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encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, how is encephalopathy treated?? | The treatment for encephalopathy varies depending on what caused it. Treatment may include medications to treat your symptoms and medications or surgery to treat the underlying cause.
Your doctor may recommend nutritional supplements to slow the damage to your brain, or a special diet to treat underlying causes. In some cases of the disease, such as when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, you may slip into a coma. In severe cases like this, your doctor may put you on life support to keep you alive. |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, is encephalopathy preventable?? | Some types of encephalopathy � such as hereditary types � are not preventable. However, other types are preventable.
Making the following changes can reduce your risk of developing many of the underlying causes of encephalopathy:
avoiding excess alcohol
reducing exposure to toxic substances like drugs
eating a healthy diet
seeing your doctor regularly
Living a healthy lifestyle can help reduce your risk factors for brain disease. |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, long-term outlook? | Your long-term outlook depends on the cause and severity of your encephalopathy. Many forms of encephalopathy are reversible if the cause can be identified and treated. All types can be fatal if severe enough. Some types are always fatal.
According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy usually results in death within three months to a few years from the onset of the disease.
Treatment for the cause of your brain disease may improve your symptoms or may get rid of the encephalopathy. Depending on the type of encephalopathy, you may or may not have permanent damage to your brain. Your healthcare team can work with you and your loved ones regarding ongoing treatment and plans for therapy to support your day-to-day life in the case of brain damage. |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | what is tricuspid valve insufficiency? Tell me about tricuspid valve insufficiency? What kind of disease is tricuspid valve insufficiency? Can you elaborate on tricuspid valve insufficiency? What can you tell me about tricuspid valve insufficiency? Could you describe what tricuspid valve insufficiency is? I�d like to know more about tricuspid valve insufficiency. Can you help? What information do you have on tricuspid valve insufficiency? Could you provide information on tricuspid valve insufficiency? | What is tricuspid regurgitation?
In order to understand tricuspid regurgitation, it helps to understand the basic anatomy of your heart.
Your heart is divided into four sections called chambers. The upper chambers are the left atrium and right atrium, and the lower chambers are the left ventricle and right ventricle. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by a wall of muscle called the septum.
The upper (atria) and lower (ventricles) chambers are connected. Openings called valves regulate blood flow in and out of the heart and between the chambers. The valves can be thought of like water faucets. They either open up and allow blood to flow freely, or close and stop the flow entirely.
Your tricuspid valve is the valve that separates your right atrium and right ventricle. Tricuspid regurgitation occurs when this valve doesn�t properly close. This can cause blood to flow back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. Over time, this condition can weaken your heart.
Tricuspid regurgitation is also known as tricuspid valve insufficiency. |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, recognizing the signs and symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation? | Tricuspid regurgitation may not cause any recognizable symptoms at first. You�re more likely to experience symptoms if you also have pulmonary hypertension or high blood pressure.
Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include:
abdominal swelling
decreased urine output
foot and ankle swelling
general weakness
an irregular heart rhythm
swelling in the body
pulsing in your neck vein
unexplained fatigue |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, what causes tricuspid regurgitation?? | There are three main causes of tricuspid regurgitation:
Right ventricle dilation
The most common cause of tricuspid regurgitation is right ventricle dilation. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood from your heart to your lungs. When the right ventricle is forced to work extra hard at this task, it can dilate (or become larger) to compensate. This can cause the ring of tissue that support�s the tricuspid valve�s ability to open and close to dilate as well.
The enlargement can be a complication of many different disorders, including:
emphysema
pulmonary hypertension
left-side heart disorders
pulmonic stenosis
Infection
Infections can directly injure the tricuspid valve, eventually leading to tricuspid regurgitation. The most common of these infections is infective endocarditis.
Diet medications
The diet medications phentermine and fenfluramine � also known as �Fen-Phen� � have been linked to tricuspid regurgitation. These drugs, however, are now off the market and are no longer a common cause of tricuspid regurgitation.
Other causes
There are other possible causes of tricuspid regurgitation, although they are all fairly rare. They include:
certain injuries
carcinoid tumors
systemic lupus
birth defects of the valve
Ebstein�s anomaly (a congenital heart disease)
tricuspid valve prolapse
myxomatous degeneration
Marfan�s syndrome
rheumatic fever
rheumatoid arthritis |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, how is tricuspid regurgitation diagnosed?? | Your doctor may suspect you have tricuspid regurgitation if you�re experiencing symptoms or if you have other diseases known to lead to the disorder.
During your appointment, your doctor will begin with a physical examination. Your doctor will also listen to your heart for the presence of a heart murmur. This abnormal heart sound can indicate that blood is flowing backward from the heart valve.
After listening to your heart, your doctor may order diagnostic tests. These can help your doctor visualize your heart�s valves. These tests may include:
electrocardiogram
chest X-ray
echocardiogram
transesophageal echocardiogram
cardiac catheterization
radionuclide scan
MRI |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, treatment options for tricuspid regurgitation? | Tricuspid regurgitation does not always need treatment. If your condition is not severe, your doctor may only recommend that you monitor your heart health at regular intervals to make sure the condition doesn�t progress.
Your doctor may prescribe a medication if you have an irregular heartbeat. Tricuspid regurgitation due to heart failure may be treated with medications that strengthen your heartbeat. Swelling can be treated with diuretics to promote the loss of fluids.
It may help to treat any underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, to reduce the symptoms associated with tricuspid regurgitation.
In some instances, tricuspid regurgitation will require surgical repair. Surgeons also can replace the tricuspid valve. |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, potential long-term complications? | If left untreated, tricuspid regurgitation can increase your risk of heart failure. It may also lead to weight loss, appetite loss, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Those with tricuspid regurgitation are at a greater risk for endocarditis, an infection of the heart. |
tricuspid valve insufficiency | for tricuspid valve insufficiency, preventing tricuspid regurgitation? | If you have a problem with your tricuspid valve, it�s important to take steps to reduce your risk of endocarditis.
Take good care of your teeth and gums.
Tell all your doctors and dentists that you have a valve disease.
Take antibiotics to prevent infection before any invasive medical procedure or dental work.
Alert your doctor if you experience symptoms of an infection, such as fever, sore throat, and body aches.
Talk to your doctor if you�re experiencing the symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation so you can help keep your heart healthy. |
Alzheimer's disease | what is Alzheimer's disease? Tell me about Alzheimer's disease? What kind of disease is Alzheimer's disease? Can you elaborate on Alzheimer's disease? What can you tell me about Alzheimer's disease? Could you describe what Alzheimer's disease is? I�d like to know more about Alzheimer's disease. Can you help? What information do you have on Alzheimer's disease? Could you provide information on Alzheimer's disease? | What is Alzheimer�s disease?
Alzheimer�s disease is a progressive form of dementia. Dementia is a broader term for conditions that negatively affect memory, thinking, and behavior. The changes interfere with daily living. Dementia can have a range of causes, such as brain injuries or diseases. Sometimes the cause is unknown.
According to the Alzheimer�s Association, Alzheimer�s disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. Most people with the disease get a diagnosis after age 65. If it�s diagnosed before then, it�s generally referred to as �younger onset� or �early onset� Alzheimer�s disease.
There�s no cure for Alzheimer�s, but there are treatments that can slow the progression of the disease. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s facts? | Although many people have heard of Alzheimer�s disease, it�s helpful to know the facts. Here are some key details about this condition:
Alzheimer�s disease is a chronic (long-term), ongoing condition. It is not a typical sign of aging.
Alzheimer�s and dementia aren�t the same thing. Alzheimer�s disease is a type of dementia.
Its symptoms come on gradually, and the effects on the brain are degenerative, meaning they cause slow decline.
Anyone can get Alzheimer�s disease, but certain people are at higher risk for it. This includes people over age 65 and those with a family history of the condition.
There�s no single expected outcome for people with Alzheimer�s. Some people live a long time with mild cognitive damage, while others experience a more rapid onset of symptoms and quicker disease progression.
There�s no cure for Alzheimer�s yet, but treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and may improve quality of life.
Each person�s journey with Alzheimer�s disease is different. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, symptoms of alzheimer�s disease? | Everyone has episodes of forgetfulness from time to time. But people with Alzheimer�s disease display certain ongoing behaviors and symptoms that worsen over time. These can include:
memory loss affecting daily activities, such as keeping appointments
trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
difficulties with problem-solving
trouble with speech or writing
becoming disoriented about times or places
decreased judgment
decreased personal hygiene
mood and personality changes
withdrawal from friends, family, and community
These signs don�t always mean that a person has Alzheimer�s. It�s important to see a doctor to determine the cause.
Symptoms change according to the stage of the disease. In later stages, people with Alzheimer�s often have significant trouble with talking, moving, or responding to what�s happening around them. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, diagnosing alzheimer�s disease? | The only definitive way to diagnose someone with Alzheimer�s disease is to examine their brain tissue after death. But a doctor can use other examinations and tests to assess your mental abilities, diagnose dementia, and rule out other conditions.
The doctor will likely start by taking a medical history. They may ask about your:
symptoms
family medical history
other current or past health conditions
current or past medications
diet, alcohol intake, and other lifestyle habits
From there, your doctor will likely request several tests to help determine if you have Alzheimer�s disease. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s tests? | There�s no definitive test for Alzheimer�s disease. However, mental, physical, neurological, and imaging tests can help your doctor reach a diagnosis.
Your doctor may start with a mental status test. This can help them assess your:
short-term memory
long-term memory
orientation to place and time
For example, they may ask you:
what day it is
who the president is
to remember and recall a short list of words
Next, they�ll likely conduct a physical exam. For example, they may:
check your blood pressure
assess your heart rate
take your temperature
request urine or blood tests, in some cases
Your doctor may also conduct a neurological exam to rule out other possible diagnoses, such as acute medical issues like infection or stroke. During this exam, they will check your:
reflexes
muscle tone
speech
Your doctor may also order brain imaging studies. These studies, which will create pictures of your brain, can include:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. MRIs can help pick up key markers, such as inflammation, bleeding, and structural issues.
Computed tomography (CT) scan. CT scans take X-ray images, which can help your doctor look for abnormal characteristics in your brain.
Other tests your doctor may do include blood tests to check for genes that may indicate you have a higher risk of Alzheimer�s disease. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s medication? | There�s no known cure for Alzheimer�s disease. However, your doctor can recommend medications and other treatments to help ease your symptoms and delay the progression of the disease for as long as possible.
For early to moderate Alzheimer�s, your doctor may prescribe medications such as donepezil (Aricept) or rivastigmine (Exelon). These drugs can help maintain high levels of acetylcholine in your brain. This can help the nerve cells in your brain send and receive signals better. In turn, this may ease some symptoms of Alzheimer�s.
A newer medication called aducanumab (Aduhelm) is recommended only for those with early Alzheimer�s. It is thought to reduce the protein plaques that build up in the brain with Alzheimer�s. However, there are some concerns about whether the drug�s potential benefits outweigh its risks.
To treat moderate to late stage Alzheimer�s, your doctor may prescribe donepezil (Aricept) or memantine (Namenda). Memantine can help block the effects of excess glutamate. Glutamate is a brain chemical that�s released in higher amounts in Alzheimer�s disease and damages brain cells.
Your doctor may also recommend antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, or antipsychotics to help treat symptoms related to Alzheimer�s. These symptoms vary based on the progression of the disease, and can include:
depression
difficulty sleeping at night
agitation
hallucinations
Although the care needs of a person with Alzheimer�s will increase over time, the exact symptoms will be different from person to person. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, other alzheimer�s treatments? | In addition to medication, lifestyle changes can help you manage your condition. For example, your doctor might develop strategies to help you or your loved one:
simplify tasks
limit confusion
get enough rest every day
use relaxation techniques
create a calming environment
Along with your doctor, a team of healthcare professionals can help you maintain your quality of life at all stages along the Alzheimer�s journey. A care team for Alzheimer�s may include a:
physical therapist, to help with staying active
dietician, to maintain a balanced, nutritious diet
pharmacist, to help with monitoring medications
mental health professional, who may work with the person with Alzheimer�s as well as their caregivers
social worker, to help with accessing resources and support
respite care center, to provide short-term care for someone with Alzheimer�s when their caregivers are temporarily unavailable
hospice care center, to manage symptoms in a comfortable and supportive setting at the end of life
Some studies
have suggested that vitamin E could help slow the loss of functioning in Alzheimer�s, especially when taken with medications like donepezil that increase acetylcholine in the brain. But other research found no benefits when taking vitamin E for Alzheimer�s disease. Overall, more evidence is needed.
Be sure to ask your doctor before taking vitamin E or any other supplements. It can interfere with some of the medications used to treat Alzheimer�s disease.
In addition to lifestyle changes, there are several alternative and complementary therapies you can ask your doctor about.
Dementia vs. Alzheimer�s
The terms �dementia� and �Alzheimer�s� are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren�t the same. Alzheimer�s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms relating to memory loss, such as forgetfulness and confusion. Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as Alzheimer�s disease, Parkinson�s disease, traumatic brain injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these conditions.
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Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s disease causes and risk factors? | Experts haven�t determined a single cause of Alzheimer�s disease, but they have identified certain risk factors, including:
Age. Most people who develop Alzheimer�s disease are 65 years of age or older.
Family history. If you have an immediate family member who has developed the condition, you�re more likely to get it.
Genetics. Certain genes have been linked to Alzheimer�s disease.
Having one or more of these risk factors doesn�t mean that you�ll develop Alzheimer�s disease. It simply raises your risk level.
Other possible risk factors include a history of:
depression
smoking
cardiovascular disease
previous traumatic brain injury
To learn more about your personal risk of developing Alzheimer�s, talk with your doctor. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s and genetics? | While there�s no one identifiable cause of Alzheimer�s, genetics may play a key role. One gene in particular is of interest to researchers. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a gene that�s been linked to the onset of Alzheimer�s symptoms in older adults.
Blood tests can determine if you have a particular version of this gene, which increases your risk of developing Alzheimer�s. Keep in mind that even if someone has this gene, they may not get Alzheimer�s.
The opposite is also true: Someone may still get Alzheimer�s even if they don�t have the gene. There�s no way to tell for sure whether someone will develop Alzheimer�s.
Other genes could also increase the risk of Alzheimer�s. Several rare genes are linked to certain younger onset cases of the condition. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s stages? | Alzheimer�s is a progressive disease, which means the symptoms will gradually increase over time. There are seven main stages:
Stages 1�3: Pre-dementia and mild cognitive impairment
Stage 1. There are no symptoms at this stage. If you have a family history of Alzheimer�s and no symptoms, you may wish to talk to a doctor about strategies for healthy aging.
Stage 2. The earliest symptoms appear, such as forgetfulness.
Stage 3. Mild physical and cognitive impairments appear, such as reduced memory and concentration. Learning new skills may become harder. These changes may only be noticeable by someone very close to the person.
Stages 4�7: Dementia
Stage 4. Alzheimer�s is often diagnosed at this stage, but it�s still considered mild. It�s common to notice memory loss and to have difficulty managing everyday tasks.
Stage 5. Moderate to severe symptoms will require help from loved ones or caregivers. This is necessary to ensure that daily needs are being met, such as eating meals and managing the home.
Stage 6. At this stage, a person with Alzheimer�s will need help with basic tasks, such as eating, dressing, and toileting.
Stage 7. This is the most severe and final stage of Alzheimer�s. There is usually a progressive loss of speech and facial expressions. Movement is likely to become limited.
As a person progresses through these stages, they�ll need increasing support from their caregivers.
Talk with your doctor about strategies to help you manage these changes. Appropriate care can help you maintain comfort and quality of life for as long as possible.
It�s also important to discuss your care plan with your loved ones. People with Alzheimer�s will need more assistance with medical decisions as the disease progresses.
People with Alzheimer�s typically live for 4 to 8 years
after diagnosis, though some live for up to 20 years. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, younger onset alzheimer�s? | Alzheimer�s typically affects people ages 65 and older. However, it can occur in people as early as in their 30s, 40s, or 50s. This is called younger onset, or early onset Alzheimer�s. This type of Alzheimer�s affects fewer than 10 percent
of all people with the condition.
Because doctors aren�t always looking for signs of Alzheimer�s in younger adults, getting a diagnosis can take a long time. Symptoms of early onset Alzheimer�s depend on the stage of the disease. Early signs can include mild memory loss and trouble concentrating or finishing everyday tasks. It can be hard to find the right words, and you may lose track of time.
Some studies
have found that certain vision and eye changes could indicate early stage Alzheimer�s disease for people in their 50s and older.
People with a family history of younger onset Alzheimer�s are at greater risk of developing this condition. There are several rare genes that, together, cause groups of cases in some families. People with a family history of Alzheimer�s should talk with their doctor. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, preventing alzheimer�s? | Just as there�s no known cure for Alzheimer�s, there are no foolproof preventive measures. For now, health-promoting lifestyle habits are the best tools we have to prevent cognitive decline.
The following steps may help:
Try to quit smoking. If you smoke, quitting benefits your health both immediately and in the long term.
Exercise regularly. Getting active reduces the risk of many conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Keep your brain active. Try some cognitive training exercises.
Eat well. Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Maintain an active social life. Friendships, volunteering, and hobbies are likely to benefit your overall health.
Be sure to talk with your doctor before making any big changes in your lifestyle. |
Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, alzheimer�s care? | As Alzheimer�s progresses, the tasks of daily living require more support. If you have a loved one with Alzheimer�s, it�s important to start learning about what to expect and what your role may be in your loved one�s future care. Caregiving is a role that�s typically not easy, but it can also be very rewarding.
If your loved one has Alzheimer�s, here are some ways to plan and prepare for caregiving:
Educate yourself about Alzheimer�s, its stages, and its typical symptoms. By reading this article, you�re already on the right track.
Connect with family members who can step in to help.
Consider joining a support group for dementia caregivers.
Look up professional home care, respite care, and adult day care programs in your area.
Remember that you�ll need support too. Reach out to the people you�re close to, and be open to accepting help.
As a caregiver, it�s important to take care of yourself as well as your loved one. Caregiving has its difficult moments, and the strain of ongoing responsibilities can start to negatively affect your health. As much as possible, a robust care plan should include support for you, too.
Alzheimer�s statistics
Alzheimer�s disease has a large impact in the United States.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, Alzheimer�s is the fifth most common cause of death for people 65 years and older in the United States.
As of 2021, it�s estimated that 6.2 million
Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer�s. By the year 2060, that number could reach 13.8 million.
Alzheimer�s is an expensive disease. According to the CDC, about $355 billion
was spent on Alzheimer�s and dementia care costs in the United States in 2021.
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Alzheimer's disease | for Alzheimer's disease, the takeaway? | Alzheimer�s is a complicated disease, and scientists are working on unlocking its secrets. Living a healthy lifestyle may help prevent it. If you have a family history of Alzheimer�s, it�s important to discuss it with your doctor.
By the time Alzheimer�s is diagnosed, the progression of the disease can�t be stopped. But treatment can help delay symptoms and improve your quality of life.
If you think you or a loved one may have Alzheimer�s, talk with a doctor. They can help make a diagnosis, discuss what you can expect, and help connect you with services and support. If you�re interested, they can also give you information about taking part in clinical trials. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | what is candidiasis or oral candidiasis? Tell me about candidiasis or oral candidiasis? What kind of disease is candidiasis or oral candidiasis? Can you elaborate on candidiasis or oral candidiasis? What can you tell me about candidiasis or oral candidiasis? Could you describe what candidiasis or oral candidiasis is? I�d like to know more about candidiasis or oral candidiasis. Can you help? What information do you have on candidiasis or oral candidiasis? Could you provide information on candidiasis or oral candidiasis? | Thrush is a yeast (fungus) infection that commonly occurs in the mouths of babies and toddlers. It�s rarely serious but can pass between babies and nursing parents.
It�s typical for a small amount of fungus to live in your mouth. But in some cases, the fungus may rapidly multiply and lead to a yeast infection.
Oral thrush happens when this type of yeast infection develops inside your mouth. It�s also known as oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, or simply thrush.
Oral thrush is more common
in babies and older adults, who tend to have weaker immune systems. But it can occur at any age.
Read on to learn about oral thrush, what it can look like, who it affects, what causes it, and how it�s treated. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, pictures of oral thrush? | Pastorscott/Getty Images
CDC/Wikimedia Commons |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, symptoms of oral thrush? | In its early stages, oral thrush may not cause any symptoms. But as the infection gets worse, one or more of the following
symptoms may develop:
white or yellow spots on your inner cheeks, tongue, tonsils, gums, or lips
slight bleeding if the spots are scraped
soreness or burning in your mouth
a cotton-like sensation in your mouth
dry, cracked skin at the corners of your mouth
difficulty swallowing
a bad taste in your mouth
a loss of taste
redness, irritation, and pain under dentures (denture stomatitis)
In some cases, oral thrush can affect your esophagus, though this is uncommon. The same fungus that causes oral thrush can also cause yeast infections in other parts of your body.
Learn more about the symptoms of oral thrush.
What are the symptoms of oral thrush in babies?
Oral thrush most often affects infants and toddlers. About 65%
of infants have Candida albicans (C. albicans). fungus in their mouths. About 5-7% of babies under one month old will develop the infection.
Babies can contract the fungus from their birthing parent during pregnancy, delivery, or nursing or just from yeast that is naturally present in their environment.
If your baby has oral thrush, it may develop the same signs and symptoms that can affect adults with the condition. It may also cause difficulty feeding and irritability or fussiness.
Read more about thrush in babies, as well as thrush and breastfeeding or chestfeeding. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, what causes oral thrush?? | Oral thrush and other yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of C. albicans. It exists naturally in the microbiomes of 50%
of the population.
It�s typical for a small amount of C. albicans to live in your mouth without causing harm. When your immune system is working properly, beneficial bacteria in your body help keep C. albicans under control.
But if your immune system is compromised or the balance of microorganisms in your body is disrupted, the fungus can grow out of control. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, what are the risk factors for oral thrush?? | Oral thrush is the most common opportunistic infection in people living with HIV. It can also develop with other conditions or medications that weaken your immune system, such as:
cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy
cancer like leukemia
uncontrolled diabetes
Other risk factors include:
being a baby or older adult
having a condition that causes dry mouth
taking corticosteroids, or immunosuppressant drugs
smoking
wearing dentures
taking antibiotics |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, what are the complications of oral thrush?? | If your immune system is weakened, you�re more likely to develop complications from thrush.
Without proper treatment, the fungus that causes thrush may enter your bloodstream and spread to your heart, brain, eyes, or other body parts. This is known as invasive or systemic candidiasis.
Systemic candidiasis can cause problems in the organs it affects. It can also cause
a potentially life threatening condition known as septic shock. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, how do you treat oral thrush?? | To treat oral thrush, your doctor may prescribe medications. These include:
fluconazole (Diflucan)
generic nystatin
itraconazole (Sporanox)
amphotericin B (AmBisome, Fungizone)
Learn more about antifungal medications.
Once you begin treatment, oral thrush usually goes away within a couple of weeks. But in some cases, it can return.
For adults who have recurring cases of oral thrush with no known cause, their healthcare professional will evaluate them for underlying medical conditions that might be contributing to thrush.
Infants may have several episodes of oral thrush in their first year of life.
In addition, your doctor may also recommend some home remedies for oral thrush.
Treatment for babies and nursing parents
If your baby develops oral thrush or you develop a breast or nipple yeast infection, your healthcare professional may advise you to do the following:
Treat your baby with antifungal medications and apply an antifungal cream to your breasts. Make sure to wipe the cream off your breasts before nursing.
Sterilize your baby�s pacifiers, teething rings, bottle nipples, breast pump pieces, and any other items they put in their mouth.
Keep your nipples clean and dry between feedings. If you use nursing pads, avoid those that have a plastic liner, which may trap moisture and create favorable conditions for fungus to grow. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, how do doctors diagnose oral thrush?? | Your doctor may be able to diagnose oral thrush simply by taking a history of your symptoms
and examining your mouth for the characteristic lesions that it causes.
They may do a biopsy of the affected area to confirm the diagnosis. They may also do a throat swab culture or endoscopy to see if you have a fungal infection in your throat or esophagus.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, how do you prevent oral thrush?? | To reduce your risk of oral thrush, try the following:
Avoid sharing cups and utensils with others.
Eat a nutritious diet and practice an overall healthy lifestyle to support the functioning of your immune system.
Practice good oral hygiene by brushing your teeth twice a day, flossing every day, and visiting your dentist on a regular basis.
If your mouth is chronically dry, make an appointment with your doctor and follow their recommended treatment plan.
If you have dentures, remove them before you go to bed, clean them daily, and ensure they fit properly.
If you have a corticosteroid inhaler, rinse out your mouth or brush your teeth after using it.
If you have diabetes, take steps to manage your blood sugar levels.
If you develop a yeast infection in another part of your body other than your mouth, get treatment. In some cases, an infection can spread from one part of your body to another.
Get more tips for managing the risk of yeast infection while breastfeeding or chestfeeding. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, frequently asked questions? | Is oral thrush contagious?
Transmission of oral thrush can occur via:
kissing
contact with yeast infections in other body parts
vaginal sex, anal sex, or oral sex
breastfeeding or chestfeeding when you have a breast yeast infection or nipple yeast infection
breastfeeding or chestfeeding when your baby has oral thrush
Though C. albicans can pass from one person to another, it doesn�t always cause infection. Also, developing an infection may not mean that you contracted it from someone else, as C. albicans is so common in our environment.
Learn more about how you get thrush.
What should I eat with oral thrush?
Some studies suggest that eating certain probiotic foods or taking probiotic supplements might help limit the growth of C. albicans. However, more research is needed in this area.
Some people believe that limiting or avoiding certain foods may also help curb the growth of C. albicans. The �candida diet� has been developed based on these beliefs. However, this diet lacks scientific support.
It�s a good idea to speak with your doctor or your child�s pediatrician before beginning any supplement of making any dietary changes. |
candidiasis or oral candidiasis | for candidiasis or oral candidiasis, takeaway? | Oral thrush is a yeast infection in the mouth. It most often affects babies but can also occur in adults. Fungi normally live in our mouths, but rapid multiplication can cause an infection.
This is more likely to occur in those with weaker immune systems, but anyone can develop it. If you or your baby develop oral thrush, there are home remedies and medical treatments that can help. It�s usually not a serious infection, but in rare cases can lead to a life threatening blood infection. |
neuropathy | what is neuropathy? Tell me about neuropathy? What kind of disease is neuropathy? Can you elaborate on neuropathy? What can you tell me about neuropathy? Could you describe what neuropathy is? I�d like to know more about neuropathy. Can you help? What information do you have on neuropathy? Could you provide information on neuropathy? | Peripheral neuropathy occurs when these nerves don�t work properly because they�re damaged or destroyed. They might send pain signals for no reason, or not send a signal when you�re experiencing harm.
Read on to learn about the types of peripheral neuropathy, its symptoms, causes, treatment, and more. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, what are the types of peripheral neuropathy?? | Your peripheral nervous system connects the nerves from your brain and spinal cord, or central nervous system, to the rest of your body. This includes your:
arms and hands
legs and feet
face and mouth
internal organs
The job of these nerves is to deliver signals about physical sensations back to your brain. They also make sure your body�s internal functions, like blood circulation and food digestion, work as they should.
Peripheral neuropathy can be caused by:
injury
systemic illness
infection
hormonal imbalance
certain medications
vitamin deficiency
an inherited disorder
The causes are therefore vast, as are the types of the condition. More than 100
different types of peripheral neuropathy exist. Each type has unique symptoms and specific treatment options.
Medical researchers also classify peripheral neuropathies further classified by the type of nerve damage involved. Mononeuropathy occurs when only one nerve is damaged. Polyneuropathies, which are more common, happen when multiple nerves are damaged.
The disorder is uncomfortable, but treatments can be very helpful. The most important thing to determine is whether the neuropathy is the result of a serious underlying condition. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, what are the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy?? | There are three types of nerves in the body. Since there are so many types of peripheral neuropathy, doctors will diagnose your type by the group of nerves it affects. The three groups are:
Motor. These nerves are responsible for muscle movement, like walking, talking, or using your hands or arms.
Sensory. These are responsible for sensory information, like hot or cold, pain, or touch.
Autonomic. These are responsible for body processes you don�t see, like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.
Peripheral neuropathy can affect one nerve group, two groups, or all three. Sometimes it will affect one nerve only, and that�s called mononeuropathy.
The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy depend on the kind of neuropathy.
Motor neuropathy symptoms include:
muscle cramps
twitching
muscle weakness
foot drop
muscle wasting
paralysis
Sensory neuropathy symptoms include:
prickling and tingling sensation, or �pins and needles�
numbness
reduced sensations of pain or hot and cold
increased pain from things that shouldn�t cause pain, like light touch
burning or sharp pain
loss of balance or coordination
Autonomic neuropathy symptoms include:
constipation or diarrhea
bloating, belching, or feeling of sickness
faint or dizziness upon standing from low blood pressure
rapid heart rate
sweating too much or too little
problems with sexual function
loss of bowel control
difficulty emptying bladder completely
Symptoms can cause challenges in daily life, like trouble walking or sleeping because of pain in the feet and legs.
These symptoms can also indicate other conditions. Make sure you tell your doctor about all of your symptoms so they can find the right diagnosis and the best treatment. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, what are the causes of peripheral neuropathy?? | A variety of factors and underlying conditions can cause
this condition. In rare cases, peripheral neuropathy is genetic, but most cases are acquired.
An acquired case of peripheral neuropathy is often idiopathic, which means doctors don�t know why it�s happening. In most cases, doctors can connect the condition to one or more causes.
Generalized diseases
Nerve damage caused by diabetes is one of the most common forms of neuropathy. This leads to numbness, pain, and a loss of sensation in the extremities.
The American Diabetes Association recommends taking these steps to delay or prevent nerve damage:
Monitor your blood sugar level to keep it in target range and to assess whether your diabetes care plan is on track.
Inspect your feet for signs of injury, infection, or hot spots.
Report signs of neuropathy to your doctor and get early treatment.
Protect your feet with special shoes and take care when washing and exercising.
According to the National Institutes of Health, 60 to 70 percent
of people with diabetes have some sort of nerve damage.
Other chronic diseases that may cause nerve damage include:
autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
kidney or liver disorders
vascular and blood disorders
Injury
Physical trauma is a common cause of injury to the nerves. This can include car accidents, falls, or fractures. Inactivity, or holding still too long in one position, can also cause neuropathy.
Increased pressure on the median nerve, a nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to the hand, causes carpal tunnel syndrome. This is a common type
of peripheral neuropathy.
Alcohol and toxins
Alcohol can have a toxic effect on nerve tissue, putting people with severe alcohol use disorder at a higher risk of peripheral neuropathy.
Exposure to toxic chemicals like glue, solvents, or insecticides, either through chemical abuse or in the workplace, can also cause nerve damage. Additionally, exposure to heavy metals such as lead and mercury can also cause this condition.
Infections and autoimmune disorders
Certain viruses and bacteria directly attack nerve tissue.
Viruses such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus damage sensory nerves and cause intense episodes of shooting pain.
Bacterial infections such as Lyme disease can also cause nerve damage and pain if they aren�t treated. People with HIV or AIDS can also develop peripheral neuropathy.
Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus affect the peripheral nervous system in various ways. Chronic inflammation and damage to tissues throughout the body, as well as pressure caused by inflammation, can all lead to severe nerve pain in the extremities.
Medications
Certain medications may also cause nerve damage. These include:
anticonvulsants, which people take to treat seizures
drugs to fight bacterial infections
some blood pressure medications
medications used to treat cancer
A 2020 study found that although there�s no direct evidence that statins, a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, cause neuropathy, statins may increase the risk of neuropathy from other causes. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, how is peripheral neuropathy diagnosed?? | First, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your medical history. They might perform
other tests, which include:
Electromyography
Electromyography can show problems with how your body�s nerve signals move to your muscles.
For this test, your doctor will place a small needle into your muscle. Your doctor will then ask you to move your muscle gently. Probes in the needle will measure the amount of electricity moving through your muscle.
This test may feel like you�re receiving a shot. Sometimes the area becomes sore for a few days afterward.
Nerve conduction study
In a nerve conduction study, your doctor places electrodes on your skin. They then pulse tiny amounts of electricity through your nerves to see if the nerves are transmitting signals properly.
This procedure is slightly uncomfortable while it�s happening, but it shouldn�t hurt afterward.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, what are the treatment options for peripheral neuropathy?? | Treatment for the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy focuses on treating
the underlying disorder. If diabetes is the cause, the focus is on blood sugar control. If a vitamin deficiency is causing the problem, then correcting the deficiency is the treatment.
Many treatments can bring relief and help you return to your regular activities. Sometimes a combination of treatments works best.
Pain medications
Over-the-counter (OTC) oral pain medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, can be very helpful in controlling moderate pain.
If you take them in excess, these drugs can affect your liver or stomach function. It�s important to avoid using them for an extended period, especially if you drink alcohol regularly.
The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy includes a list of additional topical OTC medications you may consider trying. They include:
Absorbine Jr. This is a blend of menthol and other herbal ingredients that can soothe muscle pain. Other menthol-based creams may also help. They include Flex-All, Flexgen, Tiger Balm, or Vicks VapoRub.
Capsaicin cream. This cream contains chili pepper oils, which create a heating effect that helps relieve pain for some people. There are brands and formulations.
Neuragen PN. Made from botanical oils, this cream is meant specifically for nerve pain on hands and feet.
Sore No More. This is another botanical anesthetic that may provide some relieve for neuropathic discomfort.
Prescription medication
Many prescription pain medications can also help to control the pain of this condition. These include narcotics, some antiepileptic medications, and some antidepressants. Other helpful prescription medications include:
lidocaine in a patch on the affected area
pregabalin (an anti-epileptic medication)
duloxetine (an antidepressant)
steroids
anesthetics
Prescription drugs for sexual dysfunction in men due to nerve damage include phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) like:
sildenafil
vardenafil
tadalafil
avanafil
Medical treatments
Your doctor can use several medical treatments to control the symptoms of this condition. Plasmapheresis is a blood transfusion that removes potentially irritating antibodies from your bloodstream.
If you get a nerve block, your doctor will inject an anesthetic directly into your nerves.
Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS)
Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS) doesn�t work for everyone, but many people like it because it�s a drug-free therapy.
During TENS, electrodes placed on the skin send small amounts of electricity into the skin. The goal of this treatment is to disrupt nerves from transmitting pain signals to the brain.
Ergonomic casts or splints
Ergonomic casts or splints can help you if your neuropathy affects your muscles. Splints can help with:
muscle weakness
stability
These casts provide support for the part of your body that�s uncomfortable. This can relieve pain. For example, a cast or splint that holds your wrists in a proper position while you sleep can relieve the discomfort of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Self-care
In addition to OTC pain relievers, many people have found relief for peripheral neuropathy through:
having a foot bath with chamomile or nettle leaves for at least 30 minutes
using a heating pad or electric socks
applying an ice pack to affected areas for 10 minutes twice daily in the morning and the evening
trying acupuncture
undergoing biofeedback
trying different types of holistic therapy such as reflexology, tai chi, or reiki
massaging affected areas to promote circulation
avoiding pressure on the affected area, like not crossing legs or leaning on elbows
seeking social support and activities with others
setting priorities daily and not doing more than you feel you are capable of
avoiding caffeine and developing a regular bedtime routine to promote sleep
Moderate, regular exercise can also help lessen discomfort.
If you drink alcohol or smoke, consider cutting back or stopping. Both alcohol and tobacco aggravate nerve pain and can cause nerve damage when used for long periods.
Take precautions at home
If you have peripheral neuropathy, you�re potentially at greater risk for accidents in the home. You can do the following to improve your safety:
Use safety guards and other tools for sharp objects like scissors and knives.
Use thermometers to measure the temperature of bath or tap water.
Use potholders and gloves when handling hot items.
Use a walker or cane for added stability.
Install nightlights to avoid tripping in the dark.
Carefully wrap your hands and feet when it�s cold out. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, what is the long-term outlook?? | If your neuropathy is due to an underlying, treatable condition, you may be able to stop your peripheral neuropathy by treating the larger problem.
However, if this isn�t the case for you, you can successfully manage the symptoms of your peripheral neuropathy. Speak with your doctor to determine the best medical treatment for you, and explore complementary and self-care options that can supplement your medical care. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, how can i prevent peripheral neuropathy?? | You can take steps to prevent
peripheral neuropathy and lower your risk by:
talking with your doctor about genetic risk and steps to prevent onset of hereditary neuropathy
asking about medications that have lower neuropathy risk
getting vaccinated for conditions like shingles that can cause neuropathy
treating the underlying cause of neuropathy, like managing blood sugar if you have diabetes
quitting smoking to promote healthy circulation
avoiding caffeine to improve sleep
Eating healthy to prevent vitamin deficiency and support vascular health is of particular importance. Keeping a balanced diet that includes all the food groups is your best course of action.
However, the Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy has a list of some specific nutrients and vitamins to look out for in your food that may play a role in improving some symptoms
If you have diabetes, take special care of your feet. Wash and inspect your feet daily, and keep the skin moist with lotion. |
neuropathy | for neuropathy, the takeaway? | Peripheral neuropathy is the result of damage to one or more groups of nerves. The effect on your body depends on which nerve groups aren�t working the way they should.
An injury, systemic illness, and medications are all potential causes. By treating the underlying reason for neuropathy, you can delay its onset or stop it from getting worse. Self-care strategies like daily planning can help you manage the condition and improve daily life. |
kidney disease | what is kidney disease? Tell me about kidney disease? What kind of disease is kidney disease? Can you elaborate on kidney disease? What can you tell me about kidney disease? Could you describe what kidney disease is? I�d like to know more about kidney disease. Can you help? What information do you have on kidney disease? Could you provide information on kidney disease? | Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from your blood sufficiently. It may not cause symptoms in the early stages.
Your kidneys filter your blood and remove toxins from your body. These toxins go to your bladder and are eliminated when you urinate. When this doesn�t work properly, you can get kidney failure.
If your kidneys aren�t able to function properly, toxins can overwhelm your body. This can lead to kidney failure, which can be life threatening if left untreated.
Keep reading as we break down everything you need to know about kidney failure, including symptoms, stages, treatment, and the typical outlook. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, types of kidney failure? | Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly stop working properly while chronic kidney failure occurs over time. Doctors typically divide kidney failure into five types.
The types of kidney failure include:
Acute prerenal kidney failure: Insufficient blood flow to the kidneys can cause acute prerenal kidney failure. Doctors can usually cure this type once they determine the cause of the decreased blood flow.
Acute intrinsic kidney failure: Acute intrinsic kidney failure can result from direct trauma to the kidneys, such as physical impact or an accident, toxin overload, and ischemia, which is a lack of oxygen to the kidneys.
Chronic prerenal kidney failure: When there isn�t enough blood flowing to your kidneys for an extended period of time, the kidneys can shrink and lose the ability to function.
Chronic intrinsic kidney failure: This happens when there�s long-term damage to the kidneys due to intrinsic kidney disease. Intrinsic kidney disease develops from direct trauma to the kidneys, such as severe bleeding or a lack of oxygen.
Chronic post-renal kidney failure: A long-term blockage of the urinary tract prevents urination. This causes pressure and eventual kidney damage.
Acute post-renal kidney failure: This type of kidney failure can occur due to stones or another blockage in the urinary tract. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, symptoms of kidney failure? | Early-stage kidney failure often doesn�t cause noticeable symptoms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, about 90% of people with chronic kidney disease don�t know they have it.
As kidney disease progresses, symptoms may include:
reduced amount of urine
swelling of your legs, ankles, and feet from fluid retention
shortness of breath
trouble sleeping
muscle cramping at night
excessive drowsiness or fatigue
persistent nausea
confusion
chest pain or pressure
seizures
coma
Early signs of kidney failure
Symptoms of early-stage kidney disease may be subtle and hard to identify. They may include:
decreased urine output
swelling in limbs
shortness of breath
Kidney failure urine color
The color of your urine doesn�t tell you much about the state of your kidney function until damage to the kidneys has progressed.
Still, urine color changes may be an early indicator of some issues.
Urine color Indication
clear or pale yellow well-hydrated
dark yellow or amber dehydrated
orange dehydration or bile in the bloodstream
pink or red blood in the urine or having eaten certain foods, like beets
foamy contains a lot of protein; potentially an indicator of kidney disease |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, causes of kidney failure? | Kidney failure can result from various causes. According to the National Kidney Foundation, the two most common include high blood pressure and diabetes.
People who are most at risk usually have one or more of the following:
Loss of blood flow to the kidneys
A sudden loss of blood flow to your kidneys can prompt kidney failure. Some causes include:
heart attack
heart disease
scarring of the liver or liver failure
dehydration
severe burns
allergic reactions
severe infection, such as sepsis
High blood pressure and anti-inflammatory medications can also limit blood flow.
Urine elimination problems
When your body can�t eliminate urine, toxins build up and overload the kidneys. Some cancers can block the urine passageways, such as:
prostate
colon
cervical
bladder
Other conditions can interfere with urination and possibly lead to kidney failure, including:
kidney stones
enlarged prostate
blood clots within your urinary tract
damage to the nerves that control your bladder
Other causes
Other factors that may lead to kidney failure include:
a blood clot in or around your kidneys
heavy metal poisoning
drugs and alcohol use
vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels
lupus, an autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation of many body organs
glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the small blood vessels of the kidneys
hemolytic uremic syndrome, which involves the breakdown of red blood cells following a bacterial infection, usually of the intestines
multiple myeloma, a cancer of the plasma cells in your bone marrow
scleroderma, an autoimmune condition that affects your skin
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a disorder that causes blood clots in small vessels
chemotherapy drugs that treat cancer and some autoimmune diseases
dyes used in some imaging tests
certain antibiotics
unmanaged diabetes |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, who gets kidney failure?? | People of all ages develop kidney failure, but the risk increases
with age. According to the CDC, 14%
of U.S. adults have chronic kidney failure.
You may have a higher risk if you have:
diabetes
high blood pressure
heart disease
a family history of kidney failure
The longer you�ve had these conditions, the greater your risk
of chronic kidney failure. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, diagnostic tests? | Doctors use several tests to diagnose kidney failure. Common tests include:
Urinalysis: A urine sample can show how much protein or sugar is in your urine. A urinary sediment examination looks for red and white blood cells, high levels of bacteria, and high numbers of cellular casts.
Urine volume measurements: Measuring urine output can help diagnose kidney failure. Low output may suggest that kidney disease is due to a urinary blockage.
Blood samples: Blood tests can measure substances filtered by your kidneys, such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. A rapid rise in these levels may indicate acute kidney failure.
Imaging: Tests like ultrasounds, MRIs, and CT scans provide images of your kidneys and urinary tract to identify issues.
Kidney tissue sample: Doctors use a kidney biopsy to collect and examine tissue samples. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, chronic kidney disease stages? | Kidney disease is classified into five stages. These range from very mild (stage 1) to complete kidney failure (stage 5). Symptoms and complications increase as the stages progress.
Stage 1
You may experience no symptoms and have no visible complications. But some kidney damage is present.
Stage 2
Stage 2 kidney disease is still considered mild, but detectable issues like protein in the urine or physical damage to the kidneys may be more obvious.
It�s also a good idea to talk with a doctor about risk factors that could make the disease progress more rapidly, such as:
heart disease
inflammation
blood disorders
Stage 3
At this stage, your kidneys aren�t working as well as they should.
Stage 3 kidney disease is sometimes divided into stages 3a and 3b. A blood test that measures the amount of waste products in your body helps doctors differentiate between the two.
Symptoms may become more apparent. Swelling in hands and feet, back pain, and changes to urination frequency are likely.
A doctor may consider medications to treat underlying conditions that could speed kidney failure.
Stage 4
Stage 4 kidney disease is considered moderate to severe. The kidneys aren�t working well, but you�re not in complete kidney failure yet. Symptoms can include complications like:
anemia
high blood pressure
bone disease
A doctor will likely develop a treatment plan to slow kidney damage.
Stage 5
In stage 5, your kidneys are nearing or in complete failure. Symptoms of the loss of kidney function will be evident, such as vomiting and nausea, trouble breathing, and itchy skin.
You�ll need regular dialysis or a kidney transplant.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
estimates that approximately 1 in 500 Americans has stage 5 kidney failure. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, treatment? | The type of treatment you need depends on the cause and stage of your kidney failure.
Dialysis
Dialysis filters and purifies the blood using a machine to performs the function of the kidneys. Depending on the type of dialysis, you may be connected to a large machine or a portable catheter bag.
Along with dialysis, you may need to follow a low potassium, low salt diet.
Dialysis doesn�t cure kidney failure, but going to regularly scheduled treatments can extend your life.
Kidney transplant
A transplanted kidney can work fully, so you no longer need dialysis.
There�s usually a long wait to receive a donor kidney that�s compatible with your body. If you have a living donor, the process may go more quickly.
Transplant surgery might not be the right treatment option for everyone. It is not always successful.
You must take immunosuppressant drugs after the surgery to prevent your body from rejecting the new kidney. These drugs have their own side effects, some of which can be serious.
You can talk with a doctor about whether you�re a good candidate for a kidney transplant.
Lifestyle modifications
Minimizing your intake of alcohol and making dietary changes may help prevent kidney failure from progressing.
At the early stages and beyond, it�s possible to manage and slow progression with lifestyle factors such as:
Dietary changes
The guidelines for what you eat will often depend on the stage of kidney disease you have and your overall health. Some recommendations might include:
Limiting sodium and potassium: Aim to eat less than 2,000 milligrams per day of both sodium (salt) and potassium.
Limiting phosphorus: Try to stay below 1,000 milligrams
of phosphorus.
Following protein guidelines: In early and moderate kidney disease, you might want to cut back on protein consumption. But you may eat more protein in end-stage kidney failure, depending on your doctor�s recommendations.
Beyond these general guidelines, a doctor may also ask you to avoid certain foods.
Lowering alcohol intake
If you have kidney failure and drink alcohol, your kidneys must work harder than they already do. Alcohol doesn�t metabolize out of your system, so if you have complete kidney failure, you�ll feel its effects until you receive dialysis to filter it from your blood.
Beer, ale, and wine also contain large amounts of phosphorous. Severe heart issues and death are possible if your kidneys cannot filter it out.
If you have kidney failure or late-stage kidney disease, a doctor may recommend you limit alcohol. Eliminating alcohol from your diet, if possible, may be best. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, diabetes and kidney failure? | Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure. About one-third of adults
with diabetes have kidney disease.
Without management, high blood sugar can damage your kidneys. The damage can worsen over time.
Diabetic nephropathy, or kidney damage caused by type 1 or type 2 diabetes, can�t be reversed. Steps to prevent or limit kidney damage can include:
managing your blood sugar
managing blood pressure
taking medications as prescribed
If you have diabetes, a doctor will likely perform regular screenings to monitor for kidney failure. Your risk for diabetic nephropathy increases the longer you live with diabetes. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, complications? | Kidney failure can lead to various complications. These can include:
anemia
bone weakness, due to an imbalance of phosphorus and calcium
fluid retention (edema)
heart disease
high potassium levels (hyperkalemia)
metabolic acidosis, when the blood becomes too acidic
Many people with kidney failure develop secondary complications. These can include:
depression
liver failure
fluid buildup in the lungs
gout
nerve damage
skin infections |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, kidney failure outlook? | It�s not possible to know precisely how long a person with kidney failure will live, as it can depend on many factors.
These include:
the underlying cause
how well that underlying cause is managed
any complicating factors, like high blood pressure or diabetes
stage of kidney disease at diagnosis
age
The National Kidney Foundation says that a person on dialysis can expect to live for an average of 5 to 10 years as long as they follow their treatment. Some people live for more than 20 or 30 years.
Once you reach end-stage kidney failure, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to live. Missing even one dialysis treatment can decrease your life expectancy.
Proper treatment and healthy lifestyle changes may improve your outlook, such as avoiding certain foods. |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, kidney failure prevention? | You can take steps to lower the risk of kidney failure.
Follow directions when taking over-the-counter medications. Taking doses that are too high, even of common drugs like aspirin, can create high toxin levels quickly. This can overload your kidneys.
Many kidney or urinary tract conditions lead to kidney failure without prompt treatment.
You can help lower your risk of kidney failure by:
eating a balanced diet
maintaining a moderate weight
taking prescribed and over-the-counter medications as directed and not taking more medication than is safe
keeping conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, well managed and following a doctor�s advice |
kidney disease | for kidney disease, the bottom line? | Kidney failure can develop suddenly or from long-term damage. Possible causes of kidney failure can include diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney trauma.
Kidney disease is classified into five stages, ranging from mild to complete kidney failure. Symptoms and complications increase as the stages progress.
If you have kidney failure, you can work with a doctor to determine the best treatment options. |
glaucoma | what is glaucoma? Tell me about glaucoma? What kind of disease is glaucoma? Can you elaborate on glaucoma? What can you tell me about glaucoma? Could you describe what glaucoma is? I�d like to know more about glaucoma. Can you help? What information do you have on glaucoma? Could you provide information on glaucoma? | What Is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is an eye disease that can damage your optic nerve. The optic nerve supplies visual information to your brain from your eyes.
Glaucoma is usually, but not always, the result of abnormally high pressure inside your eye. Over time, the increased pressure can erode your optic nerve tissue, which may lead to vision loss or even blindness. If it�s caught early, you may be able to prevent additional vision loss. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, what are the symptoms of glaucoma?? | The most common type of glaucoma is primary open-angle glaucoma. It has no signs or symptoms except gradual vision loss. For that reason, it�s important that you go to yearly comprehensive eye exams so your ophthalmologist, or eye specialist, can monitor any changes in your vision.
Acute-angle closure glaucoma, which is also known as narrow-angle glaucoma, is a medical emergency. See your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms:
severe eye pain
nausea
vomiting
redness in your eye
sudden vision disturbances
seeing colored rings around lights
sudden blurred vision |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, what causes glaucoma?? | The back of your eye continuously makes a clear fluid called aqueous humor. As this fluid is made, it fills the front part of your eye. Then, it leaves your eye through channels in your cornea and iris. If these channels are blocked or partially obstructed, the natural pressure in your eye, which is called the intraocular pressure (IOP), may increase. As your IOP increases, your optic nerve may become damaged. As damage to your nerve progresses, you may begin losing sight in your eye.
What causes the pressure in your eye to increase isn�t always known. However, doctors believe one or more of these factors may play a role:
dilating eye drops
blocked or restricted drainage in your eye
medications, such as corticosteroids
poor or reduced blood flow to your optic nerve
high or elevated blood pressure |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, what are the types of glaucoma?? | Five major types of glaucoma exist. These are:
Open-Angle (Chronic) Glaucoma
Open-angle, or chronic, glaucoma has no signs or symptoms except gradual vision loss. This loss may be so slow that your vision can suffer irreparable damage before any other signs become apparent. According the National Eye Institute (NEI)
, this is the most common type of glaucoma.
Angle-Closure (Acute) Glaucoma
If the flow of your aqueous humor fluid is suddenly blocked, the rapid buildup of fluid may cause a severe, quick, and painful increase in pressure. Angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency situation. You should call your doctor immediately if you begin experiencing symptoms, such as severe pain, nausea, and blurred vision.
Congenital Glaucoma
Children born with congenital glaucoma have a defect in the angle of their eye, which slows or prevents normal fluid drainage. Congenital glaucoma usually presents with symptoms, such as cloudy eyes, excessive tearing, or sensitivity to light. Congenital glaucoma can run in families.
Secondary Glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma is often a side effect of injury or another eye condition, such as cataracts or eye tumors. Medicines, such as corticosteroids, may also cause this type of glaucoma. Rarely, eye surgery can cause secondary glaucoma.
Normal Tension Glaucoma
In some cases, people without increased eye pressure develop damage to their optic nerve. The cause of this isn�t known. However, extreme sensitivity or a lack of blood flow to your optic nerve may be a factor in this type of glaucoma. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, who is at risk of glaucoma?? | According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness around the world. The risk factors for glaucoma include:
Age
People over 60 are at increased risk of glaucoma, warns the NEI
, and the risk of glaucoma increases slightly with each year of age. If you�re African-American, your increase in risk begins at age 40.
Ethnicity
African-Americans or people of African descent are significantly more likely to develop glaucoma than Caucasians. People of Asian descent are at a higher risk of angle-closure glaucoma, and people of Japanese descent have a higher risk of developing low-tension glaucoma.
Eye Problems
Chronic eye inflammation and thin corneas can lead to increased pressure in your eyes. Physical injury or trauma to your eye, such as being hit in your eye, can also cause your eye pressure to increase.
Family History
Some types of glaucoma may run in families. If your parent or grandparent had open-angle glaucoma, you�re at an increased risk of developing the condition.
Medical History
People with diabetes and those with high blood pressure and heart disease have an increased risk of developing glaucoma.
Use of Certain Medicine
Using corticosteroids for extended periods may increase your risk of developing secondary glaucoma. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, how is glaucoma diagnosed?? | To diagnose glaucoma, your ophthalmologist will want to perform a comprehensive eye examination. They�ll check for signs of deterioration, including loss of nerve tissue. They may also use one or more of the following tests and procedures:
Detailed Medical History
Your doctor will want to know what symptoms you�ve been experiencing and if you have any personal or family history of glaucoma. They�ll also ask for a general health assessment to determine if any other health conditions may be impacting your eye health, such as diabetes or high blood pressure.
Tonometry Test
This class of tests measures your eye�s internal pressure.
Pachymetry Test
People with thin corneas have an increased risk of developing glaucoma. A pachymetry test can tell your doctor if your corneas are thinner than average.
Perimetry Test
This test, also known as a visual field test, can tell your doctor if glaucoma is affecting your vision by measuring your peripheral, or side, vision and your central vision.
Monitoring Your Optic Nerve
If your doctor wants to monitor for gradual changes to your optic nerve, they may take photographs of your optic nerve to conduct a side-by-side comparison over time. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, how is glaucoma treated?? | The goal of glaucoma treatment is to reduce IOP to stop any additional eyesight loss. Typically, your doctor will begin treatment with prescription eye drops. If these don�t work or more advanced treatment is needed, your doctor may suggest one of the following treatments:
Medications
Several medicines designed to reduce IOP are available. These medicines are available in the form of eye drops or pills, but the drops are more common. Your doctor may prescribe one or a combination of these.
Surgery
If a blocked or slow channel is causing increased IOP, your doctor may suggest surgery to make a drainage path for fluid or destroy tissues that are responsible for the increased fluid.
Treatment for angle-closure glaucoma is different. This type of glaucoma is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to reduce eye pressure as quickly as possible. Medicines are usually attempted first, to reverse the angle closure, but this may be unsuccessful. A laser procedure called laser peripheral iridotomy may also be performed. This procedure creates small holes in your iris to allow for increased fluid movement. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, will a person with glaucoma go blind?? | If your increased IOP can be stopped and the pressure returned to normal, vision loss can be slowed or even stopped. However, because there�s no cure for glaucoma, you�ll likely need treatment for the rest of your life to regulate your IOP. Unfortunately, vision lost as a result of glaucoma cannot be restored. |
glaucoma | for glaucoma, can glaucoma be prevented?? | Glaucoma can�t be prevented, but it�s still important to catch it early so you can begin treatment that will help prevent it from getting worse. The best way to catch any type of glaucoma early is to have an annual preventive eye care appointment. Make an appointment with an ophthalmologist. Simple tests performed during these routine eye checks may be able to detect damage from glaucoma before it advances and begins causing vision loss. |
neoplasm metastasis | what is neoplasm metastasis? Tell me about neoplasm metastasis? What kind of disease is neoplasm metastasis? Can you elaborate on neoplasm metastasis? What can you tell me about neoplasm metastasis? Could you describe what neoplasm metastasis is? I�d like to know more about neoplasm metastasis. Can you help? What information do you have on neoplasm metastasis? Could you provide information on neoplasm metastasis? | Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from its original location to a distant part of the body. Most metastatic cancers are not curable, although people with well-controlled metastatic cancer can live for many years.
Metastatic cancers are serious and difficult to treat. While most are incurable, they can be managed for months or even years with the right treatment. And certain kinds of metastatic cancer, such as testicular cancer, can be curable.
This article takes a closer look at metastatic cancers, where they�re likely to spread, and why the outlook for people with metastatic cancers can vary so much. |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, what is metastatic cancer?? | The first cancerous tumor that develops is the primary tumor. This tumor can grow big enough to push into nearby tissue and organs. Also, cells can break away from the tumor and spread through tissue to form new tumors in nearby tissues, organs, or lymph nodes.
Cancer cells can also enter your bloodstream or lymphatic system. From there, they can travel just about anywhere in your body. When tumors form in a distant part of your body, you have metastatic cancer. For many types of cancer, metastatic cancer is also known as stage 4 cancer.
Most of the time, metastatic cancer is not curable, though many cases are treatable. People with well-controlled metastatic cancer can live for many years.
Advanced vs. metastatic cancer
Advanced cancer is typically cancer that cannot be cured. Advanced cancer can be locally advanced or metastatic. For example, some large brain tumors may be advanced even though they have not spread beyond the brain.
Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from the original tumor to a distant part of the body. But some metastatic cancers are not advanced. For example, some instances of metastatic testicular cancer are curable, according to the American Cancer Society
.
Some doctors may use these words interchangeably, so it�s important to ask what they mean by �advanced� or �metastatic� cancer.
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neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, what types of cancer are more likely to metastasize?? | All cancers can metastasize, and metastasis is a key cause
of death from cancer. Together, these cancers are responsible for almost 50%
of all cancer deaths:
lung and bronchus
colon and rectal
pancreatic
breast |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, where do metastatic cancers commonly spread to, and what are the symptoms?? | Cancer can spread almost anywhere, but different types of cancer tend to spread to certain places. The following are the most common
sites of metastasis, according to the National Cancer Institute:
Metastatic cancer type Main sites of metastasis
bladder bone, liver, lung
breast bone, brain, liver, lung
colon liver, lung, peritoneum (the membrane that lines your abdominal cavity)
kidney adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, lung
lung adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, the other lung
melanoma bone, brain, liver, lung, skin, muscle
ovarian liver, lung, peritoneum
pancreatic liver, lung, peritoneum
prostate adrenal gland, bone, liver, lung
rectal liver, lung, peritoneum
stomach liver, lung, peritoneum
thyroid bone, liver, lung
uterine bone, liver, lung, peritoneum, vagina
General symptoms of metastasis
Fatigue and weight loss are among the general symptoms of metastatic cancer. Other symptoms depend on the site of metastasis, such as:
Bone: pain, easily fractured bones
Brain: headache, dizziness, vision problems, seizures
Lung: shortness of breath, cough, chest pain
Liver: jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), bloating, abdominal pain
The number and size of tumors can also affect the symptoms. |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, how are metastatic cancers diagnosed?? | Diagnosing metastatic cancer may involve imaging tests such as:
X-ray
ultrasound
CT scan
MRI scan
PET scan
bone scan
A biopsy of a tumor can help identify the type of cancer. |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, how are metastatic cancers treated?? | Cancer is harder to treat once it spreads beyond the original site. Because every type of metastatic cancer is different, treatment options vary.
The main treatments are based on the specific type of cancer, which refers to where the cancer started, not where it has spread to. For example, colon cancer that spreads to the liver is treated as colon cancer, not liver cancer.
Other factors that affect treatment options are:
site or sites of metastasis
previous cancer treatments, if any
age and overall health
Treatment may include one or more of the following:
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
targeted therapies
immunotherapy
hormonal therapy
palliative care
In some cases, the goal of treatment may be to cure the cancer or slow it down. In others, you may want to focus on symptom relief and quality of life. You can always receive palliative care along with other treatments.
Doctors will help determine the best treatment plan based on the specifics of your situation and your preferences. |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, what�s the outlook for people with metastatic cancer?? | The outlook depends on many things, including the specific type of cancer. For example, research from 2017 looked at survival after bone metastasis by primary cancer type.
Follow-ups at 1 and 5 years suggest that people with bone metastasis from breast cancer have a better outlook than people with bone metastasis from lung cancer.
Other factors that can influence survival rates are:
site or sites of metastasis
your body�s response to specific treatments
your age and general health
Survival rates vary for different types of cancer. The following are the 5-year relative survival rates for several types of cancer that were metastatic at diagnosis:
Metastatic cancer type 5-year relative survival rate
prostate 32.3%
breast 30.0%
colorectal 15.1%
lung and bronchus 7.0%
pancreatic 3.1%
These statistics represent people who received a diagnosis from 2012 to 2018. They don�t include people who received a diagnosis or treatment after 2018 and may not reflect the latest treatments.
Keep in mind that these are general statistics and your doctor will be able to offer a more personal outlook. |
neoplasm metastasis | for neoplasm metastasis, takeaway? | Metastatic cancer is cancer that has spread from its primary site to a distant part of the body. For many types of cancer, �metastatic� refers to stage 4 cancer. Metastatic cancer is often treatable, though it�s challenging.
Most metastatic cancers are not curable, but it�s possible to live for many years with metastatic cancer if the disease is well managed.
Survival rates are general statistics based on people who received a diagnosis at least 5 years ago. Because there are so many variables, your outlook may be quite different. That�s why it�s best to discuss your outlook with your doctor. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | what is malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? Tell me about malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? What kind of disease is malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? Can you elaborate on malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? What can you tell me about malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? Could you describe what malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon is? I�d like to know more about malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon. Can you help? What information do you have on malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? Could you provide information on malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon? | Colon cancer occurs when cells in your large intestine and rectum grow out of control. Treatment can vary by the stage and type of colon cancer.
Colon cancer is a type of cancer that starts in your colon (large intestine) or rectum. Your colon and rectum are the organs that make up the lower portion of your digestive system.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, colon cancer � also known as colorectal cancer � is the third most common type of cancer in the United States when certain common skin cancers are excluded. In fact, the American Cancer Society (ACS)
estimates that about 1 in 23 men and 1 in 25 women will develop colorectal cancer during their lifetime.
The symptoms, treatment, and outlook for colon cancer will generally depend on the stage your cancer is in when you�re first diagnosed.
Learn more about colon cancer stages, causes, and risk factors � plus resources to help you find support. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, stages of colon cancer? | Doctors use staging as a general guideline to figure out how far along the cancer is. It�s important for a doctor to know the stage of the cancer because it helps determine the best treatment plan for you. It�s also a good way to estimate your long-term outlook.
Stage 0 colon cancer is the earliest stage, and stage 4 is the most advanced stage. Here�s how the stages are defined:
Stage 0. Also known as carcinoma in situ, in this stage abnormal cells are only in the inner lining of the colon or rectum.
Stage 1. The cancer has penetrated the lining, or mucosa, of the colon or rectum and may have grown into the muscle layer. It hasn�t spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
Stage 2. The cancer has spread to the walls of the colon or rectum, or through the walls to nearby tissues, but hasn�t affected the lymph nodes.
Stage 3. The cancer has moved to the lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Stage 4. The cancer has spread to other distant organs, such as the liver or lungs. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, what are the symptoms of colon cancer?? | You might not experience colon cancer symptoms at all, especially in the early stages. If you do experience symptoms in stages 0 through 2, they�ll often include:
constipation
diarrhea
changes in stool color
changes in stool shape, such as narrowed stool
blood in the stool
bleeding from the rectum
excessive gas
abdominal cramps
abdominal pain
Many of these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious, conditions. However, it�s a good idea to see a doctor if you�ve had any of these symptoms for longer than a week or two. You and your doctor can talk about your symptoms and decide if colon cancer screening is appropriate.
Stage 3 or 4 symptoms (late-stage symptoms)
Colon cancer symptoms are more noticeable in stages 3 and 4. In addition to the above symptoms, you might also experience:
excessive fatigue
unexplained weakness
unintentional weight loss
changes in your stool that last longer than a month
a feeling that your bowels won�t completely empty
vomiting
If colon cancer spreads to other parts of your body, you may also experience:
jaundice, or yellow eyes and skin
swelling in the hands or feet
breathing difficulties
chronic headaches
blurry vision
bone fractures
Symptoms by stage
Stage 1 symptoms Stage 2 symptoms Stage 3 symptoms Stage 4 symptoms
constipation constipation excessive fatigue jaundice
diarrhea diarrhea unexplained weakness swollen hands and feet
changes in stool color or shape changes in stool color or shape unintentional weight loss breathing difficulties
blood in stool blood in stool changes in stool that last longer than a month chronic headaches
bleeding from rectum bleeding from rectum a feeling that your bowels won�t completely empty blurry vision
excessive gas excessive gas vomiting bone fractures
abdominal cramps abdominal cramps
abdominal pain abdominal pain |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, are there different types of colon cancer?? | It might surprise you to learn that there is more than one type of colon cancer. There are different types of cells that turn cancerous and there are cells in different parts of the digestive tract that can lead to colon cancer.
The most common type of colon cancer starts from adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinomas form within the cells that make mucus in either the colon or rectum. According to the ACS
, adenocarcinomas make up most colon cancer cases.
Less commonly, colon cancers are caused by other types of tumors, such as:
lymphomas, which can form in lymph nodes or in the colon first
carcinoids, which start in hormone-making cells within your intestines
sarcomas, which form in soft tissues such as muscles in the colon
gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which can start off as benign and then become cancerous (They usually form in the digestive tract, but rarely in the colon.) |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, what causes colon cancer?? | Researchers are still studying the causes of colon cancer.
Cancer may be caused by genetic mutations that can either be inherited or acquired. These mutations don�t guarantee you�ll develop colon cancer, but they do increase your chances.
Some mutations may cause abnormal cells to accumulate in the lining of the colon, forming polyps. These are small, benign growths. However, untreated polyps can become cancerous. Removing these growths through surgery can be a preventive measure. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, what are the risk factors for colon cancer?? | There are some risk factors that can increase your chances of developing colon cancer. Having one of these risk factors doesn�t automatically mean you�ll get colon cancer, but it does make it more likely than if you had no risk factors.
Risk factors you can�t change
Some factors that increase your risk of developing colon cancer can�t be changed. For instance, your age, ethnicity, and family health history can all impact your risk of colon cancer.
Risk factors you can�t control include:
being over 50
a prior history of colon polyps
a prior history of bowel diseases
a family history of colorectal cancer
having certain genetic syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
being of African or Ashkenazi Jewish descent
Risk factors you can avoid
Other risk factors are avoidable. This means you can change them to decrease your risk of developing colon cancer. Avoidable risk factors include:
being overweight or having obesity
being a smoker
being a heavy drinker
having type 2 diabetes
having a sedentary lifestyle
consuming a diet high in processed meats |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, how is colon cancer diagnosed?? | An early diagnosis of colon cancer gives you the best chance of curing it. Since colon cancer often has no symptoms during the early stages, it is often caught during routine screenings.
The US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the ACS
now recommend colon cancer screening starting at 45, in light of younger people getting diagnosed with colon cancer.
The American College of Gastroenterology recommends that people start colon cancer screening at 40 years old.
Your doctor will start by getting information about your medical and family history. They�ll also perform a physical exam. They may press on your abdomen or perform a rectal exam to determine whether lumps or polyps are present.
Fecal testing
The ACS
recommends yearly fecal testing. Fecal tests are used to detect hidden blood in your stool. There are two main types, the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) and the fecal immunochemical test (FIT).
Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)
Guaiac is a plant-based substance used to coat a special card that your stool sample is placed upon. If any blood is present in your stool, the card will change color.
You�ll have to avoid certain foods and medications, such as red meat and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), before this test. They may interfere with your test results.
Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
The FIT detects hemoglobin, a protein found in the blood. It�s considered more precise than the guaiac-based test.
That�s because the FIT is unlikely to detect bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (a type of bleeding that is rarely caused by colorectal cancer). Additionally, the results of this test aren�t affected by foods and medications.
At-home tests
Because multiple stool samples are needed for these tests, your doctor will likely provide you with test kits to use at home.
You can also buy at-home test kits from companies such as LetsGetChecked and Everlywell.
These kits often require you to send a stool sample off to a lab for evaluation. Your test results should be available online within 5 business days. Afterward, you�ll have the option to consult with a medical care team about your test results.
The Second Generation FIT can also be purchased online, but the stool sample doesn�t have to be sent to a lab. Test results are available within 5 minutes. This test is accurate, FDA-approved, and able to detect additional conditions such as colitis. However, there�s no medical care team to consult with if you have questions about your results.
Blood tests
Your doctor may run blood tests to get a better idea of what�s causing your symptoms. Liver function tests and complete blood counts can rule out other diseases and disorders.
Sigmoidoscopy
Minimally invasive, sigmoidoscopy allows your doctor to examine your sigmoid colon, the last section of your colon, for abnormalities. The procedure, also known as flexible sigmoidoscopy, involves a flexible tube with a light on it.
The USPSTF recommends a flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or every 10 years along with a yearly FIT test.
The ACS
recommends a flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy involves the use of a long tube with a small camera attached. This procedure allows your doctor to see inside your colon and rectum to check for anything unusual. It�s usually performed after less invasive screening tests indicate that you might have colon cancer.
During a colonoscopy, your doctor can also remove tissue from abnormal areas. These tissue samples can then be sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Out of the existing diagnostic methods, sigmoidoscopies and colonoscopies are the most effective at detecting benign growths that may develop into colon cancer.
The USPSTF and the ACS
recommend a colonoscopy every 10 years.
X-ray
Your doctor may order an X-ray using a contrast solution that contains the chemical element barium.
Your doctor inserts this liquid into your bowels through the use of a barium enema. Once in place, the barium solution coats the lining of the colon. This helps improve the quality of the X-ray images.
CT scan
CT scans provide your doctor with a detailed image of your colon. A CT scan that�s used to diagnose colon cancer is sometimes called a virtual colonoscopy.
Products to try
At-home tests can be used to detect blood in the stool, an important symptom of colon cancer. Shop for them online:
LetsGetChecked Colon Cancer Screening Test
Everlywell FIT Colon Cancer Screening Test
Second Generation FIT (Fecal Immunochemical Test)
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malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, what are the treatment options for colon cancer?? | Treatment of colon cancer depends on a variety of factors. A doctor will determine the best treatment plan for you based on your overall health and the stage of your colon cancer.
Surgery
In the earliest stages of colon cancer, it�s often possible for your surgeon to remove cancerous polyps through surgery. If the polyp hasn�t attached to the wall of the bowels, you�ll likely have an excellent outlook.
Your surgeon may need to remove a portion of the colon or rectum and the neighboring lymph nodes If your cancer has spread into your bowel walls. Your surgeon might be able to reattach the remaining healthy portion of the colon to the rectum. If this isn�t possible, they may perform a colostomy. This involves creating an opening in the abdominal wall for the removal of waste. A colostomy may be temporary or permanent.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. For people with colon cancer, chemotherapy commonly takes place after surgery and is used to destroy lingering cancerous cells. Chemotherapy also controls the growth of tumors.
Chemotherapy drugs used to treat colon cancer include:
capecitabine (Xeloda)
fluorouracil
oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)
irinotecan (Camptosar)
Chemotherapy often comes with side effects that need to be controlled with additional medication.
Radiation
Radiation uses a powerful beam of energy, similar to that used in X-rays, to target and destroy cancerous cells before and after surgery. Radiation therapy commonly occurs alongside chemotherapy.
Other medications
Targeted therapies and immunotherapies may also be recommended. Drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat colon cancer include:
bevacizumab (Avastin)
ramucirumab (Cyramza)
ziv-aflibercept (Zaltrap)
cetuximab (Erbitux)
panitumumab (Vectibix)
regorafenib (Stivarga)
pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
nivolumab (Opdivo)
ipilimumab (Yervoy)
They can treat metastatic, or late-stage, colon cancer that doesn�t respond to other types of treatment and has spread to other parts of the body. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, what�s the outlook for people with colon cancer?? | It can be alarming and stressful to get a serious diagnosis like colon cancer. Fortunately, colon cancer is treatable, especially when detected early. In fact, according to the ACS, colon cancer that�s diagnosed before it has spread past the colon and rectum has a 91 percent 5-year survival rate
. Additionally, these survival rates are based on data from 2010 to 2016. New cancer treatments have led to increasingly improved outcomes in more recent years.
However, colon cancer cases have also risen among younger people in recent years. According to the ACS
, while colon cancer deaths declined in older adults, deaths in people younger than 50 years old increased between 2008 and 2017.
Colon cancer stage at diagnosis Survival rate
Stage 0 and Stage 1 91%
Stage 2 and Stage 3 72%
Stage 4 14%
Overall 63% |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, can colon cancer be prevented?? | Certain risk factors for colon cancer, such as family history and age, aren�t preventable.
However, lifestyle factors that may contribute to colon cancer are preventable, and changing them might help lower your overall risk of developing this disease.
You can take steps now to reduce your risk by:
decreasing the amount of red meat you eat
avoiding processed meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats
eating more plant-based foods
decreasing dietary fat
exercising daily
losing weight, if your doctor recommends it
quitting smoking
reducing alcohol consumption
decreasing stress
managing preexisting diabetes
Another preventive measure? Getting a colonoscopy or other cancer screening when you turn 45 years old. The earlier the cancer is detected, the better the outcome. |
malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon | for malignant tumor of colon or carcinoma colon, next steps? | Surgery is often the first step in treating colon cancer. Your next steps will depend on how you respond to surgery and what further treatments you need.
No matter what happens on your treatment journey, you�ll need support along the way. It�s important to talk to your medical team and loved ones and to feel comfortable reaching out for help. Check out the resources below to start building a support system.
The Colorectal Cancer Alliance Helpline (877-422-2030) is a free service that can connect you to resources and peer support.
The Colorectal Cancer support group live chatmeets every weekday between 12 pm and 1 pm EST.
Blue Hope Nation is a supportive Facebook group for colon cancer patients and famiy members.
CancerCare offers a Colorectal Cancer Patient Support Group led by an oncology social worker.
Fight Colorectal Cancer offers a resource library for people with colon cancer including videos, podcasts, and more to support you through treatment and beyond. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | what is ketoacidosis diabetic? Tell me about ketoacidosis diabetic? What kind of disease is ketoacidosis diabetic? Can you elaborate on ketoacidosis diabetic? What can you tell me about ketoacidosis diabetic? Could you describe what ketoacidosis diabetic is? I�d like to know more about ketoacidosis diabetic. Can you help? What information do you have on ketoacidosis diabetic? Could you provide information on ketoacidosis diabetic? | Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when a person with diabetes type 1 or 2 has dangerously high levels of ketones in the body. It can be a medical emergency. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, what is diabetic ketoacidosis?? | Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes and, much less commonly, of type 2 diabetes. DKA happens when your blood sugar is very high and acidic substances called ketones build up to dangerous levels in your body.
Ketoacidosis shouldn�t be confused with ketosis, which is harmless. Ketosis can occur as a result of an extremely low carbohydrate diet, known as a ketogenic diet, or from fasting.
DKA only happens when you don�t have enough insulin in your body to process blood sugar into energy. If this happens, your liver starts to process fat into energy, which releases ketones into the blood. High levels of ketones in the blood are dangerous.
It�s less common in people with type 2 diabetes because insulin levels don�t usually drop so low, but it can happen. DKA may be the first sign of type 1 diabetes, as people with this disease can�t make their own insulin. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, what are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?? | Symptoms of DKA can appear quickly.
Early symptoms of DKA can include:
frequent urination
extreme thirst or dry mouth
high blood sugar levels, also known as hyperglycemia
high levels of ketones in the urine
As DKA progresses, more symptoms may appear:
nausea or vomiting
abdominal pain
confusion
fruity-smelling breath
flushed face
fatigue or weakness
rapid breathing
dry skin
loss of consciousness, also known as fainting or syncope
DKA is a medical emergency. Call your local emergency services immediately if you think you may be experiencing DKA.
If left untreated, DKA can lead to a coma or death. If you use insulin, make sure you discuss the risk of DKA with your healthcare team and have a plan in place.
If you have type 1 diabetes and have a blood sugar reading of over 240 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), you should test yourself for ketones using a urine or blood test.
You should also test if you are sick or planning on exercising and your blood sugar is 240 mg/dL or higher.
Call your doctor if moderate or high levels of ketones are present. Always seek medical help if you suspect you are progressing to DKA.
People with type 2 diabetes are usually at lower risk of DKA. But the risk can increase when your body is under strain due to injury, infection, or surgery.
When to get emergency help
If you have any of the following symptoms, and you can�t reach your doctor, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends getting emergency help right away:
a blood sugar level that stays at 300 mg/dL or higher
breath that smells fruity
severe vomiting, where you can�t keep food or drinks down
difficulty breathing
multiple symptoms of DKA
Get help by calling local emergency services or having someone take you to the nearest emergency room.
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ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, how is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?? | The treatment for DKA usually involves a combination of approaches to normalize blood sugar and insulin levels.
If you receive a diagnosis of DKA but haven�t yet received a diagnosis of diabetes, your doctor will create a diabetes treatment plan to keep ketoacidosis from recurring.
Infection can increase the risk of DKA. If your DKA is a result of an infection or illness, your doctor will treat that as well, usually with antibiotics.
Fluid replacement
At the hospital, your physician will likely give you intravenous (IV) fluids to help your body rehydrate. During a DKA event, you usually lose a lot of fluids, which can reduce the amount of blood flowing through your body.
Fluid replacement helps restore typical blood flow. It also helps treat dehydration, which can cause even higher blood sugar levels.
Electrolyte replacement
When your insulin levels are too low, your body�s electrolytes can also become atypically low.
Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help your body, including the heart and nerves, function properly. Electrolyte replacement is also commonly done through an IV.
Insulin therapy
Insulin will likely be administered to you through an IV until your blood sugar level falls below 200 to 250 mg/dL
. The emergency care team will also monitor several other blood test results that indicate when insulin therapy is no longer needed.
When your blood sugar and other test readings are within an acceptable range, your doctor will work with you to help you avoid DKA in the future. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, what causes diabetic ketoacidosis?? | DKA occurs when insulin levels are low. Our bodies need insulin to use the available glucose in the blood. In DKA, glucose can�t get into the cells, so it builds up, resulting in high blood sugar levels.
In response, the body starts breaking down fat into a useable fuel that doesn�t require insulin. Turning fat into energy produces ketones. When too many ketones build up, your blood becomes acidic. This is diabetic ketoacidosis.
The most common causes of DKA are:
missing an insulin injection or not injecting enough insulin
illness or infection
a clog in your insulin pump, if you use one |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, who is at risk for developing diabetic ketoacidosis?? | Risk factors for DKA include:
having type 1 diabetes
being a younger age, as research suggests 63 percent of DKA cases happen in people below the age of 51
physiologic shock, a life threatening condition caused by interrupted blood flow
emotional or psychological stress
acute cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack or stroke
acute gastrointestical illness, such as pancreatitis
having an alcohol use or drug use disorder
having an eating disorder
certain endocrine conditions, such as Cushing syndrome and hyperthyroidism
recent surgery
pregnancy
Medications
Certain medications can increase the risk of DKA. These include:
some antipsychotic medications, such as clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), and risperidone (Risperdal)
corticosteroids
thiazide diuretics
Ketosis-prone diabetes
Although DKA is less common in people who have type 2 diabetes, it does occur. Some people with type 2 diabetes are considered �ketosis-prone� and are at a higher risk of DKA. A diagnosis of ketosis-prone diabetes is more likely
for:
Black (African American, Afro Caribbean, and sub-Saharan African), Asian (Chinese, Indian, and Japanese), and Hispanic people
people who have overweight or obesity
people who are middle-aged
males
It�s best to talk with your doctor about your risk factors to make sure you have the right treatment plan in place. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, testing for ketones? | Testing for ketones is one of the first steps for diagnosing DKA. If you have type 1 diabetes, you should have a supply of home ketone tests. These test either your urine or your blood for the presence of ketones.
You can buy these in drug stores or online.
When to test
According to the American Diabetes Association, you should test for ketones:
if your blood glucose level is 240 mg/dL or higher
if you are sick
if you have any symptoms of DKA
Test your urine or blood every 4 to 6 hours.
How to test
Urine test strips change color to signal the presence of ketones in your urine. You�ll need to pee on the strip or dip the strip into the pee you�ve collected in a container. The indicator on the strip will change color. Compare the test strip to the results chart.
Blood ketone testers are also available. These are usually combination devices that can measure both glucose levels and ketone levels.
Similar to blood glucose testing, you�ll need to apply a small sample of blood to a test strip. The test strip is inserted into a monitor device to test for the presence of ketones in your blood.
A doctor or pharmacist can advise you on when and how to use your home ketone tests. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, how is diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosed?? | A doctor will likely do a test to confirm the presence of ketones in your urine. They will usually also test your blood sugar level. Other tests your doctor may order include:
basic bloodwork, including potassium and sodium, to assess metabolic function
arterial blood gas, where blood is drawn from an artery to determine its acidity
blood pressure
electrocardiogram (ECG)
chest X-ray or other tests to look for signs of an infection, such as pneumonia |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, preventing diabetic ketoacidosis? | There are many ways to prevent DKA. Prevention means following your diabetes treatment plan carefully and taking some extra care when you�re sick.
Follow your treatment plan
You can lower your risk of DKA with proper management of your diabetes:
Take your medications as directed, even if you�re feeling fine.
Follow your meal plan.
Test your blood sugar consistently, as recommended by your doctor. This will help you get in the habit of making sure your numbers are in range. If you notice a problem, you can talk with your doctor about adjusting your treatment plan.
Talk with your doctor about adjusting your insulin dosage levels based on your activity level, illnesses, or other factors, such as what you�re eating.
If you have high blood sugar and your blood or urine test detects ketones, do not exercise. Exercising with high blood sugar can be dangerous when you have diabetes. It�s best to talk with your doctor about how to manage this situation.
Sometimes the cost of insulin can make it more difficult
to follow a diabetes treatment plan. Read more about how to access insulin at a reduced cost.
When you�re sick
Although you can�t completely avoid illness or infection, you can take steps to help you remember to take your insulin and to help prevent and plan for a DKA emergency.
A �sick day plan� can reduce the risk of DKA:
Test for ketone levels when you�re sick. This can help you catch mild to moderate ketone levels before they threaten your health.
Set an alarm if you take your medication at the same time every day, or use a reminder tool like a phone app.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist if it�s okay to prefill your syringe or syringes in the morning. That will help you easily see if you missed a dose.
Take the medications advised by your healthcare team to treat fever or infection.
Have soft or liquid foods available that are easier to eat if you become nauseous.
If there�s someone helping to care for you when you�re sick at home, make sure they have information about your diabetes treatment plan, including your medication and testing schedules.
Call your doctor if you detect moderate or high ketones in a home test. If you can�t reach your doctor and you suspect you may be progressing to DKA, get emergency help. Early detection is essential. |
ketoacidosis diabetic | for ketoacidosis diabetic, takeaway? | DKA is serious, but it can be prevented. Follow your diabetes treatment plan and be proactive about your health.
Tell your doctor if something isn�t working for you or if you�re having trouble. They can adjust your treatment plan or help you come up with solutions for better managing your diabetes.
Read this article in Spanish. |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | what is tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? Tell me about tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? What kind of disease is tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? Can you elaborate on tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? What can you tell me about tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? Could you describe what tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures is? I�d like to know more about tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures. Can you help? What information do you have on tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? Could you provide information on tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures? | Tonic seizures cause sudden stiffness and rigidity in your muscles. They typically last less than 1 minute.
Seizures are rapid bursts of electrical activity in your brain that can cause involuntary movement and a loss of awareness or consciousness. There are different classifications of seizures. These depend on factors like the part of your brain that�s affected and the symptoms the seizure causes.
Tonic seizures are characterized by sudden muscle stiffness in your limbs or torso. They can occur when you�re awake or asleep and usually last less than a minute
.
Anyone can have a seizure, but most people with recurrent seizures have a neurological condition known as epilepsy. Epilepsy exists on a spectrum. This means the type, frequency, and severity of seizures varies considerably between individuals.
About 11%
of people in the United States experience a seizure in their lifetime.
Read on to learn more about tonic seizures, including what causes them and how they differ from other types of seizures. |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, what are tonic seizures?? | Your nervous system (which includes your brain) uses electrical impulses to send and receive messages throughout your body. Seizures are abnormal bursts of electrical activity that interfere with this system, causing disruptions that can lead to many different symptoms.
Tonic seizures cause sudden, temporary stiffness in your limbs and trunk. The name �tonic� comes from �muscle tone.� Your muscle tone is the stiffness of your muscles at rest.
During a tonic seizure, your muscles become stiff and rigid. If you�re standing, you may fall to the floor. These seizures are often brief and tend to occur during sleep.
Tonic seizures can be focal or generalized.
Focal seizures: These are caused by abnormal electrical activity that starts in one region of your brain.
Generalized seizures: These are caused by abnormal electrical activity in both sides of your brain.
Focal tonic seizures: These cause symptoms in one part of your body.
Generalized tonic seizures: These cause symptoms throughout your body.
Focal tonic seizures can spread and become generalized. When this happens, they�re called focal to bilateral tonic seizures. |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, tonic vs. tonic-clonic seizure? | Tonic-clonic seizures used to be called grand mal seizures. They�re the type of seizure many people think of when they think of epilepsy. A tonic-clonic seizure shares features of both tonic and clonic seizures.
Tonic-clonic seizures start with the tonic phase, where your muscles suddenly stiffen and twitch. It then enters the clonic stage, where you might lose consciousness or awareness of your surroundings.
Symptoms of seizures Tonic Clonic Tonic-clonic
Muscle stiffness yes no yes
Muscle twitching and jerking no yes yes
Awareness normal or slightly altered consciousness normal or slightly altered consciousness loss of consciousness |
tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, what does a tonic seizure look like?? | If you witness someone having a tonic seizure, you may notice their arms or legs become stiff as a board. Their upper body may also straighten and become rigid. If they�re standing, they may fall to the floor and continue to appear stiff in one or more areas of their body.
Tonic seizures are generally brief. In a 2023 study
, researchers found that 95% of generalized tonic seizures lasted 3 to 36 seconds. They also found that 95% of focal tonic seizures lasted 2 to 148 seconds.
Half of generalized tonic seizures lasted less than 8.5 seconds and half of focal tonic seizures lasted less than 16.5 seconds.
How to help someone having a tonic seizure
Most seizures don�t require emergency medical attention. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
, the best way to help somebody having any type of seizure is:
Stay with them until they�re fully awake.
Comfort them and speak calmly.
Check to see if they have a medical bracelet with emergency information.
Keep yourself and other people around you calm.
Help them sit in a safe place when the seizure is over and explain what happened.
Offer to help the person get home.
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tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures | for tonic-clonic epilepsy or tonic-clonic seizures, what happens after a tonic seizure?? | The period after a seizure is called the postictal phase. It typically lasts between 5 and 30 minutes
. During this phase, the person may:
be confused
be drowsy
have high blood pressure
have a headache
be nauseous
Most of the time, it�s not necessary to get medical attention. But it�s important to call 911 or local emergency services
if somebody you�re with:
has a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes
doesn�t regain full consciousness
has their first seizure
has another seizure after their first one
has trouble breathing or walking after their seizure
has a seizure in water
has an underlying health condition such as pregnancy, heart disease, or diabetes |