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part_xaa/aceuchal

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"13124794":{"pageid":13124794,"ns":0,"title":"Aceuchal","extract":"Aceuchal (Spanish pronunciation: [a\u03b8ew\u02c8t\u0283al]) is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. As of 2017 the municipality has a population of 5436 inhabitants.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Aceuchal at Wikimedia Commons"}}}}

part_xaa/abul_kusour

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abul_Kusour","to":"Abul Kusour"}],"pages":{"43369326":{"pageid":43369326,"ns":0,"title":"Abul Kusour","extract":"Abul Kusour (Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631) is a Syrian village located in Al-Saan Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abul Kusour had a population of 352 in the 2004 census.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abbasid_caliphate

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbasid_Caliphate","to":"Abbasid Caliphate"}],"pages":{"49856":{"pageid":49856,"ns":0,"title":"Abbasid Caliphate","extract":"The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0633\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629, al-Khil\u0101fah al-Abb\u0101siyyah) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from the prophet's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566\u2013653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the \"Center of Learning\".\nThe Abbasid period was marked by dependence on Persian bureaucrats (such as the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (Muslim community). Persian customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars. Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab mawali (clients) and Persian bureaucrats. They were forced to cede authority over al-Andalus (current Spain and Portugal) to the Umayyads in 756, Morocco to the Idrisids in 788, Ifriqiya and Sicily to the Aghlabids in 800, Khorasan and Transoxiana to the Samanids and Persia to the Saffarids in the 870s, and Egypt to the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate of the Fatimids in 969.\nThe political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the Caliphate, the dynasty retained control of its Mesopotamian domain during the rule of Caliph Al-Muqtafi and extended into Iran during the reign of Caliph Al-Nasir. The Abbasids age of cultural revival and fruition ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim. The Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, re-centred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. Though lacking in political power (with the brief exception of Caliph Al-Musta'in of Cairo), the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until a few years after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, with the last Abbasid caliph being Al-Mutawakkil III.\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nAbbasid Revolution (750\u2013751)\n\nThe Abbasid caliphs were Arabs descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Prophet Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Prophet Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of Banu Umayya by virtue of their closer bloodline to Prophet Muhammad.\nThe Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to Ira Lapidus, \"The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Merv with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their Mawali\". The Abbasids also appealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign in Persia for the return of power to the family of Prophet Muhammad, the Hashemites, during the reign of Umar II.\nDuring the reign of Marwan II, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim al-Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of Khorasan (Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison.\nOn 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), Abu Muslim, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv. General Qahtaba followed the fleeing governor Nasr ibn Sayyar west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nah\u0101vand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.\n\nThe quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab and was subsequently proclaimed caliph. After this loss, Marwan fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.Immediately after their victory, As-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. The noble Iranian family Barmakids, who were instrumental in building Baghdad, introduced the world's first recorded paper mill in the city, thus beginning a new era of intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions.\n\n\nPower (752\u2013775)\n\nThe first change made by the Abbasids under Al-Mansur was to move the empire's capital from Damascus to a newly founded city. Established on the Tigris River in 762, Baghdad was closer to the Persian mawali support base of the Abbasids, and this move addressed their demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. A new position, that of the wazir, was also established to delegate central authority, and even greater authority was delegated to local emirs. Al-Mansur centralised the judicial administration, and later, Harun al-Rashid established the institution of Chief Qadi to oversee it.This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the old Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. During Al-Mansur's time, control of Al-Andalus was lost, and the Shia revolted and were defeated a year later at the Battle of Bakhamra.The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor Al-Mansur welcomed non-Arab Muslims to his court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads. This fissure in support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not destroyed; the only surviving member of the Umayyad royal family ultimately made his way to Spain where he established himself as an independent Emir (Abd ar-Rahman I, 756). In 929, Abd ar-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph, establishing Al Andalus from C\u00f3rdoba as a rival to Baghdad as the legitimate capital of the Islamic Empire.\nThe Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many ethnicities.In 756, Al-Mansur sent over 4,000 Arab mercenaries to assist the Chinese Tang dynasty in the An Shi Rebellion against An Lushan. The Abbasids, or \"Black Flags\" as they were commonly called, were known in Tang dynasty chronicles as the h\u0113iy\u012b D\u00e0sh\u00ed, \"The Black-robed Tazi\" (\u9ed1\u8863\u5927\u98df) (\"Tazi\" being a borrowing from Persian T\u0101z\u012b, the word for \"Arab\"). Al-Rashid sent embassies to the Chinese Tang dynasty and established good relations with them. After the war, these embassies remained in China with Caliph Harun al-Rashid establishing an alliance with China. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the T'ang Annals, the most important of these being those of Abul Abbas al-Saffah, the first Abbasid caliph; his successor Abu Jafar; and Harun al-Rashid.\n\n\nAbbasid Golden Age (775\u2013861)\nThe Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750\u2013800) under several competent caliphs and their viziers to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and al-Ma'mun, that its reputation and power were created.Al-Mahdi restarted the fighting with the Byzantines, and his sons continued the conflict until Empress Irene pushed for peace. After several years of peace, Nikephoros I broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the Taurus Mountains, culminating with a victory at the Battle of Krasos and the massive invasion of 806, led by Rashid himself.Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking Cyprus. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khorasan and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the Byzantine Empire was fighting Abbasid rule in Syria and Anatolia, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary.At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer to home. Harun al-Rashid turned on and killed most of the Barmakids, a Persian family that had grown significantly in administrative power. During the same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a civil war between the caliph al-Amin and his brother al-Ma'mun, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a two-year siege of Baghdad and the eventual death of Al-Amin in 813. Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in Azerbaijan by the Khurramites, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays.Al-Mu'tasim gained power in 833 and his rule marked the end of the strong caliphs. He strengthened his personal army with Turkish mercenaries and promptly restarted the war with the Byzantines. Though his attempt to seize Constantinople failed when his fleet was destroyed by a storm, his military excursions were generally successful, culminating with a resounding victory in the Sack of Amorium. The Byzantines responded by sacking Damietta in Egypt, and Al-Mutawakkil responded by sending his troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were eventually annihilated in 863.\n\n\nFracture to autonomous dynasties (861\u2013945)\n\nEven by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, and the succeeding \nSaffarid dynasty of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.An exception was the 10-year period of Al-Mu'tadid's rule (r. 892\u2013902). He brought parts of Egypt, Syria, and Khorasan back into Abbasid control. Especially after the \"Anarchy at Samarra\" (861\u2013870), the Abbasid central government was weakened and centrifugal tendencies became more prominent in the Caliphate's provinces. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control of Iraq to various amirs, and the caliph al-Radi was forced to acknowledge their power by creating the position of \"Prince of Princes\" (amir al-umara).Al-Mustakfi had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the Buyids from Daylam swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of Miskawayh, they began distributing iqtas (fiefs in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the Seljuks would take over from the Persians.At the end of the eighth century, the Abbasids found they could no longer keep together a polity, which had grown larger than that of Rome, from Baghdad. In 793 the Zaydi-Shia dynasty of Idrisids set up a state from Fez in Morocco, while a family of governors under the Abbasids became increasingly independent until they founded the Aghlabid Emirate from the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim started the downward slide by utilizing non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal army. Also during this period, officers started assassinating superiors with whom they disagreed, in particular the caliphs.\n\nBy the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The Saffarids of Herat and the Samanids of Bukhara began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more Persianate culture and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hijaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push Arab Muslims farther east in Anatolia.\nBy the 920s, North Africa was lost to the Fatimid dynasty, a Shia sect tracing its roots to Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. The Fatimid dynasty took control of Idrisid and Aghlabid domains, advanced to Egypt in 969, and established their capital near Fustat in Cairo, which they built as a bastion of Shia learning and politics. By 1000 they had become the chief political and ideological challenge to Sunni Islam and the Abbasids, who by this time had fragmented into several governorships that, while recognizing caliphal authority from Baghdad, remained mostly autonomous. The Caliph himself was under 'protection' of the Buyid Emirs who possessed all of Iraq and Western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their sympathies.\n\nOutside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliph suzerainty, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury, such as the Soomro Emirs that had gained control of Sindh and ruled the entire province from their capital of Mansura. Mahmud of Ghazni took the title of sultan, as opposed to the \"amir\" that had been in more common usage, signifying the Ghaznavid Empire's independence from caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays of Sunni orthodoxy and ritual submission to the caliph. In the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs continued, as some Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday khutba, or struck it off their coinage.The Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic ummah. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as Karkh), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century.\n\n\nBuyid and Seljuq control (945\u20131118)\n\nDespite the power of the Buyid amirs, the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described by the Buyid bureaucrat Hilal al-Sabi', and they retained a certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. As Buyid power waned with the rule of Baha' al-Daula, the caliphate was able to regain some measure of strength. The caliph al-Qadir, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia with writings such as the Baghdad Manifesto. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of fitnas in the capital, often contending with the ayyarun.\nWith the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of Oghuz Turks known as the Seljuqs. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took any remaining temporal power. When the amir and former slave Basasiri took up the Shia Fatimid banner in Baghdad in 1056\u201357, the caliph al-Qa'im was unable to defeat him without outside help. Toghril Beg, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty.\nOnce again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans Alp Arslan and Malikshah, as well as their vizier Nizam al-Mulk, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again.\n\n\nRevival of military strength (1118\u20131258)\n\nWhile the Caliph al-Mustarshid was the first caliph to build an army capable of meeting a Seljuk army in battle, he was nonetheless defeated and assassinated in 1135. The Caliph al-Muqtafi was the first Abbasid Caliph to regain the full military independence of the Caliphate, with the help of his vizier Ibn Hubayra. After nearly 250 years of subjection to foreign dynasties, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the siege of Baghdad (1157), thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. The reign of al-Nasir (d. 1225) brought the caliphate back into power throughout Iraq, based in large part on the Sufi futuwwa organizations that the caliph headed. Al-Mustansir built the Mustansiriya School, in an attempt to eclipse the Seljuq-era Nizamiyya built by Nizam al Mulk.\n\n\nMongol invasion (1206\u20131258)\n\nIn 1206, Genghis Khan established a powerful dynasty among the Mongols of central Asia. During the 13th century, this Mongol Empire conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate (as well as Kievan Rus') in the west. Hulagu Khan's destruction of Baghdad in 1258 is traditionally seen as the approximate end of the Golden Age. Mongols feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, a direct descendant of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was spilled. The Shia of Persia stated that no such calamity had happened after the death of Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala; nevertheless, as a precaution and in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on 20 February 1258. The Caliph's immediate family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia, and a daughter who became a slave in the harem of Hulagu.\n\n\nAbbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261\u20131517)\n\nIn the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed of non-Arab origin people, known as Mamluks. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813\u2013833) and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim (833\u2013842), prevented the further disintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until al-Radi (934\u2013941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to Muhammad ibn Ra'iq.Similarly to how a Mamluk Army was created by the Abbasids, a Mamluk Army was created by the Egypt-based Ayyubid dynasty. These Mamluks decided to directly overthrow their masters and came to power in 1250 in what is known as the Mamluk Sultanate. In 1261, following the devastation of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt re-established the Abbasid caliphate in Cairo. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was Al-Mustansir. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters. The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of Al-Mutawakkil III, who was taken away as a prisoner by Selim I to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.\n\n\nCulture\n\n\nIslamic Golden Age\n\nThe Abbasid historical period lasting to the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. The Abbasids were influenced by the Qur'anic injunctions and hadith, such as \"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr\", stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin. During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, North African, Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek civilizations. According to Huff, \"[i]n virtually every field of endeavor\u2014in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics and so forth\u2014the Caliphate's scientists were in the forefront of scientific advance.\"\n\n\nScience\n\nThe reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786\u2013809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. It is well established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled their administration on that of the Sassanids. Harun al-Rashid's son, Al-Ma'mun (whose mother was Persian), is even quoted as saying:\n\nThe Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day. We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.\n\nA number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur.\nChristians (particularly Nestorian Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Umayyads and the Abbasids by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the Academy of Gondishapur being prominent in the late Sassanid, Umayyad and early Abbasid periods. Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian Bukhtishu family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the eighth and eleventh centuries.Algebra was significantly developed by Persian scientist Muhammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b during this time in his landmark text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, from which the term algebra is derived. He is thus considered to be the father of algebra by some, although the Greek mathematician Diophantus has also been given this title. The terms algorism and algorithm are derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals and Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system beyond the Indian subcontinent.\n\nArab scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) developed an early scientific method in his Book of Optics (1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's empirical proof of the intromission theory of light (that is, that light rays entered the eyes rather than being emitted by them) was particularly important. Alhazen was significant in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation, and has been referred to as the \"world's first true scientist\".Medicine in medieval Islam was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the 9th century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was described during this time. Famous Persian scientist Ibn Sina (known to the West as Avicenna) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the Renaissance.\nAstronomy in medieval Islam was advanced by Al-Battani, who improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe.\nMuslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to J\u0101bir ibn Hayy\u0101n (Geber).\n\n\nLiterature\n\nThe best known fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of fantastical folk tales, legends and parables compiled primarily during the Abbasid era. The collection is recorded as having originated from an Arabic translation of a Sassanian era Persian prototype, with likely origins in Indian literary traditions. Stories from Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian folklore and literature were later incorporated. The epic is believed to have taken shape in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales were often called \"Arabian Nights\" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba.\nA famous example of Islamic poetry on romance was Layla and Majnun, an originally Arabic story which was further developed by Iranian, Azerbaijani and other poets in the Persian, Azerbaijani, and Turkish languages. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet.Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like Abu Tammam and Abu Nuwas were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as al-Mutanabbi received their patronage from regional courts.\nUnder Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad was renowned for its bookstores, which proliferated after the making of paper was introduced. Chinese papermakers had been among those taken prisoner by the Arabs at the Battle of Talas in 751. As prisoners of war, they were dispatched to Samarkand, where they helped set up the first Arab paper mill. In time, paper replaced parchment as the medium for writing, and the production of books greatly increased. These events had an academic and societal impact that could be broadly compared to the introduction of the printing press in the West. Paper aided in communication and record-keeping, it also brought a new sophistication and complexity to businesses, banking, and the civil service. In 794, Jafa al-Barmak built the first paper mill in Baghdad, and from there the technology circulated. Harun required that paper be employed in government dealings, since something recorded on paper could not easily be changed or removed, and eventually, an entire street in Baghdad's business district was dedicated to selling paper and books.\n\n\nPhilosophy\n\nOne of the common definitions for \"Islamic philosophy\" is \"the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture.\" Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. Their works on Aristotle were a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into Christian philosophy during the Middle Ages, notably by Thomas Aquinas.Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, and Avicennism was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include al-Jahiz, and Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen).\n\n\nArchitecture\n\nAs power shifted from the Umayyads to the Abbasids, the architectural styles changed also, from Greco-Roman tradition (which features elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style) to Eastern tradition which retained their independent architectural traditions from Mesopotamia and Persia. The Abbasid architecture was particularly influenced by Sasanian architecture, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. The Christian styles evolved into a style based more on the Sasanian Empire, utilizing mud bricks and baked bricks with carved stucco. Another major development was the creation or vast enlargement of cities as they were turned into the capital of the empire, beginning with the creation of Baghdad in 762, which was planned as a walled city with four gates, and a mosque and palace in the center. Al-Mansur, who was responsible for the creation of Baghdad, also planned the city of Raqqa, along the Euphrates. Finally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim moved the capital to a new site that he created along the Tigris, called Samarra. This city saw 60 years of work, with race-courses and game preserves to add to the atmosphere. Due to the dry remote nature of the environment, some of the palaces built in this era were isolated havens. Al-Ukhaidir Fortress is a fine example of this type of building, which has stables, living quarters, and a mosque, all surrounding inner courtyards. Other mosques of this era, such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, while ultimately built during the Umayyad dynasty, were substantially renovated in the 9th century. These renovations, so extensive as to ostensibly be rebuilds, were in the furthest reaches of the Muslim world, in an area that the Aghlabids controlled; however, the styles utilized were mainly Abbasid. In Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun commissioned the Ibn Tulun Mosque, completed in 879, that is based on the style of Samarra and is now one of the best-preserved Abbasid-style mosques from this period. Mesopotamia only has one surviving mausoleum from this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the final resting place of al-Muntasir. Other architectural innovations and styles were few, such as the four-centered arch, and a dome erected on squinches. Unfortunately, much was lost due to the ephemeral nature of the stucco and luster tiles.\n\n\nFoundation of Baghdad\nThe Caliph al-Mansur founded the epicenter of the empire, Baghdad, in 762 CE, as a means of disassociating his dynasty from that of the preceding Umayyads (centered at Damascus) and the rebellious cities of Kufa and Basrah. Mesopotamia was an ideal locale for a capital city due to its high agricultural output, access to the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers (allowing for trade and communication across the region), central locale between the corners of the vast empire (stretching from Egypt to Afghanistan) and access to the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes, all key reasons as to why the region has hosted important capital cities such as Ur, Babylon, Nineveh and Ctesiphon and was later desired by the British Empire as an outpost by which to maintain access to India. The city was organized in a circular fashion next to the Tigris River, with massive brick walls being constructed in successive rings around the core by a workforce of 100,000 with four huge gates (named Kufa, Basrah, Khorasan and Syria). The central enclosure of the city contained Mansur's palace of 360,000 square feet (33,000 m2) in area and the great mosque of Baghdad, encompassing 90,000 square feet (8,400 m2). Travel across the Tigris and the network of waterways allowing the drainage of the Euphrates into the Tigris was facilitated by bridges and canals servicing the population.\n\n\nGlass and crystal\nThe Near East has, since Roman times, been recognized as a center of quality glassware and crystal. 9th-century finds from Samarra show styles similar to Sassanian forms. The types of objects made were bottles, flasks, vases, and cups intended for domestic use, with decorations including molded flutes, honeycomb patterns, and inscriptions. Other styles seen that may not have come from the Sassanians were stamped items. These were typically round stamps, such as medallions or disks with animals, birds, or Kufic inscriptions. Colored lead glass, typically blue or green, has been found in Nishapur, along with prismatic perfume bottles. Finally, cut glass may have been the high point of Abbasid glass-working, decorated with floral and animal designs.\n\n\nPainting\n\nEarly Abbasid painting has not survived in great quantities, and is sometimes harder to differentiate; however, Samarra provides good examples, as it was built by the Abbasids and abandoned 56 years later. The walls of the principal rooms of the palace that have been excavated show wall paintings and lively carved stucco dadoes. The style is obviously adopted with little variation from Sassanian art, bearing not only similar styles, with harems, animals, and dancing people, all enclosed in scrollwork, but the garments are also Persian. Nishapur had its own school of painting. Excavations at Nishapur show both monochromatic and polychromatic artwork from the 8th and 9th centuries. One famous piece of art consists of hunting nobles with falcons and on horseback, in full regalia; the clothing identifies them as Tahirid, which was, again, a sub-dynasty of the Abbasids. Other styles are of vegetation, and fruit in nice colors on a four-foot high dedo.\n\n\nPottery\n\nWhereas painting and architecture were not areas of strength for the Abbasid dynasty, pottery was a different story. Islamic culture as a whole, and the Abbasids in particular, were at the forefront of new ideas and techniques. Some examples of their work were pieces engraved with decorations and then colored with yellow-brown, green, and purple glazes. Designs were diverse with geometric patterns, Kufic lettering, and arabesque scrollwork, along with rosettes, animals, birds, and humans. Abbasid pottery from the 8th and 9th centuries has been found throughout the region, as far as Cairo. These were generally made with a yellow clay and fired multiple times with separate glazes to produce metallic luster in shades of gold, brown, or red. By the 9th century, the potters had mastered their techniques and their decorative designs could be divided into two styles. The Persian style would show animals, birds, and humans, along with Kufic lettering in gold. Pieces excavated from Samarra exceed in vibrancy and beauty any from later periods. These predominantly being made for the Caliphs use. Tiles were also made using this same technique to create both monochromatic and polychromatic lusterware tiles.\n\n\nTextiles\nEgypt being a center of the textile industry was part of Abbasid cultural advancement. Copts were employed in the textile industry and produced linens and silks. Tinnis was famous for its factories and had over 5,000 looms. Examples of textiles were kasab, a fine linen for turbans, and badana for upper-class garments. The kiswah for the kaaba in Mecca was made in a town named Tuna near Tinnis. Fine silk was also made in Dabik and Damietta. Of particular interest are stamped and inscribed fabrics, which used not only inks but also liquid gold. Some of the finer pieces were colored in such a manner as to require six separate stamps to achieve the proper design and color. This technology spread to Europe eventually.\n\n\nTechnology\n\nIn technology, the Abbasids adopted papermaking from China. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. It was easier to manufacture than parchment, less likely to crack than papyrus, and could absorb ink, making it ideal for making records and copies of the Qur'an. \"Islamic paper makers devised assembly-line methods of hand-copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries.\" It was from the Abbasids that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen. The knowledge of gunpowder was also transmitted from China via the caliphate, where the formulas for pure potassium nitrate and an explosive gunpowder effect were first developed.Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Apart from the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, navigable rivers were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary sextant (known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Abbasid sailors were also responsible for reintroducing large three masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The name caravel may derive from an earlier Arab ship known as the q\u0101rib. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice or Genoa. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through the Abbasid caliphate between China and Europe.\n\nEngineers in the Abbasid caliphate made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and petroleum (notably by distillation into kerosene). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. By the time of the Crusades, every province throughout the Islamic world had mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. These mills performed a variety of agricultural and industrial tasks. Abbasid engineers also developed machines (such as pumps) incorporating crankshafts, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. It has been argued that the industrial use of waterpower had spread from Islamic to Christian Spain, where fulling mills, paper mills, and forge mills were recorded for the first time in Catalonia.A number of industries were generated during the Arab Agricultural Revolution, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper. Latin translations of the 12th century passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and handicraft industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.\n\n\nStatus of women\n\nIn contrast to the earlier era, women in Abbasid society were absent from all arenas of the community's central affairs. While their Muslim forbears led men into battle, started rebellions, and played an active role in community life, as demonstrated in the Hadith literature, Abbasid women were ideally kept in seclusion. Conquests had brought enormous wealth and large numbers of slaves to the Muslim elite. The majority of the slaves were women and children, many of whom had been dependents or harem-members of the defeated Sassanian upper classes. In the wake of the conquests an elite man could potentially own a thousand slaves, and ordinary soldiers could have ten people serving them.\nEach wife in the Abbasid harem had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved personals staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a concubine gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to umm walad and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.\n\n\nTreatment of Jews and Christians\n\nThe status and treatment of Jews, Christians, and non-Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate was a complex and continually changing issue. Non-Muslims were called dhimmis. Dhimmis did not have all of the privileges that Muslims had and commonly had to pay jizya, a tax for not being a Muslim. One of the common aspects of the treatment of the dhimmis is that their treatment depended on who the Caliph was at the time. Some Abbasid rulers, like Al-Mutawakkil (822\u2013861 CE) imposed strict restrictions on what dhimmis could wear in public, often yellow garments that distinguished them from Muslims. Other restrictions al-Mutawakkil imposed included limiting the role of the dhimmis in government, seizing dhimmi housing and making it harder for dhimmis to become educated. Most other Abbasid caliphs were not as strict as al-Mutawakkil, though. During the reign of Al-Mansur (714\u2013775 CE), it was common for Jews and Christians to influence the overall culture in the Caliphate, specifically in Baghdad. Jews and Christians did this by participating in scholarly work\nIt was common that laws that were imposed against dhimmis during one caliph's rule were either discarded or not practiced during future caliphs' reigns. Al-Mansur and al-Mutawakkil both instituted laws that forbade non-Muslims from participating in public office. Al-Mansur did not follow his own law very closely, bringing dhimmis back to the Caliphate's treasury due to the needed expertise of dhimmis in the area of finance. Al-Mutawakkil followed the law banning dhimmis from public office more seriously, although, soon after his reign, many of the laws concerning dhimmis participating in government were completely unobserved or at least less strictly observed. Even Al-Muqtadir (r. 908\u2013932 CE), who held a similar stance as al-Mutawakkil on barring non-Muslims from public office, himself had multiple Christian secretaries, indicating that non-Muslims still had access to many of the most important figures within the Caliphate. Past having a casual association or just being a secretary to high-ranking Islamic officials, some of them achieved the second highest office after the caliph: the vizier.Jews and Christians may have had a lower overall status compared to Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate, but dhimmis were often allowed to hold respectable and even prestigious occupations in some cases, such as doctors and public officeholders. Jews and Christians were also allowed to be rich even if they were taxed for being a dhimmi. Dhimmis were capable of moving up and down the social ladder, though this largely depended on the particular caliph. An indication as to the social standing of Jews and Christians at the time was their ability to live next to Muslim people. While al-Mansur was ruling the Caliphate, for instance, it was not uncommon for dhimmis to live in the same neighborhoods as Muslims. One of the biggest reasons why dhimmis were allowed to hold prestigious jobs and positions in government is that they were generally important to the well-being of the state and were proficient to excellent with the work at hand. Some Muslims in the Caliphate took offense to the idea that there were dhimmis in public offices who were in a way ruling over them although it was an Islamic state, while other Muslims were at time jealous of some dhimmis for having a level of wealth or prestige greater than other Muslims, even if Muslims were still the majority of the ruling class. In general, Muslims, Jews, and Christians had close relations that could be considered positive at times, especially for Jews, in contrast to how Jews were being treated in Europe.Many of the laws and restrictions that were imposed on dhimmis often resembled other laws that previous states had used to discriminate against a minority religion, specifically Jewish people. Romans in the fourth century banned Jewish people from holding public offices, banned Roman citizens from converting to Judaism, and often demoted Jews who were serving in the Roman military. In direct contrast, there was an event in which two viziers, Ibn al-Furat and Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah, argued about Ibn al-Furat's decision to make a Christian the head of the military. A previous vizier, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Bazuri, had done so. These laws predated al-Mansur's laws against dhimmis and often had similar restrictions, although Roman emperors were often much more strict on enforcing these laws than many Abbasid caliphs.Most of Baghdad's Jews were incorporated into the Arab community and considered Arabic their native language. Some Jews studied Hebrew in their schools and Jewish religious education flourished. The united Muslim empire allowed Jews to reconstruct links between their dispersed communities throughout the Middle East. The city's Talmudic institute helped spread the rabbinical tradition to Europe, and the Jewish community in Baghdad went on to establish ten rabbinical schools and twenty-three synagogues. Baghdad not only contained the tombs of Muslim saints and martyrs, but also the tomb of the Hebrew prophet Joshua, whose corpse had been brought to Iraq during the first migration of the Jews out of the Levant.\n\n\nArabization\nWhile the Abbasids originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly Arabized, particularly in the Fertile Crescent region (namely Mesopotamia and the Levant) as had begun under Umayyad rule. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, many people from different nationalities and religions began to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe at the time.\n\n\nHolidays\nThere were large feasts on certain days, as the Muslims of the empire celebrated Christian holidays as well as their own. There were two main Islamic feasts: one marked by the end of Ramadan; the other, \"the Feast of Sacrifice\". The former was especially joyful because children would purchase decorations and sweetmeats; people prepared the best food and bought new clothes. At midmorning, the caliph, wearing Muhammad's thobe, would guide officials, accompanied by armed soldiers to the Great Mosque, where he led prayers. After the prayer, all those in attendance would exchange the best wishes and hug their kin and companions. The festivities lasted for three days. During those limited number of nights, the palaces were lit up and boats on the Tigris hung lights. It was said that Baghdad \u201cglittered \u2018like a bride.\" During \u201cthe Feast of Sacrifice.\u201d, sheep were butchered in public arenas and the caliph participated in a large-scale sacrifice in the palace courtyard. Afterward, the meat would be divided and given to the poor.In addition to these two holidays, Shias celebrated the birthdays of Fatimah and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could recite the Koran smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father, Al-Mahdi, freed 500 slaves.Of all the holidays imported from other cultures and religions, the one most celebrated in Baghdad (a city with many Persians) was Nowruz, which celebrated the arrival of spring. In a ceremonial ablution introduced by Persian troops, residents sprinkled themselves with water and ate almond cakes. The palaces of the imperial family were lit up for six days and nights. The Abbasids also celebrated the Persian holiday of Mihraj, which marked the onset of winter (signified with pounding drums), and Sadar, when homes burned incense and the masses would congregate along the Tigris to witness princes and viziers pass by.\n\n\nMilitary\nThe king of India has many troops, but they are not paid as regular soldiers; instead, he summons them to fight for king and country, and they go to war at their own expense and at no cost at all to the king. In contrast, the Chinese give their troops regular pay, as the Arabs do.\nIn Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of Iranian origin, the vast majority being from Khorasan and Transoxiana, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs.\n\nThe standing army of the Muslims in Khorosan was overwhelmingly Arab. The unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno-national affiliations but on their current places of residence. Under the Abbasids, Iranian peoples became better represented in the army and bureaucracy as compared to before. The Abbasid army was centred on the Khurasan Abna al-dawla infantry and the Khurasaniyya heavy cavalry, led by their own semi-autonomous commanders (qa'id) who recruited and deployed their own men with Abbasid resource grants. al-Mu\u2018tasim began the practice of recruiting Turkic slave soldiers from the Samanids into a private army, which allowed him to take over the reins of the Caliphate. He abolished the old jund system created by Umar and diverted the salaries of the original Arab military descendants to the Turkic slave soldiers. The Turkic soldiers transformed the style of warfare, as they were known as capable horse archers, trained from childhood to ride. This military was now drafted from the ethnic groups of the faraway borderlands, and were completely separate from the rest of society. Some could not speak Arabic properly. This led to the decline of the Caliphate starting with the Anarchy at Samarra.Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier, Baghdad, Medina, Damascus, Rayy, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest.The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so solidly that, one contemporary wrote \"you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze.\"The Abbasid army amassed an array of siege equipment, such as catapults, mangonels, battering rams, ladders, grappling irons, and hooks. All such weaponry was operated by military engineers. However, the primary siege weapon was the manjaniq, a type of siege weapon that was comparable to the trebuchet employed in Western medieval times. From the seventh century onward, it had largely replaced torsion artillery. By Harun al-Rashid's time, the Abbasid army employed fire grenades. The Abbasids also utilized field hospitals and ambulances drawn by camels.\n\n\nCivil administration\n\nAs a result of such a vast Empire, the caliphate was decentralized and divided into 24 provinces.In keeping with Persian tradition, Harun's vizier enjoyed close to unchecked powers. Under Harun, a special \"bureau of confiscation\" was created. This governmental wing made it possible for the vizier to seize the property and riches of any corrupt governor or civil servant. In addition, it allowed governors to confiscate the estates of lower-ranking officials. Finally, the caliph could impose the same penalty on a vizier who fell from grace. As one later caliph put it: \"The vizier is our representative throughout the land and amongst our subjects. Therefore, he who obeys him obeys us; and he who obeys us obeys God, and God shall cause him who obeys Him to enter paradise.\"Every regional metropolis had a post office and hundreds of roads were paved in order to link the imperial capital with other cities and towns. The empire employed a system of relays to deliver mail. The central post office in Baghdad even had a map with directions that noted the distances between each town. The roads were provided with roadside inns, hospices, and wells and could reach eastward through Persia and Central Asia, to as far as China. The post office not only enhanced civil services but also served as intelligence for the caliph. Mailmen were employed as spies who kept an eye on local affairs.Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the civil service. The family had roots in a Buddhist monastery in northern Afghanistan. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids.Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.\n\n\nTrade\nUnder Harun, maritime trade through the Persian Gulf thrived, with Arab vessels trading as far south as Madagascar and as far east as China, Korea, and Japan. The growing economy of Baghdad and other cities inevitably led to the demand for luxury items and formed a class of entrepreneurs who organized long-range caravans for the trade and then the distribution of their goods. A whole section in the East Baghdad suq was dedicated to Chinese goods. Arabs traded with the Baltic region and made it as far north as the British Isles. Tens of thousands of Arab coins have been discovered in parts of Russia and Sweden, which bear witness to the comprehensive trade networks set up by the Abbasids. King Offa of Mercia (in England) minted gold coins similar to those of the Abbasids in the eighth century.Muslim merchants employed ports in Bandar Siraf, Basra, and Aden and some Red Sea ports to travel and trade with India and South East Asia. Land routes were also utilized through Central Asia. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with Bukhara and Samarkand.Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the Sinbad tales were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.The Arabs also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and slaves. When trade with Europe ceased due to hostilities, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds.\n\n\nDecline\n\nAbbasids found themselves at odds with the Shia Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids disavowed any support for Shia beliefs in favor of Sunni Islam. Shortly thereafter, Berber Kharijites set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Within 50 years, the Idrisids in the Maghreb and Aghlabids of Ifriqiya and soon the Tulunids and Ikshidids of Misr were effectively independent in Africa. The Abbasid authority began to deteriorate during the reign of al-Radi when their Turkic Army generals, who already had de facto independence, stopped paying the caliphate. Even provinces close to Baghdad began to seek local dynastic rule. Also, the Abbasids found themselves to be often at conflict with the Umayyads in Spain. The Abbasid financial position weakened as well, with tax revenues from the Saw\u0101d decreasing in the 9th and the 10th centuries.\n\n\nSeparatist dynasties and their successors\nThe following list represents the succession of Islamic dynasties that emerged from the fractured Abbasid empire by their general geographic location. Dynasties often overlap, where a vassal emir revolted from and later conquered his lord. Gaps appear during periods of contest where the dominating power was unclear. Except for the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, recognizing a Shia succession through Ali, and the Andalusian Caliphates of the Umayyads and Almohads, every Muslim dynasty at least acknowledged the nominal suzerainty of the Abbasids as Caliph and Commander of the Faithful.\n\n(Maghrib al Aqsa or Extreme Maghreb) Morocco: Idrisids (788\u2013974) \u2192 Almoravids (1040\u20131147) \u2192 Almohads (1120\u20131269) \u2192 Marinids (1472\u20131554) \u2192 Wattasids (1472\u20131554) \u2192 Saadis (1510\u20131659) \u2192 'Alawi dynasty\nIfriqiya (modern Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya): Aghlabids (800\u2013909 CE) \u2192 Fatimids (temporaly in Kairouan) (909\u2013973 CE) \u2192 Zirids (at their collapse) (973\u20131148) \u2192 Almohads (1148\u20131229) \u2192 Hafsids (1229\u20131574) \u2192 Husainid dynasty (1705\u20131957) \u2192 Kingdom of Tunisia\nEgypt and Palestine: Tulunids (868\u2013905 CE) \u2192 Ikhshidids (935\u2013969) \u2192 Fatimid Caliphate (909\u20131171) \u2192 Ayyubid dynasty (1171\u20131250) \u2192 Mamluks (1250\u20131517)\nAl-Jazira (modern East Syria and Western Iraq): Hamdanids (890\u20131004 CE) \u2192 Marwanids (990\u20131085) and Uqaylids (990\u20131096) \u2192 Seljuks (1034\u20131194) \u2192 Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate (1231\u20131335)\nSouthwest Iran: Buyids (934\u20131055) \u2192 Seljuks (1034\u20131194) \u2192 Mongol Empire \u2192 Injuids (1335\u20131357) \u2192 Muzaffarids (1314\u20131393)\nKhorasan (modern Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan): Tahirids (821\u2013873) \u2192 Saffarids (873\u2013903) \u2192 Samanids (903\u2013995) \u2192 Ghaznavids (995\u20131038) \u2192 Seljuks (1038\u20131194) \u2192 Ghurids (1011\u20131215) \u2192 Khwarazmians (1077\u20131231) \u2192 Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate (1231\u20131335)\nTransoxiana (modern Central Asia): Samanids (819\u2013999) \u2192 Karakhanids (840\u20131212) \u2192 Khwarazmians (1077\u20131231) \u2192 Mongol Empire and the Chagatai Khanate (1225\u20131687)\n(Maghrib al Awsat or Central Maghreb) Algeria: Emirate of Tlemcen \u2192 Sulaymanids Dynasty \u2192 Rustamids \u2192 Zirid dynasty (apogee) \u2192 Ifranid dynasty \u2192 Abd al-Mu'min (Almohad founder from Nedroma) \u2192 Zayyanid dynasty and Marinid dynasty (from Zibans in Algeria) \u2192 Sultanate of Tuggurt \u2192 Kingdom of Beni Abbas \u2192 Kingdom of Kuku \u2192 Emirate of Abdelkader\nIndus Valley: Habbari dynasty (841\u20131025) and Emirate of Multan (855\u20131010) \u2192 Ghaznavid Empire (995\u20131038)\n\n\nDynasties claiming Abbasid descent\nCenturies after the Abbasids fall, several dynasties have claimed descent from them, as \"claiming kinship relation with the Prophet Muhammad, that is, claiming an affiliation to the 'People of the House' or the status of a sayyid or sharif, has arguably been the most widespread way in Muslim societies of supporting one's moral or material objectives with genealogical credentials.\" Such claims of continuity with Muhammad or his Hashemite kin such as the Abbasids foster a sense of \"political viability\" for a candidate dynasty, with the intention of \"serving an internal audience\" (or in other words, gaining legitimacy in the view of the masses). The Wadai Empire which ruled parts of modern-day Sudan also claimed Abbasid descent, alongside the Khairpur and Bahawalpur states in Pakistan and the Khanate of Bastak.A common trope among Abbasid claimant dynasties is that they are descended from Abbasid princes of Baghdad, \"dispersed\" by the Mongol invasion in 1258 CE. These surviving princes would leave Baghdad for a safe haven not controlled by the Mongols, assimilate to their new societies, and their descendants would grow to establish their own dynasties with their Abbasid 'credentials' centuries later. This is highlighted by the origin myth of the Bastak khanate which relates that in 656 AH/1258 CE, the year of the fall of Baghdad, and following the sack of the city, a few surviving members of the Abbasid dynastic family led by the eldest amongst them, Ismail II son of Hamza son of Ahmed son of Mohamed migrated to Southern Iran, in the village of Khonj and later to Bastak where their khanate was established in the 17th century CE.Meanwhile, the Wadai Empire related a similar origin story, claiming descent from a man by the name of Salih ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas, whose father Abdullah was an Abbasid prince who fled Baghdad for Hijaz upon the Mongol invasion. He had a son named Salih who would grow to become an \"able jurist\" and a \"very devout man\". The Muslim ulama on pilgrimage in Mecca met him and, impressed by his knowledge, invited him to return with him to Sennar. Seeing the population's deviation from Islam, he \"pushed further\" until he found the Abu Sinun mountain in Wadai where he converted the local people to Islam and taught them its rules, after which they made him sultan, thus laying the foundations of the Wadai Empire.With regards to the Bastak khanate, Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki was the first Abbasid ruler of Bastak to hold the title of \"Khan\" after the local people accepted him as a ruler (Persian: \u062e\u0627\u0646, Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645), meaning \"ruler\" or \"king\", a title which was reportedly bestowed upon him by Karim Khan Zand. The title then became that of all the subsequent Abbasid rulers of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh, and also collectively refers in plural form \u2013 i.e., \"Khans\" (Persian: \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646) \u2013 to the descendants of Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki. The last Abbasid ruler of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh was Mohamed A\u2019zam Khan Baniabbassian son of Mohamed Reza Khan \"Satvat al-Mamalek\" Baniabbasi. He authored the book Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak (1960), in which is recounted the history of the region and the Abbasid family that ruled it. Mohamed A\u2019zam Khan Baniabbassian died in 1967, regarded as the end of the Abbasid reign in Bastak.\n\n\nSee also\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nCitations\n\n\nSources\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\"Abbassides, The\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.\n\"Abbasid Caliphs\" (streaming RealAudio), In Our Time, UK: BBC Radio 4, 2 February 2006.\n\"Abbasid Caliphate\", Encyclopaedia Iranica (entry)."}}}}

part_xaa/academia_espanola_de_la_radio

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Academia_Espa\u00f1ola_de_la_Radio","to":"Academia Espa\u00f1ola de la Radio"}],"pages":{"33401057":{"pageid":33401057,"ns":0,"title":"Academia Espa\u00f1ola de la Radio","extract":"The Spanish Academy of Radio Arts and Sciences is an institution which aims to promote radio in Spain and represents the interests of radio professionals as well as providing training to existing and future radio professionals.\nThe radio producer and sound engineer Jorge \u00c1lvarez founded the academy in 1997.\nThe academy promoted the establishment of the World Radio Day by UNESCO. Its chairman, Jorge \u00c1lvarez, asked UNESCO, in 2008, for this international day of celebration for all broadcasters and radio listeners around the world. Finally, on November 3, 2011, the 36th Conference General of UNESCO unanimously approved the Spanish proposal and designated February 13 as World Radio Day.In 2012 this Academy founded the International Committee of Radio in union with the most important broadcasting organizations from five continents and under the auspices of UNESCO and ITU.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nUN Radio has won a well deserved \u201cInternational Academy Award 2014\"\nMessage for World Radio Day from the President of the Spanish Radio Academy\nSpanish Radio Academy -ITU\nInternational Committee of Radio\nRadio National Awards"}}}}

part_xaa/activity_recognition

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Activity_recognition","to":"Activity recognition"}],"pages":{"15795950":{"pageid":15795950,"ns":0,"title":"Activity recognition","extract":"Activity recognition aims to recognize the actions and goals of one or more agents from a series of observations on the agents' actions and the environmental conditions. Since the 1980s, this research field has captured the attention of several computer science communities due to its strength in providing personalized support for many different applications and its connection to many different fields of study such as medicine, human-computer interaction, or sociology.\nDue to its multifaceted nature, different fields may refer to activity recognition as plan recognition, goal recognition, intent recognition, behavior recognition, location estimation and location-based services.\n\n\nTypes\n\n\nSensor-based, single-user activity recognition\nSensor-based activity recognition integrates the emerging area of sensor networks with novel data mining and machine learning techniques to model a wide range of human activities. Mobile devices (e.g. smart phones) provide sufficient sensor data and calculation power to enable physical activity recognition to provide an estimation of the energy consumption during everyday life. Sensor-based activity recognition researchers believe that by empowering ubiquitous computers and sensors to monitor the behavior of agents (under consent), these computers will be better suited to act on our behalf. Visual sensors that incorporate color and depth information, such as the kinect, allow more accurate automatic action recognition and fuse many emerging applications such as interactive education and smart environments. Multiple views of visual sensor enables the development of machine learning for automatic view invariant action recognition. More advanced sensors used in 3D motion capture systems allow highly accurate automatic recognition, in the expenses of more complicated hardware system setup.\n\n\nLevels of sensor-based activity recognition\nSensor-based activity recognition is a challenging task due to the inherent noisy nature of the input. Thus, statistical modeling has been the main thrust in this direction in layers, where the recognition at several intermediate levels is conducted and connected. At the lowest level where the sensor data are collected, statistical learning concerns how to find the detailed locations of agents from the received signal data. At an intermediate level, statistical inference may be concerned about how to recognize individuals' activities from the inferred location sequences and environmental conditions at the lower levels. Furthermore, at the highest level a major concern is to find out the overall goal or subgoals of an agent from the activity sequences through a mixture of logical and statistical reasoning.\n\n\nSensor-based, multi-user activity recognition\nRecognizing activities for multiple users using on-body sensors first appeared in the work by ORL using active badge systems in the early 1990s. Other sensor technology such as acceleration sensors were used for identifying group activity patterns during office scenarios. Activities of Multiple Users in intelligent environments are addressed in Gu et al. In this work, they investigate the fundamental problem of recognizing activities for multiple users from sensor readings in a home environment, and propose a novel pattern mining approach to recognize both single-user and multi-user activities in a unified solution.\n\n\nSensor-based group activity recognition\nRecognition of group activities is fundamentally different from single, or multi-user activity recognition in that the goal is to recognize the behavior of the group as an entity, rather than the activities of the individual members within it. Group behavior is emergent in nature, meaning that the properties of the behavior of the group are fundamentally different than the properties of the behavior of the individuals within it, or any sum of that behavior. The main challenges are in modeling the behavior of the individual group members, as well as the roles of the individual within the group dynamic and their relationship to emergent behavior of the group in parallel. Challenges which must still be addressed include quantification of the behavior and roles of individuals who join the group, integration of explicit models for role description into inference algorithms, and scalability evaluations for very large groups and crowds. Group activity recognition has applications for crowd management and response in emergency situations, as well as for social networking and Quantified Self applications.\n\n\nApproaches\n\n\nActivity recognition through logic and reasoning\nLogic-based approaches keep track of all logically consistent explanations of the observed actions. Thus, all possible and consistent plans or goals must be considered. Kautz provided a formal theory of plan recognition. He described plan recognition as a logical inference process of circumscription. All actions and plans are uniformly referred to as goals, and a recognizer's knowledge is represented by a set of first-order statements, called event hierarchy. Event hierarchy is encoded in first-order logic, which defines abstraction, decomposition and functional relationships between types of events.Kautz's general framework for plan recognition has an exponential time complexity in worst case, measured in the size of input hierarchy. Lesh and Etzioni went one step further and presented methods in scaling up goal recognition to scale up his work computationally. In contrast to Kautz's approach where the plan library is explicitly represented, Lesh and Etzioni's approach enables automatic plan-library construction from domain primitives. Furthermore, they introduced compact representations and efficient algorithms for goal recognition on large plan libraries.Inconsistent plans and goals are repeatedly pruned when new actions arrive. Besides, they also presented methods for adapting a goal recognizer to handle individual idiosyncratic behavior given a sample of an individual's recent behavior. Pollack et al. described a direct argumentation model that can know about the relative strength of several kinds of arguments for belief and intention description.\nA serious problem of logic-based approaches is their inability or inherent infeasibility to represent uncertainty. They offer no mechanism for preferring one consistent approach to another and incapable of deciding whether one particular plan is more likely than another, as long as both of them can be consistent enough to explain the actions observed. There is also a lack of learning ability associated with logic based methods.\nAnother approach to logic-based activity recognition is to use stream reasoning based on answer set programming, and has been applied to recognising activities for health-related applications, which uses weak constraints to model a degree of ambiguity/uncertainty.\n\n\nActivity recognition through probabilistic reasoning\nProbability theory and statistical learning models are more recently applied in activity recognition to reason about actions, plans and goals under uncertainty. In the literature, there have been several approaches which explicitly represent uncertainty in reasoning about an agent's plans and goals.\nUsing sensor data as input, Hodges and Pollack designed machine learning-based systems for identifying individuals as they perform routine daily activities such as making coffee. Intel Research (Seattle) Lab and University of Washington at Seattle have done some important works on using sensors to detect human plans. Some of these works infer user transportation modes from readings of radio-frequency identifiers (RFID) and global positioning systems (GPS).\nThe use of temporal probabilistic models has been shown to perform well in activity recognition and generally outperform non-temporal models. Generative models such as the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the more generally formulated Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) are popular choices in modelling activities from sensor data.\nDiscriminative models such as Conditional Random Fields (CRF) are also commonly applied and also give good performance in activity recognition.Generative and discriminative models both have their pros and cons and the ideal choice depends on their area of application. A dataset together with implementations of a number of popular models (HMM, CRF) for activity recognition can be found here.\nConventional temporal probabilistic models such as the hidden Markov model (HMM) and conditional random fields (CRF) model directly model the correlations between the activities and the observed sensor data. In recent years, increasing evidence has supported the use of hierarchical models which take into account the rich hierarchical structure that exists in human behavioral data. The core idea here is that the model does not directly correlate the activities with the sensor data, but instead breaks the activity into sub-activities (sometimes referred to as actions) and models the underlying correlations accordingly. An example could be the activity of preparing a stir fry, which can be broken down into the subactivities or actions of cutting vegetables, frying the vegetables in a pan and serving it on a plate. Examples of such a hierarchical model are Layered Hidden Markov Models (LHMMs) and the hierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM), which have been shown to significantly outperform its non-hierarchical counterpart in activity recognition.\n\n\nData mining based approach to activity recognition\nDifferent from traditional machine learning approaches, an approach based on data mining has been recently proposed. In the work of Gu et al., the problem of activity recognition is formulated as a pattern-based classification problem. They proposed a data mining approach based on discriminative patterns which describe significant changes between any two activity classes of data to recognize sequential, interleaved and concurrent activities in a unified solution. Gilbert et al. use 2D corners in both space and time. These are grouped spatially and temporally using a hierarchical process, with an increasing search area. At each stage of the hierarchy, the most distinctive and descriptive features are learned efficiently through data mining (Apriori rule).\n\n\nGPS-based activity recognition\nLocation-based activity recognition can also rely on GPS data to recognize activities.\n\n\nSensor usage\n\n\nVision-based activity recognition\nIt is a very important and challenging problem to track and understand the behavior of agents through videos taken by various cameras. The primary technique employed is Computer Vision. Vision-based activity recognition has found many applications such as human-computer interaction, user interface design, robot learning, and surveillance, among others.\nScientific conferences where vision based activity recognition work often appears are ICCV and CVPR.\nIn vision-based activity recognition, a great deal of work has been done. Researchers have attempted a number of methods such as optical flow, Kalman filtering, Hidden Markov models, etc., under different modalities such as single camera, stereo, and infrared. In addition, researchers have considered multiple aspects on this topic, including single pedestrian tracking, group tracking, and detecting dropped objects.\nRecently some researchers have used RGBD cameras like Microsoft Kinect to detect human activities. Depth cameras add extra dimension i.e. depth which normal 2d camera fails to provide. Sensory information from these depth cameras have been used to generate real-time skeleton model of humans with different body positions. This skeleton information provides meaningful information that researchers have used to model human activities which are trained and later used to recognize unknown activities.With the recent emergency of deep learning, RGB video based activity recognition has seen rapid development. It uses videos captured by RGB cameras as input and perform several tasks, including: video classification, detection of activity start and end in videos, and spatial-temporal localization of activity and the people performing the activity.\nDespite remarkable progress of vision-based activity recognition, its usage for most actual visual surveillance applications remains a distant aspiration. Conversely, the human brain seems to have perfected the ability to recognize human actions. This capability relies not only on acquired knowledge, but also on the aptitude of extracting information relevant to a given context and logical reasoning. Based on this observation, it has been proposed to enhance vision-based activity recognition systems by integrating commonsense reasoning and, contextual and commonsense knowledge.\n\n\nLevels of vision-based activity recognition\nIn vision-based activity recognition, the computational process is often divided into four steps, namely human detection, human tracking, human activity recognition and then a high-level activity evaluation.\n\n\nFine-grained action localization\n\nIn computer vision-based activity recognition, fine-grained action localization typically provides per-image segmentation masks delineating the human object and its action category (e.g., Segment-Tube). Techniques such as dynamic Markov Networks, CNN and LSTM are often employed to exploit the semantic correlations between consecutive video frames.\n\n\nAutomatic gait recognition\n\nOne way to identify specific people is by how they walk. Gait-recognition software can be used to record a person's gait or gait feature profile in a database for the purpose of recognizing that person later, even if they are wearing a disguise.\n\n\nWi-Fi-based activity recognition\nWhen activity recognition is performed indoors and in cities using the widely available Wi-Fi signals and 802.11 access points, there is much noise and uncertainty. These uncertainties can be modeled using a dynamic Bayesian network model. In a multiple goal model that can reason about user's interleaving goals, a deterministic state transition model is applied. Another possible method models the concurrent and interleaving activities in a probabilistic approach. A user action discovery model could segment Wi-Fi signals to produce possible actions.\n\n\nBasic models of Wi-Fi recognition\nOne of the primary thought of Wi-Fi activity recognition is that when the signal goes through the human body during transmission; which causes reflection, diffraction, and scattering. Researchers can get information from these signals to analyze the activity of the human body.\n\n\nStatic transmission model\nAs shown in, when wireless signals are transmitted indoors, obstacles such as walls, the ground, and the human body cause various effects such as reflection, scattering, diffraction, and diffraction. Therefore, receiving end receives multiple signals from different paths at the same time, because surfaces reflect the signal during the transmission, which is known as multipath effect.\nThe static model is based on these two kinds of signals: the direct signal and the reflected signal. Because there is no obstacle in the direct path, direct signal transmission can be modeled by Friis transmission equation:\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n r\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n r\n \n \n \n \u03bb\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n 4\n \u03c0\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{r}={\\frac {P_{t}G_{t}G_{r}\\lambda ^{2}}{(4\\pi )^{2}d^{2}}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{t}}\n is the power fed into the transmitting antenna input terminals;\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{r}}\n is the power available at receiving antenna output terminals;\n\n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n is the distance between antennas;\n\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{t}}\n is transmitting antenna gain;\n\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{r}}\n is receiving antenna gain;\n\n \n \n \n \u03bb\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n is the wavelength of the radio frequencyIf we consider the reflected signal, the new equation is:\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n r\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n r\n \n \n \n \u03bb\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n 4\n \u03c0\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n d\n +\n 4\n h\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{r}={\\frac {P_{t}G_{t}G_{r}\\lambda ^{2}}{(4\\pi )^{2}(d+4h)^{2}}}}\n \n\n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n is the distance between reflection points and direct path.When human shows up, we have a new transmission path. Therefore, the final equation is:\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n r\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n t\n \n \n \n G\n \n r\n \n \n \n \u03bb\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n 4\n \u03c0\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n d\n +\n 4\n h\n +\n \u0394\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{r}={\\frac {P_{t}G_{t}G_{r}\\lambda ^{2}}{(4\\pi )^{2}(d+4h+\\Delta )^{2}}}}\n \n \n \n \n \u0394\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta }\n is the approximate difference of the path caused by human body.\n\n\nDynamic transmission model\nIn this model, we consider the human motion, which causes the signal transmission path to change continuously. We can use Doppler Shift to describe this effect, which is related to the motion speed.\n\n \n \n \n \u0394\n f\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n v\n cos\n \u2061\n \u03b8\n \n c\n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta f={\\frac {2v\\cos \\theta }{c}}f}\n By calculating the Doppler Shift of the receiving signal, we can figure out the pattern of the movement, thereby further identifying human activity. For example, in, the Doppler shift is used as a fingerprint to achieve high-precision identification for nine different movement patterns.\n\n\nFresnel zone\nThe Fresnel zone was initially used to study the interference and\ndiffraction of the light, which is later used to construct the wireless signal transmission model. Fresnel zone is a series of elliptical intervals whose foci are the positions of the sender and receiver.\nWhen a person is moving across different Fresnel zones, the signal path formed by the reflection of the human body changes, and if people move vertically through Fresnel zones, the change of signal will be periodical. In the paper, and, they have applied the Fresnel model to the activity recognition task and got a more accurate result.\n\n\nModeling of the human body\nIn some tasks, we should consider modeling the human body accurately to achieve better results. For example, described the human body as concentric cylinders for breath detection. The outside of the cylinder denotes the rib cage when people inhale, and the inside denotes that when people exhale. So the difference between the radius of that two cylinders represents the moving distance during breathing. \nThe change of the signal phases can be expressed in the following equation:\n\n \n \n \n \u03b8\n =\n 2\n \u03c0\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \u0394\n d\n \n \u03bb\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta =2\\pi {\\frac {2\\,\\Delta d}{\\lambda }}}\n \n\n \n \n \n \u03b8\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n is the change of the signal phases;\n\n \n \n \n \u03bb\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n is the wavelength of the radio frequency;\n\n \n \n \n \u0394\n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta d}\n is moving distance of rib cage;\n\n\nDatasets\nThere are some popular datasets that are used for benchmarking activity recognition or action recognition algorithms.\n\nUCF-101: It consists of 101 human action classes, over 13k clips and 27 hours of video data. Action classes include applying makeup, playing dhol, cricket shot, shaving beard, etc.\nHMDB51: This is a collection of realistic videos from various sources, including movies and web videos. The dataset is composed of 6,849 video clips from 51 action categories (such as \u201cjump\u201d, \u201ckiss\u201d and \u201claugh\u201d), with each category containing at least 101 clips.\nKinetics: This is a significantly larger dataset than the previous ones. It contains 400 human action classes, with at least 400 video clips for each action. Each clip lasts around 10s and is taken from a different YouTube video. This dataset was created by DeepMind.\n\n\nApplications\nBy automatically monitoring human activities, home-based rehabilitation can be provided for people suffering from traumatic brain injuries. One can find applications ranging from security-related applications and logistics support to location-based services. Activity recognition systems have been developed for wildlife observation and energy conservation in buildings.\n\n\nSee also\nAI effect\nApplications of artificial intelligence\nConditional random field\nGesture recognition\nHidden Markov model\nMotion analysis\nNaive Bayes classifier\nSupport vector machines\nObject co-segmentation\nOutline of artificial intelligence\nVideo content analysis\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aberdare_urban_district_council

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aberdare_Urban_District_Council","to":"Aberdare Urban District Council"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Aberdare Urban District Council","to":"Aberdare Urban District"}],"pages":{"40829224":{"pageid":40829224,"ns":0,"title":"Aberdare Urban District","extract":"Aberdare Urban District Council was a local authority in Aberdare, Wales.\n\n\nHistory\nIt was created in 1894 as a result of the 1894 Local Government of England and Wales Act and the 1894 Aberdare Urban District Council election saw the election of the first members of the authority. The Council existed until 1973 and replaced the Aberdare Local Board of Health which had functioned since the 1840s. Its boundaries were identical to those of the original parish of Aberdare. Initially, the Council had fifteen members but this was increased to twenty in 1906, as a result of the increase in population. There were five wards, namely Aberaman (also known as No. 5 Ward), Blaengwawr (also known as No. 4 Ward), Gadlys (also known as No. 2 Ward), Llwydcoed (also known as No. 1 Ward), and the Town Ward (also known as No. 3 Ward).\nThe first councillors were elected at the 1894 elections.\n\nMost of the first members of the authority had served on the Local Board, including the first chairman, Rees Hopkin Rhys who had chaired the Local Board since the 1860s. Other inaugural members included Rees Llewellyn, owner of the Bwllfa Colliery and Edmund Mills Hann who later became a director of Powell Duffryn Collieries. All three of these men were leading figures in the industrial life of the valley and beyond. From the outset there was a strong representation on the Council of middle-class nonconformist liberals, who were typical of the new elite who rose to prominence in Wales in the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods. Chief among these were Benjamin Evans, minister of Gadlys Chapel, Thomas Humphreys, minister of Seion, Cwmaman, and Griffith George, a prominent businessman in the town. All three were leading Baptists.\nFollowing the inaugural elections there were comparatively few contests during the next few years. The elections of 1896 and 1897 were low key and several seats were uncontested.\nIn the years leading up to the First World War, representatives of the Labour Party began to gain ground. At the initial election, miners' agent David Morgan had been heavily defeated and the workers' candidates made little headway until the turn of the century, and the Town and Gadlys wards remained barren territory for Labour candidates for many years. By 1914, however, they held several seats, and dominated the Aberaman and Blaengwawr wards. The elected representatives included Charles Butt Stanton.\nIn 1974 the authority was abolished, and together with the former urban district of Mountain Ash and some outlying areas, formed the Cynon Valley Borough Council which, in turn, was subsumed into the unitary authority of Rhondda Cynon Taf in 1996.\n\n\nNotable members of the Council\nRev Benjamin Evans, Baptist minister\nEdmund Mills Hann, industrialist\nRees Llewellyn, coalowner\nRees Hopkin Rhys, industrialist\nCharles Stanton, miners' agent\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nBibliography\nParry, Jon (1989). \"Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888-1902: The Example of Aberdare\". Welsh History Review. 14 (3): 399\u2013416. Retrieved 24 October 2013.\n\n\nSee also\n1894 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1896 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1899 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1900 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1901 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1902 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1903 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1904 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1905 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1906 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1907 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1908 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1909 Aberdare Urban District Council election\n1910 Aberdare Urban District Council election"}}}}

part_xaa/aban_ibn_al-walid_ibn_uqba

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aban_ibn_al-Walid_ibn_Uqba","to":"Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba"}],"pages":{"51368062":{"pageid":51368062,"ns":0,"title":"Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba","extract":"Ab\u0101n ibn al-Wal\u012bd ibn \u02bfUqba ibn Ab\u012b Mu\u02bfay\u1e6d (Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0637) was a member of the Umayyad family who served as governor of Hims, Qinnasrin (with the Jazira) and Armenia for the caliphs Marwan I (r. 684\u2013685) and Abd al-Malik (r. 685\u2013705). His brother Uthman may have been his deputy in Armenia, or a governor in his own right, while another deputy of his was Dinar ibn Dinar, who defeated the Byzantines in 694/5.In circa 688/89, Abd al-Malik tasked Aban with suppressing the rebellion of the Qaysi chieftain Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who, from his fortified, strategic outpost of al-Qarqisiya on the Euphrates, posed a nagging obstacle to the caliph's planned conquest of Iraq. That province was controlled by Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr on behalf of his Mecca-based brother, Abd Allah, a rival caliph to Abd al-Malik. Zufar recognized the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr and had previously staved off the Umayyad commander, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, in 685/86. Aban defeated Zufar in battle, during which one of the latter's sons was slain, but was unable to dislodge him from al-Qarqisiya.\n\n\nSee also\nUqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt, his grandfather\nAl-Walid ibn Uqba, his father\nAl-Walid ibn Hisham al-Mu'ayti, his nephew\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSources\nCrone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52940-9.\nDixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971). The Umayyad Caliphate, 65\u201386/684\u2013705: (A Political Study). London: Luzac. ISBN 978-0718901493."}}}}

part_xaa/aberystwyth_university

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aberystwyth_University","to":"Aberystwyth University"}],"pages":{"317897":{"pageid":317897,"ns":0,"title":"Aberystwyth University","extract":"Aberystwyth University (Welsh: Prifysgol Aberystwyth) is a public research university in Aberystwyth, Wales. Aberystwyth was a founding member institution of the former federal University of Wales. The university has over 8,000 students studying across three academic faculties and 17 departments.\nFounded in 1872 as University College Wales, Aberystwyth, it became a founder member of the University of Wales in 1894, and changed its name to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. In the mid-1990s, the university again changed its name to become the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. On 1 September 2007, the University of Wales ceased to be a federal university and Aberystwyth University became independent again.In 2019, it became the first university to be named \"University of the year for teaching quality\" by The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide for two consecutive years. It is the first university in the world to be awarded Plastic Free University status (for single-use plastic items).\n\n\nHistory\n\nIn the middle of the 19th century, eminent Welsh people were advocating the establishment of a university in the principality. One of these, Thomas Nicholas, whose book, Middle and High Class Schools, and University Education for Wales (1863), is said to have \"exerted great influence on educated Welshmen\".Funded through public and private subscriptions, and with five regional committees (London, Manchester, Liverpool, North and South Wales) guaranteeing funds for the first three years' running costs, the university opened in October 1872 with 26 students. Thomas Charles Edwards was the principal. In October 1875, chapels in Wales raised the next tranche of funds from over 70,000 contributors. Until 1893, when the college joined the University of Wales as a founder member, students applying to Aberystwyth sat the University of London's entrance exams. Women were admitted in 1884.\nIn 1885, a fire damaged what is now known as the Old College, Aberystwyth, and in 1897 the first 14 acres of what became the main Penglais campus were purchased. Incorporated by Royal Charter in 1893, the university installed the Prince of Wales as chancellor in 1896, the same year it awarded an honorary degree to the British prime minister, William Gladstone.\nThe university's coat of arms dates from the 1880s. The shield features two red dragons to symbolise Wales, and an open book to symbolise learning. The crest, an eagle or phoenix above a flaming tower, may signify the college's rebirth after the 1885 fire. The motto is Nid Byd, Byd Heb Wybodaeth (a world without knowledge is no world at all).\nIn the early 1900s, the university added courses that included law, applied mathematics, pure mathematics and botany. The Department for International Politics, which Aberystwyth says is the oldest such department in the world, was founded in 1919. By 1977, the university's staff included eight Fellows of the Royal Society, such as Gwendolen Rees, the first Welsh woman to be elected an FRS.\nThe Department of Sports and Exercise Science was established in 2000. Joint honours psychology degrees were introduced in September 2007, and single honours psychology in 2009.\nThe chancellor of the university is The Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd, who took up the position in January 2018. The visitor of the university is an appointment made by the Privy Council, under the Royal Charter of the university. Since July 2014, the holder of this office is Mr Justice Sir Roderick Evans KC.\nIn 2011, the university appointed a new vice chancellor under whom the academic departments were restructured as larger subject-themed institutes.\nIn 2022, the university celebrated its 150th anniversar,y being established in 1872 (known at the time as The University College of Wales).\n\n\nOrganisation and administration\n\n\nDepartments and Faculties\nThe university's academic departments, as well as the Arts Centre, International English Centre and Music Centre are organised in three faculties:\n\n\nInstitute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences\nThe Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS) is a research and teaching centre which brings together staff from the Institutes of Rural Sciences and Biological Sciences and the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER). Around 360 research, teaching and support staff conduct basic, strategic and applied research in biology.The institute is located in two areas; one at the main teaching Penglais campus and another rural research hub at the Gogerddan campus.\n\n\nAberystwyth Business School\nIn 1998, the Department of Economics (founded in 1912), the Department of Accounting and Finance (founded in 1979) and the Centre for Business Studies merged to create the School of Management and Business. In 2013, the School joined the Department of Information Studies and the Department of Law and Criminology at a new campus at Llanbadarn Fawr. The school was shortlisted for \"Business School of the Year\" in the Times Higher Education Awards (2014). In 2016, the institute, minus the Department of Information Studies, was renamed the Institute of Business and Law, the remaining departments being renamed Aberystwyth Business School and Aberystwyth Law School.\n\n\nDepartment of Computer Science\n\nThe Department of Computer Science (founded in 1970), conducts research in automated reasoning, computational biology, vision graphics and visualisation and intelligent robotics.\nAberMUD, the first popular internet-based MUD, was written in the department by then-student Alan Cox. Jan Pinkava, another graduate, won an Oscar for his short animated film Geri's Game. Students in the department were also involved in the creation of the award-winning service robot librarian named Hugh and Kar-go, the autonomous delivery vehicle.\n\n\nDepartment of Geography and Earth Sciences\nThe Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (IGES) was formed, in 1989, from the former Departments of Geography (established in 1918) and Geology. It houses the E. G. Bowen map library, containing 80,000 maps and 500 atlases.\n\n\nDepartment of Information Studies\n\nThe College of Librarianship Wales (CLW) was established at Llanbadarn Fawr in 1964, in response to a recommendation for the training of bilingual librarians that was made in the Bourdillon Report on Standards of public library service in England (HMSO, 1962). The college grew rapidly, developing close links to the Welsh speaking and professional communities, acquiring an international reputation and pioneering flexible and distance learning courses. It claimed to be Europe's largest institution for training librarians. The independent college merged with the university in August 1989 and the department moved to the Penglais campus a quarter of a century later. Following the merger, the new department took over responsibility for existing offerings in archives administration and modern records management.\n\n\nDepartment of International Politics\n\nThe Department of International Politics is the oldest of its kind in the world. It was founded, shortly after the First World War in 1919, with the stated purpose of furthering political understanding of the world in the hope of avoiding such conflicts in the future. This goal led to the creation of the Woodrow Wilson Chair of International Politics, with Wilson having played a significant role in its creation. The department has over 700 students from 40 countries studying at undergraduate, masters and PhD levels. It achieved a 95% score for student satisfaction in the 2016 National Student Survey, placing it as the highest-ranking politics department in Wales and within the UK's top ten.The department has hosted notable academic staff in the field including E. H. Carr, Leopold Kohr, Andrew Linklater, Ken Booth, Steve Smith, Michael Cox, Michael MccGwire, Jenny Edkins and Colin J. McInnes.\n\n\nDepartment of Law and Criminology\nThe Department of Law and Criminology (founded in 1901) is housed in the Hugh Owen Building on the Penglais campus, and includes the Centre for Welsh Legal Affairs, a specialist research centre. All academic staff are engaged in research, and the International Journal of Biosciences and the Law and the Cambrian Law Review are edited in the department. In 2013, the department joined the Department of Information Studies and the School of Management and Business at a new campus at Llanbadarn Fawr, as part of a newly created Institute of Management, Law and Information Studies. In September 2018, the department moved back to the Hugh Owen Building, based in the Penglais campus, and its name changed from Aberystwyth Law School to the Department of Law and Criminology.The Guardian University Guide 2018 ranked the Law Department at 69th in the UK, and \"The Times\" Higher Education Guide ranks it as 300th globally.\n\n\nDepartment of Modern Languages\nAberystwyth has taught modern languages since 1874. French, German, Italian and Spanish courses are taught at both beginners' and advanced levels, in a research-active academic environment. One of its research projects is the Anglo-Norman Dictionary, based in Aberystwyth since 2001 and available online since 2005.\n\n\nDepartment of Physics\nPhysics was first taught at Aberystwyth as part of Natural Philosophy, Astronomy and Mathematics under N. R. Grimley, soon after the foundation of the University College. It became a department in 1877, under the leadership of F. W. Rudler. The department was located in the south wing of what is now the Old College, but later moved to the Physics Building on the Penglais Campus. The first chair in Physics was offered to D. E. Jones in 1885. Before the First World War, much of the early research in the department was undertaken in Germany. Early research in the 1900s was concerned with electrical conductivity and quantum theory, later moving into thermal conductivity and acoustics. In 1931, the department hosted the Faraday Centenary Exhibition. E. J. Williams was appointed to the Chair of Physics in 1938 where he continued his research into sub-atomic particles using a cloud chamber. Following the Second World War, research was concerned with mechanical and nuclear physics, later moving into the fields of air density, experimental rocket launching equipment and radar.\n\n\nDepartment of Psychology\nIn 2007, Aberystwyth established psychology as a \"Centre for Applied Psychology\" within the Department of International Politics. By 2011, psychology had moved into its current premises in Penbryn 5 on the Penglais Campus. The department has over 300 undergraduate students, with degrees accredited by the British Psychological Society.\n\n\nCampuses\n\n\nPenglais\nThe main campus of the university is situated on Penglais Hill, overlooking the town of Aberystwyth and Cardigan Bay, and comprises most of the university buildings, Arts Centre, Students' Union, and many of the student residences. Just below Penglais Campus is the National Library of Wales, one of Britain's five legal deposit libraries. The landscaping of the Penglais Campus is historically significant and is listed. The CADW listing states, \"The landscaping of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth campuses, particularly the earlier Penglais campus, is of exceptional historic interest as one of the most important modern landscaping schemes in Wales...One section of the Penglais campus was designed by the well known landscape architect Brenda Colvin and is one of the very few of her schemes to have survived. A number of women have played a key role in the development and planting of the whole site.\"\n\n\nLlanbadarn\nThe Llanbadarn Centre is located approximately one mile to the east of the Penglais Campus, near Llanbadarn Fawr, overlooking the town and Cardigan Bay to the west, with the backdrop of the Cambrian Mountains to the east. Llanbadarn Centre hosted Aberystwyth Law School and Aberystwyth Business School, which together formed the Institute of Business and Law. The Department of Information Studies is also based there. Additionally, the Llanbadarn Campus is the site of the Aberystwyth branch of Coleg Ceredigion (a further education college, and not part of the university).\n\n\nGoggerddan\nAt Gogerddan, on the outskirts of town is located the university's major centre for research in land based sciences and the main centre for the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science.\n\n\nSchool of Art, Edward Davies Building\n\nThe School of Art is located between the Penglais Campus and the centre of Aberystwyth, in what was originally the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratory. A listed building, the Edward Davies Building is one of the finest examples of architecture in Aberystwyth.\n\n\nOld College\nThe site of the original university is the Old College, currently the subject of the \"New Life for Old College\" project which aims to transform it into an integrated centre of heritage, culture, learning and knowledge exchange. The university opened an international campus in Mauritius in 2016 operating as Aberystwyth University (Mauritian Branch Campus) and registered with the Tertiary Education Commission of Mauritius, but closed it to new enrolments two years later due to low enrolment numbers.\n\n\nStudent residences\nMost of the student residences are on campus, with the rest in walking distance of the campus and Aberystwyth town centre. Accommodation ranges from \"traditional\" catered residences to en-suite self-catered accommodation, and from budget rooms to more luxurious studio apartments. All have wired access to the university's computer network and a support network of residential tutors.\n\n\nPenglais Campus\nCwrt Mawr (self-catered flats, single rooms, capacity 503)\nNeuadd Pantycelyn (Welsh speaking traditional catered hall, refurbished in 2020, capacity 200)\nPenbryn (Welsh-speaking traditional catered hall, capacity 350)\nRosser (self-catered en-suite flats, capacity 336),\nRosser G (postgraduate flats following 2011 expansion to Rosser, capacity 60)\nTrefloyne (self-catered flats, capacity 147)\n\n\nPentre Jane Morgan (Student Village)\nAlmost 200 individual houses arranged in closes and cul-de-sacs. Each house typically accommodates five or six students. The total capacity is 1,003.\n\n\nFferm Penglais Student Residence\nPurpose-built student accommodation with studio apartments and en-suite bedrooms (total capacity 1,000). An area of accommodation within the Fferm Penglais Student Residence is set aside for students who are Welsh learners or fluent Welsh speakers and who wish to live in a Welsh speaking environment.\n\n\nTown accommodation\nSeafront Residences (self-catered flats located on the seafront and Queen's Road, overall capacity 361). The original Seafront residences, Plyn' and Caerleon, were destroyed by fire in 1998.\nSeafront residences include Aberglasney, Balmoral, Blaenwern, Caerleon, Carpenter, Pumlumon, Ty Glyndwr, and Ty Gwerin Halls.The university also owns several houses, such as Penglais Farmhouse (adjacent to Pentre Jane Morgan) and flats in Waun Fawr, which are let on an assured shorthold tenure to students with families. Disabled access rooms are available within the existing student village.\n\n\nReputation and academic profile\nAberystwyth University is placed in the UK's top 50 universities in the main national rankings. It is ranked 48th for 132 UK university rankings in The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide for 2019 and the first university to be given the prestigious award \"University of the year for teaching quality\" for two consecutive years, in2018 and 2019.The Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed it in the 301\u2014350 group for 800 university rankings, compared with 351\u2014400 the previous year, and the QS World University Rankings placed it at the 432nd position for 2019, compared with 481\u2014490 of the previous year. In 2015, UK employers from \"predominantly business, IT and engineering sectors\" listed Aberystwyth equal 49th in their 62-place employability rankings for UK graduates, according to a Times Higher Education report.Aberystwyth University was rated in the top ten of UK higher education institutions for overall student satisfaction in the 2016 National Student Survey (NSS).Aberystwyth University was shortlisted in four categories in the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards (THELMAs) (2015).Aberystwyth University has been awarded the Silver Award under the Corporate Health Standard (CHS), the quality mark for workplace health promotion run by Welsh Government.The university has been awarded an Athena SWAN Charter Award, recognising commitment to advancing women's careers in science, technology, engineering, maths and medicine (STEMM) in higher education and research.In 2007, the university came under criticism for its record on sustainability, ranking 97th out of 106 UK higher education institutions in that year's Green League table. In 2012 the university was listed in the table's \"Failed, no award\" section, ranking equal 132nd out of 145. In 2013 it ranked equal 135th out of 143, and was listed again as \"Failed, no award\".Following the university's initiatives to address sustainability, it received an EcoCampus Silver Phase award in October 2014.\nIn October 2015, the university's Penglais Campus became the first university campus in Wales to achieve the Green Flag Award. The Green Flag Award is a UK-wide partnership, delivered in Wales by Keep Wales Tidy with support from Natural Resources Wales, and is the mark of a high quality park or green space.\nIn 2013, the University and College Union alleged bullying behaviour by Aberystwyth University managers, and said staff were fearful for their jobs. The university president, Sir Emyr Jones Parry, said in a BBC radio interview, \"I don't believe the views set out are representative and I don't recognise the picture.\" He also said, \"Due process is rigorously applied in Aberystwyth.\" The economist John Cable resigned his emeritus professorship, describing the university's management as \"disproportionate, aggressive and confrontational\". The singer Peter Karrie resigned his honorary fellowship in protest, he said, at the apparent determination to \"ruin one of the finest arts centres in the country\", and because he was \"unable to support any regime that can treat their staff in such a cruel and appalling manner\".\n\n\nOfficers and academics\nPresidents and chancellors\n\nPrincipals and Vice-Chancellors\n\nAcademics\n\n\nAlumni\n\nRoyalty\n\n\nGallery\n\n\nSee also\n\nAberystwyth Arts Centre\nAberystwyth University Students' Union\nArmorial of UK universities\nList of modern universities in Europe (1801\u20131945)\nList of universities in the United Kingdom\nList of universities in Wales\nThomas Parry Library\n\n\nFurther reading\nIwan Morgan (ed.), The College by the Sea (Aberystwyth, 1928)\nE.L. Ellis, The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth: 1872\u20131972, University of Wales Press ISBN 978-0-7083-1930-7 (2004)\nBen Bowen Thomas, \"Aber\" 1872\u20131972 (University of Wales Press, 1972)\nJ Roger Webster, Old College Aberystwyth: The Evolution of a High Victorian Building (University of Wales Press, 1995)\nEmrys Wynn Jones, Fair may your future be: the story of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association 1892\u20131992 (Aberystwyth Old Students' Association, 1992)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAberystwyth University \u2013 University official website\nAberystwyth Students' Union \u2013 Students' Union website\nAberystwyth Old Students' Association \u2013 Alumni Association website"}}}}

part_xaa/actualidad_economica

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Actualidad_Econ\u00f3mica","to":"Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica"}],"pages":{"45263922":{"pageid":45263922,"ns":0,"title":"Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica","extract":"Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica (Spanish: Economic Actuality) is a Spanish language monthly business magazine published in Madrid, Spain. It has been in circulation since 1958.\n\n\nHistory and profile\nActualidad Econ\u00f3mica was established in 1958, becoming the first business magazine in Spain. The Recoletos group bought the magazine in 1977. Later the British multinational Pearson Overseas Holdings Ltd. began to acquire the shares of the company. In the late 1990s Pearson had a share of 39% in the company. In April 2007 the Recoletos group was totally acquired by the RCS media group.Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica is published on a monthly basis by the Unidad Editorial Sociedad de Revistas, a subsidiary of the RCS media group. The frequency of the magazine switched from weekly to monthly in February 2010. The magazine is headquartered in Madrid.As of 2015 Miguel \u00c1ngel Belloso was the editor of Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica which provides news about economics and business. The magazine publishes several rankings, including the annual ranking of best companies to work in Spain and has several special editions such as Who is who, Who is who in Andalucia, 5000 companies and Business Yearbook. It offers various awards, including that for the best 100 ideas of the year in the fields of energy, technology, advertising, health-care, environment and fashion, among others. In addition, it has monthly supplements.The US Department of State described Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica as a conservative magazine in 2000.\n\n\nCirculation\nIn 1994 Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica had a circulation of 33,299 copies. Based on the findings of the European Business Readership Survey the magazine had 9,465 readers per issue in 2006. The magazine sold 26,342 copies in 2008 and 20,874 copies in 2009. In 2012 the magazine had a circulation of 23,663 copies.\n\n\nSee also\nList of magazines in Spain\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n Media related to Actualidad Econ\u00f3mica at Wikimedia Commons"}}}}

part_xaa/acta_wireless

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acta_Wireless","to":"Acta Wireless"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Acta Wireless","missing":""}}}}

part_xaa/abel-steinberg-winant_trio

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel-Steinberg-Winant_Trio","to":"Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio"}],"pages":{"43671752":{"pageid":43671752,"ns":0,"title":"Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio","extract":"The Abel-Steinberg-Winant Trio is a trio, formed in 1984, resident at Mills College, and named for its members; violinist David Abel, pianist Julie Steinberg, and percussionist William Winant. They specialize in new music from the Americas and the Pacific Rim.\nThey have commissioned and premiered over twenty-five works. They have recordings released on record labels including CRI/New World, and New Albion, as well as Tzadik.They have performed pieces by composers including Alvin Curran, Peter Garland, Lou Harrison, Lam Bun-Ching, and John Zorn. Also Somei Satoh, John Harbison, Paul Dresher, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Felciano, and John Adams.\n\n\nDiscography\nChris Brown: Rogue Wave\nPeter Garland: Love Songs\nFrederic Rzewski: New Works\nAlvin Curran: Schtyx\nAbel Steinberg Winant Trio: Set of Five\nPeter Garland: Walk in Beauty\nLou Harrison: La Koro Sutro, Rhymes with Silver\nLam Bun-Ching: ...Like Water\nJohn Zorn: Music for Children\nPaul Dresher: Dark Blue Circumstance\n\n\nSee also\nNew York Percussion Trio\nPiano trio\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aabaco_small_business

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aabaco_Small_Business","to":"Aabaco Small Business"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Aabaco Small Business","to":"Yahoo!"}],"pages":{"188213":{"pageid":188213,"ns":0,"title":"Yahoo!","extract":"Yahoo! (, styled yahoo! in its logo) is an American web services provider. It is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and operated by the namesake company Yahoo Inc., which is 90% owned by investment funds managed by Apollo Global Management and 10% by Verizon Communications.\nIt provides a web portal, search engine Yahoo Search, and related services, including My Yahoo!, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News, Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Sports and its advertising platform, Yahoo! Native.\nYahoo was established by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was one of the pioneers of the early Internet era in the 1990s. However, usage declined in the late 2000s as some services discontinued and it lost market share to Facebook and Google.\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounding\n\nIn January 1994, Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named \"Jerry and David's guide to the World Wide Web\". The site was a human-edited web directory, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In March 1994, \"Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web\" was renamed \"Yahoo!\" and became known as the Yahoo Directory. The \"yahoo.com\" domain was registered on January 18, 1995.The word \"yahoo\" is a backronym for \"Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle\" or \"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle\". The term \"hierarchical\" described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. The term \"oracle\" was intended to mean \"source of truth and wisdom\", and the term \"officious\", rather than being related to the word's normal meaning, described the many office workers who would use the Yahoo database while surfing from work. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the slang definition of a \"yahoo\" (used by college students in David Filo's native Louisiana in the late 1980s and early 1990s to refer to an unsophisticated, rural Southerner): \"rude, unsophisticated, uncouth.\" This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of fictional beings from Gulliver's Travels.\nYahoo was incorporated on March 2, 1995. In 1995, a search engine function, called Yahoo Search, was introduced. This allowed users to search Yahoo Directory. Yahoo soon became the first popular online directory and search engine on the World Wide Web.\n\n\nExpansion\n\nYahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s. Yahoo became a public company via an initial public offering in April 1996 and its stock price rose 600% within two years. Like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal, putting it in competition with services including Excite, Lycos, and America Online. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users, and the human-edited Yahoo Directory the most popular search engine, receiving 95 million page views per day, triple that of rival Excite. It also made many high-profile acquisitions. Yahoo began offering free e-mail from October 1997 after the acquisition of RocketMail, which was then renamed to Yahoo Mail. In 1998, Yahoo replaced AltaVista as the crawler-based search engine underlying the Directory with Inktomi. Yahoo's two biggest acquisitions were made in 1999: Geocities for $3.6 billion and Broadcast.com for $5.7 billion.Its stock price skyrocketed during the dot-com bubble, closing at an all-time high of $118.75/share on January 3, 2000. However, after the dot-com bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26, 2001.Yahoo began using Google for search in June 2000. Over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004 partly using technology from its $280 million acquisition of Inktomi in 2002. In response to Google's Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007. In 2008, the company laid off hundreds of people as it struggled from competition.In February 2008, Microsoft made an unsolicited bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion. Yahoo rejected the bid, claiming that it \"substantially undervalues\" the company and was not in the interest of its shareholders. Although Microsoft increased its bid to $47 billion, Yahoo insisted on another 10%+ increase to the offer and Microsoft cancelled the offer in May 2008.Carol Bartz, who had no previous experience in Internet advertising, replaced Yang as CEO in January 2009. In September 2011, after failing to meet targets, she was fired by chairman Roy J. Bostock; CFO Tim Morse was named as Interim CEO of the company.In April 2012, after the appointment of Scott Thompson as CEO, several key executives resigned, including chief product officer Blake Irving. On April 4, 2012, Yahoo announced 2,000 layoffs, or about 14% of its 14,100 workers by the end of year, expected to save around $375 million annually. In an email sent to employees in April 2012, Thompson reiterated his view that customers should come first at Yahoo. He also completely reorganized the company.On May 13, 2012, Thompson was fired and was replaced on an interim basis by Ross Levinsohn, recently appointed head of Yahoo's new Media group. Several associates of Third Point Management, including Daniel S. Loeb were nominated to the board of directors. Thompson's total compensation for his 130-day tenure with Yahoo was at least $7.3 million.On July 15, 2012, Marissa Mayer was appointed president and CEO of Yahoo, effective July 17, 2012.In June 2013, Yahoo acquired blogging site Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash, with Tumblr's CEO and founder David Karp continuing to run the site. In July 2013, Yahoo announced plans to open an office in San Francisco.On August 2, 2013, Yahoo acquired Rockmelt; its staff was retained, but all of its existing products were terminated.Data collated by comScore during July 2013 revealed that, during the month, more people in the U.S. visited Yahoo websites than Google; the first time that Yahoo outperformed Google since 2011. The data did not count mobile usage, nor Tumblr.Mayer also hired Katie Couric to be the anchor of a new online news operation and started an online food magazine. However, by January 2014, doubts about Mayer's progress emerged when Mayer fired her own first major hire, Henrique de Castro.On December 12, 2014, Yahoo acquired video advertising provider BrightRoll for $583 million.On November 21, 2014, Yahoo acquired Cooliris.\n\n\nDecline, security breaches, and sale\n\nBy December 2015, Mayer was criticized as performance declined. Mayer was ranked as the least likable CEO in tech.On February 2, 2016, Mayer announced layoffs amounting to 15% of the Yahoo! workforce.On July 25, 2016, Verizon Communications announced the acquisition of Yahoo's core Internet business for $4.83 billion. The deal excluded Yahoo's 15% stake in Alibaba Group and 35.5% stake in Yahoo Japan.On February 21, 2017, as a result of the Yahoo data breaches, Verizon lowered its purchase price for Yahoo by $350 million and reached an agreement to share liabilities regarding the data breaches.On June 13, 2017, Verizon completed the acquisition of Yahoo and Marissa Mayer resigned.Yahoo, AOL, and HuffPost were to continue operating under their own names, under the umbrella of a new company, Oath Inc., later called Verizon Media.The parts of the original Yahoo! Inc. which were not purchased by Verizon Communications were renamed Altaba, which later liquidated, making a final distribution in October 2020.In September 2021, investment funds managed by Apollo Global Management acquired 90% of Yahoo.In November 2021, Yahoo announced that it was ceasing its operations in mainland China due to an increasingly challenging business and legal environment. Previously, the company has discontinued China Yahoo! Mail on August 20, 2013.\n\n\nChief Executive Officers\nEleven chief executives and interim leaders have led the Yahoo companies since 1995. They are:\n\nJim Lanzone, CEO of Yahoo Inc. (2021\u2013present)\nGuru Gowrappan, CEO of Oath Inc., Verizon Media, and Yahoo (2018\u20132021)\nTim Armstrong, CEO of Oath Inc. (2017\u20132018)\nMarissa Mayer (2012\u20132017)\nRoss Levinsohn Interim (2012)\nScott Thompson (2012)\nTim Morse Interim (2011\u20132012)\nCarol Bartz (2009\u20132011)\nJerry Yang (2007\u20132009)\nTerry Semel (2001\u20132007)\nTimothy Koogle (1995\u20132001)\n\n\nProducts and services\nFor a list of all current and defunct services offered by Yahoo, see: List of Yahoo-owned sites and services.\n\n\nData breaches\n\nOn September 22, 2016, Yahoo disclosed a data breach that occurred in late 2014, in which information associated with at least 500 million user accounts, one of the largest breaches reported to date. The United States indicted four men, including two employees of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), for their involvement in the hack. On December 14, 2016, the company revealed that another separate data breach had occurred in 2014, with hackers obtaining sensitive account information, including security questions, to at least one billion accounts. The company stated that hackers had utilized stolen internal software to forge HTTP cookies.On October 3, 2017, the company stated that all 3 billion of its user accounts were affected by the August 2013 theft.\n\n\nCriticism\n\n\nDMCA notice to whistleblower\nOn November 30, 2009, Yahoo was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation for sending a DMCA notice to whistleblower website \"Cryptome\" for publicly posting details, prices, and procedures on obtaining private information pertaining to Yahoo's subscribers.\n\n\nCensorship of private emails affiliated with Occupy Wall Street protests\nAfter some concerns over censorship of private emails regarding a website affiliated with Occupy Wall Street protests were raised, Yahoo responded with an apology and explained it as an accident.\n\n\nPartners and sponsorships\n\nOn September 11, 2001, Yahoo! announced its partnership with FIFA for the 2002 FIFA World Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup tournaments. It was one of FIFA's 15 partners at the tournaments. The deal included co-branding the organization's websites.Yahoo! sponsored the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.NBC Sports Group aligned with Yahoo Sports the same year with content and program offerings on mobile and desktop platforms.Yahoo announced television video partnerships in 2013 with Cond\u00e9 Nast, WWE, ABC NEWS, and CNBC. Yahoo entered into a 10-year collaboration in 2014, as a founding partner of Levi's Stadium, home of the San Francisco 49ers.The National Basketball Association partnered with Yahoo Sports to stream games, offer virtual and augmented-reality fan experiences, and in 2018 NBA League Pass. Yahoo Sportsbook launched in November 2019, a collaboration with BetMGM.BuzzFeed acquired HuffPost from Yahoo in November 2020, in a stock deal with Yahoo as a minority shareholder. The NFL partnered with Yahoo in 2020, to introduce a new \"Watch Together\" function on the Yahoo Sports app for interactive co-viewing through a synchronized livestream of local and primetime NFL games. The Paley Center for Media collaborated with Verizon Media to exclusively stream programs on Yahoo platforms beginning in 2020.Yahoo became the main sponsor for the PRAMAC Racing team and the first title sponsor for the 2021 ESport/MotoGP Championship season. Yahoo, the official partner for the September 2021 New York Fashion Week event also unveiled sponsorship for the Rebecca Minkoff collection via a NFT space. In September 2021, it was announced that Yahoo partnered with Shopify, connecting the e-commerce merchants on Yahoo Finance, AOL and elsewhere.\n\n\nSee also\nList of Yahoo!-owned sites and services\nList of search engines\nYahoo! litigation\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website \nYahoo! Products and Services\nALTABA and Yahoo! EDGAR Filing History\n Media related to Yahoo! at Wikimedia Commons\n Quotations related to Yahoo! at Wikiquote"}}}}

part_xaa/abu_haleema

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Haleema","to":"Abu Haleema"}],"pages":{"46862438":{"pageid":46862438,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Haleema","extract":"Shakil Chapra (born 1973), better known by his kunya Abu Haleema, is a British Muslim radical activist and extremist preacher. In 2014, he had his passport seized by the British authorities to prevent him leaving the country. In 2015, he was arrested and released on bail. According to the London Evening Standard, he is an associate of Anjem Choudary.\n\n\nBackground\nAbu Haleema was born in London to Pakistani immigrants and grew up in South Kilburn. He works part-time as a bus driver. His name, Abu Haleema (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629), means Father of Haleema. Haleema is the name of his daughter.\n\n\nPassport seized\nIn April 2014, Abu Haleema's home in London was raided by the police, who seized his passport and left a letter from the Home Office explaining that they believed that Haleema intended to travel to Syria to engage in terrorism-related activities. Haleema denied the claim, saying: \"They believe I'm involved in terrorism-related activity, which is not true, and that I may have been thinking of going to Syria to fight, which is completely not true.\"In January 2015, Abu Haleema was one of around 400 people who had their Twitter accounts closed, reportedly on the orders of the British security services and the CIA.\n\n\nArrest\nIn April 2015, Abu Haleema was arrested in London by officers from the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command on suspicion of \"encouragement of terrorism contrary to Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2006\". Haleema was later released on bail on condition that he did not use social media to promote his views. He has not been convicted of any offence.\n\n\nActivism\nAbu Haleema is active in social media such as YouTube and Facebook which he uses to spread his views. In January 2016, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Abu Haleema was attempting to build a support base in Sydney and Melbourne by criticizing moderate Muslim figures in Australia.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbu Haleema - Hope Not Hate.\nPadraig Reidy: We cannot choose which free speech we will defend and which we will not."}}}}

part_xaa/a_broken_heart_can_mend

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Broken_Heart_Can_Mend","to":"A Broken Heart Can Mend"}],"pages":{"46439777":{"pageid":46439777,"ns":0,"title":"A Broken Heart Can Mend","extract":"\"A Broken Heart Can Mend\" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the third single from the singer's self-titled debut solo album, Alexander O'Neal (1985). Following the moderately successful chart performances of the Alexander O'Neal singles \"Innocent\", and \"If You Were Here Tonight\", \"A Broken Heart Can Mend\" was released as the album's third single.\n\n\nRelease\nAlexander O'Neal's third hit single reached No. 53 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 62 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart in the US.\n\n\nTrack listing\n12-inch single (TA 6244)\"A Broken Heart Can Mend\" - 3:40\n\"Innocent\" \u2014 10:34\n\"Are You the One\" \u2014 3:417-inch single (ZS4 05646)\"A Broken Heart Can Mend\" \u2014 3:23\n\"Do You Wanna Like I Do\" \u2014 4:48\n\n\nChart performance\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_abdurakhmangadzhiyev

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Abdurakhmangadzhiyev","to":"Adam Abdurakhmangadzhiyev"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Adam Abdurakhmangadzhiyev","missing":""}}}}

part_xaa/acanthobrama_centisquama

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthobrama_centisquama","to":"Acanthobrama centisquama"}],"pages":{"12183225":{"pageid":12183225,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthobrama centisquama","extract":"Acanthobrama centisquama, also known as the long-spine bream or Orontes bream, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is known from Syria and Turkey, and there restricted to Lake Amik and al-Gab Lake. Lake Amik has been drained, and this species has not been found here since the early 20th century, and may be extinct. There may be remnant populations present in G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131 Lake, which is impacted by pollution and water abstraction.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/a_boy_named_charlie_brown

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Boy_Named_Charlie_Brown","to":"A Boy Named Charlie Brown"}],"pages":{"3163760":{"pageid":3163760,"ns":0,"title":"A Boy Named Charlie Brown","extract":"A Boy Named Charlie Brown is a 1969 American animated musical comedy-drama film, produced by Cinema Center Films, distributed by National General Pictures, and directed by Bill Melendez. It is the first feature film based on the Peanuts comic strip. It was well-received and a box-office success, grossing $12 million. Another Peanuts film, Snoopy Come Home was released in 1972. It was Peter Robbins' final feature film role before his death in January 2022.\n\n\nPlot\nWhen Charlie Brown's baseball team loses the first Little League game of the season, he becomes convinced that he will not win any of them. On the way to school one day, Lucy jokingly suggests that he enter the school spelling bee. However, Linus considers it a good idea and encourages him despite the jeers of Lucy, Violet, and Patty.\nCharlie Brown nervously enters the spelling bee and defeats his classmates. As he studies for the school championship, he and Linus sing a spelling mnemonic (\"I Before E\") as Snoopy accompanies them on a Jew's harp. In class the next day, Charlie Brown freezes when challenged with perceive, but recovers when Snoopy plays the song's accompaniment outside the classroom window. Crowned champion, his classmates cheerfully follow him home and sing (\"Champion Charlie Brown\"). Lucy proclaims herself his agent, and when his friends suggest that he continue studying, he is confused. They tell him that he must now take part in the National Spelling Bee in New York City, and he is again filled with self-doubt. As he leaves, Linus reluctantly offers him his blanket for good luck, and the other kids cheer for him.\nBack at home, Linus suffers terrible withdrawal after being separated from his blanket. Unable to withstand it, he pleads with Snoopy to go to New York City and help him recover it. They meet with an exhausted Charlie Brown in his hotel room, but he does not know where he left Linus' blanket. After searching outside of the hotel, they return to him, only to find him absentmindedly using the blanket as a shoe-shine cloth. Linus joins Snoopy in the audience as Charlie Brown competes; the other kids watch the contest at home on television. One-by-one, the other contestants are eliminated until only Charlie Brown and one other boy remain. However, after correctly spelling several words, Charlie Brown is eliminated when he accidentally misspells beagle, the type of dog Snoopy is, as B\u2013E\u2013A\u2013G\u2013E\u2013L, much to his and everyone else's frustration, and Lucy (who is equally ashamed that he is eliminated).\nDepressed, Charlie Brown returns home, along with Linus and Snoopy. The next day, Linus visits him. He has been in his bed all day and refuses to see or talk to anybody. Linus tells him that the other kids missed him at school and that his baseball team finally won their first game of the season, but Charlie says he will never return to school or do anything again. As Linus leaves, he now points out that the world did not end despite his failure. He thinks for a moment, gets dressed, and goes outside. He sees the other kids playing, and when he spots Lucy as she plays with a football which is the same one he failed to kick earlier, he sneaks up behind her to kick it. She pulls it away and welcomes him home.\n\n\nCast\nPeter Robbins as Charlie Brown\nPamelyn Ferdin as Lucy van Pelt\nGlenn Gilger as Linus van Pelt\nAndy Pforsich as Schroeder\nSally Dryer as Patty\nBill Melendez as Snoopy\nAnne Altieri as Violet\nErin Sullivan as Sally Brown\nLynda Mendelson as Frieda\nChristopher DeFaria as Pig-PenShermy appears in this film but doesn't have a speaking role. Peppermint Patty and five others also appear in silent roles.\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nDevelopment\nThe film was partly based on a series of Peanuts comic strips originally published in newspapers in February 1966. That story had a much different ending: Charlie Brown was eliminated in his class spelling bee right away for misspelling the word maze (\"M\u2013A\u2013Y\u2013S\" while thinking of baseball legend Willie Mays), thus confirming Violet's prediction that he would make a fool of himself. He then screams at his teacher in frustration, causing him to be sent to the principal's office (A few gags from that storyline, however, were also used in You're in Love, Charlie Brown).\n\n\nMusic\n\nThe film also included several original songs, some of which boasted vocals for the first time: \"Failure Face\", \"I Before E\" and \"Champion Charlie Brown\" (Before the film, musical pieces in Peanuts specials were primarily instrumental, except for a few traditional songs in A Charlie Brown Christmas.) Rod McKuen wrote and sang the title song. He also wrote \"Failure Face\" and \"Champion Charlie Brown\".\nThe instrumental tracks interspersed throughout the film were composed by Vince Guaraldi and arranged by John Scott Trotter (who also wrote \"I Before E\"). The music consisted mostly of uptempo jazz tunes that had been heard since some of the earliest Peanuts television specials aired back in 1965; however, for the film, they were given a more \"theatrical\" treatment, with lusher horn-filled arrangements. Instrumental tracks used in it included \"Skating\" (first heard in A Charlie Brown Christmas) and \"Baseball Theme\" (first heard in Charlie Brown's All-Stars). When discussing the augmentation of Guaraldi's established jazz scores with additional musicians, Lee Mendelson commented, \"It wasn't that we thought Vince's jazz couldn't carry the movie, but we wanted to supplement it with some 'big screen music.' We focused on Vince for the smaller, more intimate Charlie Brown scenes; for the larger moments, we turned to Trotter's richer, full-score sound.\" Guaraldi's services were passed over entirely for the second Peanuts feature film, Snoopy Come Home, with Mendelson turning to longtime Disney composers, the Sherman Brothers, to compose the music score.\nThe segment during the \"Skating\" sequence was choreographed by American figure skater Skippy Baxter. A segment during the middle of the film, in which Schroeder plays the entire 2nd Movement of Beethoven's Sonata Path\u00e9tique was performed by Ingolf Dahl. Dahl also performs the excerpts of the 1st and 3rd movements which appear in the film and are also played by Schroeder. Only the 3rd Movement (Rondo: Allegro) can be found on A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and only as a shortened bonus track.\nThe film also features a Jew's harp, which Snoopy plays to help Charlie Brown with his spelling.\nVince Guaraldi's songs were mostly from other specials and included (in addition to \"Skating\" and \"Baseball Theme\") \"Blue Charlie Brown\", \"Good Grief\", \"Snoopy Surfing\", and \"Linus and Lucy\" (several renditions are featured, including 2 slowed down renditions, one in minor key, featured while Linus was looking for his blanket and of course, the traditional rendition when he finally finds it). Guaraldi also plays a rendition of \"Champion Charlie Brown\" in the opening credits on the piano.\nThe French-language version replaces Rod McKuen's vocals with a French version sung by Serge Gainsbourg, \"Un petit gar\u00e7on nomm\u00e9 Charlie Brown\".\nA soundtrack album with dialogue from the film was released on the Columbia Masterworks label in 1970 titled A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Selections from the Film Soundtrack. The first all-music version was released on CD by Kritzerland Records as a limited issue of 1,000 copies in 2017, titled A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.\n\n\nReception\nThe film premiered at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City, only the third animated feature to play there after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Bambi (1942).The film was well received by critics and holds a 95% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10.Time praised its use of \"subtle, understated colors\" and its scrupulous fidelity to the source material, calling it a message film that \"should not be missed.\" The New York Times' Vincent Canby wrote: \"A practically perfect screen equivalent to the quiet joys to be found in almost any of Charles M. Schulz's Peanuts comic strips. I do have some reservations about the film, but it's difficult\u2014perhaps impossible\u2014to be anything except benign towards a G-rated, animated movie that manages to include references to St. Stephen, Thomas Eakins, Harpers Ferry, baseball, contemporary morality (as it relates to Charlie Brown's use of his 'bean ball'), conservation and kite flying. \"The film was a success at the box office, earning $12 million. In its first week at Radio City Music Hall, it grossed $230,000, including a record $60,123 on Saturday, December 6. In its second week, it grossed $290,000 which made it number one in the United States.A 1971 Associated Press story argued the success of the film \"broke the Disney monopoly\" on animated feature films that had existed since the 1937 release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. \"The success of 'Peanuts' started a trend\", animation producer Fred Calvert told the AP, \"but I hope the industry is not misled into thinking that animation is the only thing. You need to have a solid story and good characters, too. Audiences are no longer fascinated by the fact that Mickey Mouse can spit.\"\n\n\nAwards and nominations\nThe film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score, but lost to The Beatles' Let It Be.\n\n\nHome media\nThe film was first released on VHS and Betamax in July 1983 through CBS/Fox Video, before seeing another VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc release in 1984, then several more in 1985, September 26, 1991, February 20, 1992, and 1995 by CBS Home Entertainment through 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, and May 29, 2001 through Paramount Home Entertainment, before making its Region 1 DVD debut in the original 1.85:1 anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio on March 28, 2006, by Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS Home Entertainment (co-producer Cinema Center Films was owned by CBS). The DVD has more than six minutes of footage not seen since the 1969 test screening and premiere. The footage consists of new scenes completely excised from earlier home video releases (VHS, CED Laserdisc, Japanese DVD) and TV prints \u2014 most notably, a scene of Lucy's infamous \"pulling-away-the-football\" trick after her slide presentation of Charlie Brown's faults (and her instant replay thereof), as well as extending existing scenes. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 6, 2016, along with Snoopy Come Home, however, unlike the DVD releases, both films are presented in an open-matte 4:3 ratio. The film earned $6 million in rentals.\n\n\nSee also\nPeanuts filmography\nSnoopy, Come Home\nRace for Your Life, Charlie Brown\nBon Voyage, Charlie Brown (And Don't Come Back!)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nA Boy Named Charlie Brown at the American Film Institute Catalog\nA Boy Named Charlie Brown at IMDb\nA Boy Named Charlie Brown at Rotten Tomatoes\nA Boy Named Charlie Brown at the TCM Movie Database"}}}}

part_xaa/abdel_halim_ali

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdel_Halim_Ali","to":"Abdel Halim Ali"}],"pages":{"8787351":{"pageid":8787351,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel Halim Ali","extract":"Abdel Halim Ali Abdel Halim (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645; born 24 October 1973) is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as a striker.\n\n\nHonours and achievements\n\n\nClub\nZamalek\n\nEgyptian Premier League: 2000\u201301, 2002\u201303, 2003\u201304\nEgypt Cup: 2002, 2008\nEgyptian Super Cup: 2001, 2002\nCAF Champions League: 2002\nAfrican Cup Winners' Cup: 2000\nCAF Super Cup: 2003\nArab Champions Cup: 2003\nSaudi-Egyptian Super Cup: 2003\n\n\nInternational\nEgypt\n\nAfrican Cup of Nations: 2006\nWorld Military Cup: 2001\nAfrican Military Cup: 2004\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdel Halim Ali at National-Football-Teams.com"}}}}

part_xaa/abdul_malik_pahlawan

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Malik_Pahlawan","to":"Abdul Malik Pahlawan"}],"pages":{"6279126":{"pageid":6279126,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Malik Pahlawan","extract":"Abdul Malik Pahlawan is an Uzbek warlord and politician based in Faryab Province in northern Afghanistan. He is the head of the Afghanistan Liberation Party and was heavily involved in the factional fighting that consumed Afghanistan throughout the 1990s. His rival for the control of the Uzbek north is Rashid Dostum, and their militias have clashed several times since the fall of the Taliban.\n\n\nCapture of Mazar-i-Sharif\n\nInitially, Abdul Malik was one of Dostum's subordinates, but in 1996 he blamed Dostum for the murder of his brother, General Rasul Pahlawan. He then entered into secret negotiations with the Taliban, who promised to respect his authority over much of Northern Afghanistan, in exchange for the capture of Ismail Khan, one of their most powerful enemies. Accordingly, on May 25, 1997, he arrested Khan and handed him over and let the Taliban enter Mazar-i-Sharif, giving them control over most of Northern Afghanistan. Because of this, Dostum was forced to flee to Turkey. However Malik quickly decided that the Taliban were not going to keep their promises as they started to disarm his men. He then rejoined forces with the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (the Northern Alliance), and turned against his erstwhile allies, helping to drive them from Mazar-i-Sharif.\nIn September 1997, Dostum returned from exile and defeated Malik, briefly regaining control of Mazar-i-Sharif, and forcing him to escape to Iran in December 1997.After the fall of the Taliban in 2001, Malik organized his Hezb-e Azadi-ye Afghanistan political party, whose military wing has often clashed with members of Dostum's Junbish party.\n\n\nSee also\n1997 in Afghanistan\nBattles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997\u201398)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nPahlawan, Abdul Malik - MIPT terrorism knowledge database\nBBC profile"}}}}

part_xaa/adalbert_steiner

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adalbert_Steiner","to":"Adalbert Steiner"}],"pages":{"31970848":{"pageid":31970848,"ns":0,"title":"Adalbert Steiner","extract":"Adalbert Steiner II (24 January 1907 \u2013 10 December 1984) was a Romanian football defender. \n\n\nClub career\nHis career in club football was spent at Unirea Timi\u015foara between 1921\u20131922, he played at Chinezul Timi\u015foara from 1922 until 1929 where he won three Divizia A titles and he finished his career in 1929\u20131930 at CA Timi\u015foara.\n\n\nInternational career\nAdalbert Steiner played ten games for Romania. He and his brother Rudolf made their debut together in a 3\u20131 away victory against Turkey in 1926. Adalbert played two games at the 1929\u201331 Balkan Cup, a tournament that was won by Romania. He was part of Romania's squad at the 1930 World Cup playing in the first game, a 3\u20131 victory against Peru in which he got an injury from which he never recovered, ending his career.\n\n\nPersonal life\nHis father, Karl Steiner was an engineer that was born in Bohemia who settled in Temesv\u00e1r where he got married and had eight children. One of Adalbert's brothers, Rudolf Steiner was also a footballer, they played together at Chinezul Timi\u0219oara and Romania's national team.\n\n\nHonours\nChinezul Timi\u015foara\n\nDivizia A: 1924\u201325, 1925\u201326, 1926\u201327Romania\n\nBalkan Cup: 1929\u201331\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdalbert Steiner at National-Football-Teams.com\nAdalbert Steiner at WorldFootball.net\nAdalbert Steiner \u2013 FIFA competition record (archived)"}}}}

part_xaa/acrolepiopsis_issikiella

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolepiopsis_issikiella","to":"Acrolepiopsis issikiella"}],"pages":{"36734188":{"pageid":36734188,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolepiopsis issikiella","extract":"Acrolepiopsis issikiella is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Sigeru Moriuti in 1961. It is found in Japan.The wingspan is 11\u201312 mm. There are several generations per year. The adults emerge in autumn and overwinter.\nThe larvae feed on seeds in a capsule of Dioscorea species, but have also been recorded tunneling the stems, or feeding on the leaves of Dioscorea tokoro. Larvae can be found from summer to mid-autumn.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/achatinella_bulimoides

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achatinella_bulimoides","to":"Achatinella bulimoides"}],"pages":{"12647414":{"pageid":12647414,"ns":0,"title":"Achatinella bulimoides","extract":"Achatinella bulimoides is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii.\n\n\nShell description\nThe dextral or sinistral shell is ovate-oblong and subventricose. The shell has 6+1\u20444 whorls. The shell is similar in form to Achatinella livida, but the spire is less thickened and more pointed at the apex. The color is whitish with chestnut bands, and the apex is pale brown. The ground-color, in some specimens, is pale chestnut or ferruginous, banded with darker\nshades. Other specimens are pure white. The aperture is white. The suture is scarcely if at all margined by a groove.The height of the shell is 21.3 mm. The width of the shell is 11.8 mm.\n\n\nAchatinella rosea\nAchatinella rosea Swainson, 1828 is a variety of Achatinella bulimoides. Its sinistral shell is a pale, rose color, with two obsolete white bands. The shell has 6+1\u20443 whorls. The margin of the lip and columella are of a deeper rose-color, and the aperture white. It should be observed that the subsutural groove is very distinct. The height of the shell is 22.3 mm. The width of the shell is 13.5 mm.\n\n\nReferences\nThis article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from reference."}}}}

part_xaa/achada_grande_frente

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achada_Grande_Frente","to":"Achada Grande Frente"}],"pages":{"52646978":{"pageid":52646978,"ns":0,"title":"Achada Grande Frente","extract":"Achada Grande Frente is a subdivision of the city of Praia in the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. Its population was 4,436 at the 2010 census. It is situated east of the city centre, between the Praia Harbour to the south and the Nelson Mandela International Airport to the north. The former Francisco Mendes International Airport was located in Achada Grande Frente.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/ace_of_cakes

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ace_of_Cakes","to":"Ace of Cakes"}],"pages":{"6935783":{"pageid":6935783,"ns":0,"title":"Ace of Cakes","extract":"Ace of Cakes is an American reality television show that aired on the Food Network. The show focused on the daily operations of Duff Goldman's custom cake shop, Charm City Cakes, in Baltimore, Maryland; including small-business ownership, working with various vendors, tasting with customers, constructing cakes, and delivering his products.\n\n\nSynopsis\nAce of Cakes highlights the frantic activity encompassing the production of a substantial number of custom edible art cakes in a short period of time. The staff consists primarily of Duff Goldman's good friends who have varying personalities. They are frequently shown working long hours to build and decorate the cakes, yet are always making jokes to offset the alleged stress of hitting each deadline. Staff members sometimes drive the cakes to their final destinations, which can require road trips of several hundred miles. Goldman has an informal approach to running Charm City Cakes. He is known for using non-traditional cooking utensils such as blowtorches, belt sanders, and power saws, and more to construct his designs.\nSome of the notable cakes created by Charm City Cakes include cakes for the Preakness Stakes horse race at Pimlico in Maryland, Baltimore Zoo, the premiere of the 2007 film Hairspray, a replica of Radio City Music Hall for The Rockettes, a hatbox-shaped cake for an 80-year-old grandmother, the Hogwarts castle for the premiere of the fifth Harry Potter film in Los Angeles, an edible replica of Wrigley Field, a replica of the shark ray at the Newport Aquarium, a cake for the Paramount Pictures premiere of the DreamWorks Animation film Kung-Fu Panda, and a replica of the Hubble Space Telescope for NASA. For the season finale of Season 5, the bakery's staff traveled to Hawaii to create a cake for the 100th episode of Lost.\n\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeason one of Ace of Cakes consisted of six episodes airing in early fall 2006. The show proved to be one of the highest-rated prime time shows in Food Network's history, causing the network to order 15 episodes for season two including a 2-hour-long episode featuring the official NFL cake for Super Bowl XLI. A one-hour special featured the show's first international delivery (to London, England) in an episode aired in December 2010. Season 10, planned to be the program's last (despite its popularity), premiered in January 2011 and had six episodes. The final episode featured a large-scale Delorean time machine cake created for Universal Studios' Back to the Future anniversary event in New York City. Seasons 1\u20135 have been released on DVD.\n\n\nProduction\n\nAce of Cakes was shot on location at the bakery in Baltimore, Maryland, a converted church. The show has also featured other locations where Duff, Geof and occasionally others travel to in delivery of cakes such as Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, Washington, D.C., Miami, Boston, Alaska, and Hawaii, among others. The show was edited in Los Angeles at the show's production company, Authentic Entertainment, a subsidiary of Endemol.\n\n\nReception\nDuring Season 8, Ace of Cakes launched a new promotion concept involving a deck of Las Vegas-style playing cards.Ace of Cakes has been a very large success with fans and critics alike. The show has brought Food Network some of the highest ratings it has ever received for a prime-time program. Ace of Cakes is also broadcast in the United Kingdom on food network, in M\u00e9xico and Latin America on FOXlife, in New Zealand on the Food Channel, in Australia on LifeStyle Food, and in Portugal on SIC Mulher.\nOn November 19, 2010, Food Network announced that the 10th season of Ace of Cakes would be its last. Season 10 began airing in January 2011, ending shortly thereafter in February.In 2019, Food Network announced that Goldman would appear in a new series, Buddy vs. Duff, where he competes against Buddy Valastro of the similar TLC series Cake Boss (both networks are now owned by Discovery Inc.).\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAce of Cakes at IMDb\nAce of Cakes' official website at Food Network\nCharm City Cakes' official website"}}}}

part_xaa/abdeladim_khadrouf

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdeladim_Khadrouf","to":"Abdeladim Khadrouf"}],"pages":{"49371830":{"pageid":49371830,"ns":0,"title":"Abdeladim Khadrouf","extract":"Abdeladim Khadrouf (born 3 January 1985) is a Moroccan footballer who plays for MAS Fez.\n\n\nInternational career\n\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Morocco's goal tally first.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdeladim Khadrouf at Soccerway\nAbdeladim Khadrouf at FootballDatabase.eu"}}}}

part_xaa/adenanthos_gracilipes

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adenanthos_gracilipes","to":"Adenanthos gracilipes"}],"pages":{"48431019":{"pageid":48431019,"ns":0,"title":"Adenanthos gracilipes","extract":"Adenanthos gracilipes is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abid

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"23163142":{"pageid":23163142,"ns":0,"title":"Abid","extract":"Abid (Arabic: \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u2018\u0100bid), also Abed, literally meaning worshipper, adorer, devout may be either a surname or given name.\nIn the Russian language, \"\u0410\u0431\u0438\u0301\u0434\" (Abid), or its form \"\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0301\u0434\" (Avid), is an old and uncommon male given name. Included into various, often handwritten, church calendars throughout the 17th\u201319th centuries, it was omitted from the official Synodal Menologium at the end of the 19th century. Its origins are either Arabic (where it means desired) or Aramaic (where it means work, labor). The diminutive of \"Avid\" is Avidka (\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0301\u0434\u043a\u0430). The patronymics derived from \"Avid\" are \"\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0301\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\" (Avidovich; masculine) and \"\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0301\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\" (Avidovna; feminine).As a surname, in the form Al-Abid (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f) and its variants, it is shared by the following people:\n\nAhmad Izzat Pasha al-Abid (1855\u20131924), Syrian counselor to Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II\nHawlu Pasha al-Abid (1824\u20131895), prominent Syrian administrator during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz; father of the former\nMuhammad Ali Bay al-Abid (1867\u20131939), first president of the mandatory Syrian Republic; grandson of the former\nNawaf Al Abed (born 1990), Saudi association football playerAs a surname:\n\nAbid Ali Abid (1906\u20131971), Urdu and Persian critic and poet\nChaudhry Abid Sher Ali (born 1971), Pakistani politician and businessman\nFazle Hasan Abed (1936\u20132019), Bangladeshi/British social worker\nKalbe Abid (d. 1986, Maulana Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi), mujtahid\nP\u00e9p\u00e9 Abed, (1911\u20132006), Lebanese adventurer, explorer, and entrepreneur\nQazi Abdul Majeed Abid (1915\u20131996), Pakistani politician and journalist\nLa\u00efla Abid (born 1977), Moroccan-Dutch journalist\nMohammed Abed al-Jabri (1936\u20132010), Moroccan critic and professor of philosophy and Islamic thought\nRamzi Abid (born 1980), Canadian professional ice hockey player\nRamzi Abed (born 1973), American film director\nZara Abid (1992\u20132020), Pakistani modelAs a given name or colloquial name, it is shared by the following people:\n\nAbed Azrie (born 1945), Syrian singer of Arab classical music\nAbed Daoudieh (1920\u20132015), Jordanian politician\nAbid Ghoffar Aboe Dja'far (born 1954), Javanese Indonesian singer-songwriter\nAbid Hamid Mahmud (late 20th century), Iraqi military officer\nAbid Hasan (diplomat) (bef. 1947\u20131984), officer of the Indian National Army\nAbid Hassan Minto (born 1932), Pakistani lawyer\nAbid Hussain (late 20th century), Indian economist and diplomat\nAbed Khan (born 1945), Bangladeshi journalist\nAbid Kova\u010devi\u0107 (born 1952), former Bosnian association football player\nAbed Mahfouz (born 1956), Lebanese fashion designer\nAbid Mutlak al-Jubouri (late 20th century), Iraqi politician\nAbid Nabi (born 1985), Indian first class cricketer\nAbed Nadir, fictional character on the TV show Community\nAbid Qaiyum Suleri (born 1969), Pakistani social policy analyst and development practitioner\nAbed Rabah (born 1975), Israeli association football player\nAbid Raja (born 1975), Pakistani Norwegian politician\nAbid Raza (born 1981), Guantanamo Bay detainee\nAbidur Reza Chowdhury (1872\u20131961), Bengali politician and educationist\n\n\nSee also\nAbid Ali (disambiguation)\nAbidi\nAbdi\nEbed, the cognate name in Hebrew\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nSources\n\u041d. \u0410. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (N. A. Petrovsky). \"\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0451\u043d\" (Dictionary of Russian First Names). \u041e\u041e\u041e \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \"\u0410\u0421\u0422\". \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 2005. ISBN 5-17-002940-3\n\u0410. \u0412. \u0421\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (A. V. Superanskaya). \"\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0451\u043d\" (Dictionary of Russian Names). \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043c\u043e. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 2005. ISBN 5-699-14090-5"}}}}

part_xaa/aatank_hi_aatank

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aatank_Hi_Aatank","to":"Aatank Hi Aatank"}],"pages":{"5945009":{"pageid":5945009,"ns":0,"title":"Aatank Hi Aatank","extract":"Aatank Hi Aatank (transl. Terror Everywhere) is a 1995 Indian action crime film written, edited and directed by Dilip Shankar. The movie is highly inspired by The Godfather. It stars Rajinikanth, Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla and Archana Joglekar in the lead. The film was a box office failure. In 2000, the film was dubbed into Tamil as Aandavan, with additional scenes reshot with Ponvannan, Vadivukkarasi and Chinni Jayanth lent his voice for Rajinikanth.\n\n\nPlot\nShiv Charan Sharma, a farmer, moves to the city to make a life with his son Rohan, daughter Radha Seth and his wife. He meets Munna, an orphan. Shiv and Munna work hard in the underbelly of the city outside the law and go on to lead a syndicate of gangsters. Years pass by, and Shiv Charan Sharma is shown to have become an untouchable gang lord. Aslam Pathan and Billa Singh Thakur, rival crime bosses, try to kill Shiv in hopes of overtaking his territory and get rid of the opposition he was proving to be in their plans to increase drug traffic within the city.\nMunna, meanwhile, falls in love with Razia, who is the daughter of Aslam Pathan. She elopes with Munna and gets married. Aslam Pathan attempts to get back at the father of the groom, by sending Gogia Advani to Shiv Charan Sharma with a drug proposition as he thinks that Shiv's acceptance of Gogia's offer would create dissent amongst the crime circles. Shiv Charan Sharma refuses, but Munna seems interested.\nShiv Charan Sharma gets shot by goons hired by Pathan and Thakur. They think that Munna will follow up on the drug deal if the father is out of the picture. However, the father survives. At this point, Rohan enters the picture with his girlfriend, Neha. He has kept away from the family business until this point. Rohan then avenges his father's shooting by taking out Gogia Advani with Munna's help. Following the shooting, Rohan is on the run, where he meets Ganga, whom he falls for too. Four years later, Rohan becomes the crime boss. In the end, Sharad Joshi takes a contract from Aslam Pathan and Billa Singh Thakur to kill Shiv, Charan Sharma, and Munna. It is to be seen how Rohan protects his brother and his father.\n\n\nCast\n\n\nProduction\nAatank Hi Aatank was produced by Dilip Shankar's wife, Mangal Shankar, and was initially named Aatank. Shah Rukh Khan was the original choice for the role of Rohan Singh Thakur, who didn't sign it is owing to his busy schedule. Dilip and Mangal the approached Aamir Khan, who agreed to do the film.\nThis is the only film to feature Aamir and Rajinikanth together.\nA lot of scenes were removed from the film during post-production. An outrageous love-making scene was shot between Aamir and Pooja Bedi, which both the actors completed despite not being comfortable. Shankar removed the particular scene after several crew members and colleagues suggested him not to keep it. Shankar shot another scene showing a conflict between Aamir and Om Puri, which Aamir believed didn't make sense in the story, but completed on Shankar's persuasion. This scene, too, was removed during the editing phase after Shankar realized that Aamir was right.\nShankar escaped a fatal accident during the shoot. While shooting on the banks of river Chenab, he nearly fell into an uncovered deep well while focusing on a shot without watching his step. Shankar was saved by the stunt director.\n\n\nSongs\n\"O Meri Jane Jigar\" - Kumar Sanu\n\"Mohabbat Mitt Nahin Sakti\" - Kavita Krishnamurthy\n\"Aakha Hai Bombai\" - Aparna Jha, Udit Narayan, Mohammed Aziz , Babla Mehta\n\"Ek Dujhe Pe Marne Wale Nahi Kisi Se Darne Wale\" - Alka Yagnik, Bappi Lahiri\n\"Gunda Rap\" - Bali Brahmbhatt, Arpita Raaj\n\"Tere Siva Kaun Hai Mera\" - Sadhana Sargam\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAatank Hi Aatank at IMDb"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_rudolph

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Rudolph","to":"Adam Rudolph"}],"pages":{"17136058":{"pageid":17136058,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Rudolph","extract":"Adam Rudolph (born September 12, 1955) is a jazz composer and percussionist performing in the post-bop and world fusion media.In 1988, Rudolph met jazz musician Yusef Lateef, and the two would go on to collaborate and perform together for the next 25 years.Rudolph has released several albums as leader and has also recorded with musicians Sam Rivers, Omar Sosa, Wadada Leo Smith, Pharoah Sanders, Bill Laswell, Herbie Hancock, Foday Musa Suso, and Shadowfax.\n\n\nDiscography\n\n\nAs leader\nAdam Rudolph's Moving Pictures (Flying Fish, 1992)\nSkyway (Soul Note, 1994)\nContemplations (Meta, 1997)\n12 Arrows (Meta, 1999)\nGo: Organic Orchestra: 1 (Meta, 2002)\nWeb of Light (Meta, 2002)\nDream Garden (Justin Time, 2008)\nYeyi (Meta, 2010)\nBoth/And (Meta, 2011)\nMerely a Traveler On the Cosmic Path (Meta, 2012)\nGlare of the Tiger (Meta, 2017)\n\n\nAs co-leader\nWith Build an Ark\n\nPeace with Every Step (Kindred Spirits, 2004)\nDawn (Kindred Spirits, 2007)With Eternal Wind\n\nEternal Wind (Flying Fish, 1984)\nTerra Incognita (Flying Fish, 1987)\nWasalu (Flying Fish, 1988)With Hu Vibrational\n\nBoonghee Music 1 (Eastern Developments, 2002)\nBeautiful Boonghee Music 2 (Soul Jazz, 2004)\nUniversal Mother Boonghee Music 3 (Soul Jazz, 2006)\nThe Epic Botanical Beat Suite Boonghee Music 4 (Meta, 2015)With Yusef Lateef\n\nLive in Seattle (YAL, 1999)With Mandingo Griot Society\n\nMandingo Griot Society (Flying Fish, 1978)\nMighty Rhythm (Flying Fish, 1981)With Bennie Maupin\n\nSymphonic Tone Poem for Brother Yusef (Strut, 2022)With Universal Quartet\n\nThe Universal Quartet (Blackout Music, 2009)\nLight (ILK Music, 2013)\n\n\nAs sideman\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Rudolph at Meta Records\nRadio interview with Adam Rudolph"}}}}

part_xaa/aamer_baig

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aamer_Baig","to":"Aamer Baig"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Aamer Baig","to":"Multan cricket team"}],"pages":{"38014209":{"pageid":38014209,"ns":0,"title":"Multan cricket team","extract":"The Multan cricket team was a first-class cricket team based in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Their home ground was the Multan Cricket Stadium. They participated in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy. For List A and Twenty20 cricket the team were known as the Multan Tigers and they participate in the various Pakistan List A competitions and in the Faysal Bank T20 Cup.\nThey have played first-class cricket in most seasons since 1958-59. At the end of 2013 they had played 205 first-class matches, with 40 wins, 89 losses and 76 draws. Their highest individual score is 225 by Aamer Yamin against Quetta in 2013-14. Their best innings bowling figures are 10 for 143 by Zulfiqar Babar against Islamabad in 2009-10.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nMultan at CricketArchive"}}}}

part_xaa/actuarial_society_of_malaysia

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Actuarial_Society_of_Malaysia","to":"Actuarial Society of Malaysia"}],"pages":{"13023129":{"pageid":13023129,"ns":0,"title":"Actuarial Society of Malaysia","extract":"Actuarial Society of Malaysia (Malay: Persatuan Aktuari Malaysia), also known as ASM was founded on 5 October 1978. ASM is the only representative body for the actuarial profession in Malaysia. Thus, it is the platform for members of the actuarial profession to raise and discuss technical and public interest issues related to the practice of the profession; to communicate such issues to relevant parties including the public, industry regulators and corporate stakeholders; to provide educational support to actuarial students and professional development to qualified actuaries; and to provide space for members of the profession to build relationships.\nASM became a Full Member Association of the International Actuarial Association on 20 October 2003.\n\n\nSee also\nActuary\nActuarial science\nActuarial notation\n\n\nActuarial organizations\nA list of actuarial organisations worldwide could be found here: Category:Actuarial associations\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Site of the Actuarial Society of Malaysia\n\n\nReferences\n\"Actuarial Society of Malaysia\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-31."}}}}

part_xaa/abraham_trembley

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Trembley","to":"Abraham Trembley"}],"pages":{"890453":{"pageid":890453,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Trembley","extract":"Abraham Trembley (3 September 1710 \u2013 12 May 1784 Geneva) was a Genevan naturalist. He is best known for being the first to study freshwater polyps or hydra and for being among the first to develop experimental zoology. His mastery of experimental method has led some historians of science to credit him as the \"father of biology\".He also wrote on religion and morals.\n\n\nBiography\nTrembley came from an officer's family from Geneva, Republic of Geneva.\nHe was uncle to Charles Bonnet, with whom he corresponded regularly, as well as to Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur (1683\u20131757) and Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729\u20131799). Trembley acted as tutor to the two children of Count Willem Bentinck van Rhoon (1704\u20131774), a prominent Dutch politician at the time. The boys were 3 and 6 when Trembley, during lessons in which he went fishing in the ponds outside the house, accidentally discovered the regenerative powers of the Hydra. Those lessons took place at the Count's summer residence of Sorgvliet nearby The Hague. Sketches and drawings of his experiments with the children, made by Cornelis Pronk, are kept in the archives of the town of The Hague, the Netherlands.\n\n\nWork on hydra\nWhile Trembley thought he had discovered a new species, Leeuwenhoek had in fact first published on hydra in a 1702\u20131703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of \"animalculum\". In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as their tentacles' contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\nTrembley's findings were published in a groundbreaking book in 1744, M\u00e9moires pour servir \u00e0 l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce, Gebr. Verbeek, Leiden, translated into German in 1775 as Abhandlungen zur Geschichte einer Polypenart des s\u00fcssen Wassers. The book includes some of the (engraved) drawings of Pronk. His discoveries led to his membership of the prestigious Royal Society in London and a correspondent member of the acad\u00e9mie des sciences in France. He became also recipient of the Copley medal.\nSome attribute Trembley as being the first to study stem cells, although he obviously did not refer to them as such. Trembley did however make note of their incredible regenerative capacity.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nWorks\n\nMemoires pour servir a l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce (in French). Paris: Laurent Durand. 1744.\n\n\nFurther reading\n\"Hydra and the Birth of Experimental Biology, 1744: Abraham Trembley's Memoires Concerning the Polyps \" Lenhoff, Sylvia G. and Howard M. Lenhoff, The Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA1986 (ISBN 978-0-940168-01-5 )\nBreen, Quirinus (1 January 1956). \"Baker, John R., Abraham Trembley of Geneva, Scientist and philosopher, 1710\u20131784\". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 44 (1): 84\u201385. PMC 199989.\nRatcliff, Marc J. (December 2004). \"Abraham Trembley's Strategy of Generosity and the Scope of Celebrity in the Mid-Eighteenth Century\" (PDF). Isis. 95 (4): 555\u2013575. doi:10.1086/430649. PMID 16011294. S2CID 32642094. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2006.\nScience and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery, entries on Abraham Trembley, as reproduced on http://www.bookrags.com/Abraham_Trembley.\nAnimal, Vegetable and Mineral: Natural History books by ten authors Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, on-line exhibit, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University\nOnline biography, Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence"}}}}

part_xaa/a_chinese_odyssey

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Chinese_Odyssey","to":"A Chinese Odyssey"}],"pages":{"1451395":{"pageid":1451395,"ns":0,"title":"A Chinese Odyssey","extract":"A Chinese Odyssey is a two-part 1995 Hong Kong fantasy-comedy film directed by Jeffrey Lau and starring Stephen Chow.\nThe first part is titled A Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box, while the second part is titled A Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella. The film is very loosely based on the 16th-century Wu Cheng'en novel Journey to the West.\nA third film, A Chinese Odyssey Part Three, was released in China on 14 September 2016.The line \"10,000 years\" in the film became one of the most popular buzzwords for Chinese-language films, with a Google search count of 21.9 million.\n\n\nPlot\n\n\nPart One\n500 years ago, during their journey to the west to fetch the Buddhist scriptures, Monkey got annoyed with the constant nagging of his master, Longevity Monk, and decided to betray him. He was intercepted and subdued by Guanyin, who decided to give him a second chance after Longevity Monk pleaded for leniency and sacrificed himself.\nMonkey is reincarnated in the present as Joker, chief of a group of outlaws. Joker and his gang are attacked by two demons, Spider Woman and Bak Jing-jing, who threaten and force them to do their bidding. Joker's second-in-command (a reincarnation of Pigsy) secretly overhears the demons' plan to capture Longevity Monk and feast on his flesh to gain immortality. Joker subsequently falls in love with Bak Jing-jing. Grandpa Buddha shows up in disguise as a bunch of grapes, informs Joker about the danger he is in, and gives him a magic mirror which can reveal a being's true form.\nThe group are attacked by Bull King, who is also after Longevity Monk. Joker and Pigsy flee with Bak Jing-jing and Spider Woman to Waterfall Cave, where the two demons starts fighting over Joker. Bak Jing-jing and Joker eventually flee from the cave while Spider Woman is impregnated with Pigsy's child by accident. As Bak Jing-jing has been poisoned by Spider Woman, Joker goes back to the cave to ask for the antidote, but is imprisoned by Spider Woman. In the meantime, outside the cave, Bak Jing-jing is captured by Bull King, who cures her of the poison.\nInside the cave, Joker finds Pandora's Box, which can open up a time portal when moonlight shines on it and when \"Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101\" is chanted. He also overhears Guanyin's voice, telling him that he was actually Monkey in his past life and is destined to continue his quest to escort his master on the journey to the west. His true destiny will be revealed after he gets three marks on the sole of his foot. Meanwhile, Bull King and Bak Jing-jing enter the cave and fight with Spider Woman. Bak Jing-jing commits suicide after mistakenly believing that Joker has betrayed her love and fathered a child with Spider Woman.\nJoker finds Bak Jing-jing and tries to save her by travelling back in time with the aid of Pandora's Box, but each time he arrives a few seconds too late to stop her from committing suicide. He finally manages to make it on time to prevent Bak Jing-jing from slitting her throat, but she sacrifices herself to save him from Bull King. Joker travels back in time again, but ends up going back in time by 500 years. Outside the cave, he encounters a fairy, Zixia, who confiscates Pandora's Box and sears three dots on the sole of his foot to mark him as her servant. This fulfils his true destiny as Monkey. He looks in the magic mirror given to him by Grandpa Buddha earlier and is shocked to see a reflection of himself as Monkey.\n\n\nPart Two\nAfter travelling back in time, Joker learns more about his past life and reunites with his master, Longevity Monk, and his fellows, Pigsy and Sandy. However, he does not want to accept his fate as Monkey because he just wants to get back Pandora's Box and return to 500 years later to save Bak Jing-jing. Zixia falls in love with him after he pulls out her sword from its scabbard because she made a promise to marry the person who can unsheathe her sword.\nZixia and Longevity Monk are captured by Bull King, who wants to take Zixia as his concubine and feast on Longevity Monk's flesh to become immortal. Pigsy and Sandy try to rescue their master but he refuses to leave unless Joker promises to fulfil his destiny. Joker goes off in search of Zixia and rescues her, after which they flee from Bull King. In the ensuing fight between Joker and his companions against Bull King, Joker falls off a cliff and finds himself back in Waterfall Cave, where he meets Grandpa Buddha and Bak Jing-jing. Bak Jing-jing agrees to marry Joker initially, but she leaves later and tells him to save Zixia because she knows he's actually in love with someone else. Shortly after, Spider Woman comes to Waterfall Cave and kills everyone, including Joker. At the point of death, Joker realises the one he truly loves is Zixia.\nJoker, as a ghost, hears Guanyin's voice inside the cave again, reminding him about his destiny. He decides to accept his fate and puts on the golden circlet, therefore transforming into Monkey. He returns to the world and rushes to Bull King's city to save his master and stop Bull King's wedding ceremony with Zixia. As he is now Monkey, he must relinquish all his human desires, including love, so he tells Zixia he is not Joker and pretends to scorn her.\nMonkey and Bull King engage in battle. When Bull King realises he is losing, he uses Princess Iron Fan's magic fan to churn up strong winds that will blow the entire city towards the sun and kill everyone in the process. Monkey succeeds in stopping Bull King and saves everyone, but Zixia sacrifices herself to save him. As she dies, Monkey reveals his love for her and, as a result, his circlet tightens and causes him to feel extreme agony. In anger, he beats up Bull King before escaping together with his master, Pigsy and Sandy by using Pandora's Box.\nMonkey wakes up later and finds himself in a cave, but with his master and fellows this time. Outside the cave, in a busy city, Monkey sees the incarnations of Joker and Zixia in a standoff on top of a wall. He uses his powers to possess Joker's body and gave Zixia a long and passionate kiss before leaving Joker's body. Joker recovers and is surprised to see himself locked in an embrace with Zixia, but accepts and continues the romance with her. They notice Monkey walking away in the crowd below and laugh at his appearance. Monkey does not turn back until outside the gates where he gave a final glance at the embracing couple and continues on the journey to the west with his companions.\n\n\nCast\nStephen Chow as Sun Wukong / Joker\nLaw Kar-ying as Tang Sanzang\nNg Man-tat as Zhu Bajie / Joker's second-in-command\nJohnnie Kong as Sha Wujing / Blindy\nAthena Chu as Zixia\nYammie Lam as Spider Woman\nKaren Mok as Bak Jing-jing\nJeffrey Lau as Grandpa Buddha / The Grapes\nLu Shuming as Bull Demon King\nAda Choi as Princess Iron Fan\n\n\nBox office\nThe first part grossed HK$25,093,380 and the second HK$20,872,117 in Hong Kong. The second part has grossed \u00a5189.202 million RMB on its 2017 release in mainland China.\n\n\nReception\nThe Austin Chronicle gave Part Two a positive review saying that \"If you missed the original film - forget it, you'll never understand what's happening in this picture, but if you saw and enjoyed the first part, you'll no doubt have a great time with this terrific follow-up.\"\n\n\nAwards and nominations\n\n\nSee also\n\nBased on Journey to the West directed by Jeffrey Lau\nA Chinese Tall Story(\u5927\u8a71\u897f\u904a\u4e4b\u60c5\u7672\u5927\u8056)\nJust Another Pandora's Box(\u5927\u8a71\u897f\u904a\u4e4b\u8d8a\u5149\u5bf6\u76d2)\nA Chinese Odyssey Part Three(\u5927\u8a71\u897f\u904a\u4e4b\u7d42\u6975\u7bc7)\nList of media adaptations of Journey to the West\nJourney to the West: Conquering the Demons, a 2013 action comedy film loosely based on Journey to the West, directed by Stephen Chow.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box at IMDb\nA Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella at IMDb\nA Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase\nA Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase"}}}}

part_xaa/abdel_hamid_ahmed

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdel_Hamid_Ahmed","to":"Abdel Hamid Ahmed"}],"pages":{"17986780":{"pageid":17986780,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel Hamid Ahmed","extract":"Abdel Hamid Ahmed (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f; born 3 March 1984) is an Egyptian footballer.\n\n\nCareer\nA left back, Ahmed currently plays at the club level for El Dakhleya.\nHe made his league debut with Al Ahly in a match against Tersana on 29 December 2008.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdulrahman_al-awlaki

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulrahman_al-Awlaki","to":"Abdulrahman al-Awlaki"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abdulrahman al-Awlaki","to":"Killing of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki"}],"pages":{"35848647":{"pageid":35848647,"ns":0,"title":"Killing of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki","extract":"Abdulrahman Anwar al-Awlaki (also spelled al-Aulaqi, Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a; August 26, 1995 \u2013 October 14, 2011) was a 16-year-old United States citizen who was killed while eating dinner at an outdoor restaurant in Yemen by a drone airstrike ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama on October 14, 2011. Abdulrahman al-Awlaki's father, Anwar al-Awlaki, was alleged to be an operational leader of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Anwar was killed by a CIA drone strike also ordered by Obama two weeks prior to the killing of his son.\n\n\nKilling\nHuman rights groups questioned why al-Awlaki was killed by the U.S. in a country with which the United States was not at war. Jameel Jaffer, deputy legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union, stated \"If the government is going to be firing Predator missiles at American citizens, surely the American public has a right to know who's being targeted, and why.\"Two U.S. officials speaking on condition of anonymity stated that the target of the October 14, 2011, airstrike was Ibrahim al-Banna, an Egyptian believed to be a senior operative in Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Another U.S. administration official speaking on condition of anonymity described Abdulrahman al-Awlaki as a bystander who was \"in the wrong place at the wrong time,\" stating that \"the U.S. government did not know that Mr. Awlaki's son was there\" before the airstrike was ordered. When pressed by a reporter to defend the targeted killing policy that resulted in Abdulrahman al-Awlaki's death, former White House press secretary Robert Gibbs deflected blame to the victim's father: \"I would suggest that you should have a far more responsible father if they are truly concerned about the well-being of their children. I don't think becoming an al-Qaeda jihadist terrorist is the best way to go about doing your business.\"\n\n\nKilling of half-sister\n\nOn January 29, 2017, Anwar al-Awlaki's 8-year-old daughter, Nawar al-Awlaki, the half-sister of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, was killed in the Raid on Yakla, a commando attack ordered by President Donald Trump.\n\n\nSee also\n\nNawar al-Awlaki\nTargeted killing\nDisposition Matrix\nExecutive actions of the CIA\nCIA activities in Yemen\nDrone strikes in Yemen\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAn American Teenager in Yemen: Paying for the Sins of His Father?, article about Yemeni reaction to American drone attacks\nA Tale of Two Murders Antiwar.com, March 31, 2012"}}}}

part_xaa/abay_chomen

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abay_Chomen","to":"Abay Chomen"}],"pages":{"8289347":{"pageid":8289347,"ns":0,"title":"Abay Chomen","extract":"Abay Chomen is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Horo Gudru Welega Zone, Abay Chomen is bordered on the south by Lake Finicha'a (created when Finicha'a Dam flooded the Chomen swamp), on the southwest by Jimma Horo, on the northwest by Amuru Jarte, on the north by the Abay River which separates it from the Amhara Region, and on the east and south by Guduru. The woreda capital is Finicha'a; other towns in Abay Chomen include Finicha'a Camp.\n\n\nOverview\nThe altitude of this woreda ranges from 880 to 2,400 meters above sea level. Rivers within the woreda include the Nedi, Finchawa, Agemsa, Korke, Gogoldas, Boyi and Bedessa Rivers. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 11.4% is arable or cultivable, 2.2% pasture, 1.4% forest, and the remaining 83.8% is considered mountainous, unusable, or part of the Finicha'a Sugar Project. Niger seed is an important local cash crop.Industry in the woreda includes 17 grain mills, 10 oil mills, one bakery, and a sugar factory in Finicha'a. There were 4 Farmers Associations with 3119 members and 4 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2287 members. Abay Chomen has and 69.5 kilometers of all-weather road, for an average road density of 87.8 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 70% of the urban and 12% of the rural population has access to drinking water.\n\n\nDemographics\nThe 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 48,316, of whom 24,972 were men and 23,344 were women; 9,440 or 19.54% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 59.73% reporting that as their religion, while 31.84% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 5.5% observed traditional beliefs, and 1.61% were Moslem.Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 50,564, of whom 25,017 are men and 25,547 are women; 20,749 or 41.04% of its population are urban dwellers, which is greater than the Zone average of 13.9%. With an estimated area of 791.26 square kilometers, Abay Chomen has an estimated population density of 63.9 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average of 81.4.The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 33,303, of whom 16,727 were men and 16,576 women; 11,600 or 34.83% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The two largest ethnic groups reported in Abay Chomen were the Oromo (86.79%), and the Amhara (11.5%); all other ethnic groups made up 7.2% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 86.39%, and 12.82% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.79% spoke all other primary languages reported. The plurality of the inhabitants practiced traditional beliefs, with 46.04% of the population reporting they observed them, while 40.33% of the population said they were Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, 10.8% were Protestant, and 2.02% were Moslem.\n\n\nNotes"}}}}

part_xaa/abbasabad_county

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbasabad_County","to":"Abbasabad County"}],"pages":{"39541479":{"pageid":39541479,"ns":0,"title":"Abbasabad County","extract":"Abbasabad County (Persian: \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f) is a county on the Caspian Sea, in Mazandaran Province of northern Iran. \nThe county was detached from Tonekabon County and established in 2009.The capital of the county is Abbasabad. \nAt the 2006 census, the county's population was 45,589, in 12,694 families.The county is subdivided into two districts: Kelarabad District and Salman Shahr District. \nThe county has three cities: Abbasabad, Kelarabad, and Salman Shahr.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abington_services

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abington_services","to":"Abington services"}],"pages":{"23776711":{"pageid":23776711,"ns":0,"title":"Abington services","extract":"Abington services is a motorway service station near the village of Abington, Scotland. The service station is located next to the M74 motorway and is accessed using motorway junction 13 in both the northbound and southbound directions. It is owned by Welcome Break. In a 2001 survey by Which, Abington was the only service area to be given an excellent rating for its food. However, a survey in 2004 rated the service area as poor. They were awarded the five star Loo of the year award in 2008, after receiving only three stars in 2007 and 2006.The service station is one of fourteen for which large murals were commissioned from artist David Fisher in the 1990s, designed to reflect the local area and history.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nWelcome Break Motorway Services - Abington\nMotorway Services Online - Abington\nMotorway Services Guide - Abington"}}}}

part_xaa/abraham_van_linge

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_van_Linge","to":"Abraham van Linge"}],"pages":{"21685408":{"pageid":21685408,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham van Linge","extract":"Abraham van Linge (fl. 1625\u201341) and his oldest brother Bernard van Linge (1598-c.1644) were window painters from Emden, East Frisia, where their father and grandfather were glaziers. They completed the bulk of their work in England between the 1620s and the 1640s. They painted at a time when stained glass was losing popularity in favour of their method, the usage of vitreous enamels on glass as a blank canvas and then fired. Lead lining is used to hold together pieces of glass. The duration and intensity of the firing determined the final colour along with the colour and type of enamel.\nBernard van Linge worked in Paris from 1617 to 1621. When religious conflicts broke out in France, he fled to London around 1621, where he quickly found employment in a glazier's studio through connections in the Dutch expatriate community. Abraham joined him around 1623.Abraham van Linge must have been born in 1604\u20135, as he was aged 29 when he was matriculated at the University of Oxford as a privileged person on 4 July 1634, with his profession given as \"Artis Peritus\" (art expert). His work can be seen most prominently in the chapels of University College, Oxford and Lincoln College, Oxford, and at Christ Church, Oxford in England, where the lead lining is particularly noticeable. His work is supposedly in the Duke Humfrey reading room of the Bodleian Library, also in Oxford, although it is not certain whether the painted glass frames are by him or simply done in his style.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdullah_al-rashidi

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdullah_Al-Rashidi","to":"Abdullah Al-Rashidi"}],"pages":{"36598717":{"pageid":36598717,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah Al-Rashidi","extract":"Abdullah Al-Rashidi (born August 23, 1963) is a Kuwaiti sport shooter and three-time world champion. He competed at the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020, winning bronze medals in men's skeet in both 2016 and 2020.\n\n\nAchievements\nAbdullah Al-Rashidi won three gold medals at the World Shooting Championships, in 1995, 1997 and 1998 and in 2011 he took a bronze medal. Competing since 1989, he is also the winner of four World cup events. He has six gold and three silver medals from Asian Shooting Championships and two gold and one silver medal from Asian Games.\n\n\n2016 Olympic games\nIn the 2016 Summer Olympics, Al-Rashidi competed as an \"independent Olympic athlete\" because Kuwait was banned from the Olympics by the IOC over government interference in sport. He won the qualification, finished fourth in the semifinals and won the bronze medal match against Ukraine's Mikola Milchev, the winner from Sydney in 2000.\nAs his status of being an independent Olympian did not enable the restriction of the uniform of his national team, he received media attention for competing whilst wearing the training shirt of Arsenal F.C. despite not being a supporter himself, leading to people on social media to draw comparison to him and the team's performance in the Premier League.Al-Rashidi won his second Olympic bronze medal in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, this time competing for Kuwait.\n\n\nOlympic results\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdullah Al-Rashidi at the International Shooting Sport Federation\nAbdullah Al-Rashidi at Olympedia"}}}}

part_xaa/aachener_zeitung

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aachener_Zeitung","to":"Aachener Zeitung"}],"pages":{"52178921":{"pageid":52178921,"ns":0,"title":"Aachener Zeitung","extract":"Aachener Zeitung (lit. Aachen Newspaper, AZ) is a daily newspaper published in Aachen, Germany. It is printed, alongside the daily Aachener Nachrichten (AN), by the Zeitungsverlag Aachen in the Rhenish format.\n\n\nHistory\nThe AZ was founded in 1946 as Aachener Volkszeitung (AVZ) by Jakob Schmitz, Josef Hofmann, Albert Maas and Johannes Ernst, first printed on 22 February 1946. It was the first free paper published by Germans after World War II. The paper was renamed Aachener Zeitung on 6 March 1996. The paper was printed initially only two or three times a week, but daily every working day from 1 September 1949; it is sold mainly by subscription and the circulation is about 112,000 copies.The paper supplies news from around the world, but with a focus on the region, its politics, economy, culture, sports and weather, for readers in Aachen, Eschweiler, Geilenkirchen and J\u00fclich.Bernd Mathieu is the current editor-in-chief, of the Aachener Zeitung from 1995 and of the Aachener Nachrichten from 2003. The concept of two newspapers in one Redaktion was then new for Germany. Mathieu is a lecturer at the Aachen University of Applied Sciences for Digital Business in media and communications studies. He is a member of the jury of the journalism prize Theodor Wolff Prize.\nMathieu initiated online news service, namely a digital daily evening news \"AmAbend\u201c with photo galleries and videos, provided from 7 pm, in addition to the printed papers which include weekly specials on Wednesdays and Sundays.\n\n\nAwards\nTheodor Wolff Prize 2007, Marlon Gego, Am Ende der Illusion\nEuropean Newspaper Award, several times, including 2001, 2012 and 2016.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nAachener Zeitung flickr.com\nAachener Zeitung 4imn.com\nAachener Zeitung and Aachener Nachrichten / Die Netze der Zukunft bauen auf Akeptanz (in German) Flexible Elektrische Netze 29 October 2014\nDrei Awards f\u00fcr AN und AZ Aachener Zeitung, 16 November 2016"}}}}

part_xaa/adeline_foo

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adeline_Foo","to":"Adeline Foo"}],"pages":{"48099892":{"pageid":48099892,"ns":0,"title":"Adeline Foo","extract":"Adeline Foo is a Singaporean short story writer and children's book writer.\n\n\nCareer\nFoo is a graduate of New York University Tisch School of the Arts, Asia. She started writing picture books in 2006. To date, she has written 16 books, 12 picture books. Her bestselling work is The Diary of Amos Lee which was published on 2009, it is written in simple and lucid language. She received the inaugural First Time Writers & Illustrators Publishing Initiative Award given by the Media Development Authority of Singapore and the National Book Development Council of Singapore. She has received support to publish 13 picture books for early readers. Three of her books have been adapted into animation shorts, with a fourth new series turned into a TV show on the MediaCorp kids' channel, okto.\nFoo spent half of her 15-year career in corporate public relations, and the other half in advertising agency work.\nShe is married and a mother of three children.\n\n\nAwards and recognition\nFoo's The Diary of Amos Lee: I Sit, I Write, I Flush! won the inaugural Red Dot award for \u201cBest Junior Fiction\u201d presented by the International School Libraries Network (Singapore) in 2009. The Diary of Amos Lee: I'm Twelve, I'm Tough, I Tweet! won second runner-up at the Popular Readers\u2019 Choice Award in 2011. Foo's The Diary of Amos Lee series, published by Epigram Books has been sold to India, China, Indonesia, Slovakia and Czech Republic. The book has also been adapted into a television show in 2012 for which there have been spin-offs of characters in the series. A game that was mentioned in one of the books has also been turned into a game application for iPhone and iPad. As of 2013, the series has sold nearly 200,000 copies worldwide.\n\n\nPublications\nThe Diary of Amos Lee: I Sit, I Write, I Flush (2009)\nThe Diary of Amos Lee: Girls, Guts and Glory (2009)\nThe Diary of Amos Lee: I'm Twelve, I'm Tough, I Tweet (2010)\nWhoopie Lee 1: Almost Famous (2011)\nBen's Friends from the Rainforest (2006)\nMonsters on the Wall (2009)\nIt Took More Than Earthworms to Bring Grandpa Home\nBeaded Slippers (2008)\nThe Thing Under My Bed (2009)\nThomas Titans: Men Among Boys (2013)\nThe Kitchen God (2008)\nLost in the Secret Garden (2007)\nSecret Hoarder (2007)\nThe Midnight Tree (2008)\nThe Amulet (2008)\nGeorgette's Mooncakes (2009)\nMonsters on the Wall (2009)\nNu Nu: The Ring-Necked Monster (2009)\nChilli Padi (2008)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nThe Woman Behind Amos Lee: Adeline Foo \u00bb Behind the Books\nWelcome to The Diary of Amos Lee: I sit, I write, I flush\nAdeline Foo Google"}}}}

part_xaa/adelaide_concerto

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde_Concerto","to":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Concerto"}],"pages":{"5846489":{"pageid":5846489,"ns":0,"title":"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Concerto","extract":"The Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Concerto is the nickname of a violin concerto in D major attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and given the catalogue number K. Anh. 294a in the third edition of the standard K\u00f6chel catalogue of Mozart's works. Unknown until the 20th century, this concerto was later discovered to be a spurious work by Marius Casadesus. It was given a new number in the sixth edition of the K\u00f6chel catalogue, K. Anh.C 14.05, as part of the Anhang C designated for spurious or doubtful works which have been attributed to Mozart at some time.\n\n\nBackground\nFirst published in 1933 in a version for violin and piano, the concerto was said by Casadesus, the \"editor\", to have been arranged from a manuscript by the ten-year-old Mozart, with a title page containing a dedication to Madame Ad\u00e9la\u00efde, the fourth daughter of King Louis XV. Conveniently enough, this alleged manuscript was never accessible to later enquirers such as Alfred Einstein and Friedrich Blume, but Casadesus described it, according to Blume, as \"an autograph manuscript in two staves, of which the upper stave carries the solo part and the lower carries the bass.\" In what was surely a nose-tweak at those fooled by this imposture, Casadesus also reported that \"The upper stave is notated in D, the lower in E\". Since the violin is not a transposing instrument, there would have been no obvious technical reason for the upper staff to be written in a different key from the lower staff, especially for what sounds more like a short score than a completed score.\nDespite the lack of provenance, Blume was thoroughly taken in by the concerto, although Einstein professed himself skeptical. The latter referred to it as \"a piece of mystification a la Kreisler\". (Fritz Kreisler, the famed violinist, had written several pieces in the styles of composers such as Gaetano Pugnani, Giuseppe Tartini, and Antonio Vivaldi which he had originally passed off as compositions by these older masters.)\nMany others expressed similar doubts, but only in 1977 during a copyright dispute did Casadesus admit his authorship of this alleged \"Mozart\" work.\nThe \"Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Concerto\" is sometimes erroneously credited to Marius' brother Henri Casadesus, perhaps because of many other spurious musical pieces he and other members of the Casadesus family composed in the names of Johann Christian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and other composers.\n\n\nStructure\nThe concerto has three movements:\n\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nMarius Casadesus, archived from the original on 2005-02-04, retrieved 2013-05-10 (source of information about copyright dispute above).\nBlume, Friedrich (1956). \"The Concertos: (1) Their Sources\". In H. C. Robbins Landon; Donald Mitchell (eds.). The Mozart Companion. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00499-6. (Source of other details on concerto. Published before Casadesus' revelation of his authorship.)\nStanley Sadie, The New Grove Mozart (New York: Norton, 1983), p. 206. ISBN 0-393-30084-6. (Source of catalogue numbers.)\nMozart: The Violin Concertos, Vol. 3. Mela Tenenbaum, violin; Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra conducted by Richard Kapp. ESSAY Recordings, catalogue number CD-1072. (Source of information on tempos of movements.)\nPajot, Dennis (2004). \"KV Anh 294a, Adelaide Violin Concerto\". Mozartforum.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.\n\n\nFurther reading\nLebermann, Walter. Apokryph, Plagiat, Korruptel oder Falsifikat?, Die Musikforschung, xx (1967), 413ff."}}}}

part_xaa/adam_cwalina

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Cwalina","to":"Adam Cwalina"}],"pages":{"36572878":{"pageid":36572878,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Cwalina","extract":"Adam Cwalina (Polish pronunciation: [\u02c8adam tsfa\u02c8lina]; born 26 January 1985) is a Polish badminton player. He competed in men's doubles event at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Micha\u0142 \u0141ogosz and 2016 Summer Olympics with Przemys\u0142aw Wacha.\n\n\nAchievements\n\n\nBWF Grand Prix\nThe BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.\nMen's doubles\n\n BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF Grand Prix tournament\n\n\nBWF International Challenge/Series\nMen's doubles\n\nMixed doubles\n\n BWF International Challenge tournament\n BWF International Series tournament\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Cwalina at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com\nAdam Cwalina at the Polski Komitet Olimpijski (in Polish) (archived)\nAdam Cwalina at the International Olympic Committee\nAdam Cwalina at Olympics.com"}}}}

part_xaa/ace_williams

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ace_Williams","to":"Ace Williams"}],"pages":{"30980177":{"pageid":30980177,"ns":0,"title":"Ace Williams","extract":"Robert Fulton \"Ace\" Williams (March 18, 1917 \u2013 September 16, 1999) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Bees / Braves. From 1943 to 1945 Williams's baseball career was interrupted while he served in World War II with the United States Navy.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nCareer statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet"}}}}

part_xaa/abdel-halim_mahmoud

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdel-Halim_Mahmoud","to":"Abdel-Halim Mahmoud"}],"pages":{"20644881":{"pageid":20644881,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel-Halim Mahmoud","extract":"Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f) (12 May 1910 \u2013 17 October 1978; 2 Jumaada al-awal 1328 A.H. - 14 The al-Qi`dah 1398 A.H.) served as Grand Imam of al-Azhar from 1973 until his death in 1978. Called \u201cavuncular and beloved\u201d by some, he was known for his modernizing approach to teaching at Al-Azhar University, preaching moderation and embracing modern science as a religious duty.\n\n\nEarly life\nAbdel-Halim Mahmoud was born on 12 May 1910 in the village of Abou Ahmed (now Al Salam), in the Sharqia Governorate, 50 kilometers north east of Cairo, Egypt. He memorized the Qur'an at an early age and then started his studies at Al-Azhar University where he graduated in 1932. He then continued his studies in France, where he obtained a Doctorate degree in Philosophy from the Universite de Paris - La Sorbonne in 1940.\n\n\nViews\nAccording to scholars Moshe Albo and Yoram Meital, themes that reoccurred in Mahmoud's writing were:\n\nthe importance of knowledge and education; the superiority of Islamic morals and ethics; the uniqueness of Muslim history; the integration of Islamic spirituality and jurisprudence; the ultimate negation of the Other (e.g., the Western, Zionist, communist, secular, and heretic); the ascendance of Islamic theology and law; and the need to reform Egyptian politics and society in accordance with the pillars of Islam.\n\n\nIslamic law\nMahmoud was a consistent supporter of the replacement of Egypt's civil law code with Sharia. He argued that the Hudud (those sharia punishments which are mandated and fixed) punishment of amputation of a thief's hand was ordained by God and when implemented by Ibn Saud had brought law and order to Saudi Arabia\u2014even though it only had to be carried out seven times.On the other hand, Mahmoud issued a shariah fatwa supporting a minimum marrying age of sixteen for girls, despite the fact he acknowledged Shariah tradition did not specify any exact age. He argued \"developed societies have set the age of marriage at sixteen, and this is appropriate\".\n\n\nScience\nFor Mahmoud, \"any reform -- whether on the personal level or on the level of society -- begins with science, be that science religious or material..... Whether we begin the path of reform from the vantage point of theoretical science or from that of material or empirical science, our endeavours must be imbued with a purpose. This purpose is an Islamic obligation, as science must be the basis for the path towards God. Indeed, knowledge is a form of worship and a form of jihad.\"\nDuring his tenure as Grand Imam, Al-Azhar witnessed unprecedented reform and revival, including the introduction of new faculties, teaching methods and management style.\n\n\nSufism\nAbdel-Halim Mahmoud is also remembered for reviving Sufism through his prolific writings and lectures on the matter. He was greatly influenced by the Sudanese Sufi Sheikh Mohammed Osman Abdu al-Burhany whose knowledge shaped his views on Sufism. \n\"Abd al-Halim Mahmud (1910-1978) is remembered as the former rector of al-Azhar who wrote a great deal on Sufism. He is referred to by his honorific title, 'al-Ghazali, in 14th Century A.H.'2 , a title he was given because of his unique ability to integrate the exoteric and esoteric dimensions of Islam (which are often considered contradictory at first glance). He became influential in 1960-1970s, the Sadat period in which Islamic revivalism began its rise to prominence in Egypt.\"\n\"Abd al-Halim presents tasawwuf as a scientific method that would enable people to comprehend the ultimate reality. The essence of tasawwuf is defined as knowledge (ma`rifa) of the metaphysical domain. Metaphysics is the science of explaining the hidden aspects of God and clarifying his prophecies. He emphasised its distinction of 'mysticism'-he proposed that tasawwuf is not a mere superstitious method, but a field of science (Mahmud Al-Munqidh: 224-233). `Abd al-Halim cites `Abbas Mahmud al-`Aqqad (d. 1964) in saying that ma`rifa is an intellectual realm which neither physical science, cognition (fikr), nor various types of mental perception (basira etc.) have access to. Tasawwuf is the only science that can enter this realm, because although other sciences are bound to human capacity, tasawwuf is not (cited from ibid. 352-353).\"\n\"Abd al-Halim's Sufism consists of three elements-`ilm, jihad, and `ubudiya. First was `ilm, the knowledge of Islamic Law. He emphasizes the significance of living according to shari`a, and stipulates that Islamic Law is to be understood and practiced accordingly. Moreover, he cites Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's work, which declares that God will bless those who acted according to their knowledge of Law-no matter how ignorant they might be-but would punish those who ignored the law irrespective of their knowledge4. Second is jihad, the effort to situate oneself within social reality and to solve the problems one faces. `Abd al-Halim's ideal image of Sufi is not exemplified through the concept of 'mystic' (those who live in seclusion, practicing asceticism). He states rather that Sufi must be committed to solving the problems of the time, and gives the example of `Abd al-Qadir al-Jazai'rli (d.1883), who fought for the defence of Algeria against France (ibid. 15-16). Third is `ubudiya, servitude to God: being correct and devoted. When `ubudiya is attained, ma`rifa is granted, and God showers the believer with Mercy (ibid. 12)\".\n\n\nSources\nManhaj al-islah al-islami fi-al-mujtam' (The Method of Islamic Reform in Society), Abdel-Halim Mahmoud, Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organisation (GEBO), 2005.\n\"The Grand Imams of Al-Azhar (Shuyukhul Azhar)\" at www.sunnah.org.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdel-Halim Mahmoud Foundation"}}}}

part_xaa/aapajarvi

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"26064192":{"pageid":26064192,"ns":0,"title":"Aapaj\u00e4rvi","extract":"Aapaj\u00e4rvi is the biggest lake in Tornio, Finland. Aapaj\u00e4rvi is also a village with a population of about 130 (2014). The village is 38 km away from Tornio. People in the village live near the west and north coasts of lake Aapaj\u00e4rvi.\nThe deepest point of the lake is 4.7 meters and the coastal perimeter is 10.1 kilometers. \nIn Finish lapland, there are two Aapaj\u00e4rvi lakes, another is in Pelkosenniemi.\n\n\nSee also\nList of lakes in Finland\n\n\nReferences\nFinnish Environment Institute: Lakes in Finland\nEtel\u00e4-Savon ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6keskus: Saimaa, nimet ja rajaukset (in Finnish)"}}}}

part_xaa/abdulaziz_al-mandeel

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulaziz_Al-Mandeel","to":"Abdulaziz Al-Mandeel"}],"pages":{"40363164":{"pageid":40363164,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulaziz Al-Mandeel","extract":"Abdulaziz Al-Mandeel (born 22 May 1989) is a Kuwaiti athlete specializing in the high hurdles. He has won several medals at the regional level.\n\n\nCompetition record\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aaron_lee

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Lee","to":"Aaron Lee"}],"pages":{"2217088":{"pageid":2217088,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Lee","extract":"Aaron Lee Soon Yong (born June 7, 1972) is a Singaporean prize-winning poet who writes in English. He was born in Malaysia but received his education in Singapore and became a Singaporean in 1996.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nEarly beginnings\nAaron began writing poetry during his days at Raffles Institution, a secondary school in Singapore where he befriended other students who would also eventually go on to become published Singaporean writers. By 1990, he had, along with other ex-school mates, Jonathan Kuan Wei Han, Tong Jo Tze, Alvin Pang and Jeffrey Lim, interested a Singapore publisher, VJ Times, in the publication of an anthology of poems contributed by the five writers. This collection, In Search of Words, was published in 1991.\n\n\nPublications\nLee's first collection of poems, A Visitation of Sunlight, was named one of the best books of 1997 by The Straits Times. The collection was well received and played a part in a late 1990s resurgence of interest in Singapore poetry centred on a new generation of Singapore poets.\nIn 1999, the title poem of his book was selected for the National Arts Council\u2019s Poems on the Move programme, a national initiative to bring poetry to the masses on public transport.\nLee\u2019s work has been anthologised in such publications as Rhythms: a Millennial Anthology of Poetry (Singapore), the New Straits Times (Malaysia), Anglistik (Germany), and Fifty on 50 (Singapore).\nLee is the co-editor of No Other City: the Ethos Anthology of Urban Poetry and Love Gathers All: the Philippines- Singapore Anthology of Love Poetry (for which the editors were given an award by the Singapore International Foundation). He has given talks and readings in Malaysia, Germany, the US, the Philippines and Australia.\nIn 2007, Lee released his second poetry collection, Five Right Angles. The book went on to become a finalist in the Singapore Literature Prize awards of 2008.\nHe is active in the literary scene in mentoring young poets and conducting school workshops and seminars on creative writing. He is married to an artist and educationist, Namiko Chan. He is a Christian, and his work displays a range of Christian themes and imagery.\nIn 2014, Lee launched his third poetry collection, Coastlands, at the Singapore Writers Festival. Coastlands documents his life experience as a pilgrim still finding his place in the wider world.\n\n\nWorks\nA Visitation of Sunlight: Poems 1990-96 (1997, Ethos Books) ISBN 9810095368\nFive Right Angles: Poems (2007, Ethos Books) ISBN 9789810583682\nCoastlands (2014, Ethos Books) ISBN 978-981-09-2478-2\n\n\nPersonal life\nBorn in 1972, Aaron used to reside in Johor Bahru before becoming a Singaporean in 1996. He studied at Woodlands Primary School before attending Raffles Institution after taking his PSLE. After graduating from Raffles Institution, Aaron then studied law at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. He married Namiko Chan, a Singaporean painter on June 7, 2003.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nThe Laniakea Culture Collective"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_shankman

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Shankman","to":"Adam Shankman"}],"pages":{"4213808":{"pageid":4213808,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Shankman","extract":"Adam Michael Shankman (born November 27, 1964) is an American film director, producer, writer, dancer, author, actor, and choreographer. He was a permanent judge on season 6\u20137 of the television program So You Think You Can Dance. He began his professional career in musical theater, and was a dancer in music videos for Paula Abdul and Janet Jackson. Shankman has choreographed dozens of films and directed several feature-length films, including A Walk to Remember, Bringing Down the House, The Pacifier and the 2007 remake of Hairspray.\nHis company, Offspring Entertainment (which he co-owns with his sister) produces films and television for various studios and networks.\nShankman is also currently co-writing young adult novels for Simon & Schuster imprint Atheneum Books for Young Readers. The books, co-written with author Laura Lee Sullivan, follow the story of rags to riches Lucille O'Malley as she becomes Hollywood's \"it girl\", navigating a murder mystery and meeting her match, Frederick van der Waals.\n\n\nEarly life\nShankman was born in Los Angeles to an upper-middle-class Jewish family. He is the son of Phyllis (n\u00e9e Perper), a licensed practitioner in Gestalt therapy, and Ned Shankman, an entertainment lawyer and manager for such acts as Barry White, the American band X, and Sister Sledge. His sister Jennifer was born when Shankman was four years old. He attended Palisades High School before attending Juilliard School.\n\n\nEarly career\nAfter graduating from Palisades, Shankman was a performing intern and junior company member of the prestigious Children's Theatre Company in Minneapolis. Having been accepted for both dancing and acting at Juilliard, he chose dance as his major without having any previous formal training. He dropped out of college to dance in musical theater and at nineteen he was cast in his first professional show, West Side Story, at the esteemed Michigan Opera Theater.\nShankman moved back to Los Angeles and started dancing in music videos. He was a dancer in Janet Jackson's \"Alright\" video, as well as in an MC Skat Kat video with Paula Abdul. Shankman broke into professional choreography in a 1989 music video for rapper MC Shan with director Julien Temple. When the hired choreographer fell through, Shankman lied and said that he had done choreography for Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul. He was hired on the spot without his story being verified. As a choreographer, he worked with acts including Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, The Time, Whitney Houston and Aaron Neville. In 1996 he won a Bob Fosse Award for Best Choreography in a Commercial. On television, he was a go-to choreographer on Friends and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. He served as a choreographer and dance consultant on dozens of movies including Addams Family Values, Catch Me If You Can, George of the Jungle and Boogie Nights.\nIn 1998 Shankman wrote and directed Cosmo's Tale, a non-dialogue short film that appeared at the Sundance Film Festival. Following the short, his sister, Jennifer Gibgot, asked him to read a script that she had already set up with Fine Line Features, entitled The Wedding Planner. He liked the script and this led to a meeting with execs. He was hired for the job of director ten minutes into the meeting. The movie eventually went to Columbia Pictures and was a box office success.\n\n\nDirecting career\nFollowing The Wedding Planner, Shankman went on to direct seven more studio films: A Walk to Remember, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, Bringing Down the House, The Pacifier, the 2007 award-winning film Hairspray, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures' Bedtime Stories, and the movie based on the musical of the same name, Rock of Ages. In 2019 he directed What Men Want, starring Taraji P. Henson for Paramount Pictures.\nShankman has been confirmed to helm Walt Disney Pictures' Disenchanted, the sequel to Enchanted, starring Amy Adams.Shankman has directed commercial campaigns for Macy's, Marshalls and Schick, as well as primetime television pilots and shows, including Being Mary Jane, Glee, AJ and the Queen, Step Up: High Water and Modern Family. He has directed several shorts for Funny or Die, including \"Prop 8 - The Musical\" starring Jack Black and written by composer Marc Shaiman. According to Time magazine, \"Prop 8 - The Musical\" was Marc Shaiman's attempt to pick apart the anti-gay marriage lobby's logic. Lending support to the cause were actors Jack Black, John C. Reilly, Maya Rudolph, Craig Robinson, Neil Patrick Harris and Allison Janney.In 2012, Shankman directed a dual campaign to attract young voters for Rock the Vote and Funny or Die.In June 2017, he directed the pilot for Step Up: High Water, a gritty teen drama series produced by Lionsgate Television and YouTube Red.\n\n\nProducing career\nIn addition to directing, Shankman has produced various studio films with his sister Jennifer Gibgot, through their company Offspring Entertainment. These include Touchstone Pictures' Step Up, which helped launch the careers of Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan; Premonition, starring Sandra Bullock; Bedtime Stories for Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures; 17 Again, starring Zac Efron; The Last Song, starring Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth; and Going the Distance, starring Justin Long and Drew Barrymore. Shankman also served as producer of the Step Up franchise.\nIn 2009 Shankman produced Carrie Underwood: An All-Star Holiday Special, with Executive Producer Nigel Lythgoe.\nWith Bill Mechanic, Shankman was one of the two producers of the 82nd Academy Awards, which took place on March 7, 2010. The telecast earned a record 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including two for Shankman, for Best Choreography and Co-Producing.Offspring Entertainment, in addition to having several feature films on the development slate, has a deal with Warner Bros. Television and Warner Horizon, and is currently developing television series and events for both network and cable.Adam Shankman serves as an executive producer on YouTube Premium and Lionsgate Television series Step Up: High Water. He also directed the pilot episode. The third season of the series will air on Starz Encore in 2020. In May 2021, Shankman announced that he would serve as an executive producer for Hocus Pocus 2.\n\n\nTheater and stage\nIn August 2014, Shankman directed and choreographed a production of Hair at the Hollywood Bowl. Zach Woodlee assisted Shankman in choreography and Lon Hoyt served as music director. The show presented an all-star cast including Benjamin Walker as Berger, Kristen Bell as Sheila and Hunter Parrish as Claude. Other cast members included Sarah Hyland, Jenna Ushkowitz, Mario, Kevin Chamberlin, Beverly D'Angelo and Amber Riley. As is customary with the annual Bowl musicals, the Hair cast had fewer than 14 days to get the semi-staged show up and running.\nShankman and his team had the task of teaching dialogue, choreography, music and lyrics for over forty numbers to a cast of thirty, in just ten days before going on to dress rehearsals. The cast and crew had only two dress rehearsals before going live to a crowd of 11,000 people. The show garnered positive reviews, including one from BroadwayWorld.com: \"Overall, Shankman's production of HAIR for the Hollywood Bowl is definitely a must-see event this weekend. Steeped in dazzling visuals, fun music, high-energy choreography, and a cast of talented, staggeringly gorgeous youngsters with giddiness coming out of every pore, this musical celebration of peace, love, and happiness deserves your attention.\"In 2015, Warner Bros. Theater Ventures started developing a musical version of the 2009 movie 17 Again, which was directed by Burr Steers and produced by Shankman and Gibgot. The show was workshopped in New York's theater district, with a run planned for the near future. The musical is being produced by Warner Bros. Theater Ventures, Mark Kaufman and Adam Shankman.\n\n\nSo You Think You Can Dance\nShankman was a judge and choreographer on seasons 3\u201310 of the Fox Broadcasting reality show So You Think You Can Dance. He used the term \"lyrical hip-hop\" to describe the dance style associated with the choreography duo of Napoleon and Tabitha D'umo. The term is popularly credited to him, as reported in the May/June 2009 issue of Dance Spirit magazine.\n\n\nCharitable work\nShankman has donated time and funds to numerous charitable and political foundations. He actively promotes charitable causes by producing live events and galas, utilizing social media, participating in PSAs, speaking engagements and personal appearances. These charities include AIDS Project Los Angeles, Mountains AIDS Foundation, Feeding America, the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation, Point Foundation, GO Campaign, Special Olympics and Motion Picture and Television Fund. He teaches classes and mentors students for Ghetto Film School and has appeared at events for Operation Smile.\nShankman serves on the board of The Trevor Project and co-founded the DizzyFeet Foundation with his friend Nigel Lythgoe. This was founded in 2009 to support, improve, and increase access to dance education in the United States by providing grants to after school dance and arts programs in low income areas and rewarding scholarships to talented dancers across the country. The foundation is the biggest supporter and trailblazer for National Dance Day, hosting various events every July across the United States.\n\n\nPersonal life\nShankman is gay.He officiated the wedding of actors Freddie Prinze, Jr. and Sarah Michelle Gellar, a good friend of his with whom he worked while choreographing Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He got the Buffy job based on Gellar's recommendation to the show's creator, Joss Whedon.Shankman danced on the Oscars telecast in 1990, and exactly 20 years later was producer and choreographer on the 82nd Oscars. At the 1990 Oscars, Shankman danced in the number \"Under the Sea\", where he met his best friend (a dancer in the same number), director and choreographer Anne Fletcher.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nFilm\nProducer\n\nStep Up (2006)\nPremonition (2007)\nStep Up 2: The Streets (2008)\n17 Again (2009)\nThe Last Song (2010)\nStep Up 3D (2010)\nGoing the Distance (2010)\nStep Up Revolution (2012)\nStep Up: All In (2014)\nStatus Update (2018)\nStep Up: Year of the Dance (2019)\n\n\nTelevision\n\n\nActing credits\n\n\nChoreographer\n\n\nVideo short\n\n\nOther credits\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAdam Shankman at IMDb\nInterview with The Advocate"}}}}

part_xaa/adedeji_adeleke

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adedeji_Adeleke","to":"Adedeji Adeleke"}],"pages":{"47602501":{"pageid":47602501,"ns":0,"title":"Adedeji Adeleke","extract":"Adedeji Adeleke (born 6 March 1957) is a Nigerian billionaire, business magnate and president of Adeleke University. He is also the CEO of Pacific Holdings Limited. He is the father of Davido, a Nigerian musician and Sharon Adeleke. He was married to Dr Vero Adeleke who died on 6 March 2003. His younger brother Ademola Adeleke is the governor-elect of Osun State.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abebech_negussie

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abebech_Negussie","to":"Abebech Negussie"}],"pages":{"10067496":{"pageid":10067496,"ns":0,"title":"Abebech Negussie","extract":"Abebech Negussie (born 2 January 1983 in Arsi) is a retired Ethiopian middle distance runner, who specialized in 1500 metres. She represented Ethiopia in that event at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and the 2001 World Championships in Athletics.\n\n\nInternational competitions\n\n\nPersonal bests\n800 metres - 2:04.13 min (2000)\n1500 metres - 4:06.01 min (2001)\n\n\nExternal links\nAbebech Negussie at World Athletics"}}}}

part_xaa/abital

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"redirects":[{"from":"Abital","to":"Avital (given name)"}],"pages":{"4190774":{"pageid":4190774,"ns":0,"title":"Avital (given name)","extract":"Avital (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05b2\u05d1\u05b4\u05d9\u05d8\u05b7\u05dc \u2019\u0102\u1e07\u00ee\u1e6d\u0101l) is a Hebrew given name of Old Testament origin. Traditionally a female given name, its modern usage is unisex.\nAvital is also used as a surname.\n\n\nEtymology\n\"Abital\" translates to dewy (as in, morning dew) or my father is [the] dew (Ab-i means \"my father\"; -i is possessive pronoun for \"my\").The name refers to dew, the phenomenon of water droplets that occur on exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation.\n\n\nPlace name\nThe surname could potentially be a place name for the Avital moshav in Israel, named in 1953.Alternatively, Mount Avital/Tall Abu an Nada (Hebrew: \u05d4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc, Har Avital, Arabic: \u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0649, Tall Abu an Nada) is a mountain that is part of a dormant volcano in the Golan Heights. It does not appear to have any correlation with the Avital moshav, being over an hour's drive away.\n\n\nBiblical character\n\nThe name was popularized by minor biblical character Abital, who is mentioned in the book of Samuel as one of King David's wives (II Samuel 3:4).\nAbital gave birth to David's fifth son, Shephatiah, another minor biblical character.\n\n\nPeople\n\n\nAs given name (female)\nAvital Sharansky, a Ukrainian activist and public figure in the Soviet Jewry Movement.\nAvital Ronell, an American professor.\nAvital Leibovich, director of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) in Israel.\nAvital Abergel, an Israeli actress.\n\n\nAs given name (male)\nAvital Boruchovsky, an Israeli chess player.\nAvital Inbar, an Israeli author.\nAvital Selinger, an Israeli volleyball player.\nAvital Tamir, an Israeli musician.\n\n\nAs surname\nMili Avital, an Israeli actress, writer, and director.\nShay Avital, Major General (Ret.) in the IDF and former head of the Special Operations Forces Command (Depth Corps).\nOmer Avital, an Israeli-American jazz bassist, composer and bandleader.\nAvi Avital, an Israeli mandolinist.\nTsion Avital, an Israeli philosopher of art and culture.\nEden Avital, an Israeli footballer.\nColette Avital, a Romani-Israeli diplomat and politician.\nDr. Doron Avital, an Israeli politician.\nShmuel Avital, an Israeli politician.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aaron_takahashi

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Takahashi","to":"Aaron Takahashi"}],"pages":{"45098071":{"pageid":45098071,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Takahashi","extract":"Aaron Takahashi is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as the \"male nurse\" Lee in the film Yes Man (2008), one of the fake groomsmen in The Wedding Ringer (2015), as Troy in the film Welcome to the Jungle (2013), and his various roles on the talk show Conan on TBS, with Conan O'Brien.\nTakahashi has appeared in over 50 national commercials since 2004.\n\n\nEarly life\nTakahashi graduated from North Torrance High School.Takahashi worked at Meiji supermarket while attending the University of Southern California (USC). He graduated with a degree in English and an emphasis on creative writing. After graduation, he became the manager of the store. After the store closed, Takahashi pursued acting full time.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nFilm\nTakahashi has appeared as the character \"Takashi\" in Justin Lin's directorial debut, Better Luck Tomorrow (2002). He also appeared in the film Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) as a Rickshaw Runner, and in Lane Nishikawa's film Only the Brave (2006) as one of the 442 2nd Squad soldiers. Takahashi has additionally appeared as the male nurse character \"Lee\" in Peyton Reed's Yes Man opposite Jim Carrey. In 2013, Takahashi appeared as \"Troy\" in Rob Meltzer's Welcome to the Jungle (2013) opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme. In 2015, Takahashi appeared as Endo/Rambis (named after the coach Kurt Rambis), one of Josh Gad's character's \"fake groomsmen\" in Jeremy Garelick's The Wedding Ringer, starring Kevin Hart and Josh Gad.\nIn addition to Better Luck Tomorrow, Takahashi has appeared in independent films such as Kiyong Kim's Ku Klux Korena (2007) (as Jin), Teruhisa Yoshida's Robert Hearts Miss Ing (2008), Tom Huang's Why Am I Doing This? (2009)(as Sung), James Huang's Starting From Scratch (2013) (as Jim), Peter O'Melia's The Grounds (2014) (as Applicant #4), and as Aaron, a fictionalized version of himself, in Awesome Asian Bad Guys (2013-2014), directed by Patrick Epino and Stephen Dypiangco.\nTakahashi has also appeared in various short films such as Mike Nojun Park's Re: Your Balls (2009) (as Matt), James Huang's Represent (2010) (as Aaron), and Roman Cortez's My Best Friend Bigfoot Ep.1 & 2. (2010) (as Scott).\n\n\nTelevision\nTakahashi has appeared in a number of TV series, including Asia Street Comedy (2004-2005) (various characters), Reno 911! (as a Thai Delivery Man and a Storeowner), The Bill Engvall Show (2009) (as a Driver), Whacked (as a Korean Shopkeeper), Traffic Light (as a Nerdy Dad), Mr. Sunshine (as Jerry), ACME Saturday Night (as various characters), Community (as the Math Club Leader in the episode \"A Fistful of Paintballs\" Dir. Joe Russo), The Mentalist (as Tai Nguyen), Ben and Kate (as Shawn), Sullivan & Son (as Dr. Park), The Big Bang Theory (as a scientist), The Millers (as Kevin), Conan (as various characters), Drunk History (as a guest) and Dog Park (as Neal).\nTakahashi currently has recurring roles in both the Yahoo! Screen original series Sin City Saints (as social media guru Henry), and the USA Network series Mr. Robot (as Allsafe Security employee Lloyd).\n\n\nAdvertisement & other work\nTakahashi has appeared in over 50 national ad campaigns for brands such as Snapple, the NFL, Esurance, McDonald's, and Amp'd Mobile (where he plays a worker that raps the song \"U and Dat\" (featuring T-Pain and Kandi Girl) out loud in a bathroom before another employee notice him). Takahashi also provides the voice of \"Paul Tard\" in the videogame Slumber Party Slaughterhouse: The Game (2008).\nTakahashi has also appeared on stage in Paul Kikuchi's Slice, at the Fremont Theater in Pasadena.He has been trained at East West Players, where he currently teaches the annual \"On-Camera Commercial and Audition Class.\" He has also been a writer and performing member of the ACME Comedy Theater, and is also currently a workshop instructor and core performing member of the improv group Cold Tofu.He was an honoree at East West Players 2019 Night Market for \"advancing the visibility of Asian Americans nationally\" through his work.\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Takahashi at IMDb\nActor Aaron Takahashi's Greatest Hits\nAngry Reader of the Week: Aaron Takahashi\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdulaziz_al-mahmoud

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulaziz_Al-Mahmoud","to":"Abdulaziz Al-Mahmoud"}],"pages":{"48000646":{"pageid":48000646,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulaziz Al-Mahmoud","extract":"Abdulaziz Al-Mahmoud is a Qatari engineer, journalist and author. He previously served as editor-in-chief of The Peninsula and its Arabic counterpart, Al Sharq. As a writer, his debut novel Al Qursan experienced commercial success after its release in August 2011. The novel was translated into English under the title The Corsair one year later and went on to become one of the best-selling books to be released by a Qatari author.\n\n\nEducation\nAl-Mahmoud graduated from Clarkson University with a BA in engineering and later received a diploma in aviation and engineering from a university in the United Kingdom.\n\n\nCareer\nAbdulaziz Al-Mahmoud previously served as an engineer for the Qatar Air Force. He also served as editor-in-chief of English daily The Peninsula. From 1998 to 2001 he was the editor-in-chief of its Arabic counterpart, Al Sharq.He later worked as editor-in-chief of Al Jazeera's online website for five years. He was also a part of Al Jazeera's board of directors from 2007 to 2009. He helped relaunch the Al Arab newspaper's online website in 2008, and served as its editor-in-chief until November 2009.\n\n\nCareer as an author\nAl-Mahmoud's debut novel was a naval history book entitled Al Qursan, originally released in August 2011. The book's plot revolved around British politics and piracy in the Persian Gulf region during the 19th century, with the central figure being the Arab pirate Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah. The book went on to become one of the best-selling books of all time to be authored by a Qatari.He states that his interest in the Persian Gulf's naval history and the political ramifications of piracy began in 1996 when he discovered a library in Lincolnshire, UK containing old British manuscripts. A nineteenth-century book called Coast of Pirates ultimately prompted him to begin researching the Persian Gulf's history. He claims it took him approximately eleven months to write Al Qursan.Al-Mahmoud's second work, also a naval history novel, is entitled The Holy Sail. It was published in November 2014. The novel is thematically romantic and the plot concerns a young woman who falls in love with an Arab tribal leader. Al-Mahmoud places on emphasis on equity and freedom in this novel.He was one of the two participants in Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation's first 'literary majlis', held in March 2014.\n\n\nReferences\n\n. Qatar"}}}}

part_xaa/aaron_teroi

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Teroi","to":"Aaron Teroi"}],"pages":{"51913004":{"pageid":51913004,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Teroi","extract":"Aaron Teroi (born 2 October 1995) is a Cook Islands international rugby league footballer who plays for the Central Queensland Capras in Intrust Super Cup. He plays at halfback and hooker.\n\n\nBackground\nBorn in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Teroi was educated at Craigieburn Secondary College.\nHe played his junior rugby league for the Northern Thunder RLFC in Broadmeadows before being signed by the Melbourne Storm.\n\n\nPlaying career\nIn 2012 and 2013, Teroi played for Melbourne Storm's SG Ball Cup side. In 2014 and 2015, he played for Melbourne's NYC side, being awarded the Greg Brentnall Victorian Young Achievers award at the end of the 2015 season.In October 2015, Teroi made his international d\u00e9but for the Cook Islands in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualification Asia-Pacific play-off.In January 2016, Teroi joined the Newcastle Thunder in England's Kingstone Press League 1.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nNewcastle Thunder profile"}}}}

part_xaa/abijah_willard

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abijah_Willard","to":"Abijah Willard"}],"pages":{"51807516":{"pageid":51807516,"ns":0,"title":"Abijah Willard","extract":"Abijah Willard (27 July 1724 at Lancaster, Massachusetts \u2013 28 May 1789 in Saint John, New Brunswick) was a soldier during the French and Indian War who wrote a journal during the Expulsion of the Acadians. During King George's War, he fought in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). During the French and Indian War, he fought in the Battle of Fort Beaus\u00e9jour.On the eve the American Revolution, Willard was imprisoned in Connecticut. He went with the Loyalists in Boston and left for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He returned to New York but was again evacuated to Nova Scotia, this time in present-day New Brunswick.He died in Saint John, New Brunswick. He married 2 Dec. 1747 Elizabeth Prescott of Groton, secondly in 1752 Anna Prentice of Lancaster, and thirdly in 1772 Mary, widow of John McKown of Boston. Elizabeth Prescott Willard was a sister of Col. William Prescott, commander at Breed's Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nLinks\nJournal of Abijah Willard, 1755"}}}}

part_xaa/abus

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"7993469":{"pageid":7993469,"ns":0,"title":"ABUS","extract":"ABUS August Bremicker S\u00f6hne KG, commonly known as ABUS, is a German manufacturer of preventative security technology based in Wetter, North Rhine-Westphalia. The company name is an acronym formed from original name of the company, August Bremicker und S\u00f6hne (\"August Bremicker and Sons\").\n\n\nHistory\nThe company was founded in 1924. Initially, it was limited to the manufacture of padlocks. It is family-owned and managed according to Christian corporate principles. Over the years, its product range has substantially increased, to include: smoke alarms, video surveillance systems, bike and boat security products, alarm systems and locking systems.\nABUS operates the final two product segments via its subsidiary companies:\n\nSecurity-Center (alarm and video surveillance systems), founded in June 1999 and bought by ABUS in June 2001.\nSchlie\u00dfanlagen GmbH Pfaffenhain (locking systems), bought in January 2003.\nSECCOR high security GmbH (electronic locking systems and switching devices) was bought in September 2010.In October 2003 the product area of escutcheon plates was taken over from the door hinge manufacturer Dr. Hahn in M\u00f6nchengladbach. Due to the close relationships with the parent company ABUS, the names of the subsidiaries were changed to ABUS Security-Center GmbH & Co. KG (based in Affing), ABUS Pfaffenhain GmbH (based in Pfaffenhain) and ABUS Seccor GmbH (based in Ottobrunn).\nIn addition to several production facilities in Germany, the ABUS Group operates around 20 foreign branches in Europe, the United States and China. In the area of padlocks and bike locks, ABUS is the world market leader. In November 2012 ABUS received the \"Brand of the Century\" award in the security technology category.\n\n\nStructure\nThe company is headquartered in Wetter in North Rhine-Westphalia, and has manufacturing facilities in across Germany and in China. It has around 3,500 employees worldwide.\n\n\nFamily ownership\nThe company is till today owned by the Bremicker family. In the list of the 500 richest Germans published annually by Manager Magazin, the family is ranked 422 (2013). The family's assets are estimated at 300 Million Euros.\nThe family belongs to the evangelical exclusive wing of the Plymouth Brethren (Br\u00fcderbewegung), a church movement that originated in the 19th century. The family's religious orientation also affects the company. The company's self-portrayal refers to the fact that the company's mission statement is shaped by Christian principles. The equal participation of female family members in the company is rejected. There is therefore no woman among the KG shareholders. In order to exclude the succession of daughters, so-called inheritance waiver agreements have been concluded in the past.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website"}}}}

part_xaa/abraham_marthoma_memorial_higher_secondary_school

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Marthoma_Memorial_Higher_Secondary_School","to":"Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School","to":"Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School, Edayaranmula"}],"pages":{"35734842":{"pageid":35734842,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School, Edayaranmula","extract":"AMM Higher Secondary School or in its full name Abraham Marthoma Memorial Higher Secondary School is a higher secondary school situated in Edayaranmula, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.\n\n\nAuthority\nRev. Fr. Johnson Varghese - school manager\nMr. Samgi Mathew - secretary\nMrs. Karuna Saras Thomas - principal\nMrs. Annamma Ninan M - headmistress\nMr. Saju chacko - PTA president\n\n\nAffiliation\nThe school is affiliated to the Kerala State syllabus.\n\n\nFacilities\nThis school provides free education from 5th standard to 12th standard.\nThe school has a wide range of excellent facilities, including:\n1. Digital Den (School IT Lab)\n2. Multimedia Lab\n3. Smart Class Rooms\n4. Knowledge Cabinet\n5. Guidance and Counselling\n6. Clubs\n7. Non-Meel Feeding Programme\n8. School HealthProgrammes\n9. Games 7 Sports\n10. Cultural Competitions\n11. Sasthramela & Work Experience\n12. Counselling Cell & IEDSS Resources\n13. J.R.C\n14. School Library\n15. Science Labs\n16. Play Grounds\n17. high-tech classes\n18. projector on all classes\n\n\nOther activities\nNCC, NSS units, Social Service League, Medical Check Up, Student Police Units, Scout & Guides, Hobby Workshop, Communicative English classes.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/adelia_armstrong_lutz

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adelia_Armstrong_Lutz","to":"Adelia Armstrong Lutz"}],"pages":{"42420274":{"pageid":42420274,"ns":0,"title":"Adelia Armstrong Lutz","extract":"Adelia Armstrong Lutz (; June 25, 1859 \u2013 November 17, 1931) was an American artist active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She organized art circles in Knoxville, Tennessee, as director of the Knoxville Art Club and as a co-organizer of the Nicholson Art League. Her still lifes and portraits were exhibited throughout the American South, and they are to be the subject of a permanent exhibit at her former home, Historic Westwood.\nLutz's home in Knoxville, Westwood, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n\n\nLife\nLutz was born Adelia Ann Armstrong at the home of her maternal grandparents in Jefferson County, Tennessee. She was the daughter of Robert and Louise (Franklin) Armstrong, and granddaughter of Drury Armstrong, an early Knoxville landowner whose house, Crescent Bend, still stands on Kingston Pike. She spent her childhood in the antebellum mansion built by her father, Bleak House. Lutz was a sister-in-law of novelist Anne W. Armstrong (1872\u20131958), who married Lutz's brother, Robert Franklin Armstrong, in 1905.Lutz attended the East Tennessee Female Institute in Knoxville in the early 1870s, where she was a classmate of future Knoxville philanthropist Mary Boyce Temple. She later attended the Southern Home School in Baltimore and Augusta Seminary (Mary Baldwin College) in Staunton, Virginia. She continued her art training at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. During this period, she toured Europe.\n\nAfter returning to Knoxville, Lutz taught painting out of a studio located in the Kern Building on Market Square. She married entrepreneur John Edwin Lutz (1854\u20131920) in a large ceremony at Knoxville's Second Presbyterian Church on February 10, 1886. Their home, Westwood, which stands on land given to Lutz by her father, was completed in 1890. The house's design incorporated a studio and gallery for Lutz, which she would often open to visitors in subsequent years. The Lutzes had two children, Louise Lutz Holloway and Edwin Rowland Lutz.Lutz was a director of the Knoxville Art Club and an inaugural member of its successor, the Nicholson Art League. This League included among its members painters Lloyd Branson, Catherine Wiley, and Charles Krutch, photographer Joseph Knaffl, and architect George Franklin Barber. Lutz posed for one of Branson's earliest portraits in 1878, and her studio was photographed by his partner, Frank B. McCrary, in the late 1880s. Lutz's painting, \"Motherless,\" was exhibited at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition in Nashville in 1897, and she and several other Nicholson members exhibited work at a Richmond Art Club exposition in Virginia in 1902. Lutz helped organize the art displays at the Appalachian expositions of 1910 and 1911, and she was on the Executive Board of the Art Department for the National Conservation Exposition in 1913.Lutz continued painting until her death in 1931. She was initially buried in Knoxville's New Gray Cemetery, but was later reinterred at Highland Memorial Cemetery off Kingston Pike. Lutz's home, Westwood, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Her granddaughter, Cecil Holloway Matheny, resided at the house until her death in 2009 at the age of 97. Lutz's studio within the house remains much as Lutz left it, and at the time of Matheny's death still contained some of Lutz's unfinished paintings.\n\n\nWorks\nWhile Lutz occasionally painted portraits (especially of her children) and landscapes, her favorite subject matter was flowers, especially hollyhocks, which she also grew in her garden at Westwood. Her works were exhibited at expositions throughout the South, and occasionally won various awards. Her paintings are currently part of the collections of the Knoxville Museum of Art, the East Tennessee History Center, and the Tennessee State Museum.Lutz did much of her work in her studio in Westwood. The studio consists of one long room resembling a cathedral, with a high ceiling and skylights. The walls are painted in Lutz's preferred color of red. The studio's fireplace contains tiles painted with the portraits of Lutz's favorite authors.\n\n\nGallery\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAdelia Armstrong Lutz at Find a Grave\nAdelia Lutz \u2013 entries at the Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection"}}}}

part_xaa/accounting_information_system

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Accounting_information_system","to":"Accounting information system"}],"pages":{"1272412":{"pageid":1272412,"ns":0,"title":"Accounting information system","extract":"An accounting as an information system (AIS) is a system of collecting, storing and processing financial and accounting data that are used by decision makers. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting financial reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities. Accounting information systems are designed to support all accounting functions and activities including auditing, financial accounting porting, -managerial/ management accounting and tax. The most widely adopted accounting information systems are auditing and financial reporting modules.\n\n\nHistory\nTraditionally, accounting is purely based on a manual approach. The experience and skillfulness of an individual accountant are critical in accounting processes. Even using the manual approach can be ineffective and inefficient. Accounting information systems resolve many of the above issues. AISs can support the automation of processing a large amounts of data and produce timely and accurate information.\nEarly accounting information systems were designed for payroll functions in 1970s. Initially, accounting information systems were developed \"in-house\" as no packaged solutions were available. Such solutions were expensive to develop and difficult to maintain. Therefore, many accounting practitioners preferred the manual approach rather than computer-based. Today, accounting information systems are more commonly sold as prebuilt software packages from large vendors such as Microsoft, Sage Group, SAP and Oracle where it is configured and customized to match the organization's business processes. Small businesses often use accounting lower costs software packages such as Tally.ERP 9, MYOB and Quickbooks. Large organisations would often choose ERP systems. As the need for connectivity and consolidation between other business systems increased, accounting information systems were merged with larger, more centralized systems enterprise resource planning (ERP). Before, with separate applications to manage different business functions, organizations had to develop complex interfaces for the systems to communicate with each other. In ERP, a system such as an accounting information system is built as a module integrated into a suite of applications that can include manufacturing, supply chain, human resources. These modules are integrated together and are able to access the same data and execute complex business processes. Today, Cloud-based accounting information systems are increasingly popular for both SMEs and large organisations for lower costs. With adoption of accounting information systems, many businesses have removed low skills, transactional, and operational accounting roles.\n\n\nAn example of architecture\nAn AIS typically follows a multitier architecture separating the presentation to the user, application processing and data management in distinct layers. The presentation layer manages how the information is displayed to and viewed by functional users of the system (through mobile devices, web browsers or client application). The entire system is backed by a centralized database that stores all of the data. This can include transactional data generated from the core business processes (purchasing, inventory, accounting) or static, master data that is referenced when processing data (employee and customer account records and configuration settings). As transactions occur, the data is collected from the business events and stored into the system's database where it can be retrieved and processed into information that is useful for making decisions. The application layer retrieves the raw data held in the log database layer, processes it based on the configured business logic and passes it onto the presentation layer to display to the users. For example, consider the accounts payable department when processing an invoice. With an accounting information system, an accounts payable clerk enters the invoice, provided by a vendor, into the system where it is then stored in the database. When goods from the vendor are received, a receipt is created and also entered into the AIS. Before the accounts payable department pays the vendor, the system's application processing tier performs a three-way matching where it automatically matches the amounts on the invoice against the amounts on the receipt and the initial purchase order. Once the match is complete, an email is sent to an accounts payable manager for approval. From here a voucher can be created and the vendor can ultimately be paid.\n\n\nAdvantages and implications\nA big advantage of computer-based accounting information systems is that they automate and streamline reporting, develop advanced modelling and support data mining. Reporting is major tool for organizations to accurately see summarized, timely information used for decision-making and financial reporting. The accounting information system pulls data from the centralized database, processes and transforms it and ultimately generates a summary of that data as information that can now be easily consumed and analyzed by business analysts, managers or other decision makers. These systems must ensure that the reports are timely so that decision-makers are not acting on old, irrelevant information and, rather, able to act quickly and effectively based on report results. Consolidation is one of the hallmarks of reporting as people do not have to look through an enormous number of transactions. For instance, at the end of the month, a financial accountant consolidates all the paid vouchers by running a report on the system. The system's application layer provides a report with the total amount paid to its vendors for that particular month. With large corporations that generate large volumes of transactional data, running reports with even an AIS can take days or even weeks.\nAfter the wave of corporate scandals from large companies such as Tyco International, Enron and WorldCom, major emphasis was put on enforcing public companies to implement strong internal controls into their transaction-based systems. This was made into law with the passage of the Sarbanes\u2013Oxley Act of 2002 which stipulated that companies must generate an internal control report stating who is responsible for an organization's internal control structure and outlines the overall effectiveness of these controls. Since most of these scandals were rooted in the companies' accounting practices, much of the emphasis of Sarbanes Oxley was put on computer-based accounting information systems. Today, AIS vendors tout their governance, risk management, and compliance features to ensure business processes are robust and protected and the organization's assets (including data) are secured.\n\n\nImplementation\nMany large and SMEs are now adopting cost effective cloud-based accounting information system in recent years. However the majority of existing automated accounting systems use typical databases (DBF, MS SQL, MS ACCESS etc.). In 2020 accounting software used 94% of pollees.Looking back years ago, most organizations, even larger ones, hire outside consultants, either from the software publisher or consultants who understand the organization and who work to help select and implement the ideal configuration, taking all components into consideration.\nThe steps to implement an accounting information system are as follows:\n\nDetailed Requirements Analysis\nwhere all individuals involved in the system are interviewed. The current system is thoroughly understood, including problems, and complete documentation of the system\u2014transactions, reports, and questions that need to be answered\u2014are gathered. User needs that are not in the current system are outlined and documented. Users include everyone, from top management to data entry. The requirements analysis not only provides the developer with the specific needs, it also helps users accept the change. Users who have the opportunity to ask questions and provide input are much more confident and receptive of the change, than those who sit back and don't express their concerns.Systems Design (synthesis)\nThe analysis is thoroughly reviewed and a new system is created. The system that surrounds the system is often the most important. What data needs to go into the system and how is this going to be handled? What information needs to come out of the system how is it going to be formatted? If we know what needs to come out, we know what we need to put into the system. The program we select will need to appropriately handle the process. The system is built with control files, sample master records, and the ability to perform processes on a test basis. The system is designed to include appropriate internal controls and to provide management with the information needed to make decisions. It is a goal of an accounting information system to provide information that is relevant, meaningful, reliable, useful, and current. To achieve this, the system is designed so that transactions are entered as they occur (either manually or electronically) and information is immediately available online for management.Once the system is designed, an RFP is created detailing the requirements and fundamental design. Vendors are asked to respond to the proposal, to provide demonstrations of the product, and to specifically respond to the needs of the organization. Ideally, the vendor will input control files, sample master records, and be able to show how transactions are processed that result in the information that management needs to make decisions. An RFP for the information technology infrastructure follows the selection of the software product because the software product generally has specific requirements for infrastructure. Sometimes, the software and the infrastructure is selected from the same vendor. If not, the organization must ensure that vendors will work together without \"pointing fingers\" when there is an issue with either the software or the infrastructure.Documentation\nAs the system is being designed, it is documented. The documentation includes vendor documentation of the system and, more importantly, the procedures or detailed instructions that help users handle each process specific to the organization. Most documentation and procedures are online and it is helpful if organizations can add to the help instructions provided by the software vendor. Documentation and procedures tend to be an afterthought but is the insurance policy and the tool used during testing and training\u2014before launch. The documentation is tested during the training so that when the system is launched, there is no question that it works and that the users are confident with the change.Testing\nBefore launch, all processes are tested from input through output, using the documentation as a tool to ensure that all processes are thoroughly documented and that users can easily follow the procedures: They know it works and that the procedures will be followed consistently. The reports are reviewed and verified, so that there's no garbage in-garbage out. This is done in a test system not yet fully populated with live data. Unfortunately, most organizations launch systems before thorough testing, adding to end-user frustration when processes don't work. The documentation and procedures may be modified during this process. All identified transactions must be tested during this step. All reports and online information must be verified and traced through the audit trail so that management is ensured that transactions will be handled consistently and that the information can be relied upon to make decisions.Training\nBefore launch, all users need to be trained, with procedures. This means a trainer using the procedures to show each end user how to handle a procedures. The procedures often need to be updated during training as users describe their unique circumstances and the \"design\" is modified with this additional information. The end user then performs the procedure with the trainer and the documentation. The end user then performs the procedure with the documentation alone. The end user is then on his or her own with the support, either in person or by phone, of the trainer or other support person. This is before data conversion.Data Conversion\nTools are developed to convert the data from the current system (which was documented in the requirements analysis) to the new system. The data is mapped from one system to the other and data files are created that will work with the tools that are developed. The conversion is thoroughly tested and verified before final conversion. There's a backup so it can be restarted, if necessary.Launch\nThe system is implemented only after all of the above is completed. The entire organization is aware of the launch date. Ideally, the current system is retained and often run in \"parallel\" until the new system is in full operation and working properly. With the current mass-market software used by thousands of companies and fundamentally proven to work, the \"parallel\" run that is mandatory with software tailor-made to a company is generally not done. This is only true, however, when the above process is followed, the system is thoroughly documented and tested, and users are trained before launch.Tools\nOnline resources are available to assist with strategic planning of accounting information systems. Information systems and financial forms aid in determining the specific needs of each organization, as well as assigning responsibility to principles involved.Support\nThe end users and managers have ongoing support available at all times. System upgrades follow a similar process and all users are thoroughly apprised of changes, upgraded in an efficient manner, and trained.Many organizations chose to limit the time and money spent on the analysis, design, documentation, and training, and move right into software selection and implementation. If a detailed requirements analysis is performed with adequate time being spent on the analysis, the implementation and ongoing support will be minimal. Organizations that skip the steps to ensure the system meets their needs are often left with frustrated end users, costly support, and information that is not current or correct. Worse yet, these organizations build the system three times instead of once.\n\n\nEvolution\nAccounting Information System is characterize by large amount of different approaches and methodologies Over the past 50 years. Due to the restrictions and weaknesses of previous models each new model evolved. Interestingly After the production of newest technique the newer or recent models of evolution does not eliminate or replace the older or previous technique instantly. However Several Generations and peers of systems exists among different institutions, organizations, groups at the same time and possibly exists with in a single or same institution. Similarly The up-to-date inspector needs to be aware with the functioning features of all AIS approaches that he or she is likely to encounter. currently there are four approaches can be identified which has been evolved during last 50 years.\nManual Process Model\nFlat File Model\nDatabase Model System\nREA Model (Resource, Event and Agents)\n\n\nCareer\nMany AIS professionals work for consulting firms, large corporations, insurance companies, financial firms, government agencies and public accounting firms, among other types of companies. With technological advancement, traditional accounting practice will shift to accounting information systems practice. Both accounting and information technology professional bodies are working on the new directions of accounting programs and industry practices. System Auditors is one of the top choices in the past two decades, they look at the controls, data processing, data integrity, general operation, maintenance, security and other aspects of all types of information systems used by businesses. Some job titles in this field of work include financial manager, financial examiner and chief financial officer. Other job titles include computer systems analyst, a computer information systems manager or a computer software engineer or programmer specializing in financial software.\nThere are industry associations offer certificates that related to AIS area include CISA, AIS, CISSP, CIA, AFE, CFE, and CITP.\n\n\nSee also\nAccounting software\nComparison of accounting software\nList of ERP software packages\nFinal accounts\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdulkerim_alizade

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulkerim_Alizade","to":"Abdulkerim Alizade"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Abdulkerim Alizade","missing":""}}}}

part_xaa/acaray_river

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acaray_River","to":"Acaray River"}],"pages":{"23531752":{"pageid":23531752,"ns":0,"title":"Acaray River","extract":"The Acaray River (Guarani Akaray) is a river in eastern Paraguay. It is born in the Cordillera de Caaguaz\u00fa, and is joined by the Yguaz\u00fa and Itakyry rivers later on. The river flows through the Caaguaz\u00fa and Alto Paran\u00e1 Departments, and joins the Paran\u00e1 River in an area between Ciudad del Este and Hernadarias, which was later modified for the construction of the Acaray Dam. One of its main tributaries is the Yguaz\u00fa River, which also has its own dam: the Yguaz\u00fa Dam.\n\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Paraguay\n\n\nReferences\nRand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.\nGEOnet Names Server\n\"Paraguay (p\u00e1gina 2)\". Monografias.com. February 1, 2001. Retrieved May 5, 2014."}}}}

part_xaa/aaron_ben_samuel

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_ben_Samuel","to":"Aaron ben Samuel"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Aaron ben Samuel","to":"Aaron ben Samuel Schor"}],"pages":{"35614221":{"pageid":35614221,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron ben Samuel Schor","extract":"Aaron Jekel ben Samuel Schor of Frankfurt (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05d9\u05e7\u05dc \u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05d0\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05e7\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d8; c. 1620 \u2013 1701) also known as the Beis Aharon of Frankfurt was a 17th-century Jewish-German rabbi and Hebrew author, best known for his work \"Beis Aharon\", which is considered to be amongst the most important concordances of the Bible.\n\n\nBiography\nAaron Jekel Schor was born around 1620 in Lipn\u00edk nad Be\u010dvou, Moravia, where his father Samuel Schor (1590-1663) was serving as the town's rabbi. His family held a tradition of paternal descent from the medieval Tosafist, Joseph Bekhor Schor. In his early years, Aaron moved to Frankfurt an der Oder, where he married Suessele Horowitz (d. 1688) who was a great-granddaughter of Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller. Aaron was known to have published three other works, which are no longer extant and are only known, because of a passing remark in the introduction of Beis Aharon. Those works are: Sissera Torah \u2013 a midrashic commentary on Judges, \u1e24ibbur Masora \u2013 a midrashic commentary on the Masora, of which he gives several specimens, and Shaloa\u1e25 Manot \u2013 a short commentary on the treatise Megillah. Aaron published Beis Aharon at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1690, being at that time of advanced age. In the introduction, he states that he spent ten long years writing the work, with the help of several other scholars who lived with him for this purpose. Beis Aharon was received with the approval of the greatest rabbinic authorities of the time, fifteen of whom give their approbation which prefaces the introduction of the work. The work is organized in the order of the Bible verse by verse, comprehensively citing usage of verses in the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, Midrashim, the Zohar and many other religious-philosophical, homiletic, and kabbalistic writings. The work finally concludes with a lengthy discussion on aspects of the Masorah. The work was published again in the 1780 Vilna and Grodno edition of the Nevi'im and Ketuvim. An enlarged edition by Abraham David Lavat appeared under the title \"Beis Aharon ve-Hosafot\" in 1880. At the request of his wife, Aaron translated into Yiddish the Midrash Petirat Moshe, published in 1693 in Frankfurt on der Oder. This work seemed to be popular among women in Poland and Russia. Aaron also wrote a commentary on Perek Shirah which appeared as an appendix to the 1701 Berlin prayer book. Aaron died in 1701 in Frankfurt an der Oder. His eldest son Abraham Selig Schor (1640\u20131712) served as the Av Bet Din of Frankfurt an der Oder and his second son Eliezer Schor (1645\u20131716), was the rosh yeshivah of the Frankfurt an der Oder yeshivah.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/acrocercops_nitidula

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrocercops_nitidula","to":"Acrocercops nitidula"}],"pages":{"29915077":{"pageid":29915077,"ns":0,"title":"Acrocercops nitidula","extract":"Acrocercops nitidula is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, known from West Bengal, India. It was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1919.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abroma_augustum

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abroma_augustum","to":"Abroma augustum"}],"pages":{"20156740":{"pageid":20156740,"ns":0,"title":"Abroma augustum","extract":"Abroma augustum, sometimes written Abroma augusta, Devil's cotton, is a species of Abroma (Sterculiaceae, or Malvaceae in some classifications). It has dark red flowers with an characteristic and unusual appearance. It is widely distributed in Asia. It was previously thought to grow in north Queensland but the most recent survey did not find it.\nThe leaves and stems are covered with soft bristly hairs that are very irritating to the touch. The bark yields a jute-like fiber.\nThe species was first described, as Theobroma augustum (or Theobroma augusta) by Carl Linnaeus in 1768.\n\n\nCultivation\nIn the greenhouse, plants bloom from late spring to early summer. Dark maroon flowers are formed in terminal panicles. Individual flowers are up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) across.\nAbroma augustum is propagated from seed. Seed germinate in 21\u201330 days at 72 \u00b0F (24 \u00b0C).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abs_building_society

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"ABS_Building_Society","to":"ABS Building Society"}],"pages":{"27123756":{"pageid":27123756,"ns":0,"title":"ABS Building Society","extract":"ABS Building Society Limited was a mutual building society with its head office based in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. ABS was a member of the industry body, Abacus, which represents Australian Credit Unions and building societies. ABS had an Australian Financial Services Licence providing financial services predominantly in the New England and North West regions of New South Wales, Australia. It offered financial products and services including savings accounts, term deposits, housing, commercial and personal loans and other services such as secure self-storage facilities, and delivery of Bank Statements through the Bank Link system.In 2011, ABS Building Society merged with Newcastle based Greater Building Society (now Greater Bank) and continues to provide services to the region under the Greater brand. ABS had one branch in Armidale and an agency in Guyra, which have continued to operate since the merger.\n\n\nHistory\nABS Building Society Limited (ABS) was formed by a group of businessmen led by Armidale accountant Mr Alwyn W. Jones in 1970 to facilitate home ownership in the New England region by providing access to affordable loan funds. Mr Jones was the founding Chief Executive whose accounting firm, now known as Jones Cracknell & Starr, provided management services to ABS from its inception. Following Mr Jones' retirement, Mr Roger Cracknell was appointed Chief Executive in 1973, and held that role until the merger with Greater in 2011.\nThe executive management team at the time of the merger were: Roger Cracknell (Chief Executive), Rodney Rixon (Deputy Chief Executive) and Josie Bieber (chief financial officer). The Armidale Branch Manager was Rex Gream and the Customer Service Supervisor was Karen Tracey. The Operations Manager was Barry Tomkins and the Loans Manager was Wayne Wilby, who featured prominently in the ABS television marketing campaign \"Where's Wayne.\" \nThe Society was governed by a board of directors. The directors of ABS Building Society at the time of the merger were: Peter Hanlan (Chairman), Richard Mills, Phillip Rose, Malcolm Treadgold, Lyndon Hardman, Patrick Hutchinson and Etoline Galbraith.At the time of the merger, ABS had approximately $75 million in total assets, $11.5 million in total equity and approximately 3,500 members. ABS had 10 staff at its head office in Armidale and its service centre in Guyra.\n\n\nABS merger\nOn 20 April 2011, 97% of ABS members voted in favour of the resolution to merge its operations with the Greater Building Society. The transfer of business took place on 1 May 2011. The ABS directors retired on this date as did Rodney Rixon who continued his role in the accountancy firm, Jones Cracknell & Starr. The former Chief Executive Roger Cracknell also retired and took a position on the Greater Board.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nABS\nGreater Building Society\nAPRA\nJones Cracknell & Starr"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_tandy

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Tandy","to":"Adam Tandy"}],"pages":{"26049934":{"pageid":26049934,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Tandy","extract":"Adam Tandy is a British television producer and director, perhaps best known for his collaborations with Armando Iannucci. As such, he has worked on The Saturday Night Armistice, The Armando Iannucci Shows, Time Trumpet and The Thick of It. In 2009 he moved into film producing with the hit Thick of It adaptation In the Loop. After the 2012 series of The Thick of It, he has produced Catastrophe for Channel 4, as well as Inside No. 9, Come Fly with me and Detectorists for the BBC.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Tandy at IMDb"}}}}

part_xaa/acourtia_thurberi

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acourtia_thurberi","to":"Acourtia thurberi"}],"pages":{"46706118":{"pageid":46706118,"ns":0,"title":"Acourtia thurberi","extract":"Acourtia thurberi, or Thurber's desertpeony, is a North American species of plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert regions in northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, Durango) and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aclytia_terra

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aclytia_terra","to":"Aclytia terra"}],"pages":{"37798775":{"pageid":37798775,"ns":0,"title":"Aclytia terra","extract":"Aclytia terra is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1896. It is found in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_henley

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Henley","to":"Adam Henley"}],"pages":{"33804642":{"pageid":33804642,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Henley","extract":"Adam David Henley (born 14 June 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League North club Chorley. He primarily operates as a right-back, but can also be deployed at left-back.Born in the United States and raised in England, Henley represented Wales at international level, making two appearances for the Wales senior national team.\n\n\nClub career\n\n\nEarly life\nHenley was born in Knoxville, Tennessee to a Welsh mother and an American father and moved with his family to Chorley in England when he was two years old and grew up there. He attended Clayton-le-Woods Church of England Primary School, and St Michael's High School.\nBefore joining the Blackburn Rovers Academy, Henley spent some time in the youth system of Manchester United. He was also at Chorley Harriers' juniors. During his progress to the Blackburn Rovers Academy, he was coached by Manager Gary Bowyer from the U12 side to the U18 side.\n\n\nBlackburn Rovers\nA speedy full back who can play either on the right or the left, Henley quickly progressed from the Blackburn Rovers Academy to become a regular member of the reserve squad.Henley made his first appearance for the senior squad on 16 July 2011, coming on as a late substitute in their pre-season match against Accrington Stanley. He was also a part of the first team squad that traveled to Hong Kong to play in the 2011 Premier League Asia Trophy. Ahead of the 2011\u201312 season, he was given a number 39 shirt.In the 2011\u201312 season, it wasn't until on 19 November 2011 when Henley made his professional \u2013 and Premier League \u2013 debut, replacing M\u00edchel Salgado and playing the entire second half in a 3\u20133 draw against Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium. On 26 December 2011, Henley earned his first start and played the full 90 minutes against Liverpool at Anfield, which finished in a 1\u20131 draw. Four days later, Henley signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal, his first professional contract at Blackburn Rovers. He was involved in one of the most remarkable results of the 2011\u201312 season on 31 December 2011, playing the full 90 minutes at left back in a 3\u20132 victory over Manchester United at Old Trafford. Henley helped set up the corner that Blackburn got their winner off as they beat Manchester United for the first time since 2005 at Old Trafford. Henley later made two appearances for the rest of the 2011\u201312 season, both were starts against Queens Park Rangers and Chelsea. However, he made seven appearances for the side, as they were relegated from the Premier League after losing 1\u20130 to Wigan Athletic. Despite this, he was awarded the club's Young Player of the Year.At the start of the 2012\u201313 season, Henley's first team opportunities became more limited under manager Steve Kean, as Bradley Orr took his position in the right back; and was sent to the reserve side instead. Kean left the club and was replaced by former player Henning Berg. Under Berg, Henley received playing opportunities in the right back position. He made his first appearance of the 2012\u201313 season, starting the whole game, in a 2\u20130 loss against Crystal Palace on 3 November 2012. Henley soon received a run of first team appearance lead to Henley signing a new deal on 7 December 2012, keeping him until 2017. Shortly after signing a new contract, Henley revealed he was close to leaving Blackburn Rovers on loan before his first-team return. However, shortly after Berg's sacking, he found himself in the sidelined after suffering a hamstring injury and was sidelined for four to six weeks following a scan. It wasn't until on 26 February 2013 when he returned from injury, coming on as a second\u2013half substitute, in a 3\u20130 loss against Leicester City. After appearing the next two matches for the side, however, he suffered another hamstring injury and was sidelined for the rest of the season. Despite the injury, he went on to make 17 appearances in all competitions at the end of the 2012\u201313 season.\nAhead of the 2013\u201314 season, Henley returned to training following his recovery from a hamstring injury. However, he was sent to the reserve squad instead at the start of the season. Henley also faced a new competition from Todd Kane over the right\u2013back position. After appearing as unused substitute in number of matches, he made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 0\u20130 draw against Queens Park Rangers on 7 December 2013. Following this, Henley received a handful of first team appearances and took his position in the right back from Kane. He remained in the starting eleven until he suffered ankle injury and was sidelined for the rest of the season. Despite suffering ankle injury, Henley went on to make 22 appearances in all competitions.\nAhead of the 2014\u201315 season, Henley was publicity called out by Manager Bowyer to fight for his first team place in the right\u2013back position. In response, Henley said he's determined to fight for his first team place for the new season. At the start of the 2014\u201315 season, he continued to rehabilitate from ankle injury and didn't return until August. It wasn't until on 12 August 2014 when he returned from injury, starting the whole game, in a 1\u20130 defeat to Scunthorpe United in the first round of the League Cup. Since returning from injury, Henley played out in either the right\u2013back position and left\u2013back position, though he was in competition with Alex Baptiste (and Ben Marshall) and Marcus Olsson respectively. Although Henley's impressive display during the side for three matches in October, Henley remained himself behind a pecking order in the first team later on. In addition facing his own injury concern, Henley continued to found himself out of the first team between late\u2013December and mid\u2013February. During those months, Henley was featured in three matches, all of them were FA Cup against Charlton Athletic, Swansea City and Stoke City. It wasn't until on 17 February 2015 when he played his first league match for the first time in two months, in a 1\u20131 draw against Cardiff City. Henley scored his first goal for Blackburn in a 2\u20131 win at Sheffield Wednesday on 4 March 2015. After this, Henley regained his first team place at Blackburn Rovers for the rest of the season, playing in the right\u2013back position. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season, he went on to make a total of 24 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.\nAhead of the 2015\u201316 season, Henley found himself competing the right\u2013back position with Ryan Nyambe. He started the whole game in the right\u2013back position, in a 2\u20131 loss against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the opening game of the season. He briefly appeared the first three matches of the season before briefly missing out one game, due to fitness concern. Henley returned to the first team after missing out one game, starting the whole game, in a 0\u20130 draw against Bolton Wanderers on 28 August 2015. Even returning, he continued to regain his first team place in the right\u2013back position. His 50th league appearance for the side came on 13 September 2015, which saw Blackburn Rovers lose 2\u20131 to Fulham, which he described it as \"a good milestone for him personally\". However, in a 3\u20130 defeat to Milton Keynes Dons on 17 October 2015, Henley was sent\u2013off in an early first half after he \"was adjudged to have brought down Josh Murphy in the box for a penalty\". As a result, Henley served a one match suspension. Under new Manager Paul Lambert, Henley found himself, competing with loan signing, Doneil Henry. However, at the beginning of January, he soon lost his first team place to Marshall. For the rest of the 2015\u201316 season, Henley often be used in first team ins and out, leading him to appear as an unused substitute in number of matches. At the end of the season, he went on to make a total of 26 appearances in all competitions.\nAhead of the 2016\u201317 season, Henley said that his aim was to secure a long\u2013term future at the club, describing it as a \"massive year for him.\" Henley featured twice for the first three matches of the season, playing in the left\u2013back position. But he suffered a hamstring injury during a 3\u20130 loss against Wigan Athletic on 14 August 2016 and was sidelined for a month. After returning from injury, Henley was assigned to the reserve side, which he did on two more occasions later on. Just shortly recovering from injury, he suffered another hamstring injury in early\u2013December. At the end of the 2016\u201317 season, making three appearances in all competitions, Henley was released by the club upon expiry of his contract.Upon learning his release, Henley made a farewell statement, saying that: \"Blackburn will always have a special place in his heart.\"\n\n\nReal Salt Lake\nAfter his release by Blackburn Rovers, Henley was linked a move to clubs from England and USA. Despite the interests, he then went on a trial with Blackpool and Portsmouth. It was announced on 9 January 2018 that Henley signed with Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake. Upon joining the club, Henley will join under the team's roster pending the receipt of his International Transfer Certificate.After missing the first two matches of the season through injury, Henley made his Red Salt Lake debut, where he started and played 77 minutes before being substituted, in a 2\u20131 win over Vancouver Whitecaps on 8 April 2018. Prior to making his Real Salt Lake debut, he played for Real Monarchs, which saw them win 3\u20132 against Tulsa Roughnecks on 25 March 2018.Henley and Salt Lake agreed to part ways in May 2019.\n\n\nBradford City\nOn 14 June 2019, Henley returned to English football, at the request of his former manager at Blackburn Rovers, Gary Bowyer, by signing a one-year contract with League Two club Bradford City.On 26 May 2020 it was announced that he was one of 10 players who would leave Bradford City when their contract expired on 30 June 2020.\n\n\nChorley\nOn 20 November 2020, Henley signed for National League North club Chorley on a permanent basis.\n\n\nInternational career\nHenley was qualified to play for Wales, England or the United States internationally. Henley was previously capped by Wales from the U19 level up to U21 level.\n\n\nSenior career\nIn May 2012, Henley was called up to the senior squad for the first time against Mexico. However, he appeared as an unused substitute, as Mexico beat Wales 2\u20130.After being named in the Wales squad, including for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Cyprus and Israel to be played on 3 and 6 September 2015, Henley finally made his debut on 13 November 2015 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Cardiff City Stadium, replacing Chris Gunter, in a 3\u20132 loss. His second appearance then came on 28 March 2016, where he came on as a substitute for Neil Taylor, in a 1\u20130 loss against Ukraine.In May 2016, Henley was called up by the senior team for the 29-man training squad ahead of the UEFA Euro 2016. Because he suffered an injury in the squad training camp, Henley failed to make the final cut in Wales' 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016.\n\n\nPersonal life\nDespite previously having links at Manchester United's youth system, Henley grew up supporting rivals, Liverpool. Growing up, Henley described himself as a quite a steady child and a quite active child.Despite living in England for the most of his life, Henley reflected about his family, quoting: \"My biological father and his side of the family still live in Tennessee so this gives me a chance to spend more time with them which is great. I am also lucky to have dual citizenship.\" He revealed that he took a paper round job when he was 12, which he said it was an opportunity to make money for himself.\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nClub\nAs of match played 13 August 2016\n\n\nInternational\nAs of match played 28 March 2016\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Henley profile at the official Blackburn Rovers F.C. website\nAdam Henley at Soccerbase \nSoccerway profile"}}}}

part_xaa/acrobasis_rufizonella

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrobasis_rufizonella","to":"Acrobasis rufizonella"}],"pages":{"34029952":{"pageid":34029952,"ns":0,"title":"Acrobasis rufizonella","extract":"Acrobasis rufizonella is a species of snout moth in the genus Acrobasis. It was described by \u00c9mile Louis Ragonot in 1887, and is known from south-eastern Siberia, Japan and Taiwan.\nThe wingspan is 22 mm.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aaron_van_schaick_cochrane

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Van_Schaick_Cochrane","to":"Aaron Van Schaick Cochrane"}],"pages":{"11590178":{"pageid":11590178,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Van Schaick Cochrane","extract":"Aaron Van Schaick Cochrane (March 14, 1858 \u2013 September 7, 1943) was a U.S. Representative from New York, and nephew of Isaac Whitbeck Van Schaick.\n\n\nBiography\nBorn in Coxsackie, New York, Cochrane attended the common schools and the Hudson River Institute at Claverack, New York. He graduated from Yale College in 1879. He moved to Hudson, New York, in 1879, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and commenced practice in Hudson, New York. He served as city judge of Hudson in 1887 and 1888. He served as district attorney of Columbia County 1889\u20131892.\nCochrane was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1897 \u2013 March 3, 1901) as the representative of New York's 19th congressional district. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1900, but was elected associate justice of the Supreme Court of New York in 1901. He was re-elected in 1915 for another 14-year term, and was designated by Gov. Nathan L. Miller as Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division in 1922.\nCochrane resigned from the bench in January 1928, but served as official referee until 1941. He died in Hudson, New York, September 7, 1943. He was interred in Riverside Cemetery, Coxsackie, New York.\n\n\nReferences\nUnited States Congress. \"Aaron Van Schaick Cochrane (id: C000568)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress."}}}}

part_xaa/aceh_war

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aceh_War","to":"Aceh War"}],"pages":{"935534":{"pageid":935534,"ns":0,"title":"Aceh War","extract":"The Aceh War (Indonesian: Perang Aceh), also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873\u20131913), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873. The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia.\nThe campaign drew controversy in the Netherlands as photographs and accounts of the death toll were reported. Isolated bloody insurgencies continued as late as 1914 and less violent forms of Acehnese resistance continued to persist until World War II and the Japanese occupation.\n\n\nBackground\nFor much of the 19th century, Aceh's independence had been guaranteed by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 and its status as a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century. During the 1820s, Aceh became a regional political and commercial power, supplying half of the world's pepper, which increased the revenues and influence of local feudal rajas. Growing European and American demand for pepper led to a series of diplomatic skirmishes between the British, French and Americans. During the reign of Sultan Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah (1838\u20131870), the Aceh Sultanate brought the regional rajas under its control and extended its domain over the east coast. However, this southward trend clashed with the northwards expansion of Dutch colonialism in Sumatra.Following the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal and changing shipping routes, the British and Dutch signed the 1871 Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Sumatra which ended British territorial claims to Sumatra, allowing the Dutch a free hand within their sphere of influence in Maritime Southeast Asia while handing them the responsibility to check piracy. In return, Britain gained control of the Dutch Gold Coast in Africa and equal commercial rights in Siak. Dutch territorial ambitions in Aceh were fuelled by a desire to exploit its natural resources, especially black pepper and oil, and to eliminate an independent native state player. The Dutch also sought to ward off rival colonial powers that had ambitions in Southeast Asia, particularly the British and the French.\n\n\nCombat operations\n\n\nStrategies\nThe Dutch tried several strategies over the course of the war; single rapid attacks in 1873 failed, which then led them to pursue a naval blockade, reconciliation efforts, concentration within a line of forts, and finally passive containment. This all had scant success. The operations costs 15 to 20 million guilders a year, which nearly bankrupted the colonial government.\n\n\nFirst Dutch offensive\n\nIn 1873, negotiations took place in Singapore between representatives of the Aceh Sultanate and the local American Consul over a potential bilateral treaty. The Dutch saw this as a violation of a prior agreement with the British in 1871 and used this as an opportunity to annex Aceh militarily. An expedition under Major General Johan Harmen Rudolf K\u00f6hler was sent out on 26 March 1873, which bombarded the capital Banda Aceh and was able to occupy most of the coastal areas by April. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore. In any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernised and enlarged with figures ranging from 10,000 to 100,000. Underestimating the military abilities of the Acehnese, the Dutch made some tactical errors and sustained losses including the deaths of K\u00f6hler and 80 troops. These defeats undermined Dutch morale and prestige.Forced to retreat, the Dutch imposed a naval blockade of Aceh. In an attempt to preserve Aceh's independence, Sultan Mahmud appealed to the other Western powers and Turkey for direct help but to little avail. While the American Consul was sympathetic, the American government remained neutral. Due to its weak position in the international political stage, the Ottoman Empire was impotent and the British refused to intervene due to their relations with the Dutch. Only the French agreed to respond to Mahmud's appeal.\n\n\nSecond Dutch offensive\n\nIn November 1873, a second expedition consisting of 13,000 troops led by General Jan van Swieten was dispatched to Aceh. The invasion coincided with a cholera outbreak which killed thousands on both sides. By January 1874, deteriorating conditions forced Sultan Mahmud Syah and his followers to abandon Banda Aceh and retreat to the interior. Meanwhile, Dutch forces occupied the capital and captured the symbolically important dalam (sultan's palace), leading the Dutch to believe that they had won. The Dutch occupiers then abolished the Acehnese Sultanate and declared Aceh to be annexed to the Dutch East Indies proper.Following Mahmud's death from cholera, the Acehnese proclaimed a young grandson of Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah, named Tuanku Muhammad Daud, as Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II (r. 1874\u20131903) and continued their struggle in the hills and jungle territory for ten years, with heavy casualties on both sides. Around 1880 the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern Banda Aceh), and the harbour town of Ulee Lheue. Dutch naval blockades succeeded in forcing the uleebelang or secular chiefs to sign treaties that extended Dutch control along the coastal regions. However, the uleebelang then used their newly restored revenues to finance the Acehnese resistance forces.\nThe Dutch intervention in Aceh cost the lives of thousands of troops and was a severe drain on the colonial government's financial expenditure. On 13 October 1880 the colonial government declared the war was over and installed a civilian government, but continued spending heavily to maintain control over the areas it occupied. In an attempt to win the support of the local Acehnese, the Dutch rebuilt the Masjid Raya Baiturrahman or Great Mosque in Banda Aceh as a gesture of reconciliation.\n\n\nHoly war\nWar began again in 1883, when the British ship Nisero was stranded in Aceh, in an area where the Dutch had little influence. A local leader asked for ransom from both the Dutch and the British, and under British pressure the Dutch were forced to attempt to liberate the sailors. After a failed Dutch attempt to rescue the hostages, where the local leader Teuku Umar was asked for help but he refused, the Dutch together with the British invaded the territory. The Sultan gave up the hostages, and received a large amount of cash in exchange.The Dutch Minister of Warfare August Willem Philip Weitzel again declared open war on Aceh, and warfare continued with little success, as before. Facing a technologically superior foe, the Acehnese resorted to guerrilla warfare, particularly traps and ambushes. Dutch troops retaliated by wiping out entire villages and murdering both prisoners and civilians. In 1884, the Dutch responded by withdrawing all their forces in Aceh into a fortified line around Banda Aceh. The Dutch now also tried to enlist local leaders: the aforementioned Umar was bought with cash, opium, and weapons. Umar received the title panglima prang besar (Great war commander).\n\nUmar instead called himself Teuku Djohan Pahlawan (Johan the Heroic). On 1 January 1894 Umar even received Dutch aid to build an army. However, two years later Umar attacked the Dutch with his new army, rather than aiding the Dutch in subjugating inner Aceh. This is recorded in Dutch history as \"Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar\" (The Treason of Teuku Umar). From the mid-1880s, the Acehnese military leadership was dominated by religious ulema, including Teungku Chik di Tiro (Muhamma Saman), who propagated the concept of a \"holy war\" through sermons and texts known as hikayat or poetic tales. Acehnese fighters viewed themselves as religious martyrs fighting \"infidel invaders\". By this stage, the Aceh War was being used as a symbol of Muslim resistance to Western imperialism.In 1892 and 1893 Aceh remained independent, despite the Dutch efforts. Major J. B. van Heutsz, a colonial military leader, then wrote a series of articles on Aceh. He was supported by Dr. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje of the University of Leiden, then the leading Dutch expert on Islam. Hurgronje managed to get the confidence of many Aceh leaders and gathered valuable intelligence for the Dutch government on the activities of Indonesian Hajj pilgrims. His works remained an official secret for many years. In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs and nobles, the Ulee Balang, who he felt could be trusted as local administrators. However, he argued, Aceh's religious leaders, the ulema, could not be trusted or persuaded to co-operate, and must be destroyed. As part of a policy of divide-and-conquer, Hurgronje urged the Dutch leadership to widen the existing gulf between the Acehnese nobility and the religious leaders.Hurgronje was a friend of the Arab Grand Mufti of Batavia, Habib Usman bin Yahya, who issued a fatwa to support the Dutch war against Aceh.\nIn 1894, the penghulu or judge Hasan Mustafa also helped bring a stop to the fighting by issuing a fatwa, telling the Muslims to submit to the Dutch colonial government.\n\n\nPacification\n\nIn 1898 Van Heutsz was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn, would finally conquer most of Aceh. They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang that would support them in the countryside and isolating the resistance from their rural support base. The Dutch formulated a new strategy of counter-insurgency warfare by deploying light-armed Marechaussee units and using scorched earth tactics. Van Heutsz charged Colonel Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van Daalen with breaking remaining resistance.In 1903, the main secular Acehnese resistance leaders including Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II, Tuanku Raja Keumala, Mahmud and Muda Perkasa capitulated. During the 1904 campaign, Colonel van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,922 Acehnese, among which were 1,149 women and children during the 1904 campaign. Dutch losses numbered 26, and Van Daalen was promoted. Episodes of marked Dutch military cruelty occurred during this period. Photographs of a June 1904 Dutch massacre in Kuta Reh village of the Alas people taken during the Dutch military expedition in Aceh's Gayo and Alas regions, for example, indicate that killings of large groups of civilians occurred on some occasions. By the end of 1904 most of Aceh was under Dutch control, and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. The Dutch consolidated their control over Aceh by practising a policy of religious tolerance as a means of dissuading the Acehnese from taking up an armed struggle. According to Historian Adrian Vickers, during the entire Aceh war, 50,000 to 60,000 Acehnese died from violence and disease, approximately 2,000 European and allied indigenous soldiers were killed in combat, and more than 35,000 soldiers and labourers died from disease. The destruction of entire communities also caused 10,000 Acehnese to flee to neighbouring Malaya.\n \nIn the Netherlands at the time, Van Heutsz was considered a hero, named the 'Pacifier of Aceh' and was promoted to become governor-general of the entire Dutch Indies in 1904. A still-existent monument to him was erected in Amsterdam, though his image and name were later removed, to protest his violent legacy. The Dutch establishment defended its actions in Aceh by citing a moral imperative to liberate the masses from the oppression and backward practices of independent native rulers that did not meet accepted international norms. The Aceh War also encouraged Dutch annexation of other independent states in Bali, Moluccas, Borneo and Sulawesi between 1901 and 1910.Colonial influence in the remote highland areas of Aceh was never substantial, however, and limited guerrilla resistance led by religious ulema persisted until 1942. Unable to dislodge the Dutch, many of the ulema gradually discontinued their resistance. The region of Gayo remained a centre of resistance as late as 1914. One intellectual Sayyid Ahmad Khan advocated discontinuing the \"jihad\" against the Dutch.\n\n\nSuicide attacks\nMuslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed \"holy war\" known as Parang-sabil against invaders such as on the Americans in the attack on Joseph Peabody's ship Friendship, during the First Sumatran expedition and the Second Sumatran expedition, and against the Dutch in the Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra and most notably during the Aceh War, where they performed suicide attacks as part of \"parang sabil\". It was considered as part of personal jihad in the Islamic religion of the Acehnese. The Dutch called it Atj\u00e8h-moord, (Acehmord, Aceh mord, Aceh-mord, Aceh Pungo). The Acehnese work of literature, the Hikayat Perang Sabil provided the background and reasoning for the \"Aceh-mord\" \u2013 Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch. The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).Atj\u00e8h-moord was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh. The Acehnese Ulama (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.The original Acehnese-language work Hikayat Prang Sabi (see also: id:Hikayat Prang Sabi) written with the Jawi script has been transliterated into the Latin alphabet and annotated by Ibrahim Alfian which was published in Jakarta. Perang sabi was the Acehnese word for jihad, a holy war and Acehnese language literary works on perang sabi were distributed by Islamic clerics (ulama) such as Teungku di Tiro to help the resistance against the Dutch in the Aceh War. The recompense awarded by the fighters in paradise (detailed in Arabic texts) and mentions of Dutch atrocities were expounded on in the Hikayat Perang Sabil which was communally read by small cabals of ulama and Acehnese who swore an oath before going to achieve the desired status of \"martyr\" by launching suicide attacks on the Dutch. Perang sabil was the Malay equivalent to other terms like Jihad, Ghazawat for \"Holy war\".Fiction novels like Sayf Muhammad Isa's Sabil: Prahara di Bumi Rencong on the war by Aceh against the Dutch include references to Hikayat Perang Sabil. Mualimbunsu Syam Muhammad wrote the work titled \"Motives for Perang Sabil in Nusantara\" (Motivasi perang sabil di Nusantara: kajian kitab Ramalan Joyoboyo, Dalailul-Khairat, dan Hikayat Perang Sabil) on Indonesia's history of Islamic holy war. Children and women were inspired to engage in suicide attacks by the Hikayat Perang Sabil against the Dutch. The hikayat is considered as an important part of 19th century Malay literature. In Dutch-occupied Aceh, the hikayat was confiscated from Sabi's house during a police raid on 27 September 1917.Dutch soldiers were attacked with blades wielded by Acehnese fighters on their feet.\n\n\nAftermath\n\nFollowing the Aceh War, local uleebelang (aristocracy) assissted the Dutch in maintaining control over Aceh through indirect rule. Despite the end of open conflict, popular Acehnese resistance against Dutch rule continued until the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942. Throughout the early 20th century, Dutch citizens and personnel were targeted by sporadic suicide attacks by the Acehnese who were influenced by the Hikayat Perang Sabil and other proscribed texts. This phenomenon was known as the Atjeh-moord or \"Aceh murders\" and forced the Dutch government to maintain substantial forces within the province. During the early 20th century, Standard Oil and Royal Dutch Shell developed oil refineries to profit from the province's substantial oil reserves.Acehnese resentment was further stoked by a system of forced corvee labour where subjects were required to work on government roadwork projects for 24 days a year. By the mid-1920s, Aceh had reverted to a state of full-scale guerrilla warfare. Following the Japanese invasion, the occupying Japanese forces were initially welcomed by Acehnese nationalists as liberators though differences led to protracted resistance by Islamic-inspired rebels, culminating in a rebellion at Bayu.The Acehnese ulama (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the Pan-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100\u2013120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again. During the Indonesian National Revolution following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, the aristocracy were targeted for retribution due to their collaboration with the Dutch and the region became a stronghold for Sukarno's Republicans. Due to the entrenched anti-colonial sentiment, the Dutch bypassed Aceh during their police actions from 1947 to 1948.Following the Dutch transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in August 1949, many Acehnese became dissatisfied with the policies of the Javanese-dominated central government in Jakarta and began agitating for autonomy. Grievances included Aceh's incorporation into the predominantly Christian Batak province of North Sumatra, its poor financial and political rewards within the unitary Indonesian Republic and the failure to implement sharia law. In 1953, Sukarno have stated that he opposed Aceh's plan to enact sharia law, stating that \"Indonesia is a nation state with the ideology of Pancasila, not a theocratic country with a certain religious orientation.\" As told by Sajoeti, who also accompanied Sukarno, the Acehnese people did not welcome Sukarno's visit and even suspected that he had a secularizing agenda. For instance, there were some posters which read: \"We regret the President's speech in Amuntai\"; We love the President, but we love the country more. We love the country but we love religion more. ISLAM IS SACRED\"; \"Loving the religion means loving the country. But it doesn't mean loving the country is loving the religion\", and \"Those who reject Islamic laws are not defenders of Islam.\" These factors led to a short-lived rebellion by the Darul Islam movement under Daud Bereueh which was suppressed by the Indonesian armed forces. Despite this, many Acehnese and other Sumatrans resented key government and military positions being dominated by Javanese. The resulting rebellion led by the Free Aceh Movement raged in the province until a peace treaty was signed between the Acehnese movement and the Indonesian government following the Great Aceh tsunami.\n\n\nDutch Kerkhoff Poucut Cemetery\nNumerous Dutch casualties of the Aceh War are buried in the Kerkhof Peucut Cemetery (also called Peutjoet or Peutjut Cemetery), the Dutch military cemetery is located near the centre of Banda Aceh next to the Aceh Tsunami Museum. The Kerkhoff Poucut is recorded as the largest Dutch military cemetery outside of the Netherlands. There are around 2,200 graves of Dutch soldiers as well as recruits from Ambon, Manado and Java, as well as several Dutch generals.\n\n\nSee also\n\nPadri war\nJava war\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nAceh War 1873\u20131914 \nvan Heutsz \u2013 \"The Pacifier of Aceh\" 1851\u20131924 \nIbrahim, Alfian. \"Aceh and the Perang Sabil.\" Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History. Vol. 3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay and T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2001. p. 132\u2013133\nIndonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer (1965). Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945\u20131965. [Tjet. 1.]. PUSSEMAD.\nIndonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku \"20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka.\", Indonesia (1966). 20 [i. e Dua puluh] tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7. Departement Penerangan. Retrieved 10 March 2014.\nIndonesia. Departemen Penerangan (1965). 20 tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7. Departemen Penerangan R.I. Retrieved 10 March 2014.\nJong, Louis (2002). The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War. Vol. 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (illustrated ed.). KITLV Press. ISBN 9067182036.\nMartinkus, John (2004). Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh (illustrated ed.). Random House Australia. ISBN 174051209X.\nAbdul Haris Nasution (1963). Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Volume 1. Ganaco.\nReid, Anthony (2005). An Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese & Other Histories of Sumatra. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-298-8.\nRicklefs, M.C (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. Hampshire, UK: MacMillan Press. pp. 143\u201346. ISBN 978-0-8047-2195-0.\nRicklefs, Merle Calvin (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804744807. Retrieved 10 March 2014.\nVickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10\u201313. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.\nTempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 3, Issues 43-52. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2003.\nBerita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin, Volumes 1\u20134. Contributors Sumatra Research Council (Hull, England), University of Hull Centre for South-East Asian Studies. Dewan Penjelidikan Sumatera. 1971.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\nSedjarah Iahirnja Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Contributor Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Komando Daerah Militer II Bukit Barisan. Sejarah Militer. Sedjarah Militer Dam II/BB. 1970.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Aceh War at Wikimedia Commons"}}}}

part_xaa/acetoanaerobium

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"31887919":{"pageid":31887919,"ns":0,"title":"Acetoanaerobium","extract":"Acetoanaerobium is a genus in the family of Peptostreptococcaceae.\n\n\nEtymology\nThe name Acetoanaerobium derives from the Latin noun acetum, vinegar; Greek prefix an (\u1f04\u03bd), not; Greek noun aer, aeros (\u1f00\u03ae\u03c1, \u1f00\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2), air; Greek noun bios (\u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c2), life; New Latin neuter gender noun Acetoanaerobium, vinegar anaerobe.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aboud_rogo

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aboud_Rogo","to":"Aboud Rogo"}],"pages":{"36854063":{"pageid":36854063,"ns":0,"title":"Aboud Rogo","extract":"Aboud Rogo Mohammed (1968 \u2013 27 August 2012) was a Kenyan Muslim cleric. He was alleged to have been an Islamist extremist and was accused of arranging funding for the al-Shabaab militia in Somalia. He was shot dead in Kenya, and his death triggered protests and violence by hundreds of protestors. Rogo is the fifth alleged Islamic radical killed in Kenya in 2012. David Ochami, a Kenyan journalist, stated that Rogo had the oratory prowess of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and the logic of Egyptian ideologue Yusuf al Qaradawi.\n\n\nEarly life and education\nRogo was born in Siyu Island of Lamu county in around 1968. However, there is another report, claiming that he was born in 1965. His father is Abdalla Ali. His mother is Mama Mwanaisha Rogo, who later died. She was a member of a prominent family. Rogo attended Siyu Primary School, but dropped out before he completed the Standard Seven under the Kenyan educational system. Then he received basic religious education at an intermediate Islamic school, madrassa, in Kisauni, concentrating on Islamic studies. He majored in Tafsir (translation) and Arabic language. Later, he left madrassa to deal with various business activities, including fishing, poultry keeping, and running a small shop.Rogo took up residence in Mombasa in 1989. In the 1990s, he supported the Islamic Party of Kenya, participating in demonstrations as an activist based in Kongo Mosque in Likoni. He formally became a member of the Islamic Party of Kenya in 1992, and a candidate for civic post in Bondeni ward. However, he failed, and lost his interest in politics.\n\n\n1998 US embassy attacks\nAboud Rogo supposedly assisted in the twin US embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam in 1998. One of his aides allegedly helped Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, former leader of Al Qaeda's East Africa cell, carry out the attack that killed 224 people. Rogo's relation with Mohammed was that Rogo allegedly had harboured him on Siyu Island between 2001 and 2003 and introduced Mohammed's wife, a local woman from the island.\n\n\n2002 arrest\nRogo was arrested due to his alleged connection with the Kikambala hotel bombing in 2002 together with his father-in-law, Said Saggar Ahmed, Kubwa Mohammed Seif and Salmin Mohammed Khamis. Rogo first became known by the Kenyan security agents after this arrest. In June 2005, Rogo and other suspects were released. The high court Justice John Osiemo said that the prosecutors were unable to prove that Rogo, along with three others, were connected to the attack. Then Rogo started developing relations with groups in Somalia, using his madrassa, called Sirajul Munir, in Mtwapa to recruit Kenyan people to these Somalian groups.In 2007, Rogo became much more involved in indoctrination of Muslim youths with a weekly lecture at his Masjid Musa in Mombasa as a result of the defeat of Islamic Courts Union in Somalia by the Ethiopian forces. His lectures presented the Somalia war as the ultimate jihad. He issued many advisory opinion (Fatwah) during this period, indicating that working for the Kenyan government was apparently haram (forbidden by Islamic law). In his preachings, Rogo gave a message of martyrdom to young Muslims. He also developed propaganda CDs and other materials praising Al Qaeda. Many of his speeches were posted online and on social media, in which he openly rejected formal learning among others and that were delivered in Swahili. Some of his recordings were transferred to other Swahili-speaking countries, including Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi. Rogo visited Somalia in 2009, and he allegedly joined military training camps there.\n\n\n2012 charges and threats\nIn 2012, police charged Rogo with possession of guns, ammunition, and detonators. He also faced charges of belonging to al-Shabaab. The police said that Rogo was part of a terror cell that was plotting to bomb Kenyan targets over Christmas. However, Rogo was released on bail of 5 million shillings by a Mombasa court in February 2012. He was also instructed to report to nearest police station in Mombasa and Kilifi county and to inform the Kenyan authorities if he travelled out of the country. Briton Samantha Lewthwaite, the widow of Jermaine Lindsay, who was one of the suicide bombers responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings, was also part of the cell, and police said that she is currently on the run.After April 2012 bomb attacks against a church in Mtwapa, Rogo said \"in this country we (Muslims) live among infidels\", and repeated his claim that Muslims in the Kenyan security services are infidels. In a tape dated 10 April 2012, he described mainstream Muslim leaders as cowards and argued that he preferred the courage of armed robbers. He made similar statements after 6 July terror attack on churches in Garissa.On 12 July 2012, Rogo sent a letter to the Kenyan Foreign Affairs minister, Sam Ongeri. He stated in the letter that the US drones were targeting him and two others, who were linked to Al Qaeda. However, his letter was not replied. In July 2012, Rogo officially reported threats by police against him to the police, the Kenyan National Commission on Human Rights, and the court which tried him, and asked for protection. Rogo claimed that ten unknown individuals attempted to abduct him and his aide in Nairobi.\n\n\nSanctions\nOn 25 July 2012, Rogo was placed on a UN Security Council sanctions list for providing \"financial, material, logistical or technical support to al-Shabaab\". The Security Council placed him under sanctions and banned him from leaving Kenya for his links to al-Shabaab. His assets were also frozen by the council. The same sanction was also announced by the Treasury of the United Kingdom on 16 October 2012. The council and the UK's treasury accused him of being the key ideological leader of Kenya's al-Hijra, which is also known as the Muslim Youth Centre, and a close ally of al-Shabaab.Rogo was also named in a report released by the United States as being the chief representative of al-Shabaab in Kenya, and that he had recruited young men to go fight in Somalia with Islamists. The report said that Rogo had engaged in \"acts that directly or indirectly threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia\", specifically in reference to recruiting and fundraising for al-Shabaab. Al-Shaabab declared on 10 February 2012 that it is part of al Qaeda East Africa, after the merge of two groups. As a result, the United States also placed him on the sanction list on 5 July 2012.\n\n\nDeath\nOn 27 August 2012, Rogo was shot dead by unnamed assailants in Mombasa as he was driving his wife to the hospital. Rogo was shot more than seventeen times in the head and died instantly, while his wife, Khaniya Said, was shot in the leg. Human Rights Watch declared, based on the witnesses' reports, that an unmarked vehicle overtook the car Rogo was driving with six passengers on Malindi road, outside Mombasa, and that two gunmen opened fire on the car. His father, Abdalla Ali, and five-year-old daughter, who were also in the car, were not injured. Said reported that a car from behind aimed at Rogo and shot him on his right side. She also accused the police of killing Rogo, and told police that had come to assist her that \"we don't want a post-mortem or any help from you.\" The Muslim Youth Centre confirmed his death and informed its members about his death in Tanzania. Kenyan security officials claimed that Rogo was killed by his rivals and that the riots that occurred after his death were pre-planned.\n\n\nBurial\nIn the immediate aftermath of the assassination, Rogo's supporters seized his body from the security forces. They carried his body shoulder high to the Masjid Musa Mosque. Then they \nimmediately buried his body at Manyimbo Muslim Cemetery in Tudor with the bloodied clothes intact without prayers and being given ritual bath contra to Islamic conventions.\n\n\nReactions\nThe Muslim Human Rights Forum (MHRF) condemned Rogo's death, labelling it as an \"extrajudicial killing\" and called for an end to \"targeted killings and enforced disappearances of terrorism suspects.\" Both the Muslim Youth Centre and al-Shabaab reacted to his death and described Rogo as a martyr. The Supreme Council of Muslims in Kenya also condemned the killing of Rogo and the riots, particularly those targeting the churches. Human Rights Watch issued a press release on 28 August asking the Kenyan government to initiate an independent inquiry into the killing of Rogo and the subsequent riots in Mombasa. On 30 August 2012, the Russian Foreign Ministry condemned Kenyan Muslim rioters who clashed with security forces in Mombasa.\n\n\nProtests\nAfter the killing of Rogo, Mombasa witnessed violent demonstrations, claiming four people's lives and wounding many others as well as damaging three churches. Abdullahi Halakhe, the Kenya analyst of the International Crisis Group, suggested that although the assassination of Rogo triggered the unrest, there are much deeper issues at hand.\nRichard Lough further argued that the riots revealed deep social, political and sectarian divides experiencing in Kenya and that these could cause more violence ahead of a presidential election in 2013.On the day of Rogo's death, his supporters consisting of over 2,000 Kenyans protested his assassination in Mombasa, especially in the Majengo area, where Rogo's Musa Mosque is situated. A civilian was killed and two churches were looted. Some of the mob blamed the Kenyan authorities for the killing of Rogo. Aggrey Adoli, a police commander, said that the mob had weapons and machetes and were burning police vehicles. Adoli added that many shops were closed and people were leaving Mombasa, but that the police regained control of the city after a few hours of \"anarchy.\" The highway from Mombasa to Malindi, a tourist centre, was closed by protestors who burned tyres, but they were eventually scattered by police who fired tear gas. Streets that normally bustled with shoppers and tourists were empty.The next day clashes continued in Mombasa. Two prison officers were killed in the ensuing riots. Anti-riot police fought against stone-throwing youths as police fired tear gas and warning shots. The protesters barricaded streets with burning tyres in Majengo, which is predominantly Muslim. The mobs also taunted police who arrested protestors and marauded around the city centre, while shopkeepers reported looting in certain areas.The rioters had fired at police with machine guns before hurling a grenade at police officers, which resulted in two deaths. The police said that at least 16 officers were wounded in the attack, which took place in Kisauni, another predominantly Muslim area. In addition, two more churches were set on fire in Kisauni and roads were barricaded with burning tires. Benedict Kigen, a senior police intelligence officer, said that the rioters are \"pure criminals, and now terrorists are infiltrating within to launch grenades at us. They are looting even chicken.\"On 29 August, Kenyan Coast Regional Prisons leader James Kodiany announced that two more prison officers had succumbed to their injuries from the riots the previous day. Security officials argued that their control in Mombasa was restored. However, it was also added by security officials that tensions were still high. There were reports of unrest in the Majengo and Kisauni districts of Mombasa and four policemen were badly wounded in the late hours in the city. Protests continued for a fourth day.Abubaker Sharif Ahmed, a close friend of Rogo, was accused of inciting the protests that turned violent. He was then arrested after the issuance of an arrest warrant. He told a court in Mombasa that he denied the charges.\n\n\nInquiry\nThe Director of Public Prosecutions Keriako Tobiko set up a taskforce to investigate the killing. The inquiry is yet to be concluded.\n\n\nPersonal life\nRogo married Khaniya Said Saggar Said in 1998. She is the daughter of Said Saggar Ahmed, the well-known terror suspect in Kenya. Rogo's son, Khubedi Rogo, was arrested in Kanamai, Kilifi, in November 2012 for his alleged participation in training camps of al-Shabaab.\n\n\nSee also\nMombasa Republican Council, a secessionist group in the predominantly Muslim coastal region around Mombasa.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/aaartali

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"21355213":{"pageid":21355213,"ns":0,"title":"Aaartali","extract":"Aaartali is a lightly populated village in Bandarban, Chittagong, Bangladesh. The closest major city is Cox's Bazar and can be reached from Naikhongchari village, Naikhongchari Upazila. The village lies close by to the border with Myanmar. The main religious center is Ashartali Jame Mosque which is located in the village and the Ashartali Government Primary School is located here.\n\n\nSee also\nPaglirpara\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/adamantinia

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"4947247":{"pageid":4947247,"ns":0,"title":"Adamantinia","extract":"Adamantinia is a monotypic genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae), described in 2004 by C\u00e1ssio van den Berg and Cezar Neubert Gon\u00e7alves. The name is a reference to Chapada Diamantina, Brazil, where this species comes from.\nThe single species, Adamantinia miltonioides, is native to the Serra do Sincor\u00e1 range (Brazil, Bahia, South America). It grows as an epiphyte at sunny positions, at about 900m altitude. Plants bear more or less clustered unifoliate pseudobulbs (rarely bifoliate), coriaceous dark-olive leaves, and possess long inflorescences with successive flowering. Flowers are showy, pink, with similar petals and sepals and a showy dark pink lip, with very small side lobes. Column is short, with a broad stigma. DNA data from trnL-F plastid sequences indicate relationships to Leptotes and Isabelia.\n\n\nReferences\n\n Media related to Adamantinia at Wikimedia Commons"}}}}

part_xaa/abteilung_iiib

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abteilung_IIIb","to":"Abteilung IIIb"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abteilung IIIb","to":"Abteilung III b"}],"pages":{"51851964":{"pageid":51851964,"ns":0,"title":"Abteilung III b","extract":"Abteilung III b was the domestic counterintelligence branch of the Imperial German Army from 1889 until the end of the First World War. Initially created as a section in the Prussian General Staff in 1889 and named Sektion III b, it was upgraded to a department and renamed Abteilung III b in June 1915.\n\n\nHistory\nThe initial responsibilities of Sektion III b consisted solely of counterintelligence; it had limited foreign espionage capabilities. Its counter-espionage efforts focused on France and on Russia - as the Imperial German Navy had responsibility for intelligence on the United Kingdom. During the First World War of 1914\u20131918, III b additionally acquired roles in media censorship and propaganda.In 1917 Abteilung III b gained authorization for domestic counterintelligence (German: Inlandsaufkl\u00e4rung). The secret activities of III b developed under the head of Abteilung III b, Colonel Walter Nicolai (in office: 1913\u20131918), as war made the need for counter-espionage more pressing. Never before had a German intelligence group held such influence in the German Reich.\nWhen the war began, the network of agents in enemy countries quickly evaporated as belligerent nations arrested the agents. The Secret Service could not provide information about enemy intentions and operational-deployment plans. At the General Staff, within the News Department, the 'enemy editor' grew more suspicious of information delivered as facts, as the intelligence service's reports often proved to be false. In the assessment of the enemy situation, there was one mishap after another. The fundamental error lay in the separation of news gathering and analysis.As the war progressed, Abteilung III b increasingly established itself as a counterintelligence and ultra-nationalist propaganda organization. The Far-Left press often referred to Colonel Nicolai, the head of the Abteilung, as the \"father of lies\", among many other things.\nIn addition, Abteilung III b also expanded as the agents of the intelligence arm of the German Imperial Navy under diplomatic cover in the German Foreign Office were exposed in Mexico, Argentina, and the United States.\nAt the end of the war, the division was disbanded.\n\n\nOutline\nDuring the First World War, the division was significantly upgraded and divided into press, propaganda, intelligence and defense:\n\n\nBibliography\nAltenh\u00f6ner, Florian (Winter 2005). \"Total War\u2014Total Control? German Military Intelligence on the Home Front, 1914\u20131918\". The Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 55\u201372. doi:10.1080/16161262.2005.10555117. S2CID 153602438.\nFoley, Robert T. (Winter 2005). \"Easy target or Invincible Enemy? German Intelligence Assessments of France Before the Great War\". The Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 1\u201324. doi:10.1080/16161262.2005.10555115. S2CID 155125666.\nHieber, Hanne (Winter 2005). \"'Mademoiselle Docteur': The Life and Service of Imperial Germany's Only Female Intelligence Officer\". The Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 91\u2013108. doi:10.1080/16161262.2005.10555119. S2CID 141986010.\nH\u00f6hne, Heinz (1976). Canaris Patriot im Zwielicht [Canaris: Patriot in the Twilight] (in German). Munich: Bertelsmann. ISBN 3-570-01608-0. OCLC 230569943.\nP\u00f6hlmann, Markus (Winter 2005). \"German Intelligence at War, 1914\u20131918\". The Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 25\u201354. doi:10.1080/16161262.2005.10555116. S2CID 155389900.\nSchmidt, J\u00fcrgen W. (Winter 2005). Translated by Anja Becker. \"Against Russia: Department IIIb of the Deputy General Staff, Berlin, and Intelligence, Counterintelligence and Newspaper Research, 1914\u20131918\". The Journal of Intelligence History. 5 (2): 73\u201389. doi:10.1080/16161262.2005.10555118. S2CID 152339050.\nSchmidt, J\u00fcrgen W., ed. (2009). Geheimdienste, Milit\u00e4r und Politik in Deutschland [Intelligence Services, the Military and Politicians in Germany] (in German) (2nd ed.). Ludwigsfelder Verl.-Haus: Ludwigsfelde. ISBN 978-3-933022-55-4. OCLC 494691175.\nSchmidt, J\u00fcrgen W. (2009). Gegen Russland und Frankreich : Der deutsche milit\u00e4rische Geheimdienst, 1890\u20131914 [Against Russia and France: The German Military Intelligence 1890\u20131914] (3rd ed.). Ludwigsfelder Verl.-Haus: Ludwigsfelde. ISBN 978-3-933022-44-8. OCLC 800412308.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdulaziz_al-mohammed

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulaziz_Al-Mohammed","to":"Abdulaziz Al-Mohammed"}],"pages":{"65387106":{"pageid":65387106,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulaziz Al-Mohammed","extract":"Abdulaziz Al-Mohammed (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f; born 22 December 1987) is a Saudi Arabian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Wej.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdulaziz Al-Mohammed at Soccerway"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_muery

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Muery","to":"Adam Muery"}],"pages":{"29864873":{"pageid":29864873,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Muery","extract":"Adam Muery is a politician in the State of Texas and in the United States. He is a Master Texas Peace Officer, a former United States Marine and a licensed pilot. He is a graduate of Texas A&M University and the University of Texas School of Law. He has a wife and four children.\n\n\nCareer\nFrom 2005 through 2007, he served under Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott as Counsel for the Office of Special Investigations and as Law Enforcement Liaison to the Attorney General.He also served in Governor Perry's Division of Emergency Management as Officer in Charge of the United States Border Patrol Operations Center while on State Active Duty for the Texas Military Forces.\nIn 2007 and 2008, he served in Iraq in a joint role with the United States Departments of Justice, State, and Defense as Lead National Police Advisor, Deputy Director of Training for the Ministry of Interior, Acting Director of Training for the Ministry of Interior, and Chief Inspector General for the Ministry of Interior. After returning to Texas, he entered private practice and within 18 months was named one of the top business litigators in Houston by a regional publication. He was named a Texas Superlawyer Rising Star in the area of business litigation.In 2010, he ran unsuccessfully for The Woodlands Township Board with a campaign focused primarily on improving public safety and eliminating wasteful spending. He later accepted a position with the Border Prosecution Unit where he prosecuted all border related crimes within Terrell, Edwards, Val Verde and Kinney Counties - an area larger than New Jersey. He also served as First Assistant District Attorney for the 21st Judicial District of Texas before returning to private practice.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110716194337/http://www.tcjiug.com/conferences/2006_conference/power_point/Attorney%20General%20Presentation.ppt\nhttp://www.oag.state.tx.us\nhttp://www.txdps.state.tx.us/dem/\nhttp://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/mnstc-i-status-report"}}}}

part_xaa/adaptive_domain_environment_for_operating_systems

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems","to":"Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems"}],"pages":{"604015":{"pageid":604015,"ns":0,"title":"Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems","extract":"Adeos (Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems) is a nanokernel hardware abstraction layer (HAL), or hypervisor, that operates between computer hardware and the operating system (OS) that runs on it. It is distinct from other nanokernels in that it is not only a low level layer for an outer kernel. Instead, it is intended to run several kernels together, which makes it similar to full virtualization technologies. It is free and open-source software released under a GNU General Public License (GPL).\nAdeos provides a flexible environment for sharing hardware resources among multiple operating systems, or among multiple instances of one OS, thereby enabling multiple prioritized domains to exist simultaneously on the same hardware.\nAdeos has been successfully inserted beneath the Linux kernel, opening a range of possibilities, such as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) clustering, more efficient virtualization, patchless kernel debugging, and real-time computing (RT) systems for Linux.\nUnusually among HALs, Adeos can be loaded as a Linux loadable kernel module to allow another OS to run along with it. Adeos was developed in the context of real-time application interface (RTAI) to modularize it and separate the HAL from the real-time kernel.\n\n\nPrior work\nTwo categories of methods exist to enable multiple operating systems to run on the same system. The first is simulation-based and provides a virtual environment for which to run additional operating systems. The second suggests the use of a nanokernel layer to enable hardware sharing.In the simulation category, there are tools such as Xen, VMware, Plex86, VirtualPC and SimOS. There is also Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) which is more similar to Adeos, but is not RT and requires specific virtualization hardware support. These methods are used for users who desire to run applications foreign to their base OS, they provide no control over the base OS to the user. Simulation was never meant to be used in a production environment. In the nanokernel category there are tools such as SPACE, cache kernel and Exokernel. All of these suggest building miniature hardware management facilities which can thereafter be used to build production operating systems. The problem of this approach is that it does not address the issue of extant operating systems and their user base.Adeos addresses the requirements of both categories of application by providing a simple layer that is inserted under an unmodified running OS and thereafter provides the required primitives and mechanisms to allow multiple OSes to share the same hardware environment. Adeos does not attempt to impose any restrictions on the hardware\u2019s use, by the different OSes, more than is necessary for Adeos\u2019 own operation. Instead, such restriction is to be imposed by the system administrator or the system programmer. This exposes the system to mismanagement, but the idea behind Adeos is to give back control to system administrators and programmers.\n\n\nArchitecture\n\nAdeos implements a queue of signals. Each time that a peripheral sends a signal, the different operating systems that are running in the machine are awakened, in turn, and must decide if they will accept (handle), ignore, discard, or terminate the signal. Signals not handled (or discarded) by an OS are passed to the next OS in the chain. Signals that are terminated are not propagated to latter stages.As Adeos has to ensure equal and trusted access to the hardware, it takes control of some hardware commands issued by the different OSes; but, it also must not intrude too much on the different OSes\u2019 normal behavior. Each OS is encompassed in a domain over which it has total control. This domain may include a private address space and software abstractions such as process, virtual memory, file-systems, etc. Adeos does not attempt to impose any policy of use of the hardware except as needed for its operation. The task of determining policy is left to the system architect.\n\n\nAdeos interrupt pipe\n\nAdeos uses an interrupt pipe to propagate interrupts through the different domains running on the hardware. As some domains may prefer to be the first to receive hardware interrupts, Adeos provides a mechanism for domains to have access to priority interrupt dispatching. In effect, Adeos places the requesting domain's interrupt handler and accompanying tables, which may be called as an interrupt mechanism in SPACE terminology, at the first stages of the interrupt pipeline. Domains can control whether they accept, ignore, discard or terminate interrupts. Each of these has a different effect and is controlled differently.Accepting interrupts is the normal state of a domain's interrupt mechanism. When Adeos encounters a domain that is accepting interrupts it summons its interrupt handler after having set the required CPU environment and stack content for the interrupt handler to operate correctly. The OS then may decide to operate any number of operations including task scheduling. Once the OS is done, the pipeline proceeds as planned by propagating interrupts down the pipeline.When an OS in a domain does not want to be interrupted, for any reason, it asks Adeos to stall the stage its domain occupies in the interrupt pipeline. By doing so, interrupts go no further in the pipeline and are stalled at the stage occupied by the domain. When the OS is done wanting to be uninterrupted, it asks Adeos to install the pipeline and thereafter all the interrupts that were stalled at the corresponding stage follow their route to the other stages of the pipeline.When a domain is discarding interrupts, the interrupt passes over the stage occupied by the domain and continues onto the other stages. When a domain terminates interrupts then the interrupts that are terminated by it are not propagated to latter stages. Interrupt discarding and termination is only possible when the OS in a domain recognizes Adeos.\nSince some OSes do not recognize Adeos, it is possible to create a domain which only serves as a handler for that OS. Hence, in the interrupt pipeline, this stage always precedes the handled domain's stage and may take actions for that domain with Adeos in order to provide the handled domain's OS with the illusion of normal system operation.\nOnce Adeos is done traversing the pipeline it checks if all domains are dormant. If that is the case, it then calls on its idle task. This task remains active until the occurrence of the next interrupt. If all the domains aren't dormant it restores the processor to the state it had prior the interrupt entering the pipeline and execution continues where it had left. Since Adeos is very much hardware dependent, many details are specific to one of its particular implementations.\n\n\nApplicability\n\n\nGeneral-purpose operating system resource sharing\nGeneral-purpose operating system resource sharing is one of the main objectives of Adeos, to provide an environment which enables multiple general purpose OSes to share the same hardware.\n\n\nOperating system development\nDeveloping OSes is usually a complicated process which sometimes requires extra hardware such as in-circuit emulators to probe the hardware on which an OS is running. Using Adeos, OS development is eased since any undesired behavior may be controlled by an appropriate domain handler. It can also provide a default domain handler for OS development under which developers may have controlled direct access to the hardware they are meant to control. As Adeos is itself a kernel-module, such development domain handlers may be developed independently from Adeos.\n\n\nPatchless kernel debuggers and probers\nAdeos provides for a way for kernel debuggers and probers to take control of Linux without modifying Linux. As with other Adeos domains, these facilities would load as normal kernel modules and would thereafter request a ring-zero domain from Adeos. Once that is done, they may request priority interrupt dispatching in the interrupt pipeline. Hence, before Linux gets to handle any interrupts, they will be able to intercept those interrupts and carry out the requested debugging tasks. This can also be extended to performance profilers and other such development tools.\n\n\nSee also\n\nXenomai\nNanokernel\nHardware abstraction layer\nHAL (software)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nAdeos Workspace"}}}}

part_xaa/aava_open

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"AAVA_Open","to":"AAVA Open"}],"redirects":[{"from":"AAVA Open","to":"ITF Women's World Tennis Tour","tofragment":"List of events"}],"pages":{"25703445":{"pageid":25703445,"ns":0,"title":"ITF Women's World Tennis Tour","extract":"The ITF Women's World Tennis Tour, previously known as the ITF Women's Circuit, is a series of professional tennis tournaments run by the International Tennis Federation for female professional tennis players.\n\n\nHistory\nIt serves as a developmental circuit for the WTA Tour, which is run by the independent Women's Tennis Association (WTA). There are several hundred ITF Women's Circuit tournaments each year, spread across all six inhabited continents, with prize money ranging from US$15,000 to US$100,000. Players who succeed on the ITF Women's Circuit earn sufficient points to be eligible for qualifying draw or main draw entry to WTA tournaments.\nUntil 2011 the ITF Women's Circuit was the level immediately below the main WTA Tour, but in 2012 the WTA introduced an intermediate level, the WTA 125K series.\nThere is also an ITF Men's Circuit, but it only incorporates the lower-level Futures tournaments. Mid-level men's tournaments, equivalent to the WTA 125k series and the bigger money events on the ITF Women's Circuit, come under the aegis of the ATP as part of the ATP Challenger Tour.\nIn 2019, reforms was made to the circuit, renaming it the ITF World Tennis Tour as a new umbrella name for former Pro Circuit and Junior Circuit tournaments and will serve as the player pathway between the junior game and the elite levels of professional tennis. The launch of the tour is the culmination of a series of ITF reforms designed to support talented junior players in their progression to the senior game, and target the prize money effectively at professional tournaments to enable more players to make a living.\n\n\nList of events\nThe ITF Women's Circuit has included:\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site"}}}}

part_xaa/acraea_bellona

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acraea_bellona","to":"Acraea bellona"}],"pages":{"35992285":{"pageid":35992285,"ns":0,"title":"Acraea bellona","extract":"Acraea bellona is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Angola.\n\n\nDescription\nClose to Acraea acrita qv.\n\n\nTaxonomy\nIt is a member of the Acraea acrita species group.\n\nAcraea (group acrita) Henning, 1993, Metamorphosis 4 (1): 12 \nAcraea (Acraea) (supraspecies acrita) Pierre & Bernaud, 2013, Butterflies of the World 39: 2, pl. 4, f. 11-12 \nAcraea (Rubraea) Henning & Williams, 2010, Metamorphosis 21 (1): 10 \n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nDie Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 59 f"}}}}

part_xaa/acarosporina_microspora

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acarosporina_microspora","to":"Acarosporina microspora"}],"pages":{"11569498":{"pageid":11569498,"ns":0,"title":"Acarosporina microspora","extract":"Acarosporina microspora is a species of fungus in the family Stictidaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a condition in elms known as Schizoxylon canker. It was originally described in 1938 under the name Schizoxylon microsporum.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abbas_ekrami

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbas_Ekrami","to":"Abbas Ekrami"}],"pages":{"18595782":{"pageid":18595782,"ns":0,"title":"Abbas Ekrami","extract":"Dr.Abbas Ekrami (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc) is a former Iranian football manager. He was the founder of one of Iran's most prestigious football clubs, Shahin.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nHistory of Shahin FC"}}}}

part_xaa/acanthocinus_princeps

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthocinus_princeps","to":"Acanthocinus princeps"}],"pages":{"35752016":{"pageid":35752016,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthocinus princeps","extract":"Acanthocinus princeps, the ponderosa pine bark borer, is a species of longhorn beetle of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/achnahaird

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"2604475":{"pageid":2604475,"ns":0,"title":"Achnahaird","extract":"Ahnahaird (Scottish Gaelic: Achadh na h-\u00c0irde) is a small settlement on Achnahaird Bay in Ross and Cromarty, in the Scottish council area of Highland.\nThe beach at Achnahaird Bay was used in the filming of 'The Eagle' (directed by Kevin Macdonald).\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Achnahaird at Wikimedia Commons\n\nPanorama of Achnahaird Bay (QuickTime required)"}}}}

part_xaa/adam_murimuth

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Murimuth","to":"Adam Murimuth"}],"pages":{"315003":{"pageid":315003,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Murimuth","extract":"Adam Murimuth (1274/75 \u2013 1347) was an English ecclesiastic and chronicler.\n\n\nLife\nHe was born in 1274 or 1275 and studied civil law at the University of Oxford. Between 1312 and 1318 he practised in the papal curia at Avignon. King Edward II of England and Archbishop Robert Winchelsey were among his clients, and his legal services secured for him canonries at Hereford and St Paul's, and the precentorship of Exeter Cathedral. In 1331 he retired to country living (in Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire), and devoted himself to writing the history of his own times.\n\n\nWorks\nThe chronicle he wrote of his times is entitled \"Chronicon, sive res gestae sui temporis quibus ipse interfuit, res Romanas et Gallicas Anglicanis intertexens, 1302-1343\" (Cottonian Library MSS., Claudius E.8). His Continuatio chronicarum, begun not earlier than 1325, starts from the year 1303, and continues up to 1347, the year of his death. Meagre at first, it becomes fuller about 1340 and is specially valuable for the history of the French wars. Murimuth gives a bald narrative of events, incorporating many documents in the latter part of his book. The annals of St. Paul's edited by Bishop William Stubbs are closely related to the work of Murimuth, but probably not from his pen. The Continuatio was carried on, after his death, by an anonymous writer to the year 1380.The only complete edition of the Continuatio chronicarum is that by Edward Maunde Thompson (Rolls series, 1889). The preface to this edition, and to William Stubbs's Chronicles of Edward I and II, vol. i. (Rolls series, 1882), should be consulted. The anonymous continuation is printed in Thomas Hog's edition of Murimuth (Eng. Hist. Soc., London, 1846).\n\n\nReferences\n\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)"}}}}

part_xaa/ab_baran

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ab_Baran","to":"Ab Baran"}],"pages":{"37082705":{"pageid":37082705,"ns":0,"title":"Ab Baran","extract":"Ab Baran (Persian: \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646, also Romanized as \u0100b B\u0101r\u0101n) is a village in Tashan-e Gharbi Rural District, Tashan District, Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85 in 15 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdul_samad_of_selangor

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Samad_of_Selangor","to":"Abdul Samad of Selangor"}],"pages":{"4636061":{"pageid":4636061,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Samad of Selangor","extract":"Sultan Abdul Samad ibni Almarhum Raja Abdullah (Jawi: \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ; born Raja Abdul Samad bin Raja Abdullah, 1804 - 6 February 1898) was the fourth Sultan of Selangor.\nRaja Abdul Samad was born in 1804 at Bukit Melawati in Selangor son to Raja Abdullah ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Shah, the younger brother of Sultan Muhammad Shah. His reign lasted 41 years from 1857 until his death in 1898. His time on the throne saw the only civil war in Selangor, the establishment of Kuala Lumpur, the introduction of the Selangor flag and coat of arms and the start of British involvement in Selangor state affairs.\n\n\nRise to the throne\nBefore becoming the Sultan of Selangor, Abdul Samad held the title of Tengku Panglima Raja and held authority over Langat. The third sultan of Selangor, Sultan Muhammad Shah, died on 6 January 1857 without appointing an heir. This started a dispute between the royal court and dignitaries of Selangor to choose the next sultan. To select the next sultan Malay customs dictate that the son of a royal wife takes precedence over the sons of other wives. This makes Raja Mahmud the next legitimate heir but he was too young and was unable to exert his right. Sultan Muhammad's older and more competent sons, Raja Laut and Raja Sulaiman were sons of concubines, the Sultan's sons-in-law, Raja Jumaat and Raja Abdullah, were from the Riau branch of the family, hence they were all ineligible. This left Raja Abdul Samad, the nephew and son-in-law of the late Sultan, as the candidate with the strongest contention. Raja Jumaat and Raja Abdullah became convinced that they could become the power behind the throne if they supported Raja Abdul Samad to take the throne. With their patronage and the support of four other state dignitaries, a consensus was made to select the nephew of Sultan Muhammad Shah, Tengku Abdul Samad ibni Tengku Abdullah.Other sources state that Selangor went on for two years without a sultan until he was favoured and that, unlike his predecessors, he was not formally installed by the Sultan of Perak.\n\n\nReign\nFollowing the successful establishment of the Ampang tin mines by Muhamad Shah, Sultan Abdul Samad used the tin ore to trade with the states of the Straits Settlements. The mines in turn attracted even more Chinese miners with the help of Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, one of his sons-in-law and Yap Ah Loy, a Chinese Kapitan.\nIn 1866, the Sultan gave Raja Abdullah the power and authority over Klang. This fueled the feud between Raja Abdullah and Raja Mahadi, who was the previous administrator of Klang. The dispute led to the Klang War. The Sultan appointed his son-in-law, Tengku Dhiauddin Zainal Rashid (a.k.a. Tengku Kudin), as Vice Yamtuan and arbitrator twice during the war; first on 26 June 1868 and again on 22 July 1871. At the same time he handed over management of the entire state. He also provided Langat to Tengku Kudin to help him fund the handling of the war. Tengku Kudin in turn engaged the help of Pahang, mercenaries and Sir Andrew Clarke of the British Empire. This marked the first British involvement in local politics. The Sultan later handed over the ruling power of Klang to Tungku Kudin after the war was won in 1874. In 1878 Tengku Kudin stood down from this post.\n\nAfter a number of piracy attacks took place in Selangor, Andrew Clarke assigned Frank Swettenham as a live-in advisor to Sultan Abdul Samad in August 1874. Sultan Abdul Samad accepted James Guthrie Davidson as the first British Resident of Selangor in 1875. In October the same year, Sultan Abdul Samad sent a letter to Andrew Clarke requesting for Selangor to be placed under the British protectorate.During his reign, the areas of Semenyih, Beranang and Broga went under Selangor jurisdiction. Lukut however was handed to Dato' Kelana of Sungai Ujong on 30 July 1880. The Sultan was awarded the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) conferring the title Sir. Jugra became the royal capital of Selangor when Sultan Abdul Samad built the Jugra Palace and moved there in 1875. The state capital was moved from Klang to Kuala Lumpur in 1880.\nIn 1893, he helped found one of Malaysia's premier schools, Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur along with Kapitan Yap Kwan Seng, K. Thamboosamy and Loke Yew. Sultan Abdul Samad was made one of the first two patrons of the school.Sultan Abdul Samad was a member of the Council of Rulers for the Federated Malay States, under the British colonial regime. The sultans of the four Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang were represented at the first Durbar, which convened in 1897 at Kuala Kangsar, Perak.\nSultan Abdul Samad interacted openly with his people as observers noted that he mingled by chatting in local markets, while taking his daily walks or while watching a cockfight.\n\n\nDeath\nSultan Abdul Samad died on 6 February 1898 at the age of 93 after reigning for 41 years. He was laid to rest in his own mausoleum in Bukit Jugra. He had 12 children, 6 princes and 6 princesses from two wives. Raja Muda Raja Musa, the heir apparent, died in 1884. Hence next in line was Raja Muda Raja Musa's eldest son, Raja Sulaiman Shah ibni Raja Musa.\n\n\nLegacy\nThe Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur, Sultan Abdul Samad Secondary School in Petaling Jaya, Sultan Abdul Samad Mosque in Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and the Sultan Abdul Samad Library in Universiti Putra Malaysia are named after him.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abacetus_puncticeps

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abacetus_puncticeps","to":"Abacetus puncticeps"}],"pages":{"40181112":{"pageid":40181112,"ns":0,"title":"Abacetus puncticeps","extract":"Abacetus puncticeps is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1963.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/acrolophus_tholomicta

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_tholomicta","to":"Acrolophus tholomicta"}],"pages":{"37279553":{"pageid":37279553,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus tholomicta","extract":"Acrolophus tholomicta is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Colombia.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/abdul-wasa_al-saqqaf

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul-Wasa_Al-Saqqaf","to":"Abdul-Wasa Al-Saqqaf"}],"pages":{"30915413":{"pageid":30915413,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul-Wasa Al-Saqqaf","extract":"Abdul-Wasa Taha Al-Saqqaf (born 12 February 1974) is a Yemeni writer, poet, researcher, analyst and translator who was born in Al-Hadharim village in Taiz - Republic of Yemen.\n\n\nEarly years\nThe Al-Saqqaf family is a Ba'Alawi Sayyed family of the Banu Hashim of Hadhrami origin who lived in Tarim City in Hadhramaut, Yemen.\n\n\nWritings\nAl-Saqqaf's writings are classical and focus on social issues. They also have some of the modern poetry features such as breakdown of social norms and cultural sureties, dislocation of meaning and sense from its normal context, valorization of the despairing individual in the face of an unmanageable future disillusionment, rejection of history and the substitution of a mythical past, and stream of consciousness. His poetry also displays a vivid sense of humor.Al-Saqqaf excelled in the field of professional artificial translation specifically translating poetry into poetry and published most of his works online. He also wrote social, political and economical researches. Two of his poem collection were issued and published; the first is entitled Alaa What Next and the other is The Mirage Man.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/acrobasis_demotella

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrobasis_demotella","to":"Acrobasis demotella"}],"pages":{"21935860":{"pageid":21935860,"ns":0,"title":"Acrobasis demotella","extract":"Acrobasis demotella, the walnut shoot moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881. It is found in North America, from Ontario south to North Carolina and west to Missouri and Michigan.\nThe wingspan is 20\u201324 mm.\nThe larva feed on Juglans species, Carya illinoinensis and other Carya species.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nSpecies info at Forestpests"}}}}

part_xaa/abul_hassan_mahmud_ali

/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abul_Hassan_Mahmud_Ali","to":"Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali","to":"Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali"}],"pages":{"40275541":{"pageid":40275541,"ns":0,"title":"Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali","extract":"Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali (Bengali: \u0986\u09ac\u09c1\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b9\u09ae\u09c1\u09a6 \u0986\u09b2\u09c0; born 2 June 1943) is a Bangladeshi politician and diplomat who served as parliamentarian and cabinet minister including the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh from 2013 to 2019. He previously served as Minister of Disaster Management and Relief from 2012 to 2013.\n\n\nEarly life and education\nAli was born on 2 June 1943 in Daktarpara, Khamar Bishnuganj (Tangua Post Office), Khansama, Dinajpur (now in Bangladesh). He received a B.A. with Honours (1962) and an M.A. degree in economics (1963) from Dhaka University. He was a lecturer in economics at Dhaka University from 1964 to 1966.\n\n\nDiplomatic career\nAli joined the Pakistan Foreign Service (then including Bangladesh) in 1966 and was posted as Vice-Consul of Pakistan in New York City in 1968. Immediately after arriving in New York in 1968, he began to organise the small Bangladeshi community in the United States. Ali joined the Bangladesh Liberation war, in April 1971, and was appointed as the representative to the United States from the provisional government of Bangladesh at Mujibnagar, in May 1971. Ali fought for Bangladesh independence in the US and at the United Nations. He was executive assistant to Justice Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Chief Overseas Representative of the Mujibnagar government, and leader of the Bangladesh delegation to the United Nations.After the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, Ali served as representative to the United Nations and later as Acting Consul-General in New York City. Subsequently, he served in various capacities at the Foreign Ministry in Dhaka and at Bangladesh missions abroad. He served, from 1977 to 1979, as First Secretary, Counsellor and Deputy High Commissioner in New Delhi, India. At the foreign ministry, from 1979 to 1982, Ali served as Director-General for Administration, for International Organisations, for United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, for Policy Planning for South Asia, and for Human Rights. From 1983 to 1986, Ali was Deputy Chief of Mission with the rank of Ambassador, in Beijing, China. From 1986 to 1990, he was Ambassador to Bhutan.As Additional Foreign Secretary (Bilateral), Ali handled South Asia and Human Rights among other subjects. He negotiated and signed the agreement for the Tin Bigha Corridor Implementation Agreement with India, in 1992, and negotiated the Burmese Refugees Repatriation Agreement with Myanmar in 1992. Ali was Ambassador to Germany, with concurrent accreditation to Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, from 1992 to 1995; Ambassador to Nepal from February to October 1996; and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, with concurrent accreditation to Ireland, from 1996 to 2001.\n\n\nPolitical career\nAfter retiring from active diplomatic service, in April 2001, Ali entered politics, joining the Bangladesh Awami League. He served as a member of the Awami League Central Election Committee and was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Council of the Awami League (December 2002). He was subsequently appointed co-chairman of the Awami League Subcommittee on International Affairs.In December 2008, Ali was elected to parliament as an Awami League candidate, representing a rural constituency in Dinajpur, in northern Bangladesh. He was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He received Government appointments to serve on various other important committees. He was appointed to the Cabinet on 13 September 2012 and assumed charge of the newly created Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, as Minister, on 16 September 2012. Ali was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in the government formed on 21 November 2013. He was re-appointed on 26 February 2014, following his re-election in the parliamentary elections of January 2014.\n\n\nPolitical positions\nAli has been critical of Rohingya in Bangladesh, and has stated that he considers Rakhine Muslims to be a national security threat.\n\n\nFamily\nAli has a wife and two grown sons.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nMinistry of Disaster Management and Relief website\nLife sketch of Mr Mahmood Ali from Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief \nList of Ministries (general site link, English version available)"}}}}

part_xaa/adami-nekeb

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"20099340":{"pageid":20099340,"ns":0,"title":"Adami-nekeb","extract":"Adami-nekeb according to the Revised Version, or Adami-hannekeb (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05d1, i.e. the pass Adami), is a place mentioned in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua, as a passage on the frontier of Naphtali. It is mentioned only in Joshua 19:33.The Vulgate gives Adami quae est Neceb, \"Adami, which is Neceb,\" while the King James Version translates as two separate names, \"Adami\" and \"Nekeb\", as does the Septuagint: \u0391\u03a1\u039c\u0395 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u039d\u0395\u0392\u03a9\u039a(Codex Vaticanus), or \u0391\u03a1\u039c\u0391\u0399 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u039d\u0395\u039a\u0395\u0392 (Codex Alexandrinus). The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 11) also divides the expression, Adami being represented as Damin, and Hannekeb as Caidatah.Adolf Neubauer and George Adam Smith identify Adami with Damieh, 5 miles west of Tiberias, the site proposed by the Palestine Exploration Survey for the 'fenced city' Adamah of Joshua 19:36.\nThis, notes T. K. Cheyne, seems too far south considering that the 'tree of Bezaanim' (see Zaanaim) was close to Kedesh, while Jabneel appears to have been a north Galilean fortress. These are the two localities between which Adami-nekeb is mentioned in Joshua 19:33. It is probable that the name Nkbu in the Karnak list of Thutmose III means the pass Adami.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

part_xaa/adelaide_university_union_redevelopment

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adelaide_University_Union_Redevelopment","to":"Adelaide University Union Redevelopment"}],"pages":{"42679491":{"pageid":42679491,"ns":0,"title":"Adelaide University Union Redevelopment","extract":"The Adelaide University Union redevelopment (1967\u20131975) is one of the most significant buildings in the University of Adelaide complex designed by architect Robert Dickson. Built in stages from 1967\u20131975 and commissioned by both the Adelaide University Union and University of Adelaide, the Union Council presented the problem that the existing university accommodation needed to be redesigned within the confines of the existing built-up site, and the facilities were to be kept in operation during redevelopment.:\u200a128\u200a\nThe design concept was to be low-rise to allow for easy movement on foot, provide important and attractive circulation spaces encouraging intercommunication.:\u200a130\u200a The building embraces a diversity of functions with space for a bookshop, shops, refectories, a cinema, theatre, gallery and offices, while encompassing a large five level red brick and concrete building with exposed brickwork and timber detailing. \nThe redevelopment has several entrances, balconies and terraces connecting it to the multiple levels of the University site, while many aspects of the design and materiality match those of the historic University context, including works by architects Walter Bagot and Louis Laybourne-Smith.:\u200a148\u200a\n\n\nNotes"}}}}

part_xaa/a_daughter_of_love

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Daughter_of_Love","to":"A Daughter of Love"}],"pages":{"50373415":{"pageid":50373415,"ns":0,"title":"A Daughter of Love","extract":"A Daughter of Love is a 1925 British silent drama film directed by Walter West and starring Violet Hopson, John Stuart and Jameson Thomas.\n\n\nCast\nViolet Hopson as Mary Tannerhill\nJohn Stuart as Dudley Bellairs\nJameson Thomas as Dr. Eden Brent\nFred Raynham as Lord St. Erth\nArthur Walcott as Mr. Tannerhill\nEna Evans as Lillian\nGladys Mason as Lady St. Erth\nMadge Tree as Mrs. Tobin\nMinna Grey as Mrs. Diamond\nMrs. Charles Beattie as Mrs. Korsikov\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nBibliography\nLow, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.\n\n\nExternal links\nA Daughter of Love at IMDb"}}}}

part_xaa/abdalan

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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"38524034":{"pageid":38524034,"ns":0,"title":"Abdalan","extract":"Abdalan (Persian: \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646, also Romanized as Abd\u0101l\u0101n; also known as \u2018Abdehl\u0101n) is a village in Khorram Rud Rural District, in the Central District of Tuyserkan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 431, in 111 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}