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Islamia College University - wikipedia <H1> Islamia College University </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other colleges called Islamia College , see Islamia College ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Islamia College , Peshawar اسلامیہ کالج پشاور <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto in English </Th> <Td> O ' God , Increase my Knowledge Creating new leadership ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 1913 ; 105 years ago ( 1913 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academic affiliation </Th> <Td> Higher Education Commission of Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chancellor </Th> <Td> Governor of Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice-Chancellor </Th> <Td> Professor Dr. Habib Ahmad ( TI ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dean </Th> <Td> Five Deans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academic staff </Th> <Td> About 325 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Peshawar , Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan = 33 ° 59 ′ 58.5 '' N 71 ° 28 ′ 33.31 '' E  /  33.999583 ° N 71.4759194 ° E  / 33.999583 ; 71.4759194 Coordinates : 33 ° 59 ′ 58.5 '' N 71 ° 28 ′ 33.31 '' E  /  33.999583 ° N 71.4759194 ° E  / 33.999583 ; 71.4759194 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Campus </Th> <Td> Urban </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue , Maroon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.icp.edu.pk </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Islamia College , Peshawar ( Urdu : اسلامیہ کالج پشاور ‎ ) is a public research university located in midst of Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . </P> <P> Founded by the personal initiatives led by Sir S.A. Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel in 1913 , it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Pakistan , and its historical roots are traced from the culminating point of the Aligarh Movement . The university provides higher learning in arts , languages , humanities , social sciences and modern sciences . In 1950 , the University of Peshawar was founded as an offshoot of Islamia College Peshawar , with the later being associated to the university as a constituent college . Initially established as Islamia College , it was granted university status by the Government of Pakistan in 2008 ; the word college is retained in its title for preserving its historical roots . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Conception </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Quaid - e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's will </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Endowment </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Conception ( edit ) </H2> Aerial view of the college 's grounds . <P> When the new province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( previously N.W.F.P ) was formed in 1901 after its separation from the Punjab , there was only one college ( Edwardes College ) in whole province . This scarcity of quality educational institutions forced local youth to travel to faraway regions of the country ( British India ) in pursuit of higher education . This same lack of educational opportunities in the region motivated Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel to establish an institution that would not only cater the academic needs of the region but also produce leaders from the region . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> By 1909 , as the idea of a college in the province was taking shape in the minds of both Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos - Keppel , it was further strengthened by their visit to the Aligarh Muslim University the same year . Nawab Sahib asked the students , especially those from the N.W.F.P. who were studying there as to what were the problems they were facing there and how he could help them . The students told him that they needed a hostel . Nawab Sahib informed them that rather than building them a hostel at Aligarh , he would build them a college at Peshawar . </P> <P> Consequently , on April 12 , 1911 , Nawab Sahib arranged a meeting of like minded people in Peshawar at the residence of Abdul Karim , contractor at Peshawar city , which was attended by Arbab Ghulam Haider Khan Khalil of Tehkal , Habibullah Khan , Khushal Khan , Sethi Karim Bakhsh , Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum , Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan and others . Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum moved the motion for collection of contributions , which was instantly responded to by cash donations by all present. Mian Rahim Shah Kaka Khel donated cash at the meeting and promised to make a hostel for the students apart from the donation , which he did and still it stands in the campus as ' Rahim Shah Ward ' In addition to his instant cash donation , the Nawab of Dir promised further cash 5 lakh ropees and 5 kg gold besides four hundred trees . The Nawab of Amb , Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan also made a cash contribution of Rs. 100,000 on the request of Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to the cause . Subscriptions were also given by the Afridi Chiefs and leading religious elders . An example was set by Bibigul , widow of Khairullah Khan of Prang , who gave her ornaments on Jun 6 , 1911 as her subscription towards the college fund . </P> <P> Subsequently , a large plot of land was purchased for the college building from the Khalil ( Arbabs ) of Tehkal Rs. 1 , 50,000 / - from Nizam of Hyderabad was sent by Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah to Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum as donation for the college . Other chiefs and nobles of the North - West Frontier and Punjab , also made various donations . </P> <P> Haji Sahib of Turangzai , the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College . Haji Sahib agreed to the request , however , he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory . He was residing in tribal territory , which was outside British control , so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos - Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College . The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone . Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the ' Pokh ' Mosque of Tehkal . At the foundation stone laying ceremony , Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present , so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet ( Chadar ) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone . After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory . </P> <H3> Quaid - e-azam Muhammad ali jinnah 's Will ( edit ) </H3> <P> ... All my residuary estate including the corpus that may fall after the lapse of life interest or otherwise to be divided into three parts - and I bequeath one part to Aligarh University - one part to Islamia College Peshawar and one part to Sindh Madrassa of Karachi ... Quaid - e-Azam's Will , Bombay , May 30 , 1939 Addressing the students of the college on April 12 , 1948 , he said : `` Let me tell you that nothing is nearer to my heart than to have a great center of culture and learning in a place like Peshawar , a place from where the rays of knowledge and culture can spread throughout the Middle East and Central Asia . '' </P> <H2> Endowment ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the Board of Trustees , the College , which is spread over 300 acres of land , has 1089 Jaribs cultivable land in Harichand , Rai Killi and Tarnab , ( District Charsadda ) . In addition to this , there are 395 shops and flats in the Khyber Bazaar Peshawar and main bazaar Charsadda . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa portal </Li> <Li> Pakistan portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of universities in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Education in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Khyber Medical College </Li> <Li> University of Peshawar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Location and address of ICP '' . ICP location . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.icp.edu.pk/page.php?abc=201412080154134 . `` History of Islamia College University '' . History of Islamia College University . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamia College Peshawar University . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website of Islamia College , Peshawar </Li> <Li> Official website of University of Peshawar </Li> <Li> Islamia College </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamia_College_University&oldid=831431079 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Islamia College University </Li> <Li> Public universities in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Educational institutions established in 1913 </Li> <Li> 1913 establishments in India </Li> <Li> British colonial architecture </Li> <Li> British colonial architecture in India </Li> <Li> Colleges in Peshawar </Li> <Li> Universities and colleges in Peshawar </Li> <Li> Universities and colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox university with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Articles containing Urdu - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 15 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The foundation stone of Islamia College Peshawar was laid by

Who laid foundation stone of islamia college peshawar?

-4670733234538385897

City of New Orleans ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> City of New Orleans ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` City of New Orleans '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Steve Goodman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Steve Goodman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Would You Like to Learn to Dance ? '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Buddah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Steve Goodman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kris Kristofferson , Norbert Putnam </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` City of New Orleans '' is a folk song written by Steve Goodman ( and first recorded for Goodman 's self - titled 1971 album ) , describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad 's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms . </P> <P> Goodman got the idea while traveling on the Illinois Central line for a visit to his wife 's family . The song has been recorded by numerous artists both in the US and Europe , including two major hit versions : first by Arlo Guthrie in 1972 , and later by Willie Nelson in 1985 . </P> <P> An article in the September 2017 issue of Trains magazine chronicles the writing and recording of the song and includes a biographical sketch of Steve Goodman . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Arlo Guthrie version <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 1.2 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 1.3 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Willie Nelson version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Chart performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other versions </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Arlo Guthrie version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The City of New Orleans '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Arlo Guthrie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Hobo 's Lullaby </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Days Are Short '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Steve Goodman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lenny Waronker , John Pilla </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While at the Quiet Knight bar in Chicago , Goodman saw Arlo Guthrie , and asked to be allowed to play a song for him . Guthrie grudgingly agreed , on the condition that if Goodman bought him a beer , Guthrie would listen to him play for as long as it took to drink the beer . Goodman played `` City of New Orleans '' , which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it . The song was a hit for Guthrie on his 1972 album Hobo 's Lullaby , reaching # 4 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and # 18 on the Hot 100 chart ; it would prove to be Guthrie 's only top - 40 hit and one of only two he would have on the Hot 100 ( the other was a severely shortened and rearranged version of his magnum opus `` Alice 's Restaurant '' , which hit # 97 ) . </P> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1972 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Easy Listening </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1972 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Willie Nelson version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` City of New Orleans '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Willie Nelson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album City of New Orleans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Why Are You Pickin ' on Me '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Steve Goodman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chips Moman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Willie Nelson singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` City of New Orleans '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Seven Spanish Angels '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` City of New Orleans '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Seven Spanish Angels '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Steve Goodman won a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 for Willie Nelson 's version , which was included on Nelson 's 1984 album City of New Orleans . It reached # 1 on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the United States and the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . </P> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1984 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Country Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas ( You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band ) '' by Alabama </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single November 3 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` I 've Been Around Enough to Know '' by John Schneider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RPM Country Tracks number - one single November 10 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Joe Dassin recorded a French cover , titled Salut les amoureux ( `` Hello , lovers '' ) . </P> <P> Dutch singer Gerard Cox produced a version called ' t Is weer voorbij die mooie zomer ( The nice summer is over again ) in 1973 . </P> <P> John Denver recorded a version on his album All Aboard ! </P> <P> In a Shining Time Station Season 2 episode , Jingle , Jingle , Jingle , The Jukebox Band sing this song to celebrate their promotion of winning the slogan contest . </P> <P> Punk rock supergroup cover band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes released a version as a single in 2017 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of train songs </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , Craig . `` Writing of ' City of New Orleans ' '' . Trains 77 ( 9 ) : 34 - 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Central , Spotlight ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` '' Running Down the Road '' Arlo Guthrie LIVE ! at The Grunin Center `` . Medium . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arlo Guthrie Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 245 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Track of the Day : ' Salut Les Amoureux ' by Joe Dassin '' . The Atlantic . 2016 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Original lyrics at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 20 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Arlo Guthrie cover lyric version at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 21 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Classic Tracks : Arlo Guthrie 's `` City of New Orleans '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Arlo Guthrie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Restaurant ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Running Down the Road ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Alice 's Restaurant Soundtrack ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Washington County ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Hobo 's Lullaby ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Last of the Brooklyn Cowboys ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Arlo Guthrie ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Amigo ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> One Night ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Outlasting the Blues ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Power of Love ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Someday ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Son of the Wind ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Mystic Journey ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Woody 's 20 Grow Big Songs ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arlo ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Alice 's Restaurant : The Massacree Revisited ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Arlo Guthrie - Live in Sydney ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> In Times Like These ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Pete Seeger </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Together In Concert ( 1975 , live ) </Li> <Li> Precious Friend ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> More Together Again , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> More Together Again , Vol. 2 ( 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best of Arlo Guthrie ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> All Over the World ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Important songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Alice 's Restaurant '' </Li>

The song "City of New Orleans" was written by

Who wrote the song city of new orleans?

1117400623925969758

2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia <H1> 2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals site </Th> <Td> American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 2nd Final Four ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semifinalists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut Huskies ( 18th Final Four ) </Li> <Li> Stanford Cardinal ( 13th Final Four ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winning coach </Th> <Td> Dawn Staley ( 1st title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MOP </Th> <Td> A'ja Wilson ( South Carolina ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` 2016 </Td> <Td> 2018 '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2017 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday , March 17 to Sunday , April 2 , 2017 , with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas , Texas on March 31 and April 2 . This was the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday , rather than Sunday and Tuesday . South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship . </P> <P> Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues </Li> <Li> 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Automatic qualifiers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Tournament seeds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tournament records </Li> <Li> 4 Games <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Bridgeport Regional , Bridgeport , CT <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Bridgeport Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Oklahoma City Regional , Oklahoma City , OK <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Oklahoma City Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Lexington Regional , Lexington , KY <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Lexington Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Stockton Regional , Stockton , CA <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Stockton Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Final four <Ul> <Li> 5.1 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 National Semifinals </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 National Championship </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Final Four All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Record by conference </Li> <Li> 7 Media coverage <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Television <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Studio host and analysts </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Broadcast assignments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 . The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament . </P> <P> First and Second Rounds </P> <Ul> <Li> March 17 and 19 <Ul> <Li> Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) </Li> <Li> Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) </Li> <Li> Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) </Li> <Li> Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) </Li> <Li> Gill Coliseum , Corvallis , Oregon ( Host : Oregon State University ) </Li> <Li> Humphrey Coliseum , Mississippi State , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) </Li> <Li> Memorial Coliseum , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Xfinity Center , College Park , Maryland ( Host : University of Maryland ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> March 18 and 20 <Ul> <Li> Bramlage Coliseum , Manhattan , Kansas ( Host : Kansas State University ) </Li> <Li> Cameron Indoor Stadium , Durham , North Carolina ( Host : Duke University ) </Li> <Li> Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) </Li> <Li> Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) </Li> <Li> Hec Edmundson Pavilion , Seattle , Washington ( Host : University of Washington ) </Li> <Li> KFC Yum ! Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) </Li> <Li> Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> Watsco Center , Coral Gables , Florida , ( Host : University of Miami ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) </P> Bridgeport Oklahoma City Lexington Stockton Dallas 2017 NCAA Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) ( Hover over city to see link to arena ) <Ul> <Li> March 24 -- 27 <Ul> <Li> Bridgeport Regional , Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut ( Hosts : Fairfield University and University of Connecticut ) </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City Regional , Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Oklahoma ) </Li> <Li> Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Stockton Regional , Stockton Arena , Stockton , California ( Host : University of the Pacific ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) </P> <Ul> <Li> March 31 and April 2 <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ As the # 2 seed in their region , Stanford University was entitled to host the First and Second Round at Maples Pavilion but was unable to do so due to a scheduling conflict . As a result , hosting rights reverted to the next - highest seed in Stanford 's pod of four teams , # 7 Kansas State . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) </H2> Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format <P> Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 13 via ESPN . </P> <P> The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . </P> <P> A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . </P> <P> The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 . </P> <H3> Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Appearance </Th> <Th> Last bid </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 24th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> America East </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 29th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic 10 </Td> <Td> Dayton </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic Sun </Td> <Td> Florida Gulf Coast </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big 12 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big East </Td> <Td> Marquette </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Sky </Td> <Td> Montana State </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big South </Td> <Td> UNC Asheville </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 25th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big West </Td> <Td> Long Beach State </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonial </Td> <Td> Elon </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Never </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C - USA </Td> <Td> WKU </Td> <Td> 19th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horizon </Td> <Td> Green Bay </Td> <Td> 17th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivy </Td> <Td> Penn </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MAAC </Td> <Td> Quinnipiac </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MAC </Td> <Td> Toledo </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MEAC </Td> <Td> Hampton </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri Valley </Td> <Td> Drake </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mountain West </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northeast </Td> <Td> Robert Morris </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio Valley </Td> <Td> Belmont </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 31st </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patriot </Td> <Td> Bucknell </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 14th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> Chattanooga </Td> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southland </Td> <Td> Central Arkansas </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SWAC </Td> <Td> Texas Southern </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Never </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Summit </Td> <Td> Western Illinois </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sun Belt </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Coast </Td> <Td> Gonzaga </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WAC </Td> <Td> New Mexico State </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tournament seeds ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Bridgeport Regional -- Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut <Tr> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> School </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Berth type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> American </Td> <Td> 32 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Auto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> 27 -- 5 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> 30 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Auto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> Pac 12 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 8 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> 21 -- 11 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> Big 12 </Td> <Td>

The winner of the NCAA Women's Championship in 2017 was

Who won the ncaa women's championship last year 2017?

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is missing . Alice tries to console him , but the Mad Hatter remains sure of his family 's survival of the Attack of the Jabberwocky day . </P> <P> Believing finding the Hatter 's family is the only way to stop his deteriorating health , the White Queen sends Alice to consult Time himself and convince him to save the Hatter 's family in the past . The Queen cautions Alice that history will be destroyed if anyone sees their past or future self . Upon visiting Time 's palace , Alice finds the Chronosphere , an object that powers all time in Underland . </P> <P> After being told by Time that altering the past is impossible , Alice steals the Chronosphere and travels back in time , shortly after finding the exiled Red Queen , Iracebeth of Crims , is in the care of Time . The Red Queen urges Time to go after Alice . Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth 's coronation , where a younger Tarrant begins a mockery of the Red Queen when the royal crown does not fit on her abnormal head . This causes Iracebeth to melt down . Her father deems her inappropriate to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister Mirana , the White Queen . </P> <P> Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth and Mirana 's past that caused friction between the two , and she travels back in time again , hoping it will change Iracebeth 's ways and cease the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter 's family . Mirana ( as a young girl ) steals a tart from her mother and eats it . When confronted by their mother , Mirana lies about eating the tart , and Iracebeth is accused , causing her to run out of the castle in sadness . Alice sees her about to run into a clock , the event that deforms her head and personality . She is able to get the clock out of the way , but fails to change the past as Iracabeth trips and slams her head anyway . </P> <P> Alice is then confronted by a weakened Time , scolding her for putting all of time in danger . She runs into a nearby mirror back into the real world , where she wakes up in a mental hospital , diagnosed with female hysteria . By the help of her mother , she returns to Underland , where she travels to the Attack of the Jabberwocky and discovers that the Hatter 's family never died , but were captured by Iracebeth . Returning to the present , Alice discovers she is too late , and that the Hatter is at the brink of death . </P> <P> After Alice tearfully says that she believes him , Tarrant awakens and reforms back to his normal self . The Underlanders go to the Red Queen 's castle , where Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm . Iracebeth apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice , taking Mirana back to the day she lied about the tart . By the time Tarrant and Alice get there , Iracebeth and her past self see each other . Time becomes irrelevant , and Underland begins to freeze . Using the Chronosphere , Alice and the Hatter race back to the present , where Alice is able to place the Chronosphere back in its original place . </P> <P> With the Chronosphere stabilized , Underland reverts to normal . The Hatter reunites with his family . Mirana apologizes to Iracebeth for lying , and both of them make amends . Alice bids her friends farewell and returns to the real world where her mother refuses to return Alice 's ship over to Hamish , and the two set to travel the world together with their own company . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , the Mad Hatter <Ul> <Li> Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen <Ul> <Li> Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh </Li> <Li> Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . <Ul> <Li> Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sacha Baron Cohen as Time , a powerful Father Time - godlike human clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over of time in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle </Li> <Li> Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp , the Hatter 's father </Li> <Li> Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee </Li> <Li> Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh , Alice 's mother </Li> <Li> Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , now `` Lord Ascot '' following his father 's death </Li> <Li> Geraldine James as Lady Ascot , Hamish 's mother </Li> <Li> Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett , a cruel psychiatric doctor </Li> <Li> Ed Speleers as James Harcourt , an employee of the Ascots </Li> <Li> Richard Armitage as King Oleron , Iracebeth and Mirana 's father </Li> <Li> Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere , Iracebeth and Mirana 's mother </Li> <Li> Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot , Hamish 's wife </Li> <Li> Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp , the Hatter 's mother </Li> <Li> Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp <Ul> <Li> Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp </Li> <Li> Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp </Li> <Li> Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp </Li> <Li> Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp </Li> </Ul> <H3> Voice cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alan Rickman as Absolem , the Butterfly </Li> <Li> Stephen Fry as Cheshire , the Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit </Li> <Li> Timothy Spall as Bayard , the Bloodhound <Ul> <Li> Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun , the Dormouse </Li> <Li> Matt Vogel as Wilkins , Time 's long - suffering manservant . Toby Jones was originally announced in the role </Li> <Li> Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare </Li> <Li> Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty . John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character </Li> <Li> Meera Syal as Nobody </Li> <Li> Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish </Li> <Li> Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog </Li> <Li> Paul Hunter as the White Chess King , a chess piece </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Tall ships in Gloucester Docks for the filming of Alice Through the Looking Glass . August 2014 <P> The film was announced via Variety in December 2012 . Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted , Of being asked , Bobin has said that `` I just could n't pass it up '' , as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general . In July 2013 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter , with Mia Wasikowska 's return confirmed the following November . In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time . In May 2014 , Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp , the Mad Hatter 's father . In developing the character of `` Time '' , Bobin sought to avoid creating a `` straight - up bad guy '' , noting that it would be `` a bit dull '' , and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen . Instead , Bobin sought to make Time a `` Twit '' , further explaining that `` There 's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen '' , and adding that `` it was very much with Sacha in mind '' . </P> <P> Principal photography began on August 4 , 2014 , at Shepperton Studios . In August 2014 , filming took place in Gloucester Docks , which included the use of at least four historic ships : Kathleen and May , Irene , Excelsior , and the Earl of Pembroke , the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming . Principal photography ended on October 31 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Film score by Danny Elfman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 27 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Abbey Road Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Orchestral , pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 76 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Danny Elfman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Danny Elfman film scores chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Goosebumps 2015 </Td> <Td> Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Before I Wake 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Just Like Fire '' Released : April 15 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Alice '' Released : May 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Saving the Ship '' Released : May 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Looking Glass '' Released : June 1 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Truth '' Released : July 28 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Story of Time '' Released : August 7 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` The Red Queen '' Released : October 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` The Chronosphere '' Released : October 20 , 2016 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released on May 27 , 2016 , by Walt Disney Records . Pink recorded the song `` Just Like Fire '' for the film , and also covered Jefferson Airplane 's `` White Rabbit '' , only used in the film 's promotional material . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <P> All music composed by Danny Elfman . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Alice '' </Td> <Td> 6 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Saving the Ship '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Watching Time '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Looking Glass '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` To the Rescue '' </Td> <Td> 0 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Hatter House '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` The Red Queen '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` The Chronosphere '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Warning Hightopps '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Tea Time Forever '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Oceans of Time '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Hat Heartbreak '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Asylum Escape '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Hatter 's Deathbed '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Finding the

In the 1999 TV movie adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, the role of the Mouse is played by

Who plays the mouse in alice in wonderland?

-8432751606955067146

Acid rain - wikipedia <H1> Acid rain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Acid rain ( disambiguation ) . Processes involved in acid deposition ( note that only SO and NO play a significant role in acid rain ) . Acid clouds can grow on SO emissions from refineries , as seen here in Curaçao . <P> Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic , meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions ( low pH ) . It can have harmful effects on plants , aquatic animals and infrastructure . Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide , which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids . Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results . Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes , and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions . Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms , causing paint to peel , corrosion of steel structures such as bridges , and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 In the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Natural phenomena </Li> <Li> 3.2 Human activity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chemical processes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Gas phase chemistry </Li> <Li> 4.2 Chemistry in cloud droplets </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Acid deposition <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Wet deposition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Dry deposition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Adverse effects <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Surface waters and aquatic animals </Li> <Li> 6.2 Soils </Li> <Li> 6.3 Forests and other vegetation </Li> <Li> 6.4 Ocean acidification </Li> <Li> 6.5 Human health effects </Li> <Li> 6.6 Other adverse effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Affected areas </Li> <Li> 8 Prevention methods <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Technical solutions </Li> <Li> 8.2 International treaties </Li> <Li> 8.3 Emissions trading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition </H2> <P> `` Acid rain '' is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet ( rain , snow , sleet , fog , cloudwater , and dew ) and dry ( acidifying particles and gases ) acidic components . Distilled water , once carbon dioxide is removed , has a neutral pH of 7 . Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic , and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH , but usually no lower than 5.7 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid according to the following reaction : </P> <Dl> <Dd> H O ( l ) + C O ( g ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions : </P> <Dl> <Dd> H O ( l ) + H C O ( aq ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) + H O ( aq ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> However , unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH ( acidity level ) . A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acid deposition as an environmental issue ( discussed later in the article ) would include additional acids other than H C O . </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> The corrosive effect of polluted , acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn , who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles . Since the Industrial Revolution , emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased . In 1852 , Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester , England . </P> <P> Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853 , it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon . The term `` acid rain '' was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith . Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a `` dead '' lake . At first the main focus in research lay on local affects of acid rain . Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long - distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway . Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it . </P> <P> Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas . Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas downwind from them . These areas all burn sulfur - containing coal to generate heat and electricity . </P> <P> The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth , but has become more widespread . The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation . Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions , with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition ( simply because of their higher rainfall ) . An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia . </P> <H3> In the United States </H3> Since 1998 , Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus , such as this `` Chinese stele '' , with waterproof covers every winter , in order to protect them from corrosion caused by acid rain and acid snow <P> The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley . In 1972 , a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic . The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook . The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain . Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils . The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering . Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species . In 1980 , a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook , New Hampshire , and observed the change in species ' behaviors . There was a decrease in species diversity , an increase in community dominants , and a decrease in the food web complexity . </P> <P> In 1980 , the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act . This Act established an 18 - year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) . NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective . It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was , and to determine long - term trends , and established a network for dry deposition . It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems , historical buildings , monuments , and building materials . It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs . </P> <P> From the start , policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts , or to disparage those of their opponents . For the U.S. Government 's scientific enterprise , a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists , program managers and the public . </P> <P> In 1981 , the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain . President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US . Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's enforcement of anti-pollution regulation . In 1982 , US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board . Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain . In 1983 , the panel of scientists came up with a draft report , which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought . White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer 's suggestions of the report , which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain . The panelists revealed rejections against Singer 's positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April . In May 1983 , the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions . There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report . Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House 's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published . </P> <P> In 1991 , the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States . It reported that 5 % of New England Lakes were acidic , with sulfates being the most common problem . They noted that 2 % of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout , and 6 % of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow . Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems , nitrogen saturation , decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil , episodic acidification , regional haze , and damage to historical monuments . </P> <P> Meanwhile , in 1990 , the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act . Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides . Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO emissions from power plants . It was implemented in two phases . Phase I began in 1995 , and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide . One power plant in New England ( Merrimack ) was in Phase I. Four other plants ( Newington , Mount Tom , Brayton Point , and Salem Harbor ) were added under other provisions of the program . Phase II began in 2000 , and affects most of the power plants in the country . </P> <P> During the 1990s , research continued . On March 10 , 2005 , the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule ( CAIR ) . This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another . CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO and NO in the eastern United

Rain, sleet, or snow that contains a high concentration of acids is called

Rain sleet or snow that contains a high concentration of acids is called?

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Jack Skellington - wikipedia <H1> Jack Skellington </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jack Skellington </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Tim Burton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Chris Sarandon ( speaking ) Danny Elfman ( singing in film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jack Skellington is a character and the main protagonist of the 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Jack is the `` Pumpkin King '' of Halloween Town , a fantasy world based solely on the Halloween holiday . Jack is voiced by Chris Sarandon . Danny Elfman provided Jack 's singing voice in the film , although Sarandon has sung as Jack in subsequent productions . </P> <P> His overall appearance is a skeleton dressed in a black pin - striped suit and a bow tie that strongly resembles a black bat . Originally , his suit was meant to be completely black , but it blended with the background too well , so it was changed . At the beginning of the film , Jack makes his grand entrance by emerging out of a fire - breathing dragon - themed fountain . His last name is based on the word `` skeleton '' . He has a ghost dog named Zero for a pet , who has a small glowing nose that looks like a jack - o ' - lantern . He is adored by Sally , a rag doll created by Dr. Finklestein . The character is a popular design on bags , hats , clothing , umbrellas , belt buckles , pet collars and other items . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In The Nightmare Before Christmas </Li> <Li> 2 In video games <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Pumpkin King </Li> <Li> 2.2 The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge </Li> <Li> 2.3 Disney Universe </Li> <Li> 2.4 Kingdom Hearts series <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Kingdom Hearts </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Chain of Memories </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days </Li> <Li> 2.4. 4 Kingdom Hearts II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Disney Infinity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Attractions </Li> <Li> 4 Cameos </Li> <Li> 5 Toys </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> In the Nightmare Before Christmas ( edit ) </H2> See also : The Nightmare Before Christmas <P> Jack Skellington is the patron spirit of Halloween , portrayed as being on par with Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny within his own holiday . As a living skeleton , he is immortal and can remove parts of his body without harm , as is often demonstrated for comic relief . He is the most important of many Halloween spirits , with the implication that their job is to scare people in the real world on Halloween night . </P> <P> Jack , as the `` Pumpkin King '' and Master of ceremonies , is in charge of Halloween Town 's Halloween celebration . He is respected and even idolized by the other residents for his role , but he has grown weary of celebrating the same holiday endlessly and is depressed about it . The only one who understands Jack 's feelings is a lonely ragdoll named Sally . She overhears his singing monologue and feels she can relate to his situation . </P> <P> Jack discovers Christmas Town and decides that this new experience is what his life was missing . He makes preparations for his own Christmas celebration in Halloween Town and wants to impersonate Santa Claus in the real world . While his intentions are not malicious , Jack does not understand the true spirit of Christmas . Halloween Town plans to give the holidays a macabre make - over . Sally reveals to Jack a bad premonition , but Jack 's basic nature is impulsiveness . He does not seem to register contradictory information . By the end of the film , he notices Sally and her determination to help him . He proves that love can be a part of his nature by calling Sally his `` Dearest Friend '' , telling Sally that they were meant to be together , embracing his future with her and embracing her . </P> <P> Jack follows the formula of a tragic hero , because he begins the story at a lofty position . In spite of all his fame and talent , he yearns for another side of life . While a desire for completeness is not a flaw , his impulsiveness proves to be . He tends to be enthusiastic and inclusive , and his charisma is enough to sway every member of Halloween Town except Sally . His selfish decisions lead to the near destruction of Christmas and himself . The strength of Jack 's character is demonstrated by his will to correct his own mistakes . </P> <P> The official film soundtrack CD contains an epilogue not in the film , stating that `` many years later '' Santa returned to Halloween Town to visit Jack , where he discovered that Jack had `` four or five skeleton children at hand '' who play together in a xylophone band . </P> <H2> In video games ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The Nightmare Before Christmas : the Pumpkin King ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jack Skellington has been shown to have an extreme hatred for Oogie Boogie as was proven when he spoke of this plan to Lock , Shock , and Barrel , stating to `` leave that no account Oogie Boogie out of this ! '' He later finds out that Santa Claus and Sally have been kidnapped by the Boogie Man and are in his underground lair . While trying to save his friends , Jack manages to destroy Oogie and save Christmas . </P> <H3> The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's revenge ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tired of using the same old themes over and over on Halloween , Jack Skellington goes to Doctor Finkelstein , who gives him the Soul Robber , an invention that changes shape . Jack decided to leave Halloween Town to get new ideas for Halloween frights . When Jack comes back to town , he finds that Oogie Boogie has been resurrected . Now Jack has to set things right again . Jack dances , fights , and sings in this game to attack Oogie Boogie 's minions . Jack is portrayed as inept to some degree in this game . </P> <P> Chris Sarandon did both the speaking and singing voice for Jack in this game . </P> <H3> Disney universe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jack Skellington features in the Nightmare Before Christmas downloadable expansion pack which includes Jack Skellington , Sally , Oogie - Boogie , Dr. Finklestein and the Mayor as in - game playable costumes . The downloadable content can be bought from console stores ( e.g. the PlayStation Store ) . The package included the costumes of which some could be found in the downloaded level . Unlike the worlds originally in the game which all had 3 chapters , the Nightmare Before Christmas world only had 1 chapter called ' Halloween Graveyard ' . </P> <H3> Kingdom Hearts series ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jack Skellington appears in four installments of the Kingdom Hearts video game series . He inhabits the world of Halloween Town , where the evil Heartless threatens its denizens . The games ' main protagonists , Sora , Donald Duck and Goofy , befriend Jack and together they battle the Heartless , and also Oogie Boogie . In combat , Jack uses some of his scary powers with demonstrations of some magic , making him a formidable sorcerer . </P> <P> Chris Sarandon reprises his role for the English version , and Masachika Ichimura provides Jack 's Japanese voice . </P> Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) <P> Jack Skellington introduces himself to Sora , Goofy , and Donald Duck as the ruler of Halloween Town . Jack plans to use the heart that Finklestein created to control the seemingly docile Heartless to make a festival called `` Heartless Halloween '' so that Halloween can be frightening , but the idea fails when not only the first experiment cause the Heartless to go berserk , but Oogie Boogie steals the finished heart , and plans to use it to take over Halloween Town . At Oogie 's manor , Jack , Sora , and the gang confront him . After Oogie is defeated , Jack finds out that Oogie uses dark orbs as his source of life , which Oogie combines himself with his manor to become a giant boss . Once the gang defeats Oogie once again , and his manor crumbles , revealing Halloween Town 's keyhole . Jack is considerably shorter in this game than as he appeared in the movie , though he is still rather tall when compared to the game 's main protagonists . </P> Chain of memories ( edit ) <P> `` Created '' from Sora 's memories of Halloween Town , when Jack Skellington wanted to ask Doctor Finkelstein what happened when he sniffs the potion that can bring `` true memories '' , Heartless appeared . When Jack Skellington had found out that Oogie Boogie had stolen the Doc 's potion , he must stop him before Oogie drinks the whole potion . They fail to reach him before he does , but they defeat him , as Oogie becomes overwhelmed with fear as a side effect of the potion . Sora becomes worried about what will happen when he discovers his true memories , but Jack reassures him that fear is a sign of a strong heart . </P> Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 days ( edit ) <P> In this game , Roxas arrives at Halloween Town while Jack is in the middle of a brainstorming for Halloween . Jack is having trouble with thinking of things but gets inspiration when he sees Roxas leaving through a Dark Corridor . Time after time , Roxas ' adventures through Halloween Town inspire Jack to create such things as balloons filled with spiders , exploding frost pumpkins , and Halloween lanterns . When Roxas is sent to find the source of a terrible drop in heartless population , he finds the town overrun with monsters called Tentaclaws . After seeing Roxas defeating the source of the Tentaclaws , the cannibalistic Leechgrave , Jack invents a terrifying scarecrowish version of Roxas as his centerpiece for that Halloween . </P> Kingdom Hearts ii ( edit ) <P> Following the film loosely to some degree , out of reference , Jack tries to take Santa Claus 's place again . To that end , Jack asks Sora and gang to help him be Santa 's bodyguards . But after fighting the Heartless and Oogie Boogie , who has been resurrected by Maleficent , Santa explains to Jack that they each have a job to do with their respective holidays . Despite this , he begins to wear a Santa suit Sally sewed together for him . In the second trip to Halloween Town , Jack still wears the Santa suit , as he still longs to deliver Christmas presents and feels that it would be rude not to wear the suit Sally worked so hard on . Along with Sora and the gang , he helps defeat Doctor Finkelstein 's experiment , who stole Christmas presents from Santa in search of a heart . As a reward for all his hard work and assistance , Santa

In the stop-motion animated film "The Nightmare Before Christmas," the voice of Jack Skellington is provided by

Who plays jack skellington in nightmare before christmas?

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StarLink corn recall - wikipedia <H1> StarLink corn recall </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The StarLink corn recalls occurred in the autumn of 2000 , when over 300 food products were found to contain a genetically modified corn that had not been approved for human consumption . It was the first - ever recall of a genetically modified food . The anti-GMO activist coalition Genetically Engineered Food Alert , which detected and first reported the contamination , was critical of the FDA for not doing its job . The recall of Taco Bell - branded taco shells , manufactured by Kraft Foods and sold in supermarkets , was the most publicized of the recalls . One settlement resulted in $60 million going to Taco Bell franchisees for lost sales due to the damage to the Taco Bell brand . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 StarLink corn </Li> <Li> 2 Product recalls </Li> <Li> 3 Aventis recall / buyback </Li> <Li> 4 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 5 Later incidents </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> StarLink corn ( edit ) </H2> <P> StarLink is a genetically modified maize , containing two modifications : a gene for resistance to glufosinate , and a variant of the bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) protein called Cry9C . Cry9C had not been used in a GM crop prior to StarLink , causing heightened regulatory scrutiny . StarLink 's creator , Plant Genetic Systems , which later became Aventis CropScience during the time of the incident , had applied to the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to market StarLink for use in animal feed and in the human food supply . However , because the Cry9C protein lingers in the digestive system before breaking down , the EPA had concerns about its allergenicity , and PGS did not provide sufficient data to prove that Cry9C was not allergenic . As a result , PGS split its application into separate permits for use in food and use in animal feed only . StarLink was approved by the EPA for use in animal feed only in May 1998 . After the incident the company at first tried to get the application for human consumption approved , and then withdrew the product entirely from the market . </P> <P> The Garst Seed Company ( part of the Advanta group ) was licensed by Aventis to produce and sell StarLink seed in the US . </P> <H2> Product recalls ( edit ) </H2> A taco with a hard taco shell <P> In 2000 , Genetically Engineered Food Alert was launched by seven organizations ( Center for Food Safety , Friends of the Earth , Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy , National Environmental Trust , Organic Consumers Association , Pesticide Action Network North America , and The State PIRGs ) to lobby the FDA , Congress and companies to ban or stop using GMOs . One of their activities was testing food for the presence of GMOs via a lab called Genetic ID , the vice president of which was Jeffrey M. Smith . </P> <P> On September 18 , 2000 , Genetically Engineered Food Alert released a statement that Genetic ID had conducted tests on `` Taco Bell Home Originals '' brand taco shells , made by Kraft Foods that had been purchased in a grocery store near Washington , DC , and had detected StarLink ; the story was reported on by The Washington Post . Kraft distributed the Taco Bell - branded taco shells under a 1996 license agreement with Taco Bell . </P> <P> Kraft had bought the shells from a Sabritas plant in Mexicali which used flour supplied from an Azteca mill plant in Plainview , Texas . The Texas mill used flour from six states supplied by elevators that did not segregate their genetically modified and conventionally - grown corn at the time . Kraft also suspended production of the recalled products . `` All of us -- government , industry and the scientific community -- need to work on ways to prevent this kind of situation from ever happening again , '' said Betsy Holden , Kraft 's chief executive in September 2000 . She also stated that food safety and legal compliance were Kraft 's main priority . </P> <P> Safeway later announced it would recall its store brand taco shells at the recommendation of a consumer group on October 12 , 2000 . This was done as a precaution , and no StarLink was confirmed to be found in any of the products On October 13 and 14 , Mission Foods voluntary recalled about 300 products . On October 22 , 2000 it was reported that Kellogg 's had shut down a plant as a precaution because they could n't guarantee that StarLink corn flour had not been supplied to the plant . </P> <P> On October 26 , 2000 StarLink corn was reported to be found in Japan and South Korea . The market and distribution network for corn in the US was thrown into disarray through 2001 , as there were no existing means to segregate the grain ; the disarray eventually eased due to the Aventis ' testing and buyback program discussed below . </P> <H2> Aventis recall / buyback ( edit ) </H2> <P> In January 2001 under a written agreement with 17 US states , Aventis initiated a program called the StarLink Enhanced Stewardship ( SES ) program , under which StarLink corn , buffer corn , and any corn stored in grain elevators that had become mixed with StarLink , would be bought by Aventis and directed to animal feed and non-food industrial use ( e.g. ethanol production ) ; the program included free kits to test for StarLink , and covered costs of cleaning equipment , transport , and storage facilities , as well as increased transportation costs . Aventis estimated the cost would be between $100 million to $1 billion . </P> <P> It was estimated that due to grain mixing StarLink corn could have existed in more than 50 % of the US corn supply and that overall , the StarLink incident depressed the price of US corn about 7 % for about a year . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the recalls , 51 people reported adverse effects to the FDA ; these reports were reviewed by the US Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) , which determined that 28 of them were possibly related to StarLink . The CDC studied the blood of these 28 individuals and concluded there was no evidence the reactions these people experienced were associated with hypersensitivity to the StarLink Bt protein . </P> <P> The EPA was criticized by Joseph Mendelson III of the Center for Food Safety , who said `` Clearly they did n't do anything here until they became embarrassed . '' The EPA and Aventis were also criticized for statements at the time of the recall that indicated they had no idea such a thing would happen . `` If there has been a violation of our licensing process , then we would have a very great concern , '' was attributed to Stephen Johnson of the EPA . Margaret Gadsby of Aventis was quoted with her earlier statement `` We have difficulty imagining how our corn could end up in the human food supply . '' </P> <P> The registration for the StarLink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by Aventis in October 2000 . In February 2001 , it was announced that the president , general counsel , and vice president of market development for Aventis CropScience ( US ) , had been fired in response to the recall . </P> <P> In June 2001 Tricon Global Restaurants , 20 % owners of Taco Bell at the time , announced a $60 million settlement with some of the suppliers of the supermarket taco shells ; under the terms of the settlement they could not disclose the identity of suppliers . Tricon stated that the settlement would go to Taco Bell franchisees and Tricon would not receive any of it . Tricon also announced that it , along with the suppliers and franchisees , would initiate litigation against the parties responsible for StarLink entering the food chain . </P> <P> In September 2001 , a group of about 5,000 Taco Bell franchisees and a handful of taco shell suppliers brought a class - action lawsuit against Aventis , Garst Seed Co. ; Gruma Corp. , ( `` the largest producer and distributor of corn flour and tortillas in the United States ; and Azteca Milling seeking damages . This suit was voluntarily dismissed in December 2001 . </P> <P> In 2002 , Aventis , Garst , Kraft Foods , Azteca Foods , Azteca Milling , and Mission Foods settled a lawsuit brought by two people , and the grandmother of a third , who claimed to have had allergic reactions to StarLink , for $9 million . </P> <P> In 2002 , nongovernmental organizations claimed that aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn . The nations involved , Nicaragua , Honduras , El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid . </P> <P> In 2003 , farmers who did not plant StarLink who had suffered economic losses due to depressed corn prices following the StarLink recalls settled a class - action lawsuit against Aventis and Advanta for $100 million . </P> <P> GeneWatch UK and Greenpeace International set up the GM Contamination Register in 2005 citing these recalls as one of the `` highlights '' of the register . </P> <P> The US corn supply was monitored by the Federal Grain Inspection Service for the presence of the StarLink Bt proteins from 2001 until 2010 . </P> <H2> Later incidents ( edit ) </H2> <P> In August 2013 , StarLink corn was reported to be found again contaminating some foods in Saudi Arabia . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Genetically modified organism containment and escape </Li> <Li> Fair Packaging and Labeling Act ( US ) </Li> <Li> Genetically modified food controversies </Li> <Li> Regulation of the release of genetically modified organisms </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Pollack for the New York Times . September 23 , 2000 Kraft Recalls Taco Shells With Bioengineered Corn </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Staff , Cornell Cooperative Extension , 2002 . Genetically Engineered Foods : StarLink Corn in Taco Shells </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Department of Soil and Crop Sciences at Colorado State University , Page last updated March 11 , 2004 StarLink Corn </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Michael R. Taylor and Jody S. Tick of Resources for the Future , Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology . The StarLink Case : Issues for the Future </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` While EPA had no specific data to indicate that Cry9C was an allergen , the protein expressed in StarLink corn did exhibit certain characteristics ( i.e. relative heat stability and extended time to digestion ) that were common to known food allergens such as those found in peanuts , eggs , etc . EPA 's concern was that StarLink corn may be a human food allergen and in the absence of more definitive data , EPA has not made a decision whether or not to register the human food use . '' Staff , EPA . November 2000 Executive Summary : EPA Preliminary Evaluation of Information Contained in the October 25 , 2000 Submission from Aventis Cropscience </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plant Genetic Systems ( America ) Inc. : PP 7G4921 Federal Register Vol. 62 , No. 228 , November 26 , 1997 pp 63169 bottom of middle column - 63170 right column ; see especially p63169 top of right column </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marion Nestle . Safe Food : The Politics of Food Safety University of California Press , 2010 </Li>

The main issue behind Starlink corn is that

What is the main issue behind starlink corn?

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The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia <H1> The House of the Rising Sun </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . <P> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin and early versions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early folk and blues releases </Li> <Li> 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The Animals ' version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Recording and releases </Li> <Li> 2.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 2.3 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Frijid Pink version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Sales and certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Billboard Country Chart <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Jody Miller version </Li> <Li> 4.2 Geordie version </Li> <Li> 4.3 Thin Lizzy instrumental version </Li> <Li> 4.4 Dolly Parton version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Five Finger Death Punch version </Li> <Li> 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Possible real locations </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin and early versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . </P> <P> `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : </P> <P> There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun </P> <P> It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl </P> Great God , and I for one <P> The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . </P> <P> The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . </P> <H3> Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . </P> <P> In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . </P> <P> Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . </P> <H3> Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . </P> <P> I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . </P> <H2> The Animals ' version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Artwork for US release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Animals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Animals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia Graphophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional , arranged by Alan Price </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mickie Most </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Animals singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . </P> <P> The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . </P> <P> The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . </P> <H3> Recording and releases ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' </P> <P> As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun

The oldest recording of "House of the Rising Sun" is

Oldest recording of house of the rising sun?

-1106714590515566575

Grand Inquisitor - wikipedia <H1> Grand Inquisitor </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the inquisitorial office . For the Fyodor Dostoyevsky story , see The Grand Inquisitor . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Grand Inquisitor Inquisitor Generalis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> Monarch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> Tomás de Torquemada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1483 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Final holder </Th> <Td> Jerónimo Castillón y Salas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abolished </Th> <Td> 1820 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Grand Inquisitor ( Latin : Inquisitor Generalis , literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor ) was the lead official of the Inquisition . The title usually refers to the chief inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition , even after the reunification of the inquisitions . Secretaries - general of the Roman Inquisition were often styled as Grand Inquisitor but the role and functions were different . </P> <P> The most famous Inquisitor General was the Spanish Dominican Tomás de Torquemada , who spearheaded the Spanish Inquisition . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of Spanish Grand Inquisitors <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Separation of Inquisitions of Castile and Aragon <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Castile </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Aragon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Reunification of the Inquisitions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 External links </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of Spanish Grand inquisitors ( edit ) </H2> Tomás de Torquemada , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1483 -- 1498 ) Diego de Deza , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1498 -- 1507 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> From </Th> <Th> To </Th> <Th> Grand Inquisitor </Th> <Th> Other positions held </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1483 </Td> <Td> 1498 </Td> <Td> Tomás de Torquemada </Td> <Td> Prior of the Dominican Convent of Santa Cruz , Segovia , 1477 - 1498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1499 </Td> <Td> 1506 </Td> <Td> Diego de Deza Tavera </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Seville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1506 </Td> <Td> 1507 </Td> <Td> Diego Ramírez de Guzmán </Td> <Td> Bishop of Catania , Bishop of Lugo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Separation of Inquisitions of Castile and Aragon ( edit ) </H3> Castile ( edit ) Adrian of Utrecht , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1518 -- 1522 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> From </Th> <Th> To </Th> <Th> Grand Inquisitor </Th> <Th> Other positions held </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1507 </Td> <Td> 1517 </Td> <Td> Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros </Td> <Td> Cardinal , Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aragon ( edit ) Juan Pardo de Tavera , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1539 -- 1645 ) Fernando Niño de Guevara , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1600 -- 1602 ) Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana , Grand Inquisitor of Spain ( 1794 -- 1797 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> From </Th> <Th> To </Th> <Th> Grand Inquisitor </Th> <Th> Other positions held </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1507 </Td> <Td> 1513 </Td> <Td> Juan Enguera </Td> <Td> Bishop of Vich , Bishop of Lleida , Bishop of Tortosa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1513 </Td> <Td> 1516 </Td> <Td> Luis Mercader Escolano </Td> <Td> Bishop of Tortosa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1516 </Td> <Td> 1517 </Td> <Td> Adrian of Utrecht </Td> <Td> Cardinal priest of Ss . Giovanni e Paolo , Bishop of Tortosa </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Reunification of the inquisitions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> From </Th> <Th> To </Th> <Th> Grand Inquisitor </Th> <Th> Other positions held </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1518 </Td> <Td> 1522 </Td> <Td> Adrian of Utrecht </Td> <Td> Cardinal priest of Ss . Giovanni e Paolo , Bishop of Tortosa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1523 </Td> <Td> 1538 </Td> <Td> Alonso Manrique de Lara </Td> <Td> Bishop of Badajoz , Archbishop of Seville , Cardinal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1539 </Td> <Td> 1545 </Td> <Td> Juan Pardo de Tavera </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1546 </Td> <Td> 1546 </Td> <Td> García de Loaysa </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Seville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1547 </Td> <Td> 1566 </Td> <Td> Fernando de Valdés y Salas </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Seville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1566 </Td> <Td> 1572 </Td> <Td> Diego de Espinosa </Td> <Td> Bishop of Sigüenza , Bishop of Cuenca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1572 </Td> <Td> 1572 </Td> <Td> Pedro Ponce de León </Td> <Td> Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo , Bishop of Plasencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1573 </Td> <Td> 1594 </Td> <Td> Gaspar de Quiroga y Vela </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1595 </Td> <Td> 1595 </Td> <Td> Jerónimo Manrique de Lara </Td> <Td> Bishop of Cartagena , Bishop of Ávila </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1596 </Td> <Td> 1599 </Td> <Td> Pedro de Portocarrero </Td> <Td> Bishop of Calahorra , Bishop of Cuenca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1599 </Td> <Td> 1602 </Td> <Td> Fernando Niño de Guevara </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Seville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1602 </Td> <Td> 1602 </Td> <Td> Juan de Zúñiga Flores </Td> <Td> Bishop of Cartagena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1603 </Td> <Td> 1608 </Td> <Td> Juan Bautista de Acevedo </Td> <Td> Bishop of Valladolid , Patriarch of the Indias </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1608 </Td> <Td> 1618 </Td> <Td> Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1619 </Td> <Td> 1621 </Td> <Td> Luis de Aliaga Martínez </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1622 </Td> <Td> 1626 </Td> <Td> Andrés Pacheco </Td> <Td> Bishop of Cuenca , Patriarch of the Indias </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1627 </Td> <Td> 1632 </Td> <Td> Antonio de Zapata Cisneros </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Burgos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1632 </Td> <Td> 1643 </Td> <Td> Antonio de Sotomayor </Td> <Td> Prior of Santo Domingo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1643 </Td> <Td> 1665 </Td> <Td> Diego de Arce y Reinoso </Td> <Td> Bishop of Tuy , Bishop of Avila , Bishop of Palencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1665 </Td> <Td> 1665 </Td> <Td> Pascual de Aragón </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1666 </Td> <Td> 1669 </Td> <Td> Juan Everardo Nithard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1669 </Td> <Td> 1695 </Td> <Td> Diego Sarmiento de Valladares </Td> <Td> Bishop of Oviedo , Bishop of Plasencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1695 </Td> <Td> 1699 </Td> <Td> Juan Tomás de Rocaberti </Td> <Td> Prior of Santo Domingo , Archbishop of Valencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1699 </Td> <Td> 1699 </Td> <Td> Alonso Fernández de Córdoba y Aguilar </Td> <Td> Appointed Grand Inquisitor , but died before he could assume this office . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1699 </Td> <Td> 1705 </Td> <Td> Baltasar de Mendoza y Sandoval </Td> <Td> Bishop of Segovia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1705 </Td> <Td> 1709 </Td> <Td> Vidal Marín del Campo </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Burgos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1709 </Td> <Td> 1710 </Td> <Td> Antonio Ibáñez de Riva Herrera </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Zaragoza , Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1711 </Td> <Td> 1716 </Td> <Td> Francesco del Giudice </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Monreale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1715 </Td> <Td> 1715 </Td> <Td> Felipe Antonio Gil de Taboada </Td> <Td> Commissioned as Grand Inquisitor but did not serve . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1717 </Td> <Td> 1717 </Td> <Td> José de Molines </Td> <Td> Proclaimed in Rome , but detained by Austrians and died without serving . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1718 </Td> <Td> 1718 </Td> <Td> Felipe de Arcemendi </Td> <Td> Died without serving . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1720 </Td> <Td> 1720 </Td> <Td> Diego de Astorga y Céspedes </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1720 </Td> <Td> 1733 </Td> <Td> Juan de Camargo y Angulo </Td> <Td> Bishop of Pamplona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1733 </Td> <Td> 1740 </Td> <Td> Andrés de Orbe y Larreategui </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Valencia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1742 </Td> <Td> 1746 </Td> <Td> Manuel Isidro Orozco Manrique de Lara </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Santiago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1746 </Td> <Td> 1755 </Td> <Td> Francisco Pérez de Prado </Td> <Td> Bishop of Teruel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1755 </Td> <Td> 1774 </Td> <Td> Manuel Quintano Bonifaz </Td> <Td> Titular Archbishop of Farsala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1775 </Td> <Td> 1783 </Td> <Td> Felipe Beltrán Serrano </Td> <Td> Bishop of Salamanca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1784 </Td> <Td> 1793 </Td> <Td> Agustín Rubin de Ceballos </Td> <Td> Bishop of Jaén </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1793 </Td> <Td> 1794 </Td> <Td> Manuel Abad y Lasierra </Td> <Td> Titular Archbishop of Selymbria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1794 </Td> <Td> 1797 </Td> <Td> Francisco Antonio Lorenzana y Butrón </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Toledo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 </Td> <Td> 1808 </Td> <Td> Ramón José de Arce y Rebollar </Td> <Td> Archbishop of Burgos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1808 </Td> <Td> 1814 </Td> <Td> Abolition of the Inquisition </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1814 </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Francisco Javier Mier Campillo </Td> <Td> Bishop of Almería </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez </Td> <Td> Titular Archbishop of Heraclea ( position rejected by himself ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> 1820 </Td> <Td> Gerónimo Castillón y Salas </Td> <Td> Bishop of Tarazona </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ( in Spanish ) Council of Inquisition : List of Grand Inquisitors </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Appendix 2 to Henry Charles Lea 's A History of the Inquisition of Spain </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biografía de Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 1038394708 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Inquisitor&oldid=817711728 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Spanish Inquisition </Li> <Li> Inquisitors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Latin - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Spanish - language external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> 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The head of the Spanish Inquisition was

Who was the head of the spanish inquisition?

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Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) - Wikipedia <H1> Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Peter Pan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> North American theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> P.J. Hogan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lucy Fisher </Li> <Li> Douglas Wick </Li> <Li> Patrick McCormick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> P.J. Hogan </Li> <Li> Michael Goldenberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Peter and Wendy by J.M. Barrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jason Isaacs </Li> <Li> Jeremy Sumpter </Li> <Li> Rachel Hurd - Wood </Li> <Li> Olivia Williams </Li> <Li> Lynn Redgrave </Li> <Li> Ludivine Sagnier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> James Newton Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Donald McAlpine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Garth Craven </Li> <Li> Michael Kahn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revolution Studios </Li> <Li> Red Wagon Entertainment </Li> <Li> Allied Stars Ltd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North America : </Li> <Li> Universal Pictures </Li> <Li> International and North American television : </Li> <Li> Columbia Pictures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 22 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 22 ) ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> 24 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 24 ) ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 25 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 25 ) ( US / Canada ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 113 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $130.6 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $122 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Peter Pan is a 2003 fantasy adventure film released by Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and Revolution Studios . It was the first authorised and faithful film or television adaptation of J.M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up in half a century , after Disney 's version in 1953 . P.J. Hogan directed a screenplay co-written with Michael Goldenberg which is based on the play and novel by J.M. Barrie . Jason Isaacs plays the dual roles of Captain Hook and George Darling , Olivia Williams plays Mrs. Darling , while Jeremy Sumpter plays Peter Pan , Rachel Hurd - Wood plays Wendy Darling , and Ludivine Sagnier plays Tinker Bell . Lynn Redgrave plays a supporting role as Aunt Millicent , a new character created for the film . </P> <P> Contrary to the traditional stage casting , the film featured a young boy in the title role . Since the first stage production of the story , the title role has usually been played by a woman , a tradition followed in the first film adaptation . Two subsequent animated adaptations have featured a male voice actor as Peter Pan , and a Soviet live - action film adaptation for television cast a boy to play the role . This film was the first live - action theatrical release with a boy playing the part . The casting of a single actor to play both George Darling and Captain Hook follows a tradition also begun in the first staging of the play . </P> <P> Peter Pan received positive reviews from critics , and grossed $48.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $122 million worldwide from a $130.6 million budget . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Deleted epilogue </Li> <Li> 5 Merchandise </Li> <Li> 6 Release </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 7.2 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films </Li> <Li> 8.2 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards </Li> <Li> 8.3 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards </Li> <Li> 8.4 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards </Li> <Li> 8.5 Visual Effects Society Awards </Li> <Li> 8.6 Young Artist Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the nursery of the Darling household located in Edwardian era London , Wendy Darling tells her younger brothers John and Michael the story of Cinderella , who went to the ball and found herself surrounded by pirates . Life is disrupted when their Aunt Millicent arrives to visit . Judging Wendy to be an `` almost '' full - grown woman , Aunt Millicent advises Mr. and Mrs. Darling to think of Wendy 's future , saying that Wendy should spend less time in the nursery , and more time with herself , to become a grown woman . The very idea frightens the children . </P> <P> At school , Wendy daydreams about having seen Peter in the night , and , after being caught with a drawing of him over her bed , is in trouble with the teacher , who sends a letter by a boy messenger to Wendy 's father at the bank , and as she tries to stop him , along with the family 's `` nurse '' dog Nana , embarrasses her father in front of his superiors . As a punishment , Mr. Darling chains Nana outside and declares it time for Wendy to grow up . Peter visits the nursery again looking for his shadow , which Nana had bitten off , and introduces himself . After being acquainted , Wendy sews his shadow back on and is enchanted by Peter 's ability to fly and his description of Neverland and how nicely he talks about girls . She asks Peter if she can kiss him , but because he does not know what a kiss is , ends up giving him a thimble instead . He returns the `` kiss '' by plucking an acorn from his shirt and giving it to her . Peter invites her to tell stories to his gang of Lost Boys . She asks to bring her brothers , John and Michael , to which Peter agrees . He grabs Tinker Bell and shakes fairy dust on the children and tells them to think of happy thoughts . Nana , having escaped her chain , leads Mr. and Mrs. Darling back home from a party , but they arrive too late to stop the children . </P> <P> The children fly over London and then to Neverland . They observe Captain Hook 's ( Isaacs ) ship from a cloud . The pirates spot them and attack with their cannons . One knocks Wendy far away and the other causes Michael and John to fall towards the island below . Peter tells Tinker Bell to find Wendy while he takes care of Hook . But Tinker Bell reaches the hideout as Wendy is still falling from the sky , and out of jealousy , tricks the Lost Boys into shooting Wendy with an arrow . The boys learn the truth and confess to Peter but Wendy is revealed not to have been killed as the arrow hit the acorn necklace hung around her neck . Angry , Peter banishes Tinker Bell and ends their friendship . When Wendy finally awakens she finds the Lost Boys on their knees begging her to be their mother , which she accepts . They blindfold her and lead her to their hideout , and she finally realises her brothers are missing . Michael and John stumble across the crocodile that ate Hook 's hand then encounter the Native American princess Tiger Lily ( Carsen Gray ) . All three are then captured by Hook and taken to the Black Castle to use as bait for Peter Pan . Wendy and Peter visit the mermaids ' lagoon to ask the dark and mysterious creatures to help in locating John and Michael , and learn that Hook has her brothers . Peter and Hook engage in a duel but it is stopped when the ticking crocodile arrives and tries to eat Hook , allowing the children to all escape . </P> <P> That night , after a celebration at the Native American camp , Peter shows Wendy the fairies ' home and the two share a dance . Hook spies on the two and soon comes across Tinker Bell , who is still hurt and upset from being banished , and charms her into telling him more about Peter and Wendy . Peter becomes upset with Wendy after she tries to get him to express his feelings and that he will never love and never grow up , and tells her to go home and grow up if she 's not happy . Wendy , hurt , leaves to be alone . Hook has the sleeping Wendy carried to his ship . There , he entices her to become a pirate but sends a spy to follow her to the Lost Boys ' underground hideout afterwards . Wendy soon comes to her senses and tells her brothers that the three of them will be going home , which upsets Peter . The Lost Boys ask if they can go too , upsetting Peter even more . Wendy tries to say goodbye to Peter but he turns away in sadness . She leaves him a cup of `` medicine '' and tells him not to forget to take it . </P> <P> The pirates capture the boys outside and Hook goes down into the tree and puts a drop of poison in Peter 's medicine . He is about to drink the medicine , but Tinker Bell intervenes and drinks the poison herself . Peter telepathically reaches out to children sleeping around the world , the Darlings , Aunt Millicent , the Lost Boys , and even the pirates to assert their belief in fairies , which brings Tinker Bell back to life . </P> <P> Peter and Tinker Bell save Wendy and the boys from walking the plank by making the pirates think the crocodile is on board , and a battle soon breaks out . Hook sprinkles himself with Tinker Bell 's fairy dust and fights Peter in a duel while flying . Hook taunts him about Wendy abandoning him and forgetting all about him when she grows up . Weakened by those thoughts and unable to fight , Peter gives in to his inevitable death . Seeing this as goodbye , Wendy gives Peter her hidden kiss , which gives him the strength to recover . Peter reengages Hook , who loses his confidence and falls into the waiting jaws of the crocodile . </P> <P> With the ship covered in fairy dust , Peter flies Wendy and the boys back to London . Mr. and Mrs. Darling are overjoyed at the return of their children , and adopt the Lost Boys . Slightly , who got lost on the way to London and arrives at the house too late , is adopted by the lonely Aunt Millicent . Peter promises never to forget Wendy and to return someday before heading back to Neverland with Tinker Bell . According to the adult

The movie Peter Pan was released in

When did the movie peter pan come out?

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Filipino American History Month - wikipedia <H1> Filipino American History Month </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Filipino American History Month </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Filipino American History Month </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Secular , heritage , cultural , ethnic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> Celebration of Filipino American history </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Begins </Th> <Td> 1 October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ends </Th> <Td> 31 October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Filipino - American Friendship Day Asian Pacific American Heritage Month </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Filipino American History Month ( also known as FAHM ) is celebrated in the United States during the month of October . The Filipino American National Historical Society established Filipino American History Month in the year 1988 . In California and Hawaii , where a large number of Filipino Americans reside , Filipino American History Month is widely celebrated . Many Filipino American organizations in these states often initiate their own independent celebrations . </P> <P> October was chosen to celebrate month to commemorate the arrival of the first Filipinos who landed in what is now Morro Bay , California on October 18 , 1587 . It is also the birth month of Filipino American labor leader Larry Itliong . </P> <P> This month is also officially recognized by the California Department of Education . 2006 was a pivotal year as it marked the centennial celebration of Filipino migration to the United States . </P> <P> While some used the term Filipino American Heritage Month interchangeably with Filipino American History Month , the Filipino American National Historical Society cites that the month should be properly focused on `` history '' instead of `` heritage '' . Whereas history includes the events , experiences , and lives of people and their impact on society , `` heritage '' is solely about cultural traditions handed down from the past . </P> <H2> California ( edit ) </H2> <P> In California , Filipino American History Month was first recognized statewide in 2006 , when the California Department of Education placed it on its celebrations calendar . In 2009 , California State Senator Leland Yee introduced a resolution , which was passed , that recognizes October as Filipino American History Month . It passed the California State Assembly and was submitted to the California Secretary of State . </P> <H2> Nationally ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the 103rd Congress , a resolution to nationally recognize Filipino American History Month was introduced . The House of the 111th Congress introduced a House Resolution 155 ( H. RES. 155 ) to officially recognize this month for Filipinos . In October 2009 , the Senate of the 111th Congress passed a resolution recognizing Filipino American History Month . In November 2009 , Congress passed the resolution ( H. RES. 780 ) , officially recognizing October as Filipino American History Month . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodney Jay C. Salinas ( 2002 ) . `` facts on filipino - american history '' . Filipino American Student Association . College of William & Mary . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Dayton ( 2012 ) . `` Filipino American History Month '' ( PDF ) . Governor of Minnesota . State of Minnesota . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nadal , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Filipino American Psychology : A Handbook of Theory , Research , and Clinical Practice . John Wiley & Sons . p. 27 . ISBN 9781118019771 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Filipino Culture '' . Office of Campus Activities . Catholic University of America . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/filipino-american-history-425-years-and-counting </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.capradio.org/articles/2015/07/06/california-to-recognize-filipino-american-larry-itliong-on-oct-25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calendar of Events - CalEdFacts '' . Resources . California Department of Education . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Case resolution marks centennial of Filipino immigration '' . KPUA . Associated Press . 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Escobar Cantiveros , Rodolfo ( 2006 ) . `` The Filipino Journal '' . Filipino Journal . 20 ( 21 ) . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susan Enright ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` October is Filipino American Heritage Month at UH Hilo '' . University of Hawaiʻi News . University of Hawaiʻi . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/FANHSnatl/photos/a.410893116719.190805.63311616719/10154865064441720/?type=3&theater </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calendar of Events - 2006 - Fact Book ( CA Dept of Education ) Archived September 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` California Senate Passes Filipino American History Month Legislation '' . The Virginian - Pilot . 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SCR 48 ( Yee ) '' . TotalCapitol.com , LLC. 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 48 '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Counsel . State of California . 25 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.J. RES. 141 '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . 9 March 1993 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. RES. 155 - Recognizing Filipino American Heritage Month and celebrating the heritage and culture of Filipino Americans and their immense contributions to the Nation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S. Res. 298 - A resolution recognizing Filipino American History Month in October 2009 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H. Res. 780 - Recognizing the celebration of Filipino American History Month in October '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . 2 November 2009 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodel Rodis ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Filipino American History Month '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) </Li> <Li> Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) </Li> <Li> Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) </Li> <Li> Kansas Day ( KS ) </Li> <Li> Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) </Li> <Li> Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January -- February </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February American Heart Month Black History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Valentine 's Day </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Georgia Day ( GA ) </Li> <Li> Groundhog Day </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) </Li> <Li> National Girls and Women in Sports Day </Li> <Li> National Freedom Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Primary Election Day ( WI ) </Li> <Li> Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) </Li> <Li> Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February -- March </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mardi Gras </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ash Wednesday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Super Tuesday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Spring break ( week ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) </Li> <Li> Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) </Li> <Li> Holi ( NY , religious ) </Li> <Li> Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) </Li> <Li> Maryland Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Seward 's Day ( AK ) </Li> <Li> Texas Independence Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Town Meeting Day ( VT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March -- April </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Palm Sunday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Passover ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) </Li> <Li> Easter Monday ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> April Confederate History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 420 Day </Li> <Li> April Fools ' Day </Li> <Li> Arbor Day </Li> <Li> Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) </Li> <Li> Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) </Li> <Li> Earth Day </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day ( DC ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) </Li> <Li> Pascua Florida ( FL ) </Li> <Li> Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Siblings Day </Li> <Li> Walpurgis Night ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Mother 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Cinco de Mayo </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Law Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Loyalty Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> May Day </Li> <Li> Military Spouse Day </Li> <Li> National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Maritime Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Truman Day ( MO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Father 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Carolina Day ( SC ) </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Helen Keller Day ( PA ) </Li> <Li> Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) </Li> <Li> Kamehameha Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) </Li> <Li> Senior Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> West Virginia Day ( WV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Parents ' Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Pioneer Day ( UT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July -- August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Summer vacation </Li>

The ethnic group that celebrates its contribution to America in October is the

What ethnic group celebrates its contribution to america in october?

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Work function - wikipedia <H1> Work function </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> In solid - state physics , the work function ( sometimes spelled workfunction ) is the minimum thermodynamic work ( i.e. energy ) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface . Here `` immediately '' means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the atomic scale , but still too close to the solid to be influenced by ambient electric fields in the vacuum . The work function is not a characteristic of a bulk material , but rather a property of the surface of the material ( depending on crystal face and contamination ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 Applications </Li> <Li> 3 Measurement <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Methods based on thermionic emission <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Work function of cold electron collector </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Methods based on photoemission </Li> <Li> 3.3 Kelvin probe method </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Work functions of elements </Li> <Li> 5 Physical factors that determine the work function <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Surface dipole </Li> <Li> 5.2 Doping and electric field effect ( semiconductors ) </Li> <Li> 5.3 Theoretical models of metal work functions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The work function W for a given surface is defined by the difference </P> <Dl> <Dd> W = − e φ − E F , ( \ displaystyle W = - e \ phi - E_ ( \ rm ( F ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where − e is the charge of an electron , φ is the electrostatic potential in the vacuum nearby the surface , and E is the Fermi level ( electrochemical potential of electrons ) inside the material . The term − eφ is the energy of an electron at rest in the vacuum nearby the surface . In words , the work function is thus defined as the thermodynamic work required to remove an electron from the material to a state at rest in the vacuum nearby the surface . </P> Plot of electron energy levels against position , in a gold - vacuum - aluminium system . The two metals depicted here are in complete thermodynamic equilibrium . However , the vacuum electrostatic potential φ is not flat due to a difference in work function . <P> In practice , one directly controls E by the voltage applied to the material through electrodes , and the work function is generally a fixed characteristic of the surface material . Consequently , this means that when a voltage is applied to a material , the electrostatic potential φ produced in the vacuum will be somewhat lower than the applied voltage , the difference depending on the work function of the material surface . Rearranging the above equation , one has </P> <Dl> <Dd> φ = V − W e ( \ displaystyle \ phi = V - ( \ frac ( W ) ( e ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where V = − E / e is the voltage of the material ( as measured by a voltmeter , through an attached electrode ) , relative to an electrical ground that is defined as having zero Fermi level . The fact that φ depends on material surface means that the space between two dissimilar conductors will have a built - in electric field , when those conductors are in total equilibrium with each other ( electrically shorted to each other , and with equal temperatures ) . An example of this situation is depicted in the adjacent figure . As described in the next section , these built - in vacuum electric fields can have important consequences in some cases . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Thermionic emission </Dt> <Dd> In thermionic electron guns , the work function and temperature of the hot cathode are critical parameters in determining the amount of current that can be emitted . Tungsten , the common choice for vacuum tube filaments , can survive to high temperatures but its emission is somewhat limited due to its relatively high work function ( approximately 4.5 eV ) . By coating the tungsten with a substance of lower work function ( e.g. , thorium or barium oxide ) , the emission can be greatly increased . This prolongs the lifetime of the filament by allowing operation at lower temperatures ( for more information , see hot cathode ) . </Dd> <Dt> Band bending models in solid - state electronics </Dt> <Dd> The behavior of a solid - state device is strongly dependent on the size of various Schottky barriers and band offsets in the junctions of differing materials , such as metals , semiconductors , and insulators . Some commonly used heuristic approaches to predict the band alignment between materials , such as Anderson 's rule and the Schottky - Mott rule , are based on the thought experiment of two materials coming together in vacuum , such that the surfaces charge up and adjust their work functions to become equal just before contact . In reality these work function heuristics are inaccurate due to their neglect of numerous microscopic effects . However . they provide a convenient estimate until the true value can be determined by experiment . </Dd> <Dt> Equilibrium electric fields in vacuum chambers </Dt> <Dd> Variation in work function between different surfaces causes a non-uniform electrostatic potential in the vacuum . Even on an ostensibly uniform surface , variations in W known as patch potentials are always present due to microscopic inhomogeneities . Patch potentials have disrupted sensitive apparatus that rely on a perfectly uniform vacuum , such as Casimir force experiments and the Gravity Probe B experiment . Critical apparatus may have surfaces covered with molybdenum , which shows low variations in work function between different crystal faces . </Dd> <Dt> Contact electrification </Dt> <Dd> If two conducting surfaces are moved relative to each other , and there is potential difference in the space between them , then an electric current will be driven . This is because the surface charge on a conductor depends on the magnitude of the electric field , which in turn depends on the distance between the surfaces . The externally observed electrical effects are largest when the conductors are separated by the smallest distance without touching ( once brought into contact , the charge will instead flow internally through the junction between the conductors ) . Since two conductors in equilibrium can have a built - in potential difference due to work function differences , this means that bringing dissimilar conductors into contact , or pulling them apart , will drive electric currents . These contact currents can damage sensitive microelectronic circuitry and occur even when the conductors would be grounded in the absence of motion . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Measurement ( edit ) </H2> <P> Certain physical phenomena are highly sensitive to the value of the work function . The observed data from these effects can be fitted to simplified theoretical models , allowing one to extract a value of the work function . These phenomenologically extracted work functions may be slightly different from the thermodynamic definition given above . For inhomogeneous surfaces , the work function varies from place to place , and different methods will yield different values of the typical `` work function '' as they average or select differently among the microscopic work functions . </P> <P> Many techniques have been developed based on different physical effects to measure the electronic work function of a sample . One may distinguish between two groups of experimental methods for work function measurements : absolute and relative . </P> <Ul> <Li> Absolute methods employ electron emission from the sample induced by photon absorption ( photoemission ) , by high temperature ( thermionic emission ) , due to an electric field ( field electron emission ) , or using electron tunnelling . </Li> <Li> Relative methods make use of the contact potential difference between the sample and a reference electrode . Experimentally , either an anode current of a diode is used or the displacement current between the sample and reference , created by an artificial change in the capacitance between the two , is measured ( the Kelvin Probe method , Kelvin probe force microscope ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Methods based on thermionic emission ( edit ) </H3> <P> The work function is important in the theory of thermionic emission , where thermal fluctuations provide enough energy to `` evaporate '' electrons out of a hot material ( called the ' emitter ' ) into the vacuum . If these electrons are absorbed by another , cooler material ( called the collector ) then a measurable electric current will be observed . Thermionic emission can be used to measure the work function of both the hot emitter and cold collector . Generally , these measurement involve fitting to Richardson 's law , and so they must be carried out in a low temperature and low current regime where space charge effects are absent . </P> Energy level diagrams for thermionic diode in forward bias configuration , used to extract all hot electrons coming out from the emitter 's surface . The barrier is the vacuum near emitter surface . <P> In order to move from the hot emitter to the vacuum , an electron 's energy must exceed the emitter Fermi level by an amount </P> <Dl> <Dd> E b a r r i e r = W e ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ rm ( barrier ) ) = W_ ( \ rm ( e ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> determined simply by the thermionic work function of the emitter . If an electric field is applied towards the surface of the emitter , then all of the escaping electrons will be accelerated away from the emitter and absorbed into whichever material is applying the electric field . According to Richardson 's law the emitted current density ( per unit area of emitter ) , J ( A / m ) , is related to the absolute temperature T of the emitter by the equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> J e = − A e T e 2 e − E b a r r i e r / k T e ( \ displaystyle J_ ( \ rm ( e ) ) = - A_ ( \ rm ( e ) ) T_ ( \ rm ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) e ^ ( - E_ ( \ rm ( barrier ) ) / kT_ ( \ rm ( e ) ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where k is the Boltzmann constant and the proportionality constant A is the Richardson 's constant of the emitter . In this case , the dependence of J on T can be fitted to yield W . </P> Work function of cold electron collector ( edit ) Energy level diagrams for thermionic diode in retarding potential configuration . The barrier is the vacuum near collector surface . <P> The same setup can be used to instead measure the work function in the collector , simply by adjusting the applied voltage . If an electric field is applied away from the emitter instead , then most of the electrons coming from the emitter will simply be reflected back to the emitter . Only the highest energy electrons will have enough energy to reach the collector , and the height of the potential barrier in this case depends on the collector 's work function , rather than the emitter 's . </P> <P> The current is still governed by Richardson 's law . However , in this case the barrier height does not depend on W . The barrier height now depends on the work function of the collector , as well as any

A work function of a metal is

What is a work function of a metal?

4375682753291546963

Error ( Baseball ) - wikipedia <H1> Error ( Baseball ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search New York Yankees infielder Derek Jeter makes a fielding error at shortstop . <P> In baseball statistics , an error is an act , in the judgment of the official scorer , of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to advance one or more bases or allows an at bat to continue after the batter should have been put out . The term error can also refer to the play during which an error was committed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Relationship to other statistical categories </Li> <Li> 2 Statistical significance </Li> <Li> 3 Statistical records for errors <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pitchers </Li> <Li> 3.2 Catchers </Li> <Li> 3.3 First Basemen </Li> <Li> 3.4 Second Basemen </Li> <Li> 3.5 Third Basemen </Li> <Li> 3.6 Shortstops </Li> <Li> 3.7 Outfielders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Relationship to other statistical categories ( edit ) </H2> <P> An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless , in the scorer 's judgment , the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base ( s ) reached was the result of the fielder 's mistake . In that case , the play will be scored both as a hit ( for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to ) and an error . However , if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder 's mistake , it is scored as a `` hit on error , '' and treated the same as if the batter had been put out , hence lowering his batting average . </P> <P> Similarly , a batter does not receive credit for a run batted in ( RBI ) when runs score on an error , unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake . For example , if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error , the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in . </P> <P> If a play should have resulted in a fielder 's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error , the play will be scored as a fielder 's choice , with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder . </P> <P> Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors . </P> <P> If a batted ball were hit on the fly into foul territory , with the batting team having no runner ( s ) on base , and a fielder misplayed such ball for an error , it is possible for a team on the winning side of a perfect game to commit at least one error , yet still qualify as a perfect game . </P> <P> There is a curious loophole in the rules on errors for catchers . If a catcher makes a `` wild throw '' in an attempt to prevent a stolen base and the runner is safe , the catcher is not charged with an error even if it could be argued that the runner would have been put out with `` ordinary effort . '' There is therefore a `` no fault '' condition for the catcher attempting to prevent a steal . However , when considering that the majority of stolen base attempts are successful ( around 2 successes per failure ) , this `` no fault rule '' is understandable due to the difficulty of throwing out runners . If the runner takes an additional base due to the wild throw , an error is charged for that advance . However , if the catcher 's glove is hit by the bat , it is counted as a catcher 's interference and the catcher is given an error unless the batter gets a hit off the play . </P> <P> If a run scores by the end of the inning that would not have scored in the absence of the error , the run is categorized as unearned , meaning that it is not treated in the statistics as having been the responsibility of the pitcher . </P> <H2> Statistical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally , the number of errors was a statistic used to quantify the skill of a fielder . Research has shown that the error rate is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect , e.g. , the performance of an expansion team in its first year , or the fielding done by replacement players during World War II , and is lower when playing conditions are better , e.g. on artificial turf and during night games . </P> <P> However , fans and analysts have questioned the usefulness and significance of errors as a metric for fielding skill . Notably , mental misjudgments , such as failure to cover a base or attempting a force out when such a play is not available , are not considered errors . </P> <P> A more subtle , though more significant objection to the error , as sabermetricians have noted , is more conceptual . In order for a fielder to be charged with an error , he must have done something right by being in the correct place to be able to attempt the play . A poor fielder may `` avoid '' many errors simply by being unable to reach batted or thrown balls that a better fielder could successfully reach . Thus , it is possible that a poor fielder will have fewer errors than any fielder with higher expectancies . </P> <P> In recent times , official scorers have made some attempt to take a fielder 's supposed `` extraordinary '' effort or positioning into account when judging whether the play should have been successful given ordinary effort . However , this still leaves statistics , such as fielding percentage , that are based on errors as a way to compare the defensive abilities of players . </P> <P> Errors also hold significance in calculating the earned run average ( ERA ) of a pitcher . Runs scored due to an error are unearned , and do not count toward a pitcher 's ERA . </P> <H2> Statistical Records for errors ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Major League Baseball , Herman Long holds the Major League records with 1096 errors in his career between 1889 and 1904 . Bill Dahlen , Deacon White and Germany Smith are the only other players to make 1,000 errors during their MLB careers . All of these players played at least one season before 1900 . The 20th century record is held by Rabbit Maranville with 711 errors . Among active players , Adrián Beltré leads with 275 errors over 2475 career games as of June 14 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Pitchers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The major league record for errors by a pitcher in a career is held by Hippo Vaughn , with 64 errors . That also is the National League record . The American career mark is held by Ed Walsh . The most errors made by a pitcher in a season is 28 by Jim Whitney , which also is the National League record . The American League record of 15 is held by three pitchers , Jack Chesbro , Rube Waddell , and Ed Walsh . The record for most errors made by a pitcher in one inning is three , first set by Cy Seymour in 1898 . The record was tied by Tommy John in 1988 , Jaime Navarro in 1996 and Mike Sirotka in 1999 . </P> <H3> Catchers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ivey Wingo holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a catcher , with 234 . He made 59 errors while playing for the Cardinals and 175 for the Reds . The American League record is held by Wally Schang , who made 218 errors playing for five teams . </P> <H3> First Basemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> The major league and National League records for errors by a first baseman is held by Cap Anson , who made 568 errors . Hal Chase holds the American League record with 285 , 240 for the New York Highlanders and 40 for the Chicago White Sox . Anson also holds the single season record for most errors by a first baseman 58 while Steve Garvey holds the record for fewest in season , with zero . </P> <H3> Second Basemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fred Pfeffer holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a second baseman , with 857 and 781 , respectively . The American League record is 435 , held by Hall of Famer Eddie Collins . </P> <H3> Third Basemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jerry Denny holds the Major League and National League records for most errors by third basemen in a career with 533 . Jimmy Austin holds the American League record with 359 . </P> <H3> Shortstops ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bill Dahlen holds both the major league and National League record for shortstops , with 975 in 20 seasons . He made 443 errors with the Chicago Cubs , 260 with the Brooklyn Dodgers , 200 with the New York Giants and 72 with the Boston Braves . ( He also made 89 errors as a third baseman , eight errors at second base , and eight errors as an outfielder , for a total of 1,080 errors in his career . ) </P> <P> Donie Bush holds the American League record , with 689 , with all but the seven he recorded with the Washington Senators being made with the Detroit Tigers . </P> <H3> Outfielders ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nineteenth - century player Tom Brown established the major league record with 490 errors committed as an outfielder . He racked up 222 errors in the American Association , 238 in the National League , and 30 in the Player 's League . ( Brown also made six errors as a pitcher , for a total of 496 errors in his career . ) By contrast , the National League record is held by nineteenth - century player George Gore with 346 errors and the American League record by Ty Cobb with 271 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors leaders </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ David E. Kalist and Stephen J. Spurr ( 2006 ) `` Baseball Errors , '' Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports : Vol. 2 : No. 4 , Article 3 ( available at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 01. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollis , Lewis ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sabermetrics : Fielding percentage and errors do n't tell whole story '' . The Brown Daily Herald . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adrian Beltre Statistics and History -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pitcher Error Records '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Errors by Catchers :

Reaching base on an error

Does reaching base on an error count as an at bat?

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Kate Mulgrew - wikipedia <H1> Kate Mulgrew </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kate Mulgrew </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mulgrew in 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Katherine Kiernan Maria Mulgrew ( 1955 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Dubuque , Iowa , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> New York University </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1975 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Robert H. Egan ( m . 1982 -- 93 ) Tim Hagan ( m . 1999 -- 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Katherine Kiernan Maria `` Kate '' Mulgrew ( born April 29 , 1955 ) is an American actress . She is known for the roles of Captain Kathryn Janeway on Star Trek : Voyager and Galina `` Red '' Reznikov on Orange Is the New Black . She first came to attention in the role of Mary Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope . Mulgrew has won an Obie Award , and has received a Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nomination . She is an active member of the Alzheimer 's Association National Advisory Council and the voice of Cleveland 's MetroHealth System . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Earlier career ( 1975 -- 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 After Voyager ( 2001 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Orange Is The New Black ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> <Li> 4.3 Theatre </Li> <Li> 4.4 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 Memoir </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mulgrew was born in 1955 in Dubuque , Iowa , into an Irish Catholic family , to Thomas James `` T.J. '' Mulgrew II , a contractor , and Joan Virginia Mulgrew ( née Kiernan ) , an artist and painter . She attended Wahlert High School in Dubuque . </P> <P> Aged 17 , she was accepted at the Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting in conjunction with New York University in New York City . Mulgrew left NYU after one year . During this time , to earn money while in New York , Mulgrew was employed as a waitress . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Earlier career ( 1975 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Her early career included portraying Mary Ryan for two years on the ABC soap Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 ) . She became a fan favorite and is still associated with the show long after its cancellation . Mulgrew remains friends with former co-star Ilene Kristen and presented a special Soap Opera Digest Award to Ryan 's Hope creator Claire Labine in 1995 . While in Ryan 's Hope she also played the role of Emily Webb in the American Shakespeare Theatre production of Our Town in Stratford , Connecticut . In 1979 - 80 , she played Kate Columbo in Mrs. Columbo , a spin - off of the popular detective series , created specifically for her , which lasted 13 episodes . </P> <P> In 1981 , Mulgrew costarred with Richard Burton and Nicholas Clay in the Arthurian love triangle Lovespell as Irish princess Isolt who casts a spell on Mark , King of Cornwall , and his surrogate son , Tristan . </P> <P> In 1985 she appeared in Remo Williams : The Adventure Begins in the role of Major Fleming . </P> <P> In 1986 , she appeared in a run of Cheers episodes as Janet Eldridge . </P> <P> In 1987 , she appeared in Throw Momma from the Train as Margaret , Billy Crystal 's character 's wife . </P> <P> In 1992 , Kate appeared on Murphy Brown as Hillary Wheaton , a Toronto - based anchorwoman brought in to replace Murphy Brown during her maternity leave , but who turned out to have the same problem with alcoholism as Brown had previously dealt with at the beginning of the series . Also in 1992 , she played a guest starring role as a soap opera star who kills her husband and tries to cover it up , on Murder , She Wrote , episode # 170 , titled : `` Ever After '' . </P> <H3> Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1995 , Mulgrew 's divorce from her husband became final . She was on the verge of selling her house and moving into a less - expensive apartment in Westwood when she received a call to take the part of Captain Kathryn Janeway in Star Trek : Voyager . </P> <P> Mulgrew auditioned for the role of the captain ( originally named `` Elizabeth Janeway '' ) , when producers announced casting for Star Trek : Voyager . She initially submitted a videotaped audition , which she made in New York City in August 1994 . However , she was unhappy with this audition and auditioned in person a few weeks later . That day , film actress Geneviève Bujold was selected to play Janeway ( suggesting `` Nicole '' as the character 's new first name ) , but left the role after only two days of filming , realizing that the amount of work required for an episodic television show was too demanding for her . Mulgrew was then offered the role , which she accepted , later suggesting `` Kathryn '' as the character 's final first name . </P> <P> Mulgrew made history in the Star Trek franchise when she became the first female captain as a series regular in a leading role . Voyager was the first show broadcast on the new UPN channel , the only series renewed after the channel 's first programming season , and its only show to run for seven seasons , making it UPN 's longest running . Mulgrew won the Saturn Award for `` Best TV Actress '' in 1998 for her performances as Janeway . </P> <P> Mulgrew also voiced the character of Janeway for various Star Trek video games : Star Trek : Captain 's Chair , a virtual - reality tour of various Starfleet vessels for home computers ; the Star Trek : Voyager - Elite Force series , and Star Trek : Legacy . </P> <P> About her years on Voyager , Mulgrew said : </P> <P> I 'm proud of it . It was difficult ; it was hard work . I 'm proud of the work because I think I made some little difference in women in science . I grew to really love Star Trek : Voyager , and out of a cast of nine , I 've made three great friends , I managed to raise two children . I think , `` It 's good . I used myself well . '' </P> <P> Speaking about the best and worst part about playing a Star Trek captain , she said : </P> <P> The best thing was simply the privilege and the challenge of being able to take a shot at the first female captain , transcending stereotypes that I was very familiar with . I was able to do that in front of millions of viewers . That was a remarkable experience -- and it continues to resonate . The downside of that is also that it continues to resonate , and threatens to eclipse all else in one 's long career if one does not up the ante and stay at it , in a way that may not ordinarily be necessary . I have to work at changing and constantly reinventing myself in a way that probably would not have happened had Star Trek not come along . I knew that going in , and I think that all of the perks attached to this journey have been really inexpressively great . So the negatives are small . </P> <P> During Voyager , Mulgrew also played the role of Titania in the animated series Gargoyles ( along with fellow Star Trek actors Marina Sirtis and Jonathan Frakes ) and Victoria Riddler in Riddler 's Moon , a made - for - TV movie . </P> <P> After Voyager and her subsequent Star Trek appearances finished , Mulgrew has continued to appear at various Star Trek conventions and events around the world . </P> <H3> After Voyager ( 2001 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> Mulgrew ( l . ) with early photograph in Prague <P> After Voyager came to the end of the full seven seasons , Mulgrew returned to theater , and in 2003 starred in a one - woman play called Tea at Five , a monologue reminiscence based on Katharine Hepburn 's memoir Me : Stories of My Life . Tea at Five was a critical success and Mulgrew received two awards , one from Carbonell ( best actress ) and the other from Broadway.com ( Audience Award for Favorite Solo Performance ) . Mulgrew also kept active in doing voice - over work for video games , most notably in 2009 voicing the mysterious Flemeth in the Dragon Age video game series , a role she described as `` delicious '' . </P> <P> Mulgrew returned to television in 2006 , guest starring in an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Mulgrew also performed in The Exonerated at the Riverside Studios in London , England . </P> <P> In the spring of 2007 , she appeared in the NBC television series The Black Donnellys as Helen Donnelly which lasted for one season . She also performed the lead role in an off - Broadway production called Our Leading Lady written by Charles Busch in which she earned a nomination from the Drama League for her performance . Also in that year , Mulgrew played Clytemnestra in New York for Charles L. Mee 's Iphigenia 2.0 . She won the Obie Award for outstanding performance . </P> <P> In June 2008 , Mulgrew appeared in Equus on Broadway , playing Hesther Saloman , a public official who is empathetic toward the play 's central character . The play opened on September 5 , 2008 for a strictly limited 22 - week engagement through February 8 , 2009 . Also in 2008 , Mulgrew filmed the 30 - minute courtroom drama The Response which is based on actual transcripts of the Guantanamo Bay tribunals . It was researched and fully vetted in conjunction with the University of Maryland School of Law and was shot in three days . Mulgrew portrays Colonel Sims and she , the other cast members and crew agreed to defer their salaries to cover the production costs . The film has been screened at a number of sites and is available on DVD . </P> <P> In 2009 , Mulgrew returned to television in the NBC medical series Mercy playing the recurring role of Jeannie Flanagan ( the mother of the show 's lead , Veronica ) . Released in 2010 , the film The Best and Brightest , a comedy based in the world of New York City 's elite private kindergartens , featured Mulgrew as The Player 's wife . </P> Mulgrew with Patrick Stewart appearing at Destination Star Trek London in 2012 . <P> Also in 2010 , she starred as Cleopatra in William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra at Hartford Stage . </P> <P> In 2011 , Mulgrew appeared in the feature - length documentary The Captains . The film , written and directed by William Shatner , follows Shatner as he interviews each of the other actors who

The actress who plays Red on Orange is the New Black is

Who plays red on orange is new black?

7525433307945555136

Mark and his father , and after injuring the sheriff , he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding . Mark takes him to the school , which he knows is Sarah 's hideout . </P> <P> There , John , Sarah , and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians , who brought two Piken to hunt the trio . They are saved by Number Six and Bernie , who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John 's biological parents to protect him . John and Number Six , who can turn invisible and can block energy attacks , continue to fight the Mogadorians . They eventually defeat them all , including the Commander . </P> <P> The following day , John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Garde . John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam 's father . They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians , leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark , who lies to his father about John 's whereabouts , telling him to head west since he told his father he was heading west , and returns a magic box left to John by his Dad that Henry hid that was in police evidence . John thanks Mark and promises Sarah that he will come back to Paradise to find her . While they share their goodbye kiss a hurt and slightly agitated Mark is shown , before shakes his head before waving and putting a fake smile . The video ends with John , Sam , Bernie and Number 6 driving out towards the sunset smiling and vowing to protect their new home , Earth . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alex Pettyfer as Daniel Jones / John Smith / Number Four </Li> <Li> Timothy Olyphant as Henri </Li> <Li> Teresa Palmer as Number Six </Li> <Li> Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart </Li> <Li> Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode </Li> <Li> Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander </Li> <Li> Jake Abel as Mark James </Li> <Li> Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James </Li> <Li> Patrick Sebes as Kevin </Li> <Li> Greg Townley as Number Three </Li> <Li> Reuben Langdon as Number Three 's Guardian </Li> <Li> Emily Wickersham as Nicole </Li> <Li> Brian Howe as Frank </Li> <Li> Andy Owen as Bret </Li> <Li> Charles Carroll as Sam 's stepfather </Li> <Li> Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms </Li> <Li> Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart </Li> <Li> Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart </Li> <Li> Beau Mirchoff as Drew </Li> <Li> Tucker Albrizzi ( uncredited ) as Tuck </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( Edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment . Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks . A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams , with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009 , with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project . The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films , and the potential of establishing a film franchise , with at least six more installments planned by the book 's publisher . </P> <P> Al Gough and Miles Millar , the creators of the television series Smallville , were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009 . Marti Noxon , writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , also contributed to the screenplay . D.J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010 , after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series . Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks , and had success with both films . Caruso had less than a year to prepare , shoot and edit the film , due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend . </P> <P> Chris Bender , J.C. Spink , and David Valdes executive produced the film . Steven Spielberg contributed to the film 's characters , but did not take a credit on the film . It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures label , as part of the 30 - picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio 's financial restructuring in 2008 . </P> <H3> Casting ( Edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2010 , Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film , Number Four . It was later confirmed that the 21 - year - old British actor would play the lead . Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri , Number Four 's guardian and mentor , but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team . Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant . Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film , Commander , the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Loriens on Earth . </P> <P> DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead . Dianna Agron , a star in the Fox television series Glee , won the role . She plays Sarah Hart , a girl who used to date a high school football player , but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret . Jake Abel plays the football player , Mark James , an antagonist in the film . Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric , Number Six , and 16 - year - old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode , Number Four 's best friend . </P> <H3> Filming ( Edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began on May 17 , 2010 , using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit . The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She 's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008 . The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks . </P> <P> Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm , using a format known as Super 1 : 85 . Beaver , the former Conley Inn in Homewood , and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film ; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca . A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer ; Port Vue , North Park , New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations . The setting of the film 's fictional town of Paradise , Ohio is Vandergrift , Pennsylvania , where filming took place from June to July 2010 . Producers chose Vandergrift as the `` hero town '' of the film because of its unique look and curved streets , laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City 's Central Park . </P> <P> Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area , due to its proximity to nearby woods , a part of the film 's plot , and its surrounding hills . The school was also selected for its one floor layout , wide hallways , and its football stadium in front . Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film , and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes . In the last few weeks of production , scenes were filmed at the 200 - year - old St. John 's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township . Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key , Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge . </P> <H3> Post-production ( Edit ) </H3> <P> I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page , with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens . The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin . </P> <H2> Release ( Edit ) </H2> <P> A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010 , and a full - length trailer premiered on December 8 . Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines , Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011 . Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign . A cast tour , in association with American retailer Hot Topic , and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film . </P> <P> I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9 , 2011 . The film was released in theaters on February 18 , 2011 , and was also released in the IMAX format . </P> <H3> Home media ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download on May 24 , 2011 . The release was produced in three different packages : a three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack , a single - disc Blu - ray , and a single - disc DVD . The `` Digital Copy '' included with the 3 - disc version is a stand - alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player . All releases include bloopers and the `` Becoming Number 6 '' featurette , while the single - disc Blu - ray and three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director . In its first three weeks of release , 316,081 Blu - ray units were sold in the US , bringing in $7,693,808 . As of October 2 , 2011 , the standard DVD of ' I am Number Four ' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States , generating $12,571,326 , and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931 . </P> <H2> Reception ( Edit ) </H2> <P> Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33 % approval rating and an average rating of 4.8 / 10 based on 158 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's positioned as the start of a franchise , but I Am Number Four 's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy , derivative , and ultimately forgettable sci - fi thriller . '' Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said , `` If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you 'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come . This could be the start of something great . '' </P> <H3> Box Office ( Edit ) </H3> <P> I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas , for a worldwide total of $149,878,437 . It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend ( February 25 -- 27 , 2011 ) with $28,086,805 . </P> <P> The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893 . In its second weekend , it dropped 43.4 % , earning $11,016,126 . The only other market where it has grossed over $10

The movie "I Am Number 4" was filmed at

Where was the movie i am number 4 filmed?

3337415792007864057

Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia <H1> Pulmonary circulation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pulmonary circulation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pulmonary circulation in the heart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . </P> <P> A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Route <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Arteries </Li> <Li> 1.2 Lungs </Li> <Li> 1.3 Veins </Li> <Li> 1.4 Arteries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Embryonic </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Route ( edit ) </H2> 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . <P> Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery . </P> <H3> Arteries ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pulmonary artery <P> From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . </P> <H3> Lungs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . </P> <H3> Veins ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pulmonary vein <P> The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle , the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . </P> <H3> Arteries ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pulmonary artery <P> From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna 's Canon ( 1242 ) . Ibn al - Nafis described pulmonary circulation as : </P> <P> `` the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them . The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought . The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa ( pulmonary artery ) to the lungs , spread through its substances , be mingled there with air , pass through the arteria venosa ( pulmonary vein ) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit ... '' </P> <P> It was later described by Michael Servetus in the `` Manuscript of Paris '' ( near 1546 , never published ) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio ( 1553 ) . Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time , the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616 . </P> <P> In 1559 , Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function . Prior to Colombo 's work , anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body . Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support , and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ , supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood . Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart , and assigned it as having a special role in respiration . </P> <H2> Embryonic ( edit ) </H2> <P> The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Underwater diving portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Pulmonary hypertension </Li> <Li> Pulmonary embolus </Li> <Li> Pulmonary shunt </Li> <Li> Cardiac shunt </Li> <Li> Vascular resistance </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute </Li> <Li> Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation , and more works by Servetus . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hine , Robert ( 2008 ) . A dictionary of biology ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 540 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920462 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World , 610 - 2003 By Hunt Janin , Pg99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam , By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi , Pg295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2011 `` The love for truth . Life and work of Michael Servetus '' , ( El amor a la verdad . Vida y obra de Miguel Servet . ) , printed by Navarro y Navarro , Zaragoza , collaboration with the Government of Navarra , Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra , 607 pp , 64 of them illustrations , p 215 - 228 & 62nd illustration ( XLVII ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( 1997 ) . The Anatomical Renaissance : The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients . Scholar Press . p. 143 . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 338 - 1 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Respiratory physiology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Respiration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> breath <Ul> <Li> inhalation </Li> <Li> exhalation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> respiratory rate </Li> <Li> respirometer </Li> <Li> pulmonary surfactant </Li> <Li> compliance </Li> <Li> elastic recoil </Li> <Li> hysteresivity </Li> <Li> airway resistance </Li> <Li> bronchial <Ul> <Li> hyperresponsiveness </Li> <Li> constriction </Li> <Li> dilatation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> mechanical ventilation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Control </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pons <Ul> <Li> pneumotaxic center </Li> <Li> apneustic center </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> medulla <Ul> <Li> dorsal respiratory group </Li> <Li> ventral respiratory group </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> chemoreceptors <Ul> <Li> central </Li> <Li> peripheral </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> pulmonary stretch receptors <Ul> <Li> Hering -- Breuer reflex </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lung volumes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VC </Li> <Li> FRC </Li> <Li> Vt </Li> <Li> dead space </Li> <Li> CC </Li> <Li> PEF </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> calculations </Dt> <Dd> respiratory minute volume </Dd> <Dd> FEV1 / FVC ratio </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Lung function tests </Dt> <Dd> spirometry </Dd> <Dd> body plethysmography </Dd> <Dd> peak flow meter </Dd> <Dd> nitrogen washout </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circulation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pulmonary circulation </Li> <Li> hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction </Li> <Li> pulmonary shunt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Interactions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ventilation ( V ) </Li> <Li> Perfusion ( Q ) <Ul> <Li> Ventilation / perfusion ratio </Li> <Li> V / Q scan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> zones of the lung </Li> <Li> gas exchange </Li> <Li> pulmonary gas pressures </Li> <Li> alveolar gas equation </Li> <Li> alveolar -- arterial gradient </Li> <Li> hemoglobin </Li> <Li> oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation </Li> <Li> 2 , 3 - BPG </Li> <Li> Bohr effect </Li> <Li> Haldane effect ) </Li> <Li> carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) </Li> <Li> oxyhemoglobin </Li> <Li> respiratory quotient </Li> <Li> arterial blood gas </Li> <Li> diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insufficiency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> high altitude </Li> <Li> oxygen toxicity </Li> <Li> hypoxia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diving medicine </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Injuries and disorders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pressure </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Oxygen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freediving blackout </Li> <Li> Hyperoxia </Li> <Li> Hypoxia ( medical ) </Li> <Li> Oxygen toxicity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inert gases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atrial septal defect </Li> <Li> Avascular necrosis </Li> <Li> Decompression sickness </Li> <Li> Dysbaric osteonecrosis </Li> <Li> High - pressure nervous syndrome </Li> <Li> Hydrogen narcosis </Li> <Li> Isobaric counterdiffusion </Li> <Li> Nitrogen narcosis </Li> <Li> Taravana </Li> <Li> Uncontrolled decompression </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carbon dioxide </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hypercapnia </Li> <Li> Hypocapnia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Aerosinusitis </Li> <Li> Air embolism </Li> <Li> Alternobaric vertigo </Li> <Li> Barodontalgia </Li> <Li> Barostriction </Li> <Li> Barotrauma </Li> <Li> Compression arthralgia </Li> <Li> Decompression illness </Li> <Li> Dental barotrauma </Li> <Li> Dysbarism </Li> <Li> Ear clearing </Li> <Li> Frenzel maneuver </Li> <Li> Valsalva maneuver </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immersion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asphyxia </Li> <Li> Drowning </Li> <Li> Hypothermia </Li> <Li> Immersion diuresis </Li> <Li> Instinctive drowning response </Li> <Li> Laryngospasm </Li> <Li> Salt water aspiration syndrome </Li> <Li> Swimming - induced pulmonary edema </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders </Li> <Li> Cramps </Li> <Li> Diving

When blood leaves the pulmonary artery, it goes to the

Where does blood go when it leaves the pulmonary artery?

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yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes . </P> <P> After the Bellas are rescued by the military , Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others . They encourage her to take the chance , and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives , with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy , Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach , Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand , Chloe getting accepted into vet school , Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school , Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting , and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it , and that her real name is Ester . They know very well they 'll be separated , but still be connected to each other as a family . Later at the USO 's final performance , Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage , and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' to their hearts content . </P> <P> Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film , only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance , which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending . A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings , with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz , whom she flirted with earlier , Aubrey reconnects with her father and Chloe and Chicago share a passionate kiss , much to the amusement of Beca , who is now the boss of Theo . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Bellas ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas , who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences , before joining the tour . She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years . </Li> <Li> Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart , a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas , from Australia . She held a one - woman show , `` Fat Amy Winehouse '' , before joining the tour . </Li> <Li> Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader , who longs for glory days with the Bellas . She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour . </Li> <Li> Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader , before Beca , who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Through her father , The Bellas were invited to the USO tour . </Li> <Li> Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas , who joins her former seniors for the tour . </Li> <Li> Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams , a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna , who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour . </Li> <Li> Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther , a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks . She worked as a tailor before joining the tour . </Li> <Li> Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith , a Barden Bellas alumna . </Li> <Li> Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones , a Barden Bellas alumna . </Li> <Li> Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a Barden Bellas alumna , from Guatemala . She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour . </Li> <Li> Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a Barden Bellas alumna , known for being overly sexual . She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to , could not join the tour due to her pregnancy </Li> </Ul> <H3> Additional characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas </Li> <Li> John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas </Li> <Li> John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart , Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father </Li> <Li> Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp , a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour , and Chloe 's love interest . </Li> <Li> Guy Burnet as Theo , DJ Khaled 's music producer , who takes a liking to Beca </Li> <Li> DJ Khaled as himself </Li> <Li> Troy Ian Hall as Zeke , a U.S. soldier , partners with Chicago </Li> <Li> Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father </Li> <Li> Jessica Chaffin as Evan </Li> <Li> Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo </Li> <Li> Ruby Rose , Andy Allo , Venzella Joy Williams , and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity , Serenity , Charity , and Veracity , respectively , members of the band Evermoist </Li> <Li> Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up , a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas </Li> <Li> Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz , respectively </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the second film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off . '' Director , star , and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2 , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . '' </P> <P> On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script . On June 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles , and on July 28 , 2015 , Brittany Snow signed on to return . Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films , along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions . On October 27 , 2015 , Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film , though she exited in that capacity on June 3 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film . On December 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film , while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel . Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon . On January 5 , 2017 , a table read occurred , with Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles , and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity , a rival in a group opposing the Bellas . While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning , she was n't spotted during the first month of filming , leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all . However , on February 6 , she posted a photo on Instagram , confirming her return , and was on set the following day . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography on the film began on January 5 , 2017 , and took place in Atlanta , Georgia , and Cádiz , Spain and wrapped on April 3 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21 , and August 4 , 2017 . It had its world premiere in Sydney , Australia , on November 29 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories , for a total of $183.9 million , against a production budget of $45 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures , and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour , and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend . The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews , about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor . Over the three - day weekend , which included Christmas Eve , it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ) , finishing third at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day , for a four - day total of $26.4 million . It dropped 15 % the following weekend , grossing $16.8 million , and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise , but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its predecessor . </P> <P> Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the cast and said , `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula . It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn . But as directed by Trish Sie , the movie is bubbly , it 's fast , it 's hella synthetic - clever , and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars . '' </P> <P> In a review for The Hollywood Reporter , Frank Scheck wrote `` ... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the

The bands featured in Pitch Perfect 3 include

Who were the bands in pitch perfect 3?

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Penny ( United States coin ) - wikipedia <H1> Penny ( United States coin ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Penny <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Td> 0.01 U.S. Dollars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mass </Th> <Td> 2.5 g ( 0.08 troy oz ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diameter </Th> <Td> 19.05 mm ( 0.75 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thickness </Th> <Td> 1.52 mm ( 0.0598 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edge </Th> <Td> Plain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> 1982 -- present copper - plated zinc 97.5 % Zn , 2.5 % Cu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years of minting </Th> <Td> 1793 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catalog number </Th> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Obverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Victor D. Brenner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 1909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Reverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Union Shield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Lyndall Bass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 2010 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States one - cent coin , often called a penny , is a unit of currency equaling one - hundredth of a United States dollar . The cent 's symbol is ¢ . Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 , the centennial of his birth . From 1959 ( the sesquicentennial of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial . Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln 's 200th birthday and a new , `` permanent '' reverse -- the Union Shield -- was introduced in 2010 . The coin is 0.75 inches ( 19.05 mm ) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm ) in thickness . Its weight has varied , depending upon the composition of metals used in its production ( see further below ) . </P> <P> The U.S. Mint 's official name for the coin is `` cent '' and the U.S. Treasury 's official name is `` one cent piece '' . The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name , the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system . In American English , pennies is the plural form . ( The plural form pence -- standard in British English -- is not used in reference to American coins . ) </P> <P> Although the coin 's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little , there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny . As of 2015 , based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014 , it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents ( down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013 ) to make one cent because of the cost of materials , production , and distribution . This figure includes the Mint 's fixed components for distribution and fabrication , as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny . Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny . The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000 . This was a slight decrease from 2012 , the year before , which had a production loss of $58,000,000 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of composition </Li> <Li> 2 Designs </Li> <Li> 3 Lincoln cent <Ul> <Li> 3.1 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Reverse design <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1.1 Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 1.2 Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 1.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 1.4 Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 `` Capped cents '' </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Composition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Toxicity </Li> <Li> 5 Numismatics and regulations </Li> <Li> 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs </Li> <Li> 7 See also <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Other denominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History of composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Material </Th> <Th> Weight ( grains ) </Th> <Th> Weight ( grams ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1793 -- 1795 </Td> <Td> ~ 100 % copper </Td> <Td> 208 grains </Td> <Td> 13.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1795 -- 1857 </Td> <Td> ~ 100 % copper </Td> <Td> 168 grains </Td> <Td> 10.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1856 -- 1864 </Td> <Td> 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( also known as NS - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 72 grains </Td> <Td> 4.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1864 -- 1942 </Td> <Td> bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) </Td> <Td> 48 grains </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> zinc - coated steel ( also known as 1943 steel cent ) </Td> <Td> 42 grains </Td> <Td> 2.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 -- 1946 </Td> <Td> brass ( shell case copper ) ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) </Td> <Td> 48 grains </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) </Td> <Td> 48 grains </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) </Td> <Td> 48 grains </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) </Td> <Td> 48 grains </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) </Td> <Td> 38.6 grains </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- present </Td> <Td> copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) </Td> <Td> 38.6 grains </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In honor of Lincoln 's 200th anniversary , special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins . </P> <P> The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England , while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula , Michigan ores , a finding consistent with historical records . </P> <P> In 1943 , at the peak of World War II , zinc - coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper . A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins . Similarly , some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed . From 1944 through 1946 , salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process , and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues . </P> <P> During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternative metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected . The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons : vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems ; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue , and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . </P> <P> The cent 's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent . Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5 % zinc composition , while others used the 95 % copper composition . With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors , United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper - plating . In Fiscal Year 2013 , the average one - cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents , down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011 . </P> <P> The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface . The predominantly copper coins produce a higher - pitched ringing sound , while the zinc coins make a lower - pitched `` clunk '' . In addition , a full 50 - cent roll of pre-1982 / 3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982 -- 83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz . </P> <P> Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures . </P> <H2> Designs ( edit ) </H2> <P> The coin has gone through several designs over its two - hundred - year time frame . Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins ( Susan B. Anthony through present dollars ) . </P> A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect , obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial <P> The following types of cents have been produced : </P> <P> Large cents : </P> <Ul> <Li> Flowing Hair Chain 1793 </Li> <Li> Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 </Li> <Li> Liberty Cap 1793 -- 1796 </Li> <Li> Draped bust 1796 -- 1807 </Li> <Li> Classic Head 1808 -- 1814 </Li> <Li> Coronet 1816 -- 1839 </Li> <Li> Braided Hair 1839 -- 1857 , 1868 ( not a regular issue ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Small cents : </P> <Ul> <Li> Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Head cent ( 1859 -- 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> Lincoln Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Union Shield ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Throughout its history , the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date , but most of the digits have been old - style numerals , except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending . The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending ( the same size as a 0 , 1 , or 2 ) in the early history , before switching to a descending , large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently ( as of 2014 ) in 1943 . Similarly , the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945 , then from 1950 and on , it became a large descending 5 . From 1959 until 2008 , the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent . Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent , Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin . In 1999 , the New Jersey state quarter was released , which depicts George Washington on both sides , crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse . ( The state quarter for South Dakota , released in 2006 , also features Washington on both sides : the typical profile on the obverse , and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the

They started adding zinc to pennies in

When did they start adding zinc to pennies?

-4904982167797031611

Hope Williams Brady - wikipedia <H1> Hope Williams Brady </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hope Williams Brady </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kristina Osterhout ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Kimberly Weber ( 1974 -- 75 ) </Li> <Li> Natasha Ryan ( 1975 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Tammy Taylor ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Li> <Li> Kristian Alfonso ( 1983 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1974 -- 87 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1994 -- </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> January 10 , 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> William J. Bell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced by </Th> <Td> Betty Corday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Present ; regular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hope Welch </Li> <Li> Hope Alice Williams </Li> <Li> Hope Brady </Li> <Li> Gina Horton </Li> <Li> Hope Black </Li> <Li> Hope Jennings </Li> <Li> Hope Hernandez </Li> <Li> Princess Gina Von Amberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commissioner </Li> <Li> Detective </Li> <Li> Police officer </Li> <Li> Bounty hunter </Li> <Li> Private investigator </Li> <Li> Model </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Salem , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( show ) Family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Horton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> Doug Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Addie Horton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siblings </Th> <Td> Steven Olson Julie Olson Williams Douglas LeClaire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Larry Welch ( 1984 -- 85 ) </Li> <Li> Bo Brady ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> John Black ( 1999 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Aiden Jennings ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Rafe Hernandez ( 2018 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Shawn - Douglas Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stepsons </Th> <Td> Chase Jennings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grandchildren </Th> <Td> Claire Brady </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grandparents </Th> <Td> Tom Horton Alice Horton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aunts and uncles </Th> <Td> Byron Carmichael Tom Horton Jr . Mickey Horton Bill Horton Marie Horton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nieces and nephews </Th> <Td> Spencer Olson David Banning Robert Anderson , Jr . Eli Grant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First cousins </Th> <Td> Sandy Horton Melissa Horton ( adoptive ) Sarah Horton ( legal ) Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Jessica Blake Fallon </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hope Williams Brady is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Created by writer William J. Bell , she has been portrayed by Kristian Alfonso since she was recast on April 14 , 1983 . Hope is a member of the Horton family , the long - running core fictional family on Days . She is the mother of Shawn - Douglas Brady , Zack Brady , and Ciara Brady . Hope is one half of the supercouple Bope . She works as a detective for the Salem , P.D. She has been promoted as Commissioner of Salem P.D. in 2017 . </P> <P> Alfonso was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series ( previously called Outstanding Ingenue ) in 1985 . She has also been nominated for eight Soap Opera Digest Awards and won four -- two with co-star Peter Reckell ( Bo ) for Favorite Couple ( 2001 , 2003 ) , Hottest Female Star ( 1999 ) and Favorite Newcomer ( 1984 ) . She was also nominated for three Young Artist Awards ( 1984 - ' 86 ) . In 2002 , she and Reckell won a Special Fan Award ( voted online ) at the Daytime Emmys for Favorite Couple . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character history </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Casting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The character of Hope Williams was originated by child actor Kristina Osterhout from January 10 to August 27 , 1974 . Child actor Kimberly Weber took over the role from October 25 , 1974 to April 29 , 1975 . Natasha Ryan was the child actor who played the young version of Hope the longest from June 4 , 1975 through June 27 , 1980 . From May 11 , 1981 until January 8 , 1982 , young adult actress Tammy Taylor played a teenaged Hope . Actress Kristian Alfonso assumed the role of Hope Williams on April 14 , 1983 , playing the role through April 20 , 1987 , reappearing from April 27 to August 3 , 1990 , and playing the role since May 6 , 1994 . Mila Kunis played a younger Hope in a flashback in June 1994 . </P> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hope Alice Williams , the mother of Shawn - Douglas , Zack and Ciara Brady , was born on - screen on January 10 , 1974 to Doug Williams and Addie Horton . Not long after Addie marries Doug and becomes pregnant , she discovers she is suffering from leukemia , but declines treatment in order to save her unborn baby . On December 24 , 1974 , while crossing the street , an oncoming car careens towards Hope and Addie , but Addie pushes Hope 's baby - carriage out of the way , just in time to save her baby daughter , but not herself . Addie dies , and Hope is taken in by her maternal grandparents , Tom and Alice Horton , until Doug is strong enough to take care of her . Addie , who was wealthy from her first marriage to Ben Olson , leaves Doug and Hope with financial security . Hope is sent off to boarding school in 1982 and is not seen again until a year later . She returns in the spring of 1983 when Roman Brady rescues her after she runs away from boarding school and later falls from a car driven by a drunk friend . She later develops a crush on Roman . Hope eventually becomes a cop . Hope takes her job as a cop seriously . </P> <P> Roman spurns Hope 's advances , even after Hope attempts to seduce him , and the situation inflames the jealousy of Roman 's younger brother , local bad boy Bo Brady . Bo and Hope start to fall in love while working together in various dangerous situations . On Hope 's 18th birthday , she and Bo decide to make love but Doug tries to stop them and suffers a heart attack , and Hope agrees never to see Bo again . Bo hides the fact that his brother Roman is alive , and to protect Hope , pushes her away . Hope spends time with Larry Welch , ( a local politician ) and thinking that Bo loves Diane Parker and no longer loves her , Hope agrees to marry Larry . As Hope and Larry stand at the altar , Bo rides into the church on his motorbike and kidnaps Hope before the wedding can be completed . However , Hope is then kidnapped again , this time from the barn where Bo has taken her , and the kidnappers force her to marry Larry . Bo is devastated , but later discovers the true reason Hope married Larry ; the two vow never to be apart , and to work together to find out who is behind Larry . </P> <P> Larry takes the fall for Salem 's drug ring , leaving Bo and Hope free to finally marry in 1985 . During this time , it is revealed that Bo 's real father is Victor Kiriakis . The couple move into Victor 's home but they soon experience marital problems , and Hope disapproves of Bo 's sudden change of character to please his father . Hope becomes pregnant , but miscarries her child . They try again and have a son they name Shawn - Douglas , who is born in 1987 . Bo , Hope , and Shawn leave Salem later that year , and sail the world on their boat , Fancy Face . </P> <P> They return to Salem in 1990 , but soon after , Hope is embroiled in the schemes of the villainous Ernesto Toscano , who kidnaps Hope and holds her hostage in a cave . When the cave explodes , Hope is presumed dead . Four years later , Bo begins a new relationship with Billie Reed , who later proposes to him , but their plans are shattered after John Black finds an amnesiac woman at Stefano DiMera 's house , `` Maison Blache '' , who looks exactly like Hope . The woman calls herself `` Gina '' , but after Alice finds a puzzle box that only Hope could open , they learn that `` Gina '' is truly Hope . Bo later breaks up with Billie , and reconciles with Hope but just before they are to remarry , Hope catches Bo in a compromising position with Billie , and rejects Bo . She then moves in with Franco Kelly . </P> <P> It is revealed that during Hope 's four years of captivity at Maison Blanche , Stefano had the memories of the real Princess Gina Von Amberg , an accomplished art thief , saved on a chip and then installed in Hope 's head . Stefano , who is seeking to retrieve his art treasures from Vivian Alamain , turns Hope back into Gina to help him . He gets Hope to kidnap John , and they make love on Stefano 's yacht . When Stefano finds them , he ditches John and makes love to Hope himself . Hope and Stefano then travel to Paris where they are held prisoner by the real Gina as she tries to reclaim her life . They are finally rescued and Hope finds herself pregnant . Hope wishes that the baby is Bo 's but does n't believe it 's possible , so she comes to believe that the baby is John 's . </P> <P> In June 1999 , Princess Gina arrives in Salem and reveals herself to Greta at John and Marlena 's wedding . Meanwhile , Hope , still believing herself to be Princess Gina , arrives with Stefano ; Hope briefly recovers her identity , but Stefano and Princess Gina then capture Hope and the real Gina takes her place . The ruse is briefly successful but Marlena and Shawn discover the truth and rush to stop the wedding of Bo and the false `` Hope '' on News Year 's Eve 1999 . The truth is exposed and Princess Gina attempts to shoot Shawn and Marlena , but she is shot and killed instead . Bo does n't discover that Princess Gina was the one who died until the cremation . Bo rushes over and confronts Stefano , however Stefano brainwashes Bo to be evil . Bo eventually recovers and finds Hope in the Dimera Mansion in poor health . Bo discovers that when Hope thought she was Gina , she slept with both John and Stefano and ended up pregnant but it is revealed that Bo is the real father . However , it is also revealed that Gina is still alive , and she and Stefano plot their revenge by changing the test results of the paternity test and switch the babies with Rolf 's niece Marlo , who is having a child that will be adopted and given to Stefano 's daughter Lexie and her husband Abe , who is

Hope Brady's mother on Days of Our Lives was

Who was hope brady's mother on days of our lives?

-4622532030074150432

</Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speaker </Th> <Td> Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority Leader </Th> <Td> Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minority Leader </Th> <Td> Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority Whip </Th> <Td> Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minority Whip </Th> <Td> Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political groups </Th> <Td> <P> Majority ( 239 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Republican ( 239 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Minority ( 193 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Democratic ( 193 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Vacant ( 3 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Vacant ( 3 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length of term </Th> <Td> Two years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voting system </Th> <Td> First - past - the - post in most states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last election </Th> <Td> November 8 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next election </Th> <Td> November 6 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Redistricting </Th> <Td> State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> www.house.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they compose the legislature of the United States . </P> <P> The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . </P> <P> The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial in the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . </P> <P> The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . He or she and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Apportionments </Li> <Li> 2.2 Redistricting </Li> <Li> 2.3 Qualifications </Li> <Li> 2.4 Elections </Li> <Li> 2.5 Non-voting delegates </Li> <Li> 2.6 Terms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Comparison to the Senate </Li> <Li> 4 Salary and benefits <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Salaries </Li> <Li> 4.2 Titles </Li> <Li> 4.3 Pension </Li> <Li> 4.4 Tax deductions </Li> <Li> 4.5 Health benefits </Li> <Li> 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses </Li> <Li> 4.7 Travel allowance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Officers <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Member officials <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Non-member officials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Procedure <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Daily procedures </Li> <Li> 6.2 Passage of legislation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Committees </Li> <Li> 8 Legislative functions </Li> <Li> 9 Checks and balances </Li> <Li> 10 Latest election results and current party standings <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Current standing </Li> <Li> 10.2 End of previous Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Surveys </Li> <Li> 12.2 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives <P> Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . </P> Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency <P> The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . </P> <P> The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . </P> <P> Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . </P> <P> During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . </P> <P> Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . </P> <P> The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . </P> Republican Speaker of the House , Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) <P> The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the

The title of the person who runs the House of Representatives is the

What is the title of the person who runs the house of representatives?

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received a week 17 Saturday night game . While defending Super Bowl champions Tampa Bay were not selected for the Thursday night game , they did play a nationally - televised game at Philadelphia four nights later on MNF . Instead , the Washington Redskins defeated the New York Jets 16 -- 13 . </P> <P> 2004 : The tradition began that the kickoff game would be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions . After the `` wardrobe malfunction '' incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII , the NFL initially canceled future plans for concerts in conjunction with the NFL Kickoff game . Later in the year , however , the decision was reversed , and instead a 10 - second broadcast delay was put in place . </P> <P> 2006 : With the change in television contracts , the Kickoff Game was moved to NBC , who held the rights to Sunday Night Football . The game opposite the first weekend of World Series games was once again removed to compensate . ( The Monday night game at the end of the season , however , was not revived . Instead , after an impromptu experiment in 2005 , a Monday night doubleheader was scheduled for the same weekend as the kickoff game . ) </P> <P> 2008 : The league and NBC agreed to move up the opening kickoff of the kickoff game , to 7 : 00 p.m. , in order for coverage of the Republican National Convention to not compete with the game . That game featured the Redskins and Giants . The game was also be the first to be carried by Internet television in the United States , as were all Sunday Night Football games in the 2008 season . </P> <P> 2010 : The Saints , winners of Super Bowl XLIV , hosted the kickoff game at the Superdome against the Vikings , a rematch of the previous season 's NFC Championship Game . There was consideration of a match - up against the Steelers ( to create a contest between the last two Super Bowl champions ) but it did not come to fruition due to various logistical reasons . </P> <P> 2011 : The Packers hosted the 2011 Kickoff Game after winning Super Bowl XLV . They defeated the New Orleans Saints , a match - up of the winners of the two previous Super Bowls , the first time this has occurred . The Saints are only the second team to have played in two consecutive kickoff games , and the first to do so not by winning two consecutive Super Bowls . In the third quarter , the Packers ' Randall Cobb returned a kickoff 108 yards for a touchdown , tying the NFL record for the longest such return . </P> <P> 2012 : Similar to the situation in 2008 , the NFL was faced with the prospect of having to compete with a national political convention , this time the Democratic National Convention . Instead of moving the kickoff to 7 : 00 p.m. like in 2008 , or even opening up the season on a Thursday like in past years , the league instead decided to move the 2012 Kickoff Game one day earlier to Wednesday , September 5 . The New York Giants , winner of Super Bowl XLVI , hosted their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . </P> <P> 2013 : After winning Super Bowl XLVII , the Baltimore Ravens were to have hosted the 2013 Kickoff Game on September 5 . However , this was on the same day as a home game for the Baltimore Orioles , whose stadium , Oriole Park at Camden Yards , shares parking with the Ravens ' M&T Bank Stadium . ( The Orioles could not move their game to the afternoon , because they and their opponent were playing night games in other cities the preceding day . ) The Ravens instead played on the road against the Denver Broncos . The 2013 Kickoff game was a rematch of the previous season 's AFC Divisional Playoff game . During this game , Peyton Manning became one of only six players to have thrown seven touchdowns in a single game . He added to this feat by doing it without throwing an interception , something that has only been done once before by Y.A. Tittle during the 1962 NFL season . The Ravens also had the most points scored against them in franchise history . They also suffered the biggest margin of defeat by a defending Super Bowl champion on opening day in NFL history . </P> <P> 2015 : The New England Patriots , after winning Super Bowl XLIX , hosted the 2015 Kickoff Game on September 10 at Gillette Stadium , with the Pittsburgh Steelers as their opponent . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was originally not going to play due to his four - game suspension as a result of his involvement in the Deflategate scandal , but a court threw out the suspension on September 3 , 2015 and ordered the league to let him play . It also marked the first time NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell did not attend a Kickoff Game , stating that he did not want to be a distraction . </P> <P> 2016 : The Denver Broncos hosted the 2016 Kickoff Game at Sports Authority Field at Mile High against the Carolina Panthers on September 8 , in a Super Bowl 50 rematch . ( As the Republican and Democratic conventions were both scheduled for July 2016 , there was no scheduling conflict with them as there was in 2008 and 2012 , nor were there conflicts with any other sports team in Denver that night . ) The Broncos debuted Trevor Siemian as their new starting quarterback after both quarterbacks who started games in 2015 left the team ; Peyton Manning ( who played the entirety of Super Bowl 50 ) retired and Brock Osweiler left as a free agent . </P> <P> 2017 : The defending Super Bowl LI champions , the New England Patriots , hosted the Kansas City Chiefs for the 2017 Kickoff Game at Gillette Stadium . Goodell visited Gillette Stadium for the Kickoff Game , having been absent from the venue since the 2014 season . </P> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Visitors </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Home </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 * </Td> <Td> September 5 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 16 -- 13 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> Giants Stadium </Td> <Td> ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 * </Td> <Td> September 4 </Td> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 9 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 24 -- 27 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 20 -- 30 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> September 7 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 17 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> Heinz Field </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> September 6 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 10 -- 41 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> RCA Dome </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> September 4 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 7 -- 16 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> Giants Stadium </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> September 10 </Td> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 10 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> Heinz Field </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 9 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 9 -- 14 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 34 -- 42 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> Lambeau Field </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 * * </Td> <Td> September 5 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 17 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> MetLife Stadium </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 * * * </Td> <Td> September 5 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 27 - 49 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> Sports Authority Field at Mile High </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> September 4 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 16 -- 36 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> CenturyLink Field </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> September 10 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 21 -- 28 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 20 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> Sports Authority Field at Mile High </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> September 7 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> 42 -- 27 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Winning team labeled in bold . </P> <P> * -- Game was not yet hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions . * * -- Game played on a Wednesday instead of the usual Thursday . * * * - Defending Super Bowl champions played on the road because of parking conflicts with the MLB </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Overtime Result </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Standings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pct . </Th> <Th> PF </Th> <Th> PA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 750 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 667 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0

The traditional opener of the NFL season typically features the defending Super Bowl champions, which in recent years has often been

Who plays the first nfl game of the season?

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<Td> Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Old Dominion </Td> <Td> 70 -- 65 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 97 -- 81 </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky & Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 67 -- 44 </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) </Td> <Td> Texas & Long Beach State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> 56 -- 54 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) </Td> <Td> Long Beach State & Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 76 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech & Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 88 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) </Td> <Td> Virginia & Louisiana Tech </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 70 -- 67 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Stanford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 78 -- 62 </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) </Td> <Td> Southwest Missouri State & Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Texas Tech </Td> <Td> 84 -- 82 </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) </Td> <Td> Iowa & Vanderbilt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 60 -- 59 </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) </Td> <Td> Purdue & Alabama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 70 -- 64 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) </Td> <Td> Stanford & Georgia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 83 -- 65 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Stanford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 68 -- 59 </Td> <Td> Old Dominion </Td> <Td> Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) </Td> <Td> Notre Dame & Stanford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 93 -- 75 </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) </Td> <Td> Arkansas & North Carolina State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> 62 -- 45 </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Tech & Georgia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 71 -- 52 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) </Td> <Td> Rutgers & Penn State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 68 -- 66 </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 82 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) </Td> <Td> Tennessee & Duke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 73 -- 68 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) </Td> <Td> Texas & Duke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 70 -- 61 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Td> <Td> Minnesota & LSU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 84 -- 62 </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) </Td> <Td> LSU & Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 78 -- 75 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) </Td> <Td> North Carolina & LSU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 59 -- 46 </Td> <Td> Rutgers </Td> <Td> Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 64 -- 48 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) </Td> <Td> LSU & Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 76 -- 54 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) </Td> <Td> Stanford & Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 53 -- 47 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) </Td> <Td> Baylor & Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 76 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Stanford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 80 -- 61 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) </Td> <Td> Stanford & Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 93 -- 60 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Td> <Td> Notre Dame & California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 79 -- 58 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) </Td> <Td> Stanford & Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 63 -- 53 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) </Td> <Td> South Carolina & Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 82 -- 51 </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) </Td> <Td> Oregon State & Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 67 -- 55 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Stanford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 61 -- 58 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) </Td> <Td> Connecticut & Louisville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Team titles ( edit ) </H3> Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Titles </Th> <Th> Year Won </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 , 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2001 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1990 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1983 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Old Dominion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas Tech </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> School </Th> <Th> Final Four Years </Th> <Th> Number of Appearances </Th> <Th> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana Tech </Td> <Td> 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> 1988 , 1989 , 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 2005 , 2010 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 2009 , 2013 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 1994 , 2006 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 2002 , 2009 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Old Dominion </Td> <Td> 1983 , 1985 , 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> 1994 , 1999 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 1986 , 1987 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> 1983 , 1984 , 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 1990 , 1991 , 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Kentucky </Td> <Td> 1985 , 1986 , 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheyney St . </Td> <Td> 1982 , 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long Beach St . </Td> <Td> 1987 , 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi St . </Td> <Td> 2017 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri St . </Td> <Td> 1992 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutgers </Td> <Td> 2000 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 2015 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana - Monroe </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td>

Last year's NCAA Women's Basketball Championship was won by

Who won last year's ncaa women's basketball?

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Religion in Sweden - wikipedia <H1> Religion in Sweden </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Umeå City Church . <P> Religion in Sweden is diversified . Christianity was the religion of virtually all of the Swedish population from the 12th to the early 20th century , but it has rapidly declined throughout the late 20th and early 21st century . In 2015 , legally registered Christians comprised 69.9 % of the total population . </P> <P> Religions in Sweden ( 2015 ) </P> Church of Sweden ( 63.2 % ) Other protestants ( 3.8 % ) Eastern Orthodox Churches ( 1.3 % ) Catholic Church ( 1.2 % ) Other Christian denominations ( 0.3 % ) Islam ( 1.4 % ) Other religions ( 0.3 % ) Unaffiliated ( 28.4 % ) <P> The Lutheran Church of Sweden -- which was the state religion until 2000 -- has a registered membership of 6.1 million Swedish citizens , equal to 61.2 % of the total population . One reason for the high membership might be the fact that until 1996 all newborns with at least one parent being a member of the Church of Sweden were also registered as members of the church . Yet the membership is declining rapidly , about 1 % each year , falling from 95 % in 1970 and 85 % in 2000 . </P> <P> Prior to their Christianisation that became complete around the 12th century , the Swedes practised forms of Norse religion . At first they became part of the Catholic Church ; then , from the 1530s , Sweden switched to Lutheranism as part of the Protestant Reformation which converted most of Germanic Europe ; the Church of Sweden was formed and remained the official religion of the Christian state until the turn of the 21st century . The 21st century brought with itself a rapid decline of Christianity overall , the disestablishment of the Church of Sweden , and the modest growth of other religions , often brought by waves of immigration from outside the country . These last include Islam , Catholicism , Orthodox Christianity , Buddhism , Hinduism and other Eastern religions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Historical Norse religion </Li> <Li> 1.2 9th -- 12th century : Conversion to Catholicism </Li> <Li> 1.3 16th century : Protestant Reformation ; conversion to Lutheranism </Li> <Li> 1.4 17th -- 18th century : Conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities </Li> <Li> 1.5 18th -- 19th century : Crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism </Li> <Li> 1.6 19th -- 20th century : Liberalisation of all religions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Demographics and legal frameworks </Li> <Li> 3 Religions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Buddhism </Li> <Li> 3.2 Christianity <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Protestantism <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1.1 Church of Sweden </Li> <Li> 3.2. 1.2 Protestant free churches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Catholic Church </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Jehovah 's Witnesses </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Orthodox Christianity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Germanic Heathenism </Li> <Li> 3.4 Islam </Li> <Li> 3.5 Judaism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Surveys </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Historical Norse religion ( edit ) </H3> Gamla Uppsala , the centre of worship in Sweden until the temple was destroyed in the late 11th century . <P> Before the 11th century , Swedes practised Norse religion , worshipping a variety of Germanic deities . An important religious centre was the Temple at Uppsala . The shape and location of this temple is sparsely documented , but it is referenced in the Norse sagas and Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum , and is also described by Adam of Bremen . It was probably destroyed by King Ingold I in 1087 during the last known battle between the pagans and the Christians . </P> <P> While Norse religion was officially abandoned with the Christianization of Scandinavia , belief in many spirits of Norse mythology such as tomtar , trolls , elves and dwarves lived on for a long time in Scandinavian folklore . </P> <H3> 9th -- 12th century : conversion to Catholicism ( edit ) </H3> The historical Vadstena Abbey of the Catholic order of the Bridgettines , founded by Bridget of Sweden . Main article : Christianization of Sweden <P> The oldest evidence of Christian burial sites in Sweden are dated to the 6th century , but they are very few in number . The earliest documented campaign to Christianise the Swedes was made by the monk Ansgar ( 801 -- 865 ) . Making his first visit to Birka in 828 -- 829 , he was granted permission to build a church . In 831 , he returned home and became Archbishop of Hamburg - Bremen , with responsibility for Christianity in the north . Around 850 , he came back to Birka , where the original congregation had been shattered . Ansgar tried to reestablish it , but it only lasted a few years . </P> <P> Christianity first gained a hold in Västergötland , probably due to mercantile ties to the Christian Anglo - Saxon kingdoms in England . Remnants of a 9th - century church building has recently been excavated in Varnhem . The diocese of Skara , which is the oldest diocese in Sweden , emerged under the Archdiocese of Hamburg - Bremen , in the late 10th century . According to Adam of Bremen , the Christian king Olof Skötkonung , who ruled from c. 995 to c. 1022 was forced to limit Christian activities to the western province . When King Stenkil ascended to the throne in 1060 Christianity was firmly established throughout most of Sweden , although the people of Uppland , and probably Sodermanland , resisted the new religion . </P> <P> The last king adhering to the old religion was Blot - Sweyn , who reigned 1084 -- 1087 . A handful of local saints ( canonized on diocesan level before the centralized process became normative in 1170 -- 1200 ) , folk saints and clerics were allegedly martyred as late as the 1120s , most of them in Sodermanland and Uppland . Under the reign of Eric the Saint ( 1150 -- 1160 ) Christianity became an ideological factor of the state , and the First Swedish Crusade took place ; it was a military expedition aimed at converting the Finns to Christianity and conquering Finland as Swedish territory . ( However , no archeological data or written sources seem to support the legend . The diocese and bishop of Finland are not listed among their Swedish counterparts before the 1250s ) . A national church of Sweden was not organized until 1164 , when the first archbishop of Uppsala received his pallium from the archbishop of Lund . </P> <P> Pre-Reformation Swedish Catholic religious leaders -- including Bridget of Sweden , founder of the continuously functioning Catholic Vadstena Abbey -- continue to be held in high regard by the population as a whole . Her nunnery at Vadstena is one of Sweden 's pre-eminent tourist attractions . </P> <H3> 16th century : Protestant Reformation ; conversion to Lutheranism ( edit ) </H3> Ruins of Alvastra Monastery in Ödeshög . Various ruined medieval Catholic monasteries such as this one stand as testimonies of the appropriation of Catholic properties by the Swedish state during the Protestant Reformation . Main article : Swedish Reformation <P> Shortly after Gustav Vasa was elected king in 1523 , he asked the Pope to confirm Johannes Magnus as Archbishop of Sweden , replacing Gustav Trolle , who had supported the Danish king Christian II and was convicted for treason . When the Pope refused , Gustav Vasa -- he himself a proponent of a `` Renaissance Biblical Humanism '' -- started to promote the Swedish Lutheran reformers Olaus , Laurentius Petri , and Laurentius Andreae . Gustav Trolle was eventually forced into exile , and soon all ecclesiastical property was transferred to the Crown . In 1531 , Laurentius Petri was appointed by the Crown to become the first Lutheran primate of Sweden , and was ordained by five Catholic bishops without papal assent . The ties with Rome were irreversibly cut in 1536 , when Canon Law was abolished . </P> <P> Originally , no changes were made to official church doctrine , and the episcopal organization was retained . Gradually , in spite of popular protests against the introduction of `` Luthery '' , teachings were aligned with continental Lutheranism . Calvinism was , otherwise , refuted as heresy at the synod of Stockholm in 1565 . In order to appease the Holy See , king John III of Sweden , one of Gustav Vasa 's sons , took measures to bring the Church of Sweden to a theological position influenced by George Cassander , but , in the heat of controversy , such a compromise position did not achieve its intent of reunion . However , after his death , his brother , Duke Charles , summoned the Uppsala Synod in 1593 , which declared the Holy Scriptures the sole guideline for faith , with four documents accepted as faithful and authoritative explanations of it : the Apostles ' Creed , the Nicene Creed , the Athanasian Creed , and the unaltered Augsburg Confession of 1530 . The Uppsala Synod also reinstated The Swedish Church Ordinance of 1572 , which remained in use until 1686 . </P> <P> The move put Charles at odds with the heir to the throne , his nephew Sigismund , who was raised in the Catholic faith . Although Sigismund promised to uphold Lutheranism , Duke Charles 's aspirations to power led to the War against Sigismund , a power struggle that was effectively decided at the Battle of Stångebro in 1598 , in favour of Charles and Protestantism . </P> <P> During the era following the Protestant Reformation , usually known as the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy , small groups of non-Lutherans , especially Calvinist Dutchmen , the Moravian Church and Walloons or French Huguenots from Belgium , played a significant role in trade and industry , and were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low profile . </P> <H3> 17th -- 18th century : conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Sami , who originally had their own shamanistic religion , were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries . Citizens of foreign nations , mainly Russians , were granted freedom to practice Eastern Orthodox Christianity since the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 . Anglican and Calvinist foreigners were granted freedom to practice their religions in Stockholm ( 1741 ) and Gothenburg ( 1747 ) . Similar liberties were granted Catholics in 1781 , and an apostolic vicar was sent to Sweden in 1783 . </P> <H3> 18th -- 19th century : crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to curb Pietism several royal decrees and parliament acts were issued in the 18th century ; they forbade Swedish citizens to practice any religion besides mandatory Lutheran Sunday mass and daily family devotions . Without the presence of a Lutheran clergyman public religious gatherings were forbidden . It remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another confession or religion . </P> <H3> 19th -- 20th century : liberalisation of all religions ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1860 it became legal to leave the Church of Sweden for the purpose of becoming a member of another officially recognised religious denomination . From 1951 , it became legal to leave the church , without providing any reason . From 1951 to 1977 all religious institutions could only be established with the permission of the Crown . This law was eventually abolished in 1977 . </P> <H2> Demographics and legal frameworks ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Church of Sweden members </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th>

The most popular religion in Sweden is the

What is the most popular religion in sweden?

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, like many other neologisms used by Rowling , are capitalised , whereas established English words such as `` jinx '' and `` hex '' are not . The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître , meaning ' to appear ' and ' to disappear ' . Another possible derivation is from the English word `` apparition '' , meaning `` a supernatural appearance of a person or thing ; anything that appears , especially something remarkable or startling ; an act of appearing '' , which comes from the Latin `` apparitio '' , meaning attendance . `` Disapparate '' probably comes from the same word but with the prefix : `` dis - '' expressing negation or reversal . </P> <H3> Other teleportation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel , such as a house elf 's ability to teleport or a phoenix 's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame . Unlike wizards , these creatures are not restricted by anti-Apparition magic . Dobby , Kreacher and the rest of the house - elf population can Apparate within the Hogwarts grounds , as is demonstrated on multiple occasions , most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing , and when Dobby and Kreacher are summoned by Harry and assigned to tail Draco Malfoy . Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster 's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter manages to evade arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix . </P> <P> Some magical devices like the Floo Network , Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation . </P> <H3> Veela charm ( edit ) </H3> <P> An ability attributed to Veela and those of Veela heritage , such as Fleur Delacour . It is used to charm males , much like the Sirens in The Odyssey . Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it , although the Veela charm takes full effect if the Veela surprises the man , as noted by Ron in Half - Blood Prince . </P> <P> As shown in Goblet of Fire , Veela hair can be used as cores to create magical wands . According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander , these wands are a little `` temperamental '' . </P> <H3> Magical resistance ( edit ) </H3> <P> This refers to a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells found in powerful creatures such as trolls , dragons , and giants . Hagrid is resistant to certain spells , like the Stunning Spell , due to his giant blood . This type of resistance is not insurmountable ; if enough Stunning Spells , for example , are fired at a creature with magical resistance at once , the creature may still be rendered unconscious . Also , wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own sheer will , such as Harry did in Goblet of Fire , when Barty Crouch Jr. disguised as Alastor Moody tried to control Harry with the Imperius curse and Harry resisted . </P> <H2> Subjects at Hogwarts ( edit ) </H2> <P> At Hogwarts , students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years , after which they must choose between several electives . During their final two years , students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy . </P> <P> Transfiguration , Defence Against the Dark Arts , Charms , Potions , Astronomy , History of Magic , and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years , as well as flying lessons . At the end of their second year , students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year . The five choices are Arithmancy , Muggle Studies , Divination , Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures . Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years , if there is sufficient demand . There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts , each specializing in one of these subjects . </P> <H3> Transfiguration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object . Transfiguration is a theory - based subject , including topics such as `` Switching Spells '' ( altering only a part of some object , such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail ) ; Vanishing Spells ( causing an object to completely disappear ) ; and Conjuring Spells ( creating objects out of thin air ) . It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa -- Minerva McGonagall , the class 's teacher , transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher 's Stone . </P> <H3> Defence Against the Dark Arts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Defence Against the Dark Arts , commonly shortened to D.A.D.A. , is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts , and to be protected from Dark creatures . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with Death - Eaters in charge of the school , the subject is renamed the Dark Arts , and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions . The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members -- throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year . Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject . During the period the story takes place , the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell ( book one ) , Gilderoy Lockhart ( book two ) , Remus Lupin ( book three ) , Bartemius Crouch Jr impersonating Alastor `` Mad - eye '' Moody ( book four ) , Dolores Umbridge ( book five ) , Severus Snape ( book six ) , and Amycus Carrow ( book seven ) . Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that `` They 're startin ' ter think the job 's jinxed . No one 's lasted long for a while now . '' In Half - Blood Prince , Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected . The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling . The position had also been coveted by Snape , but he was denied the position as well . Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half - Blood Prince . Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died , the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue , set nineteen years afterwards . Furthermore , she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject . </P> <H3> Charms ( edit ) </H3> <P> Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment . Rowling has described Charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties . Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic , as the lessons are largely practical . Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in Charms classes , which are on the second floor of Hogwarts . The class is taught by Filius Flitwick . </P> <H3> Potions ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Potions in Harry Potter <P> Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects . It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures . As to the question of whether a muggle could brew a potion , given the correct magical ingredients , Rowling has said , `` Potions seems , on the face of it , to be the most muggle - friendly subject . But there does come a point in which you need to do more than stir . '' Rowling later confirmed on Pottermore that `` There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion . '' Snape 's lessons are depicted as unhappy , oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle , whilst Slughorn 's , who replaces Snape as Potions Master , are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times . </P> <H3> Astronomy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy Tower , the tallest tower in Hogwarts , and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra . Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes . No astronomy lessons are shown in the books , but they are frequently referenced . Rowling describes one of Harry 's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Also , bits of the Astronomy Tower are seen throughout the film series , such as HP2 and HP3 , and featured in Half - Blood Prince , as the place where Dumbledore died , and seen in Deathly Hallows . Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars , constellations and planets , and their location , movements , and environments . </P> <H3> History of magic ( edit ) </H3> <P> History of Magic is the study of magical history . Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts . They are only lectures , given without pause , about significant events in wizarding history . Topics have included goblin rebellions , giant wars , and the origins of wizarding secrecy . This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost , as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed . </P> <H3> Herbology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of , utilise and combat them . There are at least three greenhouses described in the books , holding a variety of magical plants . Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in . The epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher . </P> <H3> Arithmancy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers . As neither Harry nor Ron take this class ; almost nothing is known about it . It is , however , a favourite subject of Hermione . Arithmancy is reportedly difficult , as it requires memorising or working with many charts . In Order of the Phoenix , it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse - Breaker for Gringotts . The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector . </P> <H3> Study of ancient Runes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Study of Ancient Runes , more commonly known as Ancient Runes , is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts . Because only Hermione studies it , little else is known about this subject , taught by Professor Bathsheba Babbling . In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , which is written in ancient runes , to Hermione . </P> <H3> Divination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Divination is the art of predicting the future . Various methods are described , including tea leaves , fire omens , crystal balls , palmistry , cartomancy ( including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot ) , astrology , and dream interpretations . Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as `` one of the most imprecise branches of magic '' . Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the `` Inner Eye '' . Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent . Harry is first taught

The current Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher is

Who is the current defence against the dark arts teacher?

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Ford Field in Detroit , two in Minneapolis -- Super Bowl XXVI at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and Super Bowl LII at the U.S. Bank Stadium , one in Indianapolis at Lucas Oil Stadium for Super Bowl XLVI , and one in the New York area -- Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium . Only MetLife Stadium did not have a roof ( be it fixed or retractable ) but it was still picked as the host stadium for Super Bowl XLVIII in an apparent waiver of the warm - climate rule . </P> <P> There have been a few instances where the league has rescinded the Super Bowl from cities . Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 was originally awarded to Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona , but after Arizona voters elected not to recognize Martin Luther King , Jr . Day as a paid state - employee 's holiday in 1990 , the NFL moved the game to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . When voters in Arizona opted to create such a legal holiday in 1992 , Super Bowl XXX in 1996 was awarded to Tempe . Super Bowl XXXIII was awarded first to Candlestick Park in San Francisco , but when plans to renovate the stadium fell through , the game was moved to Pro Player Stadium in greater Miami . Super Bowl XXXVII was awarded to a new stadium not yet built in San Francisco , when that stadium failed to be built , the game was moved to San Diego . Super Bowl XLIV , slated for February 7 , 2010 , was withdrawn from New York City 's proposed West Side Stadium , because the city , state , and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding . Super Bowl XLIV was then eventually awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 was originally given to Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri , but after two sales taxes failed to pass at the ballot box , and opposition by local business leaders and politicians increased , Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game . Super Bowl XLIX was then eventually awarded to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . </P> <P> In 2011 , Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott said , `` ( The Super Bowl is ) commonly known as the single largest human trafficking incident in the United States . '' According to Forbes , 10,000 prostitutes were brought to Miami in 2010 for the Super Bowl . Snopes research in 2015 determined that the actual number of prostitutes involved in a typical Super Bowl weekend is less than 100 , not statistically higher than any other time of the year , and that the notion of mass increases in human trafficking around the Super Bowl was a politician 's myth . </P> <H3> Selection process ( edit ) </H3> <P> The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance , usually three to five years before the game . Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host . In 2014 , a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked , giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host . Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community , although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL . Some of the host requirements include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The host stadium must be in a market that hosts an NFL team and must have a minimum of 70,000 seats , with the media and electrical amenities necessary to produce the Super Bowl . Stadiums may include temporary seating for Super Bowls , but seating must be approved by the league . Stadiums where the average game day temperature is below 50 ° Fahrenheit must either have a roof or a waiver given by the league . There must be a minimum of 35,000 parking spaces within one mile of the stadium . </Li> <Li> The host stadium must have space for the Gameday Experience , a large pregame entertainment area , within walking distance of the stadium . </Li> <Li> The host city must have space for the NFL Experience , the interactive football theme park which is operated the week prior to the Super Bowl . An indoor venue for the event must have a minimum of 850,000 square feet , and an outdoor venue must have a minimum of 1,000,000 square feet . Additionally , there must be space nearby for the Media Center , and space for all other events involved in the Super Bowl week , including golf courses and bowling alleys . </Li> <Li> The necessary infrastructure must be in place around the stadium and other Super Bowl facilities , including parking , security , electrical needs , media needs , communication needs , and transportation needs . </Li> <Li> There must be a minimum number of hotel spaces within one hour 's drive of the stadium equaling 35 % of the stadium 's capacity , along with hotels for the teams , officials , media , and other dignitaries . ( For Super Bowl XXXIX , the city of Jacksonville docked several luxury cruise liners at their port to act as temporary hotel space . ) </Li> <Li> There must be practice space of equal and comparable quality for both teams within a 20 - minute drive of the team hotels , and rehearsal space for all events within a reasonable distance to the stadium . The practice facilities must have one grass field and at least one field of the same surface as the host stadium . </Li> <Li> The stadium must have a minimum of 70,000 fixed seats , including club and fixed suite seating , during regular season operations . </Li> </Ul> <P> The NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site , usually three to five years prior to the event . In 2007 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London , perhaps at Wembley Stadium . The game has never been played in a region that lacks an NFL franchise ; seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles , but none were held there in the 21 - year period when the league had no team in the area . New Orleans , the site of the 2013 Super Bowl , invested more than $1 billion in infrastructure improvements in the years leading up to the game . </P> <H3> Home team designation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The designated `` home team '' alternates between the NFC team in odd - numbered games and the AFC team in even - numbered games . This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl , when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team . Regardless of being the home or away team of record , each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones . Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date ( approximately 59 percent ) . </P> The Redskins are one of six home teams that chose to wear their white jersey , shown here in Super Bowl XVII . <P> Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979 , the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys . Originally , the designated home team had to wear their colored jerseys , which resulted in Dallas donning their less exposed dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V. While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys , there have been six ( 6 ) exceptions : the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XIII and XXVII , the Washington Redskins during Super Bowl XVII , the Pittsburgh Steelers during Super Bowl XL , the Denver Broncos during Super Bowl 50 , and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII . The Cowboys , since 1964 , have worn white jerseys at home . The Redskins wore white at home under coach Joe Gibbs starting in 1981 through 1992 , continued by Richie Petitbon and Norv Turner through 2000 , then again when Gibbs returned from 2004 through 2007 . Meanwhile , the Steelers , who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road , wearing white . The Steelers ' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX ; the Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season , but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys , New England opted to switch to crimson for the Super Bowl as the designated home team . For the Broncos in Super Bowl 50 , Denver general manager John Elway simply stated , `` We 've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms '' ; they previously had been 0 -- 4 in Super Bowls when wearing their orange jerseys . The Broncos ' decision is also perceived to be made out of superstition , losing all Super Bowl games with the orange jerseys in terrible fashion . It is unclear why the Patriots chose to wear their white jerseys for Super Bowl LII . During the pairing of Bill Belichick and Tom Brady , New England has mostly worn their blue jerseys for home games , but have worn white for a home game in the 2008 , 2010 , and 2011 seasons . The New England Patriots were 3 - 0 in their white uniforms in Super Bowls prior to Super Bowl LII with Belichick and Brady , and they may have been going on recent trends of teams who wear white for the Super Bowl game . White - shirted teams have won 33 of 52 Super Bowls to date ( 63 percent ) . The only teams to win in their dark - colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII , with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls . </P> <P> The 49ers , as part of the league 's 75th Anniversary celebration , used their 1957 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX , which for that year was their regular home jersey . No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl . </P> <H3> Host cities / regions ( edit ) </H3> For a full list of Super Bowl venues , see List of Super Bowl champions . Miami Metro Area New Orleans L.A. Metro Area Tampa San Diego Houston Detroit Metro Atlanta Phoenix Metro Area Minneapolis Jacksonville S.F. Bay Area Dallas ‐ Fort Worth Indianapolis N.Y. Metro Area Super Bowl host cities / regions <P> Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City / Region </Th> <Th> No. hosted </Th> <Th> Years hosted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami metropolitan area </Td> <Td> 10 ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1976 , 1979 , 1989 , 1995 , 1999 , 2007 , 2010 , 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2002 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles metropolitan area </Td> <Td> 7 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 1967 , 1973 , 1977 , 1980 , 1983 , 1987 , 1993 , 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa </Td> <Td> 4 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1984 , 1991 , 2001 , 2009

The decision on where the Super Bowl is played is made by

Who decides where the super bowl is played?

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how the other Fratellis have treated him in the past , easily subdues them and helps the rest of the Goonies to escape the boat . Though Mikey insists they go back for the treasure , Brandon worries more for their lives , and the group escapes through a hole in the grotto , eventually arriving on a nearby beach shore . Police quickly come to their help and reunite them with their families . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the Fratellis free themselves and begin to loot the boat . When they take the coins that Mikey had left earlier , they trigger another booby trap that causes the grotto to start to cave in . The Fratellis are forced to abandon the loot and flee to the beach , where police quickly take them into custody . As the Goonies are taken care of by their families , including Chunk offering to bring Sloth into his family , the owners of the country club show up and demand that Mr. Walsh sign away their homes and the Goon Docks . As he is about to do so , their housekeeper , Rosalita , finds Mikey 's marble bag in his wet clothes , filled with gems that the Fratellis had neglected to confiscate . Mr. Walsh triumphantly tears up the paperwork , as the gems are more than enough to negate the foreclosure . As the Goonies celebrate , the attention of all on the beach is caught by the sight of the unmanned Inferno , now clear of the grotto , and the Goonies wave her goodbye as she sets off once more upon the sea . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sean Astin as Michael `` Mikey '' Walsh </Li> <Li> Corey Feldman as Clark `` Mouth '' Devereaux </Li> <Li> Jeff Cohen as Lawrence `` Chunk '' Cohen </Li> <Li> Jonathan Ke Huy Quan as Richard `` Data '' Wang </Li> <Li> Josh Brolin as Brandon `` Brand '' Walsh </Li> <Li> Kerri Green as Andrea `` Andy '' Carmichael </Li> <Li> Martha Plimpton as Stephanie `` Stef '' Steinbrenner </Li> <Li> Anne Ramsey as Agatha `` Mama '' Fratelli </Li> <Li> Joe Pantoliano as Francis Fratelli </Li> <Li> Robert Davi as Jake Fratelli </Li> <Li> John Matuszak as Lotney `` Sloth '' Fratelli </Li> <Li> Mary Ellen Trainor as Irene Walsh </Li> <Li> Keith Walker as Irving Walsh </Li> <Li> Lupe Ontiveros as Rosalita </Li> <Li> Steve Antin as Troy Perkins </Li> <Li> Curtis F. Hanson as Mr. Perkins </Li> <Li> Paul Tuerpe as the Sheriff </Li> </Ul> <P> Director Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a deputy . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> The old Clatsop County Jail , scene of the Fratelli jail break . The site is now home to the Oregon Film Museum . Much of the filming was done on location in Astoria , Oregon , the setting of the film <P> Principal photography on The Goonies began on October 22 , 1984 and lasted five months . There was an additional six weeks of audio dubbing recording . The shooting script was lengthy , at more than 120 pages , and several sequences were eventually cut from the final theatrical version . During the film 's dénouement , mention is made of an octopus which refers to a scene that was excised from the final cut . </P> <P> In The Making of The Goonies , director Richard Donner notes the difficulties and pleasures of working with so many child actors . Donner praises them for their energy and excitement , but says that they were unruly when brought together . The documentary frequently shows him coaching the young actors and reveals some techniques he used to get realistic performances . One of these tricks involved One - Eyed Willy 's ship , which was actually a full - sized mock - up of a pirate ship created under the direction of production designer J. Michael Riva . Donner restricted the child actors from seeing the ship until they filmed the scene wherein it is revealed to their characters . The characters ' first glimpse of the ship was thus also the actors ' first view of it , bringing about a more realistic performance . However , that particular scene in the movie is actually the second shot , as the cast was so overwhelmed at first sight that the scene had to be re-shot . It was later noted that the entire set was scrapped after shooting because they could not find anyone who wanted it . </P> <P> In his book There and Back Again , Sean Astin claims that Richard Donner and Steven Spielberg were `` like codirectors '' on the film as he compares and contrasts their styles when directing scenes . </P> <P> Some of the on - location filming was done in Astoria , Oregon . The interior and exterior of the old Clatsop County Jail features as the holding place of Jake Fratelli at the start of the film . ( The building was later converted into the Oregon Film Museum , which opened on the 25th anniversary of The Goonies with memorabilia from this and other local films . ) The museum where Mikey 's father works is , in reality , the Captain George Flavel House Museum . The Walsh family home is a real home on the eastern end of the town . The scenes along the coast were filmed in Oregon , but they were a considerable distance from Astoria . The Goonies bicycle to Ecola State Park ( in reality , over 26 miles south of Astoria ) and then find the starting location of the map using Haystack Rock as a guide . Underground scenes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California , including the cavernous set where the Goonies find One - Eyed Willy 's ship , which was in Stage 16 , one of the largest sound stages in America . The final scene was shot at Goat Rock State Beach in Sonoma County , California . </P> <P> The film marked Wes Takahashi 's first major motion picture as an animation supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic . </P> <H2> Music and soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Goonies : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <P> The Goonies : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features music by Cyndi Lauper , REO Speedwagon , The Bangles , and others . The cast members ( except Kerri Green ) appeared alongside professional wrestlers `` Rowdy '' Roddy Piper and `` Captain '' Lou Albano in the 12 minute `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' music video . Steven Spielberg makes a cameo appearance . Lauper also has a cameo in the film , performing the song on TV , although the song was not completed until after filming . </P> <P> Dave Grusin 's score was unavailable for 25 years . The main theme , `` Fratelli Chase '' , has been used in numerous trailers , such as Innerspace and Guarding Tess , and was re-recorded by Grusin and the London Symphony Orchestra for the album Cinemagic . The score makes liberal use of the Max Steiner - composed theme from Adventures of Don Juan . </P> <P> Soundtrack label Varèse Sarabande released the score in March 2010 in a limited edition of 5000 copies . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Warner Bros. released the film in cinemas in the United States on June 7 , 1985 . The Goonies grossed US $9 million in its opening weekend in the US , second on the charts behind Rambo : First Blood Part II . It grossed more than US $61 million that year , placing it among the top ten highest - grossing films of 1985 in the US . </P> <P> The Goonies was first released on VHS and Betamax video in the United States in March 1986 and the LaserDisc and CED versions also debuted that year . Warner Home Video released a theatrical widescreen laserdisc on January 29 , 1992 . Warner Home Video released The Goonies in widescreen on Region 1 DVD on August 21 , 2001 . Warner Home Video released The Goonies on Blu - ray Disc in October 2008 in Europe and November 2010 in North America . The video is in 1080p high definition VC - 1 and accompanied by a Dolby TrueHD soundtrack . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 70 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 46 reviews ; the average rating is 6.1 / 10 . The critical consensus : `` An energetic , sometimes noisy mix of Spielbergian sentiment and funhouse tricks that will appeal to kids and nostalgic adults alike . '' At Metacritic it has a rating score of 60 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Several reviewers noted that the film appeared to be enjoyable for children and teens , but not so much for adults . </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ramsey won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role . At the 7th Youth in Film Awards ( now known as Young Artist Awards ) , Astin 's portrayal of Mikey won the award for Best Starring Performance By a Young Actor in a Motion Picture . Cohen , Feldman , and Plimpton were also nominated for awards for their performances in The Goonies . The film itself was nominated for best adventure motion picture . </P> <H3> Legacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The city of Astoria has hosted special anniversary events for the film , with around 10,000 to 15,000 visitors coming to the city to celebrate the film during these events . The home used for the Walsh family had become a tourist attraction , receiving between 1,200 and 1,500 visitors a day during the summer of the 30th anniversary , and in August 2015 the residents and owners of the home , their neighbors , and the city of Astoria have taken steps to limit public access to the home due to this . </P> Video games ( edit ) <P> Datasoft produced a Goonies video game for Commodore 64 , Atari 8 - bit family and Apple II in 1985 , which was later ported to the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC by U.S. Gold . This game features eight screens in which a player had to use two members of the Goonies group to solve puzzles and reach an exit to advance to the next stage . The screens were largely inspired by actual sets and puzzles seen in the film . A reference to the aforementioned `` octopus scene '' is included , as the seventh level . </P> <P> In 1986 , Japanese game developer Konami created two versions of The Goonies for the MSX ( The Goonies ) in Japan and Europe , and Family Computer ( The Goonies ) in Japan . The Goonies II was also released on the Famicom ( and its international counterpart , the Nintendo Entertainment System ) . The Goonies II was released in North America , Europe and Australia , although the original was one of the NES games released as part of the Nintendo VS . System arcade machine in the 1980s . The Goonies II has little to do with the film . In it , the Fratellis have kidnapped all the Goonies ( except Mikey , whom the player guides ) and have hidden them in cage across a terrain of caverns , mazes and abandoned buildings . As Mikey , the player must rescue them all and ultimately free a mermaid named Annie . </P> <P> In February 2007 , Chrysler 's Jeep division sponsored The Goonies : Return to Astoria , a Flash - based game , developed by Fuel Industries . The player 's goal is to collect map pieces and doubloons , and then

The last scene of Goonies was filmed at

Where was the last scene of goonies filmed?

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Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organisations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Anti-Apartheid Movement </Li> <Li> Artists United Against Apartheid </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Halt All Racist Tours </Li> <Li> Organisation of African Unity </Li> <Li> TransAfrica </Li> <Li> UN Special Committee against Apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conferences ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions </Li> <Li> 1978 World Conference against Racism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UN Security Council Resolutions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Resolution 134 ( Sharpeville massacre ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 181 ( voluntary arms embargo ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 191 ( sanctions feasibility ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 282 ( arms embargo strengthening ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 418 ( mandatory arms embargo ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 435 ( South - West Africa ceasefire ) </Li> <Li> Resolution 591 ( arms embargo strengthening ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other aspects ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Elimination of Racism Day </Li> <Li> `` Biko '' ( song ) </Li> <Li> Activists </Li> <Li> Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute </Li> <Li> Equity television programming ban </Li> <Li> Rugby union and apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In November 1962 , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , a non-binding resolution establishing the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid and called for imposing economic and other sanctions on South Africa . All Western nations were unhappy with the call for sanctions and as a result boycotted the committee . </P> <P> Following this passage of this resolution the UK - based Anti-Apartheid Movement spearheaded the arrangements for an international conference on sanctions to be held in London in April 1964 . According to Lisson , `` The aim of the Conference was to work out the practicability of economic sanctions and their implications on the economies of South Africa , the UK , the US and the Protectorates . Knowing that the strongest opposition to the application of sanctions came from the West ( and within the West , Britain ) , the Committee made every effort to attract as wide and varied a number of speakers and participants as possible so that the Conference findings would be regarded as objective . '' </P> <P> The conference was named the International Conference for Economic Sanctions Against South Africa . This conference , Lisson writes , </P> <P> established the necessity , the legality and the practicability of internationally organised sanctions against South Africa , whose policies were seen to have become a direct threat to peace and security in Africa and the world . Its findings also pointed out that in order to be effective , a programme of sanctions would need the active participation of Britain and the US , who were also the main obstacle to the implementation of such a policy . </P> <H3> Attempts to persuade British policymakers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The conference was not successful in persuading Britain to take up economic sanctions against South Africa though . Rather , the British government `` remained firm in its view that the imposition of sanctions would be unconstitutional ' because we do not accept that this situation in South Africa constitutes a threat to international peace and security and we do not in any case believe that sanctions would have the effect of persuading the South African Government to change its policies ' '' . </P> <P> The AAM tried to make sanctions an election issue in the 1964 General Election in Britain . Candidates were asked to state their position on economic sanctions and other punitive measures against the South African government . Most candidates who responded answered in the affirmative . After the Labour Party sweep to power though , commitment to the anti-apartheid cause dissipated . In short order , Labour Party leader Harold Wilson told the press that his Labour Party was `` not in favour of trade sanctions partly because , even if fully effective , they would harm the people we are most concerned about - the Africans and those white South Africans who are having to maintain some standard of decency there '' . Even so , Lisson writes that the `` AAM still hoped that the new Labour Government would be more sensitive to the demands of public opinion than the previous Government . '' But by the end of 1964 , it was clear that the election of the Labour Party had made little difference in the governments overall unwillingness to imposing sanctions . </P> <H3> Steadfast rejection by the West ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lisson summarizes the situation at the UN in 1964 : </P> <P> At the UN , Britain consistently refused to accept that the situation in South Africa fell under Chapter VII of the ( United Nations ) Charter . Instead , in collaboration with the US , it worked for a carefully worded appeal on the Rivonia and other political trials to try to appease Afro - Asian countries and public opinion at home and abroad ; by early 1965 the issue of sanctions had lost momentum . </P> <P> According to Lisson , Britain 's rejection was premised on its economic interests in South Africa , which would be put at risk if any type of meaningful economic sanctions were put in place . </P> <H3> 1970s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1977 , the voluntary UN arms embargo became mandatory with the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 . </P> <P> An oil embargo was introduced on 20 November 1987 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted a voluntary international oil embargo . </P> <H2> United States campaign ( 1977 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Sullivan Principles ( 1977 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sullivan Principles <P> Knight writes that anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. found that Washington was unwilling to get involved in economically isolating South Africa . The movement responded by organized lobbying of individual businesses and institutional investors to end their involvement with or investments in the apartheid state as a matter of corporate social responsibility . This campaign was coordinated by several faith - based institutional investors eventually leading to the creation of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility . An array of celebrities , including singer Paul Simon , also participated . </P> <P> The key instrument of this campaign was the so - called Sullivan Principles , authored by and named after the Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan . Leon Sullivan was an African - American preacher in Philadelphia who , in 1977 , was also a board member of the corporate giant General Motors . At that time , General Motors was the largest employer of blacks in South Africa . The principles required that the corporation ensure that all employees are treated equally and in an integrated environment , both in and outside the workplace , and regardless of race , as a condition of doing business . These principles directly conflicted with the mandated racial discrimination and segregation policies of apartheid - era South Africa , thus making it impossible for businesses adopting the Sullivan Principles to continue doing business there . </P> <P> While the anti-Apartheid movement lobbied individual businesses to adopt and comply with the Sullivan Principles , the movement opened an additional front with the institutional investors . Besides advocating that institutional investors withdraw any direct investments in South African - based companies , anti-Apartheid activists also lobbied for the divestment from all U.S. - based companies having South African interests who had not yet themselves adopted the Sullivan Principles . The institutional investors such as public pension funds were the most susceptible to these types of lobbying efforts . </P> <P> Public companies with South Africa interests were thus confronted on two levels : First , shareholder resolutions were submitted by concerned stockholders who , admitted , posed more of a threat to the often - cherished corporate reputations than to the stock price . Second , the companies were presented with the significant financial threat whereby one or more of their major institutional investors decides to withdraw their investments . </P> <H3> Achieving critical Mass. ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apartheid </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Events </Li> </Ul> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 1948 general election </Li> <Li> Coloured vote constitutional crisis </Li> <Li> 1956 Treason Trial </Li> <Li> Sharpeville massacre </Li> <Li> Rivonia Trial </Li> <Li> Soweto uprising </Li> <Li> Church Street bombing </Li> <Li> Trojan Horse Incident </Li> <Li> Khotso House bombing </Li> <Li> Cape Town peace march </Li> <Li> CODESA </Li> <Li> Assassination of Chris Hani </Li> <Li> Saint James Church massacre </Li> <Li> Shell House massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organisations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> ANC </Li> <Li> APLA </Li> <Li> IFP </Li> <Li> AWB </Li> <Li> Black Sash </Li> <Li> CCB </Li> <Li> Conservative Party </Li> <Li> DP </Li> <Li> ECC </Li> <Li> FOSATU </Li> <Li> PP </Li> <Li> RP </Li> <Li> PFP </Li> <Li> HNP </Li> <Li> MK </Li> <Li> PAC </Li> <Li> UDF </Li> <Li> Broederbond </Li> <Li> National Party </Li> <Li> COSATU </Li> <Li> SACC </Li> <Li> SADF </Li> <Li> SAIC </Li> <Li> SAMA </Li> <Li> SAP </Li> <Li> SACP </Li> <Li> State Security Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People ( show ) <Ul> <Li> P.W. Botha </Li> <Li> Steve Biko </Li> <Li> Mangosuthu Buthelezi </Li> <Li> F.W. de Klerk </Li> <Li> Ruth First </Li> <Li> Bram Fischer </Li> <Li> Arthur Goldreich </Li> <Li> Chris Hani </Li> <Li> Bantu Holomisa </Li> <Li> Joel Joffe </Li> <Li> Ahmed Kathrada </Li> <Li> Albert Luthuli </Li> <Li> Winnie Madikizela - Mandela </Li> <Li> Mac Maharaj </Li> <Li> D.F. Malan </Li> <Li> Nelson Mandela </Li> <Li> Govan Mbeki </Li> <Li> Thabo Mbeki </Li> <Li> Raymond Mhlaba </Li> <Li> Benjamin Moloise </Li> <Li> Albertina Sisulu </Li> <Li> Walter Sisulu </Li> <Li> JG Strijdom </Li> <Li> Joe Slovo </Li> <Li> Robert Sobukwe </Li> <Li> Helen Suzman </Li> <Li> Adelaide Tambo </Li> <Li> Oliver Tambo </Li> <Li> Eugène Terre'Blanche </Li> <Li> Desmond Tutu </Li> <Li> H.F. Verwoerd </Li> <Li> B.J. Vorster </Li> <Li> Jacob Zuma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Places ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bantustan </Li> <Li> District Six </Li> <Li> Robben Island </Li> <Li> Sophiatown </Li> <Li> South - West Africa </Li> <Li> Soweto </Li> <Li> Sun City </Li> <Li> Vlakplaas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afrikaner nationalism </Li> <Li> Apartheid in popular culture </Li> <Li> Apartheid legislation </Li> <Li> Cape Qualified Franchise </Li> <Li> Freedom Charter </Li> <Li> Sullivan Principles </Li> <Li> Kairos Document </Li> <Li> Disinvestment campaign </Li> <Li> Rhodes Must Fall </Li> <Li> South African Police </Li> <Li> Music in the movement against apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The disinvestment campaign in the United States , which had been in existence for quite some years , gained critical mass following the Black political resistance to the 1983 South African constitution which included a `` complex set of segregated parliaments '' . Richard Knight writes : </P> <P> In a total rejection of apartheid , black South Africans mobilized to make the townships ungovernable , black local officials resigned in droves , and the government declared a State of Emergency in 1985 and used thousands of troops to quell `` unrest '' . Television audiences throughout the world were to watch almost nightly reports of massive resistance to apartheid , the growth of a democratic movement , and the savage police and military response . </P> <P> The result of the widely televised South African response was `` a dramatic expansion of international actions to isolate apartheid , actions that combined with the internal situation to force dramatic changes in South Africa 's international economic relations '' . </P> <H3> University campuses (

The divestment social movement in South Africa was

What was the divestment social movement in south africa?

7750414429766802805

G Callen - wikipedia <H1> G Callen </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Grisha `` G . '' Callen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> NCIS : Los Angeles character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Chris O'Donnell as G. Callen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Legend ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Chris O'Donnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NCIS -- `` Legend ( Part 2 ) '' </Li> <Li> Hawaii Five - 0 -- `` Pa Make Loa '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td> Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev Callen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> G . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> NCIS Special Agent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Special Agent - in - Charge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nikita Alexsandr Reznikov ( father ) </Li> <Li> Clara Callen ( mother , deceased ) </Li> <Li> Amy Callen ( older sister , deceased ) </Li> <Li> George Callen ( grandfather , deceased ) </Li> <Li> Alexandra Reynolds ( half sister ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kristen Donnelly ( ex-girlfriend ) </Li> <Li> Joelle Taylor ( ex-girlfriend ) </Li> <Li> Anna Kolcheck ( girlfriend ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> G. Callen ( born : Grisha Alekandrovich Nikolaev ) is a fictional character in the show NCIS : Los Angeles portrayed by Chris O'Donnell . He is an NCIS Special Agent in Charge , and the senior agent assigned to the Office of Special Projects . O'Donnell made his first appearance during NCIS ' sixth season episode `` Legend ( Part 1 ) '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Storylines <Ul> <Li> 2.1 NCIS season 6 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 2 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 3 </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 4 </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 5 </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season 6 </Li> <Li> 2.8 Season 7 </Li> <Li> 2.9 Season 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to the series , Callen and Hanna had been partnered together for two years ( `` Partner '' ) , while he and Lange first met when he escaped from a juvenile detention center , and Hetty kept him from being re-arrested ( `` Rage '' ) . While his friends address him as `` G '' , Lange refuses to do so , saying , `` It 's not a name , it 's a letter . '' She instead addresses him as `` Mr. Callen '' ( `` Identity '' ) . Callen once served with his good friend Leroy Jethro Gibbs , who now works at the NCIS Headquarters located in the Washington Navy Yard . Callen specializes in deep undercover work . </P> <P> In addition to English , Callen is fluent in at least six other languages : Spanish , Polish , Russian , German ( with an English accent , which is claimed to be Austrian ) , Italian ( with a Northern accent ) , and French . Callen also claims to speak Czech and Romanian ; furthermore , his Russian is arguably good enough to be taken for one , but not the other , Chechen dialect . That fluency allowed Callen to infiltrate a Chechen terrorist cell in season four episode `` The Chosen One '' which eerily presaged the Boston Marathon bombing by Chechen immigrants less than three months later . The fake death certificate shown by Hetty to Alexa Comescu in the season - two finale states that his date of birth is March 11 , 1970 . In the Season 1 episode `` Search and Destroy '' ( S1 : E4 ) , Callen is shown easily reading Arabic , with enough fluency to translate on the fly into idiomatic English . </P> <P> In `` Archangel '' , Callen states that the first time he fired a gun was at the age of 20 . In the same episode , it was revealed that Hetty has beaten him on a race up the NCIS rock wall three times in a row , and Callen refuses to challenge her to a re-match despite goading from Sam Hanna . In the episode `` Pushback '' , it is revealed that Callen lived in 37 foster homes starting from the age of five . He sometimes moved every few days , and the longest he ever stayed in one place was for three months at fourteen , when he lived with the family of a Russian girl named Alina Rostoff ( whom he called `` little sister '' ) . During the season six episode Rage , Callen experiences a series of flashbacks to his troubled teenage years and he reveals to Sam that Hetty saved him . Earlier flashbacks in the season two finale saw Callen suddenly remember that he spent part of his early childhood on the Romanian coast of the Black Sea . It is revealed in `` Identity '' that he is called `` G '' not because he dislikes his first name , but because he does not actually know what it stands for , as the system never told him . As an adult , his foster - sister Rostoff was secretly sent to watch Callen and to prevent him from being killed by Russian mobsters . Callen is fluent in Russian due to his former relationship with the Rostoff family . Throughout the first season , it is shown that Callen is homeless , staying temporarily with his various NCIS colleagues and sometimes in the Operations Center itself . </P> <P> Prior to joining NCIS , Callen worked for the Drug Enforcement Administration and Central Intelligence Agency . While with the Agency , he worked alongside recurring NCIS character , Trent Kort ( David Dayan Fisher ) , and was partnered with Tracy Rosetti ( Marisol Nichols ) ; as part of their undercover mission in Uzbekistan , Callen and Tracy `` married '' , using the surname Keller . Following this mission , where Callen accused Tracy of placing the success of the operation above both their professional and personal partnerships , the two ' divorced ' , with Callen joking that in the settlement Tracy received custody of Buddy , their dog . The marriage and subsequent divorce were of course fake . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <H3> NCIS season 6 ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of `` Legend '' , Callen was almost killed in a drive - by shooting . Callen and the team later realized ( in the first season episode `` Pushback '' ) that his shooting was related to a mission Callen took part in against the Russian Mob , as a DEA agent ten years earlier . </P> <H3> Season 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the first season finale `` Callen , G . '' , Callen tracks down a woman named Amy Taylor ( née Callen ) who initially claims to be his older sister , but then admits her real name is actually Hannah Lawson , and that she was friends with the real Amy Callen when they lived in an orphanage together . The real Amy had died at the age of 11 when the two friends sneaked out at night to play in the nearby river , and Amy had been swept away in an accident . When Hannah returned , she slept in Amy 's bed , and the authorities there never realized what had happened . When Amy 's body was found a month later , she was buried under Hannah 's name as the authorities did n't know any better . Callen later goes to visit his sister 's grave , and finds flowers and a recent note left `` For my Sweet daughter always in my Heart '' . Also during the episode , Nate Getz discovers that a list of all of Callen 's foster homes and orphanages was written by one person , albeit over a number of years , indicating that someone had been keeping an eye on Callen during that time . The same list showed the various orphanages and foster homes where the real and fake Amy , including the last foster home where Amy ( aka Hannah ) stayed for many years , indicating this person did not know about the switch between Hannah and Amy . In season 3 `` Deadline '' , Callen discovers that Hetty had kept an eye on him during his youth ( confirmed in season 6 `` Rage '' ) , and also knew his sister died . But in season 5 's `` Reznikov , N . '' it is revealed that Hans Schreiber also kept track of Callen 's life , as a favor to Callen 's father . It has not been confirmed who actually wrote the list of foster homes and orphanages however it is assumed that he wrote the list as Nate Getz analysed the list as having been written with an againg hand , as and when the changes of homes took place . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the season two premiere `` Human Traffic '' , Hetty makes arrangements for Callen to purchase a house of his own -- the very same house where he lived with Alina Rostoff as a foster child . </P> <P> The second season mostly revolves around Callen , who has been stalked by someone he does not know . He sees someone near the grave of his sister , and over the course of the season , runs into people who seem to know more about his past than he does . When Hetty resigns and takes off to Prague , Callen finds out from Director Vance that Hetty has started her own investigation , Operation Comescu , which is all about Callen . Callen and the team then resign too when Vance refuses to fly them to Prague to get Hetty . Arriving in Prague , the team discovers that Hetty has been taken by the Comescus and that the Comescus have been in a decades - long blood feud with the Callens , of which G is the last one . The team tracks their safe house down to a house on the beach , and Callen starts to remember things from his past , as he realizes he has been on this beach before . Inside the house , Hetty fails to convince Alexa Comescu , the matriarch of the Comescu family , that Callen died three weeks ago , showing her a clip of the attempted assassination and a death certificate . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the third season premiere , `` Lange , H . '' , it is revealed that Callen 's grandfather was an OSS agent stationed in

In NCIS: Los Angeles, the "G" in G. Callen's name stands for

What does g stand for in ncis los angeles?

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CLS group - wikipedia <H1> CLS group </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> CLS Group Holdings AG <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Edge Act Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Banking , financial services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.cls-group.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> CLS ( originally Continuous Linked Settlement ) is a specialist US financial institution that provides settlement services to its members in the foreign exchange market ( FX ) . Although the forex market is decentralised and has no central exchange or clearing facility , firms that chose to use CLS to settle their FX transactions can mitigate the settlement risk associated with their trades . </P> <P> CLS does this through the operation of a payment versus payment ( PvP ) settlement service which mitigates settlement risk for the FX transactions of its settlement members and their customers ( third parties ) . </P> <P> The service started operating in 2002 as an Edge Act Corporation , a limited purpose bank regulated by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York . </P> <P> Since it began operations in 2002 , CLS has rapidly increased and by March 2017 was settling just over 50 % of global FX transactions . As a result , the Financial Stability Oversight Council ( FSOC ) officially designated CLS a Systemically Important Financial Market Utility in July 2012 . </P> <P> The single day record for value settled is US $11.11 trillion , set on 21 June 2017 . The single day record for volume settled is 2.58 million , set on 14 November 2016 . </P> <P> In 2002 , CLS was launched with 39 members and seven currencies . As of September 2017 , CLS settles 18 currencies , has 79 shareholders , 66 settlement members and 24,000 + third - party clients . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Service <Ul> <Li> 1.1 How it works <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 In / Out Swaps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Currencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Service ( edit ) </H2> <P> CLS operates a global multi-currency cash settlement system through which settlement risk can be mitigated with finality using a combination of PvP settlement over CLS central bank accounts , local real - time gross settlements systems ( RTGS ) and multilateral payment netting supported by a resilient infrastructure . </P> <P> In a PvP system both sides ' payment instructions for a FX transaction are settled simultaneously . Without PvP there is a serious risk that one party to a FX transaction will deliver the currency it owes , but not receive the other currency from its counterparty , resulting in the loss of principal . This is known as settlement risk , or `` Herstatt Risk '' , after the German bank , Bankhaus Herstatt , which collapsed in June 1974 leaving many of its FX counterparties with significant losses . </P> <H3> How it works ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following an FX transaction , Settlement Members submit payment instructions to CLS . These instructions are authenticated and matched by CLS and maintained by the system until settlement date . The CLS daily settlement cycle operates with settlement and funding occurring during a five - hour window when all real time gross settlement ( RTGS ) systems in the CLS settlement currency jurisdictions are open and able to make and receive payments . This enables simultaneous settlement of the payments on both sides of a FX transaction . </P> <P> Each Settlement Member holds a single multi-currency account with CLS . At the start and end of a normal settlement day , each Settlement Member has a zero balance on its account . Under normal operations of the settlement service , CLS starts and ends the day with a zero balance in its central bank accounts and in its Settlement Member accounts . Settlement Members may submit instructions relating to their own FX transactions as well as the FX transactions of their third party customers directly to CLS . </P> <P> CLS holds accounts with each of the central banks whose currencies it settles . </P> <P> On each settlement date , upon determining that the accounts of the submitting Settlement Members satisfy several risk management tests , CLS simultaneously settles each pair of matched payment instructions by making the corresponding debit and credit entries in the Settlement Members ' accounts at CLS . The settlement of the payment instructions and the associated payments are final and irrevocable . </P> <P> For example , ( GBP / USD = 1.50 , EUR / USD = 1.25 ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> By trades : <Ul> <Li> Member 1 : Buys 1,000 GBP / USD from Member 2 </Li> <Li> Member 2 : Buys 1,000 EUR / USD from Member 3 </Li> <Li> Member 3 : Buys 1,000 GBP / USD from Member 1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> By currency positions : <Ul> <Li> Member 1 : Owes USD1500 and GBP1000 , collects USD1500 and GBP1000 </Li> <Li> Member 2 : Owes USD1250 and GBP1000 , collects EUR1000 and USD1500 </Li> <Li> Member 3 : Owes USD1500 and EUR1000 , collects USD1250 and GBP1000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> CLS then multi-laterally nets the total obligations : <Ul> <Li> Member 1 : Pays 0.0 and receives 0.0 </Li> <Li> Member 2 : Pays GBP1000 , and receives EUR1000 and USD250 </Li> <Li> Member 3 : Pays USD250 and EUR1000 , and receives GBP1000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> These obligations are funded into and from each member 's respective multi-currency account . </P> <P> Another key element of the CLS Settlement Service is the liquidity efficiencies delivered through multilateral payment netting . On each day participants will very likely have more than one trade to settle -- in practice , major banks will have hundreds or thousands of trades each day . Each day prior to settlement , CLS calculates the funding required of each Settlement Member on a multilateral netted basis . The amount of cash required by CLS to settle all payment instructions is reduced , allowing each Settlement Member to transfer only the net amount of its payment obligations in each currency , rather than the total amount of each trade to be settled . On average , CLS netting efficiency is in the region of 96 percent . </P> In / Out Swaps ( edit ) <P> In addition to the usual settlement service , the In / Out Swap process is done before the settlement windows to reduce the payment obligations to CLS and to mitigate liquidity pressures . An In / Out Swap is an intraday swap consisting of two equal and opposite FX transactions that are agreed as an intraday swap . </P> <P> One of the `` legs '' is settled inside CLS in order to reduce each Settlement Member 's net position in the two relevant currencies . The other `` leg '' is settled outside CLS . </P> <P> The In / Out Swap further compresses payment obligation by an average of 75 % , which results in a funding requirement in CLS of less than 1 % of the total gross settlement value . </P> <H3> Currencies ( edit ) </H3> <P> CLS has expanded the number of currencies it settles over the years and currently settles the following currencies : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country / entity </Th> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> Currency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> AUD </Td> <Td> Australian dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> CAD </Td> <Td> Canadian dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> DKK </Td> <Td> Danish krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eurozone </Td> <Td> EUR </Td> <Td> Euro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> HKD </Td> <Td> Hong Kong dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> HUF </Td> <Td> Hungarian forint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> ILS </Td> <Td> Israeli new shekel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> JPY </Td> <Td> Japanese yen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> MXN </Td> <Td> Mexican peso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> NZD </Td> <Td> New Zealand dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> NOK </Td> <Td> Norwegian krone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> SGD </Td> <Td> Singapore dollar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> ZAR </Td> <Td> South African rand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> KRW </Td> <Td> South Korean won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> SEK </Td> <Td> Swedish krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> CHF </Td> <Td> Swiss franc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> GBP </Td> <Td> Pound sterling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> USD </Td> <Td> United States dollar </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clearing ( finance ) </Li> <Li> Bank for International Settlements </Li> <Li> delivery versus payment </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BIS report '' ( PDF ) . BIS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About CLS '' . Cls-group.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daily FX trade more like $3 trillion than 5 - CLS '' . CNBC . March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Financial Stability Oversight Council Makes First Designations in Effort to Protect Against Future Financial Crises '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CLS Bank settles new record value '' . CLS . March 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CLS Settlement '' . Cls-group.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bank Failures in Mature Economies '' . Bis.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CLS Bank & the World of FX Settlement '' . Forex Magnates . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In / Out Swaps '' . CLS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FX Week - CLS Pushes Transformation Agenda '' . FXWeek.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 01 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> CLS website </Li> <Li> CLS Bank settles new record volume </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CLS_Group&oldid=800931084 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Foreign exchange market </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16

CLS Bank deals with transactions arising out of

Cls bank deals with transactions arising out of?

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Hindenburg disaster - wikipedia <H1> Hindenburg disaster </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For newsreel coverage of the event , see Hindenburg disaster newsreel footage . <Table> LZ 129 Hindenburg <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The stern of the Hindenburg begins to fall , with the mooring mast in the foreground . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> May 6 , 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summary </Th> <Td> Airship fire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Site </Th> <Td> Naval Air Station Lakehurst Manchester Township , New Jersey , U.S. Coordinates : 40 ° 01 ′ 49 '' N 74 ° 19 ′ 33 '' W  /  40.030392 ° N 74.325745 ° W  / 40.030392 ; - 74.325745 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Aircraft </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aircraft type </Th> <Td> Hindenburg - class airship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aircraft name </Th> <Td> Hindenburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> Deutsche Zeppelin - Reederei </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Registration </Th> <Td> D - LZ129 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flight origin </Th> <Td> Frankfurt am Main , Hesse - Nassau , Prussia , Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Destination </Th> <Td> Naval Air Station Lakehurst Lakehurst Borough , New Jersey , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crew </Th> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fatalities </Th> <Td> 35 ( 13 passengers , 22 air crewmen , one ground crewman ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Injuries </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Survivors </Th> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Hindenburg disaster occurred on May 6 , 1937 , as the German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Manchester Township , New Jersey , United States . Of the 97 people on board ( 36 passengers and 61 crewmen ) , there were 35 fatalities ( 13 passengers and 22 crewmen ) . One worker on the ground was also killed , raising the final death toll to 36 . </P> <P> The disaster was the subject of spectacular newsreel coverage , photographs , and Herbert Morrison 's recorded radio eyewitness reports from the landing field , which were broadcast the next day . A variety of hypotheses have been put forward for both the cause of ignition and the initial fuel for the ensuing fire . The event shattered public confidence in the giant , passenger - carrying rigid airship and marked the abrupt end of the airship era . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Flight <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Landing timeline </Li> <Li> 1.2 Disaster </Li> <Li> 1.3 News coverage </Li> <Li> 1.4 Death toll </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cause of ignition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Sabotage hypothesis </Li> <Li> 2.2 Static spark hypothesis </Li> <Li> 2.3 Lightning hypothesis </Li> <Li> 2.4 Engine failure hypothesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fire 's initial fuel <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Incendiary paint hypothesis </Li> <Li> 3.2 Hydrogen hypothesis <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Puncture hypothesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Fuel leak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rate of flame propagation </Li> <Li> 5 Memorial </Li> <Li> 6 Popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Flight ( edit ) </H2> <P> After opening its 1937 season by completing a single round - trip passage to Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , in late March , the Hindenburg departed from Frankfurt , Germany , on the evening of May 3 , on the first of 10 round trips between Europe and the United States that were scheduled for its second year of commercial service . American Airlines had contracted with the operators of the Hindenburg to shuttle the passengers from Lakehurst to Newark for connections to airplane flights . </P> <P> Except for strong headwinds that slowed its progress , the Atlantic crossing of the Hindenburg was otherwise unremarkable until the airship attempted an early - evening landing at Lakehurst three days later on May 6 . Although carrying only half its full capacity of passengers ( 36 of 70 ) and crewmen ( 61 , including 21 crewman trainees ) for the accident flight , the Hindenburg was fully booked for its return flight . Many of the passengers with tickets to Germany were planning to attend the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in London the following week . </P> The Hindenburg over Manhattan , New York on May 6 , 1937 <P> The airship was hours behind schedule when it passed over Boston on the morning of May 6 , and its landing at Lakehurst was expected to be further delayed because of afternoon thunderstorms . Advised of the poor weather conditions at Lakehurst , Captain Max Pruss charted a course over Manhattan Island , causing a public spectacle as people rushed out into the street to catch sight of the airship . After passing over the field at 4 : 00 p.m. , Captain Pruss took passengers on a tour over the seasides of New Jersey while waiting for the weather to clear . After finally being notified at 6 : 22 p.m. that the storms had passed , Pruss directed the airship back to Lakehurst to make its landing almost half a day late . However , as this would leave much less time than anticipated to service and prepare the airship for its scheduled departure back to Europe , the public was informed that they would not be permitted at the mooring location or be able to visit aboard the Hindenburg during its stay in port . </P> <H3> Landing timeline ( edit ) </H3> <P> Around 7 : 00 p.m. local time , at an altitude of 650 feet ( 200 m ) , the Hindenburg made its final approach to the Lakehurst Naval Air Station . This was to be a high landing , known as a flying moor , because the airship would drop its landing ropes and mooring cable at a high altitude , and then be winched down to the mooring mast . This type of landing maneuver would reduce the number of ground crewmen , but would require more time . Although the high landing was a common procedure for American airships , the Hindenburg had only performed this maneuver a few times in 1936 while landing in Lakehurst . </P> <P> At 7 : 09 , the airship made a sharp full - speed left turn to the west around the landing field because the ground crew was not ready . At 7 : 11 , it turned back toward the landing field and valved gas . All engines idled ahead and the airship began to slow . Captain Pruss ordered aft engines full astern at 7 : 14 while at an altitude of 394 ft ( 120 m ) , to try to brake the airship . </P> <P> At 7 : 17 , the wind shifted direction from east to southwest , and Captain Pruss ordered a second sharp turn starboard , making an s - shaped flightpath towards the mooring mast . At 7 : 18 , as the final turn progressed , Pruss ordered 300 , 300 and 500 kg of water ballast in successive drops because the airship was stern - heavy . The forward gas cells were also valved . As these measures failed to bring the ship in trim , six men ( three of whom were killed in the accident ) were then sent to the bow to trim the airship . </P> <P> At 7 : 21 , while the Hindenburg was at an altitude of 295 ft ( 90 m ) , the mooring lines were dropped from the bow ; the starboard line was dropped first , followed by the port line . The port line was overtightened as it was connected to the post of the ground winch . The starboard line had still not been connected . A light rain began to fall as the ground crew grabbed the mooring lines . </P> <P> At 7 : 25 p.m. , a few witnesses saw the fabric ahead of the upper fin flutter as if gas was leaking . Others reported seeing a dim blue flame -- possibly static electricity , or St Elmo 's Fire -- moments before the fire on top and in the back of the ship near the point where the flames first appeared . Several other eyewitness testimonies suggest that the first flame appeared on the port side just ahead of the port fin , and was followed by flames which burned on top . Commander Rosendahl testified to the flames in front of the upper fin being `` mushroom - shaped '' . One witness on the starboard side reported a fire beginning lower and behind the rudder on that side . On board , people heard a muffled detonation and those in the front of the ship felt a shock as the port trail rope overtightened ; the officers in the control car initially thought the shock was caused by a broken rope . </P> <H3> Disaster ( edit ) </H3> Hindenburg begins to fall seconds after catching fire <P> At 7 : 25 p.m. local time , the Hindenburg caught fire and quickly became engulfed in flames . Eyewitness statements disagree as to where the fire initially broke out ; several witnesses on the port side saw yellow - red flames first jump forward of the top fin near the ventilation shaft of cells 4 and 5 . Other witnesses on the port side noted the fire actually began just ahead of the horizontal port fin , only then followed by flames in front of the upper fin . One , with views of the starboard side , saw flames beginning lower and farther aft , near cell 1 behind the rudders . Inside the airship , helmsman Helmut Lau , who was stationed in the lower fin , testified hearing a muffled detonation and looked up to see a bright reflection on the front bulkhead of gas cell 4 , which `` suddenly disappeared by the heat '' . As other gas cells started to catch fire , the fire spread more to the starboard side and the ship dropped rapidly . Although there were cameramen from four newsreel teams and at least one spectator known to be filming the landing , as well as numerous photographers at the scene , no known footage or photograph exists of the moment the fire started . </P> <P> Wherever they started , the flames quickly spread forward first consuming cells 1 to 9 , and the rear end of the structure imploded . Almost instantly , two tanks ( it is disputed whether they contained water or fuel ) burst out of the hull as a result of the shock of the blast . Buoyancy was lost on the stern of the ship , and the bow lurched upwards while the ship 's back broke ; the falling stern stayed in trim . </P> A fire - damaged 9 '' duralumin cross brace from the frame of the Hindenburg salvaged in May 1937 from the crash site at NAS Lakehurst , NJ . <P> As the tail of the Hindenburg crashed into the ground , a burst of flame came out of the nose , killing nine of the 12 crew members in the bow . There was still gas in the bow section of the ship , so it continued to point upward as the stern collapsed down . The cell behind the passenger decks ignited as the side collapsed inward , and the scarlet lettering reading `` Hindenburg '' was erased by flames as the bow descended . The airship 's gondola wheel touched the ground , causing the bow to bounce up slightly as one final gas cell burned away . At this point , most of the fabric on the hull had also burned away and the bow finally

The Hindenburg was scheduled to fly to

Where was the hindenburg scheduled to fly and how many passengers were on it?

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Doug Williams and Julie Olson - wikipedia <H1> Doug Williams and Julie Olson </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Doug & Julie Williams . <P> Douglas Williams and Julie Olson Williams are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American daytime drama Days of Our Lives . Doug and Julie are considered to be the first supercouple in daytime television history . Doug is portrayed by Bill Hayes and Julie is portrayed by Susan Seaforth Hayes . The actors are married in real life and also still recur in their roles that made them famous on NBC 's Days of our Lives . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cultural impact </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth began to develop a romance outside of their characters ' storyline . It was `` at first publicized by the soapmill as ' just friends , ' but slowly it developed into a full - scale love affair . '' On a weekend , the two secretly married . Only a few friends of the couple knew about the event . When the press got knowledge of this , it `` set off a commotion among fans , who wrote endless letters to the show asking that the couple also be allowed to get married in the story . If they could get married in real life , so the argument went , they certainly should be able to get together on screen . '' </P> <P> The writers of Days of our Lives refused popular demand , and prolonged the anticipation of the two marrying onscreen . In the book All My Afternoons by Annie Gilbert , the event is described : </P> <P> Nothing was ever such a guarantee of good ratings as star - crossed lovers everyone knew belonged together . But finally the producers set the date for the marriage and Days put on one of the most extravagant weddings imaginable on the screen . It was such a soap opera media event that the local L.A. press ( Days , along with General Hospital and The Young and the Restless , which is produced in Los Angeles ) was invited to the studio to watch . </P> <P> In the episode featuring Doug and Julie 's honeymoon , Susan Seaforth managed to slip an ad libbed line past the censors that was - for US daytime television in the 1970s - provocative and risque . When Doug ( Bill Hayes ) asked her what she would like for breakfast , she mentioned items including juice , coffee and `` big pink sausage . '' </P> <P> Doug and Julie were the first soap opera characters to grace the cover of TIME magazine . Entertainment Weekly calls them one of the great soap opera supercouples . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of supercouples </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : West , Abby . `` 17 Great Soap Supercouples : Doug and Julie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives . Like sands through the hourglass '' . Soap Opera History.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , page 112 , continued on page 116 , published in 1978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SOAP STAR STATS : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Doug at soapcentral.com </Li> <Li> Julie at soapcentral.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Days of Our Lives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brady Black </Li> <Li> John Black </Li> <Li> Caroline Brady </Li> <Li> Ciara Brady </Li> <Li> Claire Brady </Li> <Li> Eric Brady </Li> <Li> Hope Brady </Li> <Li> Kayla Brady </Li> <Li> Roman Brady </Li> <Li> Shawn - Douglas Brady </Li> <Li> Abe Carver </Li> <Li> Theo Carver </Li> <Li> Tripp Dalton </Li> <Li> Abigail Deveraux </Li> <Li> JJ Deveraux </Li> <Li> Andre DiMera </Li> <Li> Chad DiMera </Li> <Li> Marlena Evans </Li> <Li> Eli Grant </Li> <Li> Valerie Grant </Li> <Li> Gabi Hernandez </Li> <Li> Rafe Hernandez </Li> <Li> Jennifer Horton </Li> <Li> Lucas Horton </Li> <Li> Maggie Horton </Li> <Li> Will Horton </Li> <Li> Adrienne Johnson </Li> <Li> Steve Johnson </Li> <Li> Parker Jonas </Li> <Li> Justin Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Sonny Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Victor Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Chloe Lane </Li> <Li> Paul Narita </Li> <Li> Lani Price </Li> <Li> Kate Roberts </Li> <Li> Doug Williams </Li> <Li> Julie Olson Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable past characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Horton </Li> <Li> Tom Horton </Li> <Li> Lawrence Alamain </Li> <Li> Vivian Alamain </Li> <Li> Susan Banks </Li> <Li> Belle Black </Li> <Li> Bo Brady </Li> <Li> Carrie Brady Reed </Li> <Li> Cassie Brady </Li> <Li> Chelsea Brady </Li> <Li> Frankie Brady </Li> <Li> Kimberly Brady </Li> <Li> Max Brady </Li> <Li> Sami Brady </Li> <Li> Shawn Brady </Li> <Li> Dr. Lexie Carver </Li> <Li> Liz Chandler </Li> <Li> Xander Cook </Li> <Li> Don Craig </Li> <Li> Neil Curtis </Li> <Li> Cameron Davis </Li> <Li> Jack Deveraux </Li> <Li> Anna DiMera </Li> <Li> Daphne DiMera </Li> <Li> EJ DiMera </Li> <Li> Kristen DiMera </Li> <Li> Johnny DiMera </Li> <Li> Santo DiMera </Li> <Li> Stefano DiMera </Li> <Li> Sydney DiMera </Li> <Li> Tony DiMera </Li> <Li> Drew Donovan </Li> <Li> Eve Donovan </Li> <Li> Shane Donovan </Li> <Li> Theresa Donovan </Li> <Li> Nick Fallon </Li> <Li> Megan Hathaway </Li> <Li> Benjy Hawk </Li> <Li> Arianna Hernandez </Li> <Li> Eduardo Hernandez </Li> <Li> Addie Horton </Li> <Li> Allie Horton </Li> <Li> Bill Horton </Li> <Li> Jeremy Horton </Li> <Li> Laura Horton </Li> <Li> Marie Horton </Li> <Li> Melissa Horton </Li> <Li> Mickey Horton </Li> <Li> Nathan Horton </Li> <Li> Sarah Horton </Li> <Li> Tommy Horton </Li> <Li> Robin Jacobs </Li> <Li> Madison James </Li> <Li> Aiden Jennings </Li> <Li> Chase Jennings </Li> <Li> Joey Johnson </Li> <Li> Stephanie Johnson </Li> <Li> Daniel Jonas </Li> <Li> Melanie Jonas </Li> <Li> Calliope Jones </Li> <Li> Deimos Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Philip Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Paige Larson </Li> <Li> Bonnie Lockhart </Li> <Li> Mimi Lockhart </Li> <Li> Patrick Lockhart </Li> <Li> Carly Manning </Li> <Li> Alex Marshall </Li> <Li> Serena Mason </Li> <Li> Colin Murphy </Li> <Li> Tori Narita </Li> <Li> Celeste Perrault </Li> <Li> Austin Reed </Li> <Li> Billie Reed </Li> <Li> Curtis Reed </Li> <Li> Jordan Ridgeway </Li> <Li> Ben Rogers </Li> <Li> Jan Spears </Li> <Li> Isabella Toscano </Li> <Li> Ava Vitali </Li> <Li> Gina Von Amberg </Li> <Li> Brandon Walker </Li> <Li> Nicole Walker </Li> <Li> Taylor Walker </Li> <Li> Nancy Wesley </Li> <Li> Clyde Weston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related information </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Producers and writers </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 1960s </Li> <Li> 1970s </Li> <Li> 1980s </Li> <Li> 1990s </Li> <Li> 2000s </Li> <Li> 2010s </Li> <Li> Doug and Julie </Li> <Li> Bo and Hope </Li> <Li> Sami and EJ </Li> <Li> John and Marlena </Li> <Li> Jack and Jennifer </Li> <Li> Steve and Kayla </Li> <Li> Shawn and Belle </Li> <Li> Lucas and Sami </Li> <Li> Will and Sonny </Li> <Li> Shane and Kimberly </Li> <Li> Salem </Li> <Li> Cruise of Deception </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fictional families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DiMera family </Li> <Li> Horton family </Li> <Li> Brady family </Li> <Li> Kiriakis family </Li> <Li> Johnson family </Li> <Li> Roberts family </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Days of Our Lives characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Present and future characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Vivian Alamain </Li> <Li> Brady Black </Li> <Li> John Black </Li> <Li> Tate Black </Li> <Li> Belle Brady </Li> <Li> Ciara Brady </Li> <Li> Claire Brady </Li> <Li> Eric Brady </Li> <Li> Hope Brady </Li> <Li> Kayla Brady </Li> <Li> Roman Brady </Li> <Li> Shawn - Douglas Brady </Li> <Li> Abe Carver </Li> <Li> Theo Carver </Li> <Li> Tripp Dalton </Li> <Li> Abigail Deveraux </Li> <Li> JJ Deveraux </Li> <Li> André DiMera </Li> <Li> Anna DiMera </Li> <Li> Chad DiMera </Li> <Li> Stefan DiMera </Li> <Li> Thomas DiMera </Li> <Li> Eve Donovan </Li> <Li> Marlena Evans </Li> <Li> Eli Grant </Li> <Li> Valerie Grant </Li> <Li> Gabi Hernandez </Li> <Li> Rafe Hernandez </Li> <Li> Arianna Horton </Li> <Li> Jennifer Horton </Li> <Li> Lucas Horton </Li> <Li> Maggie Horton </Li> <Li> Will Horton </Li> <Li> Adrienne Johnson </Li> <Li> Steve Johnson </Li> <Li> Justin Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Sonny Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Victor Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Chloe Lane </Li> <Li> Anne Milbauer </Li> <Li> Paul Narita </Li> <Li> Lani Price </Li> <Li> Kate Roberts </Li> <Li> Doug Williams </Li> <Li> Julie Olson Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Past characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tom Horton </Li> <Li> Alice Horton </Li> <Li> Hattie Adams </Li> <Li> Lawrence Alamain </Li> <Li> Susan Banks </Li> <Li> Bart Beiderbecke </Li> <Li> Peter Blake </Li> <Li> Eugene Bradford </Li> <Li> Bo Brady </Li> <Li> Caroline Brady </Li> <Li> Carrie Brady </Li> <Li> Cassie Brady </Li> <Li> Chelsea Brady </Li> <Li> Frankie Brady </Li> <Li> Kimberly Brady </Li> <Li> Max Brady </Li> <Li> Rex Brady </Li> <Li> Sami Brady </Li> <Li> Shawn Brady </Li> <Li> Lexie Carver </Li> <Li> Liz Chandler </Li> <Li> Xander Cook </Li> <Li> Don Craig </Li> <Li> Neil Curtis </Li> <Li> Cameron Davis </Li> <Li> Anjelica Deveraux </Li> <Li> Jack Deveraux </Li> <Li> Anna DiMera </Li> <Li> Daphne DiMera </Li> <Li> EJ DiMera </Li> <Li> Johnny DiMera </Li> <Li> Kristen DiMera </Li> <Li> Santo DiMera </Li> <Li> Stefano DiMera </Li> <Li> Sydney DiMera </Li> <Li> Tony DiMera </Li> <Li> Drew Donovan </Li> <Li> Shane Donovan </Li> <Li> Theresa Donovan </Li> <Li> Lee DuMonde </Li> <Li> Renée DuMonde </Li> <Li> Nick Fallon </Li> <Li> Megan Hathaway </Li> <Li> Benjy Hawk </Li> <Li> Arianna Hernandez </Li> <Li> Dario Hernandez </Li> <Li> Eduardo Hernandez </Li> <Li> Addie Horton </Li> <Li> Allie Horton </Li> <Li> Bill Horton </Li> <Li> Jeremy Horton </Li> <Li> Laura Horton </Li> <Li> Marie Horton </Li> <Li> Melissa Horton </Li> <Li> Mickey Horton </Li> <Li> Nathan Horton </Li> <Li> Sarah Horton </Li> <Li> Tommy Horton </Li> <Li> Robin Jacobs </Li> <Li> Madison James </Li> <Li> Aiden Jennings </Li> <Li> Chase Jennings </Li> <Li> Joey Johnson </Li> <Li> Stephanie Johnson </Li> <Li> Daniel Jonas </Li> <Li> Melanie Jonas </Li> <Li> Parker Jonas </Li> <Li> Calliope Jones Bradford </Li> <Li> Alexander Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Deimos Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Philip Kiriakis </Li> <Li> Maxine Landis </Li> <Li> Paige Larson </Li> <Li> Bonnie Lockhart </Li> <Li> Mimi Lockhart </Li> <Li> Patrick Lockhart </Li> <Li> Carly Manning </Li> <Li> Alex Marshall </Li> <Li> Serena Mason </Li> <Li> Mia McCormick </Li> <Li> Jade Michaels </Li> <Li> Colin Murphy </Li> <Li> Tori Narita </Li> <Li> Celeste Perrault </Li> <Li> Austin Reed </Li> <Li> Billie Reed </Li> <Li> Curtis Reed </Li> <Li> Jordan Ridgeway </Li> <Li> Wilhelm Rolf </Li> <Li> Jan Spears </Li> <Li> Isabella Toscano </Li> <Li> Ava Vitali </Li> <Li> Gina Von Amberg </Li> <Li> Brandon Walker </Li> <Li> Fay Walker </Li> <Li> Nicole Walker </Li> <Li> Taylor Walker </Li> <Li> Nancy Wesley </Li> <Li> Ben Weston </Li> <Li> Clyde Weston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Character lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1960s </Li> <Li> 1970s </Li> <Li> 1980s </Li> <Li> 1990s </Li> <Li> 2000s </Li> <Li> 2010s </Li> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Previous cast members </Li> <Li> Producers and writers </Li> <Li> Doug and Julie </Li> <Li> Bo

The characters Doug and Julie on the TV show "Days of Our Lives" are played by actor

Days of our lives cast doug and julie?

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Tami Lynn - wikipedia <H1> Tami Lynn </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tami Lynn </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Tamiya Lynn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 1942 ( age 75 -- 76 ) Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1965 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Mojo Records , Atlantic Records </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tami Lynn ( born 1942 , Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana , United States ) is an American soul singer . She scored a Top Ten hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1971 , with the song `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' . </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lynn was discovered by Jerry Wexler in 1965 after hearing her sing at a talent show . Wexler had her record the Bert Berns penned and produced song , `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' , for Atco Records , but the song was not released at the time , although it was released in the UK on Atlantic , AT. 4071 . She then sang backup for musicians such as The Rolling Stones ( backing vocalist on Exile on Main St . ) , Dr. John , Wilson Pickett , and Sonny & Cher . In 1971 , `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' was released as a single , with `` The Boy Next Door '' as the b - side , on Mojo and Atlantic , where it became a hit in the UK among devotees of Northern soul . The tune hit number 4 in the UK Singles Chart in 1971 . A full - length album , Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone , followed in 1972 , produced by John Abbey . `` I 'm Gonna Run Away From You '' returned to the UK chart in 1975 after being reissued , hitting number 36 the second time around . </P> <P> Another album was the 1992 CD , Tamiya Lynn . Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone was reissued on CD in 2005 , by DBK Works . </P> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone ( 1972 , reissued 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Tamiya Lynn ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 334 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dusted Reviews : Tami Lynn - Love Is Here And Now You 're Gone '' . Dustedmagazine.com. 2006 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Home of the Groove : Tami Lynn 's Unlikely Hit Had A Funky Flip '' . Homeofthegroove.blogspot.com. 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone - Tami Lynn , Tamiya Lynn : Releases '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MusicBrainz : b92e2ed6 - 9c1c - 470c - b6d1 - 298159ed878d </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tami_Lynn&oldid=823926891 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1942 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> American soul singers </Li> <Li> American female singers </Li> <Li> R&B musicians from New Orleans </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records artists </Li> <Li> Singers from Louisiana </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from March 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 07 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The song "I'm Gonna Run Away from You" was sung by

Who sang i'm gonna run away from you?

7647339054759303922

ΔF508 - wikipedia <H1> ΔF508 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> ΔF508 ( Delta - F508 , full name CFTRΔF508 or F508del - CFTR ; rs113993960 ) is a specific mutation within the gene for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) . The mutation is a deletion of three nucleotides spanning positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7 , which ultimately results in the loss of a single codon for the amino acid phenylalanine ( F ) . A person with the CFTRΔF508 mutation will produce an abnormal CFTR protein that lacks this phenylalanine residue and which can not fold properly . This protein does not escape the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing . Having two copies of this mutation ( one inherited from each parent ) is by far the most common cause of cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , responsible for nearly two - thirds of cases worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mechanism </Li> <Li> 2 Effects </Li> <Li> 3 Prevalence <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Heterozygous </Li> <Li> 3.2 Homozygous </Li> <Li> 3.3 Heterozygous carriers with other mutations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mechanism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The CFTR gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 7 , at position q31. 2 , and ultimately codes for a sequence of 1,480 amino acids . Normally , the three DNA base pairs A-T-C ( paired with T-A-G on the opposite strand ) at the gene 's 507th position form the template for the mRNA codon A-U-C for isoleucine , while the three DNA base pairs T-T-T ( paired with A-A-A ) at the adjacent 508th position form the template for the codon U-U-U for phenylalanine . The ΔF508 mutation is a deletion of the C-G pair from position 507 along with the first two T-A pairs from position 508 , leaving the DNA sequence A-T-T ( paired with T-A-A ) at position 507 , which is transcribed into the mRNA codon A-U-U . Since A-U-U also codes for isoleucine , position 507 's amino acid does not change , and the mutation 's net effect is equivalent to a deletion ( `` Δ '' ) of the sequence resulting in the codon for phenylalanine at position 508 . </P> <H2> Effects ( edit ) </H2> <P> ΔF508 is a class II CFTR mutation . The CFTR protein is largely expressed in cells of the pancreas , intestinal and respiratory epithelia , and all exocrine glands . When properly folded , it is shuttled to the cell membrane , where it becomes a transmembrane protein responsible for opening channels which release chloride ions out of cells ; it also simultaneously inhibits the uptake of sodium ions by another channel protein . Both of these functions help to maintain an ion gradient that causes osmosis to draw water out of the cells . The ΔF508 mutation leads to the misfolding of CFTR and its eventual degradation in the ER . In organisms with two complements of the mutation , the protein is entirely absent from the cell membrane , and these critical ion transport functions are not performed . </P> <H2> Prevalence ( edit ) </H2> <P> ΔF508 is present on at least one copy of chromosome 7 in approximately one in 30 Caucasians . Presence of the mutation on both copies causes the autosomal recessive disease cystic fibrosis . Scientists have estimated that the original mutation occurred over 52,000 years ago in Northern Europe . The young allele age may be a consequence of past selection . One hypothesis as to why the otherwise detrimental mutation has been maintained by natural selection is that a single copy may present a positive effect by reducing water loss during cholera , though the introduction of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae into Europe did not occur until the late 18th century . Another theory posits that CF carriers ( heterozygotes for ΔF508 ) are more resistant to typhoid fever , since CFTR has been shown to act as a receptor for Salmonella typhi bacteria to enter intestinal epithelial cells . </P> <H3> Heterozygous ( edit ) </H3> <P> Being a heterozygous carrier ( having a single copy of ΔF508 ) results in decreased water loss during diarrhea because malfunctioning or absent CFTR proteins can not maintain stable ion gradients across cell membranes . Typically there is a build - up of both Cl and Na ions inside affected cells , creating a hypotonic solution outside the cells and causing water to diffuse into the cells by osmosis . </P> <P> Several studies indicate that heterozygous carriers are at increased risk for various symptoms . For example : </P> <Ul> <Li> It has been shown that heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis is associated with increased airway reactivity , and heterozygotes may be at risk for poor pulmonary function . Heterozygotes with wheeze have been shown to be at higher risk for poor pulmonary function or development and progression of chronic obstructive lung disease . One gene for cystic fibrosis is sufficient to produce mild lung abnormalities even in the absence of infection . </Li> <Li> Cystic fibrosis ΔF508 heterozygotes may be overrepresented among individuals with asthma and may have poorer lung function than non-carriers . </Li> <Li> Carriers of a single CF mutation have a higher prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis than the general population . Because this study examined a general population of CF carriers , some subjects did not possess the ΔF508 variant . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Homozygous ( edit ) </H3> <P> Having a homozygous pair of genes with the ΔF508 mutation prevents the CFTR protein from assuming its normal position in the cell membrane . This causes increased water retention in cells , corresponding dehydration of the extracellular space , and an associated cascade of effects on various parts of the body , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Thicker mucous membranes in the epithelia of afflicted organs </Li> <Li> Obstruction of narrow respiratory airways as a result of thicker mucous and inhibition of the free movement of mucocilia </Li> <Li> Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens ( CBAVD ) due to increased mucus thickness during fetal development </Li> <Li> Pancreatic insufficiency due to blockage of the pancreatic duct with mucus </Li> <Li> Increased risk of respiratory infection due to build - up of thick , nutrient - rich mucus where bacteria thrive </Li> </Ul> <P> This collection of symptoms is called cystic fibrosis ; however , ΔF508 is not the only mutation that causes CF . </P> <H3> Heterozygous carriers with other mutations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Approximately 70 % of cystic fibrosis cases in Europe are due to homozygous ΔF508 mutations ( this varies widely by region ) . The remaining cases are caused by over 1500 other mutations , including R117H , 1717 - 1G > A , and 2789 + 56G > A. These mutations , when combined with each other or even a single copy of ΔF508 , may cause CF symptoms . The genotype is not strongly correlated with severity of the CF , though specific symptoms have been linked to certain mutations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Heterozygote advantage </Li> <Li> Lumacaftor / ivacaftor </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bobadilla , JL ; Macek Jr , M ; Fine , JP ; Farrell , PM ( 2002 ) . `` Cystic fibrosis : a worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations -- correlation with incidence data and application to screening '' . Human Mutation. 19 ( 6 ) : 575 -- 606 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 10041 . PMID 12007216 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CCDS/CcdsBrowse.cgi?REQUEST=CCDS&DATA=CCDS5773.1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bartoszewski , R.A. ; Jablonsky , M. ; Bartoszewska , S. ; Stevenson , L. ; Dai , Q. ; Kappes , J. ; Collawn , J.F. ; Bebok , Z. ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in ΔF508 CFTR alters the secondary structure of the mRNA and the expression of the mutant protein '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 : 28741 -- 28748 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110. 154575 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M Nissim - Rafinia , B Kerem , E Kerem , ( ed. by ) Margaret Hodson ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular biology of cystic fibrosis : CFTR processing and functions , and classes of mutations '' . Cystic fibrosis ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Hodder Arnold . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 9780340907580 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verkman , A.S. ; Song , Y. ; Thiagarajah , J.R. ( 2003 ) . `` Role of airway surface liquid and submucosal glands in cystic fibrosis lung disease '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 284 ( 1 ) : C2 -- C15 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00417.2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cystic Fibrosis Research Directions '' . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( NIDDK ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-04/955464305.Me.r.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pier , G.B. ; Grout , M. ; Zaidi , T. ; Meluleni , G. ; Mueschenborn , S.S. ; Banting , G. ; Ratcliff , R. ; Evans , M.J. ; Colledge , W.H. ( 7 May 1998 ) . `` Salmonella typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells '' . Nature . 393 : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / 30006 . PMID 9590693 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maurya , Nutan ; Awasthi , Shally ; Dixit , Pratibha ( April 2012 ) . `` Association of CFTR gene mutation with bronchial asthma '' ( PDF ) . Indian J Med : 469 -- 478 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dahl , Morten ; Nordestgaard , Børge G. ; Lange , Peter ; Tybjaerg - Hansen , Anne ( January 8 , 2001 ) . `` Fifteen - year follow - up of pulmonary function in individuals heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis phenylalanine - 508 deletion '' . ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL. 107 : 818 -- 823 . doi : 10.1067 / mai. 2001.114117 . PMID 11344348 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dahl , M ; Tybjaerg - Hansen , A ; Lange , P ; Nordestgaard , BG ( June 27 , 1998 ) . `` DeltaF508 heterozygosity in cystic fibrosis and susceptibility to asthma '' . Lancet . 351 : 1911 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 11419 - 2 . PMID 9654257 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wang , XinJing ; Kim , Jean ; McWilliams , Rita ; Cutting , Garry R. ( March 2005 ) . `` Increased prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation '' . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 131 : 237 -- 40 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 131.3. 237 . PMID 15781764 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Types of Cystic Fibrosis at wrongdiagnosis.com </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ΔF508&oldid = 837622457 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mutation </Li> <Li> Cystic fibrosis </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3>

The DNA changes that produce the Delta F508 mutation are the

What dna changes produce the delta f508 mutation?

848669583015546693

Fluid compartments - wikipedia <H1> Fluid compartments </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Third space '' redirects here . For the concept of informal shared public space in community planning , see Third place . <P> The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments , which , although not literally anatomic compartments , do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body 's water , solutes , and suspended elements are segregated . The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular compartments . The intracellular compartment is the space within the organism 's cells ; it is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes . </P> <P> About two thirds of the total body water of humans is held in the cells , mostly in the cytosol , and the remainder is found in the extracellular compartment . The extracellular fluids may be divided into three types : interstitial fluid in the `` interstitial compartment '' ( surrounding tissue cells and bathing them in a solution of nutrients and other chemicals ) , blood plasma and lymph in the `` intravascular compartment '' ( inside the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels ) , and small amounts of transcellular fluid such as ocular and cerebrospinal fluids in the `` transcellular compartment '' . The interstitial and intravascular compartments readily exchange water and solutes but the third extracellular compartment , the transcellular , is thought of as separate from the other two and not in dynamic equilibrium with them . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Intracellular compartment </Li> <Li> 2 Extracellular compartment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Interstitial compartment </Li> <Li> 2.2 Intravascular compartment </Li> <Li> 2.3 Transcellular compartment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fluid shift <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Third spacing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Intracellular compartment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The intracellular fluid is all fluid contained inside the cells . Most of this is cytosol , the matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended . The cytosol and organelles together compose the cytoplasm . The cell membranes are the outer barrier . In humans , the intracellular compartment contains on average about 28 litres of fluid , and under ordinary circumstances remains in osmotic equilibrium . It contains moderate quantities of magnesium and sulphate ions . </P> <H2> Extracellular compartment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The interstitial , intravascular and transcellular compartments comprise the extracellular compartment . Its extracellular fluid ( ECF ) contains about one - third of total body water . </P> <H3> Interstitial compartment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The interstitial compartment ( also called `` tissue space '' ) surrounds tissue cells . It is filled with interstitial fluid . Interstitial fluid provides the immediate microenvironment that allows for movement of ions , proteins and nutrients across the cell barrier . This fluid is not static , but is continually being refreshed by the blood capillaries and recollected by lymphatic capillaries . In the average male ( 70 kg ) human body , the interstitial space has approximately 10.5 litres of fluid . </P> <H3> Intravascular compartment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood , a complex mixture with elements of a suspension ( blood cells ) , colloid ( globulins ) , and solutes ( glucose and ions ) . The blood represents both the intracellular compartment ( the fluid inside the blood cells ) and the extracellular compartment ( the blood plasma ) . The other intravascular fluid is lymph . It too represents both the intracellular compartment ( the fluid inside its lymphocytes ) and the extracellular compartment ( the noncellular matrix of the lymph , which is roughly equivalent to serum ) . The average volume of plasma in the average ( 70 kg ) male is approximately 3.5 liters . The volume of the intravascular compartment is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients , and by reabsorption by the kidneys . </P> <H3> Transcellular compartment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The third extracellular compartment , the transcellular , consists of those spaces in the body where fluid does not normally collect in larger amounts , or where any significant fluid collection is physiologically nonfunctional . Examples of transcellular spaces include the eye , the central nervous system , the peritoneal and pleural cavities , and the joint capsules . A small amount of fluid , called transcellular fluid , does exist normally in such spaces . For example , the aqueous humor , the vitreous humor , the cerebrospinal fluid , the serous fluid produced by the serous membranes , and the synovial fluid produced by the synovial membranes are all transcellular fluids . They are all very important , yet there is not much of each . For example , there is only about 150 mL of cerebrospinal fluid in the entire central nervous system at any moment . All of the aforementioned fluids are produced by active cellular processes working with blood plasma as the raw material , and they are all more or less similar to blood plasma except for certain modifications tailored to their function . For example , the cerebrospinal fluid is made by various cells of the CNS , mostly the ependymal cells , from blood plasma . </P> <H2> Fluid shift ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fluid shifts occur when the body 's fluids move between the fluid compartments . Physiologically , this occurs by a combination of hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients . Water will move from one space into the next passively across a semi permeable membrane until the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients balance each other . Many medical conditions can cause fluid shifts . When fluid moves out of the intravascular compartment ( the blood vessels ) , blood pressure can drop to dangerously low levels , endangering critical organs such as the brain , heart and kidneys ; when it shifts out of the cells ( the intracellular compartment ) , cellular processes slow down or cease from intracellular dehydration ; when excessive fluid accumulates in the interstitial space , oedema develops ; and fluid shifts into the brain cells can cause increased cranial pressure . Fluid shifts may be compensated by fluid replacement or diuretics . </P> <H3> Third spacing ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Third spacing '' is the abnormal accumulation of fluid into an extracellular and extravascular space . In medicine , the term is often used with regard to loss of fluid into interstitial spaces , such as with burns or edema , but it can also refer to fluid shifts into a body cavity ( transcellular space ) , such as ascites and pleural effusions . With regard to severe burns , fluids may pool on the burn site ( i.e. fluid lying outside of the interstitial tissue , exposed to evaporation ) and cause depletion of the fluids . With pancreatitis or ileus , fluids may `` leak out '' into the peritoneal cavity , also causing depletion of the intracellular , interstitial or vascular compartments . </P> <P> Patients who undergo long , difficult operations in large surgical fields can collect third - space fluids and become intravascularly depleted despite large volumes of intravenous fluid and blood replacement . </P> <P> The precise volume of fluid in a patient 's third spaces changes over time and is difficult to accurately quantify . </P> <P> Third spacing conditions may include peritonitis , pyometritis , and pleural effusions . Hydrocephalus and glaucoma are theoretically forms of third spacing , but the volumes are too small to induce significant shifts in blood volumes , or overall body volumes , and thus are generally not referred to as third spacing . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Volume of distribution </Li> <Li> Compartment ( pharmacokinetics ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodney A. Rhoades ; David R. Bell ( 18 January 2012 ) . Medical Phisiology : Principles for Clinical Medicine . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60913 - 427 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob M , Chappell D , Rehm M ( 2009 ) . `` The ' third space ' -- fact or fiction ? '' . Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 23 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 57 . PMID 19653435 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara Kuhn Timby ( 1 January 2008 ) . Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 319 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7909 - 8 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Redden M , Wotton K ( June 2002 ) . `` Third - space fluid shift in elderly patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery : Part 1 : Pathophysiological mechanisms '' . Contemp Nurse. 12 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 83 . PMID 12219956 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drain , Cecil B. ( 2003 ) . Perianesthesia nursing : a critical care approach . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Co . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9257 - 5 . ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renal function </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Secretion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> clearance </Li> <Li> Pharmacokinetics </Li> <Li> Clearance of medications </Li> <Li> Urine flow rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reabsorption </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Solvent drag </Li> <Li> sodium </Li> <Li> chloride </Li> <Li> urea </Li> <Li> glucose </Li> <Li> oligopeptides </Li> <Li> protein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renal function </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glomerular filtration rate </Li> <Li> Creatinine clearance </Li> <Li> Renal clearance ratio </Li> <Li> Urea reduction ratio </Li> <Li> Kt / V </Li> <Li> Standardized Kt / V </Li> <Li> Measures of dialysis <Ul> <Li> Hemodialysis product </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow </Li> <Li> Extraction ratio ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filtration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Renal blood flow </Li> <Li> Ultrafiltration </Li> <Li> Countercurrent exchange </Li> <Li> Filtration fraction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hormones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antidiuretic hormone </Li> <Li> Aldosterone </Li> <Li> Atrial natriuretic peptide </Li> <Li> Renin </Li> <Li> Erythropoietin </Li> <Li> Calcitriol </Li> <Li> Prostaglandins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acid - base balance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fluid balance </Li> <Li> Darrow Yannet diagram </Li> </Ul> <P> Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol </P> <Ul> <Li> Extracellular fluid </Li> <Li> ( Interstitial fluid </Li> <Li> Plasma </Li> <Li> Transcellular fluid ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Base excess </Li> <Li> Davenport diagram </Li> <Li> Anion gap </Li> <Li> Arterial blood gas </Li> <Li> Winters ' formula </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Buffering <Ul> <Li> Bicarbonate buffer system </Li> <Li> Respiratory compensation </Li> <Li> Renal compensation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fractional sodium excretion </Li> <Li> BUN - to - creatinine ratio </Li> <Li> Tubuloglomerular feedback </Li> <Li> Natriuresis </Li> <Li> Urine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluid_compartments&oldid=800654672 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Physiology </Li> <Li> Cell biology </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li>

The two extracellular fluid compartments in the body are plasma and

What are the two extracellular fluid compartments in the body?

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Indian rebellion of 1857 - Wikipedia <H1> Indian rebellion of 1857 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Sepoy Mutiny '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sepoy Mutiny ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Indian Rebellion of 1857 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A 1912 map showing the centres of the rebellion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 10 May 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 10 ) -- 1 November 1858 ( 1858 - 11 - 01 ) ( 1 year and 6 months ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> British victory </P> <Ul> <Li> Suppression of the revolt </Li> <Li> Formal end of the Mughal empire </Li> <Li> End of Company rule in India </Li> <Li> Transfer of rule to the British Crown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territorial changes </Th> <Td> British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory ( some land returned to native rulers , other land confiscated by the British crown ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sepoy Mutineers </Li> <Li> Mughal Empire </Li> <Li> Gwalior Factions </Li> <Li> Forces of Rani Laxmi bai , the deposed ruler of Jhansi </Li> <Li> Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa </Li> <Li> Followers of Birjis Qadra </Li> <Li> Oudh </Li> <Li> Followers of Babu Kunwar Singh </Li> <Li> Followers of Drig Narayan Singh </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Nepal </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Tibet </Li> <Li> East India Company </Li> <Li> 21 Princely States : </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ajaigarh </Li> <Li> Alwar </Li> <Li> Bharathpur </Li> <Li> Bhopal </Li> <Li> Bijawar </Li> <Li> Bikaner </Li> <Li> Bundi </Li> <Li> Hyderabad </Li> <Li> Jaipur </Li> <Li> Jaora </Li> <Li> Jodhpur </Li> <Li> Kapurthala </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Kendujhar </Li> <Li> Nabha </Li> <Li> Patiala </Li> <Li> Rampur </Li> <Li> Rewa </Li> <Li> Sirmur </Li> <Li> Sirohi </Li> <Li> Udaipur </Li> <Li> Mysore </Li> <Li> Travancore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bakht Khan † </Li> <Li> Bahadur Shah II </Li> <Li> Mirza Mughal </Li> <Li> Nana Sahib </Li> <Li> Tatya Tope </Li> <Li> Rani Lakshmibai † </Li> <Li> Begum Hazrat Mahal </Li> <Li> Nawab Mehar Polo Bahadur </Li> <Li> Birjis Qadr </Li> <Li> Babu Kunwar Singh ( d. April 1858 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George Anson ( d . May 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Grant </Li> <Li> Colin Campbell ( From August 1857 ) </Li> <Li> John Nicholson † </Li> <Li> Jung Bahadur Rana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> at least 100,000 - nearly 806,000 and possibly more , both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake , by comparison of sketchy pre-existing population estimates with Indian Census of 1871 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Indian Rebellion of 1857 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1st Lucknow </Li> <Li> 1st Cawnpore </Li> <Li> Badli - ki - Serai </Li> <Li> Delhi </Li> <Li> Chinhat </Li> <Li> Aong </Li> <Li> Arrah </Li> <Li> Agra </Li> <Li> Najafgarh </Li> <Li> 2nd Cawnpore </Li> <Li> 2nd Lucknow </Li> <Li> Central India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ancient ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Madrasian Culture </Li> <Li> Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE </Li> <Li> Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE </Li> <Li> Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE </Li> <Li> Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE <Ul> <Li> Early Vedic Period <Ul> <Li> Rise of Śramaṇa movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Later Vedic Period <Ul> <Li> Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha </Li> <Li> Spread of Jainism - Mahavira </Li> <Li> Rise of Buddhism </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE </Li> <Li> Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classical ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE </Li> <Li> Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE </Li> <Li> Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE </Li> <Li> Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE </Li> <Li> Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE </Li> <Li> Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Medieval ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE </Li> <Li> Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE </Li> <Li> Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE </Li> <Li> Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE </Li> <Li> Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE <Ul> <Li> Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty </Li> <Li> Rastrakuta Dynasty </Li> <Li> Pala Dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE </Li> <Li> 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Late Medieval ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE <Ul> <Li> Slave Dynasty </Li> <Li> Khalji Dynasty </Li> <Li> Tugluq Dynasty </Li> <Li> Sayyid Dynasty </Li> <Li> Lodhi Dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE </Li> <Li> Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE </Li> <Li> Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Modern ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE </Li> <Li> Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE </Li> <Li> Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE <Ul> <Li> Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE </Li> <Li> Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE </Li> <Li> Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern ( show ) <Ul> <Li> The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE </Li> <Li> British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE <Ul> <Li> Independence Movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Indian History </Li> <Li> Dynasties in Indian History </Li> <Li> Economic History </Li> <Li> Demographic History </Li> <Li> Linguistic History </Li> <Li> Architectural History </Li> <Li> Art History </Li> <Li> Literary History </Li> <Li> Philosophical History </Li> <Li> History of Religion </Li> <Li> Musical History </Li> <Li> Education History </Li> <Li> Coinage History </Li> <Li> Science and Technology History </Li> <Li> List of Inventions and Discoveries </Li> <Li> Military History </Li> <Li> Naval History </Li> <Li> Wars involving India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India between 1857 -- 58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The event is known by many names , including the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and India 's First War of Independence . </P> <P> The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 miles northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859 . </P> <P> The Indian rebellion was fed by resentment that had emerged from British rule , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , , and broader scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . Many Indians did rise against the British ; however , very many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides ; on British officers and civilians ( including women and children ) by the rebels , and on the rebels and their supporters ( sometimes including entire villages ) by British reprisals . The cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation . </P> <P> After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels very quickly reached Delhi , whose 81 - year - old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels also captured large tracts of the North - Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well . With help from reinforcements , Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857 , and Delhi by the end of September . Even so , it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi , Lucknow , and especially the Awadh countryside . Other regions of Company controlled India -- the Bengal Presidency , the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency -- remained largely calm . In the Punjab , the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support . The large princely states , Hyderabad , Mysore , Travancore , and Kashmir , as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana , did not join the rebellion , serving the British , in the Governor - General Lord Canning 's words , as `` breakwaters in a storm . '' </P> <P> In some regions , most notably in Awadh , the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence and power . However , the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system . Even so , the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian - and British Empire history . It led to the dissolution of the East India Company , and forced the British to reorganize the army , the financial system , and the administration in India , through the passage of the Government of India Act 1858 . India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj . On 1 November 1858 , Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians , which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision , promised rights similar to those of other British subjects . In the following decades , when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming , Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen 's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 East India Company 's expansion in India </Li> <Li> 2 Causes of the rebellion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Enfield Rifle </Li> <Li> 2.2 Civilian disquiet </Li> <Li>

The result of the Revolt of 1857 was a

What was the result of the revolt of 1857?

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A White Sport Coat - Wikipedia <H1> A White Sport Coat </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` A White Sport Coat '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Marty Robbins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Grown - Up Tears '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 20 , 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia 40864 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Marty Robbins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mitch Miller </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A White Sport Coat ( and a Pink Carnation ) '' is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins . It was recorded on January 25 , 1957 , and released on the Columbia Records label , over a month later , on March 4 . The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff , an in - house conductor / arranger at Columbia . Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit , `` Singing the Blues '' , had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell 's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October , 1956 . </P> <P> Robbins recalled writing the song in approximately twenty minutes while being transported in a standard automobile . He is said to have had the inspiration for the song while driving from a motel to a venue in Ohio where he was due to perform that evening . During the course of the journey , he passed a local high school , where its students were dressed ready for their prom . </P> <P> The song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart becoming Marty Robbins ' third No. 1 record , the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart in the U.S. and No. 1 in the Australian music charts in 1957 . A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also , peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts . </P> <P> In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene , and also for The King Brothers . The Terry Dene version reached # 18 in the UK Charts , while The King Brothers ' recording peaked at # 6 , both in early summer 1957 . </P> <P> Jimmy Buffett 's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean spoofs the title of the song . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thoenicke , Manfred . The Ray Conniff Recordings : The Columbia Years , Part 1 : The Backings and New York * Recordings . p. 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marty Robbins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 293 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 532 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> AllMusic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky </Td> <Td> Billboard C&W Best Sellers in Stores number - one single May 20 , 1957 ( 5 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Love '' by The Everly Brothers </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Marty Robbins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs </Li> <Li> Today </Li> <Li> The Performer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'll Go On Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's All Right '' </Li> <Li> `` Maybellene '' </Li> <Li> `` Singing the Blues '' </Li> <Li> `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' </Li> <Li> `` A White Sport Coat '' </Li> <Li> `` The Story of My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Married '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hanging Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` El Paso '' </Li> <Li> `` Big Iron '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Worry '' </Li> <Li> `` Devil Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Ruby Ann '' </Li> <Li> `` Begging to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Ribbon of Darkness '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight Carmen '' </Li> <Li> `` I Walk Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Sin '' </Li> <Li> `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' </Li> <Li> `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' </Li> <Li> `` El Paso City '' </Li> <Li> `` Among My Souvenirs '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Return to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Jeanne Pruett </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Book : Marty Robbins </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1950s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_White_Sport_Coat&oldid=803679918 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1957 singles </Li> <Li> Marty Robbins songs </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Marty Robbins </Li> <Li> Columbia Records singles </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Mitch Miller </Li> <Li> 1957 songs </Li> <Li> 1950s single stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The song "A White Sports Coat and a Pink Carnation" was sung by

Who sang the song a white sports coat and a pink carnation?

204388505903466611

<Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 TV series adaptation </Li> <Li> 4 Home media </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story follows the life of a wealthy family that has everything they need and most of what they want . The characters are often preoccupied with superficial things , until they are forced to become involved with their housekeeper . When the poverty - stricken maid is forced to ask for help , the family gets a chance to see how the other half lives . While coming to the rescue of the needy , it soon becomes painfully clear , who is really in need of saving . </P> <P> Our story opens very early on a Monday morning , at the home of Grandma Hattie Mae . Hattie has allowed her daughter and son in law to move into her home with their son Wallie . The morning silence is broken by the ring of the telephone . Hattie is afraid to answer . The bank has given her three days to pay up the mortgage , or the struggling family will be evicted . Tensions are rising for Frank who feels responsible as the man of the house . Frank has been out of work for months , causing the family to be supported by the sole income of Rose who works as a maid for a wealthy real estate giant , Louis Willis . </P> <P> After months of avoiding phone calls from the bank , Frank finally gets a break when Louis hires him to be a handyman at the Willis estate . Rose is elated that her prayers have finally been answered . Frank is cautiously optimistic , but excitedly prepares for his new job as a handyman . That morning at the Willis home , Floyd , played by Palmer Williams Jr. , is hilariously negative about Rose allowing Frank to work for the wealthy couple . Floyd is convinced that Louis ' much younger wife , Diane , will snatch Frank right from under Rose 's nose . </P> <P> It soon becomes painfully clear that Floyd 's madness was not craziness at all . Diane goes after Frank the moment she sees him . Rose is completely unaware of the depths to which her boss Diane will stoop when trying to satisfy her insatiable appetite for strapping young men . While Rose and Frank consume themselves with saving the home that Hattie has lived in for over thirty years , Wallie has been deeply affected by the fears of being homeless . Only Hattie is aware that Wallie has been running the streets at night . It is not until Wallie is arrested for shoplifting that Rose discovers that her honor - roll son has decided to walk a different path . </P> <P> Frank and Wallie finally face off when Frank overhears his son lashing out about how Frank is a sorry husband and father . Wallie has learned on the streets that all men have a side hustle , and are always able to support their families . It is a bitter pill to swallow when Frank realizes that his son has lost respect for him , and blames him for the family 's impending doom . </P> <P> It is under these circumstances that the struggling family will have to pray for a miracle when their worlds begin to spiral out of control . Hattie , an old woman who has survived a mountain of challenges , finds herself more afraid than she has ever been . Rose , the strong and virtuous matriarch of her family , stands firmly on her faith when she tells Hattie that she has to meet God for the first time . At the end of her rope , Hattie lifts her arms in a miraculous and desperate show of faith and power . It will take both of the women to battle the principalities coming against their family unit . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Frank is put in a treacherous situation when Diane maligns Rose with lies and deceit , while offering to write a check to Frank in exchange for sexual favors . Frank is tested like never before when he is presented by an opportunity to save his family by betraying the sacred relationship he has with his wife . </P> <P> Frank 's impeccable character lifts him out of the situation in time to discover that Wallie has become a money making drug dealer . When Frank finally discovers the stacks of cash and drugs , he is ready to give everything he has to fight for his son 's life . Wallie has been so brainwashed by the streets that it will take the strength and love of a tough father to win the heart of his son back to the principles he was raised with . </P> <P> It almost appears that Diane may have been successful in breaking up a happy home when Louis finally sees his young wife for what she is . Troubled by the truth , Louis must make the hardest decision he has ever had to make . Seeing the love that Frank and Rose have for one another , Louis intervenes to help the couple who are about to lose everything they have . In doing so , Louis experiences firsthand the power and the beauty of a family 's love . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd </Li> <Li> Patrice Lovely as Hattie </Li> <Li> Tony Hightower as Frank </Li> <Li> Alexis Jones as Diane </Li> <Li> Maurice Lauchner as Lewis </Li> <Li> Jeffery Lewis as Wallie </Li> <Li> Kislyck Halsey as Rose </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tv series adaptation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The play was very loosely adapted into a television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network . Apart from featuring the lives of a wealthy family and poor - class one , the series is significantly different from the play featuring entirely new characters and situations . It premiered on May 28 , 2013 . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Haves and the Have Nots released on DVD July 9 , 2013 along with Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor . </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tyler Perry Official website </Li> <Li> The Haves and the Have Nots page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tyler Perry </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Know I 've Been Changed </Li> <Li> I Can Do Bad All by Myself </Li> <Li> Diary of a Mad Black Woman </Li> <Li> Madea 's Family Reunion </Li> <Li> Madea 's Class Reunion </Li> <Li> Why Did I Get Married ? </Li> <Li> Meet the Browns </Li> <Li> Madea Goes to Jail </Li> <Li> What 's Done in the Dark </Li> <Li> The Marriage Counselor </Li> <Li> Laugh to Keep from Crying </Li> <Li> Madea 's Big Happy Family </Li> <Li> A Madea Christmas </Li> <Li> Aunt Bam 's Place </Li> <Li> I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! </Li> <Li> The Haves and the Have Nots </Li> <Li> Madea Gets a Job </Li> <Li> Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned </Li> <Li> Madea 's Neighbors from Hell </Li> <Li> Madea on the Run </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Daddy 's Little Girls </Li> <Li> Why Did I Get Married ? </Li> <Li> Meet the Browns </Li> <Li> The Family That Preys </Li> <Li> Why Did I Get Married Too ? </Li> <Li> For Colored Girls </Li> <Li> Good Deeds </Li> <Li> Peeples </Li> <Li> Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor </Li> <Li> The Single Moms Club </Li> <Li> Acrimony </Li> <Li> The List </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Madea series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diary of a Mad Black Woman </Li> <Li> Madea 's Family Reunion </Li> <Li> Madea Goes to Jail </Li> <Li> I Can Do Bad All by Myself </Li> <Li> Madea 's Big Happy Family </Li> <Li> Madea 's Witness Protection </Li> <Li> A Madea Christmas </Li> <Li> Madea 's Tough Love </Li> <Li> Boo ! A Madea Halloween </Li> <Li> Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween </Li> <Li> A Madea Family Funeral </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Payne </Li> <Li> Meet the Browns </Li> <Li> For Better or Worse </Li> <Li> The Haves and the Have Nots </Li> <Li> Love Thy Neighbor </Li> <Li> If Loving You Is Wrong </Li> <Li> Too Close to Home </Li> <Li> The Paynes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madea </Li> <Li> Tyler Perry Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(play)&oldid=797236411 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 plays </Li> <Li> Plays by Tyler Perry </Li> <Li> African - American plays </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Pages missing lead section </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 19 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The cast of "The Haves and the Have Nots" play includes

Cast of the have and have nots play?

4103271350467608333

She 's Always a Woman - wikipedia <H1> She 's Always a Woman </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` She 's Always a Woman '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A-side label of U.S. vinyl single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Billy Joel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Stranger </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single , 12 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> A & R Recording Inc. , New York City , 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Phil Ramone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Billy Joel singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) </Td> <Td> `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 1977 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) </Td> <Td> `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` She 's Always a Woman '' is a song from Billy Joel 's 1977 album The Stranger . It is a love song about a modern woman , with whom he falls in love for her quirks as well as her flaws . The single peaked at # 17 in the U.S. in 1977 , and at # 53 in the UK in 1986 , when it was released as a double A-side with `` Just the Way You Are '' . It re-entered the UK chart in 2010 , reaching # 29 . A Muzak version of the track by Frank Chacksfield Orchestra is known to be one of the last songs played over the former World Trade Center complex before its collapse . The song is played in the compound time signature of 6 / 8 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin and meaning </Li> <Li> 2 Track listing <Ul> <Li> 2.1 7 '' single ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Single ( CBS ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Chart history </Li> <Li> 4 Fyfe Dangerfield cover <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Chart performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Other covers </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin and meaning ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was released in 1977 , following several other hits from The Stranger including `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' and `` Only the Good Die Young '' . Musically , Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads . It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife , Elizabeth Weber . Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel 's career , and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts . She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could `` wound with her eyes '' or `` steal like a thief '' , but would `` never give in '' . Because of her tough - as - nails negotiating style , many business adversaries thought she was `` unfeminine , '' but to Joel , she was always a woman . The two eventually divorced in 1982 . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 7 '' single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` She 's Always a Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Vienna '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Single ( CBS ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` She 's Always a Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` She 's Always a Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Only The Good Die Young '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Chart history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1977 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1978 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Top 40 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1986 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fyfe Dangerfield cover ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` She 's Always a Woman '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Fyfe Dangerfield </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Fly Yellow Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 10 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Fantastic Plastic , Polydor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Billy Joel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fyfe Dangerfield , lead singer of the band Guillemots , recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis . Subsequently , the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1 , 2010 . On May 1 , 2010 , a new version of the advert aired ; which shows more of the song cover . In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year ; `` John Lewis - She 's always a Woman '' ranked fourth . </P> <P> The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times ( collectively from the top 3 results ) since it aired on TV . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Digital Download </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` She 's Always a Woman '' - 3 : 14 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` She 's Always a Woman '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2 , 2010 at # 99 . On its second week in the chart , the single climbed 85 places to # 14 , marking Dangerfield 's most successful single to date . On May 16 , 2010 , the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of # 7 before falling to # 9 in its second week within the Top 10 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other covers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait . </Li> <Li> In 1984 , Des O'Connor covered the song on his album `` Des O'Connor Now '' </Li> <Li> In 2004 , Zorán made a Hungarian cover `` A nő '' , on his maxi single `` A körben '' . </Li> <Li> In 2012 , Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman to Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Song : `` She 's Always a Woman '' September 11th 2001 `` . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel 's many songs about his many wives '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijst 1978 '' . Members.chello.ml . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : J '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Ad 2010 - Fyfe Dangerfield ' She 's Always A Woman ' '' . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` She 's Always A Woman ( Bonus Track ) : Fyfe Dangerfield : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fyfe Dangerfield : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A körben '' ( in Hungarian ) . Zoran.hu . December 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billy Joel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cold Spring Harbor </Li> <Li> Piano Man </Li> <Li> Streetlife Serenade </Li> <Li> Turnstiles </Li> <Li> The Stranger </Li> <Li> 52nd Street </Li> <Li> Glass Houses </Li> <Li> The Nylon Curtain </Li> <Li> An Innocent Man </Li> <Li> The Bridge </Li> <Li> Storm Front </Li> <Li> River of Dreams </Li> <Li> Fantasies & Delusions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Songs in the Attic </Li> <Li> KOHЦEPT </Li> <Li> 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert </Li> <Li> 12 Gardens Live </Li> <Li> Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits

The song "She's Always a Woman to Me" was written by

Who wrote shes always a woman to me?

-6977583364271191243

List of United States cities by area - wikipedia <H1> List of United States cities by area </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Population tables of U.S. cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Population </P> <Ul> <Li> Area </Li> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Ethnic identity </Li> <Li> Foreign - born </Li> <Li> Income </Li> <Li> Spanish speakers </Li> <Li> By decade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Populous cities and metropolitan areas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metropolitan areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 574 Primary Statistical Areas </Li> <Li> 169 Combined Statistical Areas </Li> <Li> 929 Core Based Statistical Areas </Li> <Li> 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas </Li> <Li> 540 Micropolitan Statistical Areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Megaregions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> See also </Li> <Li> North American metro areas </Li> <Li> World cities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This list ranks U.S. cities by land area . Total areas including water are also given , but note that , when ranked by total area , a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger . San Francisco is an extreme example : water makes up nearly 80 % of its total area of 232 square miles ( 601 km2 ) . Note also that in many cases a city may be geographically large primarily because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county . In some cases the county no longer exists , while in others the arrangement has formed a consolidated city -- county ( or city - borough in Alaska , or city - parish in Louisiana ) ; these are shown in bold . Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities , indicated with two asterisks ( * * ) . All data is from the 2010 United States Census . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Land area ( sq mi ) </Th> <Th> Land area ( km2 ) </Th> <Th> Water area ( sq mi ) </Th> <Th> Water area ( km2 ) </Th> <Th> Total area ( sq mi ) </Th> <Th> Total area ( km2 ) </Th> <Th> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sitka </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 2,870.3 </Td> <Td> 7,434 </Td> <Td> 1,941.0 </Td> <Td> 5,027 </Td> <Td> 4,811.4 </Td> <Td> 12,461 </Td> <Td> 8,881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Juneau </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 2,701.9 </Td> <Td> 6,998 </Td> <Td> 552.0 </Td> <Td> 1,430 </Td> <Td> 3,253.9 </Td> <Td> 8,428 </Td> <Td> 31,275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wrangell </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 2,541.5 </Td> <Td> 6,582 </Td> <Td> 920.6 </Td> <Td> 2,384 </Td> <Td> 3,462.1 </Td> <Td> 8,967 </Td> <Td> 2,369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anchorage </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 1,704.7 </Td> <Td> 4,415 </Td> <Td> 256.3 </Td> <Td> 664 </Td> <Td> 1,961.0 </Td> <Td> 5,079 </Td> <Td> 291,826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jacksonville </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 747.0 </Td> <Td> 1,935 </Td> <Td> 127.6 </Td> <Td> 330 </Td> <Td> 874.6 </Td> <Td> 2,265 </Td> <Td> 821,784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Anaconda </Td> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 736.5 </Td> <Td> 1,908 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 741.2 </Td> <Td> 1,920 </Td> <Td> 9,298 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Butte </Td> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 716.2 </Td> <Td> 1,855 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 716.8 </Td> <Td> 1,857 </Td> <Td> 33,525 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 606.4 </Td> <Td> 1,571 </Td> <Td> 14.4 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 620.8 </Td> <Td> 1,608 </Td> <Td> 579,999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 599.6 </Td> <Td> 1,553 </Td> <Td> 27.9 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 627.5 </Td> <Td> 1,625 </Td> <Td> 2,099,451 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 516.7 </Td> <Td> 1,338 </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 517.9 </Td> <Td> 1,341 </Td> <Td> 1,445,632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Nashville </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 475.1 </Td> <Td> 1,231 </Td> <Td> 21.7 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 496.8 </Td> <Td> 1,287 </Td> <Td> 601,222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 468.7 </Td> <Td> 1,214 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 502.7 </Td> <Td> 1,302 </Td> <Td> 3,792,621 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> San Antonio </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 460.9 </Td> <Td> 1,194 </Td> <Td> 5.8 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 466.7 </Td> <Td> 1,209 </Td> <Td> 1,327,407 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Suffolk * * </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 400.2 </Td> <Td> 1,037 </Td> <Td> 28.9 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 429.1 </Td> <Td> 1,111 </Td> <Td> 84,585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Buckeye </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 375.3 </Td> <Td> 972 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.26 </Td> <Td> 375.4 </Td> <Td> 972 </Td> <Td> 50,876 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 361.4 </Td> <Td> 936 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 368.0 </Td> <Td> 953 </Td> <Td> 820,445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Chesapeake * * </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 340.8 </Td> <Td> 883 </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 350.9 </Td> <Td> 909 </Td> <Td> 222,209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Dallas </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 340.5 </Td> <Td> 882 </Td> <Td> 45.3 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 385.8 </Td> <Td> 999 </Td> <Td> 1,197,816 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Fort Worth </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 339.8 </Td> <Td> 880 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 347.9 </Td> <Td> 901 </Td> <Td> 741,206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 325.2 </Td> <Td> 842 </Td> <Td> 17.0 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 342.2 </Td> <Td> 886 </Td> <Td> 597,337 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> San Diego </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 325.2 </Td> <Td> 842 </Td> <Td> 47.2 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 372.4 </Td> <Td> 965 </Td> <Td> 1,307,402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Memphis </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 315.1 </Td> <Td> 816 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 324.0 </Td> <Td> 839 </Td> <Td> 646,889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Kansas City </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 315.0 </Td> <Td> 816 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 319.0 </Td> <Td> 826 </Td> <Td> 459,787 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 302.6 </Td> <Td> 784 </Td> <Td> 165.8 </Td> <Td> 429 </Td> <Td> 468.5 </Td> <Td> 1,213 </Td> <Td> 8,175,133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Augusta </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 302.5 </Td> <Td> 783 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 306.7 </Td> <Td> 794 </Td> <Td> 195,844 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Austin </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 297.9 </Td> <Td> 772 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 305.1 </Td> <Td> 790 </Td> <Td> 790,390 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 297.7 </Td> <Td> 771 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 299.7 </Td> <Td> 776 </Td> <Td> 731,424 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Lexington </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 283.6 </Td> <Td> 735 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 285.6 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> 295,803 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> El Paso </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 255.2 </Td> <Td> 661 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 256.3 </Td> <Td> 664 </Td> <Td> 649,121 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Virginia Beach * * </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 249.0 </Td> <Td> 645 </Td> <Td> 248.3 </Td> <Td> 643 </Td> <Td> 497.3 </Td> <Td> 1,288 </Td> <Td> 437,994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Cusseta </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 248.7 </Td> <Td> 644 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 251.2 </Td> <Td> 651 </Td> <Td> 11,267 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 227.6 </Td> <Td> 589 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 234.1 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> <Td> 2,695,598 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 226.7 </Td> <Td> 587 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.78 </Td> <Td> 227.0 </Td> <Td> 588 </Td> <Td> 520,116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Columbus </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 217.2 </Td> <Td> 563 </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 223.1 </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> <Td> 787,033 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Columbus </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 216.4 </Td> <Td> 560 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 221.0 </Td> <Td> 572 </Td> <Td> 189,885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Valdez </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 216.2 </Td> <Td> 560 </Td> <Td> 59.6 </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 275.9 </Td> <Td> 715 </Td> <Td> 3,976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 209.1 </Td> <Td> 542 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 210.3 </Td> <Td> 545 </Td> <Td> 2,799 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Huntsville </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 209.1 </Td> <Td> 542 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> <Td> 210.4 </Td> <Td> 545 </Td> <Td> 180,105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Boulder City </Td> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 208.5 </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 208.6 </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> <Td> 15,023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> California City </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 203.5 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.26 </Td> <Td> 203.6 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 14,120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 196.8 </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 201.0 </Td> <Td> 521 </Td> <Td> 391,906 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Colorado Springs </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 194.5 </Td> <Td> 504 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 194.9 </Td> <Td> 505 </Td> <Td> 416,427 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Goodyear </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 191.5 </Td> <Td> 496 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 191.5 </Td> <Td> 496 </Td> <Td> 65,275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Albuquerque </Td> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 187.7 </Td> <Td> 486 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 189.5 </Td> <Td> 491 </Td> <Td> 545,852 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Scottsdale </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 183.9 </Td> <Td> 476 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 184.4 </Td> <Td> 478 </Td> <Td> 217,385 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Hibbing </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 181.8 </Td> <Td> 471 </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 186.4 </Td> <Td> 483 </Td> <Td> 16,361 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Norman </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 178.8 </Td> <Td> 463 </Td> <Td> 10.7 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 189.4 </Td> <Td> 491 </Td> <Td> 110,925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> San Jose </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 176.5 </Td> <Td> 457 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 180.0 </Td> <Td> 466 </Td> <Td> 945,942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Peoria </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 174.4 </Td> <Td> 452 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 178.0 </Td> <Td> 461 </Td> <Td> 154,065 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 169.4 </Td> <Td> 439 </Td> <Td> 180.8 </Td> <Td> 468 </Td> <Td> 350.2 </Td> <Td> 907 </Td> <Td> 343,829 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Corpus Christi </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 160.6 </Td> <Td> 416 </Td> <Td> 329.0 </Td> <Td> 852 </Td> <Td>

The largest city in the United States per square mile is

What is the largest city in the united states per square mile?

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Minnesota Vikings - wikipedia <H1> Minnesota Vikings </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Minnesota Vikings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( January 28 , 1960 ) First season : 1961 Play in U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered at TCO Performance Center Eagan , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> National Football League ( 1961 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Western Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> Purple , Gold , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Skol , Vikings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Viktor the Viking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Zygi Wilf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Zygi Wilf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Mark Wilf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Rick Spielman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Mike Zimmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Vikes </Li> <Li> The Purple People Eaters </Li> <Li> The Purple and Gold </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 0 † ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Western : 1969 </Li> <Li> NFC : 1973 , 1974 , 1976 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 20 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Central : 1968 , 1969 </Li> <Li> NFC Central : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 </Li> <Li> NFC North : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 29 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> TCF Bank Stadium ( 2014 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Bank Stadium ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Vikings played in four Super Bowl games in the 1970s , but lost all four . </P> <P> During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship in 1969 , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . </P> <P> The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1960s </Li> <Li> 1.2 1970s </Li> <Li> 1.3 1980s </Li> <Li> 1.4 1990s <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 1998 </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 2000s <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 2000 </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 2001 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> 1.5. 3 2006 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> 1.5. 4 2009 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> 1.5. 5 2011 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> 1.5. 6 2014 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Logo and uniforms <Ul> <Li> 2.1 All purple uniforms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Mascots <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Current mascot </Li> <Li> 3.2 Historic mascots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Traditions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Fight song </Li> <Li> 4.2 Rivals <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Detroit Lions </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Green Bay Packers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Helga hats </Li> <Li> 4.4 Vikings horn </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Players <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 5.2 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 5.4 Ring of Honor </Li> <Li> 5.5 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 5.6 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 5.7 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 5.8 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Coaches <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Head coaches </Li> <Li> 6.2 Current staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Radio and television <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Radio affiliates <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Minnesota </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Iowa </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 North Dakota </Li> <Li> 7.1. 4 South Dakota </Li> <Li> 7.1. 5 Wisconsin </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of the Minnesota Vikings See also : List of Minnesota Vikings seasons <P> Professional football in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area ( the `` Twin Cities '' ) began with the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , an NFL team that played intermittently in the 1920s and 1930s . However , a new professional team in the area did not surface again until August 1959 , when Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund , and Max Winter were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . Five months later , in January 1960 , after significant pressure from the NFL , the ownership group , along with Bernard H. Ridder Jr. , reneged on its agreement with the AFL and then was awarded the National Football League 's 14th franchise , with play to begin in 1961 . Ole Haugsrud was added to the NFL team ownership because , in the 1920s , when he sold his Duluth Eskimos team back to the league , the agreement allowed him 10 percent of any future Minnesota team . Coincidentally or not , the teams from Ole Haugsrud 's high school , Central High School in Superior , Wisconsin , were also called the Vikings and also had a similar purple - and - yellow uniform design and color scheme . </P> <P> From the team 's first season in 1961 to 1981 , the team called Metropolitan Stadium in suburban Bloomington home . The Vikings conducted summer training camp at Bemidji State University from 1961 to 1965 . In 1966 , the team moved to their training camp to Minnesota State University in Mankato . The training camp at Minnesota State was one of the longest continuously running training camp events in the NFL and is remembered as part of the golden era history of the team . The Vikings played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis from 1982 to 2013 . The Vikings played their last game at the Metrodome on December 29 , 2013 , defeating the Detroit Lions 14 -- 13 to end the season . </P> <P> Since the team 's first season in 1961 , the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL . As of 2017 , they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962 , and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season . The Vikings have won one NFL Championship , in 1969 , before the league 's merger with the American Football League ( AFL ) . Since the league merger in 1970 , they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times , third-most in the league . The team has played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI , though failing to win any of them . In addition , they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978 . The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </P> <H3> 1960s </H3> <P> The team was officially named the Minnesota Vikings on September 27 , 1960 ; the name is partly meant to reflect Minnesota 's place as a center of Scandinavian American culture . From the start , the Vikings embraced an energetic marketing program that produced first - year season ticket sales of nearly 26,000 and an average home attendance of 34,586 , about 85 percent of Metropolitan Stadium 's capacity of 40,800 . Eventually , the capacity of Met Stadium was increased to 47,900 . Bert Rose , former public relations director for the Los Angeles Rams , was appointed the team 's first general manager . The search for the first head coach saw the team court then - Northwestern University head coach Ara Parseghian , who , according to Minneapolis Star writer Jim Klobuchar -- the Vikings ' first beat reporter for that newspaper -- visited team management in the Twin Cities under the condition that his visit was to be kept secret from his current employer . His cover was blown by local columnist Sid Hartman , who reported the visit and forced Parseghian to issue denials . Philadelphia Eagles assistant Nick Skorich and a man with Minnesota ties who was working in the CFL , Bud Grant , were also candidates until a different Eagle , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin , was hired on January 18 , 1961 . Van Brocklin had just finished his career as a player on a high note , having defeated the Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game . </P> Head Coach Bud Grant ( 1967 -- 1983 and 1985 ) The Vikings were upset by the Chiefs 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . <P> As a new franchise , the Vikings had the first overall selection in the 1961 NFL Draft , and they picked running back Tommy Mason of Tulane . They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round . Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny . The Vikings won their first regular season game , defeating the Chicago Bears 37 -- 13 on Opening Day 1961 ; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset . Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3 -- 11 record . The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of 32 wins , 59 losses , and 7 ties in

The Minnesota Vikings last made the Super Bowl

When was the last time the vikings made the superbowl?

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Seafloor spreading - wikipedia <H1> Seafloor spreading </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Age of oceanic lithosphere ; youngest ( red ) is along spreading centers . <P> Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges , where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge . Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics . When oceanic plates diverge , tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure , although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges . At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed . Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers . Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone . Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast , intermediate , or slow . As a general rule , fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4 -- 9 cm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm / year . </P> <P> Earlier theories ( e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit ) of continental drift postulated that continents `` ploughed '' through the sea . The idea that the seafloor itself moves ( and also carries the continents with it ) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s . The theory is well accepted now , and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere , which is ductile , or plastic , and the brittle lithosphere . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Incipient spreading </Li> <Li> 2 Continued spreading and subduction </Li> <Li> 3 Debate and search for mechanism </Li> <Li> 4 Sea floor global topography : half - space model </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Incipient spreading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory <P> In the general case , sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass , similar to the Red Sea - East Africa Rift System today . The process starts with heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense . Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects , the area being heated becomes a broad dome ( see isostasy ) . As the crust bows upward , fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts . The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles . These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today . The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins . Hess ' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge . </P> <P> If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above , two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a ' failed rift ' . As the two active rifts continue to open , eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch . At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments . When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean , the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea . The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea . The East African rift was thought to be a `` failed '' arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms , but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region last September , a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters . During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy . As a result , the new sea will evaporate ( partially or completely ) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable . During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley . Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists . </P> <P> Sea floor spreading can stop during the process , but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed , then a new ocean basin is created . The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa , but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free . South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta . The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction . </P> <H2> Continued spreading and subduction ( edit ) </H2> Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge <P> As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centres ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading centre , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced . </P> <P> Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins , the total capacity of the world 's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading . During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean , sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean . </P> <H2> Debate and search for mechanism ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( and in other areas ) , material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other , a phenomenon first observed as continental drift . When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 , he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust . This was impossible : oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust . Accordingly , Wegener 's theory was n't taken very seriously , especially in the United States . </P> <P> Since then , it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading . In the 1960s , the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . This results in broadly evident `` stripes '' from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft . The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side . The seafloor must have originated on the Earth 's great fiery welts , like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . </P> <P> The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool , dense , subducting slabs that pull them along . The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be `` passive upswelling '' , which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs . This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction : when part of the rug is off of the table , its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it . </P> <H2> Sea floor global topography : half - space model ( edit ) </H2> <P> To first approximation , sea floor global topography in areas without significant subduction can be estimated by the half - space model . In this model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) . </P> <P> By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere ( velocity v ) , which have spatial coordinate x ' = x-vt , we may write T = T ( x ' , z , t ) and use the heat equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ' ) ) ) where κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is the thermal diffusivity of

New crust is formed in sea floor spreading through

Where does new crust come from in sea floor spreading?

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</Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> General - purpose CPUs </Li> <Li> Graphical user interface </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Laptops </Li> <Li> Personal computers </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> World Wide Web </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Soviet Bloc </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline of computing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before 1950 </Li> <Li> 1950 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 2019 </Li> <Li> more timelines ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first high - level programming language was Plankalkül , created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945 . The first high - level language to have an associated compiler , was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951 , for his PhD thesis . The first commercially available language was FORTRAN ( FORmula TRANslation ) ; developed in 1956 ( first manual appeared in 1956 , but first developed in 1954 ) by John Backus , a worker at IBM . </P> <P> When FORTRAN was first introduced it was treated with suspicion because of the belief that programs compiled from high - level language would be less efficient than those written directly in machine code . FORTRAN became popular because it provided a means of porting existing code to new computers , in a hardware market that was rapidly evolving . FORTRAN eventually became known for its efficiency . Over the years , FORTRAN had been updated , with standards released for FORTRAN - 66 , FORTRAN - 77 and FORTRAN - 92 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early history </Li> <Li> 2 First programming languages </Li> <Li> 3 Establishing fundamental paradigms </Li> <Li> 4 1980s : consolidation , modules , performance </Li> <Li> 5 1990s : the Internet age </Li> <Li> 6 Current trends </Li> <Li> 7 Prominent people </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early History ( edit ) </H2> <P> During a nine - month period in 1842 -- 1843 , Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage 's newest proposed machine , the analytical engine . With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine , recognized by some historians as the world 's first computer program . </P> <P> The first computer codes were specialized for their applications . In the first decades of the 20th century , numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers . Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers , not only with words . For example , Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulatic way . The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape - marking machine , for example , in use at the telephone companies . Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number . However , unlike the lambda calculus , Turing 's code does not serve well as a basis for higher - level languages -- its principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity . </P> <P> To some people , what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human - readability is required before the status of `` programming language '' is granted . Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage 's Difference Engine both had simple , extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform . </P> <H2> First programming languages ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the 1940s , the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created . The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs . It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort . </P> <P> The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s . An early high - level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül , developed by the Germans for Z1 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945 . However , it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000 . </P> <P> John Mauchly 's Short Code , proposed in 1949 , was one of the first high - level languages ever developed for an electronic computer . Unlike machine code , Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form . However , the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran , making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code . </P> <P> At the University of Manchester , Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s , with the second iteration developed for the Mark 1 by R.A. Brooker in 1954 , known as the `` Mark 1 Autocode '' . Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester . The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D.F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961 . Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode , it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances , and was noted for its object code optimisation and source - language diagnostics which were advanced for the time . A contemporary but separate thread of development , Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine . </P> <P> In 1954 , language FORTRAN was invented at IBM by a team led by John Backus ; it was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation , as opposed to just a design on paper . It is still a popular language for high - performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world 's fastest supercomputers . </P> <P> Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US , called FLOW - MATIC . It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959 . Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation , and in early 1955 , she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype . The FLOW - MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959 . Flow - Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL , since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time . </P> <P> Other languages still in use today include LISP ( 1958 ) , invented by John McCarthy and COBOL ( 1959 ) , created by the Short Range Committee . Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication , by a committee of American and European computer scientists , of `` a new language for algorithms '' ; the ALGOL 60 Report ( the `` ALGOrithmic Language '' ) . This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations : </P> <Ul> <Li> nested block structure : code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate , explicitly named procedures ; </Li> <Li> lexical scoping : a block could have its own private variables , procedures and functions , invisible to code outside that block , that is , information hiding . </Li> </Ul> <P> Another innovation , related to this , was in how the language was described : </P> <Ul> <Li> a mathematically exact notation , Backus -- Naur form ( BNF ) , was used to describe the language 's syntax . Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context - free portion of their syntax . </Li> </Ul> <P> Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages , some of which soon became more popular . The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol . </P> <P> Algol 's key ideas were continued , producing ALGOL 68 : </P> <Ul> <Li> syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal , with anonymous routines , a recursive typing system with higher - order functions , etc. ; </Li> <Li> not only the context - free part , but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally , in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar , a formalism designed specifically for this purpose . </Li> </Ul> <P> Algol 68 's many little - used language features ( for example , concurrent and parallel blocks ) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult . Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language . </P> Fortran <P> Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1951 -- Regional Assembly Language </Li> <Li> 1952 -- Autocode </Li> <Li> 1954 -- IPL ( forerunner to LISP ) </Li> <Li> 1955 -- FLOW - MATIC ( led to COBOL ) </Li> <Li> 1957 -- FORTRAN ( First compiler ) </Li> <Li> 1957 -- COMTRAN ( precursor to COBOL ) </Li> <Li> 1958 -- LISP </Li> <Li> 1958 -- ALGOL 58 </Li> <Li> 1959 -- FACT ( forerunner to COBOL ) </Li> <Li> 1959 -- COBOL </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1959 -- RPG </Li> <Li> 1962 -- APL </Li> <Li> 1962 -- Simula </Li> <Li> 1962 -- SNOBOL </Li> <Li> 1963 -- CPL ( forerunner to C ) </Li> <Li> 1964 -- Speakeasy ( computational environment ) </Li> <Li> 1964 -- BASIC </Li> <Li> 1964 -- PL / I </Li> <Li> 1966 -- JOSS </Li> <Li> 1967 -- BCPL ( forerunner to C ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Establishing fundamental paradigms ( edit ) </H2> Smalltalk Scheme <P> The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages . Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period : </P> <Ul> <Li> Speakeasy ( computational environment ) , developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory ( ANL ) by Stanley Cohen , is an OOPS ( object - oriented programming , much like the later MATLAB , IDL ( programming language ) and Mathematica ) numerical package . Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax . It first addressed efficient physics computation internally at ANL , was modified for research use ( as `` Modeleasy '' ) for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially ; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use currently . </Li> <Li> Simula , invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60 , was the first language designed to support object - oriented programming . </Li> <Li> C , an early systems programming language , was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973 . </Li> <Li> Smalltalk ( mid-1970s ) provided a complete ground - up design of an object - oriented language . </Li> <Li> Prolog , designed in 1972 by Colmerauer , Roussel , and Kowalski , was the first logic programming language . </Li> <Li> ML built a polymorphic type system ( invented by Robin Milner in 1973 ) on top of Lisp , pioneering statically typed functional programming languages . </Li> </Ul> <P> Each

The first high-level language operating system was created

Where was the first high level language operating system created?

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</Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> 12 April 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitors per annum </Th> <Td> 13.4 million ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 19.425 km ( 4,800 acres ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.disneylandparis.com/en-us/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Disneyland Paris </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme parks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resort hotels </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Disneyland Hotel Disney 's Hotel New York Disney 's Newport Bay Club Disney 's Sequoia Lodge Disney 's Hotel Cheyenne Disney 's Hotel Santa Fe Disney 's Davy Crockett Ranch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Disney Village Golf Disneyland Euro Disney S.C.A. Val d'Europe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Disneyland Paris , originally Euro Disney Resort , is an entertainment resort in Marne - la - Vallée , a new town located 32 km ( 20 mi ) east of the centre of Paris , and is the most visited theme park in all of Europe . It is owned by The Walt Disney Company through subsidiary Euro Disney S.C.A. The resort covers 4,800 acres ( 19 km ) and encompasses two theme parks , many resort hotels , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , and a golf course , in addition to several additional recreational and entertainment venues . Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex , opening with the resort on 12 April 1992 . A second theme park , Walt Disney Studios Park , opened in 2002 . The resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 . </P> <P> Until June 2017 , Disney only held a majority stake in the resort , when they bought the remaining shares . In 2017 The Walt Disney Company offered an informal takeover of Euro Disney S.C.A. , buying 9 % of the company from Kingdom Holding and an open offer of 2 Euro per share for the remaining stock . This brought The Walt Disney Company 's total ownership to 85.7 % . The Walt Disney company will also invest an additional 1.5 Billion Euro to strengthen the company . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Seeking a location for a European resort </Li> <Li> 1.2 Design and construction </Li> <Li> 1.3 Recruitment / employment </Li> <Li> 1.4 Controversies </Li> <Li> 1.5 Opening day and early years </Li> <Li> 1.6 Financial , attendance and employment struggles </Li> <Li> 1.7 1995 turnaround </Li> <Li> 1.8 2000 onwards </Li> <Li> 1.9 Name changes <Ul> <Li> 1.9. 1 Resort Names </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The complex <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Parks </Li> <Li> 2.2 Shopping , dining and entertainment </Li> <Li> 2.3 Other recreation </Li> <Li> 2.4 Rides and attractions </Li> <Li> 2.5 Hotels </Li> <Li> 2.6 Transport </Li> <Li> 2.7 Backstage Disney </Li> <Li> 2.8 Attendance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Incidents and accidents </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> ' Disneyland Hotel ' in Disneyland Park , Paris , France . Through the hotel is the entrance ticket hall to the Park . <H3> Seeking a location for a European resort ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the success of Disneyland in California and Walt Disney World in Florida , plans to build a similar theme park in Europe emerged in 1972 . Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker , Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success , forming a catalyst for international expansion . In late 1984 the heads of Disney 's theme park division , Dick Nunis and Jim Cora , presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park . By March 1985 , the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four ; two in France and two in Spain . Both nations saw the potential economic advantages of a Disney theme park and offered competing financing deals to Disney . </P> <P> Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean and offered a subtropical climate similar to Disney 's parks in California and Florida . Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France , not far from Marseille . The pleasing landscape of that region , as well as its climate , made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland . However , shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site , which would have rendered construction too difficult . Finally , a site in the rural town of Marne - la - Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe . This location was estimated to be no more than a four - hour drive for 68 million people and no more than a two - hour flight for a further 300 million . </P> <P> Michael Eisner , Disney 's CEO at the time , signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20 - square - kilometre ( 4,940 - acre ) site on 18 December 1985 , and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring . The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 March 1987 . Construction began in August 1988 , and in December 1990 , an information centre named `` Espace Euro Disney '' was opened to show the public what was being constructed . Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry , Disney - MGM Studios Europe , quickly went into development , scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US $2.3 billion . The construction manager was Bovis . </P> <H3> Design and construction ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to provide lodging to patrons , it was decided that 5,200 Disney - owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex . In March 1988 , Disney and a council of architects ( Frank Gehry , Michael Graves , Robert A.M. Stern , Stanley Tigerman and Robert Venturi ) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States . At the time of the opening in April 1992 , seven hotels collectively housing 5,800 rooms had been built . </P> <P> An entertainment , shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney World 's Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry . </P> <P> With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze - coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights , it opened as Festival Disney . For a projected daily attendance of 55,000 , Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park . In order to accomplish this , 29 restaurants were built inside the park ( with a further 11 restaurants built at the Euro Disney resort hotels and five at Festival Disney ) . Menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disney 's precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park . </P> <P> 2,300 patio seats ( 30 % of park seating ) were installed to satisfy Europeans ' expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather . In test kitchens at Walt Disney World , recipes were adapted for European tastes . Walter Meyer , executive chef for menu development at Euro Disney and executive chef of food projects development at Walt Disney World noted , `` A few things we did need to change , but most of the time people kept telling us , ' Do your own thing . Do what 's American ' . '' </P> <H3> Recruitment / employment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Unlike Disney 's American theme parks , Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees ( an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself ) , as opposed to seasonal and temporary part - time employees . Casting centres were set up in Paris , London and Amsterdam . However , it was understood by the French government and Disney that `` a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market '' . Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills , who spoke two European languages ( French and one other ) , and were socially outgoing . Following precedent , Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers . 24,000 people had applied by November 1991 . </P> <H3> Controversies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The prospect of a Disney park in France was a subject of debate and controversy . Critics , who included prominent French intellectuals , denounced what they considered to be the cultural imperialism of Euro Disney and felt it would encourage an unhealthy American type of consumerism in France . For others , Euro Disney became a symbol of America within France . On 28 June 1992 , a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States . </P> <P> A journalist at the centre - right French newspaper Le Figaro wrote , `` I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to ( Euro ) Disneyland . '' Ariane Mnouchkine , a Parisian stage director , named the concept a `` cultural Chernobyl '' , a phrase which would be echoed in the media during Euro Disney 's initial years . </P> <P> In response , French philosopher Michel Serres noted , `` It is not America that is invading us . It is we who adore it , who adopt its fashions and above all , its words . '' Euro Disney S.C.A. 's then - chairman Robert Fitzpatrick responded , `` We did n't come in and say O.K. , we 're going to put a beret and a baguette on Mickey Mouse . We are who we are . '' </P> <P> Topics of controversy also included Disney 's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney 's appearance code for members of staff , which listed regulations and limitations for the use of makeup , facial hair , tattoos , jewellery and more . </P> <P> French labour unions mounted protests against the appearance code , which they saw as `` an attack on individual liberty '' . Others criticised Disney as being insensitive to French culture , individualism and privacy , because restrictions on individual or collective liberties were illegal under French law , unless it could be demonstrated that the restrictions are requisite to the job and do not exceed what is necessary . </P> <P> Disney countered by saying that a ruling that barred them from imposing such an employment standard could threaten the image and long - term success of the park . `` For us , the appearance code has a great effect from a product identification standpoint , '' said Thor Degelmann , Euro Disney 's personnel director . `` Without it we could n't be presenting the Disney product that people would be expecting . '' </P> <H3> Opening day and early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> Euro Disney opened for employee preview and testing in March 1992 . During this time visitors were mostly park employees and their family members , who tested facilities and operations . The press were able to visit the day before the park 's opening day on 12 April . </P> <P> On 12 April 1992 , Euro Disney Resort and its theme park , Euro Disneyland , officially opened , on the same date that Mediaset 's La Cinq ( unrelated to the resort )

Disneyland Paris was built with

How much did disneyland paris cost to build?

-3568942573258999273

<Li> Working capital </Li> <Li> Venture capital </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marketing ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Marketing </Li> <Li> Marketing research </Li> <Li> Public relations </Li> <Li> Sales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types of management ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Asset </Li> <Li> Brand </Li> <Li> Business intelligence </Li> <Li> Business development </Li> <Li> Capacity </Li> <Li> Change <Ul> <Li> innovation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Commercial <Ul> <Li> marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Communications </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Conflict </Li> <Li> Content </Li> <Li> Customer relationship </Li> <Li> Distributed </Li> <Li> Earned value </Li> <Li> Electronic business </Li> <Li> Enterprise resource planning <Ul> <Li> management information system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Financial </Li> <Li> Human resource <Ul> <Li> development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Incident </Li> <Li> Integrated </Li> <Li> Knowledge </Li> <Li> Materials </Li> <Li> Network <Ul> <Li> administrator </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Office </Li> <Li> Operations <Ul> <Li> services </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Performance </Li> <Li> Power </Li> <Li> Problem </Li> <Li> Process </Li> <Li> Product life - cycle </Li> <Li> Product </Li> <Li> Project </Li> <Li> Quality </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Resource </Li> <Li> Risk <Ul> <Li> crisis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sales </Li> <Li> Security </Li> <Li> Service </Li> <Li> Strategic </Li> <Li> Supply chain </Li> <Li> Systems <Ul> <Li> administrator </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Talent </Li> <Li> Technology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organization ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Behavior </Li> <Li> Communication </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Conflict </Li> <Li> Development </Li> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Hierarchy </Li> <Li> Patterns </Li> <Li> Space </Li> <Li> Structure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trade ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Business analysis </Li> <Li> Business ethics </Li> <Li> Business plan </Li> <Li> Business judgment rule </Li> <Li> Consumer behaviour </Li> <Li> Business operations </Li> <Li> International business </Li> <Li> Business model </Li> <Li> International trade </Li> <Li> Business process </Li> <Li> Business statistics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Business and economics portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Financial management refers to the efficient and effective management of money ( funds ) in such a manner as to accomplish the objectives of the organization . It is the specialized function directly associated with the top management . The significance of this function is not seen in the ' Line ' but also in the capacity of the ' Staff ' in overall of a company . It has been defined differently by different experts in the field . </P> <P> The term typically applies to an organization or company 's financial strategy , while personal finance or financial life management refers to an individual 's management strategy . It includes how to raise the capital and how to allocate capital , i.e. capital budgeting . Not only for long term budgeting , but also how to allocate the short term resources like current liabilities . It also deals with the dividend policies of the share holders . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definitions of Financial Management </Li> <Li> 2 Objectives of Financial Management </Li> <Li> 3 Scope of Financial Management </Li> <Li> 4 Financial Management for Start Up </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definitions of financial management ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Planning is an inextricable dimension of financial management . The term financial management can notes that funds flows are directed according to some plan . '' By James Van Horne </Li> <Li> `` Financial management is that activity of management which is concerned with the planning , procuring and controlling of the firm 's financial resources . '' By Deepika &Maya Rani </Li> <Li> `` Financial Management is the Operational Activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation . '' By Joseph Massie </Li> <Li> `` Business finance deals primarily with rising administering and disbursing funds by privately owned business units operating in non-financial fields of industry . '' -- By Kuldeep Roy </Li> <Li> `` Financial Management is an area of financial decision making , harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals . '' - By Weston and Brigham </Li> <Li> `` Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and a careful selection of sources of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals . '' -- by J.F. Bradlery </Li> <Li> `` Financial management is the application of the planning and control function to the finance function . '' -- by K.D. Willson </Li> <Li> `` Financial management may be defined as that area or set of administrative function in an organization which relate with arrangement of cash and credit so that organization may have the means to carry out its objective as satisfactorily as possible . '' - by Howard & Opton . </Li> <Li> Business finance can be broadly defined as the activity concerned with planning , raising , controlling and administering of funds and in the business . `` by H.G Gathman & H.E Dougall </Li> <Li> Financial management is a body of business concerned with the efficient and effective use of either equity capital , borrowed cash or any other business funds as well as taking the right decision for profit maximization and value addition of an entity. - Kepher Petra ; Kisii University . </Li> <Li> `` Financial management refers to the proper and efficient use of money and it plays a significant role in analyzing to invest in profitable business enterprise . Return on Investment must be greater than the invested amount . '' </Li> <Li> `` Financial management refers to the effective and efficient management of money and it is also process of planning , controlling , leading , directing of a firm 's financial resources . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Objectives of financial management ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Profit maximization happens when marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue . This is the main objective of Financial Management . </Li> <Li> Wealth maximization means maximization of shareholders ' wealth . It is an advanced goal compared to profit maximization . </Li> <Li> Survival of company is an important consideration when the financial manager makes any financial decisions . One incorrect decision may lead company to be bankrupt . </Li> <Li> Maintaining proper cash flow is a short run objective of financial management . It is necessary for operations to pay the day - to - day expenses e.g. raw material , electricity bills , wages , rent etc . A good cash flow ensures the survival of company . </Li> <Li> Minimization on capital cost in financial management can help operations gain more profit . </Li> <Li> It is vague : - There are several types of profits before interest , depreciation and taxes , profit before taxes , profit after taxes , cash profit etc </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scope of financial management ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Estimating the Requirement of Funds : Businesses make forecast on funds needed in both short run and long run , hence , they can improve the efficiency of funding . The estimation is based on the budget e.g. sales budget , production budget . </Li> <Li> Determining the Capital Structure : Capital structure is how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds . Once the requirement of funds has estimated , the financial manager should decide the mix of debt and equity and also types of debt . </Li> <Li> Investment Fund : A good investment plan can bring businesses huge returns . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Financial management for start up ( edit ) </H2> <P> For new enterprises , it is important to make a good estimation on costs , sales . Consideration on appropriate length sources of finances can help businesses avoid the cash flow problems even the failure of setting up . There are fixed and current sides of assets balance sheet . Fixed assets refers to assets that can not be converted into cash easily , like plant , property , equipment etc . A current asset is an item on an entity 's balance sheet that is either cash , a cash equivalent , or which can be converted into cash within one year . It is not easy for start ups to forecast the current asset , because there are changes in receivables and payables . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Managerial finance , a branch of finance concerned with the managerial significance of financial techniques . </Li> <Li> Corporate finance , a branch of finance concerned with monetary resource allocations made by corporations </Li> <Li> Financial management for IT services , financial management of IT assets and resources </Li> <Li> Financial Planning Association , an organization for finance and economics students and professionals </Li> <Li> Financial Management Service , a bureau of the U.S. Treasury which provides financial services for the government </Li> <Li> Financial planner </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Financial management </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Business Finance and Financial Management '' . UpFina . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wealth Maximization '' . eFinanceManagement . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capital Structure Definition Investopedia '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nobanee , Haitham ; Abraham , Jaya ( 2015 ) . `` Current assets management of small enterprises '' . Journal of Economic Studie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What are fixed assets ? The e-conomic Accounting Glossary '' . www.e-conomic.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Asset Definition - AccountingTools '' . www.accountingtools.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 4 Cash Flow Forecasting Mistakes '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ faustin. G. karamage </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_management&oldid=837876984 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Corporate finance </Li> <Li> Financial management </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 44 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The ultimate objective of financial management is

What is the ultimate objective of financial management?

-6705627704423938484

: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old . </Li> <Li> Eucalyptus recurva : clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old . </Li> <Li> King Clone is a creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata ) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old . Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old , but this is as yet unconfirmed . </Li> <Li> A Huon pine colony on Mount Read , Tasmania , is estimated at 10,000 years old , with individual specimens living over 3,000 years . </Li> <Li> Old Tjikko , a Norway spruce in Sweden , is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old . The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age . Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman , at Umeå University , the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden . Old Tjikko is small , only 5 m ( 16 ft ) in height . </Li> <Li> A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be around 13,000 years old . </Li> <Li> `` Humongous Fungus '' , an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest , is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old . It is thought to be the world 's largest organism by area , at 2,384 acres ( 965 hectares ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Individual microorganisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some endoliths have extremely long lives . In August 2013 , researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor , perhaps millions of years old , with a generation time of 10 millennia . These are slowly metabolizing , not in a dormant state . </P> <H2> Individual plant specimens ( edit ) </H2> The Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe . <Ul> <Li> A Great Basin bristlecone pine ( Pinus longaeva ) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old . This is the oldest known tree in North America , and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world . </Li> <Li> The Cypress of Abarkuh is estimated to be between 4000 to 5000 years and is likely the second - oldest living being in Asia ( or the oldest according to Russian scientist Alexander Rouf ) . </Li> <Li> Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second - or third - oldest individual tree in the world . Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old , this ancient yew ( Taxus baccata ) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales . </Li> <Li> Fortingall Yew , an ancient yew ( Taxus baccata ) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire , Scotland , is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe . Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years , although now believed to be at the lower end of this range . </Li> <Li> Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second - oldest verified age , a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old . </Li> <Li> The President , located in Sequoia National Park , California , is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age . </Li> <Li> A sacred fig ( Ficus religiosa ) , the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura , Sri Lanka , is 2,300 years old ( planted in 288 BC ) . It is the oldest known living to date human - planted tree in the world . </Li> <Li> A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old . </Li> <Li> Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older . An olive tree in Ano Vouves , Crete , claiming such longevity , has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis . </Li> <Li> Jōmon Sugi , the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island , Kagoshima , Japan , is 2,170 to 7,200 years old . </Li> <Li> Great sugi of Kayano , the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga , Ishikawa , Japan , had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928 . </Li> <Li> Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant , composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis . The plant is considered a living fossil . Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years , and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years . </Li> <Li> Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America , occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru , Bolivia , the north of Chile , and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude . Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Humans ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : List of the verified oldest people and List of oldest living people <Table> <Tr> <Td> > 80 77.5 -- 80 75 -- 77.5 72.5 -- 75 70 -- 72.5 67.5 -- 70 65 -- 67.5 </Td> <Td> 60 -- 65 55 -- 60 50 -- 55 45 -- 50 40 -- 45 < 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Life expectancy by region <Ul> <Li> Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years , 164 days , becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived . She died on August 4 , 1997 . </Li> <Li> The longest - living person who is still living and known is Chiyo Miyako . ( born 2 May 1901 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> These are single examples ; for a broader view , see Life expectancy ( includes humans ) . </P> <H2> Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adwaita , an Aldabra giant tortoise , died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo , Kolkata , India . If verified , it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world . </Li> <Li> Tu'i Malila , a radiated tortoise , died at an age of 188 years in May 1965 , at the time the oldest verified vertebrate . </Li> <Li> Jonathan , a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena , is reported to be about 186 years old , and may , therefore , be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true . </Li> <Li> Harriet , a Galápagos tortoise , died at the age of 175 years in June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Timothy , a spur - thighed tortoise , born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK . </Li> <Li> Nonja , a Sumatran orangutan , died at the age of 55 years in December 2007 . She was claimed to be the oldest - living orangutan of her species . </Li> <Li> The tuatara , a lizard - like reptile native to New Zealand , can live well above 100 years . Henry , a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand , mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80 - year - old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara . </Li> </Ul> Muja , the world 's oldest alligator <Ul> <Li> Muja , an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo , is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world . Muja is more than 80 years old . </Li> <Li> A female blue - and - yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899 , which would make her 117 years old , as of 2016 . Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable . She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill , but Churchill 's daughter denies the claim . </Li> <Li> Lin Wang , an Asian elephant , was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo . He was born in January 18 , 1917 , and died in February 26 , 2003 , at 86 years , surpassing the previous record of 84 . Normally , elephants live up to 50 years , while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70 . </Li> <Li> A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83 . </Li> <Li> Thaao , an Andean condor , died at the age of 80 . </Li> <Li> Cookie , ( hatched June 30 , 1933 ) an Australian - born Major Mitchell 's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo , Illinois , was the oldest member of his species in captivity , and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83 . </Li> <Li> A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016 , at the age of 66 . As of 2017 , she is the oldest known wild bird in the world . </Li> <Li> The oldest living horse on record was named Ol ' Billy . Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London , England . Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years . Henry Harrison , an occupant of London during the time , had also allegedly known Ol ' Billy for 59 years until Bill 's death . </Li> <Li> Creme Puff , a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin , Texas , was born August 3 , 1967 , and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> The oldest bear on record was Andreas , a European brown bear , living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece . He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death . </Li> <Li> Debby , the polar bear , an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg , Canada , was the oldest polar bear and third - oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008 , at the age of 42 years . </Li> <Li> A wild - born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age , and resided in California 's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4 . </Li> <Li> The oldest bat recorded , a Brandt 's bat , is at least 41 years old . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Aquatic animals ( edit ) </H2> Giant barrel sponges can live more than 2,000 years . <Ul> <Li> Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old . </Li> <Li> Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes , such as Leiopathes glaberrima , are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet : around 4,265 years old . </Li> <Li> The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest - lived animals , with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old . </Li> <Li> The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years . </Li> <Li> The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean . One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old . </Li> <Li> A specimen , `` Ming '' of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica ( also known as an ocean quahog ) , a mollusk , was found to have lived 507 years . Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years . </Li> <Li> Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae , including the Allocyttus , Neocyttus , and Pseudocyttus ( collectively referred to as the

The animal on earth with the longest life span is the

Which animal on earth has the longest life span?

1560261279486353160

Cashier 's check - wikipedia <H1> Cashier 's check </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A cashier 's check or cheque is a cheque guaranteed by a bank , drawn on the bank 's own funds and signed by a cashier . Cashier 's checks are treated as guaranteed funds because the bank , rather than the purchaser , is responsible for paying the amount . They are commonly required for real estate and brokerage transactions . </P> <P> Cashier 's checks deposited into a bank account are usually cleared the next day . The customer can request `` next - day availability '' when depositing a cashier 's check in person . </P> <P> However , cashier 's checks are often forged in fraud schemes . The recipient of the check can deposit the check in his or her account , withdraw funds under next - day availability , and assume that the check is good . The check can take weeks to clear the banks . So the bank can discover that a check is fraudulent weeks after the customer has withdrawn the funds , and the customer is then legally liable for the cash already withdrawn . </P> <P> A customer asks a bank for a cashier 's check , and the bank debits the amount from the customer 's account immediately , and assumes the responsibility for covering the cashier 's check . That is in contrast with a personal check , in which the bank does not debit the amount from the customer 's account until the check is deposited or cashed by the recipient . </P> <P> A cashier 's check is not the same as a teller 's check , also known as a banker 's draft , which is a check provided to a customer of a bank or acquired from a bank for remittance purposes and drawn by the bank , and drawn on another bank or payable through or at a bank . A cashier 's check is also different from a certified check , which is a personal check written by the customer and drawn on the customer 's account , on which the bank certifies that the signature is genuine and that the customer has sufficient funds in the account to cover the check . Also , it should not be confused with a counter check , which is a non-personalized check provided by the bank for the convenience of a customer in making withdrawals or payments but is not guaranteed and is functionally equivalent to a personal check . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characteristics </Li> <Li> 2 Legal definition </Li> <Li> 3 Alternatives and risks </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cashier 's checks feature the name of the issuing bank in a prominent location , usually the upper left - hand corner or upper centre of the check . In addition , they are generally produced with enhanced security features , including watermarks , security thread , color - shifting ink , and special bond paper . These are designed to decrease the vulnerability to counterfeit items . To be recognized as a cashier 's check , words to that effect must be included in a prominent place on the front of the item . </P> <P> The payee 's name , the written and numeric amount to be tendered , the remitter 's information , and other tracking information ( such as the branch of issue ) , are printed on the front of the check . The check is generally signed by one or two bank employees or officers ; however , some banks issue cashier 's checks featuring a facsimile signature of the bank 's chief executive officer or other senior official . </P> <P> Some banks contract out the maintenance of their cashier 's check accounts and check issuing . One leading contractor is Integrated Payment Systems , which issues cashier 's checks and coordinates redemption of the items for many banks , in addition to issuing money orders and other payment instruments . In theory , checks issued by a financial institution but drawn on another institution , as is often the case with credit unions , are teller 's checks . </P> <P> Due to an increase in fraudulent activities , starting in 2006 many banks insist upon waiting for a cashier 's check to clear the originating institution before making funds available for withdrawal . Personal checks will thus have the same utility in such transactions . </P> <H2> Legal definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , under Article 3 of the Uniform Commercial Code , a cashier 's check is effective as a note of the issuing bank . Also , according to Regulation CC ( Reg CC ) of the Federal Reserve , cashier 's checks are recognized as `` guaranteed funds '' and amounts under $5,000 are not subject to deposit hold , except in the case of new accounts . The length of a hold varies ( 2 days to 2 weeks ) depending on the bank . It is not clear what length of time may pass before a bank can be held responsible for accepting a bad cashier 's check . </P> <P> In Canada , bank drafts do not carry any different legal weight as opposed to a standard check , but are provided as a service to clients as a payment instrument with guaranteed funds . Drafts ( or money orders depending on the issuing institution ) usually have better security features than standard checks , and as such are often preferred when the receiver is concerned about receiving fraudulent payment instruments . However , bank drafts can also be subject to counterfeiting , and as such can be held or verified by depositing institutions in accordance with their hold funds policy , prior to providing access to the funds . </P> <P> The term money order is used non-uniformly in Canada , with some institutions offering both money orders and bank drafts depending on the amount , with others only offering one or the other for any amount . Generally , both bank drafts and money orders are treated the same in regards to guaranteed funds and hold policies . </P> <H2> Alternatives and risks ( edit ) </H2> <P> In many nations Money orders are a popular alternative to cashier 's checks and are considered safer than personal bank checks . However , in the United States , they are generally not recognized as `` guaranteed funds '' under Reg CC and are limited to a specified maximum amount ( $1,000 or less under U.S. law for domestic postal money orders ) . </P> <P> Because of US regulatory requirements associated with the Patriot Act and the Bank Secrecy Act due to updated concerns over money laundering , most insurance and brokerage firms will no longer accept money orders as payment for insurance premiums or as deposits into brokerage accounts . </P> <P> Counterfeit money orders and cashier 's checks have been used in certain scams to steal from those who sell their goods online on sites such as eBay and Craigslist . </P> <P> The counterfeit cashier 's check scam is a scheme where the victim is sent a cashier 's check or money order for payment on an item for sale on the Internet . When the money order is taken to the bank it may not be detected as counterfeit for 10 business days or more , but the bank will deposit the money into the account and state that it has been `` verified '' or is `` clear '' in about 24 hours . This gives the victim a false feeling of security that the money order was real , so they proceed with the transaction . When the bank eventually discovers that the money order is counterfeit and reverses the account credit many days later , the customer will usually have already mailed the item . In many cases the `` check '' or `` money order '' is for more than the amount owed , and the victim is asked to refund the difference in cash . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Certified check </Li> <Li> Demand draft </Li> <Li> Money order </Li> <Li> Traveler 's cheque </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cashier 's check '' . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Avoiding Cashier 's Check Fraud , Consumer Advisory CA 2007 - 1 , Comptroller of the Currency , Washington , DC , January 16 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 12 C.F.R. § 229.2 ( gg ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Certified Check or Cashier 's Check -- Which Is Better for You ? '' . Credit Today . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Counter check '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mosch S. Our story . Scam Victims United , Accessed 2010 - 06 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regulation CC '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fake check scams '' . Internet Fraud Watch . National Consumers League . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashier%27s_check&oldid=835318786 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cheques </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 23 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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While My Guitar Gently Weeps - wikipedia <H1> While My Guitar Gently Weeps </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of the Apple Publishing sheet music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by the Beatles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Beatles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> Harrisongs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 22 November 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 5 -- 6 September 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> EMI Studios , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Heavy rock , blues </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Apple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Harrison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) . It was written by George Harrison , the band 's lead guitarist . The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968 . This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band 's initial apathy towards the composition , which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator , Eric Clapton , to contribute to the recording . Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part , although he was not formally credited for his contribution . </P> <P> Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching . The song conveys his dismay at the world 's unrealised potential for universal love , which he refers to as `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium -- a version that appeared on the 1996 Anthology 3 outtakes compilation and , with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin , on the Love soundtrack album in 2006 . The full group recording was made in September 1968 , at which point the song 's folk - based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style . The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song `` Badge '' for Clapton 's group Cream . </P> <P> On release , the song received praise from several music critics , and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison 's continued maturity as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . Rolling Stone ranked `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' 136th on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , seventh on the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , and at number 10 on its list of `` The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs '' . Clapton 's performance was ranked 42nd in Guitar World 's 2008 list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live , during which they shared the lead guitarist 's role over the closing section . Live versions featuring the pair were included on the Concert for Bangladesh album in 1971 and Live in Japan in 1992 . Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr , Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and inspiration </Li> <Li> 2 Composition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Music </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lyrics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Recording <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Early attempts and basic track </Li> <Li> 3.2 Overdubs </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mixing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release and reception </Li> <Li> 5 Harrison live performances </Li> <Li> 6 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 7 2016 music video </Li> <Li> 8 Personnel </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Sources </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and inspiration ( edit ) </H2> The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that 's going down has a purpose . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random , opened it , saw `` gently weeps '' , then laid the book down again and started the song . -- George Harrison <P> George Harrison wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' after his return from India , where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968 . The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument , after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years , and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter . Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington , Cheshire , and he began reading the I Ching , or `` The Book of Changes '' . As Harrison put it , `` ( the book ) seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else , as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental . '' Embracing this idea of relativism , he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book , which happened to be `` gently weeps '' . Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session . </P> <P> The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India . Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum . When discussing another song he wrote at this time , `` Not Guilty '' , Harrison said it referred to `` the grief I was catching '' from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh and supposedly hindering the group 's career and the launch of their Apple record label . Eric Clapton , with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles , said that `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' conveyed Harrison 's spiritual isolation within the group . </P> <P> A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse : `` I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version also includes the line `` The problems you sow are the troubles you 're reaping '' , which he similarly discarded . An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse : `` I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording . Harrison 's demos suggest the influence of folk music , yet the Beatles ' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band 's late 1960s work . While noting the importance of Harrison 's return to the guitar during this period , Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould describes the song as `` virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock '' . </P> <P> The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor , changing to A major over the bridges . Aside from the intro , the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge , with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections , followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording . All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures , which are divided into four phrases . </P> <P> The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭ 7 ( Am / G ) on `` all '' ( bass note G ) and a 6 ( D9 ( major 3rd F ♯ ) ) after `` love '' ( bass note F ♯ ) to a ♭ 6 ( Fmaj7 ) on `` sleeping '' ( bass note F ) . According to musicologist Dominic Pedler , the 8 -- ♭ 7 -- 6 -- ♭ 6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes . The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse 's penultimate chord ( replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse ) before the E that leads into the bridge . Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of `` arrival '' , after which the bridge contains `` upward ( harmonic ) gestures '' that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse . Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads ( III , VI and II ) played over the E chord that ends the bridge 's second and fourth phrases . </P> <H3> Lyrics ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his lyrics to `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian - influenced compositions , particularly `` Within You Without You '' . The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised . In the description of theologian Dale Allison , the song `` conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological '' . Harrison sings of surveying `` you all '' and seeing `` the love there that 's sleeping '' . Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor - mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that `` unrealized potential '' described in the lyrics is to be `` fulfilled '' , but the continued minor triads `` seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded '' . During the bridges , Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love . He sings of people that have been `` inverted '' and `` perverted '' from their natural perspective . </P> <P> According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene , the song 's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968 , such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States , and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia . Allison writes that the lyrics represent the `` antithesis of spiritual triumphalism '' , in which Harrison `` mourns because love has not conquered all '' . </P> <H2> Recording ( edit ) </H2> <H3>

The guitar on "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was played by Eric Clapton, with

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Rick and Morty - Wikipedia <H1> Rick and Morty </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rick and Morty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animated sitcom </Li> <Li> Science fiction </Li> <Li> Dark comedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justin Roiland </Li> <Li> Dan Harmon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justin Roiland </Li> <Li> Chris Parnell </Li> <Li> Spencer Grammer </Li> <Li> Sarah Chalke </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ryan Elder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 31 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Harmon </Li> <Li> Justin Roiland </Li> <Li> James A. Fino ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Russo II ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> J. Michael Mendel </Li> <Li> Kenny Micka ( pilot ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions </Li> <Li> Harmonious Claptrap </Li> <Li> Starburns Industries ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Williams Street </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Adult Swim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.adultswim.com/videos/rick-and-morty/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rick and Morty is an American adult animated science - fiction sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Cartoon Network 's late - night programming block Adult Swim . The series follows the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his fretful , easily influenced grandson Morty Smith , who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures . The series premiered on December 2 , 2013 , and the third season concluded on October 1 , 2017 . A fourth season has been mentioned , first by Harmon in a September 2017 interview , and later in the post-credits scene of the third season 's finale . </P> <P> Roiland voices the eponymous characters , with Chris Parnell , Spencer Grammer , and Sarah Chalke voicing the rest of the family . The series originated from an animated short parody film of Back to the Future , The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , created by Roiland for Channel 101 , a short film festival co-founded by Harmon . When Adult Swim approached Harmon for television show ideas , he and Roiland decided to develop a program based on the short . The series has received universal acclaim for its originality , creativity and humor . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Development </Li> <Li> 2.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 2.3 Animation and voice recording </Li> <Li> 2.4 Future </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Themes and analysis </Li> <Li> 4 Home media </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5.2 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Impact on popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 Other media and products <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Comics </Li> <Li> 7.2 Video games </Li> <Li> 7.3 Tabletop games </Li> <Li> 7.4 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise </H2> See also : List of Rick and Morty characters File : Rick and Morty characters. jpg The members of the Smith household . From the left : Jerry Smith , Beth Smith , Summer Smith , Morty Smith and Rick Sanchez . <P> The show revolves around the adventures of the members of the Smith household , which consists of parents Jerry and Beth , their kids Summer and Morty , and Beth 's father , Rick Sanchez , who lives with them as a guest . According to Justin Roiland , the family lives outside of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington . The adventures of Rick and Morty , however , take place across an infinite number of realities , with the characters travelling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick 's flying car . </P> <P> Rick is an eccentric and alcoholic mad scientist , who eschews many ordinary conventions such as school , marriage , love , and family . He frequently goes on adventures with his 14 - year - old grandson , Morty , a kind but easily distressed boy , whose naive but grounded moral compass plays counterpoint to Rick 's Machiavellian ego . Morty 's 17 - year - old sister , Summer , is a more conventional teenager , who worries about improving her status among her peers and sometimes follows Rick and Morty on their adventures . The kids ' mother , Beth , is a generally level - headed person and assertive force in the household , though self - conscious about her professional role as a horse doctor . She is dissatisfied with her marriage with Jerry , a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . </P> <P> Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another . The show 's original Rick identifies himself as `` Rick Sanchez of Earth Dimension C - 137 '' , in reference to his original universe , but this does n't necessarily apply to every other member of the Smith household . For instance , in the first - season episode `` Rick Potion # 9 '' , after turning the entire world population into monsters , Rick and Morty move to a different dimension , leaving Summer , Beth and Jerry behind . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> Creators Dan Harmon ( left ) and Justin Roiland <P> Rick and Morty was created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon . The duo first met at Channel 101 , a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles co-founded by Harmon . At Channel 101 , participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot , and a live audience decides which pilots continue as a series . Roiland , then a producer on reality programming , began submitting content to the festival a year after its launch , in 2004 . His pilots typically consisted of shock value -- `` sick and twisted '' elements that received a confused reaction from the audience . Nevertheless , Harmon took a liking to his humor and the two began collaborating . In 2006 , Roiland was fired from working on a television series he regarded as intensely creatively stifling , and funneled his creative energies into creating a webisode for Channel 101 . The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti , an animated short starring parodies of Doc Brown and Marty McFly , characters from the Back to the Future film trilogy . In the short , which Harmon would dub `` a bastardization , a pornographic vandalization '' , Doc Smith urges Mharti that the solution to all of his problems is to give him oral sex . The audience reacted to it wildly , and Roiland began creating more shorts involving the characters , which soon evolved beyond his original intentions and their obvious origin within the film from which it was culled . Harmon would later create and produce Community , an NBC sitcom , while Roiland would work primarily in voice acting for Disney 's Fish Hooks and Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time . </P> <P> In 2012 , Harmon was briefly fired from Community . Adult Swim , searching for a more prime - time , `` hit '' show , approached Harmon shortly afterward , who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style . He also was unfamiliar with animation , and his process for creating television focuses more heavily on dialogue , characters , and story . Instead , he phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series . Roiland immediately brought up the idea of using the Doc and Mharti characters , renamed Rick and Morty . Roiland initially wanted the show 's run time to consist of one eleven - minute segment , but Adult Swim pushed for a half - hour program . Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters , while Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be Morty 's grandfather . Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground , Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch . Prior to developing Rick and Morty , he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox , and he had begun to feel `` burned out '' with developing television . </P> <P> The first draft was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon 's unfurnished Community office . The duo had broken the story that day , sold the pilot , and then sat down to write . Roiland , while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination , encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft . `` We were sitting on the floor , cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said , ' Wait , if you go home , it might take us three months to write this thing . Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours . ' He just had a premonition about that , '' recalled Harmon . Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices , partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty . Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo . Adult Swim placed a tamer TV - 14 rating on the program , which initially was met with reluctance from the show 's staff . The network 's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime - time , competing with major programs . </P> <P> The main theme for Rick and Morty by Ryan Elder was originally used in a rejected Cartoon Network pilot Roiland made called `` Dog World '' , which was referenced in the episode `` Lawnmower Dog '' . </P> <H3> Writing </H3> <P> The general formula of Rick and Morty consists of the juxtaposition of two conflicting scenarios : an extremely selfish , alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson along for intergalactic and / or interdimensional adventures , intercut with domestic family drama . This has led Harmon to describe the series as a cross between Matt Groening 's two shows The Simpsons and Futurama , balancing family life with heavy science fiction . The series is inspired by British - style storytelling , as opposed to traditional American family TV stories . Roiland has stated his and Harmon 's intentions for the series to lack traditional continuity , opting for discontinuous storylines `` not bound by rules '' . In producing the series ' first season , episodes were occasionally written out of order . For example , `` Rick Potion # 9 '' was the second

The animated TV series Rick and Morty takes place in the state of

What state does rick and morty take place in?

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Jumping the shark - wikipedia <H1> Jumping the shark </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Jump the shark '' redirects here . For the X-Files episode , see Jump the Shark ( The X-Files ) . Fonzie on water skis , in a scene from the Happy Days episode `` Hollywood , Part 3 '' , after jumping over a shark <P> Jumping the shark is crossing the point where something that was once popular no longer warrants the attention it has previously received , particularly when attempts at publicity only serve to highlight its irrelevance . This is especially applicable to television series or other entertainment outlets . </P> <P> The idiom `` jumping the shark '' is pejorative , most commonly used in reference to unsuccessful gimmicks for promoting something . It is similar to `` past its peak '' but more specifically suggests an unwillingness to acknowledge the failing . Originally the phrase was used to describe an episode of a television comedy with a gimmick or unlikely occurrence desperately attempting to keep viewers ' interest . Moments labelled as `` jumping the shark '' are considered indications that writers have exhausted their focus ; that the show has strayed irretrievably from an older and better formula ; or that the series as a whole is declining in quality . </P> <P> Popularized by radio personality Jon Hein in the 1990s and early 2000s , the phrase derives from a scene in a fifth - season episode of the sitcom Happy Days in which the character Fonzie jumps over a shark while on water - skis . This was deemed a ratings ploy , for it was outside the original thrust of the sitcom . </P> <P> The usage of `` jump the shark '' has subsequently broadened beyond television , indicating the moment when a brand , design , franchise , or creative effort 's evolution declines , or when it changes notably in style into something unwelcome . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Broader usage <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Examples </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Nuke the fridge </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The phrase jump the shark is based on a scene in the fifth season premiere episode of the American TV series Happy Days titled `` Hollywood : Part 3 , '' written by Fred Fox , Jr. , which aired on September 20 , 1977 . In the episode , the central characters visit Los Angeles , where a water - skiing Fonzie ( Henry Winkler ) answers a challenge to his bravery by wearing swim trunks and his trademark leather jacket , and jumping over a confined shark . The stunt was created as a way to showcase Winkler 's real - life water ski skills . However , the scene also was criticized as betraying Fonzie 's character development , since in an earlier landmark episode , Fonzie jumped his motorcycle over fourteen barrels in a televised stunt ; the stunt left Fonzie seriously injured , and he confessed that he was stupid to have taken such a dangerous risk just to prove his courage . </P> <P> For a show that in its early seasons depicted universally relatable adolescent and family experiences against a backdrop of 1950s nostalgia , this incident marked a thematic change . The lionization of an increasingly superhuman Fonzie , who was initially a supporting character in the series , became the focus of Happy Days . The series continued for seven years after Fonzie 's shark - jumping stunt , with a number of changes in cast and situations . </P> <P> On Marc Maron 's WTF podcast , Ron Howard talked about the first time the phrase was used by Happy Days co-star Donny Most : `` Donny 's reading it and he kinda looks down , then says ' what do you think of the script ? ' and I shrugged and replied ' people like the show , it 's hard to argue with being number one ' and he looked up and said , ' he 's jumping a shark now ? ' . That was the first time I saw that phrase bracketed , before it was even done , you 've got to give props to Donny Most . '' </P> <P> The phrase `` jumping the shark '' was coined in 1985 by Jon Hein 's roommate at the University of Michigan , Sean Connolly , when they were talking about favorite television shows that had gone downhill , and the two began identifying other shows where a similar `` jump the shark '' moment had occurred . Hein described the term as `` A defining moment when you know from now on ... it 's all downhill ... it will never be the same . '' In 1997 , Hein created a website to publish his current list of approximately 200 television shows and his opinions of the moments each `` jumped the shark '' ; the site became popular and grew with additional user - contributed examples . Hein subsequently authored two `` Jump The Shark '' books and later became a regular on The Howard Stern Show around the time he sold his website to Gemstar ( owners of TV Guide ) . </P> <P> In a 2010 Los Angeles Times article , former Happy Days writer Fred Fox , Jr. , who wrote the episode that later spawned the phrase , said , `` Was the ( shark jump ) episode of Happy Days deserving of its fate ? No , it was n't . All successful shows eventually start to decline , but this was not Happy Days ' time . '' Fox also points not only to the success of that episode ( `` a huge hit '' with over 30 million viewers ) , but also to the continued popularity of the series . </P> <P> Fonzie was not the first character to jump a shark . In the P.G. Wodehouse 1922 novel Right Ho , Jeeves , Bertie Wooster 's cousin Angela jumps a shark while water - skiing on the French Riviera . The event did not become a cultural reference , but was a major plot point in the novel , leading to , among other things , a broken engagement , a hunger strike and many midnight assignations in the garden . </P> <H2> Broader usage ( edit ) </H2> <P> The idiom has been used to describe a wide variety of situations , such as the state of advertising in the digital video recorder era and views on rural education policy , the anomalous pursuit of a company acquisition , and the decline of republics into degraded democracy and empire . </P> <H3> Examples ( edit ) </H3> <P> Automotive journalist Dan Neil used the expression to describe the Mini Countryman , a much larger evolution of the previously small cars marketed by Mini . In March 2011 , in a review titled `` What Part of ' Mini ' Did You Not Grasp , BMW ? '' . Neil said the bigger car abandoned the company 's design ethos and that `` with the Countryman , tiny sharks have been jumped '' . </P> <P> Similar to the example above , automotive blog The Truth About Cars used the expression in a 2010 retrospective piece to describe the Cadillac Cimarron , a rebadged Chevrolet Cavalier the Cadillac luxury car division sold in the 1980s that ended up being a commercial failure which did major damage to the brand 's image ; `` Yes , as if there was ever any doubt , GM truly jumped the shark with the Cimarron , and it led the way for what was GM 's most disastrous decade ever , the eighties . Only GM could have such utterly outsized hubris to think it could get away with dressing up a Cavalier and pawning it off as a BMW - fighter , without even touching the engine , among other sins . '' </P> <P> In September 2011 , after Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann repeated an anecdote shared with her claiming that the HPV vaccine causes `` intellectual disability '' , radio commentator Rush Limbaugh said , `` Michele Bachmann , she might have blown it today . Well , not blown it -- she might have jumped the shark today . '' </P> <P> In August 2014 , the City Manager of Black Rock City , Nevada described Burning Man , an annual event at nearby Black Rock Desert , as having `` jumped the shark '' , when the 2014 event -- which had been previously noted for core values of radical self - expression and self - reliance -- featured incongruously posh VIP lounges , cell phone towers , private jets , and `` glamping '' . </P> <H2> Nuke the fridge ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2008 , Time magazine identified a term modeled after `` jump the shark '' : `` nuke the fridge '' . Specifically applicable to film , the magazine defined the term : `` to exhaust a Hollywood franchise with disappointing sequels '' . </P> <P> The phrase derives from a scene in the fourth Indiana Jones film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , in which Indiana Jones survives an atomic bomb detonation by fitting himself into a lead - lined refrigerator . The explosion annihilates its surroundings but sends the refrigerator flying sufficiently distant for the protagonist to escape unhurt . The scene was criticized scientifically . </P> <P> Within two days of the film 's premiere , the phrase `` nuke the fridge '' had gone viral , describing film scenes that similarly stretched credulity . Director Steven Spielberg later said the scene was `` my silly idea '' and was glad to have been part of the pop - culture phrase , while the film 's executive producer George Lucas took similar credit believing that Jones would have had an even chance of surviving the blast . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lenderman , Max . Experience the Message : How Experiential Marketing Is Changing the Brand World . p. 267 . ISBN 9781551991696 . Lubans Jr. , John ( 2010 ) . `` Leading from the Middle , '' and Other Contrarian Essays on Library Leadership . Libraries Unlimited . p. 76 . Perlow , Bob ; Cummins , Richard John ( 2016 ) . The Warmup Guy . Random House . p. 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( July 25 , 2003 ) . `` A Few Pixels Short of a Personality '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollows , Joanne ; Moseley , Rachel ( 2006 ) . Feminism in Popular Culture . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1845202236 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McFedries , Paul ( 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Weird Word Origins . Alpha Books . ISBN 1592577814 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fox , Jr. , Fred ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` First Person : In defense of ' Happy Days ' ' Jump the Shark ' episode '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Happy Days Writer Defends ' Jump the Shark ' Moment '' . TV Guide . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Tropes : Jumping the Shark </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 754 - Ron Howard '' . 2016 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When TV Shows Go an Episode Too Far '' . Good Morning America . ABC News . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^

The phrase "jumping the shark" originates from

Where does the phrase jumping the shark come from?

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<Td> February 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6165 </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> When someone unleashes the students ' time capsule on Tree Hill High , Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past . Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets are n't the only things she exposed in the time capsule . Dan tries to forgive Keith . Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become . Peyton 's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack 's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy . </P> This episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' </Td> <Td> Greg Prange </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6166 </Td> <Td> 3.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> In the aftermath of the release of the time capsule , chaos breaks out , Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun . While lives hang in the balance , Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones . Young lives are shattered and two will end . Dan takes revenge on a close relative . </P> This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Who Will Survive , and What Will Be Left of Them '' </Td> <Td> John Asher </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6167 </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives . Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley , while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body . Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith . Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library . </P> This episode is named after an album by Murder by Death . The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' </Td> <Td> Paul Johansson </Td> <Td> R. Lee Fleming , Jr . </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6168 </Td> <Td> 2.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Rachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family 's cabin . Craziness will ensue , including a game of `` I Never '' which will cause people to do things they normally would n't . A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface . Meanwhile , Karen confronts Dan about Keith 's death . </P> This episode is named after a song by Saves the Day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' </Td> <Td> Moira Kelly </Td> <Td> William H. Brown </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6169 </Td> <Td> 2.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Lucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith 's death , but he can not bring himself to do it . After seeing Lucas 's pain , Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game . Lucas finally tells Whitey , Nathan , and Karen about his heart condition ( HCM ) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith 's death . Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows . Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel . Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago , from Pete . Brooke gets revenge on Rachael , by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive , because she was obese when she was 14 . </P> This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Everyday Is a Sunday Evening '' </Td> <Td> Billy Dickson </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6170 </Td> <Td> 2.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Nathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court . Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan . Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel , who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model . Dan has a run - in with Cooper . Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah . At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her . </P> This episode is named after an album by The Blackouts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' </Td> <Td> Thomas J. Wright </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6171 </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Haley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress . Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley . Karen and Lucas get back in town . Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears . </P> This episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` The Show Must Go On '' </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> Mark Schwahn </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2T6172 </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Nathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows . Deb confesses to Dan about the fire . Peyton and Brooke 's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas . Nathan , Cooper and Rachel 's lives hang in the balance after a car accident . Someone might be pregnant . </P> This episode is named after a song by Queen . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Timeslot </Th> <Th> Season premiere </Th> <Th> Season finale </Th> <Th> TV season </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Th> Wednesday 8 / 7C </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2005 </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Th> # 137 </Th> <Th> 2.8 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> The Complete Third Season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Set details </Td> <Td> Special features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> 22 episodes </Li> <Li> 937 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 968 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 900 minutes ( Region 4 ) </Li> <Li> 6 - disc set </Li> <Li> 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio </Li> <Li> Languages : <Ul> <Li> English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Subtitles : <Ul> <Li> Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) </Li> <Li> English , Danish , Finnish , Portuguese , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio commentaries : <Ul> <Li> `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Colin Fickes , Sophia Bush , Lee Norris and music supervisor Lindsey Wolfington </Li> <Li> `` The Show Must Go On '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Sophia Bush and Lee Norris </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deleted scenes : <Ul> <Li> Episodes : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 & 22 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Anatomy of an Episode : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Creation of `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' </Li> <Li> Gag reel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Release dates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 26 , 2006 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' . One Tree Hill . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The WB . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 12 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 13 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Super sweeps sesh '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 14 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 15 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 16 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 17 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 18 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete Third Season ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill ; Complete Season 3 : M15 ( DVD ) '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 2007 -

Nathan gets in a car accident in

When does nathan get in a car accident?

7417695142066327706

firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire ( which may not be obvious for an indoor fire , especially if there are no witnesses ) , to identify any specific risks , and to detect possible casualties . An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance , but a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire . </P> <P> The `` reading '' of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as flashover , backdraft or smoke explosion . It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers . </P> <P> The main signs are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hot zones , which can be detected with a gloved hand , for example by touching a door before opening it ; </Li> <Li> Soot on windows , which usually means that combustion is incomplete , and thus , a lack of air in the room ; </Li> <Li> Smoke pulsing in and out around a door frame , as if the fire were breathing , which usually also means a lack of air to support combustion . </Li> </Ul> <P> Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray ( e.g. , a cone with an opening angle of 60 ° ) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke : If the temperature is moderate , the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain ; if the temperature is high , the water vaporizes with a hiss -- the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover . </P> <P> Ideally , part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures , firefighter hazards , and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context . </P> <H2> Science of extinguishment ( edit ) </H2> See also : Fire Chemistry and Physical properties of wildfires A fire helicopter is used to fight a wildfire <P> There are four elements needed to start and sustain a fire and / or flame . These are a reducing agent ( fuel ) , Heat , an oxidizing agent ( oxygen ) , and a chemical reaction . A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components . </P> <P> The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process . The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen . Heat is the energy component of a fire . When it comes into contact with a fuel , it provides the energy necessary for ignition , causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue , and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels . The resulting self - sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel , an oxidizer , and heat energy to come together in a very specific way . An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases , including oxygen , when the proper conditions exist . It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire . </P> <P> Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire . Water extinguishes a fire by cooling , which removes heat because of water 's ability to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to water vapor . Without heat , the fuel can not keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel in order to sustain the fire . Water also extinguishes a fire by smothering it . When water is heated to its boiling point , it converts to water vapor . When this conversion takes place , it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire , thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn . This can also be done with foam . </P> <P> Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal . This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel , by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire , or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed , at which point the fire will self - extinguish . </P> <P> One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition . This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming . This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel ; because , they must have flame to burn . </P> <P> Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two George Mason University senior engineering students , Viet Tran and Seth Robertson , but the procedure is still awaiting a patent ( 2015 ) . </P> <H2> Use of water ( edit ) </H2> USMC firefighters neutralize a fire during a training exercise A firefighting aircraft dumping water on a forest fire in South Africa . <P> One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water . The water has two roles : It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire , and this vapor displaces the oxygen ( the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water , at 1,000 ° F ( 538 ° C ) it expands over 4,000 times ) . This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent , and it dies out . The vaporization of water also absorbs heat ; it thereby cools the smoke , air , walls , and objects that could act as further fuel , and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow , which is by `` jumping '' to nearby heat / fuel sources to start new fires , which then combine . Water extinguishment is thus a combination of `` asphyxia '' ( cutting off the oxygen supply ) and cooling . The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia , but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area . </P> <P> Water may be accessed from a pressurized fire hydrant , pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers , delivered by tanker truck , or dropped from water bombers , which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting forest fires . An armored vehicle ( firefighting tank ) may be used where access to the area is difficult . </P> <H3> Open air fire ( edit ) </H3> <P> For outdoor fires , the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray : the cooling effect immediately follows the `` asphyxia '' caused by vaporization and reduces the further amount of water required . A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes . A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect ; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again . Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object . For this reason , the strategy is sometimes called a two - dimensional or 2D attack . </P> <P> An outdoor fire is always fed with air , and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it , except in the case of wildfires or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames . It might , however , be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation , and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object . Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases . </P> <H3> Closed volume fire ( edit ) </H3> Iranian firefighters had to extinguish the fire at Bistoon Petrochemicals Powerhouse <P> Until the 1970s , fires were usually attacked while they declined , using the same strategy as for open air fires . Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction . The increasing use of thermal insulation confines the heat , and modern materials , especially polymers , produce much more heat than do traditional materials like wood , plaster , stone , and bricks . Under these conditions , there is a greater risk of backdraft and flashover . </P> <P> Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences : the force of water pushes air in front of it , which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water . The most important issue is not combating the flames , but controlling the fire ; for example , cooling the smoke so that it can not spread and start fires further away , and endanger the lives of people , including the firefighters . </P> <P> When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood , it is called a `` conflagration . '' Today , a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain . </P> <P> The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked . This strategy , originally of Swedish origin ( Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson ) , was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy West End of London between 1984 and 1994 and termed the three - dimensional or 3D attack . </P> <P> Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the Parkersburg Fire Department , at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference ( FDIC ) held in Memphis . Using Grimwood 's modified 3D attack strategy , the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray . This cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away . As gas cools it becomes denser ( Charles 's law ) ; thus , it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a `` backfire '' of water vapor . Also , the diffuse spray creates an inert `` water vapor sky '' , which prevents `` roll - over '' ( rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases ) . </P> <P> Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed , otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium , and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified : the hot gases ( initially at the ceiling ) move around the room , and the temperature rises at the ground , which is dangerous for firefighters . </P> <P> An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ( `` penciling '' ) . </P> <P> Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow , e.g. 500 L / min for each fire hose . The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke . If the flow is too low , the cooling is insufficient , and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters ( the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction ) . </P> <P> Although it may seem paradoxical , the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy ( diffuse spray , small droplets ) requires a smaller amount of water . This is because once the temperature is lowered , only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat with a straight spray . For a living room of 50 m ( 60 sq yd ) , the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L

The removal of temperature in a fire fighting method is known as

The removal of temperature in fire fighting method is known as?

-264420295933348215

The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 - wikipedia <H1> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> US cover art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nippon Ichi Software </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JP : Nippon Ichi Software </Li> <Li> AS : Sega </Li> <Li> WW : NIS America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kenta Asano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Souhei Niikawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tenpei Sato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> PlayStation 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JP : February 23 , 2017 </Li> <Li> AS : May 25 , 2017 </Li> <Li> NA : March 27 , 2018 </Li> <Li> EU : March 30 , 2018 </Li> <Li> AU : April 13 , 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Action role - playing game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Single - player </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 ( 魔女 と 百 騎兵 2 , Majo to Hyakkihei 2 ) is an action role - playing video game developed and published by Nippon Ichi Software for the PlayStation 4 . Featuring a different witch than its predecessor The Witch and the Hundred Knight , the game released in February 2017 in Japan and in March 2018 in North America and Europe . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 2 Setting </Li> <Li> 3 Development </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 is an action role - playing game with a top - down isometric view . Players fight their way through a variety of levels as Hundred Knight , a magical creature that can be equipped with five types of weapons : swords , hammers , staffs , lances , and spears . Each weapon type differs in attack range , speed , and motion . By changing the order of use , players create many different combos . </P> <H2> Setting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The world of Kevala is corrupted by the Witch 's Disease , an illness developed in children under age 10 . Its cause is unknown . A third eye appears on the forehead of those infected with the Witch 's Disease , and when the eye opens they awaken as a witch . A girl named Amalie lives in a remote village after she lost her parents to a witch . Her younger sister Milm is the only family she has left . One day , Milm suddenly disappears and Amalie eagerly searches for her . When she is about to give up , Milm shows up again , covered in mud and with the witch 's eye on her forehead . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 was first revealed in May 2015 through a short video in which Nippon Ichi Software confirmed that the game was in development . In October 2016 , director Kenta Asano told Dengeki PlayStation that the PlayStation 4 was chosen as platform for the game because The Witch and the Hundred Knight Revival , an enhanced port of the original game for the system , was well received . A Winter 2017 release was announced at the same time . Later that month , the February 23 release date was revealed . The game will be released in North America and Europe in March 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 received a 33 / 40 score in issue 1472 of Famitsu upon its Japanese release . Commercially , the game was not as successful in Japan as its predecessor . According to Media Create , only 13,421 physical copies of the game were sold during the week of release , compared to 49,209 copies in the week of launch of the first game for PlayStation 3 in 2013 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 first details , screenshots '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 announced , Revival teaser trailer '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sato ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 Releases In Winter 2017 With New Story And Characters '' . Siliconera . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gobu ( ゴブ 蔵 ) ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` 『 魔女 と 百 騎兵 2 』 2017 年 冬 に PS4 で 発売 決定 ! ストーリー を 一 新 し 、 アクション 要素 が 大幅 パワー アップ '' . Hachima Kikou . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches February 23 in Japan , teaser trailer '' . Gematsu . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sal Romano ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches March 27 in North America , March 30 in Europe '' . Gematsu . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Potak ( ポタク ) ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ( ファミ 通 クロス レビュー ) PS4 『 ニーア オートマタ 』 39 点 、 PS4 / PSV 『 スーパー ロボット 大戦 V 』 34 点 など '' . Hachima Kikou . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 「 NieR : Automata 」 19 万 8000 本 , 「 スーパー ロボット 大戦 V 」 合計 18 万 3000 本 の 「 ゲーム ソフト 週間 販売 ランキング + 」 '' . 4Gamer.net . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 「 逆転 裁判 5 」 25 万 本 , 「 ドラゴンズ クラウン 」 合計 17 万 5000 本 , 「 魔女 と 百 騎兵 」 4 万 9000 本 など , 新作 多数 の 「 ゲーム ソフト 週間 販売 ランキング + 」 '' . 4Gamer.net . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Site ( in Japanese ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Witch_and_the_Hundred_Knight_2&oldid=835784329 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 video games </Li> <Li> Dark fantasy video games </Li> <Li> Nippon Ichi Software games </Li> <Li> Role - playing video games </Li> <Li> Video games featuring female protagonists </Li> <Li> Witchcraft in video games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 - only games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games </Li> <Li> Video games developed in Japan </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters </Li> <Li> Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Japanese - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 19 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The US release date for "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2" was

The witch and the hundred knight 2 us release?

-8779917413777030409

Do n't Worry , Be Happy - wikipedia <H1> Do n't Worry , Be Happy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin . For other uses , see Do n't Worry , Be Happy ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Bobby McFerrin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Simple Pleasures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A-side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Good Lovin ' '' `` Simple Pleasures '' ( optional ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 1988 , 1989 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 '' maxi </Li> <Li> 7 '' promo </Li> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> <Li> CD single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reggae </Li> <Li> jazz </Li> <Li> a cappella </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 03 ( music video ) 3 : 50 ( radio edit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> EMI - Manhattan Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bobby McFerrin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Linda Goldstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin . Released in September 1988 , it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , a position it held for two weeks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 5 Usage in popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 Awards </Li> <Li> 7 Charts </Li> <Li> 8 Certifications </Li> <Li> 9 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Meher Baba , who often used the phrase `` Do n't worry , be happy '' <P> The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba ( 1894 -- 1969 ) often used the expression `` Do n't worry , be happy '' when cabling his followers in the West . </P> <P> In the 1960s , the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era . In 1988 , McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco . Inspired by the expression 's charm and simplicity , McFerrin wrote the now famous song , which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail , and became a hit single the next year . In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said , `` Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba , it usually says ' Do n't worry , be happy , ' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words , I think . '' </P> <P> Linda Goldstein , the song 's producer , said the song gave McFerrin `` the freedom to explore , '' adding , `` He is a man of infinite , unfathomable , boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain , from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera . '' </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' ( 2008 ) A 24 - second audio sample of Bobby McFerrin 's `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> he `` instruments '' in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin , using no instruments at all ; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent . </P> <H2> Music Video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin , Robin Williams , and Bill Irwin , and is somewhat shorter than the album version . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988 , the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24 , 1988 displacing `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' by Guns N ' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot . </P> <P> The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Tracks chart and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart , the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart ( kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston 's `` One Moment in Time '' ) . </P> <P> In Canada , the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week . </P> <P> The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a `` formula for facing life 's trials . '' </P> <P> While the song reached No. 1 on the charts , its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released . </P> <H2> Usage in popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song . </Li> <Li> Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail , starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue . It was also released as part of the film 's official soundtrack . </Li> <Li> The song was used in George H.W. Bush 's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush 's 1988 official presidential campaign song , without Bobby McFerrin 's permission or endorsement . In reaction , Bobby McFerrin ( a Democrat ) publicly protested that particular use of his song , including stating that he was going to vote against Bush , and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire , to make the point even clearer . The George H.W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song . </Li> <Li> In 1989 , Delacorte Press published a book titled Do n't Worry , Be Happy with the song 's lyrics , 20 new verses written by McFerrin , and illustrations by Bennett Carlson . </Li> <Li> The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 ( coinciding with the song 's release ) and caused months of hardship to the population . The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley . </Li> <Li> In 1997 , the song was featured in the direct - to - video film Casper : A Spirited Beginning . </Li> <Li> In 2001 , Mondo Club recorded the titular single . The performer was Trevor Taylor . </Li> <Li> In 2005 , featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead , starring Jake Gyllenhaal . </Li> <Li> In 2006 , the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , the song was featured in the Disney / Pixar animated film WALL - E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar 's short film Knick Knack . </Li> <Li> In November 2014 , it was featured as a mashup with `` Winter Wonderland '' by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That 's Christmas to Me . </Li> <Li> It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015 . </Li> <Li> In 2017 , the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins , Irvin Mayfield , Jason Marsalis , Cyril Neville , Haley Reinhart , and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield 's album A Beautiful World . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone 's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time . At the 1989 Grammy Awards , `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' won the awards for Song of the Year , Record of the Year , and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1988 -- 89 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South African Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( AFYVE ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Versions of `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' have been recorded by several artists . The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics , and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled `` Do n't Happy , Be Worry '' , as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression . In addition , the lyrics of `` Fight the Power '' by hip - hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' . A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass , a very popular animatronic singing toy . Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009 . Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album ( together with former Jah Roots lead singer , Josh Heinrichs ) . Also in

The music video for "Don't Worry, Be Happy" featured Bobby

Who was in dont worry be happy video?

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List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India - wikipedia <H1> List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Emblem of the Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India , in New Delhi <P> This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India , the highest court in the Republic of India . The list is ordered according to seniority . There are currently 24 judges , against a maximum possible strength of 31 . As per the Constitution of India , judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65 . </P> <P> Justice Dipak Misra is the current and 45th Chief Justice of India . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of Judges ordered by seniority </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of Judges ordered by seniority ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S. No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Gender </Th> <Th> Date of appointment </Th> <Th> Date of retirement </Th> <Th> State / Union Territory </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dipak Misra ( Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 10 October 2011 </Td> <Td> 2 October 2018 </Td> <Td> Odisha </Td> <Td> 28 August 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jasti Chelameswar </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 10 October 2011 </Td> <Td> 22 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ranjan Gogoi </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 23 April 2012 </Td> <Td> 17 November 2019 </Td> <Td> Assam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madan Lokur </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 4 June 2012 </Td> <Td> 30 December 2018 </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Kurian Joseph </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 8 March 2013 </Td> <Td> 29 November 2018 </Td> <Td> Kerala </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Arjan Kumar Sikri </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 12 April 2013 </Td> <Td> 6 March 2019 </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Sharad Arvind Bobde </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 12 April 2013 </Td> <Td> 23 April 2021 </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Rajesh Kumar Agrawal </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2014 </Td> <Td> 4 May 2018 </Td> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> N.V. Ramana </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2014 </Td> <Td> 26 August 2022 </Td> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Arun Kumar Mishra </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 7 July 2014 </Td> <Td> 2 September 2020 </Td> <Td> Madhya Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Adarsh Kumar Goel </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 7 July 2014 </Td> <Td> 6 July 2018 </Td> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Rohinton Fali Nariman </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 7 July 2014 </Td> <Td> 12 August 2021 </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Abhay Manohar Sapre </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 August 2014 </Td> <Td> 27 August 2019 </Td> <Td> Madhya Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> R. Banumathi </Td> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 13 August 2014 </Td> <Td> 19 July 2020 </Td> <Td> Tamil Nadu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Uday U. Lalit </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 August 2014 </Td> <Td> 8 November 2022 </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 May 2016 </Td> <Td> 29 July 2022 </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 May 2016 </Td> <Td> 10 November 2024 </Td> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Ashok Bhushan </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 May 2016 </Td> <Td> 4 July 2021 </Td> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> L. Nageswara Rao </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 13 May 2016 </Td> <Td> 7 June 2022 </Td> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Sanjay Kishan Kaul </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 25 December 2023 </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Mohan Shantanagoudar </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 4 May 2023 </Td> <Td> Karnataka </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> S. Abdul Nazeer </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 4 January 2023 </Td> <Td> Karnataka </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Navin Sinha </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 18 August 2021 </Td> <Td> Bihar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Deepak Gupta </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 17 February 2017 </Td> <Td> 6 May 2020 </Td> <Td> Himachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Indu Malhotra </Td> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 27 April 2018 </Td> <Td> 14 March 2022 </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Justices of India </Li> <Li> List of current Indian chief justices </Li> <Li> List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Date of elevation as Chief Justice of India </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India & Hon'ble Judges '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon'ble Judges arranged according to date of appointment as on 10 March 2014 '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dipak Misra <Ul> <Li> CJI </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jasti Chelameswar </Li> <Li> Ranjan Gogoi </Li> <Li> Madan Lokur </Li> <Li> Kurian Joseph </Li> <Li> Arjan Kumar Sikri </Li> <Li> Sharad Arvind Bobde </Li> <Li> Rajesh Kumar Agrawal </Li> <Li> N.V. Ramana </Li> <Li> Arun Kumar Mishra </Li> <Li> Adarsh Kumar Goel </Li> <Li> Rohinton Fali Nariman </Li> <Li> Abhay Manohar Sapre </Li> <Li> R. Banumathi </Li> <Li> Uday U. Lalit </Li> <Li> Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar </Li> <Li> Dhananjaya Y . 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The total strength of judges in the Supreme Court of India is

Total strength of judges in supreme court of india?

306074923032581824

Just When I Needed You Most - wikipedia <H1> Just When I Needed You Most </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Just When I Needed You Most '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Randy VanWarmer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Warmer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Your Light '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop rock , country rock , soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Bearsville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Randy VanWarmer , Tony Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Del Newman </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Just When I Needed You Most '' is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer - songwriter Randy VanWarmer . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> VanWarmer was inspired to write `` Just When I Needed You Most '' after his old car that he loved and used for years broke down on the way to work in Denver , Colorado and by a `` devastating '' breakup with a girlfriend : he wrote the song six months after that breakup co-writing it with Tony Wilson of the group Hot Chocolate two years before it became a hit . After recording `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for an album recorded for the UK division of Bearsville Records , VanWarmer then flew to the US to pressure Bearsville 's head office to promote the album which was duly remixed and released with `` Just When I Needed You Most '' as lead single although VanWarmer would recall that Bearsville evinced little enthusiasm for the track : `` Nobody thought my version was an especially good version of the song ( which ) a few other people were thinking of cutting ... Everybody just assumed mine was a demo for people to listen to who 'd ( then ) cut the definitive version '' . It has also been asserted that `` Your Light '' the flip was the original intended A-side of VanWarmer 's single . </P> <P> Released as a single in February 1979 , VanWarmer 's `` Just When I Needed You Most '' spent two weeks atop the US Billboard adult contemporary chart in May of that year and in June 1979 reached its peak position of No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart accruing an overall Top 40 tenure of 14 weeks and earning RIAA Gold record status . In addition , the track reached No. 71 on the Billboard country music chart . and in September 1979 made the Top 10 on the UK Singles Chart , peaking at No. 8 . VanWarmer attributed his single 's success to empathy for its heartbreak scenario : `` It 's happened to everyone . That emotion is universal ... I always hoped the record was n't wallowing in self - pity and it had some redeeming value , and I guess it does . '' VanWarmer also attributed his single 's success to the autoharp instrumental break between the second and third verses , performed by John Sebastian . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1979 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia KMR </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Country </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1979 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 192 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song 's co-writer Tony Wilson recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for his 1979 album Catch One . Dolly Parton recorded a cover version of the song for her 1996 album , Treasures : this version , which like the VanWarmer original featured John Sebastian on autoharp , reached No. 62 on the Billboard country music chart . Other artists who either recorded or performed the song in concert include country music singers Tim McGraw , Donna Fargo , Skeeter Davis and Conway Twitty , R&B vocalist Millie Jackson , the German disco musician Peter Griffin , British glam rock band Smokie , reggae artists Barbara Jones , and Eddie Lovette , Filipino singer Pops Fernandez , Bob Dylan , Paul Butterfield , Billy Joe Royal , and the Spanish group Mocedades . In 2002 , the American - Taiwanese singer Will Pan released a bilingual English / Chinese version of the song . Dana Winner recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for her 2011 album Unforgettable . Anne Nolan recorded `` Just When I Needed You Most '' for her 2013 debut solo album Just One Voice . </P> <P> A Finnish rendering of `` Just When I Needed You Most '' entitled `` Juuri Kun Tarvitsin Sua '' was recorded by ELF ( fi ) for their 1979 album Tarantella - Joe . Ingela `` Pling '' Forsman wrote lyrics in Swedish as När jag behövde dig mest , which was recorded by Swedish dansband Wizex on the 1980 album You Treated Me Wrong . A Spanish rendering entitled `` Necesitando Tu Amor '' was recorded by Mocedades for their 1982 album Amor De Hombre . An Austrian rendering entitled `` Ausg ́ lacht '' was recorded by Wolfgang Ambros for his 2012 album 190352 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1979 ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Item , August 14 , 1988 , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klingman Daily Miner , July 20 , 1978 , p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Evening Independent , August 24 , 1979 , p. 15 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , pages 228 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 657 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 582 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Randy Vanwarmer '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Record Mirror . London : Spotlight Publications . January 5 , 1980 . p. 30 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will Pan - Just When I Needed You Most '' . YouTube . 2006 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You treated me wrong Svensk mediedatabas '' . SMDB.kb.se . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Single release info from discogs.com </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_When_I_Needed_You_Most&oldid=819767389 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1979 singles </Li> <Li> Bearsville Records singles </Li> <Li> Randy VanWarmer songs </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Randy VanWarmer </Li> <Li> Pop ballads </Li> <Li> Torch songs </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 04 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The original singer of "Just When I Needed You Most" is

Who is the original singer of just when i needed you most?

3803379660163560925

Optic nerve - wikipedia <H1> Optic nerve </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Optic Nerve . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Optic Nerve </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> nervus opticus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D009900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NeuroNames </Th> <Td> 289 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A14. 2.01. 006 A15. 2.04. 024 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 50863 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cranial nerves </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CN 0 -- Terminal </Li> <Li> CN I -- Olfactory </Li> <Li> CN II -- Optic </Li> <Li> CN III -- Oculomotor </Li> <Li> CN IV -- Trochlear </Li> <Li> CN V -- Trigeminal </Li> <Li> CN VI -- Abducens </Li> <Li> CN VII -- Facial </Li> <Li> CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear </Li> <Li> CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal </Li> <Li> CN X -- Vagus </Li> <Li> CN XI -- Accessory </Li> <Li> CN XII -- Hypoglossal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Overview </Li> <Li> Table </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The optic nerve , also known as cranial nerve II , is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain . In humans , the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells ; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus , pretectal nuclei , and superior colliculus . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Function </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Regeneration </Li> <Li> 5 Additional images </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system , rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out - pouching of the diencephalon ( optic stalks ) during embryonic development . As a consequence , the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes , rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system , and are encased within the meninges . Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain -- Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve . However , most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system . </P> Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts . Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst <P> The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers ( dura , arachnoid , and pia mater ) rather than the epineurium , perineurium , and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves . Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system ( as opposed to the peripheral nervous system ) are incapable of regeneration , and , hence , optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness . The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain , from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex . </P> A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina . The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve . <P> The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells . Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers , which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina . In the fovea , which has high acuity , these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells ; in other areas of retina , they connect to many thousand photoreceptors . </P> <P> The optic nerve leaves the orbit ( eye socket ) via the optic canal , running postero - medially towards the optic chiasm , where there is a partial decussation ( crossing ) of fibres from the temporal visual fields ( the nasal hemi - retina ) of both eyes . The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species , and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species . Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex , while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements . Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep - wake cycle . Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space . The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe , 24 mm in the orbit , 9 mm in the optic canal , and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm . There , partial decussation occurs , and about 53 % of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts . Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body . </P> <P> Based on this anatomy , the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section ( this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed ) : 1 . the optic head ( which is where it begins in the eyeball ( globe ) with fibers from the retina ; 2 . orbital part ( which is the part within the orbit ) . 3 . intracanicular part ( which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal ) ; and , 4 . cranial part ( the part within the cranial cavity , which ends at the optic chiasm ) . </P> <P> From the lateral geniculate body , fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain . In more specific terms , fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer 's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe , and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly , to the cuneus . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception , color perception and contrast ( visual acuity ) . It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes : the light reflex and the accommodation reflex . The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye ; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading ( lens adjusts to near vision ) . </P> <P> The eye 's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Disease ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of eye diseases and disorders <P> Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision , as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex , which is diagnostically important . The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged . In general : </P> <Ul> <Li> Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage . </Li> <Li> Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) . It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma . ( see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia ) </Li> </Ul> Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields <Ul> <Li> Damage to the optic tract , which is behind ( posterior ) to the chiasm , causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage ( so if the left optic tract is cut , there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber 's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy , glaucoma , trauma , toxicity , inflammation , ischemia , infection ( very rarely ) , or compression from tumors or aneurysms . By far , the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma , optic neuritis ( especially in those younger than 50 years of age ) , and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( usually in those older than 50 ) . </P> <P> Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss , initially sparing central vision . Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball . Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve , it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve . </P> <P> Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve . It is associated with a number of diseases , the most notable one being multiple sclerosis . The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain . The condition tends to be episodic . </P> <P> Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as `` stroke of the optic nerve '' and affects the optic nerve head . There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head ( where the nerve exits the eyeball ) . Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning . This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40 -- 70 years old . </P> <P> Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye . </P> <P> Tumors , especially those of the pituitary gland , can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss . Similarly , cerebral aneurysms ( swelling of blood vessels ) can also affect the nerve . </P> <P> Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve . Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit , but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve </P> <P> Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro - ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve . </P> <P> The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases ( IFOND ) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders . </P> <H2> Regeneration ( edit ) </H2> <P> Similar to other CNS tracts , the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury . However , some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The ophthalmic artery and its branches . ( optic nerve is yellow ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Superficial dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Scheme showing

Ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the

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History of manga - Wikipedia <H1> History of manga </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anime and manga </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anime ( show ) <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Industry </Li> <Li> Original net animation </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Original video animation </Li> <Li> Fansub </Li> <Li> Fandub </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Longest series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manga ( show ) <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> International market </Li> <Li> Mangaka ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dōjinshi </Li> <Li> Scanlation </Li> <Li> Publishers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Best - selling series </Li> <Li> Longest series </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alternative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Demographic groups ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Children </Li> <Li> Shōnen </Li> <Li> Shōjo </Li> <Li> Seinen </Li> <Li> Josei </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genres ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Harem </Li> <Li> Magical girl </Li> <Li> Mecha </Li> <Li> Yaoi </Li> <Li> Yuri </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Mitsuru Adachi </Li> <Li> Fujio Akatsuka </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> George Akiyama </Li> <Li> Hideaki Anno </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hideo Azuma </Li> <Li> Clamp </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Osamu Dezaki </Li> <Li> Hisashi Eguchi </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tetsuo Hara </Li> <Li> Yukinobu Hoshino </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ryoichi Ikegami </Li> <Li> Kunihiko Ikuhara </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ken Ishikawa </Li> <Li> Shotaro Ishinomori </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ikki Kajiwara </Li> <Li> Tomoharu Katsumata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Yoshiaki Kawajiri </Li> <Li> Shōji Kawamori </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rakuten Kitazawa </Li> <Li> Kazuo Koike </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Satoshi Kon </Li> <Li> Masami Kurumada </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kōichi Mashimo </Li> <Li> Katsuji Matsumoto </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Leiji Matsumoto </Li> <Li> Hayao Miyazaki </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Shigeru Mizuki </Li> <Li> Hideko Mizuno </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Shinji Mizushima </Li> <Li> Daijiro Morohoshi </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tadao Nagahama </Li> <Li> Go Nagai </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Shinji Nagashima </Li> <Li> Daisuke Nishio </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Eiichiro Oda </Li> <Li> Kyoko Okazaki </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mamoru Oshii </Li> <Li> Rintaro </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Takao Saito </Li> <Li> Hiroshi Sasagawa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Junichi Sato </Li> <Li> Sanpei Shirato </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Masamune Shirow </Li> <Li> Gisaburō Sugii </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Isao Takahata </Li> <Li> Osamu Tezuka </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Akira Toriyama </Li> <Li> Year 24 Group </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tatsuo Yoshida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fandom ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Conventions ( list ) </Li> <Li> Clubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cosplay </Li> <Li> Anime music video </Li> <Li> Otaku </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Moe </Li> <Li> Yaoi fandom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Omake </Li> <Li> Terminology </Li> <Li> Iconography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anime and Manga portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Chōjū - giga ( 12th century ) , traditionally attributed to a monk - artist Kakuyū ( Toba Sōjo ) Image of bathers from the Hokusai manga . <P> The history of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century , and it is believed they represent the basis for the right - to - left reading style . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century . Manga is a Japanese term that can be translated as `` comic '' ; Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga . Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art . </P> <P> One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , and Adam L. Kern , stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions , including pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji culture and art . The other view , emphasizes events occurring during and after the Allied occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 1952 ) , and stresses that manga was strongly shaped by United States cultural influences , including US comics brought to Japan by the GIs and by images and themes from US television , film , and cartoons ( especially Disney ) . According to Sharon Kinsella , the booming Japanese publishing industry helped create a consumer - oriented society in which publishing giants like Kodansha could shape popular taste . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Before World War II </Li> <Li> 2 After World War II <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Shōjo manga </Li> <Li> 2.2 Shōjo manga and ladies ' Comics from 1975 to today </Li> <Li> 2.3 Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Sex and women 's roles in manga for males </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Gekiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Before World war II ( edit ) </H2> <P> Manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries . During the Edo period ( 1603 - 1867 ) , another book of drawings , Toba Ehon , embedded the concept of manga . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai ( 1798 ) , and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa 's Manga hyakujo ( 1814 ) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books ( 1814 -- 1834 ) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo - e artist Hokusai who lived from 1760 -- 1849 . Rakuten Kitazawa ( 1876 -- 1955 ) first used the word `` manga '' in the modern sense . </P> Japanese wood block illustration from 19th century <P> Writers stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga . They include Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , Adam L. Kern , and Eric Peter Nash . Schodt points to the existence in the 13th century of illustrated picture scrolls like Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga that told stories in sequential images with humor and wit . Schodt also stresses continuities of aesthetic style and vision between ukiyo - e and shunga woodblock prints and modern manga ( all three fulfill Eisner 's criteria for sequential art ) . While there are disputes over whether Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga or Shigisan - engi was the first manga , both scrolls date back to about the same time period . However others like Isao Takahata , Studio Ghibli co-founder and director , contends there is no linkage with the scrolls and modern manga . </P> <P> Schodt and Nash also see a particularly significant role for kamishibai , a form of street theater where itinerant artists displayed pictures in a light box while narrating the story to audiences in the street . Torrance has pointed to similarities between modern manga and the Osaka popular novel between the 1890s and 1940 , and argues that the development of widespread literacy in Meiji and post-Meiji Japan helped create audiences for stories told in words and pictures . Kinko Ito also roots manga historically in aesthetic continuity with pre-Meiji art , but she sees its post-WWII history as driven in part by consumer enthusiasm for the rich imagery and narrative of the newly developing manga tradition . Ito describes how this tradition has steadily produced new genres and markets , e.g. , for girls ' ( shōjo ) manga in the late 1960s and for Ladies Comics ( redisu ) in the 1980s . </P> Hokusai Manga ( early 19th century ) <P> Kern has suggested that kibyoshi , picture books from the late 18th century , may have been the world 's first comic books . These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous , satirical , and romantic themes . Although Kern does not believe that kibyoshi were a direct forerunner of manga , for Kern the existence of kibyoshi nonetheless points to a Japanese willingness to mix words and pictures in a popular story - telling medium . The first recorded use of the term `` manga '' to mean `` whimsical or impromptu pictures '' comes from this tradition in 1798 , which , Kern points out , predates Katsushika Hokusai 's better known Hokusai Manga usage by several decades . </P> <P> Similarly , Inoue sees manga as being a mixture of image - and word - centered elements , each pre-dating the Allied occupation of Japan . In his view , Japanese image - centered or `` pictocentric '' art ultimately derives from Japan 's long history of engagement with Chinese graphic art , whereas word - centered or `` logocentric '' art , like the novel , was stimulated by social and economic needs of Meiji and pre-war Japanese nationalism for a populace unified by a common written language . Both fuse in what Inoue sees as a symbiosis in manga . </P> <P> The roots of the wide - eyed look commonly associated with manga dates back to shōjo magazine illustrations during the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The most important illustrators associated with this style at the time were Yumeji Takehisa and particularly Jun'ichi Nakahara , who , influenced by his work as a doll creator , frequently drew female characters with big eyes in the early 20th century . This had a significant influence on early manga , particularly shōjo manga , evident in the work of influential manga artists such as Makoto Takahashi and Riyoko Ikeda . </P> <P> However , other writers such as Takashi Murakami have stressed events after WWII , but Murakami sees Japan 's surrender and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as having created long - lasting scars on the Japanese artistic psyche , which , in this view , lost its previously virile confidence in itself and sought solace in harmless and cute ( kawaii ) images . However , Takayumi Tatsumi sees a special role for a transpacific economic and cultural transnationalism that created a postmodern and shared international youth culture of cartooning , film , television , music , and related popular arts , which was , for Tatsumi the crucible in which modern manga have developed . </P> <P> For Murakami and Tatsumi , trans - nationalism ( or globalization ) refers specifically to the flow of cultural and subcultural material from one nation to another . In their usage , the term does not refer to international corporate expansion , nor to international tourism , nor to cross-border international personal friendships , but to ways in which artistic , aesthetic , and intellectual traditions influence each other across national boundaries . An example of cultural trans - nationalism is the creation of Star Wars films in the US , their transformation into manga by Japanese artists , and the marketing of Star Wars manga to the US . Another example is the transfer of hip - hop culture from the US to Japan . Wong also sees a major role for trans - nationalism in the recent history of manga . </P> <P> Thus , these scholars see the history of manga as involving historical continuities and discontinuities between the aesthetic and cultural past as it interacts with post-WWII innovation and trans - nationalism . </P> <H2> After World war II ( edit ) </H2> <P> After World War II , Japanese artists subsequently gave life to their own style during the occupation ( 1945 -- 1952 ) and post-occupation years ( 1952 - early 1960s ) , when a previously militaristic and ultranationalist

The first form of manga in Japan was

What was the first form of manga in japan?

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<Td> </Td> <Td> Former Dragons ' Den panelist & entrepreneur </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 19 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Colin Campbell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Royal biographer & socialite </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 17 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Eubank </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Retired professional boxer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 17 </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yvette Fielding </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Actress & television presenter </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 16 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Friedman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dancer & The X Factor choreographer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 15 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Susannah Constantine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fashion journalist </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 13 </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spencer Matthews </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Made in Chelsea star </Td> <Td> Day 3 </Td> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> 13th </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 16 ( 2016 ) </H3> Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 16 ) <P> The show returned in 2016 , and is the second in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015 . It began airing on 13 November 2016 . </P> <P> Series 16 : 13 November 2016 -- 4 December 2016 </P> <Dl> <Dd> Jungle Celebs </Dd> <Dd> City Celebs </Dd> <Dd> Entered after contestants were brought together </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Entered </Th> <Th> Exited </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scarlett Moffatt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gogglebox star </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joel Dommett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stand - up comedian </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Thomas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emmerdale actor </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Quek </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Olympic hockey player </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 21 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Bridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former Premier League footballer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 20 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Roberts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Homes Under the Hammer presenter </Td> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> Day 20 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larry Lamb </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 19 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carol Vorderman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV presenter & former Countdown co-host </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 18 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Banjo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diversity Dance Troupe Member </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 17 </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ola Jordan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 16 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Snowdon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fashion model & presenter </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 15 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny Baker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Radio presenter </Td> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> Day 13 </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 17 ( 2017 ) </H3> Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) <P> The show returned in 2017 , and is the third in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016 . It began airing on 19 November 2017 . </P> <P> Series 17 : 19 November 2017 -- 10 December 2017 </P> <Dl> <Dd> Team Snake Rock </Dd> <Dd> Team Croc Creek </Dd> <Dd> Left before camp was split </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Entered </Th> <Th> Exited </Th> <Th> Finished </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Made in Chelsea star </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamie Lomas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hollyoaks actor </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iain Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennie McAlpine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coronation Street actress </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 21 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amir Khan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Professional boxer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 20 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis Wise </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former Premier League footballer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 19 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanley Johnson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Politician & author </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 18 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa White </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Saturdays singer </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 17 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rebekah `` Becky '' Vardy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wife of Jamie Vardy </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 16 </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kezia Dugdale </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Politician & former Scottish Labour leader </Td> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> Day 15 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shappi Khorsandi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stand - up comedian </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 13 </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Maynard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DJ & YouTube personality </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 3 </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 18 ( 2018 ) </H3> <P> The show will return in 2018 , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017 . It is the first series in a new two - year contract . </P> <H3> Series records and statistics </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Biggest winning percentage : 83.42 % -- Gino D'Acampo ( Series 9 ) </Li> <Li> Closest winning percentage : 50.56 % -- Charlie Brooks ( Series 12 ) </Li> <Li> Longest stay in camp : 23 days -- Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty & Melanie Sykes ( Series 14 ) </Li> <Li> Shortest stay in camp : 1 day -- Elaine Lordan ( Series 5 ) </Li> <Li> Most appearances : 2 series -- Katie Price ( Series 3 and Series 9 ) </Li> <Li> Most bushtucker trials : 12 trials -- Adam Thomas ( Series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive bushtucker trials : 7 trials -- Helen Flanagan ( Series 12 ) </Li> <Li> Most refused bushtucker trials : 2 trials -- Lady Colin Campbell ( Series 15 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Series ratings </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Start date </Th> <Th> End date </Th> <Th> No. of shows </Th> <Th> Highest rating ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Lowest rating ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Average rating ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 10.95 </Td> <Td> 6.14 </Td> <Td> 7.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 12.73 </Td> <Td> 5.15 </Td> <Td> 8.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 14.99 </Td> <Td> 8.96 </Td> <Td> 11.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 6 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11.43 </Td> <Td> 7.04 </Td> <Td> 8.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 12.35 </Td> <Td> 7.69 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10.05 </Td> <Td> 6.97 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 8.84 </Td> <Td> 5.00 </Td> <Td> 7.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 10.19 </Td> <Td> 7.91 </Td> <Td> 8.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 10.86 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 9.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 13.48 </Td> <Td> 6.68 </Td> <Td> 10.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 11.10 </Td> <Td> 6.98 </Td> <Td> 10.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 11.51 </Td> <Td> 8.81 </Td> <Td> 10.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 13.05 </Td> <Td> 9.62 </Td> <Td> 11.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 11.97 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> 10.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 11.32 </Td> <Td> 8.88 </Td> <Td> 9.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 12.66 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> 10.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 12.69 </Td> <Td> 8.88 </Td> <Td> 9.96 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note for `` Average rating '' : Since 2010 incl . HD viewers and since 2011 incl . `` ITV + 1 '' consumers . </P> <H2> I 'm a Celebrity : Extra camp </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ( 2002 -- 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! starts in the UK in

When does i'm a celebrity get me out of here start in the uk?

-337261340919997771

</P> <P> Peach trees need full sun , and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree . Peaches are planted in early winter . During the growth season , peach trees need a regular and reliable supply of water , with higher amounts just before harvest . </P> <P> Peaches need nitrogen - rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees . Without regular fertilizer supply , peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth . Blood meal , bone meal , and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers . </P> <P> The number of flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out , because if the full number of peaches mature on a branch , they are undersized and lacking in flavor . Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers . Fresh peaches are easily bruised , and do not store well . They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest . </P> <P> The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape . The Baldassari palmette is a palmette design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches . In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick , which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it , raising the temperature against the wall , peaches can be grown as espaliers against south - facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland . </P> <H3> Insects ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first pest to attack the tree early in the year when other food is scarce is the earwig ( Forficula auricularia ) which feeds on blossoms and young leaves at night , preventing fruiting and weakening newly planted trees . The pattern of damage is distinct from that of caterpillars later in the year , as earwigs characteristically remove semicircles of petal and leaf tissue from the tips , rather than internally . Greasebands applied just before blossom are effective . </P> <P> The larvae of such moth species as the peachtree borer ( Synanthedon exitiosa ) , the yellow peach moth ( Conogethes punctiferalis ) , the well - marked cutworm ( Abagrotis orbis ) , Lyonetia prunifoliella , Phyllonorycter hostis , the fruit tree borer ( Maroga melanostigma ) , Parornix anguliferella , Parornix finitimella , Caloptilia zachrysa , Phyllonorycter crataegella , Trifurcula sinica , Suzuki 's Promolactis moth ( Promalactis suzukiella ) , the white - spotted tussock moth ( Orgyia thyellina ) , the apple leafroller ( Archips termias ) , the catapult moth ( Serrodes partita ) , the wood groundling ( Parachronistis albiceps ) or the omnivorous leafroller ( Platynota stultana ) are reported to feed on P. persica . The flatid planthopper ( Metcalfa pruinosa ) causes damage to fruit trees . </P> <P> The tree is also a host plant for such species as the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) , the unmonsuzume ( Callambulyx tatarinovii ) , the promethea silkmoth ( Callosamia promethea ) , the orange oakleaf ( Kallima inachus ) , Langia zenzeroides , the speckled emperor ( Gynanisa maja ) or the brown playboy ( Deudorix antalus ) . The European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ) or the yellow mite ( Lorryia formosa ) are also found on the peach tree . </P> <P> It is a good pollen source for honey bees and a honeydew source for aphids . </P> <H3> Diseases ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of peach and nectarine diseases <P> Peach trees are prone to a disease called leaf curl , which usually does not directly affect the fruit , but does reduce the crop yield by partially defoliating the tree . Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease , including Bordeaux mixture and other copper - based products ( the University of California considers these organic treatments ) , ziram , chlorothalonil , and dodine . The fruit is susceptible to brown rot or a dark reddish spot . </P> <H3> Storage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and high humidity . They are highly perishable , and typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest . </P> <P> Peaches are climacteric fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from the tree . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Peach and nectarine production 2016 ( millions of tonnes ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Country </Td> <Td> Production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 14.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Th> 25.0 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Source : United Nations , FAOSTAT </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2016 , world production of peaches and nectarines was 25 million tonnes , led by China which produced 58 % of the world total ( table ) . </P> <P> In 2013 , 1.9 million tonnes of peaches and nectarines were exported worldwide , led by Spain 's export volume with 39 % ( 0.75 million tonnes ) of the total . Italy ( 0.3 million tonnes ) , Greece and the United States also had significant export volumes of 0.1 million tonnes each . </P> <P> The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the `` Peach State '' due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571 , with exports to other states occurring around 1858 . In 2014 , Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina . </P> <H2> Cultural significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Peaches are not only a popular fruit , but are symbolic in many cultural traditions , such as in art , paintings and folk tales such as Peaches of Immortality . </P> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> See also : Peaches of Immortality <P> Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture . The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout . When early rulers of China visited their territories , they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils . On New Year 's Eve , local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences . Peachwood was also used for the earliest known door gods during the Han . Another author writes : </P> <P> The Chinese also considered peach wood ( t'ao - fu ) protective against evil spirits , who held the peach in awe . In ancient China , peach - wood bows were used to shoot arrows in every direction in an effort to dispel evil . Peach - wood slips or carved pits served as amulets to protect a person 's life , safety , and health . </P> <P> Peach - wood seals or figurines guarded gates and doors , and , as one Han account recites , `` the buildings in the capital are made tranquil and pure ; everywhere a good state of affairs prevails '' . Writes the author , further : </P> <P> Another aid in fighting evil spirits were peach - wood wands . The Li - chi ( Han period ) reported that the emperor went to the funeral of a minister escorted by a sorcerer carrying a peach - wood wand to keep bad influences away . Since that time , peach - wood wands have remained an important means of exorcism in China . </P> <P> Peach kernels ( 桃仁 táo rén ) are a common ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel blood stasis , counter inflammation and reduce allergies . </P> <P> It was in an orchard of flowering peach trees that Liu Bei , Guan Yu , and Zhang Fei took an oath of brotherhood in the opening chapter of the classic Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Another peach forest , `` The Peach Blossom Spring '' by poet Tao Yuanming is the setting of the favourite Chinese fable and a metaphor of utopias . A peach tree growing on a precipice was where the Taoist master Zhang Daoling tested his disciples . </P> <P> The Old Man of the South Pole one of the deities of the Chinese folk religion fulu shou is sometimes seen holding a large peach , representing long life and health . </P> <P> The term `` bitten peach '' , first used by Legalist philosopher Han Fei in his work Han Feizi , became a byword for homosexuality . The book records the incident when courtier Mizi Xia bit into an especially delicious peach and gave the remainder to his lover , Duke Ling of Wei , as a gift so that he could taste it as well . </P> <H3> Japan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Momotaro , one of Japan 's most noble and semihistorical heroes , was born from within an enormous peach floating down a stream . Momotaro or `` Peach Boy '' went on to fight evil oni and face many adventures . </P> <H3> Korea ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Korea , peaches have been cultivated from ancient times . According to Samguk Sagi , peach trees were planted during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period , and Sallim gyeongje also mentions cultivation skills of peach trees . The peach is seen as the fruit of happiness , riches , honours and longevity . The rare peach with double seeds is seen as a favorable omen of a mild winter . It is one of the ten immortal plants and animals , so peaches appear in many minhwa ( folk paintings ) . Peaches and peach trees are believed to chase away spirits , so peaches are not placed on tables for jesa ( ancestor veneration ) , unlike other fruits . </P> <H3> Vietnam ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Vietnamese mythic history states that , in the spring of 1789 , after marching to Ngọc Hồi and then winning a great victory against invaders from the Qing dynasty of China , the Emperor Quang Trung ordered a messenger to gallop to Phú Xuân citadel ( now Huế ) and deliver a flowering peach branch to the Princess Ngọc Hân . This took place on the fifth day of the first lunar month , two days before the predicted end of the battle . The branch of peach flowers that was sent from the north to the centre of Vietnam was not only a message of victory from the King to his wife , but also the start of a new spring of peace and happiness for all the Vietnamese people . In addition , since the land of Nhật Tân had freely given that very branch of peach flowers to the King , it became the loyal garden of his dynasty . </P> <P> It was by a peach tree that the protagonists of the Tale of Kieu fell in love . And in Vietnam , the blossoming peach flower is the signal of spring . Finally , peach bonsai trees are used as decoration during Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) in northern Vietnam . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> Pierre - Auguste Renoir , A still life painting of peaches <P> Many famous artists have painted still life with peach fruits placed in prominence . Caravaggio , Vicenzo Campi , Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Claude Monet , Édouard Manet , Henri Fantin - Latour , Severin Roesen ,

Peaches in the US primarily come from

Where do peaches come from in the us?

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Lead - based paint in the United Kingdom - wikipedia <H1> Lead - based paint in the United Kingdom </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Lead - based paint <P> Most lead - based paint in the United Kingdom was banned from sale to the general public in 1992 , apart from for specialist uses . Prior to this lead compounds had been used as the pigment and drying agent in different types of paint , for example brick and some tile paints </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 White lead paint </Li> <Li> 2 Red lead </Li> <Li> 3 Coloured lead paint </Li> <Li> 4 Lead drying agent </Li> <Li> 5 Advocacy </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> White lead paint ( edit ) </H2> <P> Until the early 1960s white lead ( lead carbonate / lead sulphate ) was added in substantial quantities as the main white pigment in some paint products intended for use as a primer or top coat over metal and wood , both internally and externally . Examples of where this type of paint may have been used are skirting boards , doors , door frames , stairs , banisters , window frames and sills , wooden flooring , radiators , and pipes , though it could also have been applied to any other surface at this time e.g. plaster walls . </P> <P> Prior to this the concentration of white lead in paint rose to its highest levels between the years 1930 and 1955 , as much as half the volume in some paints , meaning many post-war UK houses have significant amounts of lead in original paint layers . </P> <P> In the 1950s , alternative white pigments , such as titanium dioxide , were introduced . </P> <P> In 1963 a voluntary agreement was made between the then Paintmakers ' Association , now the British Coatings Federation , and the UK Government that resulted in labeling of paint that contained more than 1 % of lead in dry film , with a warning that it should not be applied to surfaces accessible to children . However white lead - based paints remained in the supply chain and were therefore still in use for some time . </P> <P> Following this , white lead continued to be added to some paint available to professional decorators for specialist use . Additionally , paint with low white lead levels was applied as a thin primer coat to some pre-fabricated domestic wooden windows until the early 1980s . </P> <P> In 1992 European Union legislation was implemented within the UK by the Environmental Protection , part of the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) , as the Controls on Injurious Substances Regulations . This prevented the addition of white lead to almost all paints except those intended for use in historic buildings and as artwork . </P> <H2> Red lead ( edit ) </H2> <P> The lead - based pigments ( lead tetroxide / calcium plumbate , or `` red lead '' ) were widely used as an anti-corrosive primer coating over exterior steelwork . This type of paint might have been applied to garden gates and railings , guttering and downpipes and other external iron and steel work . </P> <P> Similar red lead - based compounds were also widely used as a jointing compound in engineering , to form steam - or oil - tight flanged joints in pipework . </P> <P> Red lead in paint was not banned by the 1992 legislation or by more recent EU REACH regulations and the SPAB confirm it is technically available in the UK without special licence . In practice however it has been replaced by safer alternatives ( such as red oxide ) by most UK / EU paint suppliers ; and indeed of those that still supply it , some mistakenly assume it is covered by the 1992 regulations and request approval from a ' competent body ' before purchase . </P> <H2> Coloured lead paint ( edit ) </H2> <P> Until the early 1970s red , yellow , orange and green lead - based pigments ( lead chromate ) were added to a limited number of decorative coloured gloss and wall paints . Following this non-lead alternatives were used as pigments . </P> <P> However lead chromate continued to be used in yellow road markings up to the present day . Its use was supposed to cease on 21 May 2015 , the sunset date set by EU REACH regulations . However a last minute request for authorization by the Canadian pigment producer Dominion Colour Corporation ( DCC ) has had preliminary support by the European Chemicals Agency , which if approved could see its use continue in road markings until 2022 or later . </P> <H2> Lead drying agent ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lead ( lead naphthenate ) was added as a drying agent to some types of paint to ensure the paint surface hardened . In the 1960s this practice was phased out for ordinary paint available to the general public , however its use has not ( so far ) been banned by legislation . </P> <H2> Advocacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Lead Paint Safety Association ( LiPSA ) is a not - for - profit UK organisation that aims to promote awareness and best practice in lead paint safety and compliance . LiPSA 's objective is to prevent and ultimately to eliminate childhood and occupational lead poisoning . LiPSA was founded by Tristan Olivier . </P> <P> LiPSA 's members include individuals and organisations , especially those in the area of lead paint testing and removal and offers web - based , email and telephone advice in relation to lead paint , including testing strategies . LiPSA also offers an emergency telephone support line for child lead poisoning and / or occupational exposure concerns . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Environmental issues with paint </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Prperty : Call time on heavy metal poisoning - Business , News '' . The Independent . 1998 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lead in Paint - Brushed Aside ? - Johnson et al. 104 ( 2 ) : 64 - Perspectives in Public Health '' . Rsh.sagepub.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 89 / 677 / EEC '' , The Council of the European Communities , 21 December 1989 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Environmental Protection ( Controls on Injurious Substances ) Regulations 1992 '' , UK Government Statutory Instruments 1992 No. 31 , 9 January 1992 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REACH Legislation '' , European Chemicals Agency . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Technical Q&A 30 : Lead Paint '' , SPSB , London , 2007 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Technical Issues : Red Oxide '' Archived 2015 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Highland Colour Coaters Ltd . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paints , Primers and Undercoats for Historic Buildings '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Technical Paint Services . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comment : End of the road for lead chromate pigments ? '' , Highways Magazine , Sevenoaks , England , November 2014 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EU paint associations oppose lead pigments authorization '' , Chemical Watch , 12 March 2015 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adopted opinions and previous consultations on applications for authorisation '' , European Chemicals Agency . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Advice on lead paint in older UK homes </Li> <Li> Lead Paint Safety Association </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lead - based paint in Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other entities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Åland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Guernsey </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Jersey </Li> <Li> Svalbard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=837857010 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Environmental issues in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Lead </Li> <Li> Painting and the environment </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 13 : 14 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

They stopped putting lead in paint in

When did they stop putting lead in paint?

3817110564772494243

Zuchon - wikipedia <H1> Zuchon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Zuchon <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> Shichon , Teddy Bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foundation stock </Th> <Td> Crossbreed of Bichon Frisé x Shih Tzu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> ( hide ) Traits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td colspan="3"> 7 - 15 lbs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td colspan="3"> 9 - 12 inches tall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life span </Th> <Td colspan="3"> average 12 - 15 years </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Zuchon or Shichon is a hybrid breed dog or a designer dog . It is cross between Bichon Frisé and Shih Tzu . </P> <P> The Zuchon is a small designer dog with a height around 12 inches and weighing 12 to 14 pounds . Zuchon is a portmanteau name combining the two breed names and is not accepted as a breed by the AKC or any other major recognised dog breed registry . It is a dog that does not shed but it also requires maintenance with regular grooming . Because it is a hybrid dog from two purebreds , it is known to have hybrid vigor , when they are first generation , could possibly have better health than the purebred dogs . However , if they are not first generation , health problems can exist . The dog breed has a short history beginning only at the turn of the 21st century . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Appearance </Li> <Li> 2 Temperament </Li> <Li> 3 Health </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Appearance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Zuchon is also known as a Shichon or , less commonly , a Tzu Frise . They reach an average height of 9 - 12 inches from the shoulder , and a weight of 8 - 25 pounds fully grown . ' Dog Breed Info ' says the Zuchon is a dog `` known for his endearing face , large expressive eyes , and his soft teddy - bear coat . '' </P> <P> The Zuchon usually has a longer coat that does not shed very much , if at all . This longer coat may lead to more time for maintenance and grooming . </P> <P> As hypoallergenic dogs , Zuchons are generally more suitable for homes with allergy problems amongst the inhabitants , although allergic reactions may still occur . </P> <H2> Temperament ( edit ) </H2> <P> This toy dog is said to have a `` great '' personality , and it is playful , lively and well - mannered . They can be a bit stubborn , but when they are trained well , they are a good family pet . They are easily trained . </P> <P> The Zuchon is a well - mannered dog known to be social , happy , and gentle . They become devoted to their families but need much attention and do not do well when left alone for long periods of time . They are good therapy dogs . Sometimes the Zuchon may be stubborn and in need of training . The Zuchon will remain active . </P> <P> They make fairly good watch dogs . When necessary , this dog will bark to alert its family that someone is nearby . This breed is typically good with other pets , especially when socialized at an early age . This dog gets along well with children , but it may be a good idea to socialize this breed at an early age as well as to supervise play time with children to make sure that the dog does not get hurt as a result of its small size . </P> <H2> Health ( edit ) </H2> <P> An important feature with the Zuchon hybrid breed is its longevity . The average life - expectancy of a Zuchon is around 12 -- 15 years . The Zuchon , like many hybrid breeds , is usually healthy without showing the congenital defects that purebreds can have from inbreeding . However , this is only true if the Zuchon is a first generation dog . When a multi-generation Zuchon is born , the possibility of health issues increases . Some possible defects known to designer dogs include canine hip dysplasia , deafness , epilepsy , and liver disease . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Americans began breeding designer dogs in the 1990s . The Zuchon is a cross between an oriental Shih Tzu and a Mediterranean Bichon Frisé . Although this breed of dog is relatively new , its popularity and fame is growing quickly . The Zuchon is still not thought of as an official breed of dog , only a cross-breed . This may change as the dog is becoming a popular toy dog being classified with all other toy dog purebreds . Organizations that recognise this breed include the American Canine Hybrid Club and the Designer Dogs Kennel Club . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN CANINE HYBRID CLUB HYBRID BREEDS '' . American Canine Hybrid Club . 2014 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zuchon Characteristics , tinytracks.net , 2001 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shichhon Information Archived August 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , dogpage.us , 1997 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is a Teddy Bear Puppy ? '' . Mini Teddy Bear Puppies . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : All You Need To Know About The Bichon Frise Shih Tzu Mix , http://www.dogtemperament.com/ , accessed February 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hypoallergenic Dogs , puppy-basics.com , 2005 , accessed October 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dejong , Fifi ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Dogs Book '' . Rikhi Publishing . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Character of Shichon , http://www.shichondog.com/ 2011 , accessed February 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Small Vs. Large Dog , smalldogsparadise.com , 2006 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Health Concerns for Dogs Archived February 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , ecsca.org , 2009 , accessed October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mooallem , Jon ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Modern Kennel Conundrum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Zuchon , Petguide.com </Li> <Li> Shichon , Dog Breed Plus </Li> <Li> Teddy Bear Puppies , Teddy Bear Dogs ! Facts and Information . the Complete Owner 's Guide to the Dogs That Look Like Teddy Bears : Teddy Bear Dogs , Shichons , Zuchons . Buckley , Joseph . October 8 , 2014 . ISBN 9780990607212 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuchon&oldid=828320282 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dog breeds originating in the United States </Li> <Li> Dog crossbreeds </Li> <Li> Toy dogs </Li> <Li> Companion dogs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The breed of dog commonly referred to as the "teddy bear dog" is the

What breed of dog is the teddy bear dog?

-3875958317236683310

Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia <H1> Battles of Lexington and Concord </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Battles of Lexington and Concord </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the American Revolutionary War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W  /  42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W  / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778  ( Concord ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Strategic American victory </P> <Ul> <Li> British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord </Li> <Li> Militia successfully drive British back to Boston </Li> <Li> Start of the American Revolutionary War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts Bay </Td> <Td> Great Britain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † </Td> <Td> Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 </Td> <Td> Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing </Td> <Td> 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Powder Alarm </Li> <Li> Suffolk Resolves </Li> <Li> Lexington and Concord </Li> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Thompson 's War </Li> <Li> Chelsea Creek </Li> <Li> Machias </Li> <Li> Bunker Hill </Li> <Li> Gloucester </Li> <Li> Falmouth </Li> <Li> Knox artillery train </Li> <Li> Dorchester Heights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . </P> <P> In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . </P> <P> About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charleston using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . </P> <P> The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their ranking officer . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . </P> <P> The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . </P> <P> Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 British government preparations </Li> <Li> 1.2 American preparations </Li> <Li> 1.3 Militia forces assemble </Li> <Li> 1.4 British forces advance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The Battles <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lexington <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 First shot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Concord <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 The North Bridge </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 After the fight </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Return march <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy </Li> <Li> 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 4 Legacy </Li> <Li> 5 Commemorations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Centennial commemoration </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration </Li> <Li> 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage <P> The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . </P> <P> General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' </P> <P> The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . </P> <H3> British government preparations </H3> <P> A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : </P> <P> We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... </P> <P> We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . </P> <P> On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . </P> Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait <P> On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot

The Battles of Lexington and Concord took place on

When did the battles of lexington and concord happen?

4200848110079075636

First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia <H1> First battle of Bull Run </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W  / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W  / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Decisive Confederate victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States ( Union ) </Td> <Td> Confederate States ( Confederacy ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Political leaders : </P> <Ul> <Li> Abraham Lincoln </Li> </Ul> <P> Military commanders : </P> <Ul> <Li> Winfield Scott </Li> <Li> Irvin McDowell </Li> <Li> Robert Patterson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Political leaders : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jefferson Davis </Li> </Ul> <P> Military commanders : </P> <Ul> <Li> P.G.T. Beauregard </Li> <Li> Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( WIA ) </Li> <Li> Joseph E. Johnston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Units involved </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Department of Northeastern Virginia : </P> <Ul> <Li> Army of Northeastern Virginia </Li> </Ul> <P> Department of Pennsylvania : </P> <Ul> <Li> Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Li> Army of the Potomac </Li> <Li> Army of the Shenandoah </Li> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Army of Northeastern Virginia : </P> <Ul> <Li> 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Patterson 's Command : </P> <Ul> <Li> 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) </Td> <Td> 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Manassas Campaign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) </Li> <Li> Arlington Mills </Li> <Li> Vienna , Virginia </Li> <Li> Hoke 's Run </Li> <Li> Blackburn 's Ford </Li> <Li> 1st Bull Run </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) <P> The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . </P> <P> Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . </P> <P> Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. </P> <P> Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Military and political situation </Li> <Li> 1.2 Irvin McDowell </Li> <Li> 1.3 Intelligence </Li> <Li> 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign </Li> <Li> 1.5 Prelude to battle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Opposing forces <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Union </Li> <Li> 2.2 Confederate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Battle <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Morning phase <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Noon phase <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Union retreat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Brief observations </Li> <Li> 4.2 Detailed casualties <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Union </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Confederate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events </Li> <Li> 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy </Li> <Li> 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War </Li> <Li> 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' </Li> <Li> 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags </Li> <Li> 4.8 Conclusions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Additional battle maps <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 Sesquicentennial </Li> <Li> 8 Battlefield preservation </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Military and political situation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War <Table> <Tr> <Th> Opposing political leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <P> Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA </P> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . <P> On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . </P> <P> To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . </P> <P> In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . </P> Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . <H3> Irvin McDowell ( edit ) </H3> <P> Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . </P> <H3> Intelligence ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle

The 1st Battle of Bull Run resulted in a

Who won the 1st battle of bull run?

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hopeless : the love is a forbidden love , perhaps felt for the lady of the house , and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment . In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and facial expressions of the butler , a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick - stained absinthe glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues . In selecting a butler as his subject , Stock sought to provide a `` universal character '' , a pathos - laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in from the outside . Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love . One of the paintings was inspiration for a 3 - D short film , `` The Butler 's in Love '' by actor / director David Arquette , shot in 2008 at San Francisco 's historic Westerfield Mansion . </P> <H2> In fiction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The real - life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive , friendly but not familiar , keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer , and graceful and precise in execution of duty . The butler of fiction , by contrast , often tends to be larger than life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts . Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments , clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes , and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their `` betters , '' or even more so . They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan -- such as Batman , Chrono Crusade 's Satella Harvenheit , or Tomb Raider 's Lara Croft -- may be a father figure to said hero . Regardless of the genre in which they are cast , butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the `` British butler '' model and are given an appropriate - sounding surname . The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo - Celtic surname and have an English accent . The Asian , African American , or Caribbean houseboy is a variant , but even these major - domos are based on the British icon . </P> <P> Today , butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well - spoken . However , in 19th century fiction such as Dracula , butlers generally spoke with a strong Cockney or other regional accent . </P> <P> `` The butler '' is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas , whether or not the character has been given a name . Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre , where a catchphrase is `` The butler did it ! '' </P> <P> The best - known fictional manservant , and the prototype of the quintessential British butler , is himself not a butler at all . Reginald Jeeves , the iconic creation of author P.G. Wodehouse is a `` gentleman 's gentleman '' and general factotum . Probably the best - known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films ; Hudson of Upstairs , Downstairs television fame ; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series ; and Crichton from J.M. Barrie 's The Admirable Crichton . Lesser - knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere , which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series ; Lurch , from the television series The Addams Family , based on Charles Addams ' The New Yorker cartoons ; Beach , from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle ; Niles , the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny , Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson . </P> <P> Not all fictional butlers portray the `` butler stereotype '' , however . Alan Bates , who played the butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park , was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch , a longtime real - life butler . Mr. Stevens , the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in the film Remains of the Day , was also acted with remarkable realism . A female butler , Sarah Stevens , is the principal character in Linda Howard 's 2002 Dying to Please , a murder / romance novel . Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work . </P> <H3> Examples ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of fictional butlers <Ul> <Li> Alfred Pennyworth , Bruce Wayne 's butler from Batman </Li> <Li> Austin from the game Gardenscapes </Li> <Li> Edwin Jarvis , Tony Stark 's butler from Iron Man </Li> <Li> Ronove , the demon butler and highest - ranking furniture of the Golden Witch ; Beatrice and the Endless Sorcerer , Battler from Umineko no Naku Koro ni </Li> <Li> Angus Hudson , from the television show Upstairs , Downstairs </Li> <Li> Benson DuBois , the Tate butler in the hit 1970 's sitcom , Soap </Li> <Li> Edmund Blackadder , butler to Prince George the Prince Regent , in the TV Series Blackadder the Third </Li> <Li> Nestor , the butler of Marlinspike Hall in The Adventures of Tintin </Li> <Li> Niles the butler in the TV Series The Nanny </Li> <Li> Sebastian Michaelis , a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the Black Butler manga and anime series </Li> <Li> Sebastian Beach , from the Blandings Castle stories by P.G. Wodehouse , frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood </Li> <Li> Smithers , Veronica Lodge 's fictional butler </Li> <Li> Hugh Edgar , butler , The Edwardian Country House , 2002 British historical recreation TV series </Li> <Li> Charles Carson , butler to the Crawley family in Downton Abbey </Li> <Li> John Lawless , a central character in the 1967 Sherman Brothers ' musical movie The Happiest Millionaire played by 60 teen idol Tommy Steele . </Li> <Li> Wadsworth , the protagonist in the movie Clue </Li> <Li> Mr. Stevens , the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro 's Booker Prize - winning novel , The Remains of the Day and movie of the same name </Li> <Li> Spencer , butler in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive </Li> <Li> Cadbury , butler to Richie Rich </Li> <Li> Higgins , from the sitcom Our Man Higgins and the radio comedy on which it was based , It 's Higgins , Sir </Li> <Li> Underling , the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical The Drowsy Chaperone </Li> <Li> The titular protagonist of Hayate the Combat Butler ; Hayate Ayasaki </Li> <Li> Butler , the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game Puyo Puyo Fever 2 </Li> <Li> Giles , the butler for ABC 's Whodunnit ? TV series </Li> <Li> Subaru Konoe , the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the Mayo Chiki ! anime , manga and light novel </Li> <Li> Domovoi Butler , butler / bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer 's Artemis Fowl book series . </Li> <Li> Willikins , butler to Samuel Vimes in the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett . </Li> <Li> Charley Raunce , who succeeds to the position from footman when Eldon the Butler dies , in the novel Loving by Henry Green . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Footman </Li> <Li> Chauffeur </Li> <Li> Maid </Li> <Li> Housekeeper </Li> <Li> Valet </Li> <Li> Domestic worker </Li> <Li> Household </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 2007 ) . Emily Post 's Etiquette . Echo Library . ISBN 1 - 4068 - 1215 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Butlersguild . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article046.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genesis 39 - 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the mistaken belief that buttery related to `` butter '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord Montague 's Book of Rules and Orders , 1595 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Scanlon ( 2006 ) . `` The Development of the Kitchen in the English Country House 1315 -- 1864 '' . Journal of Culinary Science and Technology . 4 ( 2 / 3 ) : 79 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beeton , Isabella ( 2000 ) ( 1861 ) . Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . Oxford University Press . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283345 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carrolyn Steedman , `` The servant 's labour : the business of life , England , 1760 -- 1820 '' , Social History , Vol. 29 No. 1 , ( February 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Marshall , `` The Domestic Servants of the Eighteenth Century '' , Economica , No. 25 , ( Apr. 1929 ) , pp. 15 -- 40 . Available online with subscription . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Roberts . `` The House Servant 's Directory '' . Digital.lib.msu.edu . Munroe and Francis ; New York : Charles S. Francis , 1827 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary Puckrein ( Oct - Nov 98 ) . `` The Science of Service '' . American Visions. 13 ( 5 ) . Check date values in : date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Lee ( 1988 ) . `` Steady , Jeeves -- you 've got company ! '' . U.S. News & World Report . 104 ( 17 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higman , Barry ( 2002 ) . Domestic Service in Australia . Melbourne University Publishing . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85011 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Simon ( 10 February 2007 ) . `` By Jeeves , We 're Having a Butler Shortage -- Interview with Charles MacPherson '' ( Streaming Audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR News . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Also see Sheelah Kolhatka , `` Inside the Billionaire Service Industry '' . The Atlantic , Sept 2006 , 97 - 101 . Archived by WebCite . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example Chadha , Monica . `` Royal tips for Indian butlers '' , BBC News , 17 February 2003 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Butlers : A Jeeves of my very own '' , The Daily Telegraph , 15 November 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higman ( 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferry , Steven M. Butlers & Household Managers : 21st Century Professionals . BookSurge Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 59109 - 306 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Loeffler ( 15 April 2007 ) . `` The butler does it '' . The Pittsburgh Tribune - Review , Lifestyle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Woodford ( 5 October 2002 ) . `` Move over , Jeeves , a new breed of butler is working her way up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Elizabeth Camille , a butler in Sydney , states , `` I still make beds , clean toilets and peg out washing ... It 's not all as glamorous as people perceive it to be . '' Additionally see `` Desperately seeking Jeeves '' , The Globe and Mail ( Canada )

The name of the under butler in Downton Abbey is not

What is the name of the under butler in downton abbey?

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died as the result of an accident during this voyage ; the remainder of the expedition , which may have reached as far north as the Rogue River in today 's southern Oregon , was led by Bartolomé Ferrer . </P> <H3> Sir Francis Drake ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Francis Drake <P> On June 7 , 1579 , the English explorer Sir Francis Drake saw an excellent harbor , on a land mass that he called Nova Albion and claimed for England . The accepted location for Drake 's port is at Drake 's Cove in Drakes Bay which has been named a National Historic Landmark . There was no English follow - up . Subsequent English maps name the land above Baja California , New Granada , New Mexico and Florida `` Nova Albion '' . Drake held the first Protestant Christian service at Nova Albion . </P> <H3> Sebastián Vizcaíno ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sebastián Vizcaíno <P> In 1602 the Spaniard Sebastián Vizcaíno explored California 's coastline as far north as Monterey Bay , where he put ashore . He ventured inland south along the coast and recorded a visit to what is likely Carmel Bay . His major contributions to the state 's history were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement , as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters ( which were used for nearly 200 years ) . </P> <H2> European exploration ( 1765 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Spanish ships plying the China trade probably stopped in California every year after 1680 . Between 1680 and 1740 , Spanish merchants out of Mexico City financed thriving trade between Manila , Acapulco and Callao . In Manila , they picked up cotton from India and silks from China . The Spanish Crown viewed too much imported Asian cloth to Mexico and Lima as a competitive threat to the Spanish American markets for cloth produced in Spain , and as a result , restricted the tonnage permitted on the ships from Manila to Acapulco . Mexico City merchants in retaliation overstuffed the ships , even using the space for water to carry additional contraband cargo . As a result , the ships coming from Manila had enough water for two months , but the trip took four to six months . ( Hawaii was unknown to the Spanish navigators ) . The sea currents take ships sailing from Manila to Acapulco up north , so that they first touch land at San Francisco or Monterey , in what is now California . By the late 18th century , imperial war was heating up between Britain and Spain . In 1762 , Britain occupied Manila in the Pacific and Havana in the Atlantic . This was probably a stimulus for Spain to build presidios at San Francisco and Monterey in 1769 . The British , too , stepped up their activities in the Pacific . British seafaring Captain James Cook , midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778 , sailed along the west coast of North America aboard the HMS Resolution , mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait . In 1786 Jean - François de Galaup , comte de Lapérouse , led a group of scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by Louis XVI and were welcomed in Monterey . They compiled an account of the Californian mission system , the land and the people . Traders , whalers and scientific missions followed in the next decades . </P> <H2> Spanish colonization and governance ( 1697 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : List of pre-statehood governors of California , The Californias , and Alta California <P> In 1697 the Viceroy Duque de Linares along with the Conde de Miravalle ( 180 ) and the treasurer of Acapulco ( Pedro Gil de la Sierpe ) financed Jesuit expansion into California . The Duque de Linares lobbied the Spanish Crown in 1711 to increase trade between Asia , Acapulco and Lima . It is possible that Baja California Sur was used as a stopping point for unloading contraband on the way back from Manila to Acapulco . The contraband might then have been shipped across the Gulf of California to enter mainland Mexico by way of Sonora , where the Jesuits also had missions and sympathies for their financial backers . </P> <P> In 1697 the Jesuit missionary Juan María de Salvatierra established Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó , the first permanent mission on the Baja California Peninsula . Spanish control over the peninsula , including missions , was gradually extended , first in the region around Loreto , then to the south in the Cape region , and finally to the north across the northern boundary of present - day Baja California Sur . A total of 30 Spanish missions in Baja California were established . </P> <P> During the last quarter of the 18th century , the first Spanish settlements were established in what later became the Las Californias Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Reacting to interest by the Russian Empire and , later , Great Britain in the fur - bearing animals of the Pacific north coast , Spain further extended the series of Catholic missions , accompanied by troops and establishing ranches , along the southern and central coast of California . These missions were intended to demonstrate the claim of the Spanish Empire to what is now California . By 1823 , 21 Spanish missions had been established in Alta California . Operations were based out of the naval base at San Blas and included not only the establishment and supply of missions in California , but a series of exploration expeditions to the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . </P> <P> The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries , ranchers and troops . By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto , north to San Diego , to just north of today 's San Francisco Bay Area , and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles ( 40 to 80 km ) from the missions . Outside of this zone , perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives . The Adams -- Onís Treaty , signed in 1819 , set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel , effectively creating today 's northern boundary between California and Oregon . </P> <H3> First Spanish colonies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spain had maintained a number of missions and presidios in New Spain since 1519 . The Crown laid claim to the north coastal provinces of California in 1542 . Excluding Santa Fe in New Mexico , settlement of northern New Spain was slow for the next 155 years . Settlements in Loreto , Baja California Sur , were established in 1697 , but it was not until the threat of incursion by Russian fur traders and potentially settlers , coming down from Alaska in 1765 , that Spain , under King Charles III , felt development of more northern installations was necessary . </P> <P> By then , the Spanish Empire was engaged in the political aftermath of the Seven Years ' War , and colonial priorities in far away California afforded only a minimal effort . Alta California was to be settled by Franciscan Friars , protected by troops in the California missions . Between 1774 and 1791 , the Crown sent forth a number of expeditions to further explore and settle Alta California and the Pacific Northwest . </P> <H3> Portolá expedition ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Portolá expedition <P> In May 1768 , the Spanish Inspector General ( Visitador ) José de Gálvez planned a four - prong expedition to settle Alta California , two by sea and two by land , which Gaspar de Portolá volunteered to command . </P> <P> The Portolá land expedition arrived at the site of present - day San Diego on June 29 , 1769 , where it established the Presidio of San Diego . Eager to press on to Monterey Bay , de Portolá and his group , consisting of Father Juan Crespí , 63 leather - jacket soldiers and a hundred mules , headed north on July 14 . They reached the present - day site of Los Angeles on August 2 , Santa Monica on August 3 , Santa Barbara on August 19 , San Simeon on September 13 , and the mouth of the Salinas River on October 1 . Although they were looking for Monterey Bay , the group failed to recognize it when they reached it . </P> <P> On October 31 , de Portolá 's explorers became the first Europeans known to view San Francisco Bay . Ironically , the Manila Galleons had sailed along this coast for almost 200 years by then , without noticing the bay . The group returned to San Diego in 1770 . </P> <P> De Portolá was the first governor of Las Californias . </P> <H3> Junípero Serra ( edit ) </H3> A portrait of Junípero Serra Main article : Junípero Serra <P> Junípero Serra was a Majorcan Franciscan who founded the first Alta California Spanish missions . After King Carlos III ordered the Jesuits expelled from New Spain on February 3 , 1768 , Serra was named `` Father Presidente '' . </P> <P> Serra founded San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 . Later that year , Serra , Governor de Portolá and a small group of men moved north , up the Pacific Coast . They reached Monterey in 1770 , where Serra founded the second Alta California mission , San Carlos Borromeo . </P> <H3> Alta California missions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spanish missions in California A map produced in 1920 illustrating the route of `` El Camino Real '' in 1821 , along with the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions . The road at this time was merely a horse and mule trail . <P> The California missions comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans , Jesuits , and Franciscans , to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans . Eighty percent of the financing of Spain 's California program went not to missions but rather to the military garrisons established to keep Britain and Russia out of the three great Pacific Ports of San Diego , Monterey and San Francisco ; the Santa Barbara presidio on the Channel was added later . The primary benefit to Spain of occupying California was to confirm historic claims to the territory in the context of imperial war with Britain . The missions introduced European livestock , fruits , vegetables , agricultural industry , along with invasive species of plants into the California regions . It is widely believe in California that the labor supply for the missions was supplied by the forcible relocation of the Native Americans and keeping them in peonage . However , more recent scholarship suggests that the tiny number of Spaniards at each mission relied more upon negotiation , enticement and the threat of force to control the estimated 5,000 Indians typically surrounding what would become a mission . The missionaries and military were often at cross purposes in their vision of what California could become , and the missionaries preferred to rely upon Indian allies to maintain control . </P> <P> Most missions became enormous in terms of land area ( approximately the size of modern counties in California ) , and yet the Spanish and Mexican staff was small , with normally two Franciscans and six to eight soldiers in residence . The size of the Indian congregations would grow from a handful at the founding to perhaps two thousand by the end of the Spanish period ( 1810 ) . All of these buildings

In the early 1800s, California society was dominated by the

In the early 1800s california society was dominated by which group?

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Scientific method - wikipedia <H1> Scientific method </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Scientific research '' redirects here . For the publisher , see Scientific Research Publishing . Compare Observational study and Experiment For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Research . For other uses , see Scientific method ( disambiguation ) . The scientific method is a never ending cycle of hypothesis , prediction , testing and questioning <P> The Oxford Dictionaries Online defines the scientific method as `` a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses '' . Experiments are a procedure designed to test hypotheses . Experiments are an important tool of the scientific method . To be termed scientific , a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning . </P> <P> Though there are diverse models for the scientific method available , in general there is a continuous process that includes observations about the natural world . People are naturally inquisitive , so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear , and they often develop ideas or hypotheses about why things are the way they are . The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways . The most conclusive testing of hypotheses comes from reasoning based on carefully controlled experimental data . Depending on how well additional tests match the predictions , the original hypothesis may require refinement , alteration , expansion or even rejection . If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported , a general theory may be developed . </P> <P> Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another , they are frequently the same from one to another . The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions . A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question . The hypothesis might be very specific , or it might be broad . Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies . A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , the hypothesis can not be meaningfully tested . </P> <P> The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . Experiments can take place anywhere from a garage to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method ; they include physicist Lee Smolin and philosopher Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Robert Nola and Howard Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester - year 's debate , the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial deceased equine castigation . We beg to differ . '' </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Process <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Formulation of a question </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Hypothesis </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Prediction </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Testing </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Analysis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 DNA example </Li> <Li> 1.3 Other components <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Replication </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 External review </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Data recording and sharing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Scientific inquiry <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Properties of scientific inquiry </Li> <Li> 2.2 Beliefs and biases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Elements of the scientific method <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Characterizations <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Uncertainty </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 DNA - characterizations </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Another example : precession of Mercury </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Hypothesis development <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 DNA - hypotheses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Predictions from the hypothesis <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 DNA - predictions </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Another example : general relativity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Experiments <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 DNA - experiments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Evaluation and improvement <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 DNA - iterations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Confirmation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Models of scientific inquiry <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Classical model </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pragmatic model </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Communication and community <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Peer review evaluation </Li> <Li> 5.2 Documentation and replication <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Archiving </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Data sharing </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 Limitations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Dimensions of practice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Philosophy and sociology of science <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Role of chance in discovery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 History </Li> <Li> 8 Relationship with mathematics <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Relationship with statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Problems and issues </Li> <Li> 9.2 History , philosophy , sociology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview </H2> <Dl> <Dd> The DNA example below is a synopsis of this method </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) , 965 -- 1039 Iraq . A polymath , considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology , due to his emphasis on experimental data and reproducibility of its results . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) . `` Kepler shows his keen logical sense in detailing the whole process by which he finally arrived at the true orbit . This is the greatest piece of Retroductive reasoning ever performed . '' -- C. S. Peirce , c. 1896 , on Kepler 's reasoning through explanatory hypotheses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) . According to Albert Einstein , `` All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it . Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality . Because Galileo saw this , and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world , he is the father of modern physics -- indeed , of modern science altogether . '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out . As in other areas of inquiry , science ( through the scientific method ) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time . This model can be seen to underlay the scientific revolution . One thousand years ago , Alhazen argued the importance of forming questions and subsequently testing them , an approach which was advocated by Galileo in 1638 with the publication of Two New Sciences . The current method is based on a hypothetico - deductive model formulated in the 20th century , although it has undergone significant revision since first proposed ( for a more formal discussion , see below ) . </P> <H3> Process </H3> <P> The overall process involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine whether the original conjecture was correct . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , these actions are better considered as general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always done in the same order . As noted by scientist and philosopher William Whewell ( 1794 -- 1866 ) , `` invention , sagacity , ( and ) genius '' are required at every step . </P> Formulation of a question <P> The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation , as in `` Why is the sky blue ? '' but can also be open - ended , as in `` How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease ? '' This stage frequently involves finding and evaluating evidence from previous experiments , personal scientific observations or assertions , as well as the work of other scientists . If the answer is already known , a different question that builds on the evidence can be posed . When applying the scientific method to research , determining a good question can be very difficult and it will affect the outcome of the investigation . </P> Hypothesis <P> A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question , that may explain any given behavior . The hypothesis might be very specific ; for example , Einstein 's equivalence principle or Francis Crick 's `` DNA makes RNA makes protein '' , or it might be broad ; for example , unknown species of life dwell in the unexplored depths of the oceans . A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a given statistical population . For example , the population might be people with a particular disease . The conjecture might be that a new drug will cure the disease in some of those people . Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis . A null hypothesis is the conjecture that the statistical hypothesis is false ; for example , that the new drug does nothing and that any cure is caused by chance . Researchers normally want to show that the null hypothesis is false . The alternative hypothesis is the desired outcome , that the drug does better than chance . A final point : a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , meaning that one can identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , it can not be meaningfully tested . </P> Prediction <P> This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis . One or more predictions are then selected for further testing . The more unlikely that a prediction would be correct simply by coincidence , then the more convincing it would be if the prediction were fulfilled ; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known , due to the effects of hindsight bias ( see also postdiction ) . Ideally , the prediction must also distinguish the hypothesis from likely alternatives ; if two hypotheses make the same prediction , observing the prediction to be correct is not evidence for either one over the other . ( These statements about the relative strength of evidence can be mathematically derived using Bayes ' Theorem ) . </P> Testing <P> This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the hypothesis . Scientists ( and other people ) test hypotheses by conducting experiments . The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . If they agree , confidence in the hypothesis increases ; otherwise , it decreases . Agreement does not assure that the hypothesis is true ; future experiments may reveal problems . Karl Popper advised scientists to try to falsify hypotheses , i.e. , to search for and test those experiments that seem most doubtful . Large numbers of successful confirmations are not convincing if they arise from experiments that avoid risk .

In the process of science, hypotheses lead most directly to

In the process of science hypotheses lead most directly to?

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Director 's cut - wikipedia <H1> Director 's cut </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Director 's cut ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( January 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A director 's cut is an edited version of a film ( or television episode , music video , commercial , or video game ) that is supposed to represent the director 's own approved edit . ' Cut ' explicitly refers to the process of film editing ; in preparing a film for release , the director 's cut is preceded by the assembly and rough editor 's cut and usually followed by the final cut meant for the public film release . </P> <P> Director 's cuts of film are not generally released to the public , because on most films the director does not have a final cut privilege . The production company , distributors , and / or studio ( anybody with money invested in the film ) can impose changes that they think will make the film profit more at the box office . This sometimes means a happier ending or less ambiguity , or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience - restricting rating , but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day . </P> <P> With the rise of home video , the phrase became more generically used as a marketing term ( including things such as comic books and music albums , neither of which actually have directors ) , and the most commonly seen form of director 's cut is a cut where extra scenes and characters are added in , often making the director 's cut considerably longer than the final cut . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin of the phrase </Li> <Li> 2 Inception </Li> <Li> 3 Criticism </Li> <Li> 4 Extended cuts and special editions </Li> <Li> 5 Music video director 's cut </Li> <Li> 6 Expanded usage in pop culture <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Video games </Li> <Li> 6.2 Music `` director 's cuts '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin of the phrase ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally , the `` director 's cut '' is not , by definition , the director 's ideal or preferred cut . The editing process of a film is broken into stages : First is the assembly / rough cut , where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film . Next , the editor 's cut is reduced from the rough cut ; the editor may be guided by his own tastes or following notes from the director or producers . Eventually is the final cut , which actually gets released or broadcast . In between the editor 's cut and the final cut can come any number of fine cuts , including the director 's cut . The director 's cut may include unsatisfactory takes , a preliminary soundtrack , a lack of desired pick - up shots etc. , which the director would not like to be shown but uses as a placeholder until satisfactory replacements can be inserted . This is still how the term is used within the film industry , as well as commercials , television , and music videos . </P> <H2> Inception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The trend of releasing alternate cuts of films for artistic reasons became prominent in the 1970s ; in 1974 , the `` director 's cut '' of The Wild Bunch was shown theatrically in Los Angeles to sold - out audiences . The theatrical release of the film had cut ten minutes to get an R - rating , but this cut was hailed as superior and has now become the definitive one . Other early examples include George Lucas 's first two films being re-released following the success of Star Wars , in cuts which more closely resembled his vision , or Peter Bogdanovich re-cutting The Last Picture Show several times . Charlie Chaplin also re-released all of his films in the 1970s , several of which were re-cut ( Chaplin 's re-release of The Gold Rush in the 1940s is almost certainly the earliest prominent example of a director 's re-cut film being released to the public ) . A theatrical re-release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the phrase `` Special Edition '' to describe a cut which was closer to Spielberg 's intent but had a compromised ending demanded by the studio . As the home video industry rose in the early 1980s , video releases of director 's cuts were sometimes created for the small but dedicated cult fan market . Los Angeles cable station Z Channel is also cited as significant in the popularization of alternate cuts . Early examples of films released in this manner include Michael Cimino 's Heaven 's Gate , where a longer cut was recalled from theaters but subsequently shown on cable and eventually released to home video ; James Cameron 's Aliens , where a video release restored 20 minutes the studio had insisted on cutting ; James Cameron 's The Abyss , where Cameron voluntarily made cuts to the theatrical version for pacing but restored them for a video release ; Shim Hyung - rae 's Yonggary , where Shim made cuts to the theatrical version for how close to the American Godzilla it was and added in aliens and another monster , Cyker . That version was released stateside as Reptilian and , most famously , Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner , where an alternate workprint version was released to fan acclaim , ultimately resulting in the 1992 recut , the first film to use the term `` Director 's Cut '' as a marketing description ( and the first time it was used to describe a cut that the director was not involved in preparing ) . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Once distributors discovered that consumers would buy alternate versions of films , it became common for films to receive multiple releases . There is no standardization for labelling , leading to so - called `` director 's cuts '' of films despite where the director prefers the theatrically released version , or when the director had actual final cut privilege . These were often assembled by simply restoring deleted scenes , sometimes adding as much as a half - hour to the length of the film without regard to pacing and storytelling . </P> <P> As a result , the `` director 's cut '' is often considered a mixed bag , with an equal share of supporters and detractors . Roger Ebert approved of the use of the label in unsuccessful films that had been tampered with by studio executives , such as Sergio Leone 's original cut of Once Upon a Time in America , and the moderately successful theatrical version of Daredevil , which were altered by studio interference for their theatrical release . Other well - received director 's cuts include Ridley Scott 's Kingdom of Heaven ( with Empire magazine stating : `` The added 45 minutes in the Director 's Cut are like pieces missing from a beautiful but incomplete puzzle '' ) , or Sam Peckinpah 's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , where the restored 115 minute cut is closer to the director 's intent than the theatrical 105 minute cut ( the actual director 's cut was 122 minutes ; it was never completed to Peckinpah 's satisfaction , but was used as a guide for the restoration that was done after his death ) . </P> <P> However , Ebert considers adding such material to a successful film a waste . Even Ridley Scott stated on the director 's commentary track of Alien that the original theatrical release was his director 's cut , and that the new version was released as a marketing ploy . Director Peter Bogdanovich , no stranger to director 's cuts himself , cites Red River as an example where `` MGM have a version of Howard Hawks 's Red River that they 're calling the Director 's Cut and it is absolutely not the director 's cut . It 's a cut the director did n't want , an earlier cut that was junked . They assume because it was longer that it 's a director 's cut . Capra cut two reels off Lost Horizon because it did n't work and then someone tried to put it back . There are certainly mistakes and stupidities in reconstructing pictures . '' </P> <P> In rare instances , such as Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock , John Cassavetes 's The Killing of a Chinese Bookie , and Blake Edwards 's Darling Lili , changes made to a director 's cut result in a shorter , more compact cut . This generally happens when a distributor insists that a film be completed in order to meet a release date , but sometimes it is the result of removing scenes that the distributor insisted on inserting , as opposed to restoring scenes they insisted on cutting . </P> <P> Another way that released director 's cuts can be compromised is when directors were never allowed to even shoot their vision , and thus when the film is re-cut , they must make do with the footage that exists . Examples of this include Terry Zwigoff 's Bad Santa , Brian Helgeland 's Payback , and most notably the Richard Donner re-cut of Superman II . Donner completed about 75 % of the shooting of the sequel during the shooting of the first one but was fired from the project . His director 's cut of the film includes , among other things , screen test footage of stars Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder , footage used in the first film , and entire scenes that were shot by replacement director Richard Lester which Donner dislikes but were required for story purposes . </P> <H2> Extended cuts and special editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some directors explicitly dislike the phrase `` director 's cut '' because it implies that they disapprove of the theatrically released cut . James Cameron and Peter Jackson are two directors who publicly reject the label , preferring `` extended edition '' or `` special edition '' . While Jackson considers the theatrical releases of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies to be a final `` director 's cut '' within the constraints of theatrical exhibition , the extended cuts were produced so that fans of the material could see nearly all of the scenes shot for the script to develop more of J.R.R. Tolkien 's world , but which were

The director's cut of a movie is

What is the director's cut of a movie?

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Pulmonary circulation - wikipedia <H1> Pulmonary circulation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The part of the circulatory system which carries blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pulmonary circulation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Human pulmonary circulation . Oxygen - rich blood is shown in red ; oxygen - depleted blood in blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pulmonary circulation in the heart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System </Th> <Td> Circulatory system </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart , to the lungs , and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation . The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins . </P> <P> A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung . </P> <P> The earliest human discussions of pulmonary circulation date back to Egyptian times . Human knowledge of pulmonary circulation grew gradually over centuries , and scientists Ibn al - Nafis , Michael Servetus , and William Harvey provided some of the first accurate descriptions of this process . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Lungs </Li> <Li> 1.2 Veins </Li> <Li> 1.3 Arteries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Development </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea , and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta , while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta . <P> Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart , goes to the lungs , and then re-enters the heart ; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery . From the right atrium , the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve ( or right atrioventricular valve ) , into the right ventricle . Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery . </P> <H3> Lungs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs , where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration . Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin - walled . The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart . </P> <H3> Veins ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pulmonary vein <P> The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins , which return it to the left heart , completing the pulmonary cycle . This blood then enters the left atrium , which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle . From the left ventricle , the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta . The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation . </P> <H3> Arteries ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pulmonary artery <P> From the right ventricle , blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries ( one for each lung ) , which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed , and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale : an open conduit between the paired atria , or through the ductus arteriosus : a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta . When the lungs expand at birth , the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit . Over the course of several months , the foramen ovale closes , leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> A number of medical conditions can affect the pulmonary circulation . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pulmonary hypertension describes an increase in resistance in the pulmonary arteries </Li> <Li> Pulmonary embolus is a blood clot , usually from a deep vein thrombosis that has lodged in the pulmonary vasculature . It can cause difficulty breathing or chest pain , is usually diagnosed through a CT pulmonary angiography or V / Q scan , and is often treated with anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin . </Li> <Li> Cardiac shunt is an unnatural connection between parts of the heart that leads to blood flow that bypasses the lungs . </Li> <Li> Vascular resistance </Li> <Li> Pulmonary shunt </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The discovery of pulmonary circulation has been attributed to several scientists over the years . In much of modern medical literature , the discovery is credited to English physician William Harvey ( 1578 - 1657 CE ) . Other sources credit Spanish physician Michael Servetus ( c. 1509 - 1553 CE ) and Arab physician Ibn al - Nafis ( 1213 - 1288 CE ) with the discovery . However , the first descriptions of the cardiovascular system came before these men . </P> <P> The earliest known description of the role of air in circulation was produced in Egypt in 3500 BCE . At this time , Egyptians believed that the heart was the origin of many channels that connected different parts of the body and transported air as well as urine , blood , and the soul . The Edwin Smith Papyrus ( 1700 BCE ) , named for American Egyptologist Edwin Smith ( 1822 - 1906 CE ) who purchased the scroll in 1862 , provided evidence that Egyptians believed that the heartbeat created a pulse that transported the above substances throughout the body . A second scroll , the Ebers Papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) , also emphasized the importance of the heart and its connection to vessels throughout the body and described methods to detect cardiac disease through pulse abnormalities . However , despite their knowledge of the heartbeat , vessels , and pulse , the Egyptians attributed the movement of substances throughout the vessels to air that resided in these channels , rather than to the heart 's force . The Egyptians knew that air played an important role in circulation , but they did not yet have a concept for the precise role of the lungs . </P> <P> The next addition to the human understanding of pulmonary circulation came with the Ancient Greeks . The physician Alcmaeon ( 520 - 450 BCE ) proposed that the brain , not the heart , was the connection point for all of the vessels in the body . He believed that the function of these vessels was to bring the spirit ( pneuma ) and air to the brain . Empedocles ( 492 - 432 BCE ) , a philosopher , proposed a series of pipes impermeable to blood but continuous with blood vessels which carried the pneuma throughout the body . He proposed that this spirit was internalized with pulmonary respiration . The physician Hippocrates ( 460 - 370 BCE ) developed the view that the liver and spleen produced blood , which traveled to the heart to be cooled by the lungs that surrounded it . Hippocrates described the heart as having two ventricles connected by an interventricular septum . He depicted the heart as the connecting point for all the vessels of the body and proposed that some vessels carried only blood , while others also carried air . These air - carrying vessels were the pulmonary veins , which brought air to the left ventricle , and the pulmonary artery , which carried air to the right ventricle and blood to the lungs . He also proposed two atria of the heart that functioned to capture air . Hippocrates was one of the first to begin to accurately describe the anatomy of the heart and to describe the involvement of the lungs in circulation , but his descriptions of the process of pulmonary circulation and of the functions of the parts of the heart were still largely incorrect . </P> <P> Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle ( 384 - 322 BCE ) followed Hippocrates and proposed that the heart had three ventricles , rather than two , that all connected to the lungs . The Greek physician Erasistratus ( 315 - 240 BCE ) agreed with Hippocrates and Aristotle that the heart was the origin of all of the vessels in the body but proposed a system in which air was breathed into the lungs and traveled to the left ventricle via pulmonary veins . It was transformed there into the pneuma and distributed throughout the body by arteries , which contained only air . In this system , veins distributed blood throughout the body , and this blood did not circulate , but rather was consumed by the organs . </P> <P> The Greek physician Galen ( 129 - c. 210 CE ) provided the next insights into pulmonary circulation . Though many of his theories , like those of his predecessors , were incorrect , his theory of pulmonary circulation dominated the medical community for hundreds of years after his death . Galen contradicted Erasistratus before him by proposing that arteries carried both air and blood , rather than air alone . He proposed that the liver was the point of origin for all blood vessels and that the heart was not a pumping muscle , but rather an organ which blood passed through . Galen 's theory included a new description of pulmonary circulation . In it , air was inhaled into the lungs where it became the pneuma . Pulmonary veins transmitted this pneuma to the left ventricle of the heart to cool the blood simultaneously arriving there . This mixture of pneuma , blood , and cooling produced the vital spirits which could then be transported throughout the body via arteries . Galen also proposed that the heat of the blood arriving in the heart produced noxious vapors which were expelled through the same pulmonary veins that first brought the pneuma . He wrote that the right ventricle played a different role than the left ; it transported blood to the lungs where the impurities were vented out so that clean blood could be distributed throughout the body . Though Galen 's description of the anatomy of the heart was more complete than those of his predecessors , it included several mistakes . Most notably , Galen believed that blood flowed between the two ventricles of the heart through small , invisible pores in the interventricular septum . </P> <P> The next developments in the human understanding of pulmonary circulation did not come until centuries later . Persian polymath Avicenna ( c. 980 - 1037 CE ) wrote a medical encyclopedia entitled The Canon of Medicine . In this book , he translated and compiled contemporary medical knowledge and added some new information of his own . However ,

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs through

How oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs?

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In Another World with My Smartphone - Wikipedia <H1> In Another World with My Smartphone </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> In Another World With My Smartphone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of the first volume featuring Yumina ( left ) , Touya ( middle ) and Sushie ( right ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに ( Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Harem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Light novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Patora Fuyuhara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrated by </Th> <Td> Eiji Usatsuka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published by </Th> <Td> Hobby Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English publisher </Th> <Td> J - Novel Club </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographic </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imprint </Th> <Td> HJ Novels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> 2015 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Manga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Fuyuhara Patora </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrated by </Th> <Td> Soto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published by </Th> <Td> Kadokawa Shoten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographic </Th> <Td> Seinen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazine </Th> <Td> Comp Ace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> November 26 , 2016 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anime television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Takeyuki Yanase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Hiromi Matsuda Ryuji Kasamatsu Keiji Hamada Shigeto Nihei Yasuyuki Iwanami Hideo Momoda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Natsuko Takahashi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Exit Tunes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Production Reed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Licensed by </Th> <Td> Funimation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> AT - X , Tokyo MX , BS11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> July 11 , 2017 -- September 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> 12 ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Another World With My Smartphone ( 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに , Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka . J - Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release , releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017 . A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's Comp Ace in November 2016 . An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Media <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Light Novels </Li> <Li> 3.2 Manga </Li> <Li> 3.3 Anime </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> While returning from school , 15 - year - old Touya Mochizuki is accidentally struck by lightning and killed by God . As an apology , God allows him to be resurrected , but since he can not send him back to his old world , he instead reincarnates him into a fantasy world along with a single special request . Touya uses his request in order to bring his smartphone into the new world with him , which God modifies so that the phone will function in the new world . God also amplifies Touya 's physical , magical , and cognitive abilities to a certain degree as a further apology for the inconvenience of killing him . Taking full advantage of his second chance at life , Touya befriends many different people in the new world . He begins to travel from country to country , solving political disputes , minor quests , and nonchalantly enjoying himself with his newfound allies . This eventually leads to the discovery of the lost kingdom of Babylon , a shattered floating citadel that Touya is destined to find the various segments of to reform the ancient country . Touya also encounters the `` Fraze '' , mysterious crystalline beasts invading the world through tears in time and space , which are somehow linked to the destruction of Babylon ; he also learns that the pieces of Babylon itself hold the key to defeating the resurgent Fraze - a lost robotic weaponry system known as the Frame Gear . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Touya Mochizuki ( 望月 冬 夜 , Mochizuki Tōya ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Katsumi Fukuhara ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) </Dd> <Dd> A fifteen - year - old from Earth , reborn by God into the other world as a way of apology for the latter 's mistake of killing him . His smartphone is his only remaining connection to Earth ; while he can no longer call upon anyone from his old life , he can still access the Internet , and the battery can be recharged with magical energy . He is bestowed with all seven attributes of magic : fire , water , wind , earth , light , dark , and null . As a result , he can also cast any null magic , so long as he can learn its name and effects . He also has an inexhaustible supply of magic because God revived him . He regularly gets mistaken to be from Eashen where Yae is from because Eashen is similar to Japan , both countries sharing the same back - to - front naming system . He begins as a simple adventurer in the Kingdom of Belfast , though due to his granted skills and humble nature he quickly rises in fame through impulsive acts such as saving the king 's life from poison , which gains him the king 's daughter Yumina as an unexpected fiance . After discovering the first Babylon `` Aerial Garden '' and having a mock conversation with Professor Regina Babylon , he sets out to find the rest of the Babylons in order to defeat the Fraze . According to Babylon 's vision , Touya would have nine wives total . He gradually forms pacts with all four of the Heavenly Beasts , with the first and most loyal being Kohaku , the White Monarch . He also eventually becomes king of the Duchy of Brunhild after helping to smooth out relations between the Regulus Empire and Belfast Kingdom . He often uses knowledge from his previous life , as well as information available via his smartphone , to create products and earn lots of money . He is also the first silver rank adventurer to appear in 18 years , and later , upon achieving gold rank , becomes one of only two living `` heroes '' in the world . </Dd> <Dt> Elze Silhoueska ( エルゼ ・ シルエスカ , Eruze Shiruesuka ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Maaya Uchida ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) </Dd> <Dd> The elder sister of the Silhoueska twins , a pair of wandering adventurers , and with her natural impulsiveness as a fighter by profession . She has long hair and a smaller chest than her sister . Touya meets her and Linze early in his journey , rescuing them from rogues in an alleyway ( one of whom Elze knocked out herself ) , and thereafter they register as adventurers in his party with the local guild . Elze fights with a pair of enchanted gauntlets and can only use the non-attribute magic ' Boost ' , which increases her physical abilities . She also likes spicy food , and seems to have a very high tolerance for it , to the point that she 's not allowed in the kitchen because she adds too much spice to her dishes . During her travels , she forms affections for Touya , but tries to hold them back for the sake of her sister , who also falls for him . In the end , she and Yae fight Touya in a mock battle and win , requesting to become his fiances as their prize . She is Touya 's third fiancée . </Dd> <Dt> Linze Silhoueska ( リンゼ ・ シルエスカ , Rinze Shiruesuka ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Yui Fukuo ( Japanese ) ; Jill Harris ( English ) </Dd> <Dd> The younger sister of the Silhoueska twins . With her intelligence and natural talent , she is the magic specialist of the two sisters . She has short hair and larger breasts than her sister , and can use three magic attributes : fire , water , and light . Touya meets her and Elze early in his journey , rescuing them from rogues in an alleyway , and thereafter they register as adventurers in his party with the local guild . Linze is the gentlest of the girls in the group , often appearing shy and easily flustered , though on the rare occasion that she is angered , Touya believes her to be the most scary of his companions . She develops feelings for Touya , but at first can not admit to them . Later , when Francesca registered Touya as her new master via a kiss , Linze suddenly bravely confesses her love and kisses Touya in front of the other girls . Shortly thereafter , she becomes Touya 's second fiancée . </Dd> <Dt> Yae Kokonoe ( 九重 八重 , Kokonoe Yae ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki ( Japanese ) ; Michelle Rojas ( English ) </Dd> <Dd> Born in the far eastern country of Eashen to a samurai family , Yae left her home to travel and hone her skills elsewhere . Touya 's group crosses paths with her during their travels , helping to fend off a group of ruffians attacking her . Thereafter , she decides to accompany Touya on his travels . Eventually she returns to Eashen alongside his group to save her father , brother , and hometown from a provincial war within the country . Throughout these events , she falls in love with Touya . In the end , she and Elze fight Touya in a mock battle and win , requesting to become his fiances as their prize . She is Touya 's fourth fiancée . </Dd> <Dt> Yumina Urnea Belfast ( ユミナ ・ エルネア ・ ベル ファスト , Yumina Erunea Berufasuto ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Marika Kōno ( Japanese ) ; Felecia Angelle ( English ) </Dd> <Dd> Crown Princess of Belfast and daughter of King Tristwin Ernes Belfast and Queen Yuel Ernea Belfast , Yumina meets Touya when he heals her father from an attempted poisoning . Yumina possess the null magic `` Mystic Eyes '' , an ability that comes from her Heterochormia Eyes which give her the ability to see a person 's true nature . Due to this power , upon seeing the selfless and kind aura surrounding Touya after he saves her father , she asks to be engaged to him , believing that she will never find a better candidate to be her husband . Yumina learns early of the other girls ' affections for Touya , actively encourages their feelings since polygamy is standard in her world and she desires strong wives who will love and support her husband - to - be . She possesses three magic attributes : wind , earth , and darkness . She is also proficient with bows and arrows , often choosing to fight alongside a pack of hunting wolves summoned with her darkness attribute . After visiting the Aerial Garden of Babylon , Yumina encourages the other girls to confess their feelings to Touya , leading to Elze , Linze , and Yae becoming his fiances alongside her . Later , when Touya becomes King of the

The Japanese title of the series "In Another World with My Smartphone" is

In another world with my smartphone japanese title?

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<Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Abdelilah Benkirane increased the retirement age to 65 since 2015 . Expectations say that it will increase to 66 by 2017 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The early retirement age for public employees is 55 years , but will be reduced to 50 years ( in 2016 ) . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 58 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 68 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 67 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> See also : Pensions in Norway The general retirement age is currently set to age 67 , however , given sufficient pension contributions it is possible to retire as early as at age 62 . The longer an individual postpones withdrawing a pension , the greater the government pension provision becomes . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> The age is 60 if in hazardous or unhealthy occupations . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The retirement age for an employee depends on the employment contract . Upon retirement , the retired employee should be given his / her benefits according to the agreement or contract between the employer and the employee . However , if there is no existing retirement plan or agreement for the employee , he / she may retire at the age of 60 , given that he / she has served the employer for 5 years , and shall be given a retirement pay of at least half a month 's salary for every year of service ( 6 months of work given is considered as 1 whole year for the retirement pay ) . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 66 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 60y9 months </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The age for women is being increased gradually . It will reach 63 by 2030 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> In Saudi Arabia , the retirement age is based on the Hijiri ( lunar ) calendar . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 62 -- 65 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> In Singapore , the Retirement Age Act ( RAA ) has been replaced by the Retirement and Re-employment Act ( RRA ) in 2012 . Under the RRA , the statutory minimum retirement age is still 62 , but employers are now required to offer re-employment to eligible employees who turn 62 , up to the age of 65 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 58y3months - 62y </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> In Slovakia the retirement age for women depends on the number of children . The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 62 in 2017 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 64y4months </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65y3months </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The age will be 67 by 2027 . See also : Pensions in Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 55 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 65 in 2020 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 66 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> In Taiwan the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 60 -- 65 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> In 1999 the retirement age was changed from 48 for men and 38 for women . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> In Ukraine the retirement age is to be increased gradually to 60 years for women and 62 years for men - civil servants by 2021 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> In the United Arab Emirates the mandatory retirement age was raised from 60 to 65 in 2010 , enabling the UAE to retain its needed expat skilled work force longer for key construction projects . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 65 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> State pension age equalized at 65 in 2018 . Increasing to 66 by 2020 , 67 by 2028 and 68 by 2037 . See also : Pensions in the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 66 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Main article : Pensions in the United States The earliest age workers may statutorily receive Social Security benefits and Medicare . Retirement Age in the US The age will be 67 by 2027 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The average of statutory retirement age in the 34 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) in 2014 was males 65 years and females 63.5 years , but the tendency all over the world is to increase the retirement age . This is also reflected by the findings that just over half the Asian investors surveyed region - wide said they agreed with raising the retirement age , with a quarter disagreeing and the remainder undecided . </P> <H2> Gender inequality ( edit ) </H2> <P> Men either retire later than women or at the same time . This inequality is being addressed in some countries where the retirement ages are being equalised . </P> <H2> Reform ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reforms tend to be phased - in slowly when the retirement age ( or pension age ) is increased , with grandfathering ensuring a gradual change . In contrast , when the age of retirement is decreased , changes are often brought about rapidly . </P> <P> One such example of grandfathering are the transitional pension rules which were applied for staff aged 54 years or older , and to some extent for all staff in place , when in 2014 the retirement age of European civil servants was increased to 66 years of age . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pension </Li> <Li> Retirement </Li> <Li> Retirement in Europe </Li> <Li> Mandatory retirement </Li> <Li> History of retirement </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Setting an Ideal Retirement Age ! '' . Centre for Public Policy Research ( CPPR ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Casa Judeteana de Pensii Arad '' . cjpensiiarad.ro . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Інформація про поточний пенсійний вік у різних країнах , Консультаційна компанія `` Стратегія Лайф '' ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jubilación ordinaria o prestación por Vejez </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Age Pension '' . humanservices.gov.au . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Etk.fi - Avain asiantuntijan työeläketietoon '' . etk.fi . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 2009 Ageing Report : Economic and budgetary projections for the EU - 27 Member States ( 2008 -- 2060 ) . Joint Report prepared by the European Commission ( DG ECFIN ) and the Economic Policy Committee ( AWG ) , ( 2 ) , p. 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.belta.by/infographica/view/pensionnyj-vozrast-v-belarusi-2908/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kłos B. , Wiek emerytalny kobiet i mężczyzn , `` infos '' , 7.02. 2008 Archived 2010 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ban was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição do professor '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria especial por tempo de contribuição '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por invalidez '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição da pessoa com deficiência '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por idade da pessoa com deficiência '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aposentadoria por idade '' . previdencia.gov.br ( in Portuguese ) . Previdência Social . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retirement Age At 65 To Be Enforced In Public & Private Sectors '' . Island Sun . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.noi.bg/en/pensions/grantpensions/1854-posv13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Pension Plan Retirement Pension '' . servicecanada.gc.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Old Age Security program '' . servicecanada.gc.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ¿ El trabajador que ha cumplido la edad de 65 años si es hombre o 60 años si es mujer , está obligado a seguir cotizando en la AFP a la cual se encuentra afiliado ? '' . dt.gob.cl . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Council Circular on Issuing `` State Council Temporary Measures on Providing for Old , Weak , Sick , and Handicapped Cadres '' and `` State Council Temporary Measures on Workers ' Retirement , Resignation '' ( Chinese Text ) `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retirement age will be pushed back '' . china.org.cn . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.banderasnews.com/0903/nz-cubagoesgray.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.etk.fi/en/the-pension-system-2/the-pension-system/international-comparison/retirement-ages/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.cssz.cz/en/pension-insurance/old-age-pension.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Part 3 of paragraph 32 of Czech

The government changed the retirement age in

When did the government change the retirement age?

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was aired on Hulu in August 2012 as an exclusive series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 AC - 12 personnel </Li> <Li> 1.2 AC - 12 suspects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Supporting cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 AC - 12 personnel </Li> <Li> 2.2 TO - 20 personnel </Li> <Li> 2.3 Armed Response personnel </Li> <Li> 2.4 Operation Trapdoor personnel </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other police personnel </Li> <Li> 2.6 Other supporting cast and characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Inspiration </Li> <Li> 3.2 Locations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Series overview </Li> <Li> 5 Episodes </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 7 Censure by Ofcom </Li> <Li> 8 Home media releases </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> AC - 12 personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Martin Compston as Detective Sergeant Steve Arnott </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Arnott is a detective sergeant assigned to AC - 12 , the anti-corruption unit within Central Police . He initially served as an anti-terrorism officer , but was transferred after he refused to collude with his fellow colleagues following the shooting death of an innocent man . During series three , Arnott is accused of being a gangland informant known as The Caddy , framed for the murder of DI Lindsay Denton , and is later arrested . He is cleared of all charges . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Vicky McClure as Detective Constable Kate Fleming </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Fleming is originally a detective constable and an undercover specialist . A consummate professional , Kate is willing to investigate officers both within , and outside of , AC - 12 . In series two , Kate begins investigating DI Lindsay Denton . She is promoted to Sergeant at the end of series three . Kate has a son , though her ex-husband retains custody . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adrian Dunbar as Superintendent Ted Hastings </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Hastings , a police superintendent , is the Senior Investigating Officer of AC - 12 . He personally recruited Arnott , Fleming , and Cottan , and has a black - and - white view of the law . In series three , it is revealed that Hastings is a Freemason , which causes both Arnott and Fleming to doubt his commitment to AC - 12 . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Craig Parkinson as Detective Inspector Matthew `` Dot '' Cottan ( series 1 -- 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Originally a DS attached to TO - 20 , Cottan is promoted to DI and transfers to AC - 9 at the close of the Tony Gates investigation . During the Lindsey Denton investigation , he transfers to AC - 12 . Acting as Fleming and Arnott 's supervising officer , Cotton oversees numerous anti-corruption investigations , though he is later revealed to be the notorious `` Caddy '' . In series 3 , he shoots and kills Lindsay Denton , and is later shot and killed himself . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> AC - 12 suspects ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lennie James as Detective Chief Inspector Anthony `` Tony '' Gates ( series 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> As the head of the serious crime unit TO - 20 , Tony Gates is renowned for returning the best crime figures of any unit in Central Police . It is this reputation , however , that leads AC - 12 to his team . Suspected of corruption , Gates faces an internal affairs investigation that adds further complications to his troubled home - life . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Keeley Hawes as Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton ( series 2 & 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Denton organises a convoy to transport a protected witness which is ambushed , resulting in the deaths of all the other police officers . As the only police survivor , Denton is arrested , charged with conspiracy to commit murder . She attempts to convince AC - 12 of her innocence and regain her reputation , but eventually receives a life sentence . In series 3 , Denton is granted an appeal , and is acquitted on the basis of an improper sexual relationship Arnott had with her while she was being investigated . She discovers crucial evidence pertaining to the Danny Waldron murder investigation and historical child sex abuse , but after refusing to accept a bribe to conceal that evidence , she is murdered by `` The Caddy '' , a corrupt officer . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Mays as Sergeant Danny Waldron ( series 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Danny and his armed response unit are investigated by AC - 12 , as a matter of routine , following the shooting of a suspect during an operation . When Arnott and Fleming discover the shooting may not have been lawful , a deeper investigation is initiated . Danny is shot and killed by a colleague , and his death results in the opening of an investigation into historic child sex abuse , as well as leading to the unmasking of `` The Caddy '' . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Thandie Newton as Detective Chief Inspector Roseanne `` Roz '' Huntley ( series 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Huntley is the senior investigating pfficer of Operation Trapdoor and at the centre of an AC - 12 investigation for mishandling evidence . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Supporting cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> AC - 12 personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jessica Raine as Detective Constable Georgia Trotman ( series 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Assigned to AC - 12 following a stint as a patrol officer , Trotman is briefly partnered with Steve Arnott during the initial stages of the Lindsay Denton investigation before being pushed out of a hospital window and killed . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Polly Walker as Gill Biggeloe ( series 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Following the Lindsay Denton investigation , Biggeloe -- a Police and Crime Commissioner legal counsellor -- is assigned to AC - 12 in order to ensure its credibility is maintained . However , her presence is disliked by Hastings and Arnott , and numerous conversations imply a `` politicisation '' of the department by the Police Crime Commissioner . She later tenders her resignation at the end of Series 3 . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Maya Sondhi as Police Constable Maneet Bindra ( series 3 & 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Maneet is first seen during the Danny Waldron investigation and later handing sensitive material to ACC Derek Hilton during Series 4 . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Royce Pierreson as Detective Constable Jamie Desford ( series 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Jamie is first seen during the Roz Huntley investigation . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> TO - 20 personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Neil Morrissey as DC Nigel Morton ( series 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Keelan as DS Leah Janson ( series 1 ) </Li> <Li> Nigel Boyle as DI , later DCI , Ian Buckells ( series 1 & 4 ) </Li> <Li> Faraz Ayub as DC Deepak Kapoor ( series 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Armed Response personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arsher Ali as PC Harinderpal `` Hari '' Bains ( series 3 ) </Li> <Li> Leanne Best as PC Jackie Brickford ( series 3 ) </Li> <Li> Will Mellor as PC Rod Kennedy ( series 3 ) </Li> <Li> Lisa Palfrey as Insp . McAndrew ( series 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Operation Trapdoor personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jason Watkins as FC Tim Ifield ( series 4 ) </Li> <Li> Claudia Jessie as DC Jodie Taylor ( series 4 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Stobbart as DS Neil Twyler ( series 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other police personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Paul Higgins as Chief Supt. , later ACC , Derek Hilton ( series 1 & 4 ) </Li> <Li> Owen Teale as Chief Insp . Philip Osborne ( series 1 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Pitts as DCS Lester Hargreaves ( series 2 & 4 ) </Li> <Li> Christina Chong as DS Nicola Rogerson ( series 2 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Bonnar as DCC Mike Dryden ( series 2 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Toussaint as Chief Supt . Mallick ( series 2 ) </Li> <Li> Sacha Dhawan as DS Manish Prasad ( series 2 ) </Li> <Li> Aiysha Hart as DS Sam Railston ( series 3 & 4 ) </Li> <Li> Shaun Parkes as Chief Supt . Terry Reynolds ( series 3 ) </Li> <Li> George Costigan as Former Chief Supt . Patrick Fairbank ( series 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other supporting cast and characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gina McKee as Jackie Laverty ( series 1 ) </Li> <Li> Kate Ashfield as Jools Gates ( series 1 ) </Li> <Li> Brian McCardie as Tommy Hunter ( series 1 & 2 ) </Li> <Li> Liz White as Jo Dwyer ( series 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jonas Armstrong as Joe Nash ( series 3 ) </Li> <Li> Lee Ingleby as Nick Huntley ( series 4 ) </Li> <Li> Gaite Jansen as Hana Reznikova ( series 4 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Reid as Michael Farmer ( series 4 ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Baladi as Jimmy Lakewell ( series 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Series one and two were created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions , on behalf of BBC Two . David Caffrey and Douglas Mackinnon directed series one . Mackinnon was retained as director for series two 's first three episodes , whilst Daniel Nettheim directed series two 's last three episodes . Mercurio produced series one and acted as executive producer for series two , with Peter Norris taking over as producer for series two . </P> <H3> Inspiration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the police refused to co-operate with the programme 's producers , the production team was advised anonymously by serving officers and by retired police officers . Use was made of anonymous police blogs . </P> <H3> Locations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Series one was filmed in Birmingham ( including pub interiors in the Queens Arms ) and series two , three and four in Northern Ireland by BBC Northern Ireland . The name of the city is not mentioned . Maps of Birmingham appear on walls and telephone numbers use an 0121 area code , so would indicate Birmingham . The police force referred to in multiple series is the fictional East Midlands Constabulary . A photo gallery of exterior scenes from series two shows the 4th Street Station on Ormeau Avenue in Belfast . </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> DVD release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series premiere </Th> <Th> Series finale </Th> <Th> Region 2 </Th> <Th> Region 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 26 June 2012 </Td> <Td> 24 July 2012 </Td> <Td> 3 February 2014 </Td> <Td> 29 October 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 February 2014 </Td> <Td> 19 March 2014 </Td> <Td> 24 March 2014 </Td> <Td> 2 September 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 24 March 2016 </Td> <Td> 28 April 2016 </Td> <Td> 2 May 2016 </Td> <Td> 9 August 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 26 March 2017 </Td> <Td> 30 April 2017 </Td> <Td> 8 May 2017 </Td> <Td> 26 September 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Line of Duty episodes <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Association </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td>

The role of Jill Bigelow in Line of Duty is played by

Who plays jill bigelow in line of duty?

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Statue of Liberty - wikipedia <H1> Statue of Liberty </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) </Li> <Li> From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dedicated </Th> <Td> October 28 , 1886 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Restored </Th> <Td> 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sculptor </Th> <Td> Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visitors </Th> <Td> 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governing body </Th> <Td> U.S. National Park Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Statue of Liberty National Monument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cultural </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criteria </Th> <Td> i , vi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> 1984 ( 8th session ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reference no . </Th> <Td> 307 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Party </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> Europe and North America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> U.S. National Monument </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> October 15 , 1924 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated by </Th> <Td> President Calvin Coolidge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> October 15 , 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reference no . </Th> <Td> 66000058 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> New Jersey Register of Historic Places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> May 27 , 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reference no . </Th> <Td> 1535 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> New York City Landmark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Individual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> September 14 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . </P> <P> The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . </P> <P> Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . </P> <P> The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . </P> <P> The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Design and construction process <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism </Li> <Li> 1.3 Announcement and early work </Li> <Li> 1.4 Construction in France <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Design </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Fundraising </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Construction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Dedication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 After dedication <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Access and attributes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Location and tourism </Li> <Li> 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Physical characteristics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Depictions </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Design and construction process </H2> <H3> Origin </H3> As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . <P> According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' </P> Bartholdi 's design patent <P> According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . </P> <P> Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . </P> <P> Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait

The Statue of Liberty was originally built in

Where was the statue of liberty originally built?

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, reveal yourself and flash like lightning here , </Dd> <Dd> within the glory of your own earth and sky . </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> At running and at wrestling and at throwing , </Dd> <Dd> Shine in the momentum of noble contests , </Dd> <Dd> And crown with the unfading branch </Dd> <Dd> And make the body worthy and ironlike . ( 2x ) </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Plains , mountains and seas glow with you </Dd> <Dd> Like a white - and - purple great temple , </Dd> <Dd> And hastens to the temple here - your pilgrim , ( 2x ) </Dd> <Dd> O Ancient immortal Spirit - every nation . ( 2x ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Immortal spirit of antiquity </Dd> <Dd> Father of the true , beautiful and good </Dd> <Dd> Descend , appear , shed over us thy light </Dd> <Dd> Upon this ground and under this sky </Dd> <Dd> Which has first witnessed thy unperishable fame </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Give life and animation to these noble games ! </Dd> <Dd> Throw wreaths of fadeless flowers to the victors </Dd> <Dd> In the race and in the strife </Dd> <Dd> Create in our breasts , hearts of steel ! </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> In thy light , plains , mountains and seas </Dd> <Dd> Shine in a roseate hue and form a vast temple </Dd> <Dd> To which all nations throng to adore thee </Dd> <Dd> Oh immortal spirit of antiquity ! </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> English sung version </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Olympian flame immortal </Dd> <Dd> Whose beacon lights our way </Dd> <Dd> Emblaze our hearts with the fires of hope </Dd> <Dd> On this momentous day </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> As now we come across the world </Dd> <Dd> To share these Games of old </Dd> <Dd> Let all the flags of every land </Dd> <Dd> In brotherhood unfold </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Sing out each nation , voices strong </Dd> <Dd> Rise up in harmony </Dd> <Dd> All hail our brave Olympians </Dd> <Dd> With strains of victory </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Olympic light burn on and on </Dd> <Dd> O'er seas and mountains and plains </Dd> <Dd> Unite , inspire , bring honor </Dd> <Dd> To these ascending games </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> May valor reign victorious </Dd> <Dd> Along the path of golden way </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> As tomorrow 's new champions now come forth </Dd> <Dd> Rising to the fervent spirit of the game </Dd> <Dd> Let splendour pervade each noble deed </Dd> <Dd> Crowned with glory and fame </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> And let fraternity and fellowship </Dd> <Dd> Surround the soul of every nation </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Oh flame , eternal in your firmament so bright </Dd> <Dd> Illuminate us with your everlasting light </Dd> <Dd> That grace and beauty and magnificence </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Shine like the sun </Dd> <Dd> Blazing above </Dd> <Dd> Bestow on us your honor , truth and love </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Note : This version , although often performed at opening / closing ceremonies , appears to enjoy far less exposure than the original . Hence its words may be determined only by listening to performances ; correspondents will most probably disagree on the correct form . An alternate ending to the lyrics ( used at the opening ceremony of the 1984 Los Angeles games ) was `` Bestow on us the wondrous prize of honor , truth and love . '' and at the closing ceremony of the 2012 London games was to short the English lyrics to the ending . This version was sung at the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> French sung version </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Esprit antique et éternel , créateur auguste </Dd> <Dd> De la beauté , de la grandeur et de la vérité </Dd> <Dd> Descends ici , parais , brille comme l'éclair , </Dd> <Dd> Dans la gloire de la terre et de ton ciel . </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Dans la course et la lutte et le poids </Dd> <Dd> Des nobles jeux éclaire l'élan , </Dd> <Dd> Prépare la couronne </Dd> <Dd> Faite de la branche immortelle , </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Et donne au corps la force </Dd> <Dd> De l'acier et la dignité . </Dd> <Dd> Les campagnes , les monts , </Dd> <Dd> Les mers brillent autour de toi , </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Comme un grand temple fait </Dd> <Dd> De pourpre et de blancheur , </Dd> <Dd> Et dans le temple ici accourent tous les peuples </Dd> <Dd> Pour se prosterner devant toi , </Dd> <Dd> Esprit antique et éternel . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> If the anthem is to be performed in English , then the English sung version is used , which has been usually in English - speaking countries . If it is to be performed in a language other than English or Greek , then the original version is translated to the language it is to be performed but in the 2008 Beijing games , Greek was also sung instead of Chinese and in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro games , English was also sung instead of Portuguese . The only Olympic games in which lyrics of the English version were used in translation were the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Donovan Seidle , associate music director during the games , arranged the anthem , translating some of the stanzas to French in recognition of the official bilingualism in Canada . </P> <H2> Languages in which anthem was performed ( edit ) </H2> <P> The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages , usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries . The IOC does n't require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek . But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing , China , Greek was sung instead of the host country 's official language , Mandarin . Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , English was also sung instead of host country 's official language , Portuguese . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Olympics </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Language Performed </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 Summer </Td> <Td> Athens , Greece </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> The anthem was performed for the first time at the opening ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Winter </Td> <Td> Squaw Valley , United States </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> This was the first time that the Olympic Hymn was performed since the Athens 1896 games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Summer </Td> <Td> Rome , Italy </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Winter </Td> <Td> Innsbruck , Austria </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Summer </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> Instrumental ( opening ) Japanese ( closing ) </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Japanese at the closing ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 Winter </Td> <Td> Grenoble , France </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 Summer </Td> <Td> Mexico City , Mexico </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 Winter </Td> <Td> Sapporo , Japan </Td> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 Summer </Td> <Td> Munich , West Germany </Td> <Td> Instrumental </Td> <Td> An instrumental arrangement was used during the opening and closing ceremonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 Winter </Td> <Td> Innsbruck , Austria </Td> <Td> German and Latin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 Summer </Td> <Td> Montreal , Canada </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Greek . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 Winter </Td> <Td> Lake Placid , United States </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 Summer </Td> <Td> Moscow , Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Russian ( opening ) Greek ( closing ) </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Russian at the opening ceremony then in Greek at the closing ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 Winter </Td> <Td> Sarajevo , Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Serbo - Croatian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 Summer </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , United States </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 Winter </Td> <Td> Calgary , Canada </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Greek . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 Summer </Td> <Td> Seoul , South Korea </Td> <Td> Korean </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 Winter </Td> <Td> Albertville , France </Td> <Td> Instrumental </Td> <Td> The instrumental version of the anthem was played . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 Summer </Td> <Td> Barcelona , Spain </Td> <Td> Catalan / French ( opening ) Spanish , English ( closing ) </Td> <Td> At the opening ceremony , Alfredo Kraus sang the anthem 's first two stanzas in Catalan and the rest of the anthem in Spanish and French . At the closing ceremony , Plácido Domingo sang it in both Spanish and English lyrics . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 Winter </Td> <Td> Lillehammer , Norway </Td> <Td> Norwegian </Td> <Td> Sung at both the opening and closing ceremonies by Sissel Kyrkjebø with the Children 's chorus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 Summer </Td> <Td> Atlanta , United States </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Performed at the Opening Ceremony by the 300 voices of the Centennial Olympic Choir with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and at the Closing Ceremony by Jennifer Larmore and the Morehouse College Glee Club with the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 Winter </Td> <Td> Nagano , Japan </Td> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> Performed by the Nagano Festival Orchestra and sung by the Nagano City Children 's Chorus Group in Japanese . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 Summer </Td> <Td> Sydney , Australia </Td> <Td> Greek ( opening ) English ( closing ) </Td> <Td> These were the first Olympics until 2018 Winter Olympics in which the anthem was conducted in both languages preferred by the IOC . At the opening ceremony , performed in Greek by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in recognition of the substantial Greek population of Australia . At closing ceremony , performed in English by Australian soprano Yvonne Kenny . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 Winter </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City , United States </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sung by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir at the Opening Ceremony and by Laura Garff - Lewis at the Closing Ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 Summer </Td> <Td> Athens , Greece </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> In Greek ; sung to the arrangement of John Psathas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 Winter </Td> <Td> Turin , Italy </Td> <Td> Instrumental </Td> <Td> At these Olympics , an abbreviated version was performed at both the opening and closing ceremonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 Summer </Td> <Td> Beijing , China </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Greek at both the opening ceremony and closing ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 Winter </Td> <Td> Vancouver , Canada </Td> <Td> English and French </Td> <Td> This was the only Olympics that the anthem was performed in both of the official languages of the Olympics . This was done to reflect the official bilingualism in Canada . Measha Brueggergosman at the opening ceremony and Ben Heppner at the closing ceremony sang the first two , the fourth , and sixth stanzas in English and the remainder in French . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 Youth </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> The anthem was sung in Greek . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 Youth </Td> <Td> Innsbruck , Austria </Td> <Td> Instrumental </Td> <Td> The instrumental version of the anthem was played at both opening and closing ceremonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012

The Olympic anthem is sung in

What language is the olympic anthem sang in?

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USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) - wikipedia <H1> USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other ships with the same name , see USS Bonhomme Richard . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name : </Td> <Td> Bonhomme Richard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Builder : </Td> <Td> French East India Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laid down : </Td> <Td> 1765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Launched : </Td> <Td> 1766 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Acquired : </Td> <Td> 4 February 1779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In service : </Td> <Td> 4 February 1779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Out of service : </Td> <Td> 25 September 1779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fate : </Td> <Td> Sunk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonnage : </Td> <Td> 998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Length : </Td> <Td> 152 ft ( 46 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beam : </Td> <Td> 40 ft ( 12 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draft : </Td> <Td> 19 ft ( 5.8 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Propulsion : </Td> <Td> Sail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Complement : </Td> <Td> 380 officers and enlisted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armament : </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 28 × 12 - pound smoothbore </Li> <Li> 6 × 18 - pound smoothbore </Li> <Li> 8 × 9 - pound smoothbore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bonhomme Richard , formerly Duc de Duras , was a warship in the Continental Navy . She was originally an East Indiaman , a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765 , for service between France and the Orient . She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779 , by King Louis XVI of France as a result of a loan to the United States by French shipping magnate , Jacques - Donatien Le Ray . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 First patrols </Li> <Li> 3 Battle of Flamborough Head </Li> <Li> 4 Search for the wreck </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bonhomme Richard was originally an East Indiaman named Duc de Duras , a merchant ship built at Lorient according to the plan drawn up by the King 's Master Shipwright Antoine Groignard for the French East India Company in 1765 . Her design allowed her to be quickly transformed into a man - of - war in case of necessity to support the navy . She made two voyages to China , the first in 1766 and the second in 1769 . At her return the French East India Company had been dissolved , and all its installations and ships transferred to the French Navy . As a naval ship she made a voyage to Isle de France before being sold to private shipowners in 1771 . She sailed in private service until she was purchased by King Louis XVI of France in early 1779 and placed under the command of John Paul Jones on 4 February . The size and armament of Duc de Duras made her roughly equivalent to half of a 64 - gun ship of the line . </P> <P> Jones renamed her Bon Homme Richard ( usually rendered in more correct French as Bonhomme Richard ) in honor of Benjamin Franklin , the American Commissioner at Paris whose Poor Richard 's Almanac was published in France under the title Les Maximes du Bonhomme Richard . </P> <H2> First patrols ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 19 June 1779 , Bonhomme Richard sailed from Lorient accompanied by USS Alliance , Pallas , Vengeance , and Cerf with troop transports and merchant vessels under convoy to Bordeaux and to cruise against the British in the Bay of Biscay . Forced to return to port for repair , the squadron sailed again 14 August 1779 . It went northwest around the west coast of the British Isles into the North Sea and then down the east coast . The squadron took 16 merchant vessels as prizes . </P> <H2> Battle of Flamborough Head ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Battle of Flamborough Head Bonhomme Richard on fire <P> On 23 September 1779 , the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head . The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6 : 00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours , costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews . British victory seemed inevitable , as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect . The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender . He replied , `` Sir , I have not yet begun to fight ! '' Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together , nullifying his opponent 's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of Bonhomme Richard . An attempt by the Americans to board Serapis was repulsed , as was an attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard . Finally , after another of Jones 's ships joined the fight , the British captain was forced to surrender at about 10 : 30 p.m. The Bonhomme Richard -- shattered , on fire , leaking badly -- defied all efforts to save her and sank about 36 hours later at 11 : 00 a.m. on Saturday , 25 September 1779 . Jones sailed the captured Serapis to the Dutch United Provinces for repairs . </P> <P> Though the Bonhomme Richard sank after the battle , the battle 's outcome was one of the factors that convinced the French crown to back the colonies in their fight to become independent of British authority . </P> <H2> Search for the wreck ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bonhomme Richard 's final resting location is the subject of much speculation . A number of unsuccessful efforts have been conducted to locate the wreck . The location is presumed to be in approximately 180 feet ( 55 m ) of water off Flamborough Head , Yorkshire , a headland near where her final battle took place . The quantity of other wrecks in the area and a century of fishing trawler operations have complicated all searches . </P> <P> One season 's attempts to locate and retrieve the ship , or some artifacts from her , using USNS Grasp were filmed for the Discovery Channel 's Mighty Ships series in 2011 . The U.S. Navy 's mission was unsuccessful . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Serapis flag </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bonhomme Richard '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Duc de Duras . '' Archeologie & Modelisme d'Arsenal . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill ( 1905 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LE BONHOMME - RICHARD , Échelle 1 / 48 par Pierre et Jacques Maillière , Commentaires G.D. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grasp hunts for John Paul Jones ' ship '' . www.msc.navy.mil . October 1 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Sources </P> <Ul> <Li> This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . </Li> </Ul> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Allen , Gardner Weld ( 1913 ) . A Naval History of the American Revolution . II . Boston , New York : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 2613121 . </Li> <Li> Beach , Edward L. ( 1986 ) . The United States Navy 200 Years . New York : H. Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 044711 - 2 . OCLC 12104038 . </Li> <Li> Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1856 ) . History of the Navy of the United States of America . New York : Stringer & Townsend . OCLC 197401914 . </Li> <Li> Hill , Frederic Stanhope ( 1905 ) . Twenty - Six Historic Ships . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 1667284 . </Li> <Li> Maclay , Edgar Stanton ; Smith , Roy Campbell ( 1898 ) ( 1893 ) . A History of the United States Navy , from 1775 to 1898 . 1 ( New ed . ) . New York : D. Appleton . OCLC 609036 . </Li> <Li> `` Navy Searches for John Paul Jones ' Ship '' . Navy News Service . 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Ryan , Melisa ( Fall -- Winter 2006 ) . `` Recapturing the Unsinkable Spirit of the Bonhomme Richard '' ( PDF ) . Wrack Lines Magazine . Groton : Connecticut Sea Grant . 6 ( 2 ) . ISSN 2151 - 2825 . OCLC 48206014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Roff ( August 2008 ) . `` The Ghost Ship of Filey Bay '' . National Geographic . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 6451257 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Bonhomme Richard ( 1765 ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Detailed Plank on Frame wooden model of the Bonhomme Richard </Li> <Li> Search for the Bonhomme Richard Clive Cussler recounts his elusive search for the Bonhomme Richard . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(1765)&oldid=827621055 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ships of the Continental Navy </Li> <Li> Maritime incidents in 1779 </Li> <Li> Shipwrecks in the North Sea </Li> <Li> Sailing frigates of the United States Navy </Li> <Li> Ships built in France </Li> <Li> 1766 ships </Li> <Li> 1779 in England </Li> <Li> Protected Wrecks of England </Li> <Li> History of Yorkshire </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 19 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The Battle of Bonhomme Richard took place

Where did the battle of bonhomme richard take place?

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Ernie is tasked with teaching Judy to behave like a normal child , to help maintain her cover as a spy robot . </P> <P> Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Lex Medlin as Roy , Eris Baker as Diane , Tara Karsian as Crystal , Larry Poindexter as Foreman </P> Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Storm Maker '' </Td> <Td> Robbie Countryman </Td> <Td> Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 308 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Ernie and Marisa mock K.C. , believing that she does not have a date for their final high school homecoming . On the night of the homecoming , K.C. goes on a mission to retrieve a weather - altering device known as the Storm Maker , which the remaining members of The Other Side plan to use to create man - made weather disasters . K.C. retrieves the device and hides it in her school locker , where she plans to keep it while she attends the homecoming . K.C. has Howard , a gadget inventor for The Organization , pose as her date at homecoming , telling him that it is actually practice so he can become a field agent . Marisa attends homecoming with Brady , while Ernie goes with Monique . Brady learns about the Storm Maker through Marisa after having her casually question K.C. about her latest mission . Brady , who is working for The Alternate , steals the device and places it in his locker , then deletes security footage of his theft before K.C. and Ernie can learn who took the device . Meanwhile , Craig and Judy attend a father - daughter dance at her school . </P> <P> Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Matthew Gold as Howard , Chandler Kinney as Monique </P> Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Keep on Truckin ' '' </Td> <Td> Jon Rosenbaum </Td> <Td> Darin Henry </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> K.C. and Craig discover that the Storm Maker device can not be powered without a rare chemical known as Dilithium . They go undercover as workers at a truck stop restaurant so they can obtain the Dilithium from a truck that is delivering it . Meanwhile , Ernie gives Judy an emotion upgrade to increase her mental sensitivity , to help her maintain her cover as a real child . At school , Ernie overhears Brady during a phone conversation and discovers that he is an enemy agent . Brady uses memory spray to erase Ernie 's recent memory . Marisa visits the house to ask Ernie questions regarding K.C. 's latest mission . Ernie then overhears Marisa talking to Brady on a cellular phone , and learns that she is a spy . Marisa erases his recent memories with memory spray . At the truck stop , the driver of the Dilithium truck walks inside for lunch , allowing K.C. to obtain the chemicals . Brady , wearing a ski mask , takes the Dilithium and hijacks the truck . K.C. attempts to take control of the truck , and scratches part of Brady 's face through the mask opening , before falling off the truck . Later , K.C. meets Marisa and Brady at a restaurant , and notices the scratch marks on his face . Although he says the marks came from a cat , K.C. realizes that Brady was the truck hijacker . </P> <P> Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Connor Weil as Brady </P> Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Unmasking the Enemy '' </Td> <Td> Jon Rosenbaum </Td> <Td> Rob Lotterstein </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 310 </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> K.C. suspects that Brady has been spying on her through a necklace that he gave Marisa , who is unaware of Brady 's Storm Maker theft . K.C. believes the necklace is bugged , so she creates a plan to trick and catch Brady . K.C. tells Marisa , who is wearing the necklace , that The Organization has created a device called the Rain Coat , capable of stopping the Storm Maker . K.C. also says that she will be dropping off the plans for the device -- which is actually fictitious -- in an alley later that night , with the hope that Brady will arrive there to steal them . A masked man from The Alternate arrives to intercept the plans , but he is knocked out by K.C. , who realizes that the man is not Brady . Three additional masked men arrive , including Brady , but they are forced away when Marisa arrives and threatens them with a laser gun . Meanwhile , Kira is about to enjoy a day off when Lori , an agent of The Organization , drops off her baby at the Coopers ' house so she can go on a last - minute mission . Kira then puts Judy in charge of watching the baby , claiming that she has to go on a last - minute mission . Kira actually gets a massage and has her nails done , while Judy is unable to stop the baby from crying . </P> Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Ego Nwodim as Agent McKenzie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' </Td> <Td> Jon Rosenbaum </Td> <Td> Eileen Conn </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 311 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Agent Johnson puts the Coopers in charge of collecting information on Brady . K.C. arranges a job interview for Marisa to become a junior agent - in - training for The Organization , which leads Marisa to question Brady , who had already told her that she was a junior agent . After being questioned , Brady eventually reveals to Marisa that he is a member of The Alternate . Brady also reveals that he has hours of audio footage in which Marisa states that K.C. may have become a rogue agent and agrees to work with him to take her down . Brady blackmails Marisa to continue spying on K.C. , or else he will release the audio footage and get her imprisoned for treason against the United States . Marisa confesses to K.C. that she has been spying for Brady , and K.C. discovers that Marisa 's necklace was never bugged . When unusual weather begins occurring around the world , the Coopers realize that the Storm Maker has been activated , so they instruct Marisa to gain information from Brady about the device . When Marisa fails , K.C. goes in disguise as Marisa and confronts Brady , who kidnaps and takes her to The Alternate 's headquarters , as she planned . Meanwhile , Ernie wants to drive by Monique 's house in his father 's 1969 classic muscle car , but he crashes it before getting out of the driveway , scraping away the paint on one of the doors . Judy makes the situation worse by repainting the door a different color and then removing the paint entirely . Ernie and Judy blame the damage on The Alternate , but Craig does not believe them . </P> Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Riley Litman as Reid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Stormy Weather '' </Td> <Td> Jon Rosenbaum </Td> <Td> Darin Henry </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> At The Alternate 's headquarters , K.C. comes out of disguise and escapes from a room where she had been locked up . K.C. frees an imprisoned scientist named Gwen , who leads her through the building in search of the Storm Maker , but Gwen later reveals she is part of The Alternate . Brady , Gwen , and Alternate member Reid plan to use the Storm Maker to have a massive storm hit the Capitol Building during the State of the Union address . Craig and Kira drive to the Capitol to warn people , but they encounter heavy rain and hail . Marisa enters The Alternate 's headquarters to help K.C. , and they rush to the rooftop to destroy the Storm Maker 's transmitter . After a brawl with Brady , K.C. destroys the transmitter with a laser gun . Brady escapes by parachuting off the rooftop , and Marisa decides that she does not want to interview to become a spy because of the hard work required by the job . </P> <P> Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Riley Litman as Reid , Christine Rodriguez as Gwen </P> Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Deleted ! '' </Td> <Td> Kadeem Hardison </Td> <Td> Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Judy 's memory is almost full , which requires her to visit The Organization to have her video footage downloaded . The Coopers realize that Judy has recorded everything they have done , including things that could get them excluded from The Organization again . The family decides to delete Judy 's incriminating videos , including footage showing that Marisa knows about the family being spies . After reminiscing through old footage , Craig deletes several videos , including important footage from their recent circus mission . When the family discovers that the circus footage can not be recovered , they worry about how Agent Johnson will react to them tampering with evidence . Ernie suggests reenacting the circus mission in their house and filming it to cover for the deletion of the real footage , which leads the family to reminisce through old videos about his previous bad ideas . The family also watches other old videos , until Agent Johnson arrives at the house to pick up Judy . The family hides Judy and convinces Johnson that she has already left to visit The Organization for the memory download . Afterwards , Judy expresses sorrow that her videos will need to be downloaded and removed , as they serve as her memories . Ernie devises a solution to back up Judy 's video footage to a separate hard drive so they can be reinstalled onto Judy after she downloads them for The Organization . </P> Guest star : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Second Chances '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Revenge of the Van People '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The Gammy Files '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> ``

KC Undercover Season 3 Episode 10 airs on

When does kc undercover season 3 episode 10 air?

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the confluence , the Ohio is considerably bigger than the Mississippi ( Ohio at Cairo : 281,500 cu ft / s ( 7,960 m / s ) ; Mississippi at Thebes : 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,897 m / s ) ) and , thus , is hydrologically the main stream of the whole river system . </P> <P> The 981 - mile ( 1,579 km ) river flows through or along the border of six states , and its drainage basin includes parts of 15 states . Through its largest tributary , the Tennessee River , the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people . </P> <P> It is named in Iroquoian or Seneca : Ohi : yó , lit . `` Good River '' or Shawnee : Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi . The river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans , as numerous civilizations formed along its valley . For thousands of years , Native Americans used the river as a major transportation and trading route . Its waters connected communities . In the five centuries before European conquest , the Mississippian culture built numerous regional chiefdoms and major earthwork mounds in the Ohio Valley , such as Angel Mounds near Evansville , Indiana , as well as in the Mississippi Valley and the Southeast . The Osage , Omaha , Ponca and Kaw lived in the Ohio Valley , but under pressure from the Iroquois to the northeast , migrated west of the Mississippi River to Missouri , Arkansas and Oklahoma in the 17th century . </P> <P> In 1669 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River , becoming the first Europeans to see it . After European - American settlement , the river served as a border between present - day Kentucky and Indian Territories . It was a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781 -- 82 , Thomas Jefferson stated : `` The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth . Its current gentle , waters clear , and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids , a single instance only excepted . '' </P> <P> During the 19th century , the river was the southern boundary of the Northwest Territory . It is sometimes considered as the western extension of the Mason -- Dixon Line that divided Pennsylvania from Maryland , and thus part of the border between free and slave territory , and between the Northern and Southern United States or Upper South . Where the river was narrow , it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North , many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement . </P> <P> The Ohio River is a climatic transition area , as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical and humid continental climate areas . It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates . In winter , it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville . At Paducah , Kentucky , in the south , near the Ohio 's confluence with the Mississippi , it is ice - free year - round . Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice - free reach of the Ohio . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gallery </Li> <Li> 2 Geography and hydrography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Drainage basin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Upper Ohio River </Li> <Li> 3.2 Middle Ohio River </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 Pollution </Li> <Li> 6 River depth </Li> <Li> 7 Cities and towns along the river </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Allegheny River , left , and Monongahela River join to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the largest metropolitan area on the river . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Built between 1849 and 1851 , the Wheeling Suspension Bridge was the first bridge across the river . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Louisville , Kentucky , The deepest point of the Ohio River is a scour hole just below Cannelton locks and dam ( river mile 720.7 ) . The widest point of the river is at the confluence of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A barge hauls coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal , the only artificial portion of the Ohio River . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Tall Stacks festival celebrates the riverboats of Cincinnati , Ohio , every three or four years . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geography and hydrography ( edit ) </H2> Natural - color satellite image of the Wabash - Ohio confluence . <P> The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . From there , it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties , before making an abrupt turn to the south - southwest at the West Virginia -- Ohio -- Pennsylvania triple - state line ( near East Liverpool , Ohio ; Chester , West Virginia ; and Midland , Pennsylvania ) . From there , it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio , upstream of Wheeling , West Virginia . </P> <P> The river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati , before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length . The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky ; and the southern borders of Ohio , Indiana and Illinois , until it joins the Mississippi River near the city of Cairo , Illinois . </P> <P> Major tributaries of the river , indicated by the location of the mouths , include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Allegheny River -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Monongahela River -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Saw Mill Run -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Chartiers Creek -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Montour Run -- Coraopolis , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Beaver River -- Rochester , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Breezewood Creek -- Beaver , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Raccoon Creek -- Center Township </Li> <Li> Little Beaver Creek -- East Liverpool , Ohio </Li> <Li> Wheeling Creek -- Wheeling , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Middle Island Creek -- St. Marys , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Little Muskingum River -- Ohio </Li> <Li> Duck Creek -- Marietta , Ohio </Li> <Li> Muskingum River -- Marietta , Ohio </Li> <Li> Little Kanawha River -- Parkersburg , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Hocking River -- Hockingport , Ohio </Li> <Li> Kanawha River -- Point Pleasant , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Guyandotte River -- Huntington , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Big Sandy River -- Kentucky - West Virginia border </Li> <Li> Little Sandy River -- Greenup , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Little Scioto River -- Sciotoville , Ohio </Li> <Li> Scioto River -- Portsmouth , Ohio </Li> <Li> Kinniconick Creek -- Vanceburg , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Little Miami River -- Cincinnati , Ohio </Li> <Li> Licking River -- Newport - Covington , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Mill Creek -- Cincinnati , Ohio </Li> <Li> Great Miami River -- Ohio - Indiana border </Li> <Li> Salt River -- West Point , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Kentucky River -- Carrollton , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Green River -- near Henderson , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Wabash River -- Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky border </Li> <Li> Saline River -- Illinois </Li> <Li> Cumberland River -- Smithland , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Tennessee River -- Paducah , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Cache River -- Illinois </Li> </Ul> <H3> Drainage basin ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ohio 's drainage basin covers 189,422 square miles ( 490,600 km ) , encompassing the easternmost regions of the Mississippi Basin . The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions . </P> <Ul> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New York : a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny . </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania : a corridor from the southwestern corner to north central border . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic / Upper South <Ul> <Li> Maryland : a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the western border . </Li> <Li> West Virginia : all but the Eastern Panhandle . </Li> <Li> Kentucky : all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi . </Li> <Li> Tennessee : all but a small part in the extreme west drained directly by the Mississippi , and a very small area in the southeastern corner which is drained by the Conasauga River . </Li> <Li> Virginia : most of southwest Virginia . </Li> <Li> North Carolina : the western quarter . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Midwest <Ul> <Li> Ohio : the southern two - thirds </Li> <Li> Indiana : all but the northern area . </Li> <Li> Illinois : the southeast quarter . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deep South <Ul> <Li> Georgia : the far northwest corner . </Li> <Li> Alabama : the northern portion . </Li> <Li> Mississippi : the northeast corner . </Li> <Li> South Carolina : less than 1 square mile in the northwest . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> Glacial Lake Ohio <P> From a geological standpoint , the Ohio River is young . The river formed on a piecemeal basis beginning between 2.5 and 3 million years ago . The earliest ice ages occurred at this time and dammed portions of north - flowing rivers . The Teays River was the largest of these rivers . The modern Ohio River flows within segments of the ancient Teays . The ancient rivers were rearranged or consumed by glaciers and lakes . </P> <H3> Upper Ohio River ( edit ) </H3> <P> The upper Ohio River formed when one of the glacial lakes overflowed into a south - flowing tributary of the Teays River . Prior to that event , the north - flowing Steubenville River ( no longer in existence ) ended between New Martinsville and Paden City , West Virginia . Likewise , the south - flowing Marietta River ( no longer in existence ) ended between the present - day cities . The overflowing lake carved through the separating hill and connected the rivers . </P> <P> The resulting floodwaters enlarged the small Marietta valley to a size more typical of a large river . The new large river subsequently drained glacial lakes and melting glaciers at the end of the Ice Age . The valley grew during and following the ice age . </P> <P> Many small rivers were altered or abandoned after the upper Ohio River formed . Valleys of some abandoned rivers can still be seen on satellite and aerial images of the hills of Ohio and West Virginia between Marietta , Ohio , and Huntington , West Virginia . As testimony to the major changes that occurred , such valleys are found on hilltops . </P> <H3> Middle Ohio River ( edit ) </H3> <P> The middle Ohio River formed in a manner similar to formation of the upper Ohio River . A north - flowing river was temporarily dammed southwest of present - day Louisville , creating a large lake until the dam burst . A new route was carved to the Mississippi . Eventually the upper and middle sections combined to form what is essentially the modern Ohio River . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Steamboat `` Morning Star '' , a Louisville and Evansville mail packet , in 1858 . <P> Pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America considered the Ohio part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi . The river 's name comes

The Ohio River and the Mississippi River meet

Where does the ohio river and the mississippi river meet?

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Michael Moriarty - Wikipedia <H1> Michael Moriarty </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Moriarty , see Michael Moriarty ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . In particular : the last update on his career concerned activities in 2007 . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Michael Moriarty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1941 - 04 - 05 ) April 5 , 1941 ( age 77 ) Detroit , Michigan , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Maple Ridge , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Dartmouth College London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1971 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Francoise Martinet ( m . 1966 ; div. 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Anne Hamilton Martin ( m . 1978 ; div. 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Suzana Cabrita ( m . 1998 ; div. 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Margaret Brychka ( m . 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Michael Moriarty ( born April 5 , 1941 ) is an American - Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician . He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust , and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons ( 1990 -- 1994 ) on the television show Law & Order . Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly , Who 'll Stop the Rain , Q : The Winged Serpent , The Stuff , Pale Rider , Troll , Courage Under Fire , and Shiloh . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Acting career </Li> <Li> 3 Musical career </Li> <Li> 4 Politics </Li> <Li> 5 Personal life </Li> <Li> 6 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Film </Li> <Li> 6.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Moriarty was born in Detroit , Michigan on April 5 , 1941 . He is the son of Elinor ( née Paul ) and George Moriarty , a surgeon . His grandfather George Moriarty was a third baseman , umpire , and manager in the major leagues for nearly 40 years . </P> <P> Moriarty attended middle school at Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills before transferring to the University of Detroit Jesuit High School for high school . He then matriculated at Dartmouth College in the class of 1963 , where he was a theatre college major . After receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree , he left for London , England , where he enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art , after receiving a Fulbright Scholarship . </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before gaining fame in films , Moriarty worked for several years as an actor at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis . In 1973 , Moriarty was cast as the egocentric Henry Wiggen in Bang the Drum Slowly , a film about the unlikely friendship between two baseball teammates -- the second being Robert De Niro , a slow - thinking catcher who becomes terminally ill . In the same year , Moriarty starred in a TV movie adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' The Glass Menagerie with Katharine Hepburn . Coincidentally , the film also featured Sam Waterston , who later replaced Moriarty as the Executive Assistant District Attorney on Law & Order . Moriarty 's role in The Glass Menagerie ( as `` Jim , '' the Gentleman Caller ; Waterston played the son `` Tom '' ) won him an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor of the Year . In 1974 , Moriarty starred as rookie detective Bo Lockley in the acclaimed gritty police drama Report to the Commissioner . </P> <P> Moriarty won a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home . His career on the screen was slow to develop , while his theatre career was flourishing . He starred as a German SS officer in the television miniseries Holocaust , which earned him another Emmy . Through the 1980s , Moriarty starred in such Larry Cohen movies as Q , The Stuff , It 's Alive III : Island of the Alive , and A Return to Salem 's Lot ( much later , he appeared in Cohen 's Masters of Horror episode `` Pick Me Up '' ) , as well as Clint Eastwood 's Pale Rider and The Hanoi Hilton . In 1986 , he starred in the fantasy science fiction movie Troll , playing the role of Harry Potter Sr. ( unrelated to the 2001 Harry Potter series . ) </P> <P> In 1989 , Michael Moriarty starred in the HBO production Tailspin : Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy , which dramatized the Soviet Union 's shoot - down of Korean Air Lines flight 007 in 1983 . He portrayed U.S. Air Force Major Hank Daniels , who was largely ignored if not ridiculed for showing how the ill - fated airliner had strayed off course into airspace known by the Soviets to be used by U.S. Air Force electronic surveillance planes as they approached Soviet airspace . </P> <P> From 1990 to 1994 , Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on Law & Order . He left the show in 1994 , alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then - Attorney General Janet Reno , who had cited Law & Order as offensively violent . Moriarty criticized Reno 's comment , and claimed that not only did she want to censor shows like Law & Order but also such fare as Murder , She Wrote . He later accused Law & Order executive producer Dick Wolf of not taking his concerns seriously , and claimed that Wolf and other network executives were `` caving in '' to Reno 's `` demands '' on the issue of TV violence . On September 20 , 1994 on The Howard Stern Show , he made an offer to NBC , claiming that he would return to his role on the show if Dick Wolf was fired . Moriarty published a full - page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine , calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content . He subsequently wrote and published The Gift of Stern Angels , his account of this time in his life . The character of Ben Stone has yet to reappear on the franchise . The February 7 , 2018 , episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit opens with Sam Waterston 's character of Jack McCoy delivering a eulogy at Ben Stone 's funeral . </P> <P> Wolf and others working on Law & Order tell a different story , however . On November 18 , 1993 , Moriarty and Wolf , along with other television executives , met with Reno to dissuade her from supporting any law that would censor the show . Wolf said that Moriarty overreacted to any effect the law was likely to have on the show . Law & Order producers claim they were forced to remove Moriarty from the series because of `` erratic behavior '' , an example of which reportedly happened during the filming of the episode `` Breeder '' when , according to the episode 's director , Arthur Forney , Moriarty was unable to deliver his lines with a straight face . Series and network officials deny any connection between his departure and Janet Reno . Wolf also denies that the show has become less violent , graphic or controversial since 1994 . </P> <P> Moriarty acted in The Last Detail , Courage Under Fire , Along Came a Spider , Shiloh , Emily of New Moon and James Dean , for which he won his third Emmy . In 2007 he debuted his first feature - length film as screenwriter and performed the role of a man who thinks he is Adolf Hitler in Hitler Meets Christ . </P> <H2> Musical career ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to his acting career , Moriarty is a semi-professional jazz pianist and singer , as well as a classical composer . He has recorded three jazz albums ( though the first , Reaching Out , went unreleased ) . He has performed live regularly in both New York and Vancouver with a jazz trio and quintet . In a 1990 concert review , New York Times reviewer Stephen Holden called Moriarty `` a jazz pianist of considerable skill , an oddball singer with more than one vocal personality , and a writer of eccentric , jivey jazz songs . '' </P> <H2> Politics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Moriarty is politically active , describing himself as a `` centrist '' , and sometimes as a `` realist '' . </P> <P> Moriarty announced his intention to run for the presidency in 2008 in an interview in the November 2005 issue of Northwest Jazz Profile , but he never formally declared his candidacy . He later endorsed fellow former Law & Order actor Fred Thompson for the presidency during the 2008 Republican primaries , as well as Carly Fiorina during the 2016 primary election cycle . He has been a frequent contributor of numerous political columns to the ESR ( Enter Stage Right ) online Journal of Conservatism . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Shortly after leaving Law & Order , Moriarty moved to Canada , declaring himself a political exile . He lived for a time in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where he was granted Canadian citizenship , and Toronto , Ontario before settling in Vancouver , British Columbia . </P> <P> Moriarty lives in Maple Ridge , British Columbia , where he still acts , writes and plays music . On the blog Enter Stage Right Moriarty writes that he was a `` very bad drunk '' , but that as of February 1 , 2004 , he had been sober for three years . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> My Old Man 's Place </Td> <Td> Trubee Pell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Hickey & Boggs </Td> <Td> Ballard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Bang the Drum Slowly </Td> <Td> Henry ' Author ' Wiggen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> A Summer Without Boys </Td> <Td> Abe Battle </Td> <Td> Television movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> The Last Detail </Td> <Td> Marine O.D. </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> The Glass Menagerie </Td> <Td> Jim O'Connor </Td> <Td> Television movie Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shoot It Black , Shoot It Blue </Td> <Td> Herbert G. Rucker </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Report to the Commissioner </Td> <Td> Bo Lockley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> The Deadliest Season </Td> <Td> Gerry Miller </Td> <Td> Television movie , featuring Meryl Streep in her first movie role . </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The actor who played Ben Stone on Law and Order was

Who was the actor that played ben stone on law and order?

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Scheria - wikipedia <H1> Scheria </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Scheria ( / ˈskɛriə / ; Ancient Greek : Σχερίη or Σχερία ) -- also known as Scherie or Phaeacia -- was a region in Greek mythology , first mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10 - year journey before returning home to Ithaca . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 From Ogygia to Scheria ( Odysseus ) </Li> <Li> 2 Odysseus meets Nausicaa </Li> <Li> 3 The palace of King Alcinous </Li> <Li> 4 The Phaeacian ships </Li> <Li> 5 Geographical location of Scheria <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Geographical account by Strabo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> From Ogygia to Scheria ( Odysseus ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before leaving Ogygia , Odysseus builds a raft and sails eastwards , instructed by Calypso to navigate using the stars as a celestial reference point . On the eighteenth day appear the shadowy mountains of the land of the Phaeacians , that looked like a shield in the misty deep . But Poseidon spots his raft and seeking vengeance for his son Polyphemus who was blinded by Odysseus , produces a storm that torments Odysseus . After three days of struggle with the waves , he is finally washed up on Scheria . </P> Pieter Lastman : Odysseus and Nausicaa ( oil on panel , 1619 ; Alte Pinakothek , Munich ) <H2> Odysseus meets Nausicaa ( edit ) </H2> Francesco Hayez : Odysseus at the court of Alcinous ( oil on canvas , c. 1815 ; Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte , Naples ) <P> Meanwhile , the goddess Athena , who sneaks into the palace , disguises herself as a sea - captain 's daughter and instructs princess Nausicaa , the daughter of King Alcinous in her sleep to go to the seashore to wash her clothes . The next morning , Nausicaa and her maids go to the seashore , and , after washing the clothes , they start to play a game on the beach , with laughs , giggles and shouts . Odysseus , who was exhausted from his adventure and was sleeping nearby , is awakened by the shouts . He covers his nakedness with thick leaves and goes to ask for help from the team . Upon seeing the unkempt Odysseus in this state , the maids run away , but , Nausicaa , encouraged by Athena , stands her ground and talks to him . To excuse the maids , she admits that the Phaeacians are `` the farthermost of men , and no other mortals are conversant with them '' , so they run away since they have never seen a stranger before . Nausicaa , being hospitable , provides clothes , food and drink to Odysseus , and then directs him to the palace of King Alcinous . </P> <H2> The palace of King Alcinous ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following Nausicaa 's orders , Odysseus sought to enter the palace of King Alcinous and plead for mercy from the queen , Arete , so he could marry her daughter . On his way to the palace , Odysseus meets Athena disguised as a local girl . In her disguised state , Athena advises him about how to enter the palace . Athena , knowledgeable that the Phaeacians were hostile towards men from the outlands , cloaked Odysseus in a mist that hid him from the Phaeacians ' gaze . Under Athena 's protection , Odysseus passes through all of the protection systems of the palace and enters the chamber of King Alcinous . Odysseus throws his arms around the queen 's legs and supplicates her . Naturally , Alcinous and his court are surprised to see a stranger walking into their secured palace . It was only after Echeneus , a Phaeacian elder , urged King Alcinous to welcome the stranger that they offered Odysseus hospitality </P> <P> The front doors of the palace are flanked with two dogs made of silver and gold , constructed by Hephaestus . The walls of the palace are made of bronze that `` shines like the sun '' and is secured with gates made of gold . Within the walls , there is a magnificent garden with apple , pear , and pomegranate trees that grow year - round . The palace is even equipped with a lighting system comprising golden statues of young men bearing torches . After Odysseus tells Alcinous and his court the story of his adventures after the Trojan War , the Phaeacians take him to Ithaca on one of their ships . </P> Claude Lorrain : Port Scene with the Departure of Odysseus from the Land of the Phaeacians ( oil on canvas , 1646 ; Louvre , Paris ) <H2> The Phaeacian ships ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Phaeacians possessed remarkable ships . They were quite different from the penteconters , the ships used during the Trojan War , and they were steered by thought . King Alcinous says that Phaeacians carried Rhadamanthus to Euboea , `` which is the furthest of any place '' and came back on the same day . He also explains to Odysseus what sort of information the Phaeacian ships require in order to take him home to Ithaca . </P> <P> Tell me also your country , nation , and city , that our ships may shape their purpose accordingly and take you there . For the Phaeacians have no pilots ; their vessels have no rudders as those of other nations have , but the ships themselves understand what it is that we are thinking about and want ; they know all the cities and countries in the whole world , and can traverse the sea just as well even when it is covered with mist and cloud , so that there is no danger of being wrecked or coming to any harm . </P> <P> Homer describes the Phaeacian ships as fast as a falcon and gives a vivid description of the ship 's departure . </P> <P> The ship bounded forward on her way as a four in hand chariot flies over the course when the horses feel the whip . Her prow curvetted as it were the neck of a stallion , and a great wave of dark blue water seethed in her wake . She held steadily on her course , and even a falcon , swiftest of all birds , could not have kept pace with her . </P> <H2> Geographical location of Scheria ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Geography of the Odyssey Pontikonisi , the purported petrified ship of the Phaeaces , close to Corfu <P> Many ancient and modern interpreters favour identification of Scheria with the island of Corfu , which is within 110 km ( 68 miles ) of Ithaca . Thucydides , in his Peloponnesian War , identifies Scheria as Corfu or , with its ancient name , Corcyra . In I. 25.4 , he records the Corinthians ' resentment of the Corcyraeans , who `` could not repress a pride in the high naval position of an island whose nautical renown dated from the days of its old inhabitants , the Phaeacians . '' Locals on Corfu had long claimed this , based on the rock outside Corfu harbour , which is supposedly the ship that carried Odysseus back to Ithaca , but was turned to stone by Poseidon , to punish the Phaeacians for helping his enemy , </P> <P> ( ... ) with one blow from the flat of his hand turned her ( the ship ) into stone and rooted her to the sea bottom . </P> <P> The Phaeacians did not participate in the Trojan War . The Greek name Φαίακες is derived from phaiós ( φαιός `` gray '' ) . However , the Phaeacians in the Odyssey did not know Odysseus ( although they knew of him , as evidenced by the tales of Demodocus ) , so they called him a `` stranger '' . Odysseus however was the king of the majority of the Ionian Islands , not only of Ithaca , but also `` of Cephallenia , Neritum , Crocylea , Aegilips , Same and Zacynthus '' so if Scheria was Corfu , it would be surprising that the citizens of one of the Ionian Islands did not know Odysseus . Furthermore , when Odysseus reveals his identity , he says to the nobles : `` ( ... ) if I outlive this time of sorrow , I may be counted as your friend , though I live so far away from all of you '' indicating that Scheria was far away from Ithaca . </P> <P> Many characteristics of the Phaeacians , including their seafaring and relaxed lifestyle are suggestive of Minoan Crete . Aside from the seafaring prowess , the palace walls that shone like the Sun are read to be covered not by bronze but orichalcum . The latter similarities make Scheria also suggestive of Plato 's account of Atlantis . Helena Blavatsky proposed in her Secret Doctrine ( 1888 ) that it was Homer before Plato who first wrote of Atlantis . From the ancient times , some scholars having examined the work and the geography of Homer have suggested that Scheria was located in the Atlantic Ocean . Among them were Strabo and Plutarch . </P> <H3> Geographical account by Strabo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Approximately eight centuries after Homer , the geographer Strabo criticized Polybius on the geography of the Odyssey . Strabo proposed that Scheria and Ogygia were located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . </P> <P> At another instance he ( Polybius ) suppresses statements . For Homer says also `` Now after the ship had left the river - stream of Oceanus '' and `` In the island of Ogygia , where is the navel of the sea , '' where the daughter of Atlas lives ; and again , regarding the Phaeacians , `` Far apart we live in the wash of the waves , the farthermost of men , and no other mortals are conversant with us . '' All these ( incidents ) clearly suggest that he ( Homer ) composed them to take place in the Atlantic Ocean . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , 5 , 270 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Homer , Odyssey , 6.204 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimore , Richard ( 1967 ) . Homer 's The Odyssey , Book 6 , Line 160 . New York , NY : Harper & Row Publishers , Inc. p. 112 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093195 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , 7.320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey , Book VIII 555 -- 563 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Odyssey , Book XIII 84 -- 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Entry `` φαιός '' in Liddell & Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Map of Ionian Islands </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iliad , II . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odyssey , IX , 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It was not he ( Plato ) who invented it ( the story of Atlantis ) , since Homer , who preceded him by many centuries , also speaks of the Atlantes and of their island in his Odyssey . '' Secret Doctrine , vol 2 , pt. 3 , ch. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odyssey , XII , 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odyssey , I , 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strabo , 1.2. 18 . The original text of this passage by Strabo is `` ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα φανερῶς ἐν τῷ Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει πλαττόμενα δηλοῦται . '' </Li> </Ol>

In Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey, the Phaeacians live in

Where do the phaeacians live in the odyssey?

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Princess Leia - wikipedia <H1> Princess Leia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Princess Leia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Star Wars character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promotional photo of Fisher as Princess Leia for the original 1977 Star Wars film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Star Wars ( 1977 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> George Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie Fisher ( Episodes IV -- VIII , Holiday Special ) </Li> <Li> Aidan Barton ( infant , Episode III ) </Li> <Li> Ingvild Deila ( Rogue One ; motion capture ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie Fisher ( Holiday Special animated sequence , Super Star Wars : Return of the Jedi , Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode II , Lego : Episode VII , Rogue One ; archival audio ) </Li> </Ul> Other : ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Ann Sachs ( radio dramatizations ) </Li> <Li> Lisa Fuson ( Shadows of the Empire , Star Wars : Masters of Teräs Käsi , Star Wars : Rebellion , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Parris ( Read - along storybook CDs ) </Li> <Li> Grey DeLisle ( Star Wars : Force Commander ) </Li> <Li> Joyce Kurtz ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike and Star Wars : Battlefront II ) </Li> <Li> Catherine Taber ( Star Wars : The Force Unleashed , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II and Star Wars : Detours ) </Li> <Li> Heather Doerksen ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) </Li> <Li> April Winchell ( Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ) </Li> <Li> Anna Graves ( Disney Infinity 3.0 ) </Li> <Li> Julie Dolan ( Star Wars : Uprising , Star Wars Rebels , Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures , Disney Infinity 3.0 ) </Li> <Li> Misty Lee ( Star Wars Battlefront and Star Wars Battlefront II ) </Li> <Li> Shelby Young ( Star Wars Forces of Destiny ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Boushh ( Return of the Jedi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Supreme commander of the Resistance </Li> <Li> Republic Senator of Alderaan ( formerly ) </Li> <Li> Imperial Senate Ambassador ( formerly ) </Li> <Li> Princess of Alderaan </Li> <Li> Legends : </Li> <Li> Chief of State of the New Republic </Li> <Li> Jedi Knight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Imperial Senate </Li> <Li> Rebel Alliance </Li> <Li> New Republic </Li> <Li> Resistance </Li> <Li> Legends : </Li> <Li> Galactic Alliance </Li> <Li> Jedi Council </Li> <Li> Jedi Coalition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> General </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anakin Skywalker ( biological father ) </Li> <Li> Padmé Amidala ( biological mother ) </Li> <Li> Luke Skywalker ( twin brother ) </Li> <Li> Bail Organa ( adoptive father ) </Li> <Li> Breha Organa ( adoptive mother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Han Solo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) </Li> <Li> Legends : </Li> <Li> Jaina Solo </Li> <Li> Jacen Solo </Li> <Li> Anakin Solo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shmi Skywalker ( paternal grandmother ) </Li> <Li> Legends : </Li> <Li> Mara Jade ( sister - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Ben Skywalker ( nephew ) </Li> <Li> Allana Solo ( granddaughter ) </Li> <Li> Winter Celchu ( adoptive sister ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Homeworld </Th> <Td> Alderaan ( homeworld ) Polis Massa ( birthplace ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force . </P> <P> In the original Star Wars expanded universe ( 1977 -- 2014 ) of novels , comics and video games , which are set in an alternate continuity , Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi , fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy . She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master , and is the mother to three children by Han : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . </P> <P> One of the more popular Star Wars characters , Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines . She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films . Her `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle from Star Wars ( 1977 ) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Creation and casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character </Li> <Li> 3 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Feature films <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Star Wars </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Return of the Jedi </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Revenge of the Sith </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 The Force Awakens </Li> <Li> 3.1. 6 The Last Jedi </Li> <Li> 3.1. 7 Episode IX </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Anthology films <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Novels </Li> <Li> 3.4 Comics </Li> <Li> 3.5 Television <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 Star Wars Holiday Special </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Star Wars Rebels </Li> <Li> 3.5. 3 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Legends works <Ul> <Li> 3.6. 1 Novels <Ul> <Li> 3.6. 1.1 Post-Return of the Jedi </Li> <Li> 3.6. 1.2 Works set between films </Li> <Li> 3.6. 1.3 New Jedi Order </Li> <Li> 3.6. 1.4 Legacy of the Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6. 2 Comics <Ul> <Li> 3.6. 2.1 Dark Empire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Cultural impact <Ul> <Li> 4.1 `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle </Li> <Li> 4.2 Feminist analysis <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Metal bikini </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Family tree </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Creation and casting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas . In 1999 , Lucas explained his early development of Leia , Luke and Obi - Wan Kenobi : </P> <P> The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . </P> <P> Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars , Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae , with two brothers , Biggs and Windy ; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke . According to Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( 1999 ) , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was `` the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . '' J.W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as `` Leia Antilles '' , the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major . In the fourth draft it was established that `` Leia Organa '' came instead from Alderaan . </P> <P> Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia , with actresses including Amy Irving , Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role . In 2014 , InkTank reported that the extended list of `` more than two dozen actresses '' who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close , Farrah Fawcett , Jessica Lange , Sissy Spacek , Sigourney Weaver , Cybill Shepherd , Jane Seymour , Anjelica Huston , Kim Basinger , Kathleen Turner , Geena Davis and Meryl Streep . Asked about Streep in 2015 , Fisher said , `` I 've never heard that one . But Jodie Foster was up for it ... that one I knew the most . Amy Irving and Jodie . And I got it . '' </P> <P> The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Fisher explained in 1983 : `` Leia 's real father left her mother when she was pregnant , so her mother married this King Organa . I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess . '' </P> <P> Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga . `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' was recorded as a concert suite ( 4 : 18 length ) for the score of the 1977 film . </P> <H2> Character ( edit ) </H2> <P> Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a `` diplomat , spy , warrior , undercover agent '' . Mark Edlitz calls her `` a smart , feisty , brave diplomat and warrior '' in The Huffington Post . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 : </P> <P> There are a lot of people who do n't like my character in these movies ; they think I 'm some kind of space bitch . She has no friends , no family ; her planet was blown up in seconds ...

We find out that Luke and Leia are siblings

When do we find out luke and leia are siblings?

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song by the modern singer Idir , A Vava Inouva : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> ' I beseech you , open the door for me , father . </Dd> <Dd> Jingle your bracelets , oh my daughter Ghriba . </Dd> <Dd> I 'm afraid of the monster in the forest , father . </Dd> <Dd> I , too , am afraid , oh my daughter Ghriba . ' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly is also reflected in the Russian tale Peter and the Wolf and another Grimm tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids , but its general theme of restoration is at least as old as the biblical story , Jonah and the Whale . The theme also appears in the story of the life of Saint Margaret , wherein the saint emerges unharmed from the belly of a dragon , and in the epic `` The Red Path '' by Jim C. Hines . </P> <P> The story displays many similarities to stories from classical Greece and Rome . Scholar Graham Anderson has compared the story to a local legend recounted by Pausanias in which , each year , a virgin girl was offered to a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf , who raped the girl . Then , one year , the boxer Euthymos came along , slew the spirit , and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice . There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha ( literally `` Fire '' ) and a man with some name meaning `` wolf '' . The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia , a female ogress in classical mythology . </P> <P> The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse Þrymskviða from the Elder Edda ; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner , Thor 's hammer , and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return . Instead , the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him . When the giants note Thor 's unladylike eyes , eating , and drinking , Loki explains them as Freyja 's not having slept , or eaten , or drunk , out of longing for the wedding . </P> <H2> Tale 's History ( edit ) </H2> `` The better to see you with '' : woodcut by Walter Crane <H3> Earliest versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century , of which several exist , some significantly different from the currently known , Grimms - inspired version . It was told by French peasants in the 10th century and recorded by the cathedral schoolmaster Egbert of Liege . In Italy , the Little Red Riding Hood was told by peasants in the fourteenth century , where a number of versions exist , including La finta nonna ( The False Grandmother ) , written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection . It has also been called `` The Story of Grandmother '' . It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar East Asian tales ( e.g. `` Grandaunt Tiger '' ) . </P> <P> These early variations of the tale , do differ from the currently known version in several ways . The antagonist is not always a wolf , but sometimes an ogre , vampire , or a ' bzou ' ( werewolf ) , making these tales relevant to the werewolf - trials ( similar to witch trials ) of the time ( e.g. the trial of Peter Stumpp ) . The wolf usually leaves the grandmother 's blood and meat for the girl to eat , who then unwittingly cannibalizes her own grandmother . Furthermore , the wolf was also known to ask her to remove her clothing and toss it into the fire . In some versions , the wolf eats the girl after she gets into bed with him , and the story ends there . In others , she sees through his disguise and tries to escape , complaining to her `` grandmother '' that she needs to defecate and would not wish to do so in the bed . The wolf reluctantly lets her go , tied to a piece of string so she does not get away . However , the girl slips the string over something else and runs off . In these stories she escapes with no help from any male or older female figure , instead using her own cunning , or in some versions the help of a younger boy who she happens to run into . Sometimes , though more rarely , the red hood is even non-existent . </P> <P> In other tellings of the story , the wolf chases after Little Red Riding Hood . She escapes with the help of some laundresses , who spread a sheet taut over a river so she may escape . When the wolf follows Red over the bridge of cloth , the sheet is released and the wolf drowns in the river . And in another version the wolf is pushed into the fire , while he is preparing the meat of the grandmother to be eaten by the girl . </P> <H3> Charles Perrault ( edit ) </H3> <P> The earliest known printed version was known as Le Petit Chaperon Rouge and may have had its origins in 17th - century French folklore . It was included in the collection Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals . Tales of Mother Goose ( Histoires et contes du temps passé , avec des moralités . Contes de ma mère l'Oye ) , in 1697 , by Charles Perrault . As the title implies , this version is both more sinister and more overtly moralized than the later ones . The redness of the hood , which has been given symbolic significance in many interpretations of the tale , was a detail introduced by Perrault . </P> French images , like this 19th - century painting , show the much shorter red chaperon being worn <P> The story had as its subject an `` attractive , well - bred young lady '' , a village girl of the country being deceived into giving a wolf she encountered the information he needed to find her grandmother 's house successfully and eat the old woman while at the same time avoiding being noticed by woodcutters working in the nearby forest . Then he proceeded to lay a trap for the Red Riding Hood. Little Red Riding Hood ends up being asked to climb into the bed before being eaten by the wolf , where the story ends . The wolf emerges the victor of the encounter and there is no happy ending . </P> <P> Charles Perrault explained the ' moral ' at the end of the tale : so that no doubt is left to his intended meaning : </P> <P> From this story one learns that children , especially young lasses , pretty , courteous and well - bred , do very wrong to listen to strangers , And it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner . I say Wolf , for all wolves are not of the same sort ; there is one kind with an amenable disposition -- neither noisy , nor hateful , nor angry , but tame , obliging and gentle , following the young maids in the streets , even into their homes . Alas ! Who does not know that these gentle wolves are of all such creatures the most dangerous ! </P> <P> This , the presumed original , version of the tale was written for late seventeenth - century French court of King Louis XIV . This audience , whom the King entertained with extravagant parties , presumably would take from the story the intended meaning . </P> <H3> Grimm Brothers ( edit ) </H3> Wilhelm ( left ) and Jacob Grimm ( right ) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau - Baumann . <P> In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm , known as the Brothers Grimm , the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug ( 1791 -- 1860 ) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug ( 1788 -- 1856 ) . The brothers turned the first version to the main body of the story and the second into a sequel of it . The story as Rotkäppchen was included in the first edition of their collection Kinder - und Hausmärchen ( Children 's and Household Tales ( 1812 ) ) . </P> <P> The earlier parts of the tale agree so closely with Perrault 's variant that it is almost certainly the source of the tale . However , they modified the ending ; this version had the little girl and her grandmother saved by a huntsman who was after the wolf 's skin ; this ending is identical to that in the tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids , which appears to be the source . The second part featured the girl and her grandmother trapping and killing another wolf , this time anticipating his moves based on their experience with the previous one . The girl did not leave the path when the wolf spoke to her , her grandmother locked the door to keep it out , and when the wolf lurked , the grandmother had Little Red Riding Hood put a trough under the chimney and fill it with water that sausages had been cooked in ; the smell lured the wolf down , and it drowned . </P> <P> The Brothers further revised the story in later editions and it reached the above - mentioned final and better - known version in the 1857 edition of their work . It is notably tamer than the older stories which contained darker themes . </P> <H3> After the Grimms ( edit ) </H3> An engraving from the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor . <P> Numerous authors have rewritten or adapted this tale . </P> <P> Andrew Lang included a variant called `` The True History of Little Goldenhood '' in The Red Fairy Book ( 1890 ) . He derived it from the works of Charles Marelles , in Contes of Charles Marelles . This version explicitly states that the story had been mistold earlier . The girl is saved , but not by the huntsman ; when the wolf tries to eat her , its mouth is burned by the golden hood she wears , which is enchanted . </P> <P> James N. Barker wrote a variation of Little Red Riding Hood in 1827 as an approximately 1000 - word story . It was later reprinted in 1858 in a book of collected stories edited by William E Burton , called the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor . The reprint also features a wood engraving of a clothed wolf on bended knee holding Little Red Riding Hood 's hand . </P> <P> In the 20th century , the popularity of the tale appeared to snowball , with many new versions being written and produced , especially in the wake of Freudian analysis , deconstruction and feminist critical theory . ( See `` Modern uses and adaptations '' below . ) This trend has also led to a number of academic texts being written that focus on Little Red Riding Hood , including works by Alan Dundes and Jack Zipes . </P> <H2> Interpretations ( edit ) </H2> A depiction by Gustave Doré , 1883 . <P> Besides the overt warning about talking to strangers , there are many interpretations of the classic fairy tale , many

The original Little Red Riding Hood story was written by

Who wrote the original little red riding hood story?

3610488274381813727

Precipitation - wikipedia <H1> Precipitation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Precipitation ( disambiguation ) . Long - term mean precipitation by month Countries by average annual precipitation <P> In meteorology , precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity . The main forms of precipitation include drizzle , rain , sleet , snow , graupel and hail . Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor , so that the water condenses and `` precipitates '' . Thus , fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions , because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate . Two processes , possibly acting together , can lead to air becoming saturated : cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air . Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud . Short , intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called `` showers . '' </P> <P> Moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain . This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs . A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the foci for forcing and rising air . Provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content , the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds , namely stratus and cumulonimbus . Eventually , the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects . Where relatively warm water bodies are present , for example due to water evaporation from lakes , lake - effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones . Lake - effect snowfall can be locally heavy . Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone 's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands . In mountainous areas , heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation . On the leeward side of mountains , desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating . Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection . The movement of the monsoon trough , or intertropical convergence zone , brings rainy seasons to savannah climes . </P> <P> Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres ( 121,000 cu mi ) of water falls as precipitation each year ; 398,000 cubic kilometres ( 95,000 cu mi ) of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres ( 26,000 cu mi ) over land . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres ( 39 in ) , but over land it is only 715 millimetres ( 28.1 in ) . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes . </P> <P> Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies , e.g. when it gets cold , Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost , rather than rain or snow . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the nature series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weather </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calendar seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Winter </Li> <Li> Spring </Li> <Li> Summer </Li> <Li> Autumn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tropical seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dry season </Li> <Li> Wet season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cloud </Li> <Li> Cumulonimbus cloud </Li> <Li> Arcus cloud </Li> <Li> Downburst </Li> <Li> Microburst </Li> <Li> Heat burst </Li> <Li> Dust storm </Li> <Li> Simoom </Li> <Li> Haboob </Li> <Li> Monsoon </Li> <Li> Gale </Li> <Li> Sirocco </Li> <Li> Firestorm </Li> <Li> Lightning </Li> <Li> Supercell </Li> <Li> Thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Severe thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Thundersnow </Li> <Li> Storm surge </Li> <Li> Tornado </Li> <Li> Cyclone </Li> <Li> Mesocyclone </Li> <Li> Anticyclone </Li> <Li> Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) </Li> <Li> Extratropical cyclone </Li> <Li> European windstorm </Li> <Li> Atlantic Hurricane </Li> <Li> Typhoon </Li> <Li> Derecho </Li> <Li> Landspout </Li> <Li> Dust devil </Li> <Li> Fire whirl </Li> <Li> Waterspout </Li> <Li> Winter storm <Ul> <Li> Ice storm </Li> <Li> Blizzard </Li> <Li> Ground blizzard </Li> <Li> Snowsquall </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precipitation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) </Li> <Li> Graupel </Li> <Li> Hail </Li> <Li> Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) </Li> <Li> Rain ( Freezing rain ) </Li> <Li> Cloudburst </Li> <Li> Snow <Ul> <Li> Rain and snow mixed </Li> <Li> Snow grains </Li> <Li> Snow roller </Li> <Li> Slush </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atmospheric river </Li> <Li> Atmospheric convection </Li> <Li> Air pollution </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Cloud </Li> <Li> Fog </Li> <Li> Cold wave </Li> <Li> Heat wave </Li> <Li> Jet stream </Li> <Li> Meteorology </Li> <Li> Severe weather </Li> <Li> Weather forecasting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weather portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types </Li> <Li> 2 How the air becomes saturated <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cooling air to its dew point </Li> <Li> 2.2 Adding moisture to the air </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Formation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Raindrops </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ice pellets </Li> <Li> 3.3 Hail </Li> <Li> 3.4 Snowflakes </Li> <Li> 3.5 Diamond dust </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Causes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Frontal activity </Li> <Li> 4.2 Convection </Li> <Li> 4.3 Orographic effects </Li> <Li> 4.4 Snow </Li> <Li> 4.5 Within the tropics </Li> <Li> 4.6 Large - scale geographical distribution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Measurement <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Hydrometeor definition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Satellite estimates </Li> <Li> 5.3 Satellite data sets </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Return period </Li> <Li> 7 Role in Köppen climate classification </Li> <Li> 8 Effect on agriculture </Li> <Li> 9 Changes due to global warming </Li> <Li> 10 Changes due to urban heat island </Li> <Li> 11 Forecasting </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Precipitation types A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation <P> Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle , and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet . Approximately 505,000 km ( 121,000 mi ) of water falls as precipitation each year , 398,000 km ( 95,000 cu mi ) of it over the oceans . Given the Earth 's surface area , that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres ( 39 in ) . </P> <P> Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective , stratiform , and orographic rainfall . Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation , while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation . Precipitation can be divided into three categories , based on whether it falls as liquid water , liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface , or ice . Mixtures of different types of precipitation , including types in different categories , can fall simultaneously . Liquid forms of precipitation include rain and drizzle . Rain or drizzle that freezes on contact within a subfreezing air mass is called `` freezing rain '' or `` freezing drizzle '' . Frozen forms of precipitation include snow , ice needles , ice pellets , hail , and graupel . </P> <H2> How the air becomes saturated ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Cooling air to its dew Point ( edit ) </H3> Late - summer rainstorm in Denmark Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming <P> The dew point is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated , and ( unless super-saturation occurs ) condenses to water . Water vapour normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust , ice , and salt in order to form clouds . An elevated portion of a frontal zone forces broad areas of lift , which form clouds decks such as altostratus or cirrostratus . Stratus is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool , stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass . It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions . </P> <P> There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point : adiabatic cooling , conductive cooling , radiational coolin g , and evaporative cooling . Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands . The air can rise due to convection , large - scale atmospheric motions , or a physical barrier such as a mountain ( orographic lift ) . Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface , usually by being blown from one surface to another , for example from a liquid water surface to colder land . Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation , either by the air or by the surface underneath . Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation , which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet - bulb temperature , or until it reaches saturation . </P> <H3> Adding moisture to the air ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main ways water vapour is added to the air are : wind convergence into areas of upward motion , precipitation or virga falling from above , daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans , water bodies or wet land , transpiration from plants , cool or dry air moving over warmer water , and lifting air over mountains . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Water cycle Condensation and coalescence are important parts of the water cycle . <H3> Raindrops ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coalescence occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets , or when water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal , which is known as the Bergeron process . The fall rate of very small droplets is negligible , hence clouds do not fall out of the sky ; precipitation will only occur when these coalesce into larger drops . When air turbulence occurs , water droplets collide , producing larger droplets . As these larger water droplets descend , coalescence continues , so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain . </P> <P> Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 millimetres ( 0.0039 in ) to 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) mean diameter , above which they tend to break up . Smaller drops are called cloud droplets , and their shape is spherical . As a raindrop increases in size , its shape becomes more oblate , with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow . Contrary to the cartoon pictures of raindrops , their shape does not resemble a teardrop . Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related , i.e. , high intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low intensity storms can have a long duration . Rain drops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other rain drops . The METAR code for rain is RA , while the coding for rain showers is SHRA . </P> <H3> Ice pellets ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ice pellets An accumulation of ice pellets <P> Ice pellets or sleet are a form of precipitation consisting of small , translucent balls of ice .

The four main types of precipitation are not limited to

What are the four main types of precipitation?

-2528164310441623185

Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia <H1> Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 16 -- 17 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> 30 from 21 nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winning score </Th> <Td> 317.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Medalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 01 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yuzuru Hanyu </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 02 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shoma Uno </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 03 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← 2014 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Qualification </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> ladies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pairs </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ice dancing </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team event </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . </P> <P> This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification </Li> <Li> 3 Schedule </Li> <Li> 4 Results <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Short program </Li> <Li> 4.2 Free skating </Li> <Li> 4.3 Overall </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . </P> <P> After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall . In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . </P> <P> In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . </P> <P> Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . </P> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification <P> A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . </P> <H2> Schedule ( edit ) </H2> <P> All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Round </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 </Td> <Td> Short program </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 </Td> <Td> Free skating </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Short program ( edit ) </H3> <P> The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pl . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> TSS </Th> <Th> TES </Th> <Th> PCS </Th> <Th> SS </Th> <Th> TR </Th> <Th> PE </Th> <Th> CH </Th> <Th> IN </Th> <Th> Ded </Th> <Th> StN </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Yuzuru Hanyu </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 111.68 </Td> <Td> 63.18 </Td> <Td> 48.50 </Td> <Td> 9.71 </Td> <Td> 9.43 </Td> <Td> 9.86 </Td> <Td> 9.75 </Td> <Td> 9.75 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 107.58 </Td> <Td> 59.79 </Td> <Td> 47.79 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.71 </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Shoma Uno </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 104.17 </Td> <Td> 58.13 </Td> <Td> 46.04 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.00 </Td> <Td> 9.25 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jin Boyang </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 103.32 </Td> <Td> 60.27 </Td> <Td> 43.05 </Td> <Td> 8.79 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 8.82 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Dmitri Aliev </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 98.98 </Td> <Td> 56.98 </Td> <Td> 42.00 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 8.50 </Td> <Td> 8.50 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Patrick Chan </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 90.01 </Td> <Td> 45.08 </Td> <Td> 45.93 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> <Td> 9.00 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Adam Rippon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 87.95 </Td> <Td> 44.48 </Td> <Td> 43.47 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 8.86 </Td> <Td> 8.68 </Td> <Td> 8.93 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Mikhail Kolyada </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 86.69 </Td> <Td> 43.84 </Td> <Td> 43.85 </Td> <Td> 8.96 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> 8.82 </Td> <Td> 8.89 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Michal Březina </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 85.15 </Td> <Td> 44.34 </Td> <Td> 40.81 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Keegan Messing </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 85.11 </Td> <Td> 45.50 </Td> <Td> 40.61 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Jorik Hendrickx </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 84.74 </Td> <Td> 44.17 </Td> <Td> 40.57 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Vincent Zhou </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 84.53 </Td> <Td> 48.50 </Td> <Td> 36.03 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 6.96 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.25 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Oleksii Bychenko </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 84.13 </Td> <Td> 43.63 </Td> <Td> 40.50 </Td> <Td> 7.93 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Misha Ge </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 83.90 </Td> <Td> 41.75 </Td> <Td> 42.15 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.79 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Cha Jun - hwan </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 83.43 </Td> <Td> 43.79 </Td> <Td> 39.64 </Td> <Td> 7.93 </Td> <Td> 7.68 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Brendan Kerry </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 83.06 </Td> <Td> 45.49 </Td> <Td> 37.57 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 7.36 </Td> <Td> 7.61 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Nathan Chen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 82.27 </Td> <Td> 41.39 </Td> <Td> 41.88 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 8.14 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Daniel Samohin </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 80.69 </Td> <Td> 43.29 </Td> <Td> 38.40 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Yan Han </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 80.63 </Td> <Td> 40.99 </Td> <Td> 40.64 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Keiji Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 80.05 </Td> <Td> 40.30 </Td> <Td> 40.75 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Deniss Vasiļjevs </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 79.52 </Td> <Td> 39.34 </Td> <Td> 41.18 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Moris Kvitelashvili </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 76.56 </Td> <Td> 40.88 </Td> <Td> 36.68 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.43 </Td> <Td> 7.36 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Matteo Rizzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 75.63 </Td> <Td> 39.23 </Td> <Td> 36.40 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Paul Fentz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 74.73 </Td> <Td> 37.71 </Td> <Td> 37.02 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.25 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> Did not advance to free skating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Julian Yee </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 73.58 </Td> <Td> 38.37 </Td> <Td> 35.21 </Td> <Td> 7.07 </Td> <Td> 6.82 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.14 </Td> <Td> 7.07 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Chafik Besseghier </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 72.10 </Td> <Td> 38.41 </Td> <Td> 33.69 </Td> <Td> 6.79 </Td> <Td> 6.29 </Td> <Td> 6.89 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Denis Ten </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 70.12 </Td> <Td> 30.77 </Td> <Td> 39.35 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Michael Christian Martinez </Td> <Td>

The winner of the men's ice skating event at the 2018 Olympics was

Who won the men's ice skating 2018?

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under the brand Jan Sadharan Express . These trains have all Unreserved / General coaches . A new series of Antyodaya Express is also proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 which will operate on peak routes having more rush . These trains will have all non reserved coaches . </P> <P> The following Jan Sadharan Express run in India : </P> <Ol> <Li> 13257 / 13258 - Rajendranagar Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express ( Daily ) </Li> <Li> 12597 / 12598 - Gorakhpur Mumbai Jan Sadharan Express ( Weekly ) </Li> <Li> 15101 / 15102 - Tirora - Mumbai ( Weekly ) </Li> <Li> 13257 / 13258 - Danapur - Anand Vihar ( Delhi ) ( Daily ) </Li> <Li> 15559 / 15560 - Darbhanga - Ahmedabad ( Weekly ) </Li> <Li> 15269 / 15270 - Muzaffarpur - Ahmedabad ( Monthly - Twise ) </Li> <Li> 12635 - Vaigai - Madurai ( Daily ) </Li> </Ol> <P> The following trains are proposed under Antyodaya brand : </P> <Ul> <Li> 22877 / 22877 Howrah - Ernakulam Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 22841 / 22841 Santragachi - Chennai Central Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 22921 / 22922 Bandra Terminus - Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 22895 / 22896 Bilaspur - Firozpur Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 15563 / 15564 Jaynagar - Udhna Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 22885 / 22886 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Tatanagar Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 15567 / 15568 Darbhanga - Jalandhar City Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 22631 / 22632 - Bikaner - Chennai Antyodaya Express </Li> <Li> 16355 / 16356 - Kochuveli - Mangaluru Jn Antyodaya Express </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Unreserved coaches </Dt> </Dl> <P> Apart from Antyodaya and Jan Sadharan trains , unreserved / general coaches are non reserved coaches on normal Express / Mail . The restriction on such coaches is for 24 hours journey . A new series of Deen Dayalu coaches has also been proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 for long distance trains . The Deen Dayalu coaches will be more comfortable than the old coaches </P> <H2> Competition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Like elsewhere , railways in India compete with air travel and road transport . The advantages of travelling by air between cities are the greater frequency of flights , and shorter travel time . Rail travel , with few exceptions ( if any ) , offers lower cost . </P> <P> Rail transport also faces competition from the use of roads improved under National Highways Development Project . People owning cars can , for short distances , benefit in terms of shorter travel time , given the lack of commute to and from a railway station at both ends of a journey . This is also balanced against the need to maintain one 's vehicle and its security during such trips . </P> <H2> Tracks ( edit ) </H2> <P> Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani trains run on Indian broad - gauge which is 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) . These tracks are multi-purpose supporting all passenger and freight traffic , and are not made exclusively for lighter load fast - express passenger trains . They run on tracks with classifications Group A , permitting speed up to 160 km / h , and Group B for speed up to 130 km / h . Lower speed limits apply when they are on tracks or railway switches , which have lower speed limits . The design of the railway switches , with a speed limit of 50 -- 90 km / h , is the major bottleneck to higher speed . Another constraint is the need to accommodate freight trains at the current top speed of 70 km / h . These constraints to speed are consequences of sharing tracks with freight and lower speed suburban passenger trains . But currently , as of 2010 , a separate freight corridor construction work is in progress with land acquisitions and other hurdles being slowly overcome . </P> <H2> Locomotives ( edit ) </H2> <P> Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani trains are hauled by powerful electric locomotives built by the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , such as WAP - 4 , WAP - 5 , or WAP - 7 , each with an output of more than 5,000 hp . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> WAP - 4 hauling Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> WAP - 5 hauling Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> WAP - 7 hauling Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> WCAM - 2 hauling Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> WDP - 4 loco hauling Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> WDP - 3A loco hauling Trivandrum Rajdhani Express </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Coaches ( edit ) </H2> <P> The coaches in these trains are of crash - worthy design from Alstom - LHB , built by Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala . These Alstom - LHB coaches can be pulled to a speed of 160 km / h without any modification . New fast - express coaches are made partly or completely of stainless steel , primarily motivated by lower maintenance , and higher availability . Stainless steel construction also reduces empty weight , enabling more passengers per coach . The bogies , design from Fiat , has 2 disk brakes per axle essential for safe operations especially at the speed of fast - express trains . </P> <H2> Speed ( edit ) </H2> <P> The average speed of super-fast trains , range from 55 kilometres per hour ( 34 mph ) to 112 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) . Of this , counting up and down trains separately , 23 trains have an average speed more than 80 km / h , whereas , 72 trains have an average speed between 70 and 80 km / h . The speed of express trains is calculated from the latest Indian Railways Time - Table . </P> <P> Regular unbranded express trains on the same route are only slightly slower , since the same locomotives haul them . </P> <Ul> <Li> Fastest train in India : 12951 / 52 Mumbai Rajdhani Express considering average speed including halts 12049 / 50 : Agra Cantonment - H. Nizamuddin Gatimaan Express - maximum speed 160 km / h , average speed 112 km / h </Li> <Li> Second - fastest train in India : 12002 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - maximum speed 150 km / h , average speed 80 km / h </Li> <Li> Third - fastest train in India : 12259 / 60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express , 12034 New Delhi - Kanpur Shatabdi Express and 12249 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - maximum speed 140 km / h , average speed is between 85 and 90 km / h </Li> <Li> Fourth - fastest train in India : 12302 New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express - maximum speed 135 km / h , average speed is between 80 and 85 km / h </Li> <Li> Fifth - fastest train in India : 12273 New Delhi - Howrah Duronto Express , New Delhi - Allahabad Duronto Express - maximum speed is between 120 and 130 km / h , average speed is between 80 and 85 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Rajdhani : 12951 Mumbai - New Delhi Rajdhani Express - 140 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Shatabdi : 12001 / 02 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - 150 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Suvidha : 22355 / 56 Patna - Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express - 110 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Duronto : 12259 / 60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express - 135 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Yuva : 12249 / 50 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - 130 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Garib Rath : 12910 H. Nizamuddin -- Bandra Garib Rath - 130 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Jan Shatabdi : 12059 Kota - H. Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express - 110 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Sampark Kranti : 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Double Decker : 12932 Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad AC Double Decker Express - 130 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Air - Conditioned Superfast : 22109 Mumbai LTT - H. Nizamuddin AC SF Express - 130 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Superfast train : 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest Passenger train : 56719 Nagercoil -- Kanyakumari Passenger -- 62 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest EMU / MEMU / DEMU train : 31213 Sealdah -- Barrackpore EMU -- 66 km / h </Li> <Li> Fastest fully diesel hauled Shatabdi : 12041 Howrah - Njp Howrah NJP Shatabdi Express - 130kmph maximum permissible speed , 72kmph avarage speed </Li> </Ul> <P> The india 's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km / hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> A WAP 5 hauled Gatimaan express Chandru Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12302 Howrah Rajdhani Express - AC First Class </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12259 Sealdah - New Delhi Duronto Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12322 Mumbai Mail Superfast Express at Barddhaman Junction </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12510 Kaziranga Superfast Express ( SBC - Guwahati ) at Bagnan </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12105 Vidarbha Superfast Express at Chandur </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12073 ( Howrah - Bhubaneswar ) Jan Shatabdi Express ( pic by Sarbamit Chowdhury ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12727 Godavari Superfast Express at Marripalem </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Howrah Duronto Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12113 Garib Rath Express at Nagpur </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 17036 Telangana Express at Moulali </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Deccan Queen Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 18237 Chhattisgarh Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 15483 Mahananda Express at Siliguri Town </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 18625 ( Patna - Hatia ) Express </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 12864 Yesvantpur - Howrah Superfast Express at Marripalem </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Stops ( edit ) </H2> <P> Frequent stops reduce the average running speed of a train greatly by preventing it from gaining higher speed . Duronto , Shatabdi , and Rajdhani express trains have very few stops . The distance between stops is as short as 2 km between New Bongaigaon - Bongaigaon on the Howrah - Dibrugarh Kamrup Express , and as long as 528 km between Vadodara - kota on the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> High - speed rail in India </Li> <Li> Rajdhani Express </Li> <Li> Shatabdi Express </Li> <Li> Duronto Express </Li> <Li> AC Express </Li> <Li> Jan Shatabdi Express </Li> <Li> Garib Rath </Li> <Li> Rajya Rani Express </Li> <Li> Humsafar Express </Li> <Li> Kavi Guru Express </Li> <Li> Sampark Kranti Express </Li> <Li> Swarna Jayanti Express </Li> <Li> Vivek Express </Li> <Li> Yuva Express </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Chauhan , Arvind ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` India 's fastest train completes final test run in record time '' . Times of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Routes and Timetables of New Tejas , Uday , Humsafar and Antyodaya Trains '' . 24 Coaches. 29 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High Speed -- T.R. Natarajan , Indian Railways '' . Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Government of India Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) ( December 2009 ) . `` Indian Railways 2020 Vision '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verma , Lalmani ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` To make fast - express trains safe , new design of coach on anvil '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rlys may raise stainless steel coach production '' . BusinessLine. 22 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Synopsis of Papers Presented in

The fastest train in India is the

Which is the fastest train in india and what is its speed?

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Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council - wikipedia <H1> Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . <P> The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( also known as the Permanent Five , Big Five , or P5 ) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council ( UNSC ) : China ( formerly the Republic of China ) , Russia ( formerly the Soviet Union ) , France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . These countries were all allies in World War II , which they won . They are also all nuclear weapons states . A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC , the remainder of which are elected . Only the five permanent members have the power of veto , which enables them to prevent the adoption of any `` substantive '' draft Council resolution , regardless of its level of international support . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current permanent members <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Veto power </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Expansion </Li> <Li> 3 Current leaders of the permanent members </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current permanent members ( edit ) </H2> See also : China and the United Nations , France and the United Nations , Russia and the United Nations , Soviet Union and the United Nations , United Kingdom and the United Nations , and United States and the United Nations <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Current state representation </Th> <Th> Former state representation </Th> <Th> Current leaders </Th> <Th> Current representative </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> People 's Republic of China ( since 1971 ) </Td> <Td> Republic of China ( 1945 -- 1949 ) ( on both Mainland China and Taiwan ) Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1971 ) ( only on Taiwan ) </Td> <Td> President : Xi Jinping Premier : Li Keqiang </Td> <Td> Ma Zhaoxu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French Fifth Republic ( since 1958 ) </Td> <Td> Provisional Government of the French Republic ( 1945 -- 1946 ) French Fourth Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) </Td> <Td> President : Emmanuel Macron Prime Minister : Édouard Philippe </Td> <Td> François Delattre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Russian Federation ( since 1991 ) </Td> <Td> Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( 1945 -- 1991 ) </Td> <Td> President : Vladimir Putin Prime Minister : Dmitry Medvedev </Td> <Td> Vasily Nebenzya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( since 1945 ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Monarch : Queen Elizabeth II Prime Minister : Theresa May </Td> <Td> Karen Pierce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States of America ( since 1945 ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> President : Donald Trump Vice President : Mike Pence </Td> <Td> Nikki Haley </Td> </Tr> </Table> The original permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in 1945 ( dark blue ) with their respective colonies and other holdings shown ( pale blue ) . <P> At the UN 's founding in 1945 , the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States . There have been two seat changes since then , although not reflected in Article 23 of the United Nations Charter as it has not been accordingly amended : </P> Leaders of the five permanent member states at a summit in 2000 . Clockwise from front left : Chinese President Jiang Zemin , U.S. President Bill Clinton , UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , Russian President Vladimir Putin , and French President Jacques Chirac . <Ul> <Li> China 's seat was originally held by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China . However , it lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949 . The Communist Party won control of mainland China and established the People 's Republic of China . In 1971 , UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the Government of People 's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in the UN , and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China , which was expelled from the UN altogether . Both governments still officially claim one another 's territory . However , only 20 states continue to officially recognize the Republic of China 's sovereignty . </Li> <Li> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russia was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter 's position on the Security Council . </Li> </Ul> <P> Additionally , France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and later into the French Fifth Republic in 1958 , both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle . France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition , although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent . </P> <P> The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world 's most powerful military forces ever since . They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures ; in 2011 , they spent over US $ 1 trillion combined on defense , accounting for over 60 % of global military expenditures ( the U.S. alone accounting for over 40 % ) . They are also five of the world 's six largest arms exporters , along with Germany and are the only nations officially recognized as `` nuclear - weapon states '' under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) , though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons . </P> <H3> Veto power ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United Nations Security Council veto power <P> The `` power of veto '' refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members , enabling them to prevent the adoption of any `` substantive '' draft Council resolution , regardless of the level of international support for the draft . The veto does not apply to procedural votes , which is significant in that the Security Council 's permanent membership can vote against a `` procedural '' draft resolution , without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council . </P> <P> The veto is exercised when any permanent member -- the so - called `` P5 '' -- casts a `` negative '' vote on a `` substantive '' draft resolution . Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted . </P> <H2> Expansion ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Reform of the United Nations Security Council The G4 nations that support one another 's bids for permanent seats on the UN Security Council <P> There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members . The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil , Germany , India , and Japan . They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations , which mutually support one another 's bids for permanent seats . </P> <P> This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the `` Uniting for Consensus '' group , which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4 . The group is led by Italy and Spain ( opposing Germany ) , Mexico , Colombia , and Argentina ( opposing Brazil ) , and South Korea ( opposing Japan ) , in addition to Turkey , Indonesia and others . Since 1992 , Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats . </P> <P> Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups . Japan was elected for eleven two - year terms , Brazil for ten terms , and Germany for three terms . India has been elected to the council seven times in total , with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991 -- 92 . </P> <P> In 2013 , the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world 's ten largest defense budgets , according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) . </P> <H2> Current leaders of the permanent members ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2018 : </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Xi Jinping President of the People 's Republic of China since 14 March 2013 ( General Secretary as de facto leader since 15 November 2012 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic since 14 May 2017 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation since 7 May 2012 ( de facto leader since 7 May 2000 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Theresa May Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 13 July 2016 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Donald Trump President of the United States of America since 20 January 2017 </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of country groupings </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The de jure head of government of China is the Premier , whose current holder is Li Keqiang . The President of China is legally a ceremonial office , but the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ( de facto leader ) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition , and the current paramount leader is President Xi Jinping . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The UN Security Council '' . unfoundation.org . United Nations Foundation . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` List of heads of missions '' ( PDF ) . ( 60.1 KB ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` United Nations fails to agree landmark arms - trade treaty '' . Reuters . NewsDaily . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . One of the reasons this month 's negotiations are taking place is that the United States , the world 's biggest arms trader accounting for over 40 percent of global conventional arms transfers , reversed U.S. policy on the issue after Barack Obama became president and decided in 2009 to support a treaty ... The other five top arms suppliers are Britain , China , France , Germany and Russia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Countries Welcome Work Plan as Security Council Reform Process Commences New Phase Center for UN Reform Education '' . CenterforUNReform.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian Model '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Security Council of the United Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Power </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chapter V </Li> <Li> Chapter VII </Li> <Li> Veto </Li> <Li> Resolution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organization </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Military Observer </Li> <Li> Peacebuilding Commission </Li> <Li> Counter-Terrorism Committee </Li> <Li> Peacekeeping </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Missions </Th> <Td>

The permanent members of the UN Security Council are

Who are the permanent member of un security council?

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University of Miami - wikipedia <H1> University of Miami </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the university in Florida . For the university in Ohio , see Miami University . <Table> University of Miami <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Latin : Universitas Miamiensis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Magna est veritas ( Latin ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto in English </Th> <Td> Great is the truth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Private </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 1925 ; 93 years ago ( 1925 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academic affiliations </Th> <Td> NAICU SURA ORAU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endowment </Th> <Td> $949 million ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $3.3 billion ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Richard D. Fain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Julio Frenk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Provost </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Duerk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academic staff </Th> <Td> 3,045 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administrative staff </Th> <Td> 10,985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Students </Th> <Td> 16,801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Undergraduates </Th> <Td> 10,849 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postgraduates </Th> <Td> 5,952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Coral Gables , Florida , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Campus </Th> <Td> Suburban Total 453 acres ( 1.83 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Orange , Green , White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Td> Hurricanes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sporting affiliations </Th> <Td> NCAA Division I -- ACC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Sebastian the Ibis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.miami.edu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , U of M , or The U ) is a private , nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables , Florida , United States . As of 2016 , the university enrolls 16,801 students in 12 separate colleges / schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami - Dade County . </P> <P> The university offers 116 undergraduate , 105 master 's , and 63 doctoral degree programs , of which 59 are research / scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 14,000 full and part - time faculty and staff , As of 2005 , UM is the sixth largest employer in Miami - Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . In the 2017 U.S. News and World Report study of colleges and universities , UM is ranked the 44th best national university in the United States . </P> <P> Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $346.6 million per year in sponsored research grants . UM offers a large library system with over 3.1 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Campus <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Coral Gables campus <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Student housing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Medical campus </Li> <Li> 2.3 RSMAS / Marine Campus </Li> <Li> 2.4 South Campus </Li> <Li> 2.5 Richmond Campus </Li> <Li> 2.6 Sustainability </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Student body </Li> <Li> 4 Academics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Organization </Li> <Li> 4.2 Rankings </Li> <Li> 4.3 Libraries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Research </Li> <Li> 6 Student life </Li> <Li> 7 Athletics <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Football program </Li> <Li> 7.2 Baseball program </Li> <Li> 7.3 Other sports </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 People <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notable alumni </Li> <Li> 8.2 Notable faculty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> A group of citizens chartered the University of Miami ( UM ) in 1925 with the intent to offer `` unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies , to further creative work in the arts and letters , and to conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies '' . They believed that a local university would benefit their community . They were overly optimistic about future financial support for UM because the South Florida land boom was at its peak . During the Jim Crow era , there were three large state - funded universities in Florida for white males , white females , and black coeds ( UF , FSU , and FAMU , respectively ) ; in this accord , UM was founded as a white , coeducational institution . </P> <P> The university began in earnest in 1925 when George E. Merrick , the founder of Coral Gables , gave 160 acres ( 0.6 km ) and nearly $5 million , ( $69.8 million , adjusted for current inflation ) to the effort . These contributions were land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city . The university was chartered on April 18 , 1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County . By the fall of 1926 , when the first class of 372 students enrolled at UM , the land boom had collapsed , and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by a major hurricane . For the next 15 years the university barely remained solvent . The construction of the first building on campus , now known as the Merrick Building , was left half built for over two decades due to economic difficulties . In the meantime , classes were held at the nearby Anastasia Hotel , with partitions separating classrooms , giving the university the early nickname of `` Cardboard College . '' </P> <P> In 1929 , Walsh and the other members of the Board of Regents resigned in the wake of the collapse of the Florida economy . UM 's plight was so severe that students went door to door in Coral Gables collecting funds to keep it open . A reconstituted ten - member Board was chaired by UM 's first president Bowman Foster Ashe ( 1926 -- 1952 ) . The new board included Merrick , Theodore Dickinson , E.B. Douglas , David Fairchild , James H. Gilman , Richardson Saunders , Frank B. Shutts , Joseph H. Adams , and J.C. Penney . In 1930 , several faculty members and more than 60 students came to UM when the University of Havana closed due to political unrest . UM filed for bankruptcy in 1932 . In July 1934 , the University of Miami was reincorporated and a Board of Trustees replaced the Board of Regents . By 1940 , community leaders were replacing faculty and administration as trustees . The university survived this early turmoil . During Ashe 's presidency , the university added the School of Law ( 1928 ) , the School of Business Administration ( 1929 ) , the School of Education ( 1929 ) , the Graduate School ( 1941 ) , the Marine Laboratory ( 1943 , renamed in 1969 as the Rosenstiel School ) , the School of Engineering ( 1947 ) , and the School of Medicine ( 1952 ) . </P> Walkway leading to the Otto G. Richter Library on the campus of the University of Miami <P> During World War II , UM was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V - 12 Navy College Training Program , which offered students a path to a Navy commission . </P> <P> One of Ashe 's longtime assistants , Jay F.W. Pearson , assumed the presidency in 1952 . A charter faculty member and a marine biologist by trade , Pearson retained the position until 1962 . During his presidency , UM awarded its first doctorate degrees and saw an increase in enrollment of more than 4,000 . </P> <P> The social changes of the 1960s and 1970s were reflected at UM . In 1961 , UM dropped its policy of racial segregation and began to admit black students . African Americans were also allowed full participation in student activities and sports teams . After President Stanford pressed for minority athletes , in December 1966 , UM signed Ray Bellamy , an African American football player . With Bellamy , UM became the first major college in the Deep South with a Black football player on scholarship . UM established an Office of Minority Affairs to promote diversity in both undergraduate and professional school admissions . With the start of the 1968 football season , President Henry Stanford barred the playing of `` Dixie '' by the university 's band . </P> <P> Historically , UM regulated female student conduct more than men 's conduct with a staff under the Dean of Women watching over the women . UM combined the separate Dean of Men and Dean of Women positions in 1971 . In 1971 , UM formed a Women 's Commission which issued a 1974 report on the status of women on campus . The result was UM 's first female commencement speaker , day care , and a Women 's Study minor . Following the enactment of Title IX in 1972 , and decades of litigation , all organizations , including honorary societies were open to women . The Women 's Commission also sought more equitable funding for women 's sports . Terry Williams Munz became the first woman in America awarded an athletic scholarship when she accepted a golf scholarship from UM in 1973 . </P> <P> From 1961 to 1968 , UM leased buildings on its South Campus to serve as the covert headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency 's JMWAVE operation against Fidel Castro 's government in Cuba . In 1968 , after Ramparts magazine exposed CIA operations on other campuses , JMWAVE was moved off the UM campus out of concern for embarrassing the university . The university no longer owns land at the south campus . </P> <P> Henry King Stanford became UM 's third president in 1962 . The Stanford presidency saw increased emphasis on research , reorganization of administrative structure and construction of new facilities . Among the new research centers established were the Center for Advanced International Studies ( 1964 ) , the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Evolution ( 1964 ) , the Center for Theoretical Studies ( 1965 ) , and the Institute for the Study of Aging ( 1975 ) . Under Stanford , in 1965 , UM began to recruit international students . </P> <P> In 1981 , Edward T. Foote II became the school 's fourth president . Under Foote 's leadership , on campus student housing was converted into a system of residential colleges . In addition , Foote initiated a five - year $400 million fundraising campaign that began in 1984 and raised $517.5 million . He saw the endowment expand from $47.4 million in 1981 to $465.2 million in 2000 . </P> <P> Foote was succeeded by Donna Shalala , who assumed the UM presidency in 2001 . Under Shalala , Miami built new libraries , dormitories , symphony rehearsal halls , and classroom buildings . The university 's academic quality and student quality also have improved as a result . During Shalala 's leadership of the University of Miami ,

The enrollment at the University of Miami is

What is the enrollment at university of miami?

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<Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 183.9 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 171.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> Students at UBL , 19 -- 32 ( N = m : 178 f : 34 , SD = m : 7.11 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.56 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 18 + ( N = m : 62,037 f : 65,696 ) </Td> <Td> 100.0 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 8,299 f : 7,938 ) </Td> <Td> 13.0 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil -- Urban </Td> <Td> 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 6,360 f : 6,305 ) </Td> <Td> 10.9 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil -- Rural </Td> <Td> 170.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,939 f : 1,633 ) </Td> <Td> 2.1 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) </Td> <Td> 163.2 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria -- Sofia </Td> <Td> 178.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) </Td> <Td> 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,337 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 55.5 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 152.4 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,081 , SD = f : 5.4 cm ( 2 in ) ) </Td> <Td> 52.2 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon -- Urban </Td> <Td> 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> 15 + ( N = m : 3,746 f : 5,078 ) </Td> <Td> 53.6 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon -- Urban </Td> <Td> 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> 35 - 44 ( N = m : 558 f : 1,156 ) </Td> <Td> 8.7 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 175.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) </Td> <Td> 162.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 79 </Td> <Td> 94.7 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 176.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 25 -- 44 </Td> <Td> 36.5 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,408 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 50.0 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 51.9 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> 156.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> 15 + </Td> <Td> 107.2 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 171.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> 25 -- 44 </Td> <Td> 41.2 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 15 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 23.7 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , People 's Republic of </Td> <Td> 167.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) </Td> <Td> 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 18 + </Td> <Td> 100.0 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , Mainland </Td> <Td> 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2.1 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , People 's Republic of -- Urban </Td> <Td> 170.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 0.6 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , People 's Republic of -- Rural </Td> <Td> 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 157.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , People 's Republic of -- Beijing </Td> <Td> 174.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) </Td> <Td> 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 0.2 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China , People 's Republic of -- Sichuan </Td> <Td> 169.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 0.7 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 22 ( N = m : 1,528,875 f : 1,468,110 ) </Td> <Td> 14.1 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 155.0 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 22,947 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 55.8 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 154.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 644 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 49.8 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo , Democratic Republic of the </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,727 , SD = f : 8.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) </Td> <Td> 52.7 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo , Republic of the </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,922 , SD = f : 8.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) </Td> <Td> 55.7 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) </Td> <Td> 166.49 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> 18 ( N = m : 358 f : 360 , SD = m : 6.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba -- Urban </Td> <Td> 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) </Td> <Td> 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 15 + </Td> <Td> 79.2 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 180.31 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) </Td> <Td> 167.22 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Conscripts , 18 -- 20 ( N = m : 38,025 ) </Td> <Td> 5.3 % </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 181.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1.5 % </Td> <Td> Estimates </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 182.6 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) </Td> <Td> 168.7 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 23 ( N = m : -- 20 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : NA f : 7.4 cm ( 3 in ) ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> Self - reported </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dinaric Alps </Td> <Td> 185.6 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) </Td> <Td> 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Measured </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 172.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 25 -- 49 ( N = f :

The average height of a Chinese man is

What is the average height of a chinese man?

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Who 's on First ? - Wikipedia <H1> Who 's on First ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Blackford Oakes novel , see Who 's on First ( novel ) . Abbott and Costello performing `` Who 's on First ? '' <P> `` Who 's on First ? '' is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello . The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello , but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello 's questions . For example , the first baseman is named `` Who '' ; thus , the utterance `` Who 's on first '' is ambiguous between the question ( `` Which person is the first baseman ? '' ) and the answer ( `` The name of the first baseman is ' Who ' '' ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Sketch </Li> <Li> 3 Writing credit </Li> <Li> 4 Notable performances and derivatives </Li> <Li> 5 Real - life parallels </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Who 's on First ? '' is descended from turn - of - the - century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names . Examples are `` The Baker Scene '' ( the shop is located on Watt Street ) and `` Who Dyed '' ( the owner is named `` Who '' ) . In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts , comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this : `` What is next to Which . '' `` What is the name of the town next to Which ? '' `` Yes . '' In British music halls , comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s ( and possibly earlier ) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye . By the early 1930s , a `` Baseball Routine '' had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States . Abbott 's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello . </P> <P> Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called `` Who 's The Boss ? '' , a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s . After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936 , he and Costello continued to hone the sketch . It was a big hit in 1937 , when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called `` Hollywood Bandwagon '' . </P> <P> In February 1938 , Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program , and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March . The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant , who became the team 's writer , and Will Glickman , a staff writer on the radio show . Glickman may have added the nicknames of then - contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine 's premise . This version , with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team 's players had `` strange nicknames '' that seemed to be questions , became known as `` Who 's on First ? '' Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter , which Costello misunderstands as `` He knows '' Slaughter . By 1944 , Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted . </P> <P> Abbott and Costello performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times in their careers , rarely performing it exactly the same way twice . They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times . An abridged version was featured in the team 's 1940 film debut , One Night in the Tropics . The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties , and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition . They also performed `` Who 's on First ? '' numerous times on radio and television ( notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode `` The Actor 's Home '' , widely considered the definitive version ) . </P> <P> In 1956 , a gold record of `` Who 's on First ? '' was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . A video ( taken from The Naughty Nineties ) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall . </P> <P> In the 1970s , Selchow and Righter published a `` Who 's on First ? '' board game . </P> <P> In 1999 , Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century . </P> <P> An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress 's National Recording Registry in 2003 . </P> <P> In 2005 , the line `` Who 's on First ? '' was included on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 memorable movie quotations . </P> <H2> Sketch ( edit ) </H2> <P> The names given in the routine for the players at each position are : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Player </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First base </Td> <Td> Who </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Second base </Td> <Td> What </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third base </Td> <Td> I Do n't Know </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Left field </Td> <Td> Why </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Center field </Td> <Td> Because </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pitcher </Td> <Td> Tomorrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catcher </Td> <Td> Today </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shortstop </Td> <Td> I Do n't Give a Darn or I Do n't Care </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine , and the right fielder is never identified . In the Selchow and Righter board game , the right fielder 's name is `` Nobody '' . </P> <P> At one point in the routine , Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally : </P> Abbott : You throw the ball to first base . <P> Costello : Then who gets it ? Abbott : Naturally . Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Now you 've got it . Costello : I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! Costello : Naturally . Abbott : Well , that 's it -- say it that way . Costello : That 's what I said . Abbott : You did not . Costello : I said I throw the ball to Naturally . Abbott : You do n't ! You throw it to Who ! </P> Costello : Naturally . <P> Abbott 's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated , until the end of the routine when Costello appears to parody Abbott by saying what appears to be gibberish to him , incidentally getting it right : </P> Costello : Now I throw the ball to first base , whoever it is drops the ball , so the guy runs to second . <P> Who picks up the ball and throws it to What . What throws it to I Do n't Know . I Do n't Know throws it back to Tomorrow -- a triple play . Abbott : Yeah , it could be . Costello : Another guy gets up and it 's a long fly ball to Because . Why ? I do n't know . He 's on third , and I do n't give a darn ! Abbott : What was that ? Costello : I said , I DON 'T GIVE A DARN ! </P> Abbott : Oh , that 's our shortstop ! <P> That is the most commonly heard ending . `` I Do n't Care '' and `` I Do n't Give a Damn '' have also turned up on occasion , depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience . </P> <P> The skit was usually performed on the team 's radio series at the start of the baseball season . In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury . ( In this case , the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself . While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder , when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936 - 7 , Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field ( 20 in 1936 ) . ) </P> <H2> Writing credit ( edit ) </H2> <P> Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch , but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration . For example , in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto , it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up , they paid Musto $15 to write the script . Furthermore , several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch . </P> <H2> Notable performances and derivatives ( edit ) </H2> <P> The sketch has been reprised , updated , alluded to , and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media . Some notable examples include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter , played by Harry Shearer , and a newspaper advertising salesman , played by David L. Lander , confusing the night 's acts as proper nouns . The acts were The Who , The Guess Who and Yes . </Li> <Li> Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing . </Li> <Li> In the 1988 film Rain Man , one of the film 's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie , played by actor Tom Cruise , makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects . </Li> <Li> Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV , with the rock groups The Band , The Who , and Yes . The final punchline changed to `` This is for the birds ( The Byrds ) ! '' `` Ah , they broke up long ago ! '' </Li> <Li> In an episode of Animaniacs , Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival , where they pay homage to the routine . Similar to the SCTV version , Slappy confuses The Who , The Band , and Yes for proper nouns . </Li> <Li> In an episode of The Simpsons , Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine , but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line : `` Not the pronoun , but rather a player with the unlikely name of ' Who ' is on first . '' </Li> <Li> In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called `` Hu 's on First '' featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu , pronounced similarly to the word `` Who '' . Bush also misunderstands Rice 's references to Yassir Arafat ( `` yes , sir '' ) and Kofi Annan ( `` coffee '' ) . </Li> <Li> The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou 's on First . </Li> <Li> Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version

The classic comedy routine "Who's on First?" originated in the Abbott and Costello movie

Which abbott and costello movie has who on first?

1928973707594149608

United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cast notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Marketing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 North America </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Outside North America </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Accolades </Li> <Li> 7 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Gay character </Li> <Li> 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . </P> <P> Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . </P> <P> Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . </P> <P> In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . </P> <P> After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . </P> <P> During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . <Ul> <Li> Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . <Ul> <Li> Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . </Li> <Li> Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . <Ul> <Li> Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . </Li> <Li> Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . </Li> <Li> Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . </Li> <Li> Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . </Li> <Li> Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . </Li> <Li> Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . </Li> <Li> Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . </Li> <Li> Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . <Ul> <Li> Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' Death . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . </Li> <Li> Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . </Li> <Li> Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . </Li> <Li> Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . </Li> <Li> Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . </Li> <Li> Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . </Li> <Li> Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . </Li> <Li> Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . </Li> <Li> Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . </Li> <Li> Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . </Li> <Li> Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . </Li> <Li> Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . </Li> <Li> Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . </Li> <Li> Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . </Li> <Li> Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . </Li> <Li> Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . </Li> <Li> Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cast notes ( edit ) </H3> <P> ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . </P> <P> ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . </P> <P> Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . </P> <P> By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower )

The voice of the Beast in the new movie is provided by

Who does the voice of the beast in the new movie?

5933037193128057305

<Td> Luke Wood ( President ) Matthew Costello ( COO ) will.i.am ( partner ) Noel Lee ( Inventor ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Headphones </Li> <Li> Bluetooth - enabled accessories </Li> <Li> Speakers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> US $ 1.5 billion ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 700 ( As of 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> HTC ( 50.1 % ; 2010 -- 2012 , 24.84 % ; 2012 -- 2013 ) Apple Inc. ( 2014 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> beatsbydre.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beats Electronics ( formerly Beats by Dr. Dre , or simply Beats by Dre ) is a subsidiary of Apple Inc. that produces audio products . Headquartered in Culver City , California , U.S. , the company was founded by music producer and rapper Dr. Dre and former Interscope Geffen A&M Records chairman Jimmy Iovine . </P> <P> The subsidiary 's product line is primarily focused on headphones and speakers . The company 's original product line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products . Following the end of its contract with the company , Beats took further development of its products in - house . In 2014 , the company expanded into the online music market with the launch of its subscription - based streaming service , Beats Music . </P> <P> In 2011 , NPD Group reported that Beats ' market share was 64 % in the U.S for headphones priced higher than $ 100 , and the brand was valued at US $1 billion in September 2013 . </P> <P> For a period , the company was majority - owned by Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC . The company reduced its stake to 25 % in 2012 , and sold its remaining stake back to the company in 2013 . Concurrently , Carlyle Group replaced HTC as a minority shareholder , alongside Dr. Dre and Iovine in late 2013 . On August 1 , 2014 , Apple Inc. acquired Beats for US $3 billion in a cash and stock deal , the largest acquisition in Apple 's history . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Formation </Li> <Li> 1.2 HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract </Li> <Li> 1.3 HTC sale and Beats Music </Li> <Li> 1.4 Subsidiary of Apple ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Bose lawsuit </Li> <Li> 1.6 Monster lawsuit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Products <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Personal audio </Li> <Li> 2.2 Beats Audio <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Car audio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Beats Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Formation ( edit ) </H3> Dr. Dre ( seen in 2012 ) , company co-founder Jimmy Iovine & David Guetta <P> The company was formally established in 2006 , a time when Iovine perceived two key problems in the music industry : the impact of piracy on music sales and the substandard audio quality provided by Apple 's plastic earbuds . Iovine later recalled that Dre said to him : `` Man , it 's one thing that people steal my music . It 's another thing to destroy the feeling of what I 've worked on . '' Iovine sought the opinions of musicians with `` great taste '' , such as M.I.A. , Pharrell Williams , will.i.am , and Gwen Stefani during the early developmental stage . Beats initially partnered with Monster Cable , an audio and video component manufacturer based in Brisbane , California , to manufacture and develop the first Beats - branded products , and debuted its first product , Beats by Dr. Dre Studio headphones , in late 2008 . </P> <P> To promote its products , Beats primarily relied on endorsements by pop and hip - hop music performers , including product placement within music videos , and partnering with musicians and other celebrities to develop co-branded products . Beats ' use of endorsements by musicians helped the company aggressively target the young adult demographics . </P> <H3> HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract ( edit ) </H3> <P> In August 2010 , mobile phone manufacturer HTC acquired a 50.1 % majority share in Beats for US $309 million . The purchase was intended to allow HTC to compete with other cellphone makers by associating themselves with the Beats brand , as the purchase also granted HTC exclusive rights to manufacture smartphones with Beats - branded audio systems . Despite its majority acquisition , HTC allowed Beats to operate as an autonomous company . Luke Wood , President of Beats in May 2014 , joined the company in January 2010 , when the company was a `` licensing business '' . Wood had previously worked under Iovine at Interscope Records . </P> <P> On January 19 , 2012 , BusinessWeek reported that Beats and Monster would not renew their production contract and their partnership ceased at the end of 2012 . Dre and Iovine subsequently decided to oversee the entire operation of the company , from manufacturing to R&D , and aimed to double its workforce to around 300 employees . Monster would ultimately begin marketing its own competing line of premium headphones aimed towards an older demographic . At the time , neither Dre , Iovine or Wood were experienced in the operation of a company at such a grand level , but Nani Wood explained in 2014 : </P> <P> I did n't have manufacturing experience , but I had experience of building something from scratch ... Every time we put out an album , it was basically like building a new business -- a unique cast of characters , unique challenges and opportunities , and trying to figure out a unique path to market . </P> <P> In October 2012 , Beats unveiled its first two self - developed products , `` Beats Executive '' headphones and `` Beats Pill '' wireless speakers -- Iovine believed that the company would now have to `` control ( its ) own destiny '' in order to continue its growth . Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats ' celebrity endorsement business model ( including Monster themselves , who unveiled Earth , Wind and Fire and Miles Davis - themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show ) , stating that `` some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio . You ca n't just stick someone 's name on a headphone that does n't know anything about sound . '' Following the decision to transform Beats into an autonomous entity , the company 's revenues reached the US $1 - billion mark , according to Iovine . </P> <H3> HTC sale and Beats music ( edit ) </H3> <P> In July 2012 , HTC sold back half of its stake in Beats for US $150 million , remaining the largest shareholder with 25.1 percent . The sale was intended to provide `` flexibility for global expansion while maintaining HTC 's major stake and commercial exclusivity in mobile . '' In August 2013 , reports surfaced that Beats ' founders planned to buy back HTC 's remaining minority stake in the company , and pursue a new , unspecified partner for a future investment . </P> <P> On September 27 , 2013 , HTC confirmed that it would sell its remaining 24.84 % stake in Beats back to the company for US $265 million . Concurrently , Beats announced that the Carlyle Group would make a US $500 million minority investment in the company . The overall deal valued Beats Electronics at US $1 billion and helped HTC turn a net profit of US $10.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2013 , following HTC 's first quarterly loss in company history . </P> <P> The appointment of a new chief operating officer ( COO ) , a role previously filled by Wood , was announced in early November 2013 . Matthew Costello , formerly of IKEA and HTC , was formally appointed into the role in May 2014 . </P> <P> On January 21 , 2014 , the company launched Beats Music , a subscription - based online music streaming service . Prior to the launch of the service , Beats stated that it intends to provide a different type of streaming experience to what was available on the market at the time . Additionally , the service would only be available to consumers in the U.S. at inception . Chief executive of Beats at the time , Ian Rogers , said : </P> <P> We wanted to build a music service that combined the freedom of an on - demand subscription service -- unlimited , uninterrupted streaming and downloads of tens of millions of songs -- but layer on top features that would give you that feeling only music that moves you can give . The right song at the right time will give you a chill . Make you pull someone close . Nod your head . Sing in the mirror . Roll down the car window and crank the volume to the right . </P> <H3> Subsidiary of Apple ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 8 , 2014 , the Financial Times reported that Apple was in negotiations with Beats to purchase the company for US $3.2 billion -- the largest purchase in Apple 's history , ahead of its US $429 million purchase of NeXT in 1996 . The impending deal was prematurely and indirectly revealed in a photo and YouTube video posted to Facebook by Tyrese Gibson on May 8 , 2014 ; the video documented a celebration in which Gibson and Dr. Dre made boasting remarks about the acquisition , with Dre declaring himself the `` first billionaire in hip hop '' , while Gibson declared that the `` Forbes list '' had changed . Both the photo and video were removed from Facebook the following morning , but both remain on Gibson 's YouTube channel . Indeed , analysts estimated that the rumored deal would make Dr. Dre the first billionaire in the hip - hop music industry in terms of net worth , assuming that he held at least 15 % ownership in the company prior to the deal . Dr. Dre was listed with a net worth of US $550 million on Forbes ' The World 's Billionaires 2014 list . It was also estimated that the Carlyle Group would receive a profit of US $1 billion from its minority stake in the company . </P> <P> On May 28 , 2014 , Apple officially announced its intention to acquire Beats Electronics for US $3 billion -- with $400 million to be paid in Apple stock and the remainder in cash . Some reports suggested that the reduction in value may have been a result of lower - than - expected subscriber numbers for the Beats Music service . Iovine felt that Beats had always `` belonged '' with Apple , as the company modeled itself after Apple 's `` unmatched ability to marry culture and technology . '' In regard to the deal , Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that `` Music is such an important part of all of our lives and holds a special place within our hearts at Apple . That 's why we have kept investing in music and are bringing together these extraordinary teams so we can continue to create the most innovative music products and services in the world . '' Beyond stocking Beats products at its retail outlets , Apple did not provide any further indications over how Beats would be integrated into its product line at the time , and whether Beats Music , which competed with Apple 's own iTunes Radio service , would continue to

The first wireless Beats headphones were released in

When did the first wireless beats come out?

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Adidas Yeezy - wikipedia <H1> Adidas Yeezy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Adidas ' Yeezy Boost 350 in the ' Turtle Dove ' colorway - the first of the 350 line to commercially release . <P> Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas . The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost `` Light Brown '' was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 14 , 2015 . The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 `` Turtle Dove '' . `` Yeezy Season 1 '' was the first and only apparel collection to release from this collaboration . It was officially released on October 29 , 2015 . The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boost was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Clothing </Li> <Li> 3 Footwear <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Yeezy Boost 750 </Li> <Li> 3.2 Yeezy Boost 350 </Li> <Li> 3.3 Yeezy 950 </Li> <Li> 3.4 Yeezy 350 Cleat </Li> <Li> 3.5 Yeezy Boost 350 V2 </Li> <Li> 3.6 Yeezy Powerphase </Li> <Li> 3.7 Yeezy Boost 700 </Li> <Li> 3.8 Yeezy 500 Desert Rat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Kanye West originally designed a shoe for Adidas in 2006 , but it never came out . The first brand to officially collaborate with Kanye West and have a shoe line was Nike . This collaboration lasted for five years and a total of three sneaker styles were released . In 2013 , after the release of the `` Red Octobers '' Kanye West left Nike . Kanye West wanted Nike to grant him royalties , but they denied his request . Kanye West reached out to Adidas and they agreed to give him royalties . A year after the confirmation of the Adidas and Kanye West collaboration , there was still no product . February 2015 was when the collaboration officially debuted . `` Yeezy Season 1 '' had been very anticipated and celebrities such as Rihanna , Diddy , and Kim Kardashian were at the showing . </P> <H2> Clothing ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Yeezy Season 1 '' officially released on October 29 , 2015 . This collection was noted for its stripped down , ready - to - wear style , which drew on military clothing and flesh - toned colors . Prices ranged from $600 sweatpants to $3,000 jackets . Although , the footwear sold out quickly , the apparel collection did not . After the `` Yeezy Season 1 '' show , Adidas announced they would no longer be a part of Yeezy apparel . Instead , they will only be collaborating on footwear . </P> <H2> Footwear ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of December , 2017 , a total of 19 colorways and 6 designs have been released between the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration . Through a combination of factors including popularization by celebrities , Adidas Yeezy sneakers have come to be extremely influential and highly coveted . </P> <H3> Yeezy Boost 750 ( edit ) </H3> <P> On December 3 , 2013 , Adidas confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West . On February 8 , 2015 , the name and design for the Kanye West and Adidas collaboration shoe was revealed . On February 10 Adidas revealed posters of the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' all throughout their flagship stores . The Yeezy boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was initially released on February 14 , 2015 , exclusively for those who confirmed a reservation through the Adidas mobile app . This initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app ; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . Between February 21 and February 28 the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Light Brown '' was available through a wider range of retailers and boutiques . The shoe retailed for $350 . </P> <P> On June 11 , 2016 , Yeezy Season 2 began with the second set of releases of the Yeezy Boost 750 `` Glow in the Dark '' . The shoe was sold in an all - grey color scheme with a phosphorescent ( glow - in - the - dark ) gum outsole . This was the first time a glow - in - the - dark sole has been featured since the ( Nike Air Yeezy ) line . The shoe features improved materials such as higher quality suede and leather . Like the previous 750s , this was sold for a retail price of $350 . </P> <P> The next Yeezy Boost 750 featured a brown suede and leather upper with the same fluorescent sole as the previous model . This colorway was dubbed `` Chocolate '' and retailed for $350 like all previous 750 models . There have been no further releases of the sneaker . </P> <H3> Yeezy Boost 350 ( edit ) </H3> Adidas Yeezy Boost `` Oxford Tan '' <P> On June 27 , 2015 , the second shoe from the collaboration , the Yeezy Boost 350 was made available through a worldwide release . The shoe was first released in a white and grey `` Turtle Dove '' Color scheme . On August 22 , 2015 , an all - black version of the Yeezy Boost 350 released , known as the `` Pirate Black . '' An olivine variant , the `` Moonrock , '' was released exclusively to stores who were vendors for the Yeezy Season 1 clothing line . The fourth and final version of Season 1 's 350 Boost was the `` Oxford Tan , '' which featured a light - brown color scheme . In early 2016 , a revised version of the Pirate Black colorway was released . Revisions included additional support and padding to the heel . However , both iterations are relatively identical in appearance . All variants of the shoe retailed for $200 . </P> <P> On August 27 , 2016 , the Yeezy Boost 350 re-released in infant sizes . The shoe was released in the `` Turtle Dove '' and `` Pirate Black '' color scheme . There have been no further releases or restocks of the sneaker . </P> <H3> Yeezy 950 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Yeezy 950 was first released on October 29 , 2015 at select retail stores and online . It was part of the Yeezy season 1 collection and came in three different colorways : Peyote , Moonrock , Chocolate , and Pirate black . Each shoe was retailed at $585 USD . `` The Adidas Yeezy 950 extended the Kanye West and Adidas partnership outside of the sneaker space with its military duckboot inspired design . '' There have been no further releases of the sneaker . </P> <H3> Yeezy 350 cleat ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Adidas Yeezy 350 Football Boost `` Turtle dove '' colorway was originally released on September 15 , 2016 . The Yeezy 350 cleat `` Turtle Dove '' is the first athletic footwear product from the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration . `` The shoe took the overall look and feel of the adidas Yeezy Boost 350 however they installed a Primeknit upper reinforced with SprintSkin sitting on a 5 - star cleat frame . '' The cleat was designed for football and it had made its first appearance in a 2016 NFL kickoff game . Texans wide receiver DeAndre Hopkins was fined $6,000 for wearing the cleats because they broke the NFL uniform policy by not having a solid base color . </P> Adidas Yeezy Boost v2 `` Zebra '' <P> There have been no further releases of this cleat </P> <H3> Yeezy Boost 350 V2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Yeezy Boost 350 V2 `` Beluga '' was revealed at the Yeezy Season 3 show and was released on September 24 , 2016 . It is considered a remake of the previous Yeezy Boost 350 and features several outer changes , such as a different pattern , removed heel tab , and a large stripe running around the outer side of the shoe with the characters `` SPLY - 350 '' . The sole also has been updated to be transparent and features full - length visibility of the boost material midsole through a grid - pattern opening on the outsole . September 24 , 2016 , was the release date of the Yeezy Boost V2 `` Beluga '' . It featured an all Grey outsole and primeknit , with a large colored orange stripe with the words `` SPLY - 350 '' . On November 23 , 2016 , three new colorways released , `` Copper '' , `` Green '' , and `` Red '' , featuring an all black outsole and primeknit , with a large colored stripe with the words `` SPLY - 350 '' . A Core Black / Core White colorway , dubbed `` Oreo '' , was released December 17 , 2016 , which also featured a black outsole and prime knit , as well as a white stripe across the shoe . </P> <P> A notable adaption to the Yeezy Boost 350 V2 line was made when a black and red `` Bred '' colorway released February 11 , 2017 . The colorway possesses a `` triple black '' colorway , with the `` SPLY - 350 '' displayed in a red tint . Additionally , it officially became the first to opt out the prominent stripe on previous models . A `` Zebra '' colorway was released on February 25 , 2017 and later restocked online and in various adidas stores and retailers on June 24 , 2017 . The colorway featured prominent black stripes over a never before seen white overlay , prompting a surge of value and hype from the sneaker community . On April 29 , 2017 , a long - awaited model labeled as `` Cream White '' was released to the public . All shoe colorways have been released for a retail price of $220 . </P> <P> Three new colorways of the Yeezy 350 V2 model have surfaced . A `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' colorway featuring a bright yellow prime knit upper and unique `` gum soles '' released on November 18 , 2017 in limited quantity . Additionally , a colorway with a strikingly familiar pattern to the first release of the Yeezy 350 V2 , dubbed the `` Beluga 2.0 , '' released at various retailers in large quantity seven days after the `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' on November 25 , 2017 . It subsequently restocked on the 30th of November . The third colorway , `` Blue Tint , '' will be releasing on the 16th of December . All colorways have opted to possess consistent prime knit patterns without a prominent stripe on the sides , however , the iconic `` SPLY - 350 '' will still be retained on all three pairs with prices being set at $220 . </P> <P> Several other iterations of the shoe have been rumored to make its return in 2018 ; featuring one with a displaced `` SPLY - 350 '' and a dull grey primeknit pattern , a `` Sesame '' graphic featuring a gum sole similar to that of the `` Semi-Frozen Yellow '' , and a `` Ice Yellow '' similar to the `` Cream White '' colorway are all rumored to release in the summer of 2018 . All rumors are subject to change . </P> <H3> Yeezy Powerphase ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Adidas Powerphase `` Calabasas '' was released on March 28 , 2017 . `` The retro sneakers are an update of an Adidas trainer from the ' 80s . They feature a premium white leather upper with perforated striped , green Adidas branding and a red

The first pair of Yeezys was released on

When did the first pair of yeezys come out?

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Be Thankful for What You Got - Wikipedia <H1> Be Thankful for What You Got </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by William DeVaughn </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Be Thankful for What You Got </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Be Thankful For What You Got , Part 2 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 : 12 ( album version ) </Li> <Li> 3 : 25 ( single edit ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Roxbury Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> William DeVaughn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Frank Fioravanti , John Davis </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Sampled </Li> <Li> 1.2 References </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Covers <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Massive Attack version </Li> <Li> 2.2 Lipbone Redding version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> DeVaughn wrote `` A Cadillac Do n't Come Easy '' eventually re-written to become `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' in 1972 , and spent $900 toward its development to Omega Sound ( a Philadelphia production house ) . The producers at Omega ( Frank Fioravanti and sax player / MFSB session group member , John Davis ) decided to go for a strong groove with a smooth , almost jazzy arrangement , eventually booking time to record at Sigma Sound Studio in Philadelphia . </P> <P> The session featured members of the MFSB group -- guitarist Norman Harris , drummer Earl Young , bassist Ron Baker , and vibist Vince Montana -- secured by Allan Felder , who also developed the separate ad lib back - up chorus with his sister 's vocal choir. ( The B - Side of the single entitled `` Diamond in the Back '' was the same title adopted by Ludacris 2004 ) Frank Fioravanti could have released the record on the company 's own label Sound Gems , but it was just starting out and instead secured its release on the Roxbury Records record label , run by producer - songwriter Wes Farrell . </P> <P> The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring 1974 , reaching # 1 on the U.S. R&B charts and # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield ( and often erroneously attributed to him ) , its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home , to the extent that it became featured on gospel radio stations . </P> <P> The edited version , which is the first part of the song , became a hit . The other half of the song is a longer instrumental with the repeated chords and rhythm before the final chorus comes in . The song is seven minutes long and radio stations preferred the sung portions over the instrumental portions . </P> <P> The song is noted for its repeated line : `` Diamond in the back , / Sun roof top , / Diggi'n the scene , with a gangsta lean '' . </P> <P> DeVaughn 's second album Figures Ca n't Calculate ( TEC , 1980 ) included a remake . </P> <P> The song is featured in the films Bug ( 2002 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) and La Mission ( 2010 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I 'm in Love '' by Aretha Franklin </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Soul Singles number one single June 1 , 1974 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Hollywood Swinging '' by Kool & the Gang </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sampled ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song has been sampled several times , such as by N.W.A in `` Gangsta Gangsta '' , Ludacris in `` Diamond in the Back '' and Ice Cube in `` Stand Tall '' . </P> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song is referenced in the Parliament - Funkadelic song `` P. Funk ( Wants to Get Funked Up ) '' , with the lyric : `` Gangster lean ; Y'all should dig my sun - roof top . '' </P> <P> The song was also referenced in the late guitarist Gabor Szabo 's 1976 song , `` Keep Smiling , '' except the `` diamond in the back '' lyric was changed to `` digging the scene with a Philly lean , '' possibly referring to the song 's co-author and producer ( and Vaughn 's Philadelphia International Records label - mate ) Bunny Sigler . </P> <P> In the song `` Still Fly '' by Big Tymers the last verse mentions an ' old - school Caddy with a diamond in the back ' and imitates DeVaughn 's higher tone . </P> <P> The song is referenced in the Rihanna song `` Shut Up and Drive ( Rihanna song ) '' , with the phrase : `` I 'm a fine - tuned super-sonic speed machine , with a sunroof top and a gangsta lean . '' </P> <H2> Covers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was covered in 1974 by Arthur Lee and Love on their Reel to Real album ; Reggae versions were done by Donovan Carless in 1974 , Bunny Clarke ( produced by Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ) in 1975 , and by Winston Curtis in 1984 ( on World International Records ) ; in 1991 by the British trip hop band Massive Attack on their album Blue Lines , in 1993 by Portrait on the soundtrack album Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture , by Peter Blakeley as the opening theme for the movie The Taking of Beverly Hills , by Yo La Tengo on its 1997 `` Little Honda '' EP and by Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding on his 2009 Science of Bootyism album . </P> <P> The song has been covered by Rumer ( musician ) in her EP `` Love is the Answer '' . </P> <P> The song , titled `` Be Thankful '' , was covered by Omar Lye - Fook featuring Erykah Badu on his 2001 album `` Best By Far '' . </P> <P> The song was also covered by Cleveland Watkiss on `` Blessing in Disguise '' ( Polydor 1991 ) . </P> <H3> Massive Attack version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Massive Attack 's cover version , retitled `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' , was featured on their 1991 debut album Blue Lines . A music video was produced for the song ; however , it was not released as a stand - alone commercial single . Instead , a remix by Paul Oakenfold was also included on their 1992 single release Massive Attack EP . </P> <P> Massive Attack EP track listing : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Hymn of the Big Wheel '' ( Nellee Hooper Remix ) -- 4 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Home of the Whale '' -- 4 : 02 </Li> <Li> `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' ( Paul Oakenfold Remix ) -- 4 : 36 </Li> <Li> `` Any Love '' ( Larry Heard Remix ) -- 4 : 27 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Be Thankful for What You 've Got '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Lipbone Redding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Science of Bootyism EP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 21 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 10 6 : 12 ( long version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> William DeVaughn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeff Eyrich for Lipbone Redding </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Lipbone Redding version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lawrence `` Lipbone '' Redding 's cover version , `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' , appeared on his 2009 EP Lipbone Redding and the LipBone Orchestra : Science of Bootyism , BePop Records . The EP contains two versions of the song . </P> <P> Science of Bootyism EP track listing : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` The Land of Drunk and Stoned '' -- 4 : 24 </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Melinda '' -- 4 : 56 </Li> <Li> `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' -- 5 : 10 </Li> <Li> `` Old Tattoo '' -- 4 : 58 </Li> <Li> `` Ghetto Girl ( Downtown Deep Ghetto Mix '' ) - 7 : 00 </Li> <Li> `` Ghetto Girl ( Uptown Slum Club Mix ) '' - 5 : 51 </Li> <Li> `` Be Thankful for What You Got '' ( long version ) - 6 : 12 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record Details '' . 45cat.com . 45cat . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chart positions and sales figure : Nathan . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Be Thankful '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Massive Attack - Massive Attack E.P. at Discogs </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nathan , David . Notes for William DeVaughn : Be Thankful for What You Got : A Golden Classics Edition . Collectables ( sic ) CD COL - 5271 . Collectables ( sic ) Record Corp. , 1994 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Massive Attack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3D </Li> <Li> Daddy G </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mushroom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue Lines </Li> <Li> Protection </Li> <Li> Mezzanine </Li> <Li> 100th Window </Li> <Li> Heligoland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remix albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Protection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Daydreaming '' </Li> <Li> `` Unfinished Sympathy '' </Li> <Li> `` Safe from Harm '' </Li> <Li> `` Sly '' </Li> <Li> `` Protection '' </Li> <Li> `` Karmacoma '' </Li> <Li> `` Risingson '' </Li> <Li> `` Teardrop '' </Li> <Li> `` Angel '' </Li> <Li> `` Inertia Creeps '' </Li> <Li> `` Special Cases '' </Li> <Li> `` Butterfly Caught '' </Li> <Li> `` Live with Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Four Walls '' </Li> <Li> `` The Spoils '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Splitting the Atom </Li> <Li> Ritual Spirit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singles 90 / 98 </Li> <Li> Collected </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Want You '' ( with Madonna ) </Li> <Li> Danny the Dog </Li> <Li> DJ - Kicks : Daddy G </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Tricky </Li> <Li> Shara Nelson </Li> <Li> Horace Andy </Li> <Li> Angelo Bruschini </Li> <Li> Neil Davidge </Li> <Li> The Wild Bunch </Li> <Li> Trip hop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_Thankful_for_What_You_Got&oldid=817217476 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1974 singles </Li> <Li> 1992 singles </Li> <Li> 2009 singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Massive Attack songs </Li> <Li> 1972 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li>

The song "Be Thankful for What You Got" was written by

Who wrote the song be thankful for what you got?

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The Crossing ( tv series ) - wikipedia <H1> The Crossing ( tv series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Crossing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jay Beattie </Li> <Li> Dan Dworkin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Zahn </Li> <Li> Natalie Martinez </Li> <Li> Sandrine Holt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Letting the Cables Sleep '' by Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Robert Duncan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 4 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Olmstead </Li> <Li> Jason T. Reed </Li> <Li> Jay Beattie </Li> <Li> Dan Dworkin </Li> <Li> Matthew Fernandes </Li> <Li> Arthur Spanos </Li> <Li> Vanessa Wong </Li> <Li> David Von Ancken </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dworkin / Beattie </Li> <Li> Brick Moon </Li> <Li> ABC Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Disney -- ABC Domestic Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC and CTV . The series debuted on April 2 , 2018 . On March 20 , 2018 , ABC released the pilot episode on their website . The series is filmed in British Columbia , Canada . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town -- but they claim to be from America , 180 years in the future . Moreover , at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make them a threat . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis </Li> <Li> Natalie Martinez as Reece </Li> <Li> Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren </Li> <Li> Tommy Bastow as Marshall </Li> <Li> Rob Campbell as Paul </Li> <Li> Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario </Li> <Li> Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb </Li> <Li> Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson </Li> <Li> Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer </Li> <Li> Simone Kessell as Rebecca </Li> <Li> Kelley Missal as Hannah </Li> <Li> Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster </Li> <Li> Bailey Skodje as Leah </Li> <Li> John D'Leo as Will </Li> <Li> Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan , Oregon and in Seattle , the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver , British Columbia in 2017 . The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff 's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach , north of Vancouver . The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show 's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city . Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston , British Columbia and in New Westminster . Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late November , 2017 . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> Rob Bowman </Td> <Td> Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 5.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> People are deep underwater in the ocean . A woman pushes a child toward the surface and disappears below . Sheriff Jude Ellis is called to the beach to investigate a body that washed ashore . Upon arriving , he and his deputy discover more bodies on the beach and hundreds more in the water . There are a total of 47 survivors , all claiming to be fleeing a war 180 years in the future . They heard of a way to bend time to get to `` The Long Peace '' . They were running from Apex , a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities that took over all governments and began exterminating normal humans . FBI Agent Emma Ren takes charge and restricts the sheriff 's access . The woman shown previously is rescued by fishermen , sees a televised report of only dead washing ashore ( an FBI cover story ) , ambushes Jude and orders him to take her to the dead . She does not find the girl she tried to help . Jude tells her the child is alive . When armed security agents close in , the woman overpowers both of them and Jude and escapes , revealing herself to be an Apex by her incredible physical abilities . She later appears in Jude 's home , where he learns that her name is Reece and that she is looking for her daughter , Leah . Thomas , a survivor , claims that their group was not the first to cross . He meets Ren 's boss , Craig Lindauer , the deputy head of Homeland Security , but to his horror recognizes Lindauer as part of the earlier migration . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` A Shadow Out of Time '' </Td> <Td> David Von Ancken </Td> <Td> Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 4.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Reece and Leah 's backstory is told in a series of flashbacks . In 2187 , Reece and another armed Apex agent search a building for `` Commons '' , non-mutated humans . Inside they find a dead man , killed by the incurable disease Apex created to wipe out normal humanity . They also discover a healthy baby . Reece 's partner prepares to shoot the infant , per standard procedure , but Reece kills him and raises the baby in secret . When Leah is a young girl , she contracts the disease . Reece buys black market medical help ; the man gives Leah some of Reece 's blood in the hope that Reece 's Apex immunity can help Leah fight the disease . When Reece 's superiors find out about Leah and confront Reece , she shoots them and flees . In the present , Jude makes a bargain with her : he will help her find Leah in exchange for her leaving town . He tries to arrange a meeting between Reece and Ren , but Ren notifies Lindauer , who sends heavily armed men . Reece is shot , but gets away . Meanwhile , Leah is found to have the disease and is quickly quarantined . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Pax Americana '' </Td> <Td> Ken Girotti </Td> <Td> Michael Narducci </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 4.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Reece is tracked in the forest by Lindauer 's heavily armed men , but she easily neutralizes them . She kills the head of the search team when he , thinking he has her incapacitated , reveals he is an earlier migrant . Roy , a guard , is attracted to survivor Hannah . Luke threatens to expose Hannah 's past to the others unless she cooperates with him . She sneaks out of camp in the back of Roy 's pickup truck . At a concert , part of the town 's `` Harborfest '' celebration , Hannah meets Marshall . After a while , she spots a young man who looks exactly like the guy in the photo in her lost locket . Roy finds Hannah and takes her back , with Jude 's help . Jude is enjoying Harborfest with his son Oliver , who was dropped off by Oliver 's mother . When Jude is called away to check out a dead body ( Reece 's victim ) , Oliver disappears . Lindauer recruits Thomas , then sends virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to find out all she can about the disease , but states that saving Leah 's life is not a priority . After speaking with Forbin , Ren starts to suspect that Lindauer has a hidden agenda . She reaches out to Jude , but he no longer trusts her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` The Face of Oblivion '' </Td> <Td> Tara Nicole Weyr </Td> <Td> Evan Bleiweiss </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 4.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> When Jude calls Oliver 's phone , Reece answers . She wants to exchange his child for hers in four hours . Jude contacts Ren , who informs him that Leah is dying of a highly infectious disease . Jude pressures Forbin to go with him to the exchange point . After they apprise Reece of the situation , Forbin offers to take Oliver 's place . Jude returns home to find his son alive and well . Meanwhile , Hannah 's dark secret comes to light : she became an Apex collaborator after they caught and tortured her father . A survivor named Paul asks a guard to locate a woman from the earlier migration : his wife . The guard turns over his drawing over to Ren , who identifies and goes to question the woman . The woman claims Paul joined a cult , but when Ren sees a photograph on the wall showing a gathering in which Lindauer is present , the woman shoots her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Ten Years Gone '' </Td> <Td> Jeffrey Hunt </Td> <Td> Rebecca Sonnenshine </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` LKA '' </Td> <Td> Hanelle Culpepper </Td> <Td> Vivian Tse </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 69 % based on 16 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th>

The TV show "The Crossing" was filmed in

Where did they film the show the crossing?

-5631645752168123789

Cool Hand Luke - wikipedia <H1> Cool Hand Luke </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Cool Hand Luke ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Cool Hand Luke </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Stuart Rosenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Gordon Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donn Pearce </Li> <Li> Frank R. Pierson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Cool Hand Luke by Donn Pearce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Newman </Li> <Li> George Kennedy </Li> <Li> J.D. Cannon </Li> <Li> Robert Drivas </Li> <Li> Lou Antonio </Li> <Li> Strother Martin </Li> <Li> Jo Van Fleet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Lalo Schifrin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Conrad Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Sam O'Steen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. - Seven Arts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 1 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 01 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 126 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $3.2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $16,217,773 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg , starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar - winning performance . Newman stars in the title role as Luke , a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system . </P> <P> The film , set in the early 1950s , is based on Donn Pearce 's 1965 novel of the same name . Pearce sold the story to Warner Bros. , who then hired him to write the script . Due to Pearce 's lack of film experience , the studio added Frank Pierson to rework the screenplay . Newman 's biographer Marie Edelman Borden states that the `` tough , honest '' script drew together threads from earlier movies , especially Hombre , Newman 's earlier film of 1967 . The film has been cited by Roger Ebert as an anti-establishment film which was shot during the time of the Vietnam War , in which Newman 's character endures `` physical punishment , psychological cruelty , hopelessness and equal parts of sadism and masochism . '' His influence on his prison mates and the torture that he endures is compared to that of Jesus , and Christian symbolism is used throughout the film , culminating in a photograph superimposed over crossroads at the end of the film in comparison to the crucifixion . Filming took place on the San Joaquin River Delta , and the set , imitating a southern prison farm , was built in Stockton , California . The filmmakers sent a crew to Tavares Road Prison in Tavares , Florida , to take photographs and measurements . </P> <P> Upon its release , Cool Hand Luke received favorable reviews and became a box - office success . The film cemented Newman 's status as one of the era 's top box - office actors , while the film was described as the `` touchstone of an era . '' Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , George Kennedy won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , Pearce and Pierson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and the score by Lalo Schifrin was also nominated for the Best Original Score . In 2005 , the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry , considering it to be `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' It has a 100 % rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . The quotation used by the prison warden ( Strother Martin ) in the film , which begins with `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate , '' was listed at No. 11 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 most memorable movie lines . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Script </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Themes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Christian imagery </Li> <Li> 4.2 Use of traffic signs and signals </Li> <Li> 4.3 `` Failure to communicate '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release and reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Decorated war veteran Lucas `` Luke '' Jackson ( Paul Newman ) , is arrested for cutting the `` heads '' off parking meters ( cutting the meters off their poles ) one drunken night . He is sentenced to two years in prison and sent to a Florida chain gang prison run by a stern warden , the Captain ( Strother Martin ) , and a stoic rifleman , Walking Boss Godfrey ( Morgan Woodward ) , whose eyes are always covered by a pair of mirrored sunglasses. Carr ( Clifton James ) the floorwalker , tells the rules to the new set of prisoners , with any violations resulting in spending the night in `` the box , '' a small square room with limited air and very little room to move . </P> <P> Luke refuses to observe the established pecking order among the prisoners and quickly runs afoul of the prisoners ' leader , Dragline ( George Kennedy ) . When the pair have a boxing match , the prisoners and guards watch with interest . Although Luke is severely outmatched by his larger opponent , he refuses to acquiesce . Eventually , Dragline refuses to continue the fight . Luke 's tenacity earns the prisoners ' respect and draws the attention of the guards . Later , Luke wins a poker game by bluffing with a hand worth nothing . Luke comments that `` sometimes , nothing can be a real cool hand '' , prompting Dragline to nickname him `` Cool Hand Luke '' . </P> Luke and the chain gang finish paving the road <P> After a visit from his sick mother , Arletta ( Jo Van Fleet ) , Luke becomes more optimistic about his situation . He continually confronts the Captain and the guards , and his sense of humor and independence prove to be both contagious and inspiring to the other prisoners . Luke 's struggle for supremacy peaks when he leads a work crew in a seemingly impossible but successful effort to complete a road - paving job in less than one day . The other prisoners start to idolize him after he makes and wins a spur - of - the moment bet that he can eat fifty hard - boiled eggs in one hour . </P> <P> One day , Luke picks up a deadly rattlesnake from the grassy ditch and holds it up for Boss Godfrey to shoot with his rifle . Luke tosses the snake to the boss as a joke , before he hands him his walking cane . Dragline advises Luke to be more careful about his actions pertaining to the `` man with no eyes . '' A rainstorm causes everyone to prematurely end their work . Before he joins the other prisoners in the truck , Luke shouts to God , testing him . On that same evening , Luke receives a letter stating that his mother has died . </P> <P> After news of his mother 's death reaches Luke , the Captain , anticipating that Luke might attempt to escape in order to attend his mother 's funeral , has him locked in the prison punishment box . After being released from the box , receiving word that his mother 's burial is completed and being told to forget about her , Luke is determined to escape . Under the cover of a Fourth of July celebration , he makes his initial escape attempt . He is later recaptured by local police and returned to the chain gang , but not before one of the bloodhounds sent after him dies from strain caused by struggling through barbed - wire fences . After his capture and return , the Captain has Luke fitted with leg - irons and delivers a warning speech to the other inmates , explaining , `` What we 've got here is failure to communicate . Some men you just ca n't reach . So you get what we had here last week , which is the way he wants it . Well , he gets it . I do n't like it any more than you men . '' </P> <P> A short time later , Luke escapes again by using string to shake a bush and distract the guards , visiting a nearby house where he uses an axe to remove his shackles . To keep the guard dogs from following his scent , he spreads curry powder and chili powder across the ground to send them into sneezing fits and overload their sensitive sense of smell . While free , Luke mails Dragline a magazine that includes a photograph of him with two beautiful women . He is soon recaptured , beaten , returned to the prison camp , and fitted with two sets of leg irons . Luke is warned by the Captain that if he ever attempts to escape again , he will be killed on the spot . Luke is now annoyed by the other prisoners fawning over the magazine photo and reveals it to be a fake . At first , the other prisoners are angry , but after a long stay in the box , when Luke is forced to eat a huge serving of rice , they come to help him finish it . </P> <P> As punishment for his escape , he is forced to repeatedly dig a grave - sized hole in the prison camp yard , fill it back in , and then be beaten . The prisoners observe his persecution , singing spirituals . Finally , as the other prisoners watch from the windows of the bunkhouse , an exhausted Luke collapses in the hole , begging God for mercy and pleads with the bosses not to hit him again . Believing Luke is finally broken , the Captain stops the punishment . Boss Paul warns Luke that he will be killed if ever he runs away again , which Luke promises in tears not to do . The prisoners begin to lose their idealized image of Luke , and one tears up the photograph of Luke with the women . </P> Luke defies the authorities for the last time <P> Seemingly broken , and again working on the chain gang , Luke stops working to give water to a prisoner . Watched by the disappointed prisoners , he runs to one of the trucks to take Boss Godfrey 's rifle to him . After Boss Godfrey shoots a snapping turtle , Luke retrieves it from a slough for him , complimenting the boss for his shot . Luke takes one last stab at freedom when he is ordered to take the turtle to the truck . He steals the dump truck , as well as the keys to the other trucks . In the excitement of the moment , Dragline jumps in the dump truck and joins Luke in his escape . Later , after abandoning the truck , Luke tells Dragline that they should part ways . Dragline agrees and leaves . Luke enters

The movie Cool Hand Luke was made in

When was the movie cool hand luke made?

-6686589476706381891

Semiconservative replication - wikipedia <H1> Semiconservative replication </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis <P> Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells . It derives its name from the fact that this mechanism of transcription was one of three models originally proposed for DNA replication : </P> <Ul> <Li> Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand . </Li> <Li> Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs . </Li> <Li> Dispersive replication would produce two copies of the DNA , both containing distinct regions of DNA composed of either both original strands or both new strands . </Li> </Ul> <P> The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand . However , there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules . The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand . The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson - Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes . </P> <P> Experimental evidence confirmed that two lines were observed , therefore offering compelling evidence for the semi-conservative theory . </P> <H2> Rate and accuracy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The rate of semiconservative DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA strand elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate of strand elongation was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per round of replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 2.4 x 10 . Thus semiconservative DNA replication is both rapid and accurate . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony J.F. Griffiths ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` 8 . The Structure and Replication of DNA '' . An Introduction to genetic analysis . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3520 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meselson , M. ; Stahl , F.W. ( 1958 ) . `` The Replication of DNA in Escherichia coli '' . PNAS. 44 : 671 -- 82 . PMC 528642 . PMID 16590258 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 44.7. 671 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meselson M , Stahl FW. ( 2007 ) Demonstration of the semiconservative mode of DNA duplication . In `` Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology '' ( editors Cairns J , Stent GS , Watson JD ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISBN 9780879698003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCarthy D ; Minner C ; Bernstein H ; Bernstein C ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . J. Mol. Biol. 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 81 . PMID 789903 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drake JW ; Charlesworth B ; Charlesworth D ; Crow JF ( April 1998 ) . `` Rates of spontaneous mutation '' . Genetics . 148 ( 4 ) : 1667 -- 86 . PMC 1460098 . PMID 9560386 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semiconservative_replication&oldid=800109890 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> DNA replication </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 28 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The first accurate model of DNA was proposed by

Who proposed the first accurate model of dna?

-4907737409043643902

Hero World Challenge - Wikipedia <H1> Hero World Challenge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Hero World Challenge <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> The Bahamas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Course ( s ) </Th> <Td> Albany , New Providence ( 2015 -- 17 ) Isleworth Golf & Country Club ( 2014 ) Sherwood Country Club ( Dec 2000 -- 13 ) Greyhawk Golf Club ( Jan 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Par </Th> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 7,302 yards ( 6,677 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tour ( s ) </Th> <Td> PGA Tour ( unofficial event ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Stroke play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prize fund </Th> <Td> $ 3,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month played </Th> <Td> December </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tournament record score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aggregate </Th> <Td> 262 Jordan Spieth ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> To par </Th> <Td> − 26 Jordan Spieth ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current champion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Rickie Fowler </Td> </Tr> </Table> Albany Location in the Bahamas <P> The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods , which takes place each December . It features a small number ( currently 18 ) of top - ranked golf pros . The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Format </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Television </Li> <Li> 4 Winners </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> Initially , the tournament had a 16 - man field composed of the defending champion , the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking , and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation . In 2008 , the field was increased to 18 players , consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments , the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking , the defending champion , and two special exemption players selected by the foundation . </P> <P> Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world 's professional golf tours , but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour . Since 2009 , the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points . </P> <P> In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million , similar to many official PGA Tour events , which usually have fields of about 150 players . In 2014 , the first prize was $1 million , and the total purse was $3.5 million . Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation . </P> <P> Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition , in which professional golfers play with amateurs . Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play . `` Am - Am outing '' takes place on the first day , `` Official Pro-Am '' on the second day . The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners . The pro-am tournament is closed to public . </P> <P> The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included , for instance , Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom Lehman won the first event in January . The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event . It has been played in December ever since . The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale , Arizona . From December 2000 to 2013 , the event took place at Sherwood Country Club , a course designed by Jack Nicklaus , in Thousand Oaks , California . </P> <P> In 2008 , Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory , even though he was the two - time defending champion . He did not play in 2009 due to time spent away from golf related to personal matters . Woods returned to the event in 2010 . </P> <P> In 2011 , Woods won the tournament with a score of − 10 , defeating Zach Johnson by one shot . Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win ; it was his first win in over two years , since the 2009 Australian Masters . </P> <P> It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011 . It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge . In 2012 , new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor . They became the title sponsor in 2013 . In 2014 , Hero MotoCorp became the title sponsor . </P> <P> Beginning in 2015 , the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas , for at least three years . </P> <H2> Television ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first World Challenge was televised by the USA Network and NBC Sports . It was then covered by USA and ABC Sports from 2000 -- 2006 . It has been televised by Golf Channel and a returning NBC since 2007 . </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Margin of victory </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Winner 's share ( $ ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Hero World Challenge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Rickie Fowler </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 270 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Charley Hoffman </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Hideki Matsuyama </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 270 ( − 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Henrik Stenson </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Bubba Watson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 263 ( − 25 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Patrick Reed </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Jordan Spieth </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 262 ( − 26 ) </Td> <Td> 10 strokes </Td> <Td> Henrik Stenson </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Northwestern Mutual World Challenge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 275 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> World Challenge presented by Northwestern Mutual </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Graeme McDowell ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> 271 ( − 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Keegan Bradley </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Chevron World Challenge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 278 ( − 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Graeme McDowell </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Chevron World Challenge presented by Bank of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Jim Furyk </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 275 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Graeme McDowell </Td> <Td> 1,350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Vijay Singh </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 277 ( − 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Steve Stricker </Td> <Td> 1,350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Target World Challenge presented by Countrywide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 ( − 22 ) </Td> <Td> 7 strokes </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> 1,350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Geoff Ogilvy </Td> <Td> 1,350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Luke Donald </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 272 ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Darren Clarke </Td> <Td> 1,300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 ( − 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Pádraig Harrington </Td> <Td> 1,250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Target World Challenge presented by Williams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Davis Love III ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 277 ( − 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Pádraig Harrington </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 268 ( − 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Williams World Challenge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 273 ( − 15 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Vijay Singh </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 ( Dec ) </Td> <Td> Davis Love III </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 ( − 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Tiger Woods </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 ( Jan ) </Td> <Td> Tom Lehman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 267 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> David Duval </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevron World Challenge - Furyk Keeps Lead , Couples Three Back '' . Golf Digest . Associated Press . December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods , in most events in 7 years , to figure out how much is too much '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to golf for 2014 Hero World Challenge '' . TigerWoods.com . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Photo Gallery : Hero World Challenge , Pro-am & Round 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' event star - studded '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Title sponsor steps up for Tiger event '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hero MotoCorp clinches the title sponsorship of the PGA Tour 's golfing event '' . The Economic Times . September 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ballengee , Ryan ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Is Tiger Woods on his way to being worth $2 billion ? '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tiger Woods </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) </Li> <Li> Earl Woods ( father ) </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Golf achievements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professional career </Li> <Li> Career achievements </Li> <Li> Tournament performances </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foundation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quicken Loans National </Li> <Li> Learning Center </Li> <Li> Hero World Challenge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tiger Woods Design </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cliffs at High

The Hero Golf Challenge is being played at the

Where is the hero golf challenge being played?

-4417086040246134402

ch. 8 , 47 Stat. 5 </Li> <Li> March 23 , 1932 : Norris -- La Guardia Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 90 , 47 Stat. 70 </Li> <Li> June 6 , 1932 : Revenue Act of 1932 , Sess. 1 , ch. 209 , 47 Stat. 169 </Li> <Li> July 22 , 1932 : Federal Home Loan Bank Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 522 , 47 Stat. 725 </Li> <Li> February 17 , 1933 : Blaine Act , Sess. 2 </Li> <Li> March 3 , 1933 : Buy American Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 212 , title III , 47 Stat. 1520 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 73rd United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> March 9 , 1933 : Emergency Banking Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 1 , 48 Stat. 1 </Li> <Li> March 20 , 1933 : Economy Act , Sess. 1 , c. 3 , Pub. L. 73 -- 2 , 48 Stat. 8 </Li> <Li> March 31 , 1933 : Civilian Conservation Corps Reforestation Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 17 , 48 Stat. 22 </Li> <Li> May 12 , 1933 : Federal Emergency Relief Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 30 , 48 Stat. 55 </Li> <Li> May 12 , 1933 : Agricultural Adjustment Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 25 , 48 Stat. 31 </Li> <Li> May 18 , 1933 : Tennessee Valley Authority Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 32 , 48 Stat. 58 </Li> <Li> May 27 , 1933 : Securities Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 38 , 48 Stat. 74 </Li> <Li> June 13 , 1933 : Home Owners ' Loan Corporation , Sess. 1 , ch. 64 , 48 Stat. 128 </Li> <Li> June 16 , 1933 : Glass -- Steagall Act ( Banking Act of 1933 ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 89 , 48 Stat. 162 </Li> <Li> June 16 , 1933 : National Industrial Recovery Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 </Li> <Li> June 16 , 1933 : Farm Credit Administration , Sess. 1 , ch. 98 , 48 Stat. 257 </Li> <Li> March 24 , 1934 : Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( Philippine Independence Act ) , Pub. L. 73 -- 127 , Sess. 2 , ch. 84 , 48 Stat. 456 </Li> <Li> March 27 , 1934 : Emergency Air Mail Act </Li> <Li> March 27 , 1934 : Vinson -- Trammell Act </Li> <Li> May 14 , 1934 : Johnson Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 283 , 48 Stat. 775 </Li> <Li> June 6 , 1934 : Securities Exchange Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 404 , 48 Stat. 881 </Li> <Li> June 12 , 1934 : Reciprocal Tariff Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 474 , 48 Stat. 943 </Li> <Li> June 18 , 1934 : Indian Reorganization Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 576 , 48 Stat. 984 </Li> <Li> June 19 , 1934 : Rules Enabling Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 651 , Pub. L. 73 -- 415 , 48 Stat. 1064 </Li> <Li> June 19 , 1934 : Communications Act of 1934 , Sess. 2 , ch. 652 , 48 Stat. 1064 </Li> <Li> June 19 , 1934 : National Archives Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 668 , 48 Stat. 1122 </Li> <Li> June 26 , 1934 : Federal Credit Union Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 750 , 48 Stat. 1216 </Li> <Li> June 26 , 1934 : National Firearms Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 757 , 48 Stat. 1236 </Li> <Li> June 27 , 1934 : National Housing Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 847 , 48 Stat. 1246 ( including Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act / Fannie Mae ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> 74th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> April 27 , 1935 : Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 85 , 49 Stat. 163 </Li> <Li> July 5 , 1935 : National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 372 , 49 Stat. 449 </Li> <Li> August 9 , 1935 : Motor Carrier Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 498 , 49 Stat. 546 ( renamed part II of the Interstate Commerce Act ) </Li> <Li> August 14 , 1935 : Social Security Act , Pub. L. 74 -- 271 , Sess. 1 , ch. 531 , 49 Stat. 620 ( including Aid to Dependent Children , Old Age Pension Act ) </Li> <Li> August 26 , 1935 : Public Utility Act , Sess. 1 , ch. 687 , 49 Stat. 803 ( including : Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 , Federal Power Act ) </Li> <Li> August 30 , 1935 : Revenue Act of 1935 , Sess. 1 , ch. 829 , 49 Stat. 1014 </Li> <Li> August 31 , 1935 : Neutrality Act of 1935 , Sess. 1 , ch. 837 , 49 Stat. 1081 </Li> <Li> February 29 , 1936 : Neutrality Act of 1936 , Sess. 2 , ch. 106 , 49 Stat. 1153 </Li> <Li> May 20 , 1936 : Rural Electrification Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 432 , 49 Stat. 1363 </Li> <Li> June 15 , 1936 : Commodity Exchange Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 545 , 49 Stat. 1491 </Li> <Li> June 19 , 1936 : Robinson -- Patman Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 592 , 49 Stat. 1526 </Li> <Li> June 22 , 1936 : Flood Control Act of 1936 , Pub. L. 74 -- 738 , Sess. 2 , ch. 688 </Li> <Li> June 29 , 1936 : Merchant Marine Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 250 , 49 Stat. 1985 </Li> <Li> June 30 , 1936 : Walsh -- Healey Public Contracts Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 881 , 49 Stat. 2036 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 75th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> June 3 , 1937 : Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act , ch. 296 , 50 Stat. 246 </Li> <Li> July 14 , 1937 : Marijuana Tax Act </Li> <Li> August 5 , 1937 : National Cancer Institute Act , Pub. L. 75 -- 244 , ch. 565 , 50 Stat. 559 </Li> <Li> 1937 : Neutrality Acts of 1937 </Li> <Li> August 17 , 1937 : Miller -- Tydings Act , ch. 690 , title VIII , 50 Stat. 693 </Li> <Li> March 21 , 1938 : Wheeler -- Lea Act , ch. 49 , 52 Stat. 111 </Li> <Li> May 17 , 1938 : Naval Act of 1938 </Li> <Li> June 8 , 1938 : Foreign Agents Registration Act , ch. 327 , 52 Stat. 631 </Li> <Li> June 21 , 1938 : Natural Gas Act , ch. 556 , 52 Stat. 821 </Li> <Li> June 25 , 1938 : Civil Aeronautics Act , ch. 601 , 52 Stat. 973 </Li> <Li> June 25 , 1938 : Fair Labor Standards Act , ch. 676 , 52 Stat. 1060 </Li> <Li> June 25 , 1938 : Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act , ch. 675 , 52 Stat. 1040 </Li> <Li> June 25 , 1938 : Javits -- Wagner -- O'Day Act , ch. 697 , 52 Stat. 1196 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 76th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> April 3 , 1939 : Reorganization Act of 1939 , Pub. L. 76 -- 19 , 53 Stat. 561 </Li> <Li> August 2 , 1939 : Hatch Act of 1939 ( `` Hatch Political Activity Act '' , `` An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities '' ) , ch. 410 , 53 Stat. 1147 </Li> <Li> November 4 , 1939 : Neutrality Act of 1939 , ( `` Cash and Carry Act '' ) , ch. 2 , 54 Stat. 4 </Li> <Li> June 29 , 1940 : Alien Registration Act ( Smith Act ) , 3d sess . ch. 439 , 54 Stat. 670 </Li> <Li> July 19 , 1940 : Two - Ocean Navy Act ( `` Vinson - Wash Act '' ) </Li> <Li> August 22 , 1940 : Act of August 22 , 1940 , ch. 686 , Pub. L. 76 -- 768 , 54 Stat. 789 ( including Investment Company Act of 1940 , Investment Advisers Act of 1940 ) </Li> <Li> September 16 , 1940 : Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 , Pub. L. 76 -- 783 </Li> <Li> November 26 , 1940 : Ramspeck Act , 54 Stat. 1211 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 77th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> March 11 , 1941 : Lend Lease Act , Pub. L. 77 -- 11 , Sess. 1 , ch. 11 , 55 Stat. 31 </Li> <Li> August 18 , 1941 : Flood Control Act of 1941 , Pub. L. 77 -- 228 , Sess. 1 , ch. 377 , 55 Stat. 638 </Li> <Li> December 8 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Japan , Pub. L. 77 -- 328 , Sess. 1 , ch. 561 , 55 Stat. 795 </Li> <Li> December 11 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Germany , Pub. L. 77 -- 331 , Sess. 1 , ch. 564 , 55 Stat. 796 </Li> <Li> December 11 , 1941 : Resolution -- War between United States and Italy , Pub. L. 77 -- 332 , Sess. 1 , ch. 565 , 55 Stat. 797 </Li> <Li> January 30 , 1942 : Emergency Price Control Act , Pub. L. 77 -- 421 , Sess. 2 , ch. 26 , 56 Stat. 23 </Li> <Li> June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Bulgaria , Pub. L. 77 -- 563 , Sess. 2 , ch. 323 , 56 Stat. 307 </Li> <Li> June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Hungary , Pub. L. 77 -- 564 , Sess. 2 , ch. 324 , 56 Stat. 307 </Li> <Li> June 5 , 1942 : Resolution -- War between United States and Romania , Pub. L. 77 -- 565 , Sess. 2 , ch. 325 , 56 Stat. 307 </Li> <Li> June 22 , 1942 : Resolution -- United States Flag Code , including recognition of the Pledge of Allegiance , Pub. L. 77 -- 623 , Sess. 2 , ch. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 78th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> December 17 , 1943 : Magnuson Act ( Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 ) , Sess. 1 , ch. 344 , 57 Stat. 600 </Li> <Li> February 3 , 1944 : Mustering - out Payment Act , Sess. 2 , Pub. L. 78 -- 225 , 58 Stat. 8 </Li> <Li> June 22 , 1944 : Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ( G.I. Bill ) , Sess. 2 , ch. 268 , Pub. L. 78 -- 345 , 58 Stat. 284 </Li> <Li> June 27 , 1944 : Veterans ' Preference Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 287 , Pub. L. 78 -- 359 , 58 Stat. 387 </Li> <Li> July 1 , 1944 : Public Health Service Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 373 , 58 Stat. 682 </Li> <Li> December 22 , 1944 : Pick - Sloan Flood Control Act , Sess. 2 , ch. 665 , Pub. L. 78 -- 534 , 58 Stat. 887 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 79th United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> March 9 , 1945 : McCarran -- Ferguson Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 15 , 59 Stat. 33 </Li> <Li> July 31 , 1945 : Bretton Woods Agreements Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 171 , 59 Stat. 512 </Li> <Li> July 31 , 1945 : Export - Import Bank Act of 1945 , Pub. L. 79 -- 173 , 59 Stat. 526 </Li> <Li> December 20 , 1945 : United Nations Participation Act , Pub. L. 79 -- 264 , 59 Stat. 619 </Li> <Li> December 28 , 1945 : War Brides Act </Li> <Li> February 18 , 1946 : Rescission Act of 1946 </Li> <Li> February 20 , 1946 : Employment Act </Li> <Li> May 13

Congress passed legislation to fund the National Cancer Institute on

When did congress passes legislation to fund the national cancer institute?

-4362695987518558696

released in the United States on June 30 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures in 3D , RealD 3D , Dolby Cinema , and IMAX 3D . The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the third highest - grossing film of 2017 , the fourth highest - grossing animated film of all time and the 25th highest - grossing overall . It is Illumination 's second film to gross over $1 billion , after Minions in 2015 , becoming the first ever animated franchise to do so . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequel </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League ( AVL ) . He and his partner / wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt , a former child star turned evil . Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world 's largest diamond , but is unable to capture him . As a result of failing to capture Bratt , Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci , following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom . </P> <P> Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children , Margo , Edith , and Agnes , of their termination , but assure them they will find new jobs . Most of Gru 's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy despite losing his job . Meanwhile , Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children 's new mom . The next morning , the family is approached by Fritz , the butler of Gru 's cheerful twin brother Dru , who lives in a distant country named Freedonia and longs to meet him . Gru is shocked to learn he has a twin . He confronts his mother , who reveals that when she and her husband divorced , they agreed to keep one child each . The family decides to travel to meet Dru , and they are surprised at his immense wealth , which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business . Meanwhile , the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set . Bratt manages to steal the diamond again , intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show . </P> <P> Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain , whose villainous activities are the real source of the family 's wealth . As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace , he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain . When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways , Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father 's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond . Meanwhile , Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom , which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival , while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest . Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary , but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings . The next day , Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical horse , only to find a one - horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs `` Lucky . '' Meanwhile , the Minions ' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison . </P> <P> Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond , with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL , which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him . Despite several setbacks , they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping . After finding out Gru 's true motives , Dru confronts his brother about his lie . In return , Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia . Bratt , disguised as Lucy , kidnaps the children , and once again acquires the diamond . Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him . </P> <P> With his robot powered by the diamond , Bratt terrorizes Hollywood , intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum . Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt 's robot with the weapons of their father 's car . Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed , and Dru manages to destroy the robot 's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru . When Gru recovers , he battles Bratt in a dance fight , using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar , and defeats him . Having rendezvoused with Gru , the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city , and Gru and Dru reunite . </P> <P> Soon afterward , Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru 's home . Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother . Lured back to villainy , Dru and most of the minions steals Gru 's ship , with Gru 's emblem replaced with a `` D '' graffiti . Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five - minute head - start before engaging pursuit . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Steve Carell as Felonious Gru , the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent , Margo , Edith , and Agnes ' adoptive father , and Lucy 's husband . <Ul> <Li> Carell also voices Dru , Gru 's long - lost twin brother and the girls ' adoptive uncle . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde , an Anti-Villain League agent , Gru 's wife and the girls ' adoptive mother . </Li> <Li> Trey Parker as Balthazar Bratt , a supervillain and former child star who grows up to become obsessed with the character he played in the ' 80s and is bent on world domination . </Li> <Li> Miranda Cosgrove as Margo , Gru and Lucy 's oldest adoptive daughter . </Li> <Li> Dana Gaier as Edith , Gru and Lucy 's middle adoptive daughter . </Li> <Li> Nev Scharrel as Agnes , Gru and Lucy 's youngest adoptive daughter . She was previously voiced by Elsie Fisher in the first two films . </Li> <Li> Pierre Coffin as Mel and the Minions . <Ul> <Li> Coffin also voices a Museum Director . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom , the director of the Anti-Villain League . <Ul> <Li> Coogan also voices Fritz , the butler of Dru . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Julie Andrews as Marlena Gru , Gru and Dru 's mother . </Li> <Li> Jenny Slate as Valerie Da Vinci , a member of the Anti-Villain League who becomes the brand new AVL director . </Li> <Li> Andy Nyman as Clive , a robot who is Bratt 's sidekick . </Li> <Li> Adrian Ciscato as Niko , a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo . </Li> <Li> John Cygan ( in his final film role ) as an Additional Voice . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Steve Burke , the NBCUniversal CEO , confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the writers of the first two films , announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film . On April 13 , 2016 , Trey Parker , co-creator of South Park , was cast as the main antagonist for the film , Balthazar Bratt . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Despicable Me 3 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 51 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Am Other </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alan Tarney </Li> <Li> Andrew Coleman </Li> <Li> Hart Gunther </Li> <Li> Heitor Pereira </Li> <Li> Madonna </Li> <Li> Manne Praeker </Li> <Li> Marvin dM . Nitazal </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Mike Larson </Li> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Quincy Jones </Li> <Li> Reinhold Heil </Li> <Li> Rick Bryant </Li> <Li> Stephen Bray </Li> <Li> Toto Gamyar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23 , 2017 . Pharrell Williams released the new song `` Yellow Light '' for the soundtrack , which was made available through digital download and streaming . Some songs are unavailable on iTunes and Google Play </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Yellow Light '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) </Td> <Td> Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Mike Larson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Hug Me '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams and Trey Parker ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Trey Parker </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Hart Gunther </Li> <Li> Rick Bryant </Li> <Li> Mike Larson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' ( performed by Michael Jackson ) </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quincy Jones </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Take on Me '' ( performed by A-ha ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pål Waaktaar </Li> <Li> Morten Harket </Li> <Li> Magne Furuholmen </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marvin dM . Nitazal </Li> <Li> Alan Tarney </Li> <Li> Toto Gamyar </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Papa Mama Loca Pipa '' ( performed by The Minions ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W.S. Gilbert </Li> <Li> Arthur Sullivan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Pierre Coffin </Td> <Td> 1 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` There 's Something Special '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) </Td> <Td> Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Mike Larson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Tiki Tiki Babeloo '' ( performed by The Minions ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre Coffin </Td> <Td> 1 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Freedom '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) </Td> <Td> Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Doowit '' ( performed by Pharrell Williams ) </Td> <Td> Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Mike Larson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` 99 Luftballons '' ( performed by Nena ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carlo Karges </Li>

The cast of Despicable Me 3 includes

Who is the cast of despicable me 3?

5191402605768653295

Put Your Hand in the Hand - Wikipedia <H1> Put Your Hand in the Hand </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Ocean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Put Your Hand in the Hand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Tear Down the Fences '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop , gospel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 52 -- Single Edit 3 : 53 -- Album Cut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Kama Sutra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gene MacLellan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Greg Brown , Ocean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ocean singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> `` Deep Enough for Me '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> `` Deep Enough for Me '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey , Wheat and Laughter . </P> <P> It became a hit single for the Canadian band Ocean , released as the title track to their debut album . The single peaked at No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and went on to become 22nd best - seller of 1971 . The song also reached number four on the Adult Contemporary chart . The single version omitted the instrumental , that occurs between the second chorus and the second verse , as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus , that ends without the fade . </P> <P> After MacLellan 's suicide in 1995 , his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song `` Godspeed '' as a tribute , the lyrics for which reference the title of this song . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 2 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 3 Later uses </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <P> 7 '' single </P> <P> A1 `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' -- 2 : 52 A2 `` Tear Down the Fences '' -- 2 : 53 </P> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers , including Elvis Presley ( who also covered MacLellan 's `` Snowbird '' ) , Randy Stonehill , Frankie Laine , Donny Hathaway , Joan Baez , Dutch group Himalaya , the Les Humphries Singers and a German - language version ( `` Ich fand eine Hand '' ) ( I found a Hand ) by Cindy & Bert . </P> <P> Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album Bing ' n ' Basie . </P> <P> Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw . Country singers Sandy Posey , Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn , and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song . </P> <P> South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag . </P> <H2> Later uses ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In a 1991 episode of the sitcom Family Matters titled `` Choir Trouble '' , the cast was singing the song in their church as part of their Gospel Fest . </Li> <Li> The song was used in the 2013 film Prisoners . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Godspeed ( Ron Hynes ) tabs , videos '' . Wtv-zone.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anne Murray </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> What About Me </Li> <Li> This Way Is My Way </Li> <Li> Honey , Wheat and Laughter </Li> <Li> Straight , Clean and Simple </Li> <Li> Talk It Over in the Morning </Li> <Li> Anne Murray / Glen Campbell </Li> <Li> Annie </Li> <Li> Danny 's Song </Li> <Li> Love Song </Li> <Li> Highly Prized Possession </Li> <Li> Keeping In Touch </Li> <Li> Together </Li> <Li> There 's a Hippo in My Tub </Li> <Li> Let 's Keep It That Way </Li> <Li> New Kind of Feeling </Li> <Li> I 'll Always Love You </Li> <Li> Somebody 's Waiting </Li> <Li> Where Do You Go When You Dream </Li> <Li> The Hottest Night of the Year </Li> <Li> A Little Good News </Li> <Li> Heart over Mind </Li> <Li> Something to Talk About </Li> <Li> Harmony </Li> <Li> As I Am </Li> <Li> You Will </Li> <Li> Yes I Do </Li> <Li> Croonin ' </Li> <Li> Anne Murray </Li> <Li> What a Wonderful World </Li> <Li> Country Croonin ' </Li> <Li> I 'll Be Seeing You </Li> <Li> Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christmas albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christmas Wishes </Li> <Li> Anne Murray Christmas </Li> <Li> The Season Will Never Grow Old </Li> <Li> Best of the Season </Li> <Li> My Christmas Favorites </Li> <Li> What a Wonderful Christmas </Li> <Li> Anne Murray 's Christmas Album </Li> <Li> Icon : Christmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snowbird </Li> <Li> Country </Li> <Li> A Country Collection </Li> <Li> Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Country Hits </Li> <Li> Songs of the Heart </Li> <Li> Love Songs </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits Volume II </Li> <Li> From Springhill to the World </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Anne Murray </Li> <Li> 15 of the Best </Li> <Li> Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances </Li> <Li> Now & Forever </Li> <Li> The Best ... 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The song "Put Your Hand in the Hand of the Man Who Stilled the Water" was written by

Who wrote put your hand in the hand of the man who stilled the water?

-2185648301276956086

. Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War </Li> <Li> 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Objective </Li> <Li> 3.2 Naval hostilities </Li> <Li> 3.3 Air operations </Li> <Li> 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan </Li> <Li> 3.5 Ground operations </Li> <Li> 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Foreign reaction and involvement <Ul> <Li> 4.1 United States and Soviet Union </Li> <Li> 4.2 China and Iran </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 5.1 India </Li> <Li> 5.2 Pakistan </Li> <Li> 5.3 Bangladesh </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Impact <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners </Li> <Li> 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits </Li> <Li> 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Long - term consequences </Li> <Li> 8 Timeline </Li> <Li> 9 Military awards <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Battle honours </Li> <Li> 9.2 Gallantry awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Civilian awards </Li> <Li> 11 Dramatization </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide <P> The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan . </P> <P> To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . </P> <P> The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . </P> <P> To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan . </P> Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . <P> However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan . In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . </P> <P> In early March 1971 , approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military , which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis , to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . </P> <P> Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . </P> <P> On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . </P> <P> In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles , Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani </P> <H2> India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war </H2> Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment <P> After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . </P> <P> After the war , the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . </P> <P> Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 . </P> <P> The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government . </P> <P> The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly

The President of Pakistan during the 1971 war was

Who was the president of pakistan during 1971 war?

6762133121441037463

downloadable content ) , Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore , Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party , and Band Hero . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Digital download </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> CD single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Lips of an Angel '' -- 4 : 21 </Li> <Li> `` By the Way '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 34 </Li> <Li> `` Bliss ( I Do n't Wanna Know ) '' ( acoustic ) -- 3 : 45 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Pop 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Top 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` SexyBack '' by Justin Timberlake </Td> <Td> US Billboard Pop 100 November 4 , 2006 ( 1 week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` My Love '' by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Far Away '' by Nickelback </Td> <Td> US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 November 11 , 2006 − November 25 , 2006 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` My Love '' by Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Light Surrounding You '' by Evermore </Td> <Td> Australia ARIA Singles Chart February 4 , 2007 − March 13 , 2007 ( 7 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Smack That '' by Akon featuring Eminem </Td> <Td> New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart February 12 , 2007 − February 19 , 2007 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' by Fall Out Boy </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Jack Ingram version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Lips of an Angel '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Jack Ingram </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album This Is It </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 11 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Country </Li> <Li> adult alternative </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Big Machine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austin Winkler </Li> <Li> Cody Hanson </Li> <Li> Brian Howes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeremy Stover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jack Ingram singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Love You '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Measure of a Man '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Love You '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Lips of an Angel '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Measure of a Man '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006 . Ingram 's version , the lead - off single to his 2007 album This Is It , reached a peak of number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in April 2007 . Ingram 's version does not include the last stanza where the singer once again asks why she is calling so late . </P> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> Regarding his cover of this song , Ingram gave an explanation in the liner notes of This Is It : </P> <P> `` I heard this song on the radio . I think it 's a killer song . I thought we could give it another feel and do it justice . A good song is a good song . I 'll let other people choose sides between what genre is what genre and who should stay inside which box . I think there are two kinds of music : good and bad . I try to stay on the right side . Besides , who has n't felt this way at some point in their life ? Do n't lie . '' </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> Premiering in early 2007 , the music video for `` Lips of an Angel '' was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song 's lyrics , focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur ( Austin Winkler ) and his former lover ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . </P> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Pop 100 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one singles in Australia in 2007 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles in 2007 ( New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2006 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239#2006 Archived 2015 - 09 - 13 at WebCite </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruz , Carmen ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . CFOX - FM . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Hinder -- Lips of an Angel '' . Top 40 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200647 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hinder -- Chart History : Mainstream Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2007.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lips Of An Angel by Jack Ingram '' . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love You -- Jack Ingram '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This Is It ( CD ) . Jack Ingram . Big Machine Records . 2007 . BMR130602 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hinder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Marshal Dutton </Li> <Li> Cody Hanson </Li> <Li> Joe `` Blower '' Garvey </Li> <Li> Mark King </Li> <Li> Mike Rodden </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Austin John </Li> <Li> Cole Parker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extreme Behavior </Li> <Li> Take It to the Limit </Li> <Li> All American Nightmare </Li> <Li> Welcome to the Freakshow </Li> <Li> When the Smoke Clears </Li> <Li> The Reign </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Far From Close </Li> <Li> Stripped </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Get Stoned '' </Li> <Li> `` Lips of an Angel '' </Li> <Li> `` How Long '' </Li> <Li> `` Better than Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` Born to Be Wild '' </Li> <Li> `` By the Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Use Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` Up All Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Loaded and Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` The Best Is Yet to Come '' </Li> <Li> `` All American Nightmare '' </Li> <Li> `` What Ya Gonna Do '' </Li> <Li> `` The Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Sooners Do n't Back Down '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fights About to Begin '' </Li> <Li> `` Red Tail Lights '' </Li> <Li> `` Save Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Ladies Come First '' </Li> <Li> `` Is It Just Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Should Have Known Better '' </Li> <Li> `` Talk to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Freakshow '' </Li> <Li> `` Hit the Ground '' </Li> <Li> `` Rather Hate Than Hurt '' </Li> <Li> `` Intoxicated '' </Li> <Li> `` Letting Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Remember Me '' </Li> <Li> `` The Reign '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Badboys of Rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jack Ingram </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Ingram </Li> <Li> Livin ' or Dyin ' </Li> <Li> Electric </Li> <Li> Live : Wherever You Are </Li> <Li> This Is It </Li> <Li> Big Dreams & High Hopes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Wherever You Are '' </Li> <Li> `` Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` Lips of an Angel '' </Li> <Li> `` Measure of a Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Maybe She 'll Get Lonely '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's a Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Barefoot and Crazy '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeremy Stover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lips_of_an_Angel&oldid=835505505 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2007 singles </Li> <Li> Hinder songs </Li> <Li> Jack Ingram songs </Li> <Li> Rock ballads </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Nigel Dick </Li> <Li> Songs written by Brian Howes </Li> <Li> Big Machine Records singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Shaun Silva </Li> <Li> 2005 songs </Li> <Li> Universal Republic Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs about telephone

The girl in the Hinder video "Lips of an Angel" is

Who is the girl in the hinder video lips of an angel?