to be in Dresden during the battle, being at the time employed by a locally based orchestra. On the 22 August, after the end of the armistice, the Hoffmann Family was forced to relocate from their pleasant house in the suburbs into the town. During the next few days, as the battle raged, they experienced the ongoing bombardments. As Hoffman later recounted, many people were killed by bombs directly in front of him. After the main battle was over, he visited the gory battlefield. His account can be found in Vision auf dem Schlachtfeld bei Dresden. Notes References Further reading External links Battle of Dresden 1813 – maps, illustrations Battle of Dresden 1813 Allied Order of Battle Battle of Dresden 1813 French Order of Battle French Garrison of Dresden, 22 August 1813 (George Nafziger collection) Allied Forces at Dresden, 26/27 August 1813 (George Nafziger collection) French Forces at Dresden, 26/27 August 1813 (George Nafziger collection) Memoirs of the Duke Rovigo Battles of the Napoleonic Wars Battles involving Russia Battles involving Prussia Battles involving France Battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition Conflicts in 1813 Battle August 1813 events Battles in Saxony 1813 in Saxony Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammam%20Hassan

Tammam Hassan

Tammam Hassan (Arabic: تمام حسان‎) (1918-2011) was an academic in the field of Arabic linguistics. Education and career Hassan was born in 1918 in the Upper Egyptian village of ElKarank. In 1929 Hassan completed memorizing the Qur’an. The following year he moved to Cairo to attend Al-Azhar primary-school institute. He graduated from Al-Azhar high-school institute in 1939. He attended Dar Al-Ulom College, where he majored in Arabic Language and graduated in 1943 with an associate degree. He then continued to study education and psychology at Dar Al-Ulom College, graduating in 1945 (first honor award) with his teaching license. The following year he moved to London to learn English and finish his graduate studies. Hassan graduated from the University College London (UCL) in 1949 with his master in phonetics. His graduate thesis topic was The Phonetics of "ElKarank" Dialect (Upper Egypt). Hassan graduated in 1952 from the University College of London with his PhD in phonetics. His dissertation was titled, The Phonetics and Phonology of Aden Arabic (South Arabia). Following the completion of his studies, he traveled to Aden for six months to record the local dialect. The phonological model which he followed was prosodic analysis associated with the British linguists J.R.Firth. Hassan began his career as a teacher of Arabic at a high school in Cairo in 1945. The following year he became a teaching assistant in Arabic, at Dar Al-Ulom College in Cairo. He maintained this position until traveling to London to continue his studies. In 1952 Hassan became an associate professor of Oriental and Semitic Linguistic Studies. He published his first major work in 1955, Language Research Methods, an introductory work which established the use of descriptive method to analyze Fusha, classical Arabic. In 1956 Hassan became a volunteer officer in the Egyptian army during the British, French, and Israeli attack against Egypt. After the war in 1957, Hassan received a delegation for two months at the University of Michigan as part of the Fulbright Program. While in Michigan, he was trained to use modern devices for phonetics labs. He brought equipment with him to Egypt where he established the phonetics lab at the University of Cairo (Alarif, 2002). Hassan became a cultural attaché at the Egyptian Embassy to Lagos, Nigeria for five years where he linked the educational relations between the private Islamic educational organizations and Egypt. As a result of his connections to the Embassy, Hassan brought many Egyptian teachers to teach in Nigeria. While still in Nigeria in 1964, Hassan was promoted to full professor. The following year he returned to Egypt where he was appointed as the Chair of Arabic Syntax and morphology department and also as the Vice Dean of Dar Al-Ulom College. In 1967 Hassan became a professor at the University of Khartoum for three years, where he established the department of Linguistic Studies. In 1972 he became the Dean of Dar Al-Ulom College where he was the general secretary of the Arabic language committee which is part of the highest council for the Egyptian universities. In the same year Hassan founded the Egyptian Linguistics Assembly. In 1973 he became a professor at Mohammed V University in Morocco where he lived for six years. During the 1880s he became a professor at the Arabic for Non Native Speakers Institute, Umm al-Qura University in Mecca, Saudi Arabia for 16 years. There he founded the Educational Linguistics Department that teaches students to work as Arabic teachers for non-native speakers. In 1996 Hassan returned to Egypt to be an emeritus professor at Dar Al-Ulom College where he was active in the linguistic field in many ways until his death. He died on 11 October 2011 in Cairo. Major contributions to Arabic linguistics After studying under Firth as part of the London School, Hassan became the first linguist to study the phonetics and the phonology systems of Arabic based on modern linguistic methods. This work resulted in his influential text, Language Research Methods. Hassan was also the first Arab linguist to study the root morphology of Arabic words based on the main sounds of a given word rather than the gerund or the past tense form which had been the tradition of his predecessors. Hassan also established a theory on the Arabic dictionary based on vocabulary correlations. He was the first to categorize the Arabic parts of speech into seven parts rather than three which is the common traditional system of Arabic. Basically he used the function of the entities within the context to establish this system in his book, Arabic: its Meaning and Syntax. Hassan was also the first linguist who decided to analyze the Arabic verb tense in two dimensions: syntactic tense and contextual tense, evidence of Firth's influence on Hassan's work. Scholarship In 1973 Hassan published Arabic: its Meaning and Syntax. Translations Hassan translated the following works into Arabic: 1975 How Greek science passed to the Arabs by De Lacy O’Leary 1958 The Scientific Effect on Society by Bertrand Arthur William Russell 1959 Language and Society by Morris Lewis 1997 Arabic Thought and its place in History by De Lacy O’Leary 1998 Text, Discourse, and Function by Robert de Beaugrande Awards His awards include: Al Basir Family International Prize, Saudi Arabia 1984 Saddam Hussein Arabic Prize, Iraq 1987 King Faisal International Prize, Saudi Arabia 2006 The International Conference of Arabic and Humanity, Morocco 2008 References Abdulaziz, M. (2000). "Linguistics and terminology in Arabic". Al-Azhar Arabic Journal, 19-35 Abdulfattah, M. Tammam Hassan: a Model for the Real Scholars. (2007) Alarif, A. (2002). Tammam Hassan: a pioneer linguist. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Alam Alkutub Press Asher, R.E. (1994). "Firth and the London school". In The encyclopedia of language and linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 1257–1259). Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd Hassan, T. (1984). Arabic: its meaning and syntax. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Alshurouk Press Ramadhan, N. (2009). "Tammam Hassan and his influence in Morocco". Lughatu Aldhad Journal, 13-15 Reid, D. M. (1987). "Cairo University and the orientalists". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 19 (1), 51-75 Strazny, P. (2005). "Arabic". In Encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 74–77). Oxon, UK: Taylor & Francis Books, Inc Suez-Canal. (n.d.) Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com 1918 births 2011 deaths Egyptian scholars Alumni of University College London Academics of University College London Umm al-Qura University faculty University of Khartoum faculty

42699370

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo%20Pampeano

Torneo Pampeano

The Torneo Pampeano is a regional rugby union competition in Argentina. The competition started in 2009 and involves clubs from the unions of Mar del Plata and Sur. This annual tournament has traditionally been dominated by Mar del Plata clubs. As in other inter-provincial tournaments, such as the Torneo del Litoral or Torneo del Noroeste, the best clubs from the Torneo Pampeano qualify for the national level Torneo del Interior. Championships The Torneo Pampeano includes 10 teams competing for the provincial title. All the champions are listed below: Titles Titles by club References External links Unión de Rugby de Mar del Plata Rugby union competitions in Argentina

9233204

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20da%20Fonseca

Pedro da Fonseca

Pedro da Fonseca may refer to: Pedro da Fonseca (cardinal) (died 1422), Portuguese cardinal Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher) (1528–1599), Portuguese Jesuit philosopher and theologian Pedro Vicente Fonseca (born 1935), retired Brazilian basketball player See also Peter Fonseca (born 1966), Canadian politician

21508565

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koromo%2C%20Mali

Koromo, Mali

Koromo is a rural commune in the Cercle of Koutiala in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 263 square kilometers and includes 5 settlements. In the 2009 census it had a population of 10,890. The village of Bongosso, the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 45 km northeast of Koutiala. References Communes of Sikasso Region

27707778

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalilmasr

Dalilmasr

Dalilmasr is an online Egyptian directory, which provides information about any service, product, and/or tool available in the Egyptian market. The website includes information about companies, shops, showrooms, and service providers in the Egyptian Region. In the five main languages it serves more than two billion people. Logo Identity:The logo is in two palms of the hand applauding (conducting the valued promised service) in black and red color along with white background (Egyptian Flag Colors), the other right and left acute blue triangles meaning the Nile River welfare. References External links Dalimasr website Directories

19217709

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%20Friendly%20Abductions

14 Friendly Abductions

14 Friendly Abductions is a "best of" compilation album by Nina Hagen, released in 1996. AllMusic rated it 4 1/2 out of 5. Track listing "Zarah" "New York New York" "Smack Jack" "TV-Glotzer (White Punks On Dope)" "Spirit In The Sky" "African Reggae" "Universal Radio" (Universal Dance Mix) "My Sensation" "Iki Maska" "Wir Leben Immer Noch (Lucky Number)" "Cosma Shiva" "Zarah" (Dance Mix) "Zarah" (Dub) "My Way" References Nina Hagen compilation albums 1996 compilation albums Albums produced by Giorgio Moroder Albums produced by Keith Forsey Albums produced by Mike Thorne Sony BMG compilation albums

45048169

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Nepalese%20writers

List of Nepalese writers

This is a list of Nepalese writers. Nepali Keshari Amgai Top of page Sanskrit Top of page Limbu language Top of page Nepalbhasha Top of page English Top of page Hindi Top of page Avadhi Tamang Top of page See also Nepali literature List of Nepali-language authors List of Nepalese poets Top of page Nepali Writers

12120526

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Hits%20%281993%20Boney%20M.%20album%29

The Greatest Hits (1993 Boney M. album)

The Greatest Hits is a greatest hits album by Boney M., released in 1993. It is the UK version of BMG's Gold – 20 Super Hits, with alternate album art and a slightly different track listing. Content Besides Boney M.'s best known hits like "Daddy Cool", "Ma Baker" and "Rivers of Babylon", this fourteen track compilation also includes the 1993 remix of "Brown Girl in the Ring" (UK #38) that was issued in both the UK and the rest of Europe as the follow-up single to the 1992 "Megamix" (UK #7). While still in overdubbed form, three tracks on this compilation, "Rasputin", "Ma Baker" and "No Woman, No Cry" are also featured in their full length, as opposed to the versions on the German BMG predecessor Gold – 20 Super Hits. The Greatest Hits omits songs like "Felicidad (Margherita)", "Kalimba de Luna" and "Happy Song", which were not hits in the UK (It should also be worth noting "Felicidad" wasn't released as a single in the UK). The Greatest Hits was released by the now defunct Telstar Records, while the singles "Megamix" and "Brown Girl in the Ring (Remix '93)" were issued by Arista Records, which at the time was operating as a sublabel to BMG. Commercial performance The Greatest Hits reached number 14 on the UK Albums Chart in early 1993, which made it Boney M.'s highest charting album since 1980's The Magic of Boney M. – 20 Golden Hits. Track listing "Rivers of Babylon" (Farian, Reyam) – 4:15 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits "Daddy Cool" (Farian, Reyam) – 3:26 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits "Sunny" (Bobby Hebb) – 3:56 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits "Brown Girl in the Ring" (Farian) – 4:00 Remix '93, radio edit "Rasputin" (Farian, Jay, Reyam) – 4:43 1992 overdub version, full length "Ma Baker" (Farian, Jay, Reyam) – 4:34 1992 overdub version, full-length "Still I'm Sad" (April, McCarty, Samwell-Smith) – 4:34 1992 overdub version, full-length. "Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday" (Farian) – 3:55 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits. Original 7" mix released on the 2007 album Kalimba de Luna – 16 Happy Songs. "Painter Man" (Phillips, Pickette) – 3:16 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits "Belfast" (Bilsbury, Deutscher, Menke) – 3:25 1992 overdub version from Gold – 20 Super Hits "No Woman, No Cry" (Vincent Ford, Bob Marley) – 4:54 1992 overdub version, full-length "Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord" (Jester Hairston, Farian, Jay, Lorin) – 4:01 1992 overdub edit from Gold – 20 Super Hits "Gotta Go Home" (Farian, Huth, Jay) – 2:30 1992 overdub edit from Gold – 20 Super Hits. Original 7" mix released on the 2010 CD Hit Story. "Boney M. Megamix" (Farian, Reyam, Hebb, Jay) – 3:51 1992 version, radio edit. ("Rivers of Babylon" / "Sunny" / "Daddy Cool" / "Ma Baker" / "Rasputin") Personnel Liz Mitchell – lead vocals, backing vocals Marcia Barrett – lead vocals, backing vocals Frank Farian – lead vocals, backing vocals Production Frank Farian – producer, remixer Release history 1993 UK: Telstar TCD2656 Single Releases UK CD "Megamix" (Arista Records 74321 12512-2, 1992) "Megamix" (Radio Edit) - 3:51 "Mary's Boy Child/Oh My Lord" (Remix '92) - 3:58 "Megamix" (Long Version) - 6:12 "Brown Girl in the Ring (Remix '93)" (Arista Records 74321 13705 2, 1993) "Brown Girl in the Ring" (Radio Version) - 3:58 "Brown Girl in the Ring" (Funny Girl Club Mix) - 5:35 "Brown Girl in the Ring" (Club Mix - Rap Version) - 5:35 "The Calendar Song (January, February, March...)" (Remix '93) - 3:14 References External links Rate Your Music, detailed discography Discogs.com, detailed discography [ Allmusic, biography, discography etc.] Albums produced by Frank Farian 1993 greatest hits albums Boney M. compilation albums

64153956

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Guy%20%28American%20football%29

Louis Guy (American football)

Louis Guy (born May 26, 1941) was an American football defensive back who played in the American Football League and the National Football League. He played college football at Ole Miss. College career Guy played wingback and defensive back at Ole Miss for four seasons. He was a member of the 1960 team that was named national champions by the Football Writers Association of America. Guy co-captained the team in 1962 when the Rebels went 10-0. That season he set school records for most touchdown receptions in a game with three against Houston and for the longest interception return against Tennessee after picking off a pass in the end zone and returning it 100 yards for a touchdown. Guy finished the season as the team's leading receiver with 24 receptions for 295 yards and five touchdown catches and also led the team with eight total touchdowns and was named third team All-Southeastern Conference. Professional career Guy was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 1963 NFL Draft and by the New York Jets in the 7th round of the 1963 AFL Draft. Guy's draft rights were traded to the New York Giants in exchange for Paul Dudley. He started his rookie season on injured reserve after separating his shoulder in a preseason game and later appeared in five games for the Giants. Guy was cut during training camp the following season. After his release, Guy was signed by the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League and played in six games during the 1964 season. Post-football After retiring from football Guy enrolled at the University of Tennessee College of Dentistry and graduated with a D.D.S. and an M.S. in orthodontics. References 1941 births Living people Ole Miss Rebels football players Players of American football from Mississippi New York Giants players Oakland Raiders players American football defensive backs People from McComb, Mississippi

38370381

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%20Missouri%20gubernatorial%20election

1916 Missouri gubernatorial election

The 1916 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916 and resulted in a narrow victory for the Democratic nominee, St. Louis businessman Frederick D. Gardner, over the Republican candidate, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri Henry Lamm, and candidates representing the Socialist, Progressive, Prohibition, and Socialist Labor parties. To date it is the closest gubernatorial election in Missouri history. Gardner defeated Secretary of State Cornelius Roach, Attorney General John Tull Barker, and lieutenant governor William Rock Painter for his party's nomination. Results References Missouri 1916 Gubernatorial November 1916 events

42078235

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilea%20ancyclopoda

Marsilea ancyclopoda

Marsilea ancyclopoda, common name tropical water clover, is a plant species native to the warmer parts of the Western Hemisphere. It is widely distributed through Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, as well as from the West Indies. In the United States, it has been reported only from Florida, southern New Mexico, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Marsilea ancyclopoda is a floating aquatic herb forming dense colonies on the surface of the water. Petioles are up to 18 cm long, densely pubescent. Pinnae (leaflets) are 4, palmately arranged like Trifolium, up to 17 mm across and about the same distance long. Sporocarps are nodding, below the level of the stems (this being the only species in the genus with this character), covered with a pelt of shaggy hairs. References ancyclopoda Flora of New Mexico Flora of Florida Flora of Mexico Flora of South America Aquatic plants

35043790

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Kilchenmann

Caroline Kilchenmann

Caroline Kilchenmann (born Fribourg, August 2, 1984), is a Swiss biathlete and ski mountaineer. Kilchenmann, member of the Sci Club Hochmatt im Fang, became a member of the national biathlon team in 2007. She studies at the University of Fribourg, and lives in La Sonnaz-Cormagens. Selected results Biathlon 2001: 2nd, 8th Europe Cup, relay 4 x 6 km, together with Céline Drezet, Dijana Grudiček and Leda Abati, Champex-Lac 2005: 1st, Swiss biathlon championships, individual 15 km 2nd, Swiss biathlon championships, sprint 7.5 km 3rd, Swiss biathlon championships, mass start 12.5 km 2006: 2nd, Swiss biathlon championships, sprint 7.5 km 2nd, Swiss biathlon championships, mass start 12.5 km 2007: 1st, Swiss biathlon championships, sprint 7.5 km 1st, Swiss biathlon championships, pursuit 10 km Skimountaineering 2011: 10th, Pierra Menta, together with Valérie Berthod-Pellissier 2012: 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Cécile Pasche References External links 1984 births Living people Swiss female biathletes Swiss female ski mountaineers People from Fribourg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishq%20Vishk

Ishq Vishk

Ishq Vishk (English: Love Shmove) is a 2003 Indian Hindi coming-of-age romantic comedy film starring Shahid Kapoor in his debut film performance, Amrita Rao, Vishal Malhotra and Shenaz Treasury. It is about Rajiv (Kapoor) and Payal (Rao) who are friends since childhood. While Payal is in love with Rajiv, it takes him a bit longer to return her feelings. The film became a success and launched both Kapoor's career and Rao's career. Kapoor and Rao went on to be paired again in Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi! (December 23, 2005), Shikhar (December 30, 2005) and Vivah (November 10, 2006) and also Kapoor and Malhotra went on to be paired again in Kismat Konnection (July 18t 2008). The film was worldwide distributed by The Walt Disney Company India through UTV Motion Pictures. Plot Rajiv wants to be one of the popular kids of his college. However, due to the lack of a girlfriend, Danny and Javed mock him and his best friend Mambo. Javed and Danny plan a trip to Alibagh and invite Rajiv and Mambo to come along with girls. Rajiv decides to ask Payal, his reserved childhood friend, to become his girlfriend and tells her that he's in love with her. He does that only for the trip as he doesn't believe in love and serious relationships. Payal reciprocates his "feelings" and agrees, as she has been in love with him since their school days. Both of them start spending time with each other, and Rajiv finds out that Payal loves him. Then comes the time for the trip, and by some persuasion, Payal is allowed by her father to go. Both of them accompany Danny, Javed, and their girlfriends and stay at Danny's beach house; however, Rajiv's drink is laced by Danny, and, being intoxicated, he misbehaves with Payal. Payal realizes that Rajiv doesn't love her and slaps him. After the midnight picnic incident, Danny and Javed's girlfriends try to clear the misunderstanding by making Payal understand that Danny was the reason for Rajiv's misbehavior at a drunken state, so Rajiv wasn't at fault. Rajiv doesn't accept her apology and asks her to kiss him in front of everyone. Payal refuses to say that she doesn't need to prove her love by doing such a cheap act. Their relationship falls apart, and Rajiv challenges that he'll have the college's most beautiful girlfriend. Rajiv's best friend Mambo, who was in support of Rajiv and Payal's friendly relation, does not like this and insists that he gets back with Payal. But Rajiv rebukes him. Soon after, Alisha Sahay, a stylish and beautiful girl, starts at Spencer College. Rajiv is smitten by her and manages to woo her with the help of his friend Love Guru. Meanwhile, Mambo and Payal become close, Mambo tries to cheer her up and always be with her. Payal still cares a lot for Rajiv and is silently hurt at seeing Alisha and Rajiv together. Nevertheless, she continues to talk to Rajiv and wishes him a happy birthday. Rajiv is taken aback because Payal and not Alisha bothered to wish him first, as Alisha is busy with her modeling shoot. Rajiv starts noticing that Payal and Mambo are coming close, which concerns him a lot. Rajiv is surprised to find Payal at his birthday party in a pub. Payal gets emotional and tells him she now thinks that her views about love were wrong, and that is why Rajiv is so happy with Alisha, something which was not with Payal. Mambo and Rajiv come to blows because of Payal, and Alisha slowly starts disliking Payal. The final straw is when Alisha sees Rajiv and Payal talking, and she learns from a mutual friend that they were together before she entered the college. She confronts Payal, behaves rudely with her, and accuses her of stealing her boyfriend. Mambo tries to defend Payal, and Alisha puts him off, which infuriates him. Rajiv and Mambo get into a big fight. Alisha and Rajiv leave with everyone accusing him of fighting with his friends. At Alisha's flat, Rajiv cannot think of anything else but how Payal loved him and let her go, and how after their break up, she still cared for him and the recent fight. Alisha gets insecure and keeps asking him to profess his love. He, imagining Alisha to be Payal, hugs her and says, "I love you, Payal." At the Farewell party of the college, Rajiv apologizes to Mambo with a thought that Mambo was planning to propose to Payal. He then realizes his mistake as Payal still loves him, and Mambo was her friend. Rajiv tries to apologize to Payal, but she doesn't listen to him. Rajiv then takes the mic and publicly apologizes to Payal. He tells her he loves her a lot, even though she might not believe him. Payal is still angry with him and tells him that doing a drama in front of everyone and proclaiming his love will not make her relent. Rajiv stands before her and gazes pleadingly into her eyes. Payal is convinced that Rajiv does love her and embraces him. Alisha comes there and finds Rajiv and Payal dancing on a slow tune. She apologizes to Payal for her behavior and wishes them good luck. The movie ends with Rajiv and Payal's dance. Cast Shahid Kapoor as Rajiv Mathur Amrita Rao as Payal Mehra Vishal Malhotra as Mambo Shenaz Treasury as Alisha Sahay Yash Tonk as Rocky Satish Shah as Mr. Mathur Upasna Singh as Kamlabai Neelima Azeem as Mrs. Mathur Vivek Vaswani as a Professor Omung Kumar as Host (Cameo) Box office According to Box Office India, movie collected approximately 122.63 million on a budget of 50 million. Awards 49th Filmfare Awards: Won Best Male Debut – Shahid Kapoor Nominated Best Supporting Actress – Shenaz Treasurywala Best Female Playback Singer – Alisha Chinai for "Chot Dil Pe Lagi" Soundtrack The music was composed by Anu Malik. Lyrics were penned by Sameer. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 1,200,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eleventh highest-selling. Track listing References External links / Shahid and Priyanka in Ishq Vishk sequel 2003 films 2000s Hindi-language films Indian films Indian coming-of-age films Films scored by Anu Malik Hindi films remade in other languages Disney India films

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered%20Sight

Shattered Sight

"Shattered Sight" is the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on December 7, 2014. In this episode Emma Swan and Elsa try to stop the Snow Queen, while flashbacks show Emma's past with the Snow Queen. Plot Opening sequence The Spell of Shattered Sight appears in the forest. Event chronology The Land Without Magic flashback with the Snow Queen in Boston takes place in 1982, immediately after "Smash the Mirror" and before "Best Laid Plans" and the Land Without Magic flashback where Emma moves into Ingrid's home takes place in 1999, the year after "Breaking Glass" and two years before "Tallahassee" and "There's No Place Like Home" (this story also takes place in the same year as "Lily"). The scene with Ingrid and Emma at the funfair takes place about six months after they began living together, between August 26 and September 1. Ingrid and her foster daughter visit a funfair together and the flashbacks where Ingrid tries to make Emma explore her magic powers take place a week later. The flashback where the Snow Queen arrives in Storybrooke takes place in 2001, the same year as "Tallahassee", "There's No Place Like Home", "The Heart of the Truest Believer", and "Save Henry" and several years before "Firebird". The Storybrooke flashback with Ingrid and Emma takes place in November 2011, between "The Price of Gold" (Emma is wearing her blue leather jacket, which arrives with the rest of her things in this episode), and "That Still Small Voice", where Emma becomes deputy sheriff (Emma is about to call Sheriff Graham to have him arrest Ingrid; if she was already a deputy, she would have the power to arrest Ingrid herself). The present day Storybrooke events take place after "Fall". In the Characters' Past Ingrid arrives in Boston in 1982. She finds a psychic shop; a Fortune Teller named Madame Faustina and tries to receive her fortune, only to learn that the "seer" is a charlatan. Enraged, Ingrid attempts to freeze her, but then discovers that she has no magic. She leaves, vowing to wait as long as it takes to find Emma Swan. In Richfield, Minnesota in 1999, Emma has just become one of Ingrid's foster children. Though Ingrid intervenes when one of her charges steals Emma's camera, Emma attempts to leave when the bully still demands the device. Ingrid encourages Emma to stay by telling her that her bully is afraid of spiders. The two bond in the short time and Ingrid files to adopt Emma. When a carnival claw machine sparks, Ingrid believes it proof of Emma's magical talent and attempts to test it by throwing the both of them in front of an oncoming car. However, this only has the effect of breaking their bond as Emma runs away. In 2001, Ingrid travels to Maine, where she unravels the prophecy scroll and finds herself in Storybrooke. In November 2011, when Emma wanders into Any Given Sundae, she recognizes its proprietor Sarah Fisher as Ingrid. Ingrid attempts to convince her of Henry's claims about magic were true, only to be met with denial and anger. Ingrid then removes all memories of herself from Emma into a memory stone, explaining why Emma doesn't remember her. In Storybrooke As everyone in Storybrooke begin to attack each other, fighting and riots break out across the town. At the sheriff's station Elsa, Emma, and Anna try to come up with a plan to stop Ingrid while at the same time deal with keeping Mary Margaret and David from each other's throats by separating them in different jail cells. As they leave Neal with Anna, Emma and Elsa confront Ingrid at "Any Given Sundae" where their powers cannot work on her due to the ribbons on them. This gives Emma an idea: to go the Vault and face Regina, who was sealed inside for her own safety. Meanwhile, the protection spell is causing Regina to believe that Emma trapped her inside, and as she sees herself in the mirror Regina changes her clothes to those she used to wear as the Evil Queen. When Emma and Elsa arrive and unseal the Vault, Regina uses her pyrokinetic powers against them and they shield themselves with the ribbons on their wrists; the ribbons free Emma and Elsa, and Emma uses her powers to stall Regina from going after them. Regina, believing that Emma went to the Sheriff's station, shows up there, only to set up a battle between her and Mary Margaret. Regina then makes Anna and Kristoff disappear, and they end up on the beachfront. As Kristoff argues with Anna, she trips her leg on a bottle. Anna picks up the bottle and hits Kristoff on his head knocking him out, allowing the letter that was inside the bottle to fall into Anna's hands. Anna then reads the letter and she races off to the Snow Queen's lair. At her lair, Ingrid proceeds to the next part of her plan where she restores the good memories of Emma and Elsa to them while stating that they do not have it in them to kill her. Anna then arrives with the letter (written by her mother) that revealed the truth of Ingrid and Helga being Elsa and Anna's maternal aunts, while stating that Arendelle deserved to know all about Ingrid and Helga. Ingrid then begins to attack Anna by choking her to death and manages to knock her down. Upon reading the note, a tearful and repentant Ingrid sees that Anna is right as she touches the memory stone which shows her memories of her sisters and begins to regret her actions. Ingrid then undoes the Spell of Shattered Sight by sacrificing her own life. Before she dies, Ingrid states that Emma has found her family and returns the lost memories of Emma and Elsa to them now that she has her own younger sisters' love. Ingrid then disappears to the afterlife where she is happy to join her beloved little sisters, Helga and Gerda, there. Meanwhile, Hook comes to see Gold about the chaos going on around Storybrooke, and Gold says that as long as he has his heart, he is immune to the curse. As Gold prepares to pack up and leave town, he tells Hook to grab Henry and meet him and Belle at the town line, since he will not use his magic to bring Henry to him. When he reached New York City, Gold would make sure they would never remember any what happened in Storybrooke but explain that the town was destroyed. Hook heads to the Mayor's office to see Henry and tells him to come with him. Henry, affected by the curse, calls Hook a dirty pirate and says he did not like him before and likes him less now that he's with his mother, Emma, and asks him to leave. Hook uses the potion that Gold gave him to break the spell and he heads in, but Henry has spread marbles all around and Hook goes down, allowing Henry to flee for his safety. Hook chases him but is confronted by Will, who initiates a fist-fight. Hook knocks out Will, but the delay allows Henry to escape. Thanks to Ingrid, the spell of shattered sight is finally broken; the shards turn into snow and Storybrooke returns to normal, including Regina and Mary Margaret, who immediately stop fighting and start laughing. Mary Margaret and David run up to Emma to hug her, while Henry runs to Regina and hugs both her and Emma. As Neal begins to wake up, David tells Mary Margaret to forget what happened under the curse, then the couple kiss. Finally, Gold checks on Belle as she is sleeping, when Hook arrived to the pawnshop and tells him Henry got away. Gold asks how he failed at kidnapping a child, only to have Hook respond to that answer by saying his heart wasn't in it. Since Gold knows that the Snow Queen's plan failed, he tells Hook it's his last day on earth. Hook makes a final request as a dying wish to leave Emma and the rest of Storybrooke intact. Gold says as long as Emma doesn't get in his way, she'll survive. He says once he steps over the line with his magic, they have nothing to fear from him – but says he can't make that promise for the rest of the world. Confident that he will go through with his plans, a smug but sinister Gold leaves the pawnshop to walk out into the fresh Storybrooke snowy air. Reception Reviews The episode received positive reviews. Hilary Busis of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review: "Phew! Season 4A's penultimate episode veered from campy fun to big-hearted earnestness and back again so quickly that I'm still feeling the aftereffects of whiplash." Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a positive review, rating it 4.5 out of 5. Amy Ratcliffe of IGN gave the episode a great review: "After moving slowly for the last couple of episodes, the Snow Queen's reign ended tonight. Her story ended beautifully, and it was a nice – if sad - turn for her to sacrifice herself rather than having Elsa and Emma take her down. Love once again conquered all, and Once works well when it hearkens back to that fairy tale truth." Ratcliffe gave the episode an 8.7 rating out of 10. References External links 2014 American television episodes Once Upon a Time (season 4) episodes

19834427

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanussen%20%281955%20film%29

Hanussen (1955 film)

Hanussen is a 1955 West German drama film directed by O. W. Fischer and Georg Marischka and starring Fischer and Liselotte Pulver It was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Hermann Warm. Cast O. W. Fischer as Erik Jan Hanussen Liselotte Pulver as Hilde Graf Theodor Danegger Maria Dominique as Grace Coligny Werner Finck as Der Sachverständige Klaus Kinski as Erik von Spazier a.k.a. Mirko Reinhard Kolldehoff as Biberger Rolf Kralovitz Walter Ladengast Margrit Läubli as Tanzgirl Ludwig Linkmann as Herr Scholz Siegfried Lowitz as Prosecutor Erni Mangold as Priscilla Pletzak Franz Muxeneder as Jaroslav Huber Helmut Qualtinger as Ernst Röhm Kai-Siegfried Seefeld (as Kai S. Seefeld) Hermann Speelmans as Maus Wastl Witt as Leopold Ebenseder References External links 1955 films 1955 drama films German drama films West German films German-language films Films set in 1931 Films set in 1932 Films set in 1933 German black-and-white films Films directed by O. W. Fischer Films directed by Georg Marischka Films about magic and magicians Films shot at Bavaria Studios

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranbah%2C%20New%20South%20Wales

Duranbah, New South Wales

Duranbah is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, in the Tweed Shire. Demographics In the , Duranbah recorded a population of 262 people, 50.4% female and 49.6% male. The median age of the Duranbah population was 36 years, 1 year below the national median of 37. 85.2% of people living in Duranbah were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.8%, New Zealand 2.3%, Scotland 1.1%, United States of America 1.1%, Indonesia 1.1%. 95% of people spoke only English at home. References Suburbs of Tweed Heads, New South Wales

40269378

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20Infinity

Tower Infinity

Cheongna City Tower, Tower Infinity or Ecoprism Tower is a tower to be constructed near the Incheon Airport just outside Seoul, South Korea. The tower is dubbed as the World's first invisible tower. The invisibility illusion will be achieved with a LED facade system. The tower is built primarily for leisure activities. The building will be spread over an area of . The Design by GDS got first prize in a National Design Competition sponsored by Korea Land and Housing Corporation. The South Korean government gave approval to build the tower in September 2013. Design Philosophy GDS won Korea Land Corporation's design competition in 2008 from 146 entries from 46 countries which aimed to find a new building to symbolize the position of South Korea. Instead of going after height they decided to come up with something innovative that symbolises Korea. Although height is not the selling point of the tower, the -tall tower, when completed, will be the sixth tallest tower in the world and will have the third highest observatory in the world. Invisibility The tower is intended to have the ability to "disappear". The tower will have high definition cameras placed at three different levels on all six sides of the tower. The cameras will acquire real time images. These images will be processed and will be stitched into a monolithic image that will be projected by three sets of 500 rows of LED screens to the other side of the building, all in real time. Three projections at different heights on all three sections are proposed. The pitch of the LED decides the sharpness of the image - the shorter the pitch, the sharper the image will be. Different levels of illumination are used to achieve different degrees of 'invisibility'. Because of the arrangement of the LED screens, the tower will appear invisible from only certain points distributed around the tower, ranging from areas near the tower to areas as far as Seoul Bridge, located about away. The screens will be so arranged that the tower will be visible from high altitudes, such as to airplanes and birds. Purpose Tower Infinity will be used primarily for entertainment and leisure purposes with a 4D theater, restaurants, a water park, landscaped gardens and the third-highest observation deck in the world. When the tower invisibility cloak is turned off the projectors may be used as a huge billboard for broadcasting special events and advertisements. The floor plan is open enabling people to look at multiple floors on ascent. The tower will also have a slow high capacity elevator that will stop at different heights, displaying real time views of other world monuments. References External links GDS website Illustrations o Ecoprism Buildings and structures in Incheon Buildings and structures under construction in South Korea

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Pacific%20Life%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles

2003 Pacific Life Open – Women's singles

Daniela Hantuchová was the defending champion but lost in the fourth round to Amanda Coetzer. Kim Clijsters won in the final 6–4, 7–5 against Lindsay Davenport. Seeds A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. All thirty-two seeds received a bye to the second round. Kim Clijsters (champion) Jennifer Capriati (semifinals) Daniela Hantuchová (fourth round) Lindsay Davenport (final) Amélie Mauresmo (quarterfinals) Jelena Dokić (second round) Anastasia Myskina (second round) Chanda Rubin (quarterfinals) Patty Schnyder (second round) Magdalena Maleeva (third round) Anna Pistolesi (second round) Eleni Daniilidou (third round) Elena Bovina (fourth round) Elena Dementieva (fourth round) Nathalie Dechy (fourth round) Amanda Coetzer (quarterfinals) Silvia Farina Elia (third round) Lisa Raymond (third round) Tatiana Panova (second round) Paola Suárez (second round) Ai Sugiyama (fourth round) Alexandra Stevenson (second round) Meghann Shaughnessy (fourth round) Clarisa Fernández (second round) Elena Likhovtseva (third round) Conchita Martínez (semifinals) Katarina Srebotnik (third round) Iva Majoli (second round) Tamarine Tanasugarn (third round) Laura Granville (second round) Francesca Schiavone (third round) Janette Husárová (second round) Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Bottom half Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Qualifying Qualifying seeds Qualifiers Qualifying draw First qualifier Second qualifier Third qualifier Fourth qualifier Fifth qualifier Sixth qualifier Seventh qualifier Eighth qualifier Ninth qualifier Tenth qualifier Eleventh qualifier Twelfth qualifier References External links Official results archive (ITF) Official results archive (WTA) 2003 Pacific Life Open Pacific Life Open

41189063

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/208P/McMillan

208P/McMillan

Comet McMillan or 208P/McMillan is a periodic comet with an orbital period of about 8.1 years. The comet belongs to the Jupiter family of comets. It last came to perihelion on 1 July 2016. Discovery The comet was discovered on 19 October 2008 by the American astronomer Robert S. McMillan. It then received the designation P/2008 U1. In December, S. Nakano link to this comet that was observed as early as in October 2000 and gave it the designation P/2000 S7. References External links JPL Simulation McMillan's profile by Seiichi Yoshida Orbital elements by Seiichi Yoshida Jupiter family of Comets Periodic comets 0208

42342043

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20King%20%28philatelist%29

Chris King (philatelist)

Christopher Miles Bertram King (born November 1948) is a British philatelist who in 2014 was elected to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists. King is a specialist in the philately of Scandinavia, particularly Schleswig. King is keeper of the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists and was President of the Royal Philatelic Society London in 2014. References 1948 births Living people British philatelists Presidents of the Royal Philatelic Society London Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists

36807748

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janeth%20Jepkosgei%20Shoe4Africa%20School

Janeth Jepkosgei Shoe4Africa School

The Janeth Jepkosgei Shoe4Africa School was officially opened on December 23, 2011 (see newscast on KTN News LINK). The school was formally registered with the Nandi District Office in Kapsabet and replaces an old school, built on neighboring land, formerly named as Kapsumbeiyo Primary School. The school was funded by Shoe4Africa to honor the world track and field 800m champion, and Olympic Silver medallist, Janeth Jepkosgei who had attended the former school in the 1990s. The school is a public primary, with eight classes from standard one to eight, thus was given to the community and the Kenyan Government as a gift from Shoe4Africa. The school is now run by an eight-person school management committee that is chaired by a former head teacher of the now-defunct Kapsumbeiyo school. Within days of opening, on January 3, 2012, the school had grown by 20% to 288 pupils (141 girls, 147 boys). See also Education in Kenya List of schools in Kenya 2011 establishments in Kenya Buildings and structures in Rift Valley Province Education in Rift Valley Province Educational institutions established in 2011 Nandi County Elementary and primary schools in Kenya

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20West%20Midlands

History of the West Midlands

The West Midlands region straddles the historic borders between the counties of Warwickshire (Birmingham and Coventry), Staffordshire in the north, and Worcestershire in the south. Economic history Coventry was one of England's most important cities during the Middle Ages, its prosperity built upon wool and cloth manufacture. Birmingham and Wolverhampton have a tradition of industry dating back to the 16th century when small metal-working industries developed. Birmingham was known for its manufacture of small arms, whereas Wolverhampton became a centre for lock manufacture and brass working. Birmingham and Coventry became important centres of the car industry from the early 20th century. The Austin car plant was built in 1905 at Longbridge, to the south of Birmingham, and gradually expanded over the next 75 years, but closed down in 2005 on the bankruptcy of MG Rover. Since 2007, part of the former Longbridge plant has been retained by new owners Nanjing Automobile for the production of MG Cars. Cars produced at the Longbridge plant included the Austin Seven (launched in 1922), the Mini (1959), BMC/BL 1100/1300 saloons and estates (1962) and Austin Metro (1980). Coventry became the centre of the British car industry, dominated by the Jaguar plant near Coundon, the Triumph plant at Canley, and the Rootes Group's Ryton plant just beyond the city's eastern boundary. However, the Canley plant was closed by British Leyland in 1980, followed more than 20 years later by the Jaguar plant, and finally the former Rootes plant (taken over by Peugeot at the end of the 1970s), meaning that there was virtually no vehicle production remaining in Coventry by 2007. Castle Bromwich Assembly was built in the late 1930s for the manufacture of Spitfire aircraft, which continued throughout World War II. Aircraft manufacturing at the plant continued until 1977, when it was sold to Jaguar for car production. The factory remains in use four decades later. Around the same time that the Castle Bromwich Assembly was built, the government built a shadow factory at Solihull, which produced aircraft for the war effort. After the war, the plant was taken over by Rover cars, who relocated from their Lode Lane plant in Coventry. The Land Rover, Britain's first four-wheel drive off-road vehicle, was first produced at the Solihull factory in 1948. The factory expanded and increased in productivity over the subsequent decades to allow for the production of Rover, Land Rover and more recently Jaguar cars. The coal and iron ore deposits of the Black Country area provided a ready source of raw material. The area grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, and by the 20th century had grown into one large conurbation. However, the Black Country's coal mining industry was in decline by the early 20th century and the last coal pit in the area, Baggeridge Colliery at Sedgley, closed in 1968. Heavy industry began to decline in the 1970s and 1980s, with towns including Bilston, Darlaston, Wednesbury, Tipton and Brierley Hill being hit particularly hard by factory closures. However, new lighter industry began to develop in some of these areas, with a large retail park developing in the north of Wednesbury during the 1990s and a light industrial estate being built in the south of the town. Brierley Hill became home to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, which developed between 1985 and 1990. Many of the former industrial sites in Tipton, however, have been mostly developed for new housing. Oldbury has retained a significant amount of manufacturing while also enjoying a significant growth in the retail sector, with a string of retail developments having appeared around the town since 1980. Coventry was slower to develop, but by the early 20th century had become an important centre for bicycle and car manufacture, soon becoming Britain's most important area for car manufacturing. The city's population soared during the interwar years as a result, and expansion continued after World War II, along with rebuilding following the city's severe wartime bomb damage. A number of factories were built in the city for the wartime effort, including a Daimler shadow plant in the north-west of the city, which was taken over by Jaguar in 1951 and remained the carmaker's main site until 2005, when the factory was closed and the company concentrated on its factories at Castle Bromwich near Birmingham and the Halewood plant (originally a Ford facility) near Liverpool. The Rootes Group, whose brands including Hillman, Singer and Sunbeam, opened a factory at Ryton to the east of the city at the start of World War II, and in peacetime it was converted for car production. Such was the success of the company in the postwar era that it opened another factory at Linwood in Scotland in 1963, just before its takeover by American carmaking giant Chrysler, but financial difficulties saw the company being taken over by French carmaker Peugeot in 1978. From 1986, the plant was used by Peugeot for production of its own cars after it discontinued the Talbot brand, but in December 2006 the plant was closed down, leaving the city with virtually no car industry remaining. The growth of the area in the 19th century, which attracted thousands of families from rural communities, led to extensive building of houses across the region. Many villages grew into towns, while others swallowed up neighbouring communities. However, this led to overpopulation in many areas, with a large percentage of the region's population living in unfit housing by the early 20th century. This led to the extensive construction of council housing, mostly on new suburban housing estates. Notable developments in the region during this era include Weoley Castle in Birmingham, Low Hill in Wolverhampton, the Priory Estate in Dudley, Friar Park in West Bromwich and Blakenall Heath in Walsall. The region suffered significant air raid damage by the Luftwaffe during World War II, with thousands of buildings damaged and people killed or seriously injured in Birmingham and Coventry, while there was a lesser degree of bomb damage in towns including Dudley, Tipton and West Bromwich. Several of the less densely populated areas, including Sedgley, Stourbridge and Halesowen, suffered little or no bomb damage. The rebuilding of the region continued after World War II. The region's first multi-storey flats were built in the 1950s, although these were mostly built in the larger towns where space for housebuilding was already very limited. Some of the region's population was rehoused in the new town of Telford in Shropshire which was developed mostly in the 1960s and 1970s, or in expanded towns like Redditch in Worcestershire. The largest housing development in the Midlands during the postwar era was the Castle Vale estate in Birmingham, which was dominated by multi-storey flats, with 34 blocks being built. Many inner city areas and town centres became less densely populated as a result of this continued regeneration of housing. The area also became connected to the new motorway network in the 1960s, with the M5 motorway terminating between Walsall and West Bromwich, and when completed it gave the region a direct link to areas in the south of England including Bristol and Exeter. The M6 motorway joined up with the M1 motorway to the south, giving the area a direct motorway link to London, and gave a direct motorway link to Liverpool and Manchester in the north. The M42 motorway was developed around the south of Birmingham to serve Birmingham Airport as well as nearby towns including Redditch, Bromsgrove and Tamworth, during the 1970s and 1980s. The M54 motorway, linking the area with Telford, was built around the same time. The M40 motorway was completed in January 1991, giving the area its second motorway link with London, as well as improving its links with the South Coast seaports of Southampton and Portsmouth, along with the university city of Oxford. In 2003, Britain's first toll motorway, the M6 Toll, opened, bypassing the West Midlands to the north. Sport The West Midlands also has a strong association with professional sport. Warwickshire CC, the highly successful county cricket team, is based at Edgbaston, Birmingham. Aston Villa, West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers were all founder members of the Football League in 1888, and were joined within a few years by Birmingham City and later a fifth team, Walsall. Aston Villa were the English league's most successful teams during its first 25 years, winning the league title and FA Cup on many occasions, as well as being the first winners of the Football League Cup in 1961, and one of several English teams to have won the European Cup when they lifted it in 1982. West Bromwich Albion were league champions in 1920 and had won the FA Cup five times by 1968, as well as the League Cup in 1966. Wolverhampton Wanderers enjoyed their most successful era during the 1950s, when they were league champions three times, and have also won a total of four FA Cups and two League Cups. Birmingham City have been less successful, their only two major trophies being two victories in the Football League Cup, while Walsall have yet to reach the top division of English football or win a major trophy. Civic history During the 20th century a number of attempts were made to improve the local government of the area. The West Midlands was one of five "Special Review Areas" named in the Local Government Act 1958. The Local Government Commission for England established by the Act was charged with: "the duty of reviewing the organisation of local government... and of making such proposals as are hereinafter authorised for effecting changes appearing... desirable in the interests of effective and convenient local government." The West Midlands Special Review Area was almost identical to the metropolitan county as created in 1974 (with the exception of the Meriden Gap and Coventry). The Commission's report lead to a substantial reform in the local government of the area in 1966 as the patchwork of county boroughs with municipal boroughs and urban districts in between was replaced by a core of county boroughs covering a contiguous area. The former Royal Borough of Sutton Coldfield was absorbed into Birmingham, while an expanded Wolverhampton borough took in Bilston, Wednesfield and Tettenhall as well as a large section of Coseley and smaller sections of areas including Sedgley. The Borough of Dudley was also expanded, taking in most of Sedgley and Brierley Hill as well as the southern section of Coseley. An expanded West Bromwich borough took in the bulk of Tipton and Wednesbury, while the Walsall borough was expanded to take in Darlaston and Willenhall. The County Borough of Warley was also created, centred on the former boroughs of Oldbury, Smethwick and Rowley Regis. On 1 October 1969, West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority was established, which covered the county boroughs, the urban districts bordering these, as well as Cannock, Redditch and some surrounding rural districts. The Redcliffe-Maud Report commissioned by Harold Wilson's Labour Party government recommended that a large "metropolitan area" be created around the Birmingham/Black Country conurbation, also including its rural hinterland. This was to have been divided into seven districts: Mid-Staffordshire (Tamworth, Rugeley, Lichfield, Cannock, Stafford), Wolverhampton, Walsall, Dudley, West Bromwich-Warley (later Sandwell), Birmingham/Solihull, North Worcestershire (Bewdley, Kidderminster, Bromsgrove, Redditch). In the event the Conservative government of Edward Heath was elected in 1970 and the original plans for local government reform were radically altered. The West Midlands county was created in 1974, under the Local Government Act of 1972. This area was based on the seven county boroughs and four other non-county boroughs and urban districts around the fringe of the conurbation – Aldridge-Brownhills, Halesowen, Stourbridge, and Sutton Coldfield. The area was divided into seven new metropolitan boroughs – Aldridge-Brownhills was added to Walsall; Halesowen and Stourbridge to Dudley and Sutton Coldfield to Birmingham. A new borough of Sandwell was formed by the merger of West Bromwich and Warley, Solihull took in much of the suburban fringe to the east of Birmingham and the gap between Solihull and Coventry, whilst Wolverhampton and Coventry were also included, with their boundaries very much the same as they had been since the 1966 reorgonisation. This led to (apart from in the east, with Coventry and the Meriden Gap) quite a tightly defined metropolitan border, excluding such places as Burntwood, Bromsgrove, Cannock, Kidderminster, Lichfield and Wombourne which had been considered for inclusion in the West Midlands metropolitan area by the Redcliffe-Maud Report, but excluding only a small amount that was considered part of the contiguous built-up area of the West Midlands conurbation in 2001. The inclusion of Coventry into the new county was at the time highly controversial, as many people felt that Coventry had more in common with the surrounding Warwickshire area then with the Birmingham conurbation. There have been calls for Coventry to be more integrated with the surrounding Warwickshire area – which to some extent have been heeded with the creation of a Coventry and Warwickshire NHS trust and a C&W chamber of commerce. The 1974 reform created a West Midlands County Council that covered the entire area and dealt with strategic issues. A new West Midlands Police service was formed covering the entire area, with the West Midlands Constabulary and Birmingham City Police abolished, and also taking over responsibility from the county forces. Margaret Thatcher's government abolished the metropolitan county councils with the Local Government Act 1985, in 1986, causing the seven metropolitan boroughs to become de facto unitary authorities. This move also saw the abolition of the Greater London Council as well as the metropolitan councils for Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Tyne and Wear, Humberside and Avon. External links History West Midlands Magazine West Midlands Culture in the West Midlands (region)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin%20Transit

Marin Transit

Marin Transit is a public bus agency in Marin County, California, in the United States. Originally formed in 1964 as Marin County Transit District (MCTD), Marin Transit was re-branded on 30 July 2007 and now provides a variety of fixed-route and demand-response services using contractors. History Marin Transit was formed by a vote of the people of Marin County in 1964 and was given the responsibility for providing local transit service within Marin County. It has since played a key role in providing local transit service within the county through various funding sources (Measure A Funds, State Transportation Development Act Funds, fares, property taxes and Federal Section 5311 rural transit funds). For a history of Marin Transit service in relation to Golden Gate Transit, click here. Fixed-route bus service Marin Transit serves all major cities, towns, and communities within Marin County except Muir Beach, Nicasio, and Peacock Gap (East San Rafael). Route information listed below is current as of 10 June 2018. See Golden Gate Transit for information on Regional and Commute bus routes serving Marin County, which have no affiliation with Marin Transit. Regular service Note: Italicized locations are served on select trips only. West Marin Stagecoach and Muir Woods Shuttle Supplemental service Supplemental routes operate on school days only. Demand-response service Marin Transit provides four services that do not operate on fixed routes, as well as ADA complementary paratransit. Marin Transit Connect Marin Transit Connect provides curb-to-curb service in northern San Rafael on weekdays. On-demand service is available by requesting a ride through the Marin Transit Connect app. Passengers without smartphones can schedule rides by calling a phone number. Dillon Beach/Tomales Dial-a-Ride The Dillon Beach/Tomales Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb service from Dillon Beach and Tomales to Petaluma by reservation only. Service operates on Wednesdays. Novato Dial-a-Ride The Novato Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb service within Novato by reservation only. Novato Dial-a-Ride, which replaced the EZ Rider service that served only portions of the city, supplements fixed-route bus service and operates to areas not served by buses, including Bahia, Bel Marin Keys, and Black Point. Service operates daily. Point Reyes Dial-a-Ride The Point Reyes Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb service from Point Reyes to Novato shopping destinations by reservation only. Service operates the second Monday of each month. Marin Access Complementary paratransit () service, as mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), is operated within Marin County using the Marin Access name. Service is available to eligible passengers by reservation only. Marin Transit supplements paratransit with the STAR and TRIP volunteer driver programs and Marin Catch-a-Ride program. Fleet As of 2020, Marin Transit owns a fleet of approximately 66 buses. Marin Transit also uses approximately eight buses owned by the National Park Service, Caltrans, MV Transportation, and Marin Airporter. These vehicles are not reflected in the table above. Fares All Marin Transit fixed-route fares and passes are also valid on Golden Gate Transit bus routes within Marin County. Fixed-route fares These fares do not apply to the Muir Woods Shuttle. See Muir Woods Shuttle fares in the following section. Notes: Up to two children ages 4 and under ride free with an adult. Transfers are issued free upon payment and are valid for one-way travel on all Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit routes within Marin County for 3 hours. Clipper automatically calculates transfers. School-based Youth Passes are available to students ages 5 through 18 from Marin County schools. Passes are available for $175.00 for 6 months and $325.00 for one year. Passes allow unlimited rides on all Marin Transit fixed routes (excluding Muir Woods Shuttle). However, unlike other Marin Transit fare media, the passes are not valid on any Golden Gate Transit bus routes. Muir Woods Shuttle fares Round-trip fares on the Muir Woods Shuttle are $3.00 for adults (ages 16 and over) and free for youths (ages 15 and under). No one-way fares are available. Marin Transit fare media and Clipper cards are not accepted. Fares must be purchased online prior to boarding. Demand-response fares Clipper cards are not accepted on any demand-response services. Marin Transit Connect fares are $4.00 per trip. The fare is $2.00 for Marin Access users, as well as for all trips to/from fixed-route bus stops. A $40 monthly pass is also available. See also Golden Gate Transit San Rafael Transit Center Notes Public transportation in Marin County, California Bus stations in Marin County, California Bus transportation in California San Rafael, California