ids
stringlengths 36
36
| texts
stringlengths 1
1.43k
|
|---|---|
758e8fe2-71cd-4d3f-8ca8-2b59a69df9d3 | 96 Bakehouses.—There were, at the end of the year, 35 bakehouses in the Borough, of which 30 were factory and 8 underground. The inspections numbered 71, and 2 notices were served. The conditions on the whole were satisfactory. The number of inspections made in respect of all food premises, other than those referred to above as registered premises, is shown in the following Table :— Table No. 51. Premises. On Register 31st December Number of Legal Proceedings. Inspections. Notices. Bakehouses 35 71 2 — Cowsheds 8 65 4 — Dairies 74 211 5 — Slaughterhouses 4 16 — — Premises where food is prepared (other than above 160 360 4 — Shops and Markets — 2695 — — Unsound Food.—There were 483 instances of unsound food being surrendered. These compare with 337 in 1934. |
29af75b5-1e70-4569-8a98-18eccc8e14bc | Included in the food surrendered were : 3 tons 9 cwts. Pork; 2 tons 9 cwts Beef; ½cwt. Mutton; 1 cwt. Veal; 19 lbs. Ham; 17½ cwts Ox Liver; 4 cwts Ox Lungs; 1 ton 2 cwt. Pig Offal; 2¼ cwts. Sheep Offal; 25 lbs. Rabbits; 2¼ cwts. Fish; 14 lbs. Cabbage; ½ cwt. Fruit; 6 cwts. Peas and Beans. Three seizures were made : 12 lbs. Tomatoes; 26 lbs. Prunes; 10 lbs. Sweets. On the instructions of the Public Health Committee a cautionary letter was sent by the Town Clerk in each instance. |
761abe1e-6293-46f0-abad-968cf0724822 | Merchandise Marks Act, 1926.—Under the provisions of Section 9 of the above Act, Food and Drugs Authorities have power to execute any of the provisions of the Act, other than those relating to importation, in respect of foodstuffs which are subject to an Order in Council made under the Act. The Orders which so far have been made are as follows:— The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Honey; Fresh Apples. No. 3 Order, 1928. 97 The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Currants; Sultanas; Raisins; No. 5 Order, 1928. Eggs in Shell; Dried Eggs; Oat Products. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Raw Tomatoes. No. 4 Order, 1929. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Malt Products. No. 5 Order, 1930. |
40a841dc-7067-4847-8bce-8147473c7047 | The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Frozen or Chilled Salmon or No. 8 Order, 1931. Sea Trout. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Butter. No. 1 Order, 1932. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Bacon and Ham. No. 3 Order, 1934. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Dead Poultry. No. 5 Order, 1934. The Merchandise Marks (Imported Goods) Meat. No. 7 Order, 1934. These Orders prohibit the sale, or exposure for sale, respectively, in the United Kingdom, of the products mentioned above, unless the goods bear an indication of the country of origin. The term "sale" includes sale, wholesale, or sale by retail; and exposure for sale includes exposure for sale, wholesale, and exposure for sale by retail. |
38a771b9-c2d4-478d-9c27-2112ce7ed239 | As a general rule imported produce does not require marking when sold in quantities not exceeding 14 lbs. in weight. Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Acts.—These Acts empower the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries to make Orders for the grading and marking of agricultural produce. One mark—the National Mark is used, or will be used, for all graded produce of England and Wales and by law it conveys a guarantee that the produce is of the grade stated. It is not compulsory for all such food stuffs to be so marked, but, if marked, they must conform to the standard. In London the local authority is the Metropolitan Borough Council concerned and in Woolwich the Medical Officer of Health, the Chief Sanitary Inspector and three Sanitary Inspectors have been appointed officers under the Act. 98 The following is a list of products regarding which Regulations were in force on the 31st December, 1935:— Date of Regulations. Produce. 1929 Potatoes. |
143f7ead-c070-4442-9704-36274db6223d | 1930 Eggs; Strawberries; Cherries. 1931 Beef. 1932 Cider. 1933 Wheat Flour; Malt Extract and Malt Flour; Gooseberries; Loganberries; Raspberries; Red Currants; Cheshire Cheese; Pears. 1934 Cauliflower and Broccoli; Canned Fruits; Canned Vegetables; Honey; Asparagus; Jam; Carrots; Leeks; Radishes; Red Beet; Cabbage Greens and Cabbage; Salad (Spring); Onions; Parsnips; Ripe Onions and Shallots; Watercress; Horseradish; Kidney and Runner Beans; Mushrooms; Forced Rhubarb; Natural Rhubarb; Stilton Cheese; Hot-house Grapes. |
9549a288-1598-4264-a207-e466ae9332b7 | 1935 Blackcurrants; Glasshouse-grown Tomatoes and Cucumbers; Creamery Butter; Vegetables; Perry; Canned Fruits; Plums; Wheat Flour; Bottled Fruits; Bottled Vegetables; Caerphilly Cheese; Apples; Cheddar Cheese; Cream Cheese; Dressed Poultry. During the year Regulations affecting Glasshouse-grown Tomatoes and Cucumbers (1930), Plums and Bottled Vegetables (1932), Blackcurrants, Brussels Sprouts, Celery, Green Peas, Cabbage, Lettuce, Bottled Fruits, Plums, Apples, and Dressed Poultry (1933,) Turnips and Swedes (1934), were revoked, and the Regulations affecting Canned Fruits (1934) were amended. No offences were discovered during the year. Sophistication ok Food.—The following Table, No. |
5408ff66-4718-4b6a-80c4-e66657e53048 | 52, gives details of the various analyses made under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, Public Health (Condensed Milk) Regulations, Public Health (Dried Milk) Regulations, and the Public Health (Preservatives, etc., in Food) Regulations. TABLE No. 52. Article. Formal Samples. Informal Samples. Number Analysed. Number Adulterated. Milk 239 36 275 15 Cream - 14 14 - Dried Milk - 5 5 - Condensed Milk - 3 3 - Butter 3 7 10 - Cheese - 6 6 - Margarine 4 - 4 - Lard - 3 3 - Suet - 5 5 - Cooking Fat - 1 1 - Tea - 3 3 - Coffee - 4 4 - Cocoa - 5 5 - Sugar 2 4 6 - Flour - 3 3 - Baking Powder - 4 4 - |
25536831-2a7b-46a9-a14c-01edb8b5f49b | Rice - 4 4 - Sago - 3 3 - Pearl Barley - 1 1 - Macaroni - 1 1 - Blanc Mange Powder - 1 1 - Soups 1 7 8 - Sultanas - 4 4 - Currants - 1 1 - Raisins - 2 2 - Nuts and Raisins - 1 1 - Cake and Fruit - 1 1 - Candied Peel - 3 3 - Ground Almonds - 4 4 - Ground Cinnamon - 2 2 - 99 100 TABLE No. 52—continued. Article. Formal Samples. Informal Samples. Number Analysed. Number Adulterated. Pepper - 3 3 - Dried Mint - 3 3 - Dried Fruits - 5 5 - Sage - 2 2 - Mincemeat - 3 3 - Jams and Jellies |
fcb6788d-d8b7-4327-a07f-9b4daca62af6 | 19 19 1 Glace Fruits - 4 4 - Sauces - 3 3 - Mint Sauce - 3 3 - Preserved Ginger - 3 3 - Honey- - 2 2 - Cakes - 4 4 - Biscuits - 4 4 - Sweets and Confectionery - 11 11 - Ice Cream - 1 1 - Lemon Squash - 3 3 - Pickles - 8 8 1 Vinegar - 3 3 - Malt Vinegar - 5 5 - Lemonade Powder - 3 3 - Meat Minced 6 - 6 1 Meat Paste - 2 2 - Brawn - 6 6 - Saveloy 1 - 1 1 Sausages 14 2 16 1 Sausages, |
502a6e4c-d23d-4b7e-b9cb-71371e7f60b2 | Preserved 7 - 7 - Sausage Rolls - 1 1 - Meat Pies - 4 4 - Faggots 1 - 1 - Chicken and Ham 1 1 2 2 101 TABLE No. 52—continued. Article. Formal Samples. Informal Samples. Number Analysed. Number Adulterated. |
74602750-1878-4f2d-9ce1-45ff5ac5b210 | Fish Paste - 1 1 - Brandy 4 - 4 - Whisky 8 - 8 - Gin 3 - 3 1 Rectified Spirit - 1 1 - Non-Alcoholic Wine - 3 3 - Ginger Wine Essence - 1 1 - Ale - 2 2 - Canned Fruits - 17 17 - Canned Anchovies - 1 1 - Canned Asparagus - 12 12 1 Canned Macaroni - 1 1 - Canned Potatoes - 1 1 - Canned Peas - 4 4 - Canned Salmon - 1 1 - Canned Sardines 1 9 10 3 Canned Sild - 14 14 5 Canned Tongue - 3 3 - Canned Oysters - 1 1 - Canned Hoes. |
4ee6fe80-8533-418c-87ff-e2ed4cf24e4a | - 1 1 - Canned Herrings and Pilchards - 5 5 - Canned Beans and Peas - 3 3 - Canned Tomatoes - 5 5 - Canned Spaghetti - 3 3 - Lime Water 3 2 5 5 Camphorated Oil - 2 2 - Mercurial Ointment - 7 7 1 Peroxide of Hydrogen 2 2 4 4 Spirit Sal Volatile - 3 3 - Tincture of Iodine 1 4 5 1 301 355 656 43 102 The Public Analyst has furnished the following figures showing the percentage of fat found in each sample of milk submitted for analysis during the last three years:— TABLE No. 53. 1933 1934 1935 4.5 per cent. and over 4 7 8 4 per cent. and under 4.5 per cent. |
7eab3c12-298d-4b74-8d96-ddc14e2d29a2 | 8 9 11 3.5 per cent. and under 4 per cent. 116 88 102 3 per cent. and under 3.5 per cent. 124 128 146 Below 3 per cent. 3 5 8 255 237 275 The following observations by the Public Analyst, Mr. H. Amphlett Williams, on the results of certain examinations during the year, are full of interest:— "The analyses made during the year raised some matters of unusual importance regarding the purity of food sold in this district. Tinned Sardines.—Following the detection of appreciable amounts of lead in sardines last year, further samples were taken, and the presence of lead in certain brands was again revealed. In the two years, 20 samples of various brands have been analysed, out of which 7 were found to contain more than one tenth of a grain per pound, or 14 parts per million of lead. |
f10aee69-34d3-4c73-b2b2-971c3432afc1 | There is no legal limit for lead in foods; it is, however, obvious that any comtamination of food intended for human consumption with a poisonous metal such as lead should be entirely prevented. For administrative purposes, a figure of one tenth of a grain per pound has been recommended as a maximum to be permitted. Above this proportion there would appear to be a definite danger of cases of lead poisoning arising and it seems quite unnecessary with efficient canning for the lead content to exceed such a figure. It is noteworthy that all the samples of sardines containing excessive amounts of lead were of Portuguese origin; in this connection, recent investigation has shown that the lead is derived, not from corrosion of the soldered cans, as was formerly supposed, but from the process of cooking. |
e7fe1608-b723-4980-9a03-3bc342ada458 | 103 Of the two different processes which may be adopted for cooking, the Portuguese consists of placing the salted fish on grills, made of inclined wire struts, cooking in steam and then canning in oil and processing; whilst the French process, which gives a darker product, consists of frying the fish on the grills in oil before canning. In some Portuguese factories, the grills were found on investigation to be tinned with impure tin containing lead, or with solder, with the result that some of the lead, attacked by the steam and salt, was absorbed in varying degrees by the fish. No doubt the action taken in preventing the further sale of these brands of sardines will eventually have the desired effect of avoiding the contamination at the source by the replacement of the lead-containing cooking grills. |
43b87a1f-ab44-4b50-bae6-73f5e99449af | All samples of sardines, etc., are carefully examined as to their identity so as to ensure that fish of an inferior flavour, such as sild (small herrings) and brisling (sprats) are not substituted for sardines; it is of interest to note that young Horse Mackerel or Scad, a fish not usually sold for consumption in this country on account of its coarse flavour and spiny scales, were found on sale in tins as ' sardines ' in a neighbouring Borough this year. Tinned Sild.—Five samples out of the fourteen analysed during the year were found to contain excessive amounts of tin, and were accordingly reported against, and the further sale of those particular brands suspended. Whilst the ingestion of small amounts of tin with food would not appear to be dangerous to the same degree as lead, a limit of 2 grains per pound has been officially recognised as a maximum proportion, not only avoidable and unnecessary, but also potentially deleterious to health. |
c3df0549-cd32-4e8c-ad3e-85cf125a0a43 | In common with the experience of neighbouring Boroughs, the samples contaminated with tin were found to be cheap brands, of Norwegian origin, and the presence of this impurity appeared to be due to corrosion of the can, arising from the age of the stock or from careless canning, as for example, using insufficient oil or including salt water. Five samples of tinned herrings and pilchards in tomato sauce were free from excessive amounts of tin or lead. 104 Hot Milk.—Seven samples of hot milk, as served in restaurants, cafes, etc., were submitted for analysis during the year, and of these no less than five were found to be not genuine, either by reason of the abstraction of fat or the addition of water. Four prosecutions were successfully taken against the vendors of the adulterated samples, and the attention of other vendors should be called to the fact that milk may not be skimmed or contain water when sold as hot milk, any more than when it is sold as cold milk. |
7b94ef92-ec44-46a7-b3f1-4eebf623a4f0 | It is, of course, well known that some of the fat in milk may be removed in the form of skin when the milk is heated and poured off into a glass; but the proportion that may unavoidably be removed in this way is comparatively small, and would be taken into consideration before condemning a sample of heated milk. If a method of heating is adopted whereby a large amount of fat rises and is separated as a skin, as, for example, if the milk is kept hot for some hours in an urn without mixing and then drawn off from the bottom for serving, the customer is obviously prejudiced by getting an article not of the quantity demanded, and the method of heating should be improved. Apart from the question of cream, added water was found in some of the samples of heated milk, and in this connection a point of considerable scientific interest arose. |
25a765c9-edb8-4d6f-b865-41b3a78400be | It is widely known that natural variations occur in the composition of milk and that the percentage of solids-not-fat in the milk from individual cows and sometimes even from herds of certain breeds may occasionally fall below 8.5; in such a case added water would be presumed under the Sale of Milk Regulations to be present, and a prosecution might be taken against a person who had sold poor but genuine milk. Now, it has been shown that the secretion of fluids in the body of an animal depends upon a factor known as their "osmotic pressure" and the osmotic pressure of a particular fluid secreted by a particular animal must accordingly, for physiological reasons, be a constant. |
882f71bd-764a-45ef-8970-7b222b9e979e | As the freezing and boiling points of solutions are related to their osmotic pressures, these properties are also practically constant for a particular secretion, as, for example, cows' milk; the exact determination of the freezing point of a sample of milk has in the past been an extremely difficult matter, but the introduction in the last few years of the Hortvet Cryoscope and the general adoption of a standard technique, has made the accurate determination of a freezing point possible for any qualified analyst. 105 The freezing point of genuine milk is 0.55° centigrade and, as that of pure water is 0°, a proportion of added water in a sample of ' milk ' can be estimated quite independently of the percentage of solids-not-fat. This test is, therefore, performed where possible on all samples of milk showing low figures for solidsnot-fat, and the possibility of a genuine milk being condemned as watered is thereby avoided. |
693fdf6a-4af9-4abf-a9d7-c680e2917d88 | An interesting result of the adoption of this test as a criterion has been the detection of small amounts of added water in milks which would have been passed as genuine under the standard of the Sale of Milk Regulations. The inference from the freezing point of a sample of milk therefore becomes a matter of great importance; and, as the presence of added water was indicated by this test in one of the samples of hot milk which contained only slightly less solids-not-fat than the minimum limit of 8.5 per cent., a question arose as to whether the freezing point might not have been affected by the process of heating. Series of experiments were therefore carried out in which varying quantities of milk were heated in the laboratory to various temperatures, and kept at such temperatures for varying times, in open and closed saucepans. |
4ecbbd2b-d644-4667-890a-72359f8342a6 | Furthermore, samples of milk that had been heated and kept hot for periods of up to three hours in different kinds of urns in local cafes, restaurants, buffets, snack bars, etc., were taken by the Public Analyst, with the co-operation of the respective managements, and tested. The freezing points and the compositions of the samples were determined in each case, the corresponding unheated milks being analysed for comparison side by side with the heated samples. Over 130 tests were made on the various samples, and in no case was the freezing point found to be raised as a result of the heating, although in several instances, as where the milk had been kept hot in an open pan, the freezing point was slightly lowered, owing no doubt to concentration by evaporation. It was thus established that the deduction of added water from the freezing point can be relied upon when a milk has been heated in any of the ways usual in places where hot milk is sold." 106 Adulterated Samples—Action Taken.—The following Table, No. |
f3515557-87a8-4a2f-85b5-c97989aae17b | 54, shows the number of adulterated samples and the action taken in each instance where the sample was formal:— TABLE No. 54. Sample No. Article. Formal or Informal. Result of Analysis. Result of Legal Proceedings or other Action. 424 Lime Water Formal Chlorine in excess of B.P. limit Vendor cautioned. 441 Milk Formal 16 per cent deficient in fat Fine £1. Costs £1. 446 Lime Water Informal Chlorine in excess of B.P. limit — 447 Lime Water Informal Chlorine in excess of B.P. limit — 475 Lime Water Formal Chlorine in excess of B.P. limit Vendor cautioned. 476 Lime Water Formal Chlorine in excess of B.P. limit Vendor cautioned. |
78da58d0-5c19-4249-b2c2-5f18485a616c | 486 Milk Formal 1 per cent excess of water — 487 Milk Formal 1 per cent deficient in fat — 488 Milk Formal 2 per cent excess of water — 542 Sausages Informal Contained 200 parts per million of sulphur dioxide — 568 Chicken and Ham Informal Contained 32.2 per cent boiled rice — 581 Chicken and Ham Formal Contained 30.9 per cent boiled rice Vendor cautioned. 588 Milk Formal 1 per cent of added water — 596 Saveloy Formal Contained 40 parts per million sulphur dioxide Vendor cautioned. 15 Milk Formal 6 per cent deficient in fat Fine £2. Costs 30s. 47 Asparagus, canned Informal Contained tin 2.1 grs. per lb. — 114 Milk Formal 7 per cent. deficient in fat Farm sample 147 Mercury Ointment Informal Contained mercury 33.5 per cent. instead of 30 per cent. |
99447ca7-4b6e-4ded-9a55-cc347fb9a3b4 | — 149 Minced Beef Formal Contained sulphur dioxide 12 parts per million. Vendor cautioned. 166 Sild, canned Informal Contained tin 4.9 grs. per lb. Stock withdrawn from sale. 193 Sardines, canned Informal Contained lead 21 parts per million. — 223 Sardines, canned Formal Contained lead 15 parts per million. — 225 Milk Formal Slightly deficient in fat (contained 2.98 per cent.). — 107 TABLE No. 54—continned. Sample No. Article. Formal or Informal. Result of Analysis Result of Legal Proceedings or other Action. 231 Milk Formal 12 per cent. added water and 5 per cent. deficient in fat. Fined £1 and 21/costs. 238 Milk Formal 1 per cent. added water — 251 Milk Formal 17 per cent. added water and 11 per cent. |
07881b0e-5bc9-47a8-8483-6442cd9e51c9 | deficient in fat. Fined £1 and 21/costs. 256 Milk Formal 5 per cent. added water £1 1s. costs. 257 Milk Formal 26 per cent. deficient in fat Fined £1 and 21/costs. 264 Pickles Informal Contained fragments of glass — 304 Gin Formal 3 per cent. excess water Vendor cautioned. 324 Tincture Iodine Informal 55 per cent. deficient in iodine and potassium iodide. — 326 Peroxide of Hydrogen. Informal 25 per cent. excess hydrogen peroxide. — 327 Peroxide of Hydrogen. Informal 32 per cent. excess hydrogen peroxide. — 353 Milk Formal 15 per cent. deficient in fat . . Fined £1 and 21/costs. 356 Milk Formal 4 per cent. |
6aedeedc-6eb4-4c49-9431-f1bbd30f88f6 | added water — 360 Solution Hydrogen Peroxide. Formal 15 per cent. deficient in hydrogen peroxide. Vendor cautioned 361 Solution Hydrogen Peroxide. Formal 33 per cent. excess hydrogen peroxide. Vendor cautioned. 364 Sild, canned Informal Contained tin 3.7 grs. per lb. Stock withdrawn from sale. 384 Sild, canned Informal Contained tin 3.8 grs. per lb. 385 Sild, canned Informal Contained tin 4.3 grs. per lb. 386 Sild, canned Informal Contained tin 3.15 grs. per lb. 423 Blackcurrant Jam Informal Contained only 20 per cent. fruit instead of 30 per cent. Vendor cautioned. 427 Sardines, canned Informal Contained lead 15 parts per million. Vendor cautioned. |
6d32e7b3-474e-404f-919c-bc656d4a49c0 | Food Poisoning.—The London County Council (General Powers) Act. 1932, requires every medical practitioner in London to notify to the Medical Officer of Health every person whom he suspects or finds to be suffering from food poisoning. 108 In his certificate he must state the name, age and sex of the person, the full postal address, and particulars of the food poisoning from which the person is suffering or suspected to be suffering. The total number of notifications received was 68, sixteen of which related to an outbreak in a hostel. In five other instances two persons were involved. The age and sex distribution of the cases notified is shown in the following Table, No. 55:— TABLE No. 55. Cases of Food Poisoning Notified during 1935. Age Periods. Male. Female. Total. |
095ce367-577b-4974-80f6-7c2997288347 | Under 1 — — — 1 and under 5 — 1 — 6 and under 10 3 2 5 10 and under 15 3 1 4 15 and under 20 — 15 15 20 and under 35 3 11 14 35 and under 45 4 4 8 45 and under 65 11 8 19 65 and over — 2 2 24 44 68 The medical practitioner notifying is required to state on his certificate the food he suspects. In 20 households, fish, in one or other form—fresh, fried, tinned, shell or paste—was suspected; in 16 households, meat—pork, ham, rabbit, lamb, sausage, curry or meat paste; in 6 households, fruit—fresh or tinned; and in six other instances other foods were suspect. Most of the cases were slight in character, and two only were admitted to hospital where the diagnosis was not confirmed. |
b326a517-1ad4-4e24-8114-cc872594c7b6 | Some cases were investigated bacteriologically (a) Two adults had boiled ham for supper. In eleven hours and nineteen hours, respectively, both were suffering from diarrhoea and sickness and abdominal 109 pain. A specimen of the ham was secured and examined. The bacteriologist reported as follows:— "The specimen received consisted of the bones of a fore-leg of ham to which was attached a fair amount of meat, especially at the knuckle end. No marked odour was apparently coming from the specimen, but it appeared to be what might be called ' Stale.' Portions of fat, lean and tissue near the bone were examined bacteriologically. The specimens were placed in broth and allowed to grow until turbidity was evident. Sub-cultivation was then performed using blood agar and litmus lactose agar media. Further cultures were also prepared using brilliant green as a restrainer. From the culture a copious growth of varied organisms was obtained. The organisms present definitely identified were:— 1. |
9b4cfbe7-4f82-4740-a88c-0b24fd73c11c | Bacillus coli (in very large numbers). 2. Bacillus proteus. 3. Staphylococcus Albus. 4. Streptococcus Haemolyticus. 5. Monilia (Yeast). No non-lactose fermenting organisms of the salmonella or typhoid groups were identified, but the numbers of Bacillus Coli present were so large that it is possible that an occasional bacillus of either of these groups would not be obtained in culture or alternatively that the correct portions of the meat were not selected for investigation. The ham was definitely very badly contaminated by many organisms of human or animal origin." As a result of further investigations it was subsequently shown that the ham was infected with Bacillus Gaertner and that one of the patients was infected with the same organism. (b) A man aged 51 years ate some ham and was diagnosed to be suffering from enteritis. He was not formally notified as suspect food poisoning. |
2dd9692b-f1a0-421c-bf88-f363a4a713f8 | A specimen of the ham was bacteriologically examined, and reported on as follows:— "Cultures have been made from the lean and fat of the specimen. Lean.—From the lean have been found on culture:— 1. Streptococcus Salivarius. 2. Bacillus Subtilis. These organisms are of no pathogenical importance. Fat.—From the fat have been found:— 1. Coliform bacillus. 2. Another type of coliform bacillus. 3. Bacillus proteus. 110 The first organism was found to be an aberrant form of bacillus coli, whilst the second is a delayed lactose fermenting type of coliform bacillus. Opinion.—It is possible that the presence of these aberrant strains of coliform bacilli were capable of acting as pathogenic agents." |
e8ec622b-41c3-492b-b1e5-072756423731 | (c) In a family consisting of six persons, two persons, one of whom was admitted to hospital as an emergency, became ill. In hospital a diagnosis of food poisoning was made, and later the second case was notified by the practitioner in attendance. In both instances the notification was three days after the onset. It was not possible to get an accurate history of the onset, and no food specimens were available, but stool and blood specimens were submitted for examination. Ultimately the bacteriologist reported the identification of organisms as follows:— Mother—Bacillus Gaertner "0" form. Daughter—Bacillus Aertrycke. A double infection is curious, but there is at least one similar instance on record, and in that case the double infection was proved to be due to contamination by rats or mice. (d) In March, in a hostel, sixteen cases of food poisoning were notified within two days. There were fourteen other cases not notified. |
2e0e684a-4608-454e-87d5-e83718722608 | The suspected food was lamb, but it was not possible to get any specimens for bacteriological examination. Four stool and serum specimens, however, were examined. In three patients a haemolytic coliform bacillus was found. Agglutination occurred to a slight degree. This is evidence that these organisms are of a toxic character, and that they were the causal agents of the outbreak. Chemical and Bacteriological Examination of Food.—The laboratories at which work is carried out, and the nature of the work done is reported on fully in that Section of the report which deals generally with the provision of health services in the Borough. Nutrition.—Dissemination of knowledge and instruction on matters affecting nutrition is part of the Council's general scheme of health propaganda, q.v. |
68f3510d-5e8c-4a31-a40e-756bd0e66ef2 | As part of the Council's scheme for Health Propaganda, cookery demonstration classes are held at the Tuberculosis Dispensary for the instruction of the wives and mothers of the tuberculous in the buying and cooking of simple, cheap and nutritious articles of food and the preparation of suitable dishes. These classes were well attended during 1935. The scheme is more fully reported on in the Health Propaganda Section. By-Laws.—The County Council have prepared draft by-laws in regard to food premises in accordance with their powers under Section 6 of the London County Council (General Powers) Act, 1932. These have been submitted to the Metropolitan Borough Councils for their observations, but have not yet been adopted. 111 SECTION VII. PREVALENCE AND CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE. |
4d434286-f186-4bc5-b6f7-4c70356601f7 | In addition to food poisoning, which is reported on in the preceding Section, the following diseases are notifiable in the Borough:— Anthrax Ophthalmia Neonatorum Cerebro-spinal Meningitis Pneumonia—Acute Primary Cholera Pneumonia—Acute Influenzal Continued Fever Poliomyelitis Diphtheria Polio-encephalitis Dysentery Plague Encephalitis Lethargica Puerperal Fever Erysipelas Puerperal Pyrexia Enteric (or Typhoid) Fever Relapsing Fever Glanders Scarlet Fever Hydrophobia Smallpox Malaria Tuberculosis Membraneous Croup Typhus Fever Zymotic Enteritis Although notification of an infectious disease in a house is incumbent not only upon the medical practitioner in attendance, but upon the head of the family, or the nearest relative or person in charge of the patient, in actual fact it is a rare thing for a lay notification to be received. |
14ab8982-e729-44ad-875d-6a999da06ee3 | If the patient is an inmate of a hospital in most cases the certificate is sent to the Medical Officer of Health of the district in which the normal residence of the patient is situate, but notifications of malaria, dysentery and the acute pneumonias, are always notifiable to the Medical Officer of Health of the District in which the patient is residing at the time he is notified. In London, the London County Council maintain institutions for the isolation and treatment of the sick suffering from infectious diseases. Cases from W oolwich are usually admitted to the Brook Hospital, Greenwich, or to the Park Hospital, Lewisham, but during times of pressure cases are sent to Joyce Green Hospital, Lartford, or indeed, to any other of the fever hospitals belonging to the London County Council in the County of London. |
449619ad-8422-4660-8896-81d8993452d3 | ihe less common infectious diseases are admitted to any of the London County Council's infectious disease hospitals, but it is the practice of the County Council 112 to select certain of their hospitals for the treatment of such diseases as puerperal fever, or anterior poliomyelitis, so that special facilities and experience may be available for such cases. The total number of notifications, excluding cases of tuberculosis, which are dealt with later in this Section, was 1,363, compared with 1,865 in 1934. In tabular form are shown in the next five Tables statistics relating to the incidence of infectious disease in the Borough in 1935 and previous years. TABLE No. 56. Notification of Infectious Disease (excluding Tuberculosis), 1935. Diseases. Total Cases Notified. Admissions to Hospital. Total Deaths. |
90190cb1-e2a1-4baa-a4d2-51c074376df3 | Diphtheria 313 313 13 Scarlet Fever 634 595 2 Enteric Fever (including Para-Typhoid Fever) 9 7 — Puerperal Fever 3 3 3 Puerperal Pyrexia 42 40 — Erysipelas 78 42 3 Smallpox — — — Pneumonia 255 167 84 Malaria — — — Ophthalmia Neonatorum 17 3 — Encephalitis Lethargica 1 1 1 Dysentery 1 1 — Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 3 3 1 Poliomyelitis 2 2 — Polio-encephalitis — — — Zymotic Enteritis 5 2 21 *Measles (including German Measles) 656 34 1 * Not notifiable. 2,019 1,213 129 113 TABLE No. 57. |
8d62179c-0056-421d-8d64-3087b5865c67 | Ward Incidence of Infectious Diseases (excluding Tuberculosis), 1935. Disease. Borough Dockyard. St. Mary's. River. St. George's. Burrage. Herbert. Glyndon. St. Margaret's. Central. St. Nicholas. Abbey Wood. Well Hall. Avery Hill. Sherard. Diphtheria 313 20 46 22 10 10 11 11 11 10 46 24 11 11 70 Scarlet Fever 634 18 19 50 25 14 38 23 73 30 40 35 41 55 173 Enteric Fever (including Paratyphoid Fever) 9 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — 2 2 2 1 Puerperal Fever 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — |
105015c6-62a7-49dc-ae9a-f77ee6a63553 | 1 Puerperal Pyrexia 42 2 3 3 4 2 7 2 3 4 5 — 1 1 5 Erysipelas 78 1 3 5 3 6 6 4 5 10 10 7 6 4 8 Smallpox — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Pneumonia 255 16 27 25 12 14 10 14 14 9 38 31 13 12 20 Malaria — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Ophthalmia Neonatorum 17 — 2 — — 1 — 1 2 1 — 3 — 2 5 Encephalitis Lethargica 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — Dysentery 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — |
a8dac2c5-0a0d-4fe7-804a-b59136a52e46 | Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 3 — — — — — — 1 — — — 1 — — 1 Poliomyelitis 2 — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — — Polio-encephalitis — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Zymotic Enteritis 5 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — — — — 1 1 *Measles (including German Measles) 656 11 1 3 11 8 15 11 73 14 23 6 128 21 331 * Not notifiable. 2,019 69 101 109 67 56 87 68 182 78 163 112 202 109 616 114 TABLE No. 58. Cases of Infectious Diseases Notified, 1935 (excluding Tuberculosis). Diseases. Number of Cases Notified. |
d26817d0-b981-4591-9c99-2aacdd21d29d | Age Groups. All Ages. Under 1 year. 1 and under 2 years. 2 and under 3 years. 3 and under 4 years. 4 and under 5 years. 5 and under 10 years. 10 and under 15 years. 15 and under 20 years. 20 and under 35 years. 35 and under 45 years. 45 and under 65 years. 65 and over. Diphtheria 313 5 11 11 25 34 140 38 20 20 4 5 — Scarlet Fever 634 1 13 25 44 65 279 120 27 44 7 8 1 Enteric Fever (including Paratyphoid Fever) 9 — — 1 — 1 — 1 3 2 — 1 — Puerperal Fever 3 — — — — — — — — 1 2 — — Puerperal Pyrexia |
2f785dfe-60f3-4ff1-9b70-648aef7d0481 | 42 — — — — — — — 2 36 4 — — Erysipelas 78 1 2 1 — — 4 3 1 4 9 36 17 Smallpox — — — — — — — — — — — — — Pneumonia 255 23 22 15 10 9 16 11 8 34 25 60 22 Malaria — — — — — — — — — — — — — Ophthalmia Neonatorum 17 17 — — — — — — — — — — — Encephalitis Lethargica 1 — — — — — — 1 — — — — — Dysentery 1 — — — — — — — — 1 — — — Cerebro-spinal Meningitis 3 1 — — — — 1 1 — — — — — Poliomyelitis 2 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — |
295aa0ab-b913-4a60-86f1-71255b502e88 | Polio-encephalitis — — — — — — — — — — — — — Zymotic Enteritis 5 5 — — — — — — — — — — — *Measles {including German Measles) 656 14 36 38 47 86 382 51 — 2 — — — * Not notifiable. 2,019 67 84 92 126 195 822 226 62 144 51 110 40 115 TABLE No. 59. Notification of Infectious Diseases (including Tuberculosis), 1901 to 1935. Year. Smallpox Diphtheria and Mem. Croup. Erysipelas Scarlet Fever. Enteric Fever. Continued Fever. Puerperal Fever. § Puerperal Pyrexia. Primary Pneumonia. Influenzal Pneumonia. Malaria. Dysentery. |
9f7f22bd-68ae-4a23-b55f-bc6d9abccc85 | Anthrax. Ophthalmia Neonatorum. Encephalitis Lethargica. Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. Poliomyelitis and Polio-encephalitis. ‡Zymotic Enteritis. * Pulmonary Tuberculosis. *Tuberculosis Non-pulmonary. †Measles X Chicken Pox. |
be79a725-b67c-4ec8-b319-6a4896e9bc08 | 1901 21 216 72 311 68 1 8 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 323 — 1902 228 233 98 267 50 1 11 — — — — — — — — — — — 189 — 646 301 1903 6 186 58 389 42 3 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 165 — 661 — 1904 6 163 74 472 25 1 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 186 — 1,240 — 1905 7 273 83 513 27 1 12 — — — — — — — — — — 212 145 — 465 — 1906 — 387 97 528 40 — 8 — — — — — — — — — — 366 176 — 825 — 1907 — 275 110 1, |
01d20abc-55ba-4334-a93b-cf6a3d9c063c | 023 27 — 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — 93 150 — 1,453 — 1908 — 362 90 596 19 — 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — 173 154 — 519 — 1909 — 268 113 1,027 13 — 9 — — — — — — — — — — 149 206 — 768 — 1910 1 171 89 524 10 — 7 — — — — — — — — 1 — 102 196 — 396 — 1911 — 239 82 518 16 — 16 — — — — — — 8 — 1 3 866 375 — 801 — 1912 3 429 87 474 20 — 2 — — — — — — 20 — 1 3 129 689 — 775 — 1913 — 321 70 626 14 |
a649b5e6-7deb-4315-a9d1-94bf442e9440 | — 8 — — — — — — — — — 1 338 532 143 387 — 1914 — 416 107 714 18 — 7 — — — — — — 18 — 1 — 199 400 98 967 — 1915 — 286 138 601 31 — 6 — — — — — — 19 — 50 2 173 420 69 1,179 — 1916 1 271 95 232 9 — 16 — — — — — — 33 — 17 — 80 392 77 1,590 — 1917 — 277 79 147 12 — 12 — — — — — — 41 — 22 1 101 448 95 1, |
d29513fa-fec1-4a95-8927-fd23182ddfa5 | 710 — 1918 — 240 61 222 12 — 14 — — — — — — 23 — 11 3 118 563 97 800 — 1919 4 398 63 243 26 — 7 — 123 — 61 7 1 34 3 7 1 123 394 80 1,886 — 1920 1 427 82 538 6 — 13 — 136 — 29 1 — 29 3 6 — 31 359 69 1,013 — 1921 — 592 59 1,351 11 — 14 — 187 49 10 — — 32 9 2 — 454 285 71 481 — 1922 — 437 37 511 8 1 11 — 212 133 11 — — 26 3 2 4 31 245 60 2, |
53f38993-e798-4733-9842-403966bee75c | 698 — 1923 — 152 40 334 16 — 8 — 196 46 4 1 — 18 1 5 6 49 245 66 194 — 1924 — 195 45 440 11 — 7 — 249 105 3 1 — 27 17 12 5 13 273 69 2,679 — 1925 — 299 44 364 16 — 9 — 237 40 5 1 — 31 10 5 1 13 246 54 1,916 — 1926 — 393 46 411 8 1 4 7 259 33 5 — — 18 7 9 5 23 287 52 1, |
1608b6ec-938c-43b5-b045-870b05b1eb65 | 246 — 1927 — 278 65 478 9 — 8 30 280 36 3 1 — 19 6 4 3 12 269 84 457 — 1928 3 300 89 529 17 — 20 28 216 14 12 1 — 14 8 3 3 5 263 62 2,418 — 1929 5 496 80 567 7 — 15 38 293 90 5 — 1 17 4 9 4 8 250 52 151 — 1930 10 497 77 627 8 — 5 31 262 21 2 1 — 8 — 2 2 22 244 55 2, |
6d28a7c7-2269-4cb6-a6d9-acb2972167e3 | 702 597 1931 3 281 80 387 3 — 8 41 327 44 3 — — 7 2 12 6 3 229 51 113 672 1932 7 233 44 564 3 — 5 35 199 48 2 1 — 7 2 15 6 11 235 48 3,135 — 1933 2 370 67 1,004 5 — 4 36 181 68 2 — — 9 — 9 2 5 207 45 354 — 1934 — 416 119 989 8 — 5 30 273 7 1 — — 7 — 4 3 3 219 50 2, |
b80107f9-662b-4ac8-83f3-d4785fe26bbd | 392 — 1935 — 313 78 634 9 — 3 42 230 25 — 1 — 17 1 3 2 5 209 33 656 — §Notification of Puerperal Pyrexia commenced October, 1926. † Measles notifiable from 1/1/1916 to 31/12/1919. *Voluntary notification to 1910; partial to 1912; all cases thereafter. ‡Compulsory notification of Zymotic Enteritis commenced 1913. X Chicken Pox was again made notifiable from April, 1930 to 30th September, 1931. 116 TABLE No. 60. Deaths from Infectious Diseases (excluding Tuberculosis), 1935. Diseases. Number of Deaths. All Ages. Age Groups. Under 1 1- 2- 5- 15- 25- 35- 45- |
a1923ecd-a4e6-4563-bc80-824dec33f7fe | 55- 65- 75- Diphtheria 13 — 2 3 8 — — — — — — — Scarlet Fever 2 — — 1 1 — — — — — — —— Enteric Fever (including Para-typhoid Fever) — — — — — — — — — — — — Puerperal Fever 3 — — — — — 1 2 — — — — Puerperal Pyrexia — — — — — — — — — — — — Erysipelas 3 — — — — — — — — 1 1 1 Smallpox — — — — — — — — — — — — Pneumonia 84 20 3 5 1 — 4 5 15 11 9 11 Malaria — — — — — — — — — — — — Ophthalmia Neonatorum — — — — — — — — — — — — Encephalitis Lethargica 1 — — |
f0472f79-3d9a-4818-97d1-f2391fcc09d7 | — — — — — — 1 — — Dysentery — — — — — — — — — — — — Cerebro-spinal Meningitis 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — Poliomyelitis — — — — — — — — — — — — Polio-encephalitis — — — — — — — — — — — — Zymotic Enteritis 21 14 1 — — — 2 — — — 3 1 *Measles (including German Measles) 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — — * Not notifiable. 129 34 6 10 10 1 7 7 15 13 13 13 117 Diphtheria. Notification.—During the year 313 cases were notified, compared with 416 in 1934 and 370 in 1933. There were five military cases. |
5417b60a-1807-4743-9391-c9f584642a7b | The number of notifications received each quarter was as follows:— First quarter 122 Second quarter 68 Third quarter 56 Fourth quarter 67 Multiple Cases.—The following Table, No. 61, shows the house distribution in wards. The term " house " is synonymous with the term family except in five cases where two families were involved. TABLE No. 61. Diphtheria—Multiple Cases. Dockyard. St. Mary's. River. St. George's. Burrage. Herbert. Glyndon. St. Margaret's. Central. St. Nicholas. Abbey Wood. Well Hall. Avery Hill. Sherard. Total Houses. Total Cases. |
6ba59631-6963-4d97-bdfb-00a562eea891 | Number of houses in which 1 case occurred 13 19 19 5 10 9 9 9 10 34 18 6 7 47 215 215 2 cases occurred 2 8 - - - 1 1 1 - 3 3 1 2 5 27 54 3 „ „ 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 3 9 27 4 „ „ - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 12 Total houses 16 30 20 5 10 10 10 10 10 39 21 8 9 56 254 308 Military Cases - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 313 Return Cases.—Five cases gave rise to six return cases. |
6f883309-4a00-43be-8530-72ba333b6881 | Deaths.—There were 13 deaths from Diphtheria, compared with 11 in 1934 and 15 in 1933. Five of these deaths were of children under five years of age and eight were of school children. Antitoxin.—A supply of Diphtheria Antitoxin is kept at the Town Hall, the Plumstead Library and the Eltham Library, and is available for medical 118 titioners on application, at cost price, or free where there is inability to pay. The amount supplied during the year was 110,000 units. The total cost to the Council was £7 5s. 0d., of which £5 5s. Od. was recovered. Immunisation.—In 1934, the Council, with the co-operation of the local medical profession, started a scheme for the immunisation of children against diphtheria. |
e9b53a9c-8d45-4779-aba1-f015798190c5 | The scheme is one in which the immunisation is carried out by general practitioners and it was set out in full in my Annual Report for 1934. It was necessary, however, to modify it slightly during the year as it came to notice that cases had occurred where Doctors had given one or two injections, but were unable to give the second or third as a result of the removal of the patient to some other district or for some other reason. As the scheme stood the doctor was not entitled to any payment. It seemed unfair, however, that he should be out of pocket in his efforts to co-operate with the Council in this branch of preventive medicine, and in such circumstances the Council decided to repay the cost of the diphtheria prophylactic used by him. During 1935, 1,004 children were immunised and a further 148 were found not to require immunisation. Since the scheme started in November, 1934, 1,135 children in all have been immunised. |
c1b2a5f3-d063-416a-81f5-6d4851cfe8c1 | In order to ascertain whether the child is susceptible to diphtheria or not, use is made of the Schick test. This may be done before immunisation; but it must be carried out after immunisation in order to ascertain that the desired result has been obtained. Schick testing clinics have been held periodically as often as was necessary. The figures for the year are as follows. Before the course of immunisation, 471 children were found to be Schick positive and 148 Schick negative, and after immunisation, including children immunised in 1934, 779 were found to be negative and 38 positive; 61 children failed to attend. The remaining children were waiting until the requisite period of time had passed to enable immunity to be developed. The total amount of fees paid to general practitioners for immunisation during the year was £537 10s. Od. The other costs amounted to £136 1s. 9d. Scarlet Fever. |
65bcdf41-cd93-4dea-b8a4-f6328b03539a | Notification.—During the year 634 cases were notified, compared with 989 in 1934 and 1,004 in 1933. There were 8 military cases. The number of notifications received each quarter was as follows:— First quarter 189 Second quarter 153 Third quarter 109 Fourth quarter 183 Multiple Cases.—The following Table, No. 62, shows the house distribution by wards. The term "house" is synonymous with the term "family" except in six instances, where two families were involved. 119 TABLE No. 62. Scarlet Fever—Multiple Cases. Dockyard. St. Mary's. River. St. George's. Burrage. Herbert. Glyndon. St. Margaret's. Central. St. Nicholas. Abbey Wood. Well Hall. Avery Hill. Sherard. Total Houses. Total Cases. |
5940d19a-35cf-4fc6-9f3d-5aed96802c29 | Number of houses in which 1 case occurred 10 17 41 11 10 29 23 53 24 36 33 30 55 116 488 488 2 cases occurred 4 1 3 3 2 3 - 6 3 2 1 4 - 24 56 112 3 „ „ - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 3 7 21 4 „ „ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 „ „ - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 5 Total houses 14 18 45 14 12 33 23 61 27 38 34 35 55 143 552 626 Military Cases - - - 8 - - - - - - - - - - - 8 634 Return Cases.—The following Table, No. |
bb973e6b-661c-4a40-8227-b3f54d3809c9 | 63, shows the number of return cases, the dates of admission to hospital, and the dates of discharge from hospital. It will be noted that in most of these cases the primary case was less than five weeks in hospital. The period of detention in hospital of cases of scarlet fever has diminished much in recent years, possibly because more use is now made of anti-streptococcal serum in the treatment of such cases. A still more recent practice is to add a small amount of diphtheria anti-toxin in view of the well known complication of diphtheritic discharge from the nose which used to be responsible for long periods of detention in hospital of individual cases. The number of return cases, as set out in the following table, and the number of multiple cases in households, as shewn in Table 62, are not more than the average yearly figures. |
2d94a120-3c82-4cf9-8427-78e3ca2f2d90 | Most Medical Superintendents of infectious diseases hospitals speak highly of this serum therapy and it is evident that this method of treatment has come to stay and to shorten the period of isolation in hospital of most cases of scarlet fever. 120 TABLE No. 63. Scarlet Fever—Return Cases, 1935. No in Register. Date admitted to Hospital. Date Discharged. Total Days in Hospital. Onset of Secondary Case. Remarks on Primary Case. 1935. 1935. 1935. 30 January 14th February 6th 24 February 14th Thick nasal discharge. 61 January 30th February 26th 28 March 13th — 87 February 9th March 16th 36 March 29th — 97 February 14th March 7th 21 March 27th — 134 March 4th March 28th 25 April 17 th Discharging ear. |
0a45415c-06f1-4f4b-9ba9-fd5865c93577 | April 19th 147 March 12th April 19th 38 April 30th — 204 April 5th April 20th 16 April 27 th — 214 April 12th June 10th 60 June 14th — 217 April 13th May 11th 29 May 13th Slight eye discharge. 262 May 10th June 13th 35 June 22nd — 286 May 22nd June 15th 25 June 23rd Nasal discharge. 352 July 9th August 3rd 26 August 8th Nasal discharge. |
c3ab67c4-89f0-44f3-a389-465ea2dd81a5 | August 14th 361 July 15th August 24th 40 September 14th — 372 July 26th September 8th 45 September 12th — 425 September 6th October 24th 49 October 31st — November 3rd 426 September 6th October 3rd 28 October 17th — 456 October 3rd October 23rd 21 October 28th — 458 October 3rd October 22nd 20 October 28th — 554 November 22nd December 16th 25 December 22nd — December 28th Deaths.—There were two deaths from scarlet fever during the year, compared with 3 in 1934. Home Isolation.—Thirty-nine cases, or 6.1 per cent., were isolated at home and in no instance did a return case occur. |
5f6c555e-25ed-40a9-b2fc-02b38f190a1e | Frequent visits are made by the District Sanitary Inspectors to all cases isolated at home in order to ensure that proper precautions are being taken to prevent the spread of the disease. Employees of the Royal Arsenal are not allowed to remain at work unless cases are removed to hospital, or a certificate of efficient home isolation is issued by the Medical Officer of Health. Seven certificates were issued during the year. Dick Test.—This has not been employed in the neighbourhood so far as I am aware. Smallpox. There were no cases of smallpox. Erysipelas, Malaria and Dysentery. The number of notifications of Erysipelas received was 78, compared with 119 in 1934. One case of Dysentery was notified. There were no notifications of Malaria. 121 Enteric Fever. Nine cases were notified, seven of whom were treated in hospital. There were no deaths. The following Table. No. |
f999e09e-51b1-4968-8819-53e36365ce96 | 64, gives details of each case notified. TABLE No. 64. Enteric Fever, 1935. No. Date Notified. Sex. Age. Diagnosis. Final Diagnosis. Remarks. 1 2/ 2/35 M. 4 Enteric Fever Lobar Pneumonia — 2 20/ 2/35 F. 11 Paratyphoid B. Paratyphoid B. — 3 1/ 6/35 M. 23 Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever — 4 3/ 6/35 M. 59 Typhoid Fever Typhoid Fever — 5 18/ 7/35 F. 17 Typhoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever — 6 9/ 8/35 F. 15 Paratyphoid B. Paratyphoid B. — 7 17/ 8/35 M. |
2a548944-6bda-43b6-9128-8622fbd1f858 | 19 Paratyphoid B. Paratyphoid B. — 8 13/ 9/35 F. 2 Paratyphoid B. Paratyphoid B. — 9 11/11/35 F. 32 Paratyphoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever — Anterior Poliomyelitis. Two notifications were received and both patients were admitted to hospital to the special wards reserved for such cases by the London County Council at the Western Hospital. The diagnosis of one case was confirmed, but in the other, a boy of 15, the ultimate diagnosis was Acute Myelitis. Encephalitis Lethargica. One case of this disease was notified and was removed to hospital. The diagnosis was not confirmed. One case, which was admiited to a mental hospital after an attack of Encephalitis Lethargica some years previously, died during the year. Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. |
d0087552-ba0e-4b4e-bb2f-8534cd4e9a53 | Three cases were notified, all of which were admitted to hospital. The diagnosis was confirmed in each case. One case, which was not notified, died. The following Table, No. 65, gives details of each case. 122 TABLE No. 65. Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, 1935. No. Date Notified. Sex. Age. Ultimate Diagnosis. Remarks. 1 9/1/35 M. 8 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis — 2 14/5/35 F. 12 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis (Type 1) — — — M. 20 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis Died. 3 30/12/35 F. 6/12 Cerebro-spinal Meningitis — Puerperal Fever and Puerperal Pyrexia. |
34da5ac8-57c5-4882-b9c0-ff8235264ae9 | Forty-five cases were notified compared with 35 in 1934 and 40 in 1933. In 42 instances notification was in respect of Puerperal Pyrexia, but in at least six of these the notification should have been Puerperal Fever. In one instance the disease was a sequel to abortion. All except two cases received hospital treatment. Deaths.—There was one death compared with two in 1934 and two in 1933. Zymotic Enteritis. Five cases were notified during the year, compared with three cases in 1934 and five in 1933. The number of deaths in children under 2 years of age certified to be due to diarrhoeal diseases was fifteen. Three of the notified cases died. Whooping Cough. During the year 266 cases of Whooping Cough came to the knowledge of the Department, compared with 253 in 1934 and 514 in 1933. |
01872fd9-b936-412d-8883-25d004eaa138 | As this disease is not notifiable in the Borough, knowledge is usually obtained through the School Medical Service, but exceptionally, cases are notified by medical practitioners and occasionally cases are discovered by the health visitors in their routine visits. Nursing.—Three cases were nursed under the Council's scheme, 12 visits in all being paid. The cost of this service was 12s. Deaths.—There were two deaths certified to be due to this disease, compared with 13 in 1934. 123 Ophthalmia Neonatorum. Seventeen cases were notified, three of which were admitted to hospital. Ten cases were nursed at home under the Council's scheme, 256 visits in all being paid. The cost of this service was £12 16s. Od. The following Table, No. 66, gives details of each case:— TABLE No. 66. Ophthalmia Neonatorum, 1935. Notified. Date Cases Treated. |
55f4fc59-523e-4f24-8113-85309452c328 | Vision Unimpaired. Vision Impaired. Total Blindness. Deaths. At Home. In Hospital. 1/1/35 — Yes Yes — — — 4/1/35 Yes — Yes — — — 18/2/35 Yes — Yes — — — 15/3/35 Yea — Yes — — — 19/3/35 Yes — Yes — — — 28/3/35 Yes — Yes — — — 29/4/35 Yes — Yes — — — 16/5/35 Yes — Yes — — — 27/6/35 — Yes — — — Died (Prematurity). |
e414319e-8e48-4f4d-a3c1-2b28d64d9f34 | 16/7/35 Yes — Yes — — — 20/7/35 Yes — Yes — — — 22/8/35 Yes — Yes — — — 12/9/35 Yes — Yes — — — 17/9/35 Yes — Yes — — — 17/10/35 Yes — Yes — — — 19/11/35 — Yes Yes — — — 26/11/35 Yes — Yes — — — Measles. The two main sources of our knowledge of the incidence of Measles in the Borough are the School Medical Service and the health visitors. Occasionally, however, information comes through the local nursing associations and from parents. During the year 656 cases (including 159 cases of German Measles) were discovered. In 1934 and 1933 the corresponding figures were 2,392 and 354. |
25a939c4-ca2d-4c17-8b73-4dc5ee11b0dc | 124 The incidence in each of the twelve months of the year was as follows:— January 70 February 131 March 157 April 83 May 94 June 74 July 25 August 9 September 3 October 2 November 3 December 5 Home Nursing.—In six cases nursing assistance was provided, 52 visits in all being paid. The cost to the Council was £2 12s. Od. Hospital Treatment.—The number of children admitted to fever hospitals was 34 Deaths.—There was only one death. Pneumonia. The number of cases notified was 255, compared with 280 in 1934. Of these, 25 were influenzal. The number of deaths certified to be due to lobar or broncho pneumonia was 84, and to acute influenzal pneumonia 16. The ward incidence of the Pneumonias is shown in Table No. 57. There is misunderstanding about the notification of pneumonia. |
bc7b8fdd-3858-4bf4-8ab3-cd39d62f0e9b | All primary pneumonias—lobar or broncho—have to be notified. Secondary pneumonias, with the single exception of Acute Influenzal Pneumonia, are not notifiable. The main objects underlying notification are (a) statistical evidence of the prevalence of the disease or diseases and (b) the provision of nursing assistance if required. In a recent memorandum the Ministry of Health suggest that a sanitary authority should be prepared to provide facilities for the bacteriological examination of sputum. Various strains of the pneumococcus can now be differentiated by use of typespecific antisera—a matter of importance in the use of specific serum therapy. There are four types of anti-sera:types I. and II. are seldom found in healthy individuals but are responsible for some 60 per cent. of all cases of lobar pneumonia; type III. and the hetrogeneous collection in group IV. are normally present in throats and seldom give rise to cases of pnemonia. |
8803b26c-f9b2-4c13-8217-14a35cd28624 | Felton's serum, which the Council supplies (see appropriate paragraph) is used in types I. and II. cases. The following Table, No. 67, shows the number of notifications of Pneumonia received each month, classified by sex and according to type. It also shows the number of deaths occurring from acute primary pneumonia and influenzal pneumonia. 125 TABLE No. 67. Monthly Incidence of Pneumonia. Month. Male. Female. Total. Type. No. of Deaths. Lobar. Broncho. Influenzal. Acute Primary (not specified) Acute Primary Pneumonia. Influenzal Pneumonia. January 14 15 29 6 5 2 16 12 — February 15 13 28 7 3 1 17 4 — March 28 24 52 9 3 11 29 16 5 April |
1ee62dbf-a4b9-4be9-844b-044c25440f48 | 14 18 32 6 1 7 18 10 8 May 6 10 16 3 2 1 10 4 1 June 12 5 17 — 2 1 14 • 7 — July 4 3 7 — — — 7 4 — August 2 6 8 5 — — 3 6 — September 4 3 7 1 2 — 4 5 — October 13 6 19 3 1 1 14 4 1 November 11 5 16 4 5 1 6 2 1 December 17 7 24 3 8 — 13 10 — 140 115 255 47 32 25 151 84 16 Nursing.—Nursing assistance is provided by the Council for cases of Pneumonia and during the year 23 cases were nursed, |
9ba674c5-677b-4465-965c-9d7cec0448e2 | 452 visits being paid by the nurses of the local nursing associations. The total cost to the Council was £28 5s. Od. Anti-Pneumococcal Serum.—During the year the Council provided, free of charge, anti-pneumococcal serum (Felton's) for the treatment of persons suffering from Pneumonia to those medical practitioners who considered this form of treatment suitable. The total cost to the Council was £34 2s. Od. Tuberculosis. The Council's Tuberculosis Service, which is under the general administrative control of the Medical Officer of Health, is in charge of a whole-time tuberculosis officer. He is assisted by three assistant medical officers who are whole-time officers in the service of the Council, but spend three half-days per week in tuberculosis work and eight half-days in maternity and child welfare. There are also three whole-time tuberculosis health visitors, one clerk-dispenser, who acts as secretary to the Care Committee, and one clerk. |
4a525eba-6dda-4691-bdb3-801543b1ae60 | 126 Only one change in the personnel took place during the year. Miss E. Little, who was appointed a tuberculosis health visitor in 1934 was transferred to the maternity and child welfare section to fill a vacancy. Miss E. M. Plummer was appointed a tuberculosis health visitor in July. The service embraces the following ramifications:— (a) The administration of the Tuberculosis Regulations of 1925 and 1930. (b) Bacteriological examination of sputum. (c) The provision of outdoor shelters at the homes of patients. (d) The provision of two Tuberculosis Dispensaries. (e) Home visiting of tuberculous cases. (/) Arrangements for following up cases where diagnosis is doubtful. (g) Arrangements for securing the examination and systematic supervision of home contacts. (h) Visiting and medical examination of cases for the Ministry of Pensions. (i) Provision of extra nourishment. (j) An agreement with the War Memorial Hospital for X-ray examinations in doubtful cases. |
f14c1b9d-2b2b-4bd1-aea3-16dc67f6edc7 | (k) Co-operation with the medical staff of the local London County Council General Hospital, the Tuberculosis Officer acting as consultant for tuberculous patients. (l) An agreement with the London Hospital for Finsen Light treatment of lupus. (m) Agreements with Brompton and other Hospitals for the induction of artificial pneumothorax. (n) An agreement with the School Treatment Committee for the provision of dental treatment. (o) Provision of nursing assistance in certain cases. (p) Co-operation with the School Medical Service, (q) Co-operation between the Tuberculosis Officer and the local medical practitioners. (r) A Tuberculosis Care Committee. (s) Institutional treatment through the London County Council. 127 A detailed account of the year's working is given in the following pages, but it is convenient to deal first with the mortality statistics of the year. Deaths.—The deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis during 1935 numbered 121, giving a death rate of 0.82 per 1,000 of the population. |
3184648c-0e1a-4112-a06d-f2fa95ab318f | The corresponding figures for 1934 were 120 and 0.82 respectively. Deaths from other forms of tuberculosis numbered 15, as against 26 of the preceding year, the death rate being 0.10 per 1,000 of the population. The total number of deaths from tuberculosis, i.e., pulmonary and non-pulmonary was 136, and the combined mortality rate was 0.93. During the last five years there has been a tendency for the death rate from this disease to fall, as will be noted from the following table which shews the number of deaths from tuberculosis, classified according to the type of disease, each year since 1931. TABLE No. 68. Tuberculosis—Deaths and Death-Rates. Year. Deaths. Death-rates. All Forms. Pulmonary. NonPulmonary. All Forms. Pulmonary. NonPulmonary. |
9549ff92-7476-4f9e-bceb-08ba4a429cda | 1931 168 148 20 1.14 1.00 0.14 1932 154 139 15 1.05 0.95 0.10 1933 135 116 19 0.92 0.79 0.13 1934 146 120 26 1.00 0.82 0.18 1935 136 121 15 0.93 0.82 0.10 In addition to the 136 deaths mentioned above, five persons who had been notified as suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis died during the year from other causes, and detailed information as to these is given in the following table:— TABLE No. 69. Case No. Date Notified as Tuberculosis. Cause of Death. 1 27/ 6/31 Congestion of Lungs. Myocardial Degeneration. 2 7/ 3/24 Cardiac Failure. Pulmonary Stenosis. |
b97bff5f-9548-4a4c-9809-239e4a54d813 | 3 17/ 2/28 Cardiac Failure, Broncho-pneumonia. 4 20/ 8/35 Uraemia. Chronic Nephritis. 5 21/ 6/35 Streptococcal Empyaema. 128 The period which elapsed between notification of the disease and death was investigated in the case of each death, and the results are given in Table No. 70. It will be seen there that six pulmonary cases and one non-pulmonary case were not notified. These are low figures, and the ratio of non-notified deaths to the total tuberculous deaths was as 1 is to 19. In the previous two years the corresponding ratios were as 1 is to 8 and 1 is to 6 respectively. The explanations given of these failures to notify are as follows—two died in mental hospitals, three were acute cases who died in general hospitals, and in two instances the diagnosis was only made on post-mortem examination. |
fdcd321f-478b-498a-80b4-ead098113722 | TABLE No. 70. Period between Notification and Death. Pulmonary. Percentage. Non. Pulmonary. Percentage. Not notified 6 4.96 1 6.67 0.1 month 19 15.70 5 33.33 1.3 months 12 9.92 2 13.33 3.6 months 8 6.60 — — 6.12 months 11 9.09 1 6.67 1.2 years 18 14.88 — — 2.5 years 30 24.80 3 20.00 Over 5 years 17 14.05 3 20.00 121 100.00 15 100.00 (a) Administration of the Tuberculosis Regulations.—The Regulations of 1930 provide for the notification of cases of tuberculosis, for the correct maintenance of the tuberculosis register, and for the preparation and dispatch of periodic returns. |
0b3d2792-1fb0-40dd-884c-7041ac5bdbb8 | to the County Medical Officer. (1) The following Table, No. 71, gives a summary of cases coming to the knowledge of the Department in 1935, and includes notifications received from general practitioners, cases not notified but included in death returns, and cases transferred from other areas. It does not include notifications received from Medical Superintendents of hospitals on admission and discharge of patients, nor any duplicate notifications. Deaths during the year are classified in the same table by age and sex groups. 129 TABLE No. 71. Tuberculosis—New Cases and Mortality, 1935. Age Periods. New Cases. Deaths. Pulmonary. Non-Pulmonary. Pulmonary. Non-Pulmonary. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 0-1 year — — — 1 — — — 1 1-5 years 2 1 1 3 — — — 2 5-10 years |
25fa022d-5fd1-43c2-ac23-ea8d52299cdd | — 2 2 1 — — — 1 10-15 years 3 3 2 3 1 — — 1 15-20 years 11 18 1 1 3 6 1 — 20-25 years 12 19 2 3 9 8 2 — 25-35 years 28 31 4 5 18 9 2 1 35-45 years 31 17 — 1 16 10 — 1 45-55 years 17 3 3 1 14 3 1 — 55-65 years 16 2 1 — 13 3 2 — 65 and upwards 9 — — 1 8 1 — — 129 96 16 20 81 40 8 7 Excluding duplicates, 209 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 33 cases of non-pulmonary tuberculosis were notified. |
637c1814-63c5-46a8-9a17-0a5ce988eb0f | Cases of tuberculosis are often notified more than once, and this fact accounts for 55 duplicate notifications received during the year. The following table shows the actual number of new cases notified during the year and the corresponding case rates. TABLE No. 72. Woolwich. Plumstead. Eltham. The Borough. Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Cases 46 101 62 209 Rates 1.52 1.47 1.29 1.36 Non-Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Cases 11 18 4 33 Kates 0.36 0.26 0.08 0.22 130 The following Table, No. 73, shows the site of disease in patients notifiec since 1923. TABLE No. 73. Year. Lungs. Meninges. Intestines and Peritoneum. Glands. Joints. Spine. Other Forms. All Causes. 1923 |
e4dfd0ad-d16c-4d7a-b4af-340ec1c106cb | 245 9 6 21 8 10 12 311 1924 273 8 6 16 22 6 11 342 1925 246 9 6 9 14 6 10 300 1926 287 8 6 14 11 7 16 349 1927 269 10 18 20 18 5 13 353 1928 263 10 8 17 11 5 11 325 1929 250 7 7 16 11 6 5 302 1930 244 6 5 18 15 3 8 299 1931 229 11 5 18 8 2 7 280 1932 235 6 6 11 8 5 12 283 1933 207 7 4 14 10 4 6 252 1934 219 8 6 |
dbc4babe-ffc7-4aa5-9e98-a2948bf7e919 | 12 9 2 13 269 1935 209 5 2 10 5 4 7 242 The ward incidence of notified cases of tuberculosis was as follows. In each case the first figure is the pulmonary figure and the second the non-pulmonary one:— Dockyard, 6 and 1; St. Mary's, 6 and 2; River, 19 and 4; St. George's, 15 and 4; Burrage, 12 and 0; Herbert, 8 and 2; Glyndon, 12 and 1; St. Margaret's, 16 and 3; Central, 10 and 3; St. Nicholas, 31 and 5; Abbey Wood, 12 and 4; Well Hall, 17 and 2; Avery Hill, 18 and 0; and Sherard, 27 and 2. |
f36eb44c-ba5e-4b0e-830f-52521f7001b9 | (2) In order that the register may be correctly maintained, it is necessary to delete from the register all those who have died, or have been lost sight of, or who have removed to other areas, or who are regarded as cured, or those in whom the diagnosis was not confirmed, and to add to it new cases, lost cases found again, cured cases who relapse, and transfers from other areas. The number of transfers to Woolwich was 35, and the number from Woolwich was 53. The following Table, No. 74, shows the changes which took place in the register during the year. It will be noted from this table that the total number on the register at the end of the year was 975, and of this number 90.25 per cent. were on the dispensary register. In 1934 the corresponding percentage was 91.75. 131 TABLE No. 74. Pulmonary. Non-Pulmonary. Totals. |
0cf7b35d-e854-4baa-945c-960427bd2415 | M. F. M. F. Number on Register on 1st January, 1935 477 352 109 110 1,048 Number of new Cases notified 118 88 17 15 238 Number of Cases restored 2 1 — — 3 Other additions 19 12 1 4 36 Deletions 158 113 34 45 350 Number on Register on 31st December, 1935 458 340 93 84 975 (3) Weekly and quarterly returns were furnished during the year to the County Medical Officer. |
89d07e2a-89df-42ff-a021-d7647ef8dc2f | The County of London (Tuberculosis) Regulations, 1930, enable the County Council to maintain or arrange for the maintenance, otherwise than in their homes, of children living in London in houses where, owing to overcrowding or otherwise, they are, in the opinion of the County Medical Officer, in danger of being infected with tuberculosis; or whose parent or parents are receiving institutional treatment for tuberculosis and for whose care adequate arrangements cannot otherwise be made. During the year such arrangements were made for 17 children. The Regulations of 1925 provide for the compulsory discontinuance of a person suffering from infectious respiratory tuberculosis from employment involving the handling or treatment of milk, and are enforceable by the local authority. No action was taken under them during the year. (b) Bacteriological Examination of Sputum.—During the year 555 specimens of sputum were examined at the dispensary, and of these 110 were positive and 445 negative. |
037e1fb4-26de-4174-b77a-97261b5e137e | Facilities for general practitioners are provided at the Woolwich War Memorial Hospital, and 502 specimens were examined during the year, 75 being positive and 427 negative. (c) Out-door Shelters at the Homes of Patients.—Twelve shelters are maintained by the Council for patients returning from sanatoria and who are willing to continue this form of treatment. Eight were in use during the year. No charge is now made for these shelters. (d) The Work of the Dispensaries.—The main dispensary is at Maxey Road, Humstead. It was re-constructed during the year, and is now a really up-to-date, well-lighted and ventilated building with increased accommodation for work. As will be seen from the plan on an adjoining page, it now consists of a waiting room, dressing room with cubicles, consulting rooms, laboratory, demonstration room, dispensary, general office, Care Committee office, and nurses' room. |
0b1ba3b4-78c3-4dc8-8f3b-5ac3745d990b | A feature of the scheme is the panelling of the dressing room and cubicles and one consulting 132 133 room. This was supplied by Preston Hall Industries, Ltd., and is the work of tuberculous settlers in the colony. The demonstration room is used for talks and cookery lectures. Most of the furniture and equipment required replacement, and this was done. The Eltham branch dispensary was opened in 1931, and increased use is being made of this centre. In view of the replacement of the hutments and the large increase in the Eltham population it will become necessary to provide another and more centrally placed centre for this area. One of the tuberculosis officers attends at the main dispensary every week-day, but an evening session is held, instead of an afternoon one, on Thursdays. Eight separate clinical sessions in all are held for men, for women and for children. |
fc807b54-233f-453e-9c21-d595e688d05b | The branch dispensary is open on three half-days a week—Monday afternoons for men, and Wednesday and Friday mornings for women and children. In accordance with the Minister of Health's instructions the dispensary figures are shown for the Borough as a whole and not for individual dispensaries. The total number of attendances at the dispensaries during 1935 was 5,270. In this connection it is interesting to point out that 187 of the persons notified during 1935 attended the dispensaries, which is equivalent to 77.2 per cent. The corresponding percentage in 1934 was 75.08 and in 1933 it was 68.25. A return of the work of the dispensaries is given in Table No. 75. (e) Home Visiting of Tuberculosis Cases.—On receipt of every notification the home is visited by the tuberculosis visitor who advises as to any re-arrangement of sleeping and other accommodation that is desirable and possible in the interests of the family as a whole. |
6f5b16ec-4014-4fde-8a82-b583733bcea3 | In the case of patients notified by the tuberculosis officer a visit is also made by one of the medical staff who thus gains a first hand knowledge of the home circumstances. For the purpose of visitation the Borough is divided into three areas, each tuberculosis visitor being responsible for approximately three hundred patients. These are visited as a routine measure once in three months, but in the case of patients with recent or more active disease, and where the circumstances warrant it, home visits are made more frequently. (/) Cases of Doubtful Diagnosis.—These are known as observation cases if no definite diagnosis has been arrived at during the first month. A number of these unfortunately fail to continue in attendance, but a control is kept upon these cases by a review of all the case papers at the end of each month, and the tuberculosis visitors endeavour to get the backsliders to return. 134 TABLE No. 75. Return showing the work of the dispensaries for 1935. Diagnosis. Pulmonary. Non-Pulmonary. |
c5d8c97f-67fc-4f74-9da9-88f22ee527b9 | Total. Grand Total. Adults. Children. Adults. Children. Adults. Children. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. A.—NEW CASES examined during the year (excluding contacts):— (a) Definitely tuberculous 87 73 5 4 10 8 1 3 97 81 6 7 191 (b) Diagnosis not completed — — — — — — — — — — — — — (c) Non-tuberculous — — — — — — — — 148 179 98 89 514 B. |