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tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, what causes tonic seizures?? | Like other types of seizures, tonic seizures are caused by abnormal surges of electrical information in your brain. There are many potential causes of seizures. Focal tonic seizures are associated with the activation of a part of your brain called Brodmann area 6
.
Tonic seizures are often seen
in people who experienced hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy around birth. Hypoxic ischemic brain injuries happen because of a lack of oxygen in your brain.
It can also happen in people with intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage is bleeding in the spaces that allow fluid to flow out of your brain.
According to the Epilepsy Foundation, tonic seizures are common among people who have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and other types of epilepsy.
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe type of epilepsy that usually develops before 4 years of age
. It can be caused by:
brain malfunctions
tuberous sclerosis
lack of oxygen around birth (perinatal asphyxia)
severe head injury
brain infection
genetic conditions
In a 2019 case study
, researchers reported tonic seizures associated with autoimmune epilepsy. |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, how are seizure disorders diagnosed?? | Seizure disorders are usually diagnosed by a type of specialist called a neurologist.
Bring a written description of what happens during your seizures. Or have someone take a video and bring that along for the doctor to review. This is an important part of the diagnosis process. A neurologist can use this information to narrow down which type of seizure you�re having.
A neurologist can run various tests to help find the underlying cause of your seizures. They�ll likely give you a test called an electroencephalogram (EEG). This test uses special sensors placed on your head to detect any unusual electrical activity in your brain.
A doctor may also recommend a brain scan to look for brain tumors or structural abnormalities in your brain.
Blood tests can help a doctor rule out genetic conditions or signs of infection. |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, how are tonic seizures treated?? | The most common treatment for seizures is antiseizure medications. These drugs help control seizures in about 70% of people with epilepsy.
Many different types of medications are used to control seizures. You may need to try several different combinations of medications before finding one that�s effective.
Learn more about medications for seizures.
Other treatments for seizures can include:
vagus nerve stimulation
deep brain stimulation
dietary changes such as following a ketogenic diet
surgery |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, takeaway? | Tonic seizures are brief periods of sudden muscle stiffness caused by electrical changes in your brain. They usually last less than a minute and are associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and some other epileptic syndromes.
Tonic seizures are often controllable with medications. You may have to take several types of medication before finding one that successfully controls your seizures. |
respiratory failure | what is respiratory failure? Tell me about respiratory failure? What kind of disease is respiratory failure? Can you elaborate on respiratory failure? What can you tell me about respiratory failure? Could you describe what respiratory failure is? I�d like to know more about respiratory failure. Can you help? What information do you have on respiratory failure? Could you provide information on respiratory failure? | Signs of acute respiratory failure include dizziness, shortness of breath, and a bluish discoloration of your extremities. It can be life threatening and requires immediate medical care. |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, what is acute respiratory failure?? | Acute respiratory failure occurs
when your lungs cannot release enough oxygen into your blood, which prevents your organs from properly functioning. It also occurs if your lungs cannot remove carbon dioxide from your blood.
Respiratory failure happens when the capillaries, or tiny blood vessels surrounding your air sacs, cannot properly exchange carbon dioxide and/or oxygen.
There are two types of respiratory failure: acute and chronic.
Acute respiratory failure happens suddenly. It occurs due to a disease or injury that interferes with the ability of the lungs to deliver oxygen or remove carbon dioxide. In most cases, acute respiratory failure can be fatal
if not treated quickly.
Chronic respiratory failure has multiple causes. It can occur when the airways narrow or become damaged over time. It can also occur with conditions that cause the respiratory muscles to weaken over time. Some causes of chronic respiratory failure include:
damaged and/or narrow airways, which can occur in conditions like:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
bronchiectasis
asthma
cystic fibrosis
lung fibrosis, which can occur in conditions like:
pneumonia
interstitial lung disease
respiratory muscle weakness, which can occur with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, types of acute respiratory failure? | There are two types of acute and chronic respiratory failure: hypoxemic and hypercapnic. Both conditions can trigger serious complications, and they often occur together.
Hypoxemic respiratory failure, or hypoxemia, occurs when you do not have enough oxygen in your blood.
Hypercapnic respiratory failure, or hypercapnia, happens when there is too much carbon dioxide in your blood. |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, what are the symptoms of acute respiratory failure?? | The symptoms of acute respiratory failure depend on its underlying cause. Symptoms can also differ by the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood.
People with low oxygen may experience
:
shortness of breath
a bluish coloration on lips, fingertips, or toes
drowsiness
difficulty performing routine activities, such as dressing or climbing stairs, due to extreme tiredness
People with high carbon dioxide levels may experience:
rapid breathing
confusion
blurred vision
headaches |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, what causes acute respiratory failure?? | Acute respiratory failure has several causes:
Obstruction
When something lodges in your throat, you may have trouble getting enough oxygen into your lungs. Obstruction can also occur in people with COPD or asthma when an exacerbation causes the airways to narrow.
Injury
An injury that impairs or compromises your respiratory system can negatively affect the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in your blood.
For instance, a spinal cord or brain injury can immediately affect your breathing. If the brain cannot relay messages to the lungs, the lungs may not function properly.
Rib or chest injuries can also affect your breathing.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious condition that causes fluid to build up in your lungs. It results in low oxygen in the blood. People who develop ARDS typically have an underlying health condition, such as:
pneumonia
pancreatitis
sepsis
trauma to the head or chest
blood transfusions
near drowning
lung injuries related to inhaling smoke or chemical products
Drug or alcohol use
Experiencing a drug overdose or drinking too much alcohol can also impair brain function and hinder breathing.
Chemical inhalation
Inhaling toxic chemicals, smoke, or fumes can cause acute respiratory failure. These chemicals may injure or damage lung tissue, including the air sacs and capillaries.
Stroke
A stroke happens when something disrupts blood flow to the brain. Strokes often affect only one side of the brain.
Although strokes present with some warning signs, such as slurred speech or confusion, they typically occur suddenly. If you have a stroke, you can lose the ability to breathe.
Infection
Infections can cause respiratory distress. Pneumonia, in particular, may cause respiratory failure, even without ARDS. |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, who is at risk for acute respiratory failure?? | You may be at risk for acute respiratory failure if you:
smoke tobacco products
drink alcohol excessively
have a family history of respiratory disease or conditions
have an injury to the spine, brain, or chest
have a compromised immune system
have chronic respiratory conditions, such as lung cancer, COPD, or asthma |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, diagnosing acute respiratory failure? | Acute respiratory failure requires immediate medical attention. You may require supplemental oxygen to help you breathe and prevent organ damage.
When you�re in stable condition, a doctor may diagnose you by:
performing a physical exam
asking questions about your personal or family health history
checking your body�s oxygen and carbon dioxide levels with a pulse oximetry device and an arterial blood gas test
ordering a chest X-ray of your lungs |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, complications? | Because acute respiratory failure means your organs are not receiving the oxygen-rich blood they need to function, complications can involve multiple organ systems. Acute respiratory failure can often
be fatal.
Pulmonary complications, or those affecting the lungs, can include:
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonia
pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
Other complications can include:
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
renal (kidney) failure
hepatic (liver) failure |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, treating acute respiratory failure? | Doctors must treat acute respiratory failure quickly, as it can be life threatening. Emergency medical treatment can help you breathe and prevent further organ damage.
Once you�re in stable condition, a doctor can treat any underlying conditions causing your respiratory failure.
Depending on any underlying conditions, a doctor can treat you in multiple ways, including the following scenarios:
If you�re in pain or having difficulty breathing, a doctor may prescribe pain medication or other medications to help you breathe better.
If you cannot breathe adequately, a doctor may insert a breathing tube into your mouth or nose and connect the tube to a ventilator to help you breathe.
If you can adequately breathe on your own and your hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) is mild, you may need supplemental oxygen from an oxygen tank to help you breathe better. This may include a portable air tank.
If you require prolonged ventilator support, you may need a tracheostomy. This operation creates an artificial airway in your windpipe. |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, what can i expect in the long term?? | Acute respiratory failure can cause long-term damage to your lungs.
It may take several weeks
for your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to reach a healthy range. You may also require pulmonary rehabilitation, which can include:
exercise therapy
education
counseling |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, frequently asked questions? | The following include questions commonly asked about acute respiratory failure.
Can you recover from acute respiratory failure?
You can recover from acute respiratory failure, but immediate medical attention is essential. Your recovery treatment plan may include treatment for any physical trauma from the respiratory failure, the cause of the respiratory failure, and any procedures or medications you received while in the hospital.
Additionally, some people may experience post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) after a life threatening condition. PICS can include:
physical issues
cognitive issues
mental health issues
Is acute respiratory failure a cause of death?
Acute respiratory failure can result in death if you do not treat it quickly. If you experience any acute respiratory failure symptoms, seek immediate medical care.
How long does respiratory failure last?
Acute respiratory failure is a short-term medical condition. It happens suddenly and requires immediate treatment. Chronic respiratory failure is an ongoing condition. |
respiratory failure | for respiratory failure, takeaway? | Acute respiratory failure requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal.
Causes can include an injury or obstruction to your airway. Symptoms may include shortness of breath or dizziness. You may also experience severe drowsiness.
Once you are in stable condition, a doctor can treat any underlying conditions causing respiratory failure. They may recommend medication and breathing support to improve your breathing ability. |
melanoma | what is melanoma? Tell me about melanoma? What kind of disease is melanoma? Can you elaborate on melanoma? What can you tell me about melanoma? Could you describe what melanoma is? I�d like to know more about melanoma. Can you help? What information do you have on melanoma? Could you provide information on melanoma? | What is metastatic melanoma?
Melanoma is the rarest and most dangerous type of skin cancer. It begins in the melanocytes, which are the cells in your skin that produce melanin. Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color.
Melanoma develops into growths on your skin, which often resemble moles. These growths or tumors may also come from existing moles. Melanomas can form on skin anywhere on your body, including inside the mouth or vagina.
Metastatic melanoma occurs when the cancer spreads from the tumor to other parts of your body. This is also known as stage 4 melanoma. Melanoma is the most likely of all skin cancers to become metastatic if not caught early.
The rates of melanoma have been increasing for the past 30 years. It�s estimated that 10,130 people
will die from melanoma in 2016. |
melanoma | for melanoma, what are the symptoms of metastatic melanoma?? | Unusual moles may be the only indication of melanoma that hasn�t yet metastasized.
Moles caused by melanoma may have the following characteristics:
Asymmetry: Both sides of a healthy mole look very similar if you draw a line through it. Two halves of a mole or growth caused by melanoma look very different from each other.
Border: A healthy mole has smooth, even borders. Melanomas have jagged or uneven borders.
Color: A cancerous mole will have more than one color including:
brown
tan
black
red
white
blue
Size: Melanomas are more likely to be larger in diameter than benign moles. They usually grow to be larger than the eraser on a pencil
You should always have a doctor examine a mole that changes in size, shape, or color because it can be a sign of cancer.
Symptoms of metastatic melanoma depend on where the cancer has spread. These symptoms usually only appear once the cancer is already advanced.
If you have metastatic melanoma, you may experience symptoms such as:
hardened lumps under your skin
swollen or painful lymph nodes
difficulty breathing or a cough that doesn�t go away, if the cancer has spread to your lungs
enlarged liver or loss of appetite, if the cancer has spread to your liver or stomach
bone pain or broken bones, if the cancer has spread to the bone
weight loss
fatigue
headaches
seizures, if the cancer has spread to your brain
weakness or numbness in your arms or legs |
melanoma | for melanoma, what are the causes and risk factors of metastatic melanoma?? | Melanoma occurs due to a mutation in melanin-producing skin cells. Doctors currently believe that too much exposure to ultraviolet light either from sun exposure or tanning beds is the leading cause.
Metastatic melanoma occurs when the melanoma is not detected and treated early.
Risk factors
Several risk factors can contribute to developing melanoma. Those with a family history of melanoma have a higher risk than those who don�t. Approximately 10 percent
of people who develop melanoma have a family history of the disease. Other risk factors include:
fair or light skin
a large number of moles, especially irregular moles
frequent exposure to ultraviolet light
Those who are older are more likely to develop melanoma than younger individuals. In spite of this, melanoma is one of the most common cancers in people under 30, especially in young women. After the age of 50, men have a higher risk of developing melanoma.
The risk of melanomas becoming metastatic is higher in those who have:
primary melanomas, which are visible skin growths
melanomas that aren�t removed
a suppressed immune system |
melanoma | for melanoma, how is metastatic melanoma diagnosed?? | If you notice an unusual mole or growth, make an appointment to get it checked by a dermatologist. A dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in skin conditions.
Diagnosing melanoma
If your mole looks suspicious, your dermatologist will remove a small sample to check for skin cancer. If it comes back positive, they�ll likely remove the mole completely. This is called an excisional biopsy.
They�ll also evaluate the tumor based on its thickness. Generally, the thicker the tumor, the more serious the melanoma. This will affect their treatment plan.
Diagnosing metastatic melanoma
If melanoma is detected, your doctor will run tests to make sure the cancer hasn�t spread.
One of the first tests they may order is a sentinel node biopsy. This involves injecting dye into the area the melanoma was removed from. The dye moves to the nearby lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are then removed and screened for cancer cells. If they�re cancer free, it typically means the cancer hasn�t spread.
If the cancer is in your lymph nodes, your doctor will use other tests to see if the cancer has spread anywhere else in your body. These include:
X-rays
CT scans
MRI scans
PET scans
Blood tests |
melanoma | for melanoma, how is metastatic melanoma treated?? | Treatment for a melanoma growth will begin with excision surgery to remove the tumor and cancer cells around it. Surgery alone can treat melanoma that hasn�t spread yet.
Once the cancer has metastasized and spread, other treatments are required.
If the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes, the affected areas may be removed through lymph node dissection. Doctors may also prescribe interferon after surgery to reduce the likelihood of the cancer spreading.
Your doctor may suggest radiation, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy to treat metastatic melanoma. Surgery may be used to remove cancer in other parts of your body.
Metastatic melanoma is often hard to treat. However, many clinical trials are underway that are looking for new ways to treat the condition.
Complications caused by treatment
The treatments for metastatic melanoma can cause nausea, pain, vomiting, and fatigue.
Removal of your lymph nodes can disrupt the lymphatic system. This can lead to fluid buildup and swelling in your limbs, called lymphedema.
Some people experience confusion or �mental cloudiness� during chemotherapy treatment. This is temporary. Others may experience peripheral neuropathy or damage to the nerves from the chemotherapy. This can be permanent. |
melanoma | for melanoma, what is the outlook for metastatic melanoma?? | Melanoma is curable if caught and treated early. Once melanoma has become metastatic, it�s much harder to treat. The average five-year survival rate
for stage 4 metastatic melanoma is about 15 to 20 percent.
If you�ve had metastatic melanoma or melanomas in the past, it�s important to continue to get regular follow-ups with your doctor. Metastatic melanoma can recur, and can even come back in other parts of your body.
Early detection is essential to treating melanoma successfully before it becomes metastatic. Make an appointment with your dermatologist for annual skin cancer checks. You should also call them if you notice new or changing moles. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | what is malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? Tell me about malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? What kind of disease is malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? Can you elaborate on malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? What can you tell me about malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? Could you describe what malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung is? I�d like to know more about malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung. Can you help? What information do you have on malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? Could you provide information on malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung? | Lung cancer symptoms and treatment depend on the stage of cancer and how far it has spread. Early stage symptoms of lung cancer may include cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer is a cancer that starts in the lungs, and can spread to other areas of the body.
Early symptoms of lung cancer can be subtle, but the sooner you are diagnosed, the better your treatment options and possible outcomes.
Lung cancer is primarily treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Newer treatments include immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
Read on to learn more about lung cancer, and the current and evolving treatment options. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, what are the symptoms of lung cancer?? | Early symptoms of lung cancer
The early stages of lung cancer don�t always cause symptoms. When early symptoms do occur, they can include signs such as shortness of breath, along with unexpected symptoms, such as back pain.
Back pain can occur when tumors cause pressure in your lungs or when they spread to your spinal cord and ribs.
Other early signs of lung cancer may include:
a lingering or worsening cough
coughing up phlegm or blood
chest pain that worsens when you breathe deeply, laugh, or cough
hoarseness
wheezing
weakness and fatigue
loss of appetite and weight loss
recurrent respiratory infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis
Late symptoms of lung cancer
Additional symptoms of lung cancer depend on where new tumors form. Not everyone with late-stage lung cancer will experience every symptom.
Late-stage symptoms might include:
lumps in the neck or collarbone
bone pain especially in the back, ribs, or hips
headaches
dizziness
balance issues
numbness in arms or legs
yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice)
drooping of one eyelid and shrunken pupils
lack of perspiration on one side of the face
shoulder pain
swelling of the face and upper body
Additionally, lung cancer tumors can sometimes release a substance similar to hormones, leading to a wide variety of symptoms known as paraneoplastic syndrome. Symptoms include: :
muscle weakness
nausea and vomiting
high blood pressure
high blood sugar
confusion
seizures |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, what causes lung cancer?? | Anyone can get lung cancer, but 90 percent of lung cancer cases are the result of smoking.
Smoke damages your lung tissue from the first second you inhale it. Once lung cells are damaged, they begin to behave abnormally. This increases your risk for lung cancer.
Small-cell lung cancer is almost always associated with heavy smoking. When you stop smoking, your lungs may be able to heal, reducing your risk of lung cancer.
You can also increase your risk of lung cancer by breathing in hazardous substances such as:
radon
asbestos
arsenic
cadmium
chromium
nickel
some petroleum products
uranium
Exposure to radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, according to the American Lung Association.
Research shows that inherited genetic mutations may make you more likely to develop lung cancer, especially if you smoke or are exposed to other carcinogens. Sometimes, there�s no obvious cause for lung cancer.
Learn more about what causes lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, what are the different types of lung cancer?? | There are several different types of lung cancer. Most types of lung cancer are either non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, some people have tumors that contain both kinds of cells.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): NSCLC makes up about 80 to 85 percent of all cases. There are several types of NSCLC. Most types of NSCL respond well to treatment if caught in the early stages.
Squamous cell lung carcinoma: About 30 percent of all cases of NSCLC begin in cells that line the passages of the respiratory tract. This is called squamous cell carcinoma.
Adenocarcinomas: This type usually forms in the outer part of the lungs.
Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): This rare subset of adenocarcinoma begins in the tiny air sacs in the lungs. It�s not aggressive and may not need immediate treatment.
Adenosquamous carcinoma: This cancer develops in a mixture of squamous cells and mucus-producing cells.
Large cell carcinoma: Large cell carcinoma is a fast-growing group of NSCLCs that can�t be classified under other cancer types.
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): About 15 to 20 percent of lung cancers are SCLC. This type of lung cancer is more aggressive than NSCLC. Although SCLC often initially responds better to chemotherapy, it is less likely to be cured than NSCLC.
Mesothelioma: This type of lung cancer is associated with asbestos exposure. It occurs when carcinoid tumors start in hormone-producing (neuroendocrine) cells. Mesothelioma is aggressive and fast-growing. It does not respond well to treatment.
Learn how lung cancer type can affect survival rates � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, risk factors for lung cancer? | There are multiple known risk factors for lung cancer. These include:
Smoking: Smoking is the single biggest risk factor for lung cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Tobacco products contain thousands of toxic substances. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, cigarette smokers are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer than nonsmokers.
Secondhand smoke: Every year in the United States, about 7,300 people
who�ve never smoked die from lung cancer caused by secondhand smoke.
Exposure to radon: Breathing in radon is the leading cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. It�s a good idea to test your home for levels of radon to reduce your risk.
Exposure to asbestos, diesel exhaust, and other toxic substances: Breathing in toxic substances can increase your risk, especially if you�re subject to repeat exposure.
A family history of lung cancer: Having family members with lung cancer increases your risk of lung cancer.
A personal history of lung cancer: You�re more likely to get lung cancer if you�ve had lung cancer in the past, especially if you�re a smoker.
Previous radiation therapy to the chest: Radiation therapy can increase your risk of lung cancer.
Learn more about the risk factors for lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, lung cancer and smoking? | Not all smokers get lung cancer, and not everyone who has lung cancer is a smoker. But there�s no doubt that smoking is the biggest risk factor. It�s responsible for 9 out of 10
lung cancers. Plus, you don�t have to be a smoker to be affected. Secondhand smoke also increases your risk of lung cancer.
In addition to cigarettes, cigar and pipe smoking are also linked to lung cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your chance of developing lung cancer.
Former smokers are still at risk of developing lung cancer, but quitting can lower that risk considerably. Within 10 years of quitting smoking, the risk of dying from lung cancer drops by half.
Learn more about the other causes of lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, diagnosing lung cancer? | Diagnosing lung cancer starts with a conversation with your doctor and a physical exam. They�ll want to go over your health history and any symptoms you�re having. You�ll also need tests to confirm the diagnosis. These might include:
Imaging tests: An abnormal mass can be seen on X-ray, MRI, CT, and PET scans. These scans produce more detail and find smaller lesions.
Sputum cytology: If you produce phlegm when you cough, microscopic examination can determine if cancer cells are present.
Bronchoscopy: While under sedation, a lighted tube is passed down your throat and into your lungs, allowing closer examination of your lung tissue.
You might also have a biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure that involves obtaining a small sample of lung tissue which is then examined under a microscope. A biopsy can determine if tumor cells are cancerous. A biopsy may be performed using one of the the following methods:
Mediastinoscopy: In a mediastinoscopy, your doctor makes an incision at the base of the neck. A lighted instrument is inserted and surgical tools are used to take samples from lymph nodes. It�s usually performed in a hospital under general anesthesia.
Lung needle biopsy: With this procedure, your doctor inserts a needle through the chest wall and into the suspicious lung tissue. A needle biopsy can also be used to test lymph nodes. It�s usually performed in a hospital and you�ll be given a sedative to help you relax.
If the biopsy results are positive for cancer, you might need additional testing, such as a bone scan, to help determine if cancer has spread and to help with staging.
Learn more about how lung cancer is diagnosed � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, stages of lung cancer? | Cancer stages tell how far cancer has spread and help guide treatment.
The chance of successful or curative treatment is much higher when lung cancer is diagnosed and treated early. Because lung cancer may not cause obvious symptoms in the earlier stages, diagnosis often comes after it has spread.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stages:
Stage 1: Cancer is found in the lung, but it has not spread outside the lung.
Stage 2: Cancer is found in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Stage 3: Cancer is in the lung and lymph nodes in the middle of the chest.
Stage 3A: Cancer is found in lymph nodes, but only on the same side of the chest where cancer first started growing.
Stage 3B: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the opposite side of the chest or to lymph nodes above the collarbone.
Stage 4: Cancer has spread to both lungs, into the area around the lungs, or to distant organs.
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) stages:
There are two stages of SCLC, limited and extensive. In the limited stage, cancer is found in only one lung or nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest.
The extensive stage means cancer has spread:
throughout one lung
to the opposite lung
to lymph nodes on the opposite side
to fluid around the lung
to bone marrow
to distant organs
About 2 out of 3 people
with SCLC are already in the extensive stage when their cancer is diagnosed. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, treatment for lung cancer? | The primary treatments for lung cancer include surgery to remove the tumor, and chemotherapy and radiation treatments to kill cancer cells. Sometimes, newer cancer treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy are also used, but usually not until later stages.
As a rule, treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) varies from person to person. Your treatment plan will depend on specific details of your health and on the stage of your cancer when you were diagnosed.
Treatment options for NSCLC by stage typically include:
Stage 1 NSCLC: Surgery to remove a portion of the lung may be all you need. Chemotherapy may also be recommended, especially if you�re at high risk of recurrence. Cancer is most treatable if caught at this stage.
Stage 2 NSCLC: You may need surgery to remove part or all of your lung. Chemotherapy is usually recommended.
Stage 3 NSCLC: You may require a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation treatment.
Stage 4 NSCLC: Options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
Options for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) also include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In most cases, the cancer will be too advanced for surgery.
If you�re diagnosed with lung cancer, your care will likely be managed by a team of doctors who may include:
a surgeon who specializes in the chest and lungs (thoracic surgeon)
a lung specialist (pulmonologist)
a medical oncologist
a radiation oncologist
Discuss all your treatment options before making a decision. Your doctors will coordinate care and keep each other informed. You may also want to discuss clinical trials with your doctor.
Clinical trials can provide access to promising new treatments and can be an option if your treatment plan has stalled.
Some people with advanced lung cancer choose not to continue treatment. You can still choose palliative care treatments, which are focused on treating the symptoms of cancer rather than the cancer itself.
Learn more about alternative treatments for lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, home therapies for lung cancer symptoms? | Home remedies won�t cure cancer. However, some may help relieve symptoms associated with lung cancer or the side effects of treatment.
Options may include:
Massage: Massage can help relieve pain and anxiety. Some massage therapists are trained to work with people with cancer.
Acupuncture: When performed by a trained practitioner, acupuncture may help ease pain, nausea, and vomiting. However, it�s not safe if you have low blood counts or take blood thinners.
Meditation: Relaxation and reflection can reduce stress and improve overall quality of life.
Yoga: Combining breathing techniques, meditation, and stretching, yoga can help you feel better overall and improve sleep.
Cannabis oil: Some people claim that cannabis oil use reduces pain, relieves nausea and vomiting, and improves appetite. However, more research is needed into these claims. Additionally, state laws on cannabis vary, so this option isn�t available nationwide. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, diet recommendations for people with lung cancer? | There�s no diet that can minimize lung cancer. However, it�s important to get all the nutrients your body needs.
Cancer treatments can cause you to lose your appetite. They can also make it hard for your body to absorb vitamins. If you�re deficient in certain nutrients, your doctor can advise you on foods or supplements if needed.
Here are a few dietary tips:
Eat whenever you have an appetite.
If you don�t have an appetite, try eating smaller meals throughout the day.
If you need to gain weight, supplement with low-sugar, high-calorie foods and drinks.
Use mint and ginger teas to soothe your digestive system.
If your stomach is easily upset or you have mouth sores, avoid spicy food.
If constipation is a problem, add more high-fiber foods.
As you progress through treatment, your tolerance to certain foods may change. So can your side effects and nutritional needs. It�s worth discussing nutrition with your doctor. You can also ask for a referral to a nutritionist or dietician.
Here�s how to meet your dietary needs if you have lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, lung cancer and life expectancy? | As a rule, the earlier your cancer is diagnosed, the better it will respond to treatment.
The survival rates for lung cancer depend on the type and stage. Your individual life expectancy is influenced by factors such as your age at diagnosis, overall health, and how well your cancer responds to treatment.
The following are the estimated 5-year survival rates
for NSCLC by SEER
stage:
Localized: 60 percent
Regional: 33 percent
Distant: 6 percent
All SEER stages: 23 percent
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is very aggressive. For limited stage SCLC, the 5-year survival rate is 14 percent
. Median survival is 16 to 24 months. Median survival for extensive stage SCLC is 6 to 12 months.
Long-term disease-free survival of SCLC is rare. Without treatment, median survival from diagnosis of SCLC is only 2 to 4 months.
Depending on how far the cancer has spread, the relative 5-year survival rate for mesothelioma is 8 to 20 percent
.
Keep in mind that survival rates and other statistics provide a broad picture of what to expect. There are significant individual differences, and your doctor is in the best position to discuss your outlook.
In recent years, new treatments
have been approved for stage 4 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Some people are surviving much longer than previously seen with traditional treatments.
Learn more about the prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer � |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, complications of lung cancer? | Lung cancer can lead to complications. These include:
High risk of infection: People with lung cancer are at an increased risk of pneumonia, bronchitis, and other infections.
Facial swelling: Tumors in your lungs can restrict blood flow to your upper body and result in facial swelling.
Loss of lung function: Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, and other symptoms of reduced lung function can occur in lung cancer patients.
Blood clots: People with lung cancer are at a higher risk of clots, especially in their lower legs.
Spitting up blood: Irritation in airways or from tumors can result in spitting up blood.
Increased calcium in blood: Sometimes, lung cancer can result in hypercalcemia, or increased calcium in your blood.
Spinal compression: Tumors can press on the spine and cause pain, weakness, and trouble walking.
Heart blockage: Tumors in your lungs can compress heart vessels and lead to multiple serious heart conditions.
Nerve pain: Tumors can result in nerve pain along with numbness, tingling, and weakness.
Trouble swallowing: Lung cancer can spread to your esophagus and cause trouble swallowing. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, tips for lung cancer prevention? | There is no guaranteed way to prevent lung cancer. However, you can reduce your risk if you:
Quit smoking: Smoking is the number-one risk factor for lung cancer. Eliminating smoking greatly reduces your chance of developing lung cancer.
Avoid radon: You can have your home tested for radon to help reduce your exposure and lung cancer risk.
Avoid other cancer-causing chemicals: Limiting your exposure to other cancer-causing chemicals can reduce your risk.
Eat a healthy diet: There is some evidence
to suggest that eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables can reduce your risk of lung cancer. |
malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung | for malignant neoplasm of lung or carcinoma of lung, takeaway? | Lung cancer is most treatable when it�s caught early. Unfortunately, the early stages of lung cancer don�t always cause symptoms.
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type of cancer you have and the stage you�re diagnosed with. Treatment often includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Newer treatments are helping improve survival odds for lung cancer patients, and participating in a clinical trial could offer promise when other treatments stall.
There is no guaranteed way to prevent lung cancer, but by quitting smoking and avoiding hazardous exposures you can dramatically reduce your risk of developing lung cancer. |
manic disorder | what is manic disorder? Tell me about manic disorder? What kind of disease is manic disorder? Can you elaborate on manic disorder? What can you tell me about manic disorder? Could you describe what manic disorder is? I�d like to know more about manic disorder. Can you help? What information do you have on manic disorder? Could you provide information on manic disorder? | Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition marked by large shifts in mood from mania to depression. Although bipolar disorder can be challenging to manage, many effective treatments and strategies are available.
Bipolar disorder isn�t a rare condition. In fact, the National Institute of Mental Health says that 2.8%
of U.S. adults � or about 5 million people � have a bipolar disorder diagnosis.
The condition used to be known as manic depression and bipolar disease.
Key symptoms of bipolar disorder include:
These episodes may last from a few days to several weeks or longer.
If you�re living with bipolar disorder, the following treatment options can help you learn to manage mood episodes, which can improve not only your symptoms but also your overall quality of life. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, types of bipolar disorder? | There are three main types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia.
Bipolar I
Bipolar I is defined by the appearance of at least one manic episode. You may experience hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than manic episodes, or major depressive periods before and after the manic episode. A person can also go through a long period of stable mood before experiencing either mania or depression.
This type of bipolar disorder affects people of all sexes equally.
Are sex and gender the same thing?
People often use the terms sex and gender interchangeably, but they have different meanings:
�Sex� refers to the physical characteristics that differentiate male, female, and intersex bodies.
�Gender� refers to a person�s identity and how they feel inside. Examples include man, woman, nonbinary, agender, bigender, genderfluid, pangender, and trans. A person�s gender identity may differ from the sex they were assigned at birth.
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Bipolar II
People with bipolar II experience one major depressive episode that lasts at least 2 weeks. They also have at least 1 hypomanic episode that lasts about 4 days. According to a 2017 review
, this type of bipolar disorder may be more common in females.
Cyclothymia
People with cyclothymia experience some symptoms of hypomania and depression, but not enough to characterize an episode of hypomania or depression.
These episodes also involve symptoms that are shorter and less severe than the episodes associated with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. Most people with this condition experience no mood symptoms for 1 to 2 months
at a time.
Your doctor can explain more about what kind of bipolar disorder you have when discussing your diagnosis.
Some people experience distinct mood symptoms that resemble but don�t align with these three types. If that�s the case for you, you might get a diagnosis of:
other specified bipolar and related disorders
unspecified bipolar and related disorders
Learn more about the types of bipolar disorder. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, bipolar disorder symptoms? | To receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, you must experience at least one period of mania or hypomania.
These both involve feelings of excitement, impulsivity, and high energy, but hypomania is considered less severe than mania. Mania symptoms can affect your day-to-day life at work or home. Hypomania symptoms typically don�t cause as much disruption, but they can still be distressing.
Some people living with bipolar disorder also experience major depressive episodes or �down� moods.
These three main symptoms � mania, hypomania, and depression � are the main features of bipolar disorder. Different types of bipolar disorder involve different combinations of these symptoms.
Bipolar I symptoms
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5)
, a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder requires the following:
at least one episode of mania that lasts at least 1 week
symptoms that affect daily function
symptoms that don�t relate to another medical or mental health condition or substance use
You could also experience symptoms of psychosis or both mania and depression (known as mixed features). These symptoms can have more impact on your life. If you have them, it�s worth reaching out for professional support as soon as possible.
While you don�t need to experience episodes of hypomania or depression to receive a bipolar I diagnosis, many people with bipolar I do report these symptoms.
Bipolar II symptoms
A diagnosis of bipolar II requires:
at least one episode of hypomania that lasts 4 days or longer
and involves 3 or more symptoms of hypomania
hypomania-related changes in mood and usual function that others can notice, though these may not necessarily affect your daily life
at least one episode of major depression that lasts 2 weeks or longer
at least one episode of major depression involving five or more key depression symptoms that have a significant impact on your day-to-day life
symptoms that don�t relate to another medical or mental health condition or substance use
Bipolar II can also involve symptoms of psychosis, but only during an episode of depression. You could also experience mixed mood episodes, which means you�ll have symptoms of depression and hypomania simultaneously.
With bipolar II, though, you won�t experience mania. If you have a manic episode, you�ll receive a diagnosis of bipolar I.
Cyclothymia symptoms
A diagnosis of cyclothymia requires:
periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depression symptoms, off and on, over 2 years or longer
(1 year
for children and adolescents)
symptoms that never meet the full criteria for an episode of hypomania or depression
symptoms that are present for at least half of the 2 years and never absent for longer than 2 months at a time
symptoms that don�t relate to another medical or mental health condition or substance use
symptoms that cause significant distress and affect daily life
Fluctuating mood symptoms characterize cyclothymia. These symptoms may be less severe than those of bipolar I or II. Still, they tend to last longer, so you�ll generally have less time when you experience no symptoms.
Hypomania may not have a big impact on your daily life. Depression, on the other hand, often leads to more serious distress and affects day-to-day function, even if your symptoms don�t qualify for a major depressive episode.
If you do experience enough symptoms to meet the criteria for a hypomanic or depressive episode, your diagnosis will likely change to another type of bipolar disorder or major depression, depending on your symptoms. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, mania and hypomania? | An episode of mania often involves an emotional high. You might feel excited, impulsive, euphoric, and full of energy. You might also feel jumpy or notice your thoughts seem to race. Some people also experience hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis.
Manic episodes can involve behavior that�s more impulsive than usual, often because you feel invincible or untouchable. Commonly cited examples of this kind of behavior include:
having sex without using a barrier method
misusing alcohol and drugs
going on spending sprees
But impulsiveness can also show up in plenty of other ways. Maybe you:
quit your job abruptly
take off on a road trip by yourself without telling anyone
make a big investment on a whim
drive much faster than usual, well above the speed limit
participate in extreme sports you wouldn�t ordinarily consider
While there are many reasons why a person might engage in these behaviors, the key to mania is that these are not things you would choose to engage in periods of stable mood.
Hypomania, generally associated with bipolar II disorder, involves many of the same symptoms, though they�re less severe. Unlike mania, hypomania often doesn�t lead
to consequences at work, school, or in your relationships. Episodes of hypomania don�t involve psychosis. They typically won�t last as long as episodes of mania or require inpatient care.
With hypomania, you might feel very productive and energized, but you may not notice other changes in your mood. People who don�t know you well may not, either. Those closest to you, however, will usually pick up on your shifting mood and energy levels. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, major depressive episodes? | A �down� change in mood can leave you feeling lethargic, unmotivated, and sad.
Bipolar-related episodes of major depression will involve at least five of these symptoms:
a lasting low mood marked by deep sadness, hopelessness, or feelings of emptiness
loss of energy
a sense of feeling slower than usual or persistent restlessness
lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed
periods of too little or too much sleep
a sense of guilt or worthlessness
trouble concentrating, focusing, and making decisions
thoughts of death, dying, or suicide
changes in appetite or weight
Not everyone with bipolar disorder experiences
major depressive episodes, though many people do. Depending on your type of bipolar disorder, you might experience only a few symptoms of depression but not the full five needed for a major episode.
It�s also worth noting that sometimes, but not always, the euphoria of mania can feel enjoyable. Once you get treatment for mania, the symptom-free mood you experience might feel more like a �down� shift, or a period of depression, than a more typical mood state.
While bipolar disorder can cause a depressed mood, bipolar disorder and depression have one major difference. With bipolar disorder, you might have �up� and �down� mood states. With depression, though, your mood and emotions might remain
�down� until you get treatment.
Discover the differences between bipolar disorder and depression. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, bipolar disorder symptoms in women vs. men? | Most research suggests that males and females receive bipolar disorder diagnoses roughly equally
, though some studies suggest it may be more prevalent in females. However, the main symptoms of the disorder may vary, depending on the sex you were assigned at birth and your gender.
Females with bipolar disorder tend to receive diagnoses later in life, often in their 20s or 30s. Sometimes, they might first notice symptoms during pregnancy or after childbirth. They�re also more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar II than bipolar I.
Additionally, females living with bipolar disorder tend to experience:
milder episodes of mania
more depressive episodes than manic episodes
rapid cycling, or four or more episodes
of mania and depression in 1 year
more co-occurring conditions
Females with bipolar disorder may also experience relapse more often, partly due to hormone changes related to menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. In terms of bipolar disorder, relapse means having a mood episode after not having one for some time.
Get the facts about bipolar disorder in females.
Males with bipolar disorder, on the other hand, may:
get a diagnosis earlier in life
experience less frequent but more severe episodes, especially manic episodes
be more likely to also have a substance use disorder
show more aggression during episodes of mania |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, bipolar disorder in historically marginalized groups? | Research
shows that people from historically marginalized groups, particularly those of African ancestry, are frequently misdiagnosed with other conditions like schizophrenia, especially if they exhibit symptoms of psychosis.
While the symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary somewhat from person to person and can depend on the type, there are clear criteria for diagnosis.
Research also suggests 50-75% of people living with bipolar disorder will experience some symptoms of psychosis, but this is stable across all racial and ethnic groups.
Both these factors suggest that bias may play a role in this frequent misdiagnosis.
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manic disorder | for manic disorder, bipolar disorder in children and teens? | Diagnosing bipolar disorder in children is controversial, largely because children don�t always display the same bipolar disorder symptoms as adults. Their moods and behaviors may also not follow the standards doctors use to diagnose the disorder in adults.
Many bipolar disorder symptoms that occur in children also overlap with symptoms of other conditions that commonly occur in children, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
However, in the last few decades, doctors and mental health professionals have come to recognize the condition in children. A diagnosis can help children get treatment, but reaching a diagnosis may take many weeks or months. It may be worth seeking care from a professional who specializes in treating children with mental health conditions.
Like adults, children with bipolar disorder experience extreme mood shifts. They can appear
very happy and show signs of excitable behavior, or seem very tearful, low, and irritable.
All children experience mood changes, but bipolar disorder causes distinct and noticeable mood symptoms. Mood changes are also usually more extreme than a child�s typical change in mood.
Manic symptoms in children
Symptoms of mania in children can include:
acting very silly and feeling overly happy
talking fast and rapidly changing subjects
having trouble focusing or concentrating
engaging in behaviors that can have harmful effects
having a very short temper that leads quickly to outbursts of anger
having trouble sleeping and not feeling tired after sleep loss
Depressive symptoms in children
With bipolar disorder, symptoms of depressive episodes in children can include:
moping around, acting very sad, or crying frequently
sleeping too much or too little
having little energy for usual activities or showing no signs of interest in anything
complaining about not feeling well, including having frequent headaches or stomachaches
feelings of worthlessness or guilt
eating too little or too much
thoughts of death or suicide
Other possible diagnoses
Some of the behavior issues you notice in your child could suggest other mental health conditions, such as ADHD or depression. It�s also possible for children to have bipolar disorder with another condition.
Your child�s doctor can offer more guidance and support with noting and tracking your child�s behaviors, which can help them find the right diagnosis.
The correct diagnosis can play a major role in finding the most effective treatment for your child. Treatment, of course, can make a big difference in your child�s symptoms, not to mention their quality of life.
Read more about bipolar disorder in children.
Symptoms in teens
Shifting hormones, plus the life changes that naturally happen with puberty, can make teens seem extremely emotional from time to time.
Yet drastic or rapidly fluctuating changes in mood may suggest a more serious condition, such as bipolar disorder, rather than typical teenage development.
A bipolar disorder diagnosis is most common during the late teen and early adult years.
Common symptoms of mania in teenagers include:
being very happy
�acting out� or misbehaving
taking part in behaviors that may have a harmful effect, like substance use
thinking about sex more than usual
becoming overly sexual or sexually active
having trouble sleeping, without signs of fatigue or being tired
having a very short temper
having trouble staying focused or getting distracted easily
Common symptoms of a depressive episode include:
sleeping too much or too little
eating too much or too little
feeling very sad and showing little excitability
withdrawing from activities and friends
thinking or talking about death and suicide
Remember that many of these signs, like experimenting with substances and thinking about sex, aren�t uncommon teenage behaviors. But if they seem part of a larger pattern of shifting moods or start to affect their day-to-day life, they could be a sign of bipolar disorder or another condition.
Learn more about bipolar disorder in teenagers and how to treat it. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, bipolar disorder treatment? | Several treatments can help you manage bipolar disorder symptoms. These include
medications, counseling, and lifestyle measures. Some natural remedies can also have benefits.
Medications
Recommended medications may include:
mood stabilizers, such as lithium (Lithobid)
antipsychotics, such as olanzapine (Zyprexa)
antidepressant-antipsychotics, such as fluoxetine-olanzapine (Symbyax)
benzodiazepines, a type of anti-anxiety medication used for short-term treatment
Psychotherapy
Recommended therapy approaches may include:
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of talk therapy that helps you identify and address unhelpful thoughts and change unwanted behavior patterns.
Therapy offers a safe space to discuss ways to manage your symptoms. Your therapist can also offer support with:
understanding thought patterns
reframing distressing emotions
learning and practicing more helpful coping strategies
Get tips on finding the right therapist.
Psychoeducation
Psychoeducation is a therapeutic approach centered around helping you learn about a condition and its treatment. This knowledge can go a long way toward helping you and the supportive people in your life recognize early mood symptoms and manage them more effectively.
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy focuses on regulating daily habits, such as sleeping, eating, and exercising. Balancing these everyday basics could lead to fewer mood episodes and less severe symptoms.
Online therapy options
Interested in online therapy? Our review of the best teletherapy options can help you find the right fit.
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Other options
Other approaches that can help ease symptoms include:
electroconvulsive therapy
sleep medications
supplements
acupuncture
Natural remedies for bipolar disorder
Some natural remedies might also help with bipolar disorder symptoms.
You�ll always want to check with your doctor or psychiatrist before trying these remedies, though. In some cases, they could interfere with any medications you�re taking.
The following herbs and supplements may help stabilize your mood and reduce symptoms of bipolar disorder when combined with medication and therapy:
Omega-3: Some 2016 research
suggests that taking an omega-3 supplement may help with symptoms of bipolar I. However, a 2021 study found weak support for using the supplement to treat depression symptoms in bipolar disorder.
Rhodiola rosea: A 2013 review
suggests this plant may help with moderate depression, so it could help treat depression associated with bipolar disorder, but this, too, has not been substantiated with newer research.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe): SAMe is an amino acid supplement that may help ease
symptoms of major depression and other mood disorders. However, it can induce mania and may interact with other medications.
You should consult with a doctor before trying SAMe or any other herbal or natural remedies to help you manage your bipolar symptoms.
Looking for more options? Consider these 10 alternative treatments.
Lifestyle changes
Some studies suggest that lifestyle measures can help reduce the severity
of your bipolar disorder symptoms. These can include the following:
eating a balanced diet
getting at least 150 minutes of exercise a week
managing your weight
getting weekly counseling or therapy
That said, the improvements reported by many of these studies were not significant
, indicating that lifestyle interventions alone may not be enough to manage the condition. They may work better when combined with other treatments. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, causes and risk factors? | Bipolar disorder is a fairly common mental health condition, but experts have yet to determine why some people develop the condition.
Some potential causes of bipolar disorder include:
Genetics
If your parent or sibling has bipolar disorder, you�re more likely to develop the condition. The risk of developing bipolar disorder is 10% to 25%
if one of your parents has the condition.
Keep in mind, though, that most people who have a history of bipolar disorder in their family history don�t develop it.
Learn more about the hereditary aspect of bipolar disorder.
Your brain
Your brain structure may affect your risk of developing bipolar disorder. Irregularities in brain chemistry, or the structure or functions of your brain, may increase this risk.
Environmental factors
It�s not just what�s in your body that can affect your chances of developing bipolar disorder. Outside factors can also play a part. These might include:
extreme stress
traumatic experiences
physical illness
Learn more about the potential causes of bipolar disorder. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, can you prevent bipolar disorder?? | Once you begin to experience mood episodes, you can take steps to help reduce the severity of those episodes and lower your chances of experiencing additional mood episodes. But you can�t always prevent mood episodes entirely or keep the condition from developing in the first place.
Future research may reveal more about the specific causes of bipolar disorder and give researchers more insight into potential ways of preventing the condition. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, common co-occurring conditions? | Some people living with bipolar disorder also have other mental health conditions. A 2019 research review
suggests that anxiety disorders are among the most common.
Other conditions that might occur alongside bipolar disorder include:
substance use disorders
eating disorders
specific phobia
ADHD
Symptoms of these conditions might show up more severely depending on your mood state. Anxiety, for example, tends to happen more commonly with depression, while substance use might be more likely with mania.
If you have bipolar disorder, you may also have a higher chance of developing certain medical conditions, including:
migraine
heart disease
diabetes
thyroid disorders |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, tips for coping and support? | If you�ve noticed symptoms of bipolar disorder, a good first step involves reaching out to a doctor or therapist as soon as possible.
Similarly, if a friend or loved one has symptoms, consider encouraging them to connect with a therapist as soon as possible. It never hurts to remind them that they have your understanding and support.
Here�s how you can support a loved one living with bipolar disorder.
Always take suicidal thoughts and behavior seriously
It�s not uncommon to have thoughts of suicide during an episode of depression or a mixed features mood episode.
Remember that you�re not alone, and help is available 24/7, 365 days a year. To get confidential support, reach out to the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 or text �HOME� to 741741.
If you think someone is at immediate risk of hurting themselves or someone else:
Stay with them if you can. If not, call for help and support.
Remove any guns, knives, medications, or other things that may cause harm.
Listen, but don�t judge, argue, threaten, or yell.
Learn more about helping someone during a crisis and get more crisis resources.
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Living with bipolar disorder
Treatment can help you manage mood episodes and cope with the symptoms they cause.
Creating a care team can help you get the most out of treatment. Your team might involve:
your primary doctor
a psychiatrist who manages your medications
a therapist or counselor who provides talk therapy
other professionals or specialists, such as a sleep specialist, acupuncturist, or massage therapist
a bipolar disorder support group or community of other people also living with bipolar disorder
You may need to try a few treatments before you find one that leads to improvement. Some medications work well for some people but not others. In a similar vein, some people find CBT very helpful, while others may see little improvement.
It�s always best to be open with your care team about what works and what doesn�t. If something doesn�t help or makes you feel even worse, don�t hold back from letting them know. Your mental health matters and your care team should always support you in finding the most helpful approach.
A little self-compassion can go a long way, too. Remember that bipolar disorder, like any other mental health condition, didn�t happen by choice. It�s not caused by anything you did or didn�t do.
It�s OK (and pretty common) to feel frustrated when treatment doesn�t seem to work. Try to have patience and treat yourself kindly as you explore new approaches.
Bipolar disorder and relationships
Bipolar disorder can affect your relationships. But these effects might appear most clearly in your closest relationships, like those with family members and romantic partners.
When it comes to managing a relationship while living with bipolar disorder, honesty can always help. Being open about your condition can help your partner better understand your symptoms and how they can offer support.
You might consider starting with a few basic details, including:
how long you�ve had the condition
how episodes of depression usually affect you
how episodes of mania usually affect you
your treatment approach, including therapy, medication, and coping strategies
anything they can do to help
Want more tips on maintaining a healthy relationship when you or a partner has bipolar disorder? Our guide can help. |
manic disorder | for manic disorder, the bottom line? | Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but that doesn�t mean it has to completely disrupt your life. While living with bipolar disorder certainly creates some challenges, sticking with your treatment plan, practicing regular self-care, and leaning on your support system can boost your overall well-being and keep symptoms to a minimum.
Educating yourself and your loved ones about the condition can also have a lot of benefits. Get started with these resources:
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance
Help with Bipolar Disorder
International Bipolar Foundation |
personality disorder | what is personality disorder? Tell me about personality disorder? What kind of disease is personality disorder? Can you elaborate on personality disorder? What can you tell me about personality disorder? Could you describe what personality disorder is? I�d like to know more about personality disorder. Can you help? What information do you have on personality disorder? Could you provide information on personality disorder? | Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is part of a larger group of psychological disorders called �Cluster B� personality disorders. Disorders in this category cause a person to be overly dramatic, emotional, or erratic.
People with HPD have a distorted mental image of themselves. They often base their self-esteem on the approval of others. This creates a need to be noticed. Because of this, people with HPD may resort to dramatic antics.
Women are diagnosed with HPD more often than men. That may be because men report their symptoms less often than women. |
personality disorder | for personality disorder, recognizing the signs of histrionic personality disorder? | HPD is not a devastating psychological disorder. Most people with HPD function successfully in society and at work. In fact, people with HPD usually have great people skills. Unfortunately, they often use these skills to manipulate others.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition), people with histrionic personality disorder have at least five (or more) of the following symptoms:
Is uncomfortable in situations in which they are not the center of attention
Has interactions with others characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
Consistently uses their physical attention to draw attention to self
Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion
Is suggestible (that is, they are easily influenced by others or circumstances)
Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
If you have HPD, you might also be easily frustrated or bored with routines, make rash decisions before thinking, or threaten to commit suicide in order to get attention. |
personality disorder | for personality disorder, what causes histrionic personality disorder?? | The exact cause of histrionic personality disorder is unknown. Scientists believe it is an outcome of both environmental and genetic factors.
Some families have a history of HPD, which lends credit to the theory that the condition may be explained in part by genetics. On the other hand, children of parents with HPD may simply exhibit behavior they learned from their parents. It is also possible that a lack of discipline or positive reinforcement of dramatic behaviors in childhood can cause HPD. A child may learn HPD behaviors as a way to get attention from their parents.
No matter the cause, HPD usually presents itself by early adulthood. |
personality disorder | for personality disorder, diagnosis of hpd? | There is no specific test that is used to diagnose HPD. If you are troubled by your symptoms and seek medical care, your primary care provider will likely begin by taking a complete medical history. They may perform a physical exam to rule out any physical problems that might be causing your symptoms.
If your primary care provider doesn�t find a physical cause for your symptoms, they may refer you to a psychiatrist. Psychiatrists are specifically trained to recognize and treat psychological disorders. A psychiatrist will be able to use expert questions to get a clear view of the history of your behavior. An accurate assessment of your behaviors will help your primary care provider diagnose you.
However, most people with this condition do not believe they need therapy or help, making diagnosis difficult. Many people who have HPD receive a diagnosis after they go into therapy for depression or anxiety, usually following a failed relationship or other personal conflicts. |
personality disorder | for personality disorder, treatment of hpd? | Treatment can be difficult if you have HPD. Like many people with HPD, you might think you don�t need treatment, or you might find the routine of a treatment program to be unappealing. However, therapy � and sometimes medications � can help you cope with HPD.
Therapy
Psychotherapy is the most common and effective treatment choice for HPD. This kind of therapy involves talking to a therapist about your feelings and experiences. Such talks can help you and your therapist determine the reasoning behind your actions and behaviors. Your therapist may be able to help you learn how to relate with people in a positive manner, instead of continually trying to get attention from them.
Medication
If you experience depression or anxiety as a part of your HPD, your primary care provider might put you on antidepressants or antianxiety medication. |
personality disorder | for personality disorder, long-term outlook for a person with hpd? | Lots of people with HPD lead normal lives and are able to work and be a part of society. In fact, many people with HPD do very well in casual settings. Many of them only encounter problems in more intimate relationships. Depending on your case, your HPD may affect your ability to hold a job, maintain a relationship, or stay focused on life goals. It may also cause you to constantly seek adventure, putting you into risky situations.
You are also at a higher risk for depression if you have HPD. The disorder can affect how you handle failure and loss. It can also leave you feeling more frustrated when you don�t get what you want. You should talk to your primary care provider if you have symptoms of HPD, especially if they are interfering with your everyday life and work or your ability to lead a happy, fulfilling life. |
emphysema pulmonary | what is emphysema pulmonary? Tell me about emphysema pulmonary? What kind of disease is emphysema pulmonary? Can you elaborate on emphysema pulmonary? What can you tell me about emphysema pulmonary? Could you describe what emphysema pulmonary is? I�d like to know more about emphysema pulmonary. Can you help? What information do you have on emphysema pulmonary? Could you provide information on emphysema pulmonary? | Emphysema is a disease of the lungs. It occurs most often in people who smoke, but it also occurs in people who regularly breathe in irritants.
Emphysema destroys alveoli, which are air sacs in the lungs. The air sacs weaken and eventually break, which reduces the surface area of the lungs and the amount of oxygen that can reach the bloodstream. This makes it harder to breathe, especially when exercising. Emphysema also causes the lungs to lose their elasticity.
Emphysema is one of the two most common conditions that fall under the umbrella term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The other major COPD condition is chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is an irreversible condition, so treatment aims to slow its progression and minimize symptoms. |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, what are the symptoms of emphysema?? | Some people have emphysema for years without knowing it. Some of its first signs are shortness of breath and coughing, especially during exercise or physical exertion. This continues to get worse until breathing is difficult all the time, even when resting.
Other symptoms may include:
exhaustion
weight loss
depression
Some people may develop bluish-gray lips or fingernails from lack of oxygen. If this happens, seek medical attention immediately. |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, causes and risk factors? | According to the American Lung Association, 2 million adults (1.6 percent of people ages 18 years or older) had emphysema in 2018.
Rates were higher among males, non-Hispanic white people, and those over the age of 65. However, the rates among females have been increasing in recent decades, so the gap between the sexes has been decreasing.
Smoking tobacco is the main cause of emphysema. The more you smoke, the higher your risk of developing emphysema. This includes smoking cannabis.
Smoking leads to the death of more than 480,000 Americans a year, and 80 percent of those deaths are caused by COPD, including emphysema. Exposure to secondhand smoke also increases your risk of developing emphysema.
Other causes of, as well as potential risk factors for developing emphysema, may include:
exposure to high pollution chemical fumes or lung irritants
a genetic condition called alpha-1 deficiency can lead to a rare form of emphysema called alpha-1 deficiency-related emphysema.
history of childhood respiratory infections
a compromised immune system, especially as a result of HIV
rare disorders such as Marfan syndrome. |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, how is emphysema diagnosed?? | Your doctor will begin by getting your background and medical history, asking in particular whether you smoke and whether you�re around hazardous fumes or pollutants at work or at home.
Various tests can detect emphysema, including:
imaging tests, such as X-rays and CT scans, to look at your lungs
blood tests, to determine how well your lungs are transferring oxygen
pulse oximetry, to measure the oxygen content of your blood
lung function tests, which measure how much air your lungs can breathe in and out and how well your lungs deliver oxygen into your bloodstream
arterial blood gas tests, to measure the amount of blood and carbon dioxide in your blood
electrocardiogram (ECG), to check heart function and rule out heart disease |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, complications? | When emphysema becomes severe or isn�t properly treated, serious complications may occur. These may include:
pneumonia, which can bacterial or viral
many respiratory tract infections
cor pulmonale, which is failure of the right side of the heart
pneumothorax, which is when air collects between the lungs and the chest cavity that can lead to lung collapse
respiratory acidosis, which is when the lungs can�t obtain enough oxygen, leading to coma
hypoxemia, which is when the lungs can�t adequately oxygenate the blood |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, how is emphysema treated?? | There�s no cure for emphysema. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and slow the progression of the disease with medications, therapies, or surgeries.
If you smoke, the first step in treating emphysema is to quit smoking. You may need medications to help you withdraw from nicotine. Consider discussing a cessation plan with your doctor.
Medications
Various medications can help treat the disease, including:
bronchodilators, which help open air passages, making breathing easier and relieving coughing and shortness of breath
steroids, which alleviate shortness of breath
antibiotics, which fight infections that can make the condition worse
All of these medications can be taken orally or inhaled.
Therapies
Pulmonary rehabilitation or moderate exercise such as walking can strengthen breathing muscles and alleviate symptoms, making it easier to breathe and be physically active. Yoga, tai chi, and deep breathing exercises can also help relieve symptoms.
Oxygen therapy can help make breathing easier. People with severe emphysema may need oxygen 24 hours a day.
Surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery may be used to remove small parts of damaged lung, and a lung transplant can replace the entire lung. These are rare surgeries used only for people with severe emphysema.
Other treatments
Emphysema might cause you to become underweight. Eating foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E, like fruits and vegetables, is recommended to improve your overall health.
Getting vaccinated against certain infections, such as pneumonia, can help prevent you from getting an infection that could complicate emphysema. These infections include pneumonia, influenza, and COVID-19.
You may also experience anxiety and depression if you aren�t as active as you used to be. Joining a support group can help you connect with others who have the disease and share similar experiences. This can help you realize that you aren�t alone in fighting the disease. |
emphysema pulmonary | for emphysema pulmonary, prevention and outlook? | Since emphysema is mainly caused by smoking tobacco, the best way to prevent it is to refrain from smoking. It�s also important to stay away from harmful chemicals and fumes as well as heavy pollution.
The outlook for people with emphysema varies based on its severity. There�s no cure for the disease, and it worsens with time, but you can slow its progression.
As a rule, smoking cigarettes speeds up the disease, so quitting is important.
Early detection of the disease is key, because people with emphysema can develop life threatening conditions when the lungs and heart become damaged over time.
It�s important to stay healthy by eating well and getting exercise. With the aid of medications and therapies, you can live a long, healthy life with emphysema. |
hemorrhoids | what is hemorrhoids? Tell me about hemorrhoids? What kind of disease is hemorrhoids? Can you elaborate on hemorrhoids? What can you tell me about hemorrhoids? Could you describe what hemorrhoids is? I�d like to know more about hemorrhoids. Can you help? What information do you have on hemorrhoids? Could you provide information on hemorrhoids? | You may develop external hemorrhoids from straining during a bowel movement or pregnancy. Treatment can include topical products and using a cold compress. Severe hemorrhoids may need medical intervention.
You�ve probably heard of hemorrhoids, also called piles. They are inflamed veins that cause lumps around your anus, and they can be quite painful.
Hemorrhoids can be internal or external, and it�s possible to have both types at the same time.
Both types often go away on their own, but sometimes require medical intervention.
Hemorrhoids are common, affecting about 1 in 20 people in the United States overall and about half of people over age 50, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
.
They also tend to happen more often in certain people, including pregnant people and those who frequently strain while pooping. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, what causes external hemorrhoids?? | External hemorrhoids are when one or more tender bumps form beneath the skin surrounding your anus. These are dilated blood vessels that have become so enlarged that they protrude.
Blood may clot, or thrombose, inside the protruding blood vessel. This can form a hard lump and cause considerable pain in some cases.
External and internal hemorrhoids are caused by many of the same factors. These include:
Straining while pooping. The most common cause of external hemorrhoids is repeated straining while having a bowel movement. This is often caused by severe cases of constipation or diarrhea. Straining makes blood pool in the area.
Sitting on the toilet for a long time. This can also put pressure on the tissues around your rectum and anus.
Weakened support tissues. As you age, the tissues tend to weaken around the anus and rectum.
Pregnancy. Pregnant people may also be at an increased risk of hemorrhoids because of the increased pressure of the abdomen on these veins.
Obesity. Having excess weight has been associated with having hemorrhoids.
Heavy lifting. You may have a higher risk of hemorrhoids if you frequently lift heavy objects.
Not eating enough fiber. A low fiber diet may lead to constipation, which can cause hemorrhoids. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, recognizing the symptoms of external hemorrhoids? | A range of symptoms can affect a person with external hemorrhoids. Symptoms vary depending on the severity. Some of the symptoms that you may have include:
one or more tender, blue-colored lumps on the skin near the opening of the anus
itching around the anus or rectal area
aching or pain around your anus, particularly within 24 to 48 hours of onset and when you�re sitting down
You may notice bleeding when you�re using the toilet. This includes seeing blood on toilet paper or in the toilet. Lumps around the anus may feel as if they are swollen. Larger external hemorrhoids may make it difficult to keep the anal area clean.
These symptoms may also occur because of other conditions. If you experience them, you should schedule an exam with your doctor.
Symptoms of external hemorrhoids may go away after a few days, according to the NIDDK
. The body usually gradually reabsorbs the hemorrhoid over time. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, who is at risk of external hemorrhoids?? | If your parents have had hemorrhoids, you may be more likely to have them as well. Hemorrhoids may also be more likely to happen during pregnancy.
As we age, hemorrhoids can occur due to increased pressure caused by sitting a lot. And anything that causes you to strain during bowel movements can lead to external hemorrhoids.
A healthcare professional may be able to help you determine the cause of your hemorrhoids. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, how are external hemorrhoids diagnosed?? | To diagnose external hemorrhoids, a doctor will ask about your health history and symptoms. They will also likely do a physical exam.
In the case of external hemorrhoids, they will generally be able to see the hemorrhoids by examining the area around your anus.
They may also perform a digital rectum exam and anoscopy to check for issues inside your anal canal and rectum, including internal hemorrhoids.
During a digital rectal exam, your doctor will insert their gloved, lubricated finger into your anus. They�ll be able to feel abnormalities inside.
During an anoscopy, the doctor will insert a device called an anoscope into your rectum that allows them to see abnormalities.
If you also have rectal bleeding, your doctor will likely request that you get a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy to rule out colorectal cancer. These methods will also detect any internal hemorrhoids. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, treating external hemorrhoids? | In most cases, people treat external hemorrhoids at home and they go away on their own.
They typically don�t require medical treatment unless they�re causing you a lot of pain or are very enlarged, according to experts
.
If you�re experiencing pain, your doctor may recommend using over-the-counter (OTC) pain relief medications, such as ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), or acetaminophen.
Home remedies
You can use at-home treatments to help with hemorrhoids.
Here are a few safe at-home remedies for hemorrhoids to try:
Cold compress. Wrap ice in a cloth and apply it to the hemorrhoid for periods of no more than 15 minutes at a time. This can significantly reduce swelling and pain.
Sitz bath. This is essentially soaking your bottom in warm water. Some people use a small tub designed to fit over your toilet, which you can fill with a couple of inches of warm water and sit in several times a day to help sooth hemorrhoids. Some people add unscented Epsom salts to the water.
Topical ointments or wipes. Some people use ointments or soothing wipes made with naturally derived ingredients, such as witch hazel and aloe vera, to help reduce hemorrhoid swelling and pain. However, many of these products need more research on their effectiveness.
OTC creams. Preparation H and other OTC topical medications may also help.
Contact a healthcare professional if you�re experiencing a lot of pain, if symptoms haven�t gone away after 1 week of treatment at home, or if you�re experiencing bleeding from your rectum.
Medical treatments
If you have a more severe case of external hemorrhoids, your doctor may suggest a surgical procedure called a hemorrhoidectomy. This is the removal of an external hemorrhoid using a laser, scalpel, or cautery device.
Your healthcare professional will likely use a local anesthetic for this procedure, depending on the situation and your needs.
If you have internal hemorrhoids, healthcare professionals may use additional or different methods for surgical treatment.
Healthcare professionals will sometimes recommend prescription medications for external hemorrhoids. These include:
topical nitroglycerin � 0.4% ointment
topical nifedipine
an injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) into the anal sphincter |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, how can i prevent external hemorrhoids from developing?? | Here are some steps you can take to prevent hemorrhoids:
Avoid straining to poop. This includes avoiding sitting on the toilet for long periods of time.
Take measures to prevent constipation. This includes eating high fiber foods, drinking lots of water, and taking fiber supplements, stool softener, or laxatives. Here are more solutions you can try at home for preventing constipation.
Avoid heavy lifting. Try not to strain yourself.
Ask for professional advice if you�re at higher risk. Speak with a healthcare professional if you�re at higher risk of constipation or hemorrhoids, such as if you�re pregnant, have a compromised immune system, or are taking medications to reduce blood clotting. |
hemorrhoids | for hemorrhoids, what is the long-term outlook for external hemorrhoids?? | External hemorrhoids are a common condition. They often go away on their own within a few days or weeks as the body reabsorbs the blood clot within the protruding blood vessel.
In severe cases of external hemorrhoids, healthcare professionals may recommend surgical removal.
If an external hemorrhoid goes away on its own, it may leave a skin tag behind, which you may want to have removed as well. |
aphasia | what is aphasia? Tell me about aphasia? What kind of disease is aphasia? Can you elaborate on aphasia? What can you tell me about aphasia? Could you describe what aphasia is? I�d like to know more about aphasia. Can you help? What information do you have on aphasia? Could you provide information on aphasia? | Aphasia is a communication disorder that can interfere with your verbal communication, written communication, or both. It�s caused by damage to one or more areas of the brain that control language, and there are many types.
There are a few different types of aphasia. The type depends on the part of the brain that has been impacted. Aphasia can cause problems with your ability to:
According to the National Aphasia Association, aphasia affects about 2 million people in the United States, but many people have never heard of it.
Just because someone is living with aphasia does not mean they have a mental disorder or have lowered intelligence. |
aphasia | for aphasia, aphasia symptoms? | Symptoms of aphasia can vary from mild to severe. They depend on where the damage occurs in your brain and the severity of that damage.
Many of the symptoms of the different types of aphasia can overlap, which is why it�s essential to get a medical professional�s opinion if you believe you or someone you love is living with aphasia.
Aphasia can affect your:
speaking
comprehension
reading
writing
expressive communication, which involves using words and sentences
receptive communication, which involves understanding the words of others
Symptoms that affect expressive communication can include:
speaking in short, incomplete sentences or phrases
speaking in sentences that others can�t understand
using the wrong words or nonsense words
using words in the wrong order
Symptoms that affect receptive communication can include:
difficulty understanding other people�s speech
difficulty following fast-paced speech
misunderstanding figurative speech |
aphasia | for aphasia, aphasia causes? | Aphasia occurs most often as a result of damage to one or more areas of your brain that control language.
Aphasia can occur due to:
a brain tumor
an infection
dementia or another neurological disorder
a degenerative disease
a head injury
a stroke
Strokes are the most common cause of aphasia. According to the National Aphasia Association, aphasia occurs in 25 to 40 percent of people who�ve had a stroke.
When to see a doctor
Because aphasia is often the result of a stroke, it�s essential to speak with a doctor if you suddenly have difficulty:
speaking
comprehending others
reading
writing
Or, if you suddenly develop:
a weak or numb feeling in your arm
walking difficulties
drooping on one side of your face
a severe headache
A stroke is not always painful. Knowing the signs
may save your life.
Causes of temporary aphasia
Seizures or migraine can cause temporary aphasia.
Temporary aphasia can also occur due to a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which temporarily interrupts blood flow to your brain. A TIA is sometimes called a �ministroke.�
The effects of a TIA include:
weakness
numbness of certain body parts
difficulty speaking
difficulty understanding speech
A TIA is different from a stroke because its effects are temporary, but it can also be a precursor to an actual stroke. Anyone who believes they�ve just dealt with a TIA should talk with a doctor immediately. |
aphasia | for aphasia, who is at risk of aphasia?? | Aphasia can affect people of all ages, including children.
Since strokes are the most common cause of aphasia, the majority of people with aphasia are middle-aged or older. |
aphasia | for aphasia, types of aphasia? | According to the National Aphasia Association, there are many types � or patterns � of aphasia. Out of these many types, there are a few that are quite prevalent.
Global aphasia
Global aphasia is the most severe type of aphasia, and it�s typically caused by major damage to the front and back of the left side of your brain. People with this type of aphasia usually have:
severe problems using words
severe problems understanding words
limited ability to use a few words together
an almost nonexistent ability to read or write
Broca�s aphasia
Broca�s aphasia is called �non-fluent aphasia� because of the difficulty a person has with speaking. Typically, Broca�s aphasia involves damage to the left frontal area of the brain. People with this type of aphasia usually:
speak in short, incomplete sentences
are able to convey basic messages but may be missing some words
have a limited ability to understand what others say
experience frustration because others can�t understand them
have weakness or paralysis on the right side of the body
Mixed non-fluent aphasia
With some symptoms similar to Broca�s aphasia � meaning limited and difficult speech � people with mixed non-fluent aphasia also:
have a limited comprehension of speech
can only read and write at a very elementary level
Wernicke�s aphasia
Also identified as fluent aphasia, Wernicke�s aphasia typically involves damage to the middle left side of the brain. People with this type of aphasia can speak but have trouble understanding when others speak. Additional symptoms include:
being unable to understand and use language correctly
tending to speak in long, complex sentences that are meaningless and include incorrect or nonsense words
not realizing that others can�t understand them
impaired reading and writing
Anomic aphasia
The main feature of this pattern of aphasia is difficulty finding words that you really want to use, particularly nouns and verbs. People with anomic aphasia can usually speak well, but their speech is usually full of expressions of frustration. Additionally:
they can understand others� speech well
they can read well
their difficulty in finding words is also evident in their writing
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
As the name suggests, this type of aphasia is progressive, which means it gets worse over time. Usually, PPA is a result of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer�s disease. Initially, symptoms start with a loss of language and speech but can progress to a loss of memory. |
aphasia | for aphasia, diagnosing aphasia? | If your doctor suspects you or someone you care for has aphasia, they may order imaging tests to find the source of the problem. A CT or MRI scan can help them identify the location and severity of the brain damage.
Your doctor may also screen you for aphasia during treatment for a brain injury or stroke. For example, they may test your ability to:
follow commands
name objects
participate in a conversation
answer questions
write words
read
If you have aphasia, a speech-language pathologist can help identify specific communication disabilities. During the examination, they�ll test your ability to:
speak clearly
express ideas coherently
interact with others
read
write
understand verbal and written language
use alternative forms of communication
swallow |
aphasia | for aphasia, treating aphasia? | The specific treatment a doctor might recommend will depend on the type, or pattern, of aphasia. Overall, the goal of treatment is to help an individual gain the greatest independence possible.
Certain types of aphasia may improve with speech-language therapy. This therapy typically proceeds slowly and gradually, and it should be started as early as possible after a brain injury. Specific treatment plans may involve:
performing exercises to improve communication skills
working in groups to practice communication skills
testing communication skills in real-life situations
learning to use other forms of communication, such as gestures, drawings, and computer-mediated
communication
using computers to relearn word sounds and verbs
encouraging family involvement to help with communication at home
Emotional support in the form of talk therapy and family involvement may also be recommended, especially if a person is struggling with their diagnosis and the symptoms.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation, is one new method that has also shown some promise when it comes to improving certain symptoms of aphasia. However, most of the studies around this method are currently only used in research settings. |
aphasia | for aphasia, preventing aphasia? | Many of the conditions that cause aphasia aren�t preventable, such as brain tumors or degenerative diseases. However, the most common cause of aphasia is stroke. If you can work on reducing your risk of stroke, you can lower your risk of aphasia.
You can take the following steps to lower your risk of stroke:
Try to stop smoking if you smoke.
Drink alcohol in moderation.
Prioritize exercise.
Eat a diet that�s lower in sodium and fat
Take steps to manage your blood pressure and cholesterol.
Take steps to manage diabetes or circulation problems if you have them.
Get treatment for atrial fibrillation if you have it.
Get immediate medical care if you develop the symptoms of a stroke. |
aphasia | for aphasia, what is the outlook for people who have aphasia?? | If you have temporary aphasia due to a TIA or migraine attack, you may not need treatment, and symptoms may fade with time.
If you or someone you love has a more permanent type of aphasia, which is usually caused by stroke, brain trauma, an infection, or a neurodegenerative disease, several factors determine the outlook:
the cause of the brain damage
the location of the brain damage
the severity of the brain damage
your age
your overall health
Treating aphasia usually comes down to helping a person become as independent as possible with their condition. Emotional support, therapy, and other methods of healing may also be recommended. |
aphasia | for aphasia, communicating with someone who has aphasia? | If a loved one is living with aphasia, you may want to consider thinking about how you communicate with them. Consider the following methods to increase communication on both sides:
Minimize or completely eliminate background noise when speaking with them.
Keep your words simple but appropriately �adult.� There is no need to talk down to someone with aphasia.
Give the person time to speak. Resist the urge to finish their sentences.
Use gestures, drawings, or written notes to help your communication.
Downplay errors and encourage successes. |
obesity morbid | what is obesity morbid? Tell me about obesity morbid? What kind of disease is obesity morbid? Can you elaborate on obesity morbid? What can you tell me about obesity morbid? Could you describe what obesity morbid is? I�d like to know more about obesity morbid. Can you help? What information do you have on obesity morbid? Could you provide information on obesity morbid? | What Is Morbid Obesity?
Morbid obesity is a condition in which you have a body mass index (BMI) higher than 35. BMI is used to estimate body fat and can help determine if you are at a healthy body weight for your size. BMI is not a perfect measurement but it does help give a general idea of ideal weight ranges for height. |
obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, what causes morbid obesity?? | When you eat, your body uses the calories you consume to run your body. Even at rest, the body needs calories to pump your heart or digest food. If those calories are not used, the body stores them as fat. Your body will build up fat stores if you continue to eat more calories than your body can use during daily activities and exercise. Obesity and morbid obesity are the result of too much fat being stored in your body.
Certain medications, such as antidepressants, can cause weight gain. Medical conditions such as hypothyroidism can also lead to weight gain, but can usually be managed so that they do not lead to obesity. |
obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, who is at risk for morbid obesity?? | Anyone can gain weight and develop obesity if they eat more calories than their bodies can use.
Some studies
have shown that genetic factors
can play a role in how your body stores energy. More research is being done to further explore the relationship between genes and weight.
Many behavioral factors play a role in obesity as well, including your eating habits and daily activity level. Many people develop their eating habits as children and have trouble refining them to maintain proper body weight as they age. As an adult, you may be inactive at your job and have less time for exercise, meal planning, and physical activity.
Other factors, such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep, can lead to weight gain. People who quit smoking often experience temporary weight gain. Women may also have trouble losing the weight they gain during pregnancy, or may gain additional weight during menopause. These factors do not necessarily lead to morbid obesity but can certainly contribute to its onset. |
obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, diagnosing morbid obesity? | Your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask you about the history of your weight and your weight-loss efforts. They will ask you about your eating and exercise habits, and your medical history.
Calculating BMI
BMI is calculated when your weight in kilograms is divided by your height in meters squared. You can calculate your BMI by using a calculator
provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Here are BMI ranges and their corresponding categories of obesity:
underweight: under 18.5 percent
normal: 18.5 to 24.9 percent
overweight: 25.0 to 29.9
obese (class 1): 30.0 and 34.9
morbid obesity (class 2): 35-39.9
Using BMI as a diagnosis tool for obesity has limitations. Your BMI is only an estimate of your body fat. For example, athletes may have a high weight because of their higher muscle mass. They could fall into the BMI range of obesity or morbid obesity, but actually have a small amount of body fat. Because of this, your doctor might use other tests to get an exact reading of your body fat percentage.
Calculating Body Fat Percentage
A skinfold test may also be done to check your body fat percentage. In this test, a doctor measures the thickness of a fold of skin from the arm, abdomen, or thigh with a caliper. Another way to test body fat percentage includes bioelectrical impedance, which is often done using a special type of scale. Finally, body fat can be more accurately measured using special equipment to calculate water or air displacement.
Other Tests
Your doctor may order additional blood tests to look for hormonal or other medical problems that could be causing your weight gain.
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obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, complications of morbid obesity? | Obesity is a health concern. Without proper treatment, obesity can lead to other serious health problems, such as:
osteoarthritis
heart disease and blood lipid abnormalities
stroke
type 2 diabetes
sleep apnea (when you periodically stop breathing during sleep)
reproductive problems
gallstones
certain cancers
obesity hypoventilation syndrome
metabolic syndrome |
obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, treating morbid obesity? | There are several different treatment options for morbid obesity.
Diet and Exercise
There is no data on the most effective way to induce long-term weight loss, but a healthy diet and regular exercise are the keys to overall health.
It is also important to learn stress management tools that can be used in place of overeating or snacking during stressful times.
You should work with your doctor and a dietitian to set realistic goals that will help you lose weight slowly through diet and exercise. It may be helpful to find support from friends, family, or your community in order to make lifestyle changes that will lead to long-term weight loss.
Weight Loss Drugs
In some cases weight loss drugs may be prescribed. These medications may cause weight loss, but most people regain the weight once they stop taking the medication. There are many herbal and over-the-counter supplements that claim to help you lose weight, but many of these claims have not been verified.
Surgery
Surgery may also be an option to treat obesity if you have tried other methods for losing weight but have not been successful in maintaining long-term weight loss. It can often help reduce the risk of other diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, and sleep apnea) that are associated with severe obesity.
Surgery may cause complications, and you should talk with your doctor to determine if this is an option for you. There are two common types of weight-loss surgeries:
Gastric Banding Surgery
In this procedure, the surgeon will place a band around the upper part of your stomach. This limits the amount of food you can eat at one time by making you feel full after eating small amounts of food.
Gastric Bypass Surgery
This surgery will change how the food you eat travels through your digestive tract by bypassing a portion of your stomach and small bowel. It will make you feel full when you�ve eaten less food. |
obesity morbid | for obesity morbid, preventing morbid obesity? | Obesity and morbid obesity are serious and potentially life-threatening conditions. A healthy lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for preventing obesity.
Diet and Exercise
People who have morbid obesity should avoid �fad� diets and focus instead on changing eating behaviors. Recommendations include:
adding more fruits and vegetables to your diet
eating smaller meals
count calories
eating mindfully
limiting saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars
Physical activity is good for overall health and is especially important if you�re trying to lose weight. To begin losing weight, you will need to do moderate to vigorous exercise for more than three hours per week. Vigorous activity raises your heart rate significantly. Be sure to check with your doctor before you begin any vigorous exercise programs. Examples of beneficial physical activity include:
running or jogging
swimming
jumping rope
brisk walking
biking
Moderate exercise can also include everyday activities like shoveling snow or yard work. |
pyelonephritis | what is pyelonephritis? Tell me about pyelonephritis? What kind of disease is pyelonephritis? Can you elaborate on pyelonephritis? What can you tell me about pyelonephritis? Could you describe what pyelonephritis is? I�d like to know more about pyelonephritis. Can you help? What information do you have on pyelonephritis? Could you provide information on pyelonephritis? | Understanding pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe kidney infection. It causes the kidneys to swell and may permanently damage them. Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening.
When repeated or persistent attacks occur, the condition is called chronic pyelonephritis. The chronic form is rare, but it happens more often in children or people with urinary obstructions. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, what are the symptoms?? | Symptoms usually appear within two days of infection. Common symptoms include:
a fever greater than 102�F (38.9�C)
pain in the abdomen, back, side, or groin
painful or burning urination
cloudy urine
pus or blood in the urine
urgent or frequent urination
fishy-smelling urine
Other symptoms can include:
shaking or chills
nausea
vomiting
general aching or ill feeling
fatigue
moist skin
mental confusion
Symptoms may be different in children and older adults than they are in other people. For example, mental confusion is common in older adults and is often their only symptom.
People with chronic pyelonephritis may experience only mild symptoms or may even lack noticeable symptoms altogether. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, what are the causes?? | The infection usually starts in the lower urinary tract as a urinary tract infection (UTI). Bacteria enter the body through the urethra and begin to multiply and spread up to the bladder. From there, the bacteria travel through the ureters to the kidneys.
Bacteria such as E. coli often cause the infection. However, any serious infection in the bloodstream can also spread to the kidneys and cause acute pyelonephritis. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, are there risk factors?? | Acute pyelonephritis
Any problem that interrupts the normal flow of urine causes a greater risk of acute pyelonephritis. For example, a urinary tract that�s an unusual size or shape is more likely to lead to acute pyelonephritis.
Also, women�s urethras are much shorter than men�s, so it�s easier for bacteria to enter their bodies. That makes women more prone to kidney infections and puts them at a higher risk of acute pyelonephritis.
Other people who are at increased risk include:
anyone with chronic kidney stones or other kidney or bladder conditions
older adults
people with suppressed immune systems, such as people with diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or cancer
people with vesicoureteral reflux (a condition where small amounts of urine back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys)
people with an enlarged prostate
Other factors that can make you vulnerable to infection include:
catheter use
cystoscopic examination
urinary tract surgery
certain medications
nerve or spinal cord damage
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic forms of the condition are more common in people with urinary obstructions. These can be caused by UTIs, vesicoureteral reflux, or anatomical anomalies. Chronic pyelonephritis is more common in children than in adults. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, diagnosing pyelonephritis? | Urine tests
A doctor will check for fever, tenderness in the abdomen, and other common symptoms. If they suspect a kidney infection, they will order a urine test. This helps them check for bacteria, concentration, blood, and pus in the urine.
Imaging tests
The doctor may also order an ultrasound to look for cysts, tumors, or other obstructions in the urinary tract.
For people who don�t respond to treatment within 72 hours, a CT scan (with or without injectable dye) may be ordered. This test can also detect obstructions within the urinary tract.
Radioactive imaging
A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) test may be ordered if your doctor suspects scarring as a result of pyelonephritis. This is an imaging technique that tracks an injection of radioactive material.
A healthcare professional injects the material through a vein in the arm. The material then travels to the kidneys. Images taken as the radioactive material passes through the kidneys show infected or scarred areas. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, treating pyelonephritis? | Antibiotics
Antibiotics are the first course of action against acute pyelonephritis. However, the type of antibiotic your doctor chooses depends on whether or not the bacteria can be identified. If not, a broad-spectrum antibiotic is used.
Although drugs can cure the infection within 2 to 3 days, the medication must be taken for the entire prescription period (usually 10 to 14 days). This is true even if you feel better.
The antibiotic options are:
levofloxacin
ciprofloxacin
co-trimoxazole
ampicillin
Hospital admission
In some cases, drug therapy is ineffective. For a severe kidney infection, your doctor may admit you to the hospital. The length of your stay depends on the severity of your condition and how well you respond to treatment.
Treatment may include intravenous hydration and antibiotics for 24 to 48 hours. While you�re in the hospital, doctors will monitor your blood and urine to track the infection. You�ll likely receive 10 to 14 days� worth of oral antibiotics to take after you�re released from the hospital.
Surgery
Recurrent kidney infections may result from an underlying medical problem. In those cases, surgery may be required to remove any obstructions or to correct any structural problems in the kidneys. Surgery may also be necessary to drain an abscess that doesn�t respond to antibiotics.
In cases of severe infection, a nephrectomy may be necessary. In this procedure, a surgeon removes part of the kidney. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis in pregnant women? | Pregnancy causes many temporary changes in the body, including physiological changes in the urinary tract. Increased progesterone and increased pressure on the ureters can result in an increased risk of pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis in pregnant women typically requires hospital admission. It can threaten the lives of both mother and baby. It can also increase the risk of premature delivery. Pregnant women are treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for at least 24 hours until their symptoms improve.
To prevent pyelonephritis in pregnant women, a urine culture should be conducted between the 12th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. A UTI that doesn�t have symptoms can lead to the development of pyelonephritis. Detecting the UTI early can prevent kidney infection. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, pyelonephritis in children? | According to the American Urological Association, in the United States, more than one million trips to the pediatrician are made each year for pediatric UTIs. Girls are at increased risk if over one year old. Boys are at greater risk if under one, especially if they�re uncircumcised.
Children with UTIs often have fever, pain, and symptoms related to the urinary tract. A doctor should address these symptoms immediately before they can develop into pyelonephritis.
Most children can be treated with oral antibiotics in an outpatient manner. Learn more about UTIs in children. |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, potential complications? | A possible complication of acute pyelonephritis is chronic kidney disease. If the infection continues, the kidneys may be permanently damaged. Although rare, it�s also possible for the infection to enter the bloodstream. This can result in a potentially deadly infection called sepsis.
Other complications include:
recurring kidney infections
the infection spreading to areas around the kidneys
acute kidney failure
kidney abscess |
pyelonephritis | for pyelonephritis, preventing pyelonephritis? | Pyelonephritis can be a serious condition. Contact your doctor as soon as you suspect that you have pyelonephritis or a UTI. This condition requires prompt medical attention, so the earlier you start treatment, the better.
Prevention tips
Drink plenty of fluids to increase urination and remove bacteria from the urethra.
Urinate after sex to help flush out bacteria.
Wipe from front to back.
Avoid using products that can irritate the urethra, such as douches or feminine sprays.
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endocarditis | what is endocarditis? Tell me about endocarditis? What kind of disease is endocarditis? Can you elaborate on endocarditis? What can you tell me about endocarditis? Could you describe what endocarditis is? I�d like to know more about endocarditis. Can you help? What information do you have on endocarditis? Could you provide information on endocarditis? | What is endocarditis?
Endocarditis is inflammation of your heart�s inner lining, called the endocardium. It�s usually caused by bacteria. When the inflammation is caused by infection, the condition is called infective endocarditis. Endocarditis is uncommon in people with healthy hearts. |