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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole | Virus | IPV. rabies, , hepatitis A | null | null | null |
null | Protein based | Subunit: hepatitis B, parenteral influenza, acellular pertussis | Can be given to pregnant or | null | null |
Fractional | Polysacchari de based | -Toxoid: diphtheria, tetanus -Pure: pneumococcal, Hib, meningococcal -Conjugate: Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal | immunocompromised | null | null |
Diagnosis | HBsAg | HBV DNA | HBcAb (1gM) | HBcAb (lgG) | HbeAG |
Suspect to infection | - | null | - | - | . |
Acute | + | + | + | + | + |
Chronic > 6 months | + | + | . | + | +/- |
Past infection | - | . | - | + | . |
Coverage of S.aures and E coli | Coverage of MRSA | null | null | null | null |
- Ampicillin-sulbactam - Piperacillin- tazobactam | - Vancomycin - Linezolid | null | null | null | null |
Metronidazole + 3rd generation cephalosporin/ fluoroquinolone | null | null | null | null | null |
null | mm: Close contacts of active TB cases | null | null | null | null |
null | HIV-positive persons | null | null | null | null |
null | Abnormal chest x-ray consistent with old, healed TB | null | null | null | null |
null | Steroid use or organ transplantation recipients | null | null | null | null |
null | groups, High-risk | null | null | null | null |
210 | mm: healthcare workers, prisoners, nursing home residents; | null | null | null | null |
null | recent immigrants (within 5 years) from areas with a high prevalence; homeless | null | null | null | null |
null | patients; | null | null | null | null |
null | persons with immunocompromise, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, diabetics, dialysis patients, and injection drug users who are HIV-negative whose HIV status is unknown; | null | null | null | null |
null | children <4 years of age, | null | null | null | null |
null | infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults at high risk of TB. | null | null | null | null |
>15 | mm: Low-risk populations, i.e., not the people described above, i.e., people who should | null | null | null | null |
Causes of bilateral lower limb edema | Unilateral cause of lower limb edema | null | null | null | null |
1- CHF | 1- DVT | null | null | null | null |
2- Liver cirrhosis | 2- Cellulitis | null | null | null | null |
3- Nephrotic syndrome | 3- Erythema nodosum | null | null | null | null |
4- Drug reaction | 4- Trauma | null | null | null | null |
5- Graves disease | 5- Ruptured popliteal cyst | null | null | null | null |
null | 6- Gastrocnemius musculotendinous rupture | null | null | null | null |
pH | 7.50 | null | null | null | null |
pO2 | 85 mmHg | null | null | null | null |
pCO2 | 40mmHg | null | null | null | null |
HCO3 | 34 mEq/L. | null | null | null | null |
Answer: B | null | null | null | null | null |
Characteristics of hypernatremia | Features related to the characteristics of hypernatremia | null | null | null | null |
Cognitive dysfunction and symptoms associated with neuronal cell shrinkage | Lethargy, obtundation, confusion, abnormal speech, irritability, seizures, nystagmus, myoclonic jerks | null | null | null | null |
Dehydration or clinical signs of volume depletion | Orthostatic blood pressure changes, tachycardia, oliguria, dry oral mucosa, abnormal skin turgor, dry axillae, | null | null | null | null |
Other clinical findings | Weight loss, generalized weakness | null | null | null | null |
Causes of hypokalemia | Causes of hyperkalemia | null | null | null | null |
1. high insulin | 1. low insulin | null | null | null | null |
2. B agonist | 2. B blocker | null | null | null | null |
3. alkalosis | 3. acidosis | null | null | null | null |
4. high aldosterone | 4. low aldosterone | null | null | null | null |
5. low Mg | 5. lysis of tissue | null | null | null | null |
6. giving b12 | 6. digoxin | null | null | null | null |
7. diuretics | 7. high intake | null | null | null | null |
8. GIT loss | 8. pseudohypokalemia (hemolysis) | null | null | null | null |
null | 9. renal failure | null | null | null | null |
null | 10. K-sparing diuretics | null | null | null | null |
null | 11. NSAID | null | null | null | null |
Answer: D | null | null | null | null | null |
Difference of | acute renal failure vs chronic | renal failure | null | null | null |
null | Acute renal failure | Chronic renal failure | null | null | null |
History | Short (days to week) | Long (Month- years) | null | null | null |
Hemoglobin concentration | Normal | Low | null | null | null |
Renal size | Normal | Reduced | null | null | null |
Renal osteodystrophy | Absent | Present | null | null | null |
Peripheral neuropathy | Absent | Present | null | null | null |
Serum creatinine concentration | Acute reversible increase | Chronic irreversible | null | null | null |
null | Non-dihydropyridines | Dihydropyridines | null | null | null |
Drug | 1 Diltiazem | 1-Amlodipine | null | null | null |
null | 2-Verapamil | 2-Nifedipine 3-Felodipine | null | null | null |
Mechanism | Block smooth muscle + myocardial Ca channel >> slow AV conduction >> decrease HR >> vasodilation of coronary and peripheral vessls | Block smooth muscle Ca channels >> vasodilation of coronary and peripheral vessis | null | null | null |
Side effect | -Hypotension 2-bradycardia 3-ankle edema( most common) | 1-hypotension 2-reflex tachycardia 3-ankle edema( most common 4-flushing 5-gingival hypertrophy | null | null | null |
Contraindication | Bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, WPW syndrome , CHF | Hypotension, CHF, sever AS, liver failure | null | null | null |
null | Drug-induce renal failure | null | null | null | null |
Prerenal | Intrinsic | Postrenal | null | null | null |
1. Diuretics | 1. Radiocontrast dye | 1. Indinavir | null | null | null |
2. ACEI | 2. Aminoglycoside | 2. Acyclovir | null | null | null |
3. ARBS | 3. Foscarnet | 3. Sulfonamides | null | null | null |
4. NSAID | 4. Amphotericin | null | null | null | null |
5. Cyclosporine | 5. Penicillins | null | null | null | null |
6. Interferon | 6. Rifampin | null | null | null | null |
7. IL-2 | 7. Immunoglobins | null | null | null | null |
8. Tacrolimus | 8. Methotrexate | null | null | null | null |
null | 9. Lithium | null | null | null | null |
null | 10. Tetracycline | null | null | null | null |
null | 11. Phenytoin | null | null | null | null |
null | 12. Cimetidine | null | null | null | null |
null | 13. Cocaine | null | null | null | null |
null | 14. Mannitol | null | null | null | null |
null | 15. Statin | null | null | null | null |
null | 16. Cidofivor | null | null | null | null |
null | 17. Pentamidine | null | null | null | null |
Fatty cast seen | in patient with hyperlipiduria | null | null | null | null |
Cast | Significance | null | null | null | null |
Hyaline | Dehydration. These casts develop as an accumulation of the normal amount of tubular protein. They do not necessarily mean disease. | null | null | null | null |
Red cell | Glomerulonephritis | null | null | null | null |
Broad, waxy | Chronic renal failure | null | null | null | null |
Granular | Also called "dirty" or "muddy." They are associated with acute tubular necrosis and represent accumulated epithelial cells. | null | null | null | null |
White cell | nephritis, interstitial nephritis | null | null | null | null |
null | null | null | null | null | null |
null | Causes of | hyponatremia | null | null | null |
pseudohyponatremia | Hypervolemic hyponatremia | Hypovolemic hyponatremia | Euvolemic hyponatremia | null | null |
1-Hyperglycemia 2-Hyperlipidemia | 1- CHF. 2- Nephrotic syndrome and low albumin level. 3- Cirrhosis. 4- Renal | 1- - GIT: vomiting, diarrhea., gastric suction 2- Skin loss: burn, sweating, cystic fibrosis. | 1- - psychogenic polydipsia: 2- Hypothyroidism. 3- Diuretics. 4- ACE inhibitor. 5- Endurance | null | null |
null | insufficiency. | 3- Diuretics. | Exercise. | null | null |
null | null | 4- Renal Na loss. 5- Adrenal inhibitors (Addison disease). 6- ACE inhibitors. | 6- SIADH. | null | null |
Type | Types | of RTA | null | null | null |
null | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 4 | null | null |