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part_xaa/abdulla_aripov
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulla_Aripov","to":"Abdulla Aripov"}],"pages":{"52574279":{"pageid":52574279,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulla Aripov","extract":"Abdulla Nigmatovich Aripov (Uzbek: Abdulla Nig\u02bbmatovich Oripov, born 24 May 1961, in Tashkent) is an Uzbek politician who serves as the prime minister of Uzbekistan, in office since 14 December 2016. Aripov is a member of the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party. He was deputy prime minister from 2002 to 2012 and again in 2016.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nPolitics\nOn May 30, 2002 Aripov was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister of Uzbekistan \u2013 Head of Complex on Information and Telecommunications Technologies Issues \u2013 Director-General of Communications and Information Agency of Uzbekistan. Then from October 2009 \u2013 oversees the Social Sphere, Science, Education, Health, Culture and responsible for contacts with CIS-partners. On February 4, 2005 Aripov was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister. Then in a reshuffle in August 2012 he was appointed Head of Complex on Information Systems and Telecommunications.In September 2016 he was again appointed as Deputy Prime Minister.On 12 December 2016, he was nominated by the ruling party to form a cabinet. On 14 December, he was confirmed as Prime Minister by the parliament. On 15 December, he formed his cabinet.\n\n\nPersonal life\nAripov is married and has five daughters. He is a recipient of the state awards Ordens \u201cDo\u2019stlik\u201d and \u201cMehnat shuhrati\u201d (Friendship and Labor Glory).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_santamaria
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Santamar\u00eda","to":"Abel Santamar\u00eda"}],"pages":{"1659608":{"pageid":1659608,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Santamar\u00eda","extract":"Abel Santamar\u00eda Cuadrado (20 October 1927 \u2013 26 July 1953) was a leader in the Cuban Revolutionary movement.\n\n\nBiography\n\nAbel was born in Encrucijada, Las Villas, Cuba. He and his sister Hayd\u00e9e allowed revolutionaries including Fidel Castro to use their tiny two-room apartment on the corner of O and 25th streets in Havana for planning the revolution. Abel and Haydee participated in the Moncada barracks assault in July 1953 that was intended to start the revolutionary overthrow of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Fidel Castro assigned Santamaria with the mission of taking the Saturnino Lora Hospital as part of the assault. Santamaria initially objected with the thought that Castro was taking on the more dangerous mission, stating \"you are most needed by everyone\". Castro responded, \"I am going to the garrison and you go to the hospital, because you are the soul of this movement, and if I die, you will take my place.\" The assault ultimately failed and both Abel and Hayd\u00e9e were imprisoned with many other revolutionaries. Abel was murdered in prison in Santiago de Cuba after being tortured by police to reveal the location where the other revolutionaries were hiding. It is said that the police removed Abel's eyes and showed them to Hayd\u00e9e, but she never revealed where the revolutionaries were.The Abel Santamar\u00eda Airport in Santa Clara, Cuba is named for him.\n\n\nSee also\nMuseo Abel Santamar\u00eda Cuadrado\nVilla Clara Provincial Museum\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nBohemia Magazine"}}}}
part_xaa/achkhoy-martanovsky_district
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achkhoy-Martanovsky_District","to":"Achkhoy-Martanovsky District"}],"pages":{"4133685":{"pageid":4133685,"ns":0,"title":"Achkhoy-Martanovsky District","extract":"Achkhoy-Martanovsky District (Russian: \u0410\u0447\u0445\u043e\u0301\u0439-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0301\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0301\u043d; Chechen: \u0422\u04cf\u0435\u044c\u0445\u0430-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043a\u04cf\u043e\u0448\u0442, The\u1e8ba-Martan kho\u015ft) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 1,100 square kilometers (420 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Achkhoy-Martan.\n\n\nHealth care\nState health facilities in the district are represented by one central district hospital in Achkhoy-Martan and one district hospital in Samashki.\n\n\nDemographics\nPopulation: 78,505\u2009(2010 Census); 64,839 (2002 Census); 59,837\u2009(1989 Census). The population of Achkhoy-Martan accounts for 25.7% of the district's total population.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nSources\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u2116500 \u043e\u0442 30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2005 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2005 \u0433.. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442-\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441\". (President of the Chechen Republic. Decree #500 of November 30, 2005 On Adopting the List of the Entities Within the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of November 30, 2005.).\n\u041f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u211640-\u0420\u0417 \u043e\u0442 14 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2008 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0447\u0445\u043e\u0439-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u211621-\u0420\u0417 \u043e\u0442 28 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2010 \u0433 \u00ab\u041e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 10 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442-\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441\". (Parliament of the Chechen Republic. Law #40-RZ of July 14, 2008 On Establishing the Municipal Formation of Achkhoy-Martanovsky District and the Municipal Formations Comprising It, on Establishing Their Borders, and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District and Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #21-RZ of June 28, 2010 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication date.)."}}}}
part_xaa/abundant_number
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abundant_number","to":"Abundant number"}],"pages":{"321831":{"pageid":321831,"ns":0,"title":"Abundant number","extract":"In number theory, an abundant number or excessive number is a number for which the sum of its proper divisors is greater than the number. The integer 12 is the first abundant number. Its proper divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for a total of 16. The amount by which the sum exceeds the number is the abundance. The number 12 has an abundance of 4, for example.\n\n\nDefinition\nA number n for which the sum of divisors \u03c3(n) > 2n, or, equivalently, the sum of proper divisors (or aliquot sum) s(n) > n.\nAbundance is the value \u03c3(n) \u2212 2n (or s(n) \u2212 n).\n\n\nExamples\nThe first 28 abundant numbers are:\n\n12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 100, 102, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120, ... (sequence A005101 in the OEIS).For example, the proper divisors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12, whose sum is 36. Because 36 is greater than 24, the number 24 is abundant. Its abundance is 36 \u2212 24 = 12.\n\n\nProperties\nThe smallest odd abundant number is 945.\nThe smallest abundant number not divisible by 2 or by 3 is 5391411025 whose distinct prime factors are 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29 (sequence A047802 in the OEIS). An algorithm given by Iannucci in 2005 shows how to find the smallest abundant number not divisible by the first k primes. If \n \n \n \n A\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A(k)}\n represents the smallest abundant number not divisible by the first k primes then for all \n \n \n \n \u03f5\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n we have\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n \u2212\n \u03f5\n )\n (\n k\n ln\n \u2061\n k\n \n )\n \n 2\n \u2212\n \u03f5\n \n \n <\n ln\n \u2061\n A\n (\n k\n )\n <\n (\n 1\n +\n \u03f5\n )\n (\n k\n ln\n \u2061\n k\n \n )\n \n 2\n +\n \u03f5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1-\\epsilon )(k\\ln k)^{2-\\epsilon }<\\ln A(k)<(1+\\epsilon )(k\\ln k)^{2+\\epsilon }}\n \nfor sufficiently large k.Every multiple of a perfect number (except the perfect number itself) is abundant. For example, every multiple of 6 greater than 6 is abundant because \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n n\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 3\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 6\n \n \n \n =\n n\n +\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1+{\\tfrac {n}{2}}+{\\tfrac {n}{3}}+{\\tfrac {n}{6}}=n+1.}\n \nEvery multiple of an abundant number is abundant. For example, every multiple of 20 (including 20 itself) is abundant because \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 4\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 5\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 10\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n n\n 20\n \n \n \n =\n n\n +\n \n \n \n n\n 10\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {n}{2}}+{\\tfrac {n}{4}}+{\\tfrac {n}{5}}+{\\tfrac {n}{10}}+{\\tfrac {n}{20}}=n+{\\tfrac {n}{10}}.}\n \nConsequently, infinitely many even and odd abundant numbers exist.\nFurthermore, the set of abundant numbers has a non-zero natural density. Marc Del\u00e9glise showed in 1998 that the natural density of the set of abundant numbers and perfect numbers is between 0.2474 and 0.2480.\nAn abundant number which is not the multiple of an abundant number or perfect number (i.e. all its proper divisors are deficient) is called a primitive abundant number\nAn abundant number whose abundance is greater than any lower number is called a highly abundant number, and one whose relative abundance (i.e. s(n)/n ) is greater than any lower number is called a superabundant number\nEvery integer greater than 20161 can be written as the sum of two abundant numbers.\nAn abundant number which is not a semiperfect number is called a weird number. An abundant number with abundance 1 is called a quasiperfect number, although none have yet been found.\nEvery abundant number is a multiple of either a perfect number or a primitive abundant number.\n\n\nRelated concepts\n\nNumbers whose sum of proper factors equals the number itself (such as 6 and 28) are called perfect numbers, while numbers whose sum of proper factors is less than the number itself are called deficient numbers. The first known classification of numbers as deficient, perfect or abundant was by Nicomachus in his Introductio Arithmetica (circa 100 AD), which described abundant numbers as like deformed animals with too many limbs.\nThe abundancy index of n is the ratio \u03c3(n)/n. Distinct numbers n1, n2, ... (whether abundant or not) with the same abundancy index are called friendly numbers.\nThe sequence (ak) of least numbers n such that \u03c3(n) > kn, in which a2 = 12 corresponds to the first abundant number, grows very quickly (sequence A134716 in the OEIS).\nThe smallest odd integer with abundancy index exceeding 3 is 1018976683725 = 33 \u00d7 52 \u00d7 72 \u00d7 11 \u00d7 13 \u00d7 17 \u00d7 19 \u00d7 23 \u00d7 29.If p = (p1, ..., pn) is a list of primes, then p is termed abundant if some integer composed only of primes in p is abundant. A necessary and sufficient condition for this is that the product of pi/(pi \u2212 1) be > 2.\n\n\nReferences\n\nTattersall, James J. (2005). Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85014-8. Zbl 1071.11002.\n\n\nExternal links\nThe Prime Glossary: Abundant number\nWeisstein, Eric W. \"Abundant Number\". MathWorld.\nAbundant number at PlanetMath."}}}}
part_xaa/a_date_with_a_dream
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Date_with_a_Dream","to":"A Date with a Dream"}],"pages":{"27789284":{"pageid":27789284,"ns":0,"title":"A Date with a Dream","extract":"A Date with a Dream is a 1948 British musical comedy film directed by Dicky Leeman and starring Terry-Thomas, Jeannie Carson and Wally Patch. Its plot concerns a wartime group of musical entertainers who meet up a year after being demobbed and decide to reform their act. This was one of Terry-Thomas's earliest films and is reputedly partly based on his own experiences. Terry-Thomas was yet to develop his cad persona and a then little-known Norman Wisdom appears in a very brief, non-speaking role.\n\n\nPlot\nWhen an Army concert party is disbanded after the war, they plan to meet up in a years time for a reunion. When they do they discover that all the various members aren't coping too well with civilian life. Jean, a singer who is staying in the same house as two of the ex-concert party members, suggests that the various members get back together to perform.\n\n\nCast\nTerry-Thomas \u2013 Terry\nJeannie Carson \u2013 Jean\nLen Lowe \u2013 Len\nBill Lowe \u2013 Bill\nWally Patch \u2013 Uncle\nVic Lewis \u2013 Vic\nIda Patlanski \u2013 Bedelia\nJoey Porter \u2013 Max Imshy\nAlfie Dean \u2013 Joe\nJulia Lang \u2013 Madam Docherty\nHarry Green \u2013 Syd Marlish\nNorman Wisdom \u2013 Shadow Boxer\nSydney Bromley \u2013 Stranger in Max's office\n\n\nCritical reception\nSky Movies wrote, \"a sparkling performance from the young Terry-Thomas and a bright, sassy attitude saves this dated, rather choppy little filler item from the scrapheap of movie history. Worth a look for nostalgia buffs and curio collectors\".A Date With A Dream was the first production of Tempean Films, a production company founded by Monty Berman and Robert S. Baker following their war service. Of the film, Baker later commented, \"It didn't make us a penny, but it gave us a good introduction to the film business\". Tempean would go on to produce many British B-movies throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s \n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Date with a Dream at IMDb\ndvd of the film\n[1] interview British Entertainment History Project"}}}}
part_xaa/aarhus_sejlklub
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aarhus_Sejlklub","to":"Aarhus Sejlklub"}],"pages":{"47588925":{"pageid":47588925,"ns":0,"title":"Aarhus Sejlklub","extract":"Aarhus Sejlklub (Aarhus Sailing Club) is one of the oldest yacht clubs in Denmark. It was established in 1879 in Aarhus, Central Denmark Region and is based out of the Aarhus Docklands. Aarhus Sejlklub is in the premiere division of the Danish League of Sail Sports and is a member of Sailing Aarhus which will host the ISAF Sailing World Championships in 2018.Aarhus Sejlklub maintains a fleet of Optimists and 49ers sailing in the Bay of Aarhus and Kal\u00f8 Vig. The club also runs a school with instructors teaching a range of different disciplines for both youth and adults, leisure or professional sports. Aarhus Sejlklub has been a member of Danish Sailing Association since 1922.\n\n\nHistory\nAarhus Sejlklub originates from a series of sailing competitions in the Bay of Aarhus and the Kattegat beginning in 1866. In 1878 a committee was established to work towards the founding of a yacht club and on 27 July 1880 the Aarhusbugtens Sejlklub was founded with manufacturer Alexius Leth as chairman and master painter Carstensen, restaurateur A. Bass, manufacturer Caroe and merchant Ludvig Houmann on the board. In 1902 the name was changed to Aarhus Sejlklub. The club contributed to the founding of the Jutland Sail Union in 1909 as an organization between Aarhus Sejlklub, Horsens Sejlklub, Sejlklubben Neptun and Vejle, Fredericia and Kolding Sailing Clubs.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nHistory on Club's Website"}}}}
part_xaa/adenoacanthoma
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"53238722":{"pageid":53238722,"ns":0,"title":"Adenoacanthoma","extract":"Adenoacanthoma is malignancy of squamous cells that have differentiated from epithelial cells. It can be present in the endothelium of the uterus, mouth and large intestine. \n\n\nCause\n\n\nTreatment\nIf the tumor is well-defined, the treatment is often includes a hysterectomy and radiation treatment. Treatment may vary according to how far the tumor has spread.\n\n\nPrognosis\nPrognosis is dependent upon the presence and abundance of glandular cells. Outcomes improve if the tumor is well-defined.\n\n\nEpidemiology\nIt is associated with hormone replacement therapy (estrogen). The risk is higher in white women than other ethnicities, incidence, prevalence, age distribution, and sex ratio\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nGynecologic Oncology Group an NIH-Funded research group that runs clinical trials\nCancerNet an NIH database with clinical and scientific information\nPubMed a search engine and database for Medical Literature"}}}}
part_xaa/aadmi_aur_aurat
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aadmi_Aur_Aurat","to":"Aadmi Aur Aurat"}],"pages":{"14946819":{"pageid":14946819,"ns":0,"title":"Aadmi Aur Aurat","extract":"Aadmi Aur Aurat (transl.\u2009'Man and Woman') is 1984 Hindi language telefilm directed by Tapan Sinha and starring Amol Palekar, Mahua Roychoudhury, Kalyan Chatterjee, Nirmal Ghosh, Parimal Sengupta, K. Singh, Dipak Sanyal, Sameer Mukharjee. The movie was telecast on Doordarshan, Government owned TV Channel of India. This film was screened in International Film Festival of India-2007.\n\n\nAwards\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAadmi Aur Aurat at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/abdul_gafoor_mahmud
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Gafoor_Mahmud","to":"Abdul Gafoor Mahmud"}],"pages":{"52381191":{"pageid":52381191,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Gafoor Mahmud","extract":"Air Vice Marshal (retd.) Abdul Ghaffar Mahmud (born 1934) is a former chief of the Bangladesh Air Force. He negotiated the release of hostages from the hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472. For his role in keeping the situation under control and securing the lives of every single passenger, Japanese government had conferred upon him the \"Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star\" awards.\n\n\nCareer\nHe was a transport pilot of the Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport airlift aircraft in the Pakistan Air Force. During the Liberation War he was posted as a Wing Commander in the high altitude region of Gilgit. He was the chief of Bangladesh Air Force from 5 September 1976 to 8 December 1977. In 1977 he negotiated with the Japanese Red Army who had hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472 and landed the flight in Dhaka Airport. He worked to get the hostages freed. He became the minister for food, health and rehabilitation during the Ershad regime.\n\n\nBibliography\nMy Destiny-Autobiography.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/ace_brigode
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ace_Brigode","to":"Ace Brigode"}],"pages":{"265040":{"pageid":265040,"ns":0,"title":"Ace Brigode","extract":"Athos C. \"Ace\" Brigode (January 5, 1893 \u2013 February 3, 1960) was a United States dance band leader who enjoyed his greatest popularity in the 1920s.\n\nAce Brigode was born in Illinois. He entered show business as a member of a touring minstrel show. His band began playing professionally in early 1921 as \"Ace Brigode & His 10 Virginians\"; a bit later they were renamed \"Ace Brigode & His 14 Virginians\"; this name stuck although the band varied between having 9 to 19 members over the years. The band played in the moderately jazz-influenced peppy dance band style called \"Collegiate Hot\" that to many people exemplifies the music of the \"Roaring Twenties\". The most noted musician who played with Brigode was trombonist Abe Lincoln.\nBrigode hosted the \"White Rose Gasoline Show\" on radio, featuring his band. The band also made gramophone records for various record labels, including OKeh, Edison, Cameo and Path\u00e9 Records; their biggest hit was a 1925 version of \"Yes Sir, That's My Baby\" for Columbia Records. The band's theme song was \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\". Dwight Eisenhower was among the band's fans.\nBrigode himself played violin and clarinet, but mostly acted as master of ceremonies. The band toured widely around the United States. Brigode kept the band current with newer style arrangements into the early swing music era, before disbanding the group in 1946.After this Ace Brigode worked as promotions manager for Cleveland, Ohio's Chippewa Lake Park, and also did television commercial voice work. Brigode refused to book rock and roll performers into the park because of his dislike for the musical genre. He was survived by his wife, Theresa, sons Robert and Richard, and a daughter, Mrs. James Knott.\n\n\nSee also\nAce Brigode Recordings\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_gance
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Gance","to":"Abel Gance"}],"pages":{"375474":{"pageid":375474,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Gance","extract":"Abel Gance (French: [g\u0251\u0303s]; born Abel Eug\u00e8ne Alexandre P\u00e9r\u00e9thon; 25 October 1889 \u2013 10 November 1981) was a French film director and producer, writer and actor. A pioneer in the theory and practice of montage, he is best known for three major silent films: J'accuse (1919), La Roue (1923), and Napol\u00e9on (1927).\n\n\nEarly life\n\nBorn in Paris in 1889, Abel Gance was the illegitimate son of a prosperous doctor, Abel Flamant, and a working-class mother, Fran\u00e7oise P\u00e9r\u00e9thon (or Perthon). Initially taking his mother's name, he was brought up until the age of eight by his maternal grandparents in the coal-mining town of Commentry in central France. He then returned to Paris to rejoin his mother, who had by then married Adolphe Gance, a chauffeur and mechanic, whose name Abel then adopted.\nAlthough he later fabricated the history of a brilliant school career and middle-class background, Gance left school at the age of 14, and the love of literature and art which sustained him throughout his life was in part the result of self-education. He started working as a clerk in a solicitor's office, but after a couple of years he turned to acting in the theatre. When he was 18, he was given a season's contract at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal du Parc in Brussels, where he developed friendships with the actor Victor Francen and the writer Blaise Cendrars.\n\n\nSilent films\n\nWhile in Brussels, Gance wrote his first film scenarios, which he sold to L\u00e9once Perret. Back in Paris in 1909, he acted in his first film, Perret's Moli\u00e8re. At that stage, he regarded the cinema as \"infantile and stupid\" and was only drawn into film jobs by his poverty, but he nevertheless continued to write scenarios, and often sold them to Gaumont. During this period he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, often fatal at that time, but after a period of retreat in Vittel he recovered. With some friends, he established a production company, Le Film Fran\u00e7ais, and began directing his own films in 1911 with La Digue (ou Pour sauver la Hollande), a historical film which featured the first screen appearance of Pierre Renoir.\nGance tried to maintain a connection with the theatre and he finished writing a monumental tragedy entitled Victoire de Samothrace, in which he hoped that Sarah Bernhardt would star. Its five-hour length, and Gance's refusal to cut it, proved to be a stumbling block.With the outbreak of World War I, Gance was rejected by the army on medical grounds, and in 1915 he started writing and directing for a new film company, Le Film d'art. He soon caused controversy with La Folie du docteur Tube, a comic fantasy in which he and his cameraman L\u00e9once-Henri Burel created some arresting visual effects with distorting mirrors. The producers were outraged and refused to show the film. Gance nevertheless continued working for Film d'Art until 1918, making over a dozen commercially successful films. His experiments included tracking shots, extreme close-ups, low-angle shots, and split-screen images. His subjects moved steadily away from simple action films towards psychological melodramas, such as Mater dolorosa (1917) starring Emmy Lynn as a neglected wife who has an affair with her husband's brother. The film was a great commercial success, and it was followed by La Dixi\u00e8me Symphonie, another marital drama featuring Emmy Lynn. Here Gance's mastery of lighting, composition and editing was accompanied by a range of literary and artistic references which some critics found pretentious and alienating.In 1917, Gance was finally drafted into the army, in its Service Cin\u00e9matographique, an episode which proved futile and short-lived, but it deepened his preoccupation with the impact of the war and the depression which was caused by the deaths of many of his friends. When he parted company with Film d'Art over a shortage of funds, Charles Path\u00e9 stepped in to underwrite his next film, J'accuse (1919), in which Gance confronted the waste and suffering which the war had brought. He re-enlisted in the Service Cin\u00e9matographique in order to be able to film some scenes on a real battlefield at the front. The film made a powerful impact and went on to have international distribution.In 1920, Gance developed his next project, La Roue, while recuperating in Nice from Spanish flu, and its progress was deeply affected by the knowledge that his companion Ida Danis was dying of tuberculosis; furthermore, his leading man and friend S\u00e9verin-Mars was also seriously ill (and died soon after completion of the film). Nevertheless, Gance brought an unprecedented level of energy and imagination to the technical realisation of his story, set firstly against the dark and grimy background of locomotives and railway yards, and then among the snow-covered landscapes of the Alps. He employed elaborate editing techniques and innovative use of rapid cutting which made the film highly influential among other contemporary directors. The finished film was originally in 32 reels and ran for nearly nine hours, but it was subsequently edited down for distribution. A modern reconstruction from five different versions, available on DVD, is nearly four and a half hours long, and an almost seven hours long restored version was shown at the 2019 Lumi\u00e8re Film Festival.\nIn 1921, Gance visited America to promote J'accuse. During his five-month stay he met D. W. Griffith, whom he had long admired. He was also offered a contract with MGM to work in Hollywood, but he turned it down.After a brief change of pace for Au Secours! (1924), a comic film with Max Linder, Gance embarked on his greatest project, a six-part life of Napol\u00e9on. Only the first part was completed, tracing Bonaparte's early life, through the Revolution, and up to the invasion of Italy, but even this occupied a vast canvas with meticulously recreated historical scenes and scores of characters. The film was full of experimental techniques, combining rapid cutting, hand-held cameras, superimposition of images, and, in wide-screen sequences, shot using a system he called Polyvision needing triple cameras (and projectors), achieved a spectacular panoramic effect, including a finale in which the outer two film panels were tinted blue and red, creating a widescreen image of a French flag. The original version of the film ran for around 6 hours. A shortened version received a triumphant premi\u00e8re at the Paris Op\u00e9ra in April 1927 before a distinguished audience that included the future General de Gaulle. The length was reduced still further for French and European distribution, and it became even shorter when it was shown in America. This was not the end of the film's career however. Gance re-used material from it in later films, and the restoration of the silent film at the beginning of the 1980s confirmed it as his best known work.\n\n\nSound films\nGance embraced the arrival of sound with enthusiasm, and his first production was La Fin du monde (1931), an expensive science-fiction film (first planned in 1913/14) about the imminent collision of a comet with the Earth. Gance himself played the leading role. The film was a critical and commercial disaster, and thereafter the creative independence which Gance had enjoyed in the previous decade was seriously curtailed.\nGance continued to be a busy film-maker throughout the 1930s, but he characterised most of the films made during this period as ones that he did \"not in order to live, but in order not to die\". In 1932 he tried to demonstrate his credentials as a reliable and efficient director by filming a remake of Mater dolorosa which he completed within 18 days and within budget. Among the other 'commercial' works that followed were Lucrezia Borgia (1935), with Edwige Feuill\u00e8re, and Un Grand Amour de Beethoven (1937), with Harry Baur. One of the more personal projects that he was able to undertake was a new version of J'accuse! (1938), not so much a remake of his 1919 film as a continuation of it, and conceived as a warning against the new war that he saw impending.\nAfter the Fall of France in 1940, Gance filmed a popular melodrama called V\u00e9nus aveugle, which he saw as an allegory of the current state of France and a message of hope directed to the ordinary French people in their time of misfortune. At this period Gance was among those who saw Philippe P\u00e9tain as the means of the country's salvation, and in September 1941 V\u00e9nus aveugle had its first screening in Vichy, preceded by a speech in which Gance paid tribute to P\u00e9tain.After completing one more film, Le Capitaine Fracasse, Gance went to Spain in August 1943, citing growing hostility from the German authorities in France, and he remained there until October 1945.\nAfter the war, his difficulties in getting support for his projects increased, and thus he made few films. The historical melodrama La Tour de Nesle (1954) was his first film in colour, and it provoked some revival of interest in his work, with critics such as Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut making the case for Gance as a neglected auteur of genius.Gance returned to Napoleonic spectacle with Austerlitz (1960), and made a further historical pageant in Cyrano et d'Artagnan (1963), before moving into television for his final works, also on historical subjects.\nThroughout his life Gance kept returning to Napol\u00e9on, often editing his own footage into shorter versions, adding a soundtrack, sometimes filming new material, and as a result the original 1927 film was lost from view for decades. After various attempts at reconstruction, the dedicated work of the film historian Kevin Brownlow produced a five-hour version of the film, still incomplete but fuller than anyone had seen since the 1920s. This version was presented at the Telluride Film Festival in August 1979, with the frail 89-year-old director in attendance. The occasion brought a belated triumph to Gance's career, and subsequent performances and further restoration made his name known to a worldwide audience.\nAbel Gance married three times: in 1912 to Mathilde Thizeau; in 1922 to Marguerite Danis (sister of Ida); and in 1933 to Marie-Odette V\u00e9rit\u00e9 (Sylvie Grenade), who died in 1978. Gance died of tuberculosis in Paris in 1981 at the age of 92. Abel Gance was interred in the Cimeti\u00e8re d'Auteuil in Paris.\n\n\nReputation\nGance wanted himself to be seen as \"the Victor Hugo of the screen\", and many assessments have recognised the ambition, the ingenuity and the sweeping romanticism of his films. Some, such as L\u00e9on Moussinac in the 1920s, have pointed to the contradictions in his work between creativity and clich\u00e9, the \"abundance of original treasures and of banal mediocrity and of poor taste\".One thing that has always been acknowledged is Gance's innovations in the techniques of the cinema. As well as his multiscreen ventures with Polyvision, he explored the use of superimposition of images, extreme close-ups, and fast rhythmic editing, and he made the camera mobile in unorthodox ways \u2013 hand-held, mounted on wires or a pendulum, or even strapped to a horse. He also made early experiments with the addition of sound to film, and with filming in colour and in 3-D. There were few aspects of film technique that he did not seek to incorporate in his work, and his influence was acknowledged by contemporaries such as Jean Epstein and later by the French New Wave film-makers. In the assessment of Kevin Brownlow, \"...with his silent productions, J'accuse, La Roue, and Napol\u00e9on, [Abel Gance] made a fuller use of the medium than anyone before or since\".Another aspect of Gance's work which has drawn comment from critics is the political stance and implication of his life and films, particularly his identification with strong military leaders. Whereas J'accuse in 1919 suggested Gance's pacifist and anti-establishment attitude, the reactions to Napol\u00e9on in 1927 saw greater ambivalence, and some commentators even judged it to be an apologia for dictatorship. This strand of criticism of Gance's reactionary politics has continued through later assessments of him; it has also noted his ardent support for P\u00e9tain in the early years of World War II, and subsequently for Charles de Gaulle in the 1960s. Others have regarded these political interpretations as secondary to Gance's mastery of exuberant spectacle, which frequently had a nationalistic focus. As one obituary concluded, \"Abel Gance was perhaps the greatest Romantic of the screen\".\n\n\nJury\nAbel Gance was a member of the jury for Miss France 1938.He was also a member of the jury for the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, with Jean Cocteau as president.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nJo\u00ebl Daire, introduction to the article: \"The Napoleon comet\" by Georges Mourier, Journal of Film Preservation, 86, April 2012 [1].\nGeorges Mourier, \"The Napoleon comet\", Journal of Film Preservation, 86, April 2012 [2].\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Abel Gance at Wikimedia Commons\nAbel Gance at IMDb\n1895: no.31: Abel Gance, nouveaux regards (In French)"}}}}
part_xaa/a_day_no_pigs_would_die
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Day_No_Pigs_Would_Die","to":"A Day No Pigs Would Die"}],"pages":{"4105566":{"pageid":4105566,"ns":0,"title":"A Day No Pigs Would Die","extract":"A Day No Pigs Would Die is a semi-autobiographical novel by Robert Newton Peck about Rob Peck, a boy coming of age in rural Vermont on an impoverished farm. Originally published in 1972, it is one of the first books to be categorized as young adult fiction, in addition to being Peck's first novel; the sequel, A Part of the Sky, was published in 1994.\n\n\nBackground\nRobert Newton Peck was born on February 17, 1928, in Ticonderoga, New York to Frank Haven Peck and Lucile Dornburgh Peck, who may have had an interest in the tenets of Shakerism. He served as a machine-gunner in the 88th Infantry Division during World War II, and then upon returning home in 1947 enrolled in Rollins College. After graduating in 1953, Peck began taking courses at Cornell Law School, but never finished. He pursued multiple careers during his adult life, including working as a lumberjack, in a paper mill, and he even killed hogs. Eventually, Peck began working as an advertising scriptwriter for American Home Products.Peck had long believed that \"the brutal truths of farm life survival are quite beautiful\", and had wanted to write about them since he was eleven. It took him thirty-three years to do so. Peck starting publishing young adult novels at the age of forty-four, using the time he spent commuting to and from New York City \u2013 ten hours a week \u2013 to write; working this way, he produced the manuscripts for five young adult novels in just three years. A Day No Pigs Would Die was written over the course of three weeks and became Peck's first published work.\n\n\nPlot summary\nWhile skipping school one day, twelve-year-old Rob Peck finds himself assisting a neighbor's cow through the delivery of a pair of calves (and saving her life from her goiter). He is injured in the process, but eventually recovers and the farmer whose animals he helped gives Rob a piglet. He names the piglet Pinky. Pinky quickly becomes Rob's best friend and closest companion save for his father, Haven, a butcher working to save money to pay off the Peck family's farm. Unfortunately, Pinky is barren and they eventually decide that they have to kill the piglet if it cannot bring the family any more piglets or profit. Robert hates his father when he kills Pinky, but understands that his father is heartbroken as well. Rob's father, Haven, dies in his sleep a few months later and Rob discovers while doing random chores that his father had been trying to teach himself to write. \n\n\nMain characters\nRobert Peck: The sheltered twelve-year-old narrator who learns to be a man from his pig-farmer father and his best friend, his pet pig Pinky.\nHaven Peck: Rob's faux-Shaker father; a poor, illiterate farmer who wants to provide for his family and teach his son how to grow up right.\nPinky: A sow gifted to Rob in thanks for his helping Mr. Tanner's cow through a difficult birth.\nLucy Peck: Rob's caring, resilient mother who fears that her son is growing up too quickly.\nAunt Carrie: Lucy's older sister who lives with the Pecks and serves as a second mother to Rob.\nBenjamin Tanner: A Baptist farmer who is a neighbor and friend to the Peck family.\n\n\nThemes\nA Day No Pigs Would Die, like many of Peck's books, draws from his childhood experiences, dealing with the maturation of children growing up in country settings in the early part of the twentieth century. The Peck family and their neighbors all farm and engage in animal husbandry, including butchering and preparing their own meat, and Rob's life is strongly limited by the isolation of his environment. An unexpected trip to the city of Rutland and how different it is from the world that Rob is used to is the central focus of chapters ten and eleven of the novel.\nThe Peck family, living during Calvin Coolidge's presidency shortly before the beginning of the Great Depression, is poor, and it is their poverty that necessitates one of the tragedies of the book. Winter is unusually cold, the Pecks' apple orchard has produced a poor crop, and game is in short supply. Needing food and not having the money to care for a barren animal, Rob and Haven have to kill Pinky.:\u200a133\u2013134\u200aThe adults in the Peck family are illiterate, and Haven tells Rob that this inability has kept him from voting.:\u200a36\u200a Rob does well in school, however, and his family is supportive of his education, allowing a relative to tutor him when his English grades are low.:\u200a55\u200a When Rob exclaims that he wants to be just like his father, Haven responds, \"No boy, you won't. You'll have your schooling. You'll read and write and cipher.\":\u200a118\u200aReligion also plays a large part in this work. Rob and his family call themselves Shakers, although they appear to be only selectively following the tenets of this religion. Peck describes \"Shakers who marry, live in nuclear families, read a Shaker 'bible,' and attend a Shaker church.\" Shakers, however, do not form into traditional family units or have a biblical text. Rob also tells Pinky about the ability of his Shaker namesake to commit acts of violence, which diverges from the Shaker commitment to pacifism, and Haven Peck places importance on earning the wealth to buy his farm, while Shakers were not permitted to own personal property.At first, Rob has a negative opinion of people who are not practicing Shakers, actually believing that being a Baptist would be worse than going to hell.:\u200a56\u200a He eventually questions and overcomes this prejudice as he learns that the Tanners, who are good neighbors and trusted friends to the Pecks, are actually Baptists.\nA Day No Pigs Would Die has been noted for not withdrawing from the harsh realities of birth and death, despite being written for children. From the first chapter, \"readers begin to understand the value of life, the ever-present possibility of death, and the need for self-reliance\". The book opens with Rob helping a cow through a bloody, difficult birth.:\u200a6\u20138\u200a He later has Pinky breed for the first time, in a graphic scene, and must then help his father butcher Pinky, after she proves to be barren and too costly for the family to keep if she cannot bear piglets for them to sell.:\u200a127\u2013128,\u200a137\u2013139\u200a And, in the closing chapters of the text, Haven Peck comes down with \"an affection\", sickens and dies, leaving Rob to arrange his funeral and then deal with the fact that, now thirteen, he must be considered a man for the sake of his family's continued welfare.:\u200a121,\u200a142\u2013144\u200a\n\n\nReception\nA Day No Pigs Would Die grossed $300,000 in its first four months in stores, drawing the attention of Twentieth Century Fox, who approached Peck about creating a film adaptation of the novel.It has received the Colorado Children's Book Award (1972) and has been named to several best books lists, including the ALA Best Books for Young Adults (1973), the Library of Congress Children's Books of the Year (1973), and the School Library Journal Best Books of the Year (1973). In 2005, it made the list of the top 1000 titles owned by Online Computer Library Center members, a list of \"the intellectual works that have been judged to be worth owning by the 'purchase vote' of libraries around the globe\".In a nationwide survey of English teachers and librarians conducted in 1976, A Day No Pigs Would Die, was one of only four books (Cormier's The Chocolate War, Zindel's The Pigman, and Hinton's The Outsiders were the other three) that was recommended more than four times.The Cleveland Plain Dealer said that A Day No Pigs Would Die is \"a fantastic adventure, told simply and graphically, with echoes somehow of Mark Twain and of Stephen Vincent Benet\". The New York Times claimed that \"you'll find yourself caught up in the novel's emotion from the very opening scene which will grab you and not let you go...love suffuses every pages\" and likened it stylistically to True Grit and Addie Pray. The Boston Globe deemed it \"honest, moving, homely in the warm and simple sense of the word,\" and Jerry Weiss and James Alexander have agreed, calling it, respectively, \"homespun culture at its finest\" and \"a bucolic gentle book\". The School Library Journal said it shows \"plenty of Yankee common sense and dry wit, and some pathos... [it is] for boys of this age and for the young of any age\". And Newsweek declared that \"reading this book is like sipping hot cider in front of a crackling potbellied stove. Every page is suffused with wit and charm and glowing with warmth.\"A Day No Pigs Would Die is an early book in the development of the adolescent literature genre. It was written during the second generation of young adult literature, so it was able to avoid what young adult novelist Richard Peck described as \"an annoying pioneer period that coincided with the late 1960s in which a great many books were pretty cheap propaganda\", that disappeared rapidly with the demise of the youth culture of the 1960s. Peck's novel is still being used in classrooms today, over forty years after its initial publication, because it combines aspects of literary form considered suitable for adult consumption with a sophisticated subject matter, making it a high level book that is easily approachable for lower level readers.\n\n\nCensorship\nA Day No Pigs Would Die has been a frequent target for censorship, coming in as 16th on the American Library Association's list of the books that were most often challenged in the 1990s.It has largely been censored because it has content that has been seen as sexually explicit and graphically violent, with specific complaint given to a pig breeding scene, which has been likened to a rape. Pinky \"resists the male's advances\u2014at one point sinking her teeth into his ear in protest. 'All part of courting,' says the sow's owner. 'Samson just got his face slapped. That's all.' In the scene that follows, the boar violently overpowers the sow and after being bruised, battered, and bloodied, she can't stop whining.\" However, the graphic nature of this scene may be meaningful particularly because it is explicit. MIT lecturer in Comparative Media Studies Amy Carleton notes that it gave her a means by which to have a conversation about consent with her child.Parents have objected to the book's \"graphic and gory descriptions\" of animals being bred, born, and dying, as well as to its including such \"shocking content\" as an unmarried couple cohabiting. Another complainant maintained that Peck was \"trying to depict Shaker life but... really showing a perverted lifestyle as their norm.\" Others have protested that A Day No Pigs Would Die \"appeals to the erotic and at times prurient mentality\", and features \"scenes of brutality\". The book has also been targeted because it uses \"objectionable\" language, such as the words \"damn\" and \"bitch\".There has also been some concern that A Day No Pigs Would Die would have a negative influence on adolescent male readers, conditioning boys to view \"violence and killing as a part of their initiation into the adult world\".:\u200a57\u200a A Day No Pigs Would Die has been seen as a particularly vicious example of the young adult novel stereotype that boys become men only after committing an act of violence against an animal or another part of the natural world. Rob, after helping his father slaughter Pinky, is told that he now knows what it is to be a man, enforcing the idea that boys must pass into the \"cult of the kill\" in order to mature.:\u200a61\u200a\n\n\nSequel\nPeck published a sequel, A Part of the Sky, in 1994. It picks up where A Day No Pigs Would Die leaves off, following Rob's decision to leave school in order to find employment so that he can pay for the farm and care for his mother and aunt, despite being only thirteen.\nA Part of the Sky was not as well received as its predecessor; the New York Times said that it \"has the disconcerting effect of making us wonder whether we were wrong about the first book. Was it really so lugubrious and uplifting? Dare we go back? Don't worry. From the first page, A Day No Pigs Would Die pulls readers into its world and holds us fast with a combination of harsh realism, tenderness and laughter that sweeps to the heartbreaking ending.\"\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aankalai_nambathey
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aankalai_Nambathey","to":"Aankalai Nambathey"}],"pages":{"41730524":{"pageid":41730524,"ns":0,"title":"Aankalai Nambathey","extract":"Aankalai Nambathey (transl.\u2009Don't trust men) is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film directed by K. Alex Pandian, starring Pandiyan, Rekha, and Ramya Krishnan. The film was released on 27 June 1987, and played for only 50 days in theatres.\n\n\nPlot\n\n\nCast\nPandiyan\nRekha\nRamya Krishnan\nSenthil\nCharle\nShankar\n\n\nProduction\nAankalai Nambathey is the directorial debut of K. Alex Pandian.\n\n\nSoundtrack\nSoundtrack was composed by Devendran.\n\n\nReception\nThe Indian Express wrote, \"Routine song-and-dance sequences riddle the film\". Jeyamanmadhan of Kalki wrote that if the film had been given an agility injection and fed a speed pill during the climax, then there would have been a sense of completion upon leaving the theatre.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAankalai Nambathey at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/abdellatif_jrindou
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdellatif_Jrindou","to":"Abdellatif Jrindou"}],"pages":{"12890687":{"pageid":12890687,"ns":0,"title":"Abdellatif Jrindou","extract":"Abdellatif Jrindou (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648) (born 1 October 1974) is a retired Moroccan football Defender.\nIn his career, Jrindou played for Olympique Casablanca in Morocco, Al-Ahli in UAE, Al-Ittifaq in Saudi Arabia and Raja Casablanca.\nJrindou has made several appearances for the Morocco national football team.He is currently the manager of Moghreb Atletico Tetouan.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/achille_pierre_deffontaines
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achille_Pierre_Deffontaines","to":"Achille Pierre Deffontaines"}],"pages":{"43645199":{"pageid":43645199,"ns":0,"title":"Achille Pierre Deffontaines","extract":"Achille Pierre Deffontaines (16 February 1858 \u2013 26 August 1914) was a French general. He served in various metropolitan infantry regiments before becoming a staff officer in several divisions and army corps. Deffontaines became the youngest general in France on his promotion to g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade in 1913. He led the 24th Infantry Division into action in Belgium in one of the opening battles of the First World War. Deffontaines was shot in the head while commanding his troops in the field on 22 August and died in hospital four days later. He was the youngest French general to die during the war.\n\n\nEarly career\nBorn on 16 February 1858 at Bouvines, Deffontaines was from a family of farmers from the region. He joined the Ecole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr as an officer cadet on 30 October 1878. He was promoted to cadet first class on 22 December 1879 and to corporal on 21 March 1880. His graduation class was named for the Zulu race, which had recently fought in the Anglo-Zulu War, and he was commissioned into the 28th Infantry Regiment as a sous lieutenant (second lieutenant) on 10 October 1880.Deffontaines saw active service on campaign in Africa from 9 October to 15 December 1882. Promoted to lieutenant in the 87th Infantry Regiment on 12 July 1884, he transferred to the 101st Infantry Regiment on 29 February 1888. He received promotion to capitaine (captain) on 12 July 1890 at which point he also became regimental adjutant. He served in this capacity until 20 November. The following year, he transferred to the 11th Infantry Regiment.\n\n\nStaff officer and general\nDeffontaines became a staff officer with the 8th Infantry Division on 29 October 1891. He transferred to the same position with the 7th Infantry Division on 21 October 1892 and with the 10th Infantry Division on 6 June 1893. Deffontaines sought permission from his commanding officer to marry and did so, to Josephine, on 13 May 1893. He joined the staff of the 12th Army Corps on 31 August 1893, but left on 24 December 1894 to join the 63rd Infantry Regiment. Deffontaines was promoted to chef de bataillon (major) in the 8th Infantry Regiment on 17 April 1898 and joined the staff of 10th Army Corps on 23 November 1900. He was appointed a chevalier in the Legion of Honour on 29 December 1900. In 1913 he was promoted to the rank of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade (brigadier general), becoming the youngest general in France at the time.\n\n\nFirst World War\nUpon the outbreak of war Deffontaines had command of the 5th Infantry Brigade and was acting commander of the 24th Infantry Division. Whilst leading his division into battle at Robelmont (near Meix-devant-Virton, Belgium) on 22 August he was shot in the head and grievously wounded. Deffontaines was one of 27,000 French soldiers to fall in battle that day and was taken to a military hospital in Reims. He died there on 26 August and would be the youngest French general to die in the war.His son, Officer Cadet Jean Deffontaines, was also killed in action fighting with the 8th Infantry Regiment on 10 June 1915.\n\n\nHonors\nDeffontaines was buried in a family tomb in Bouvines in 1921. The tomb was restored by Le Souvenir fran\u00e7ais, who installed a commemorative plaque, and unveiled on 22 August 2014 by General Guy Delamarre. The centenary of his death was commemorated in Bouvines and the Fort de Seclin also maintains a memorial in his honor.A rough interpretation of Le Souvenir fran\u00e7ais's article on his commemoration notes the sad irony of his early passing: \"One could also call him 'General Forgotten.' Killed in action too early to be in the annals of the great war and yet what a man, what a career and what a temperament. Fate, the mission and example symbolized in this general who is a tribute to all sacrificed in the First World War.\"\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Deffontaines \u2013 Bouvines 1914 / 2014 Public Figure\" (in French). Retrieved 25 August 2014.\n\"59106 \u2013 Bouvines\" (in French). French Wikipedia. Retrieved 25 August 2014.\nList of French Generals killed in the First World War French Wikipedia\nhttp://www.ecole-superieure-de-guerre.fr/promotions/biographie/658"}}}}
part_xaa/a_daughter's_nightmare
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Daughter's_Nightmare","to":"A Daughter's Nightmare"}],"pages":{"44274916":{"pageid":44274916,"ns":0,"title":"A Daughter's Nightmare","extract":"A Daughter's Nightmare is a 2014 American TV thriller and suspense film starring Emily Osment, Gregg Sulkin, Paul Johansson and Victoria Pratt. It was directed by Vic Sarin and it was released in the United States on May 3, 2014, on Lifetime network. This movie was filmed in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Kelowna is a base for animation companies who do work for clients including Disney, Nickelodeon, and British TV. The director of this film, Vic Sarin, made eight films in the Okanagan region since he first came to Kelowna in 2012 to make the Lifetime TV thriller, A Mother's Nightmare.\n\n\nPlot\nAfter the death of her father, Ariel Morgan returns to college, where she meets fellow student Ben Woods. The next weekend, Ben and his father Adam offer Ariel a ride home. During the ride, Ariel explains that her mother plans to attend a grief group. Adam attends the group and introduces himself to Ariel's mother Dana, explaining that his wife died eight months ago.\nOne afternoon, Adam approaches Dana's house with his dog and two cups of coffee. Ariel takes one of the coffees as Dana invites Adam in. Ariel suddenly feels sick and asks her mother to drive her back to college.\nAdam picks up Dana for a grief group meeting. En route, he convinces her to join him for dinner instead of going to group. The next morning, Dana wakes up in her own bedroom. Adam arrives at the house with homemade breakfast, which Ariel's uncle Cameron eats.\nAdam meets Ariel at school and gives her two tickets for the Dixie Chicks concert that night so that Ariel can take Dana out for a break. Ariel goes to the concert; however, Ben shows up and explains that Dana told him to use her ticket. Meanwhile, Adam goes to Dana's house with flowers. The next morning, Dana finds herself naked in bed, feeling like she was drugged.\nA home cleaning service worker finds Cameron dead in his house. Ariel and Dana are talking about Cameron's death when Dana suddenly collapses. Ariel hurries to call an ambulance, but Adam tells Ariel that Dana does not need an ambulance. Dana explains that Adam is a nurse who knows what he is doing.\nThe next morning, Adam brings breakfast to Dana in bed. She asks him what has he done to her and why she can't walk. Adam ignores her questions and tells her that he had found a great place to stay in. He writes a note for Ariel under Dana's name, explaining that she is going away with Adam for a while.\nWhen Ben's eye starts bleeding, Ariel takes him to the hospital. Tests reveal a large dose of ethambutol in his blood, explaining that it is an antibiotic to treat tuberculosis. Ben deduces that Adam must be drugging him and Dana. She and Ben rush to Dana's house, then call the police when Dana is not there. The police leave when they see the forged note.\nAriel and Ben track down Adam and rescue Dana. Adam is convicted of kidnapping and sent to prison.\n\n\nSetting\nThe story of this film takes place in the fictional town of \"Ridgewood\"; Ridgewood was also the setting of the Lifetime movies A Mother's Nightmare and A Wife's Nightmare.\n\n\nCast\nEmily Osment as Ariel Morgan\nGregg Sulkin as Ben Woods\nPaul Johansson as Adam Smith\nVictoria Pratt as Dana Morgan\nRichard Karn as Cameron \"Cam\" Morgan\nJaden Rain as Brooks\nEric Breker as Vic\nGabriela Zimmerman as Maria\nPeter Benson as Dr. Logie\nAlex Zahara as Dr. Shwarzstein\n\n\nProduction\nFilming for the movie began in 2013 in Kelowna, Canada because of the California-like scenery and the lower costs.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website (archived)\nA Daughter's Nightmare at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/abeliophyllum
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"3551900":{"pageid":3551900,"ns":0,"title":"Abeliophyllum","extract":"Abeliophyllum, the miseonnamu, Korean abeliophyllum, white forsythia, or Korean abelialeaf, is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the olive family, Oleaceae. It consists of one species, Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, endemic to Korea, where it is endangered in the wild, occurring at only seven sites. It is related to Forsythia, but differs in having white, not yellow, flowers.\n\n\nDescription\nIt is a deciduous shrub growing to 1\u20131.5 m (3 ft 3 in \u2013 4 ft 11 in) tall and rounded in outline with multi-stemmed and arching branches. The leaves are opposite, simple, 5\u20139 cm (2\u20134 in) long and 3\u20134.5 cm (1\u20132 in) wide, pubescent both above and below. The flowers are produced in early spring before the new leaves appear; they are white or pink tinged, and fragrant, about 1\u20131.5 cm (0\u20131 in) in diameter, with a four-lobed corolla. The fruit is a round, winged samara 2\u20133 cm (1\u20131 in) diameter. Almost looking like an elm tree fruit.It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and North America. Hardy to USDA Zone 4.\n\n\nTaxonomy\nThe genus name of Abeliophyllum is in honour of Clarke Abel (1780\u20131826), a British surgeon and naturalist. With the latin suffix of 'phyllum' meaning leaf. The Latin specific epithet of distichum means in two ranks, referring to the leaves.\nIt was first described and published in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) Vol.33 on page 153 in 1919.\n\n\nConservation status\nIn 1998, a review of the plant's conservation status found that \"it is close to extinction and qualifies for the IUCN Category of 'Critically Endangered', indicating a high risk of extinction in the near future.\"; but as of 2009 it has not yet been formally assessed for the IUCN Red List.\nIn 2015, IUCN classed the species as endangered.\n\n\nReferences\n\nUniversity of British Columbia Botanical Gardens: Abeliophyllum distichum"}}}}
part_xaa/abu_hafs_umar_an-nasafi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Hafs_Umar_an-Nasafi","to":"Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi","to":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi"}],"pages":{"43324274":{"pageid":43324274,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi","extract":"Najm ad-D\u012bn Ab\u016b \u1e24af\u1e63 'Umar ibn Mu\u1e25ammad an-Nasaf\u012b (Arabic: \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a\u200e; 1067\u20131142) was a Muslim jurist, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian. A Persian scholar born in present-day Uzbekistan, he wrote mostly in Arabic.\n\n\nWorks\nHe authored around 100 books in Hanafi jurisprudence, theology, Quran exegesis, Hadith and history. \n\n\nTheology\nAl-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629) or 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi (Arabic: \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a) is his most celebrated work in Kalam, which alongside Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u06a9\u0628\u0631) of Abu Hanifa and Al-'Aqeedah al-Tahawiyya (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629) of Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi is one of the three seminal works in Sunni Islamic creed. By 17th century, more than fifty commentaries were written on this work, of which the most famous is al-Taftazani's commentary named Sharh 'Aqaid al-Nasafi (Arabic: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a).Abu Hafs an-Nasafi wrote the Al-'Aqaid as a direct summary of Al-Tamhid le Qawa'id al-Tawhid (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f) the famous book by his own teacher Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi.While a few Arabic sources have shown skepticism in attributing this work to Abu Hafs an-Nasafi, a recently discovered manuscript of the Persian version of the work confirms the authorship of the work for Abu Hafs al-Nasafi. The Persian version of the work, titled Bayan-e Itiqad-e Ahl-e Sunnat wa Jama'at (Persian: \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a), is reported on the authority of Al-Nasafi's most famous student, Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, the author of Al-Hidayah. Al-Marghinani explains in the preface of the treatise that Abu Hafs a-Nasafi wrote this work per request made by Ahmad Sanjar, the Seljuk ruler and Sultan, when he visited Samarqand in 535 AH or 1140 CE.Al-Marghinani explains that one of Sultan Sanjar's rulers who was the ruler of Sistan and was accompanying the Sultan, asked the scholars of Samarqand to write a treatise on the creed of Ahl al-Sunnah so that \"no one in Sistan could speak against it\". Presumably, Sistan was dominated by the Karramiyya sect who were advocating for anthropomorphism. In response to this request, the scholars of Samarqand asked Abu Hafs al-Nasafi to write the treatise, and they all put their signatures at the end of the document. Among the scholars present in the gathering with Sultan Sanjar was Shaikh al-Islam Abd al-Hameed al-Ismandi al-Samarqandi (the author of the published book titled Tariqah al-Khilaf fi al-Fiqh). Al-Marghinani writes in the preface of the manuscript that he took a copy of the treatise and run it again with An-Nasafi for final review.\n\n\nQuranic sciences\nAl-Taysir fi al-Tafsir (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631) is his most celebrated work in tafsir, which has been published in 15 volumes by Darul Lubab in 2019. The work has been widely cited in other leading tafsir works of the Ottoman period, including in Tafsir Ibn Kamal Pasha of Ibn Kemal, Roh al-Bayan of Ismail Haqqi, and Ruh al-Ma'ani of Mahmud al-Alusi. Among the Persian tafsirs, Kamal al-Din Hussain Wa'ez Kashefi extensively cites Al-Taysir in both of his tafsir works, i.e. Jawaher al-Tafsir and Mawaheb-e 'Aliyya.Tafsir-e Nasafi (Persian: \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0641\u06cc) is a Persian translation of the Quran in rhymed prose. It is considered to be the third oldest full translation of Quran in Persian language, and the only translation of Quran in rhymed prose.Al-Akmal al-Atwal fi Tafsir al-Quran (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) was a voluminous work in tafsir, written prior to Al-Taysir fi al-Tafsir.Risalah fi al-Khata' fi Qira'at al-Qur'an (Arabic: \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) or Zillah al-Qari (Arabic: \u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626), published in 2017 by Dar 'Amar.\n\n\nJurisprudence\nManzumah fi al-Khilafyat (Arabic: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a) is a book in the form of poetry, consisting of 2669 verses, explaining the differences in the views of Abu Hanifa and his students, namely Abu Yusuf, Muhammad al-Shaybani and Zufur, on legal rules, as well as the differences between Abu Hanifa and Al-Shafii and Malik ibn Anas. The book was published in 2010 Beirut.Over ten commentaries have been written on this work, the most celebrated one being that of Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi titled Al-Muasaffa, published in 2020 by Dar al-Noor.Hasr al-Masa'il wa Qasr al-Dala'il (Arabic: \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644) is a commentary on Manzumah fi al-Khilafyat with detailed exposition of the reasons (adillah) for each legal rule. The book is published by Dar al-Fajr in 2020.Tilbah al-Talabah fi al-Istilahat al-Fiqhiyya (Arabic: \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629) is an acclaimed textbook used over centuries in Hanafi schools and has been published multiple times in recent years.Manzumah al-Jame' al-Saghir (Arabic: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631) in which Al-Nasafi turned Muhammad Shaibani's seminal work (Al-Jame' Al-Saghir) into poetry consisting of 81 verses.Sharh Madar al-Usul (Arabic: \u0634\u0631\u062d\u064f \u0645\u064e\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644) - a commentary on Al-Karkhi's seminal work in Usul al-Fiqh.\n\n\nBiographical history\nAl-Qand fi Zikr 'Ulama'e Samarqand (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f) is a biographical encyclopedia of Transoxiana's Islamic scholars.\n\n\nTeachers\nHe studied under prominent scholars such as Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi, Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi, and Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi.\n\n\nStudents\nBurhan al-Din al-Marghinani, the author of Al-Hidayah, was his most famous student.\n\n\nSee also\nList of Ash'aris and Maturidis\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAl-Nasafi, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition\nTafsir-e Nasafi, partial text of his tafsir in Persian"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_devor
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{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Devor","to":"Aaron Devor"}],"pages":{"22278586":{"pageid":22278586,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Devor","extract":"Aaron H. Devor (born 1951), is a Canadian sociologist and sexologist known for researching transsexuality and transgender communities. Devor has taught at the University of Victoria since 1989 and is the former dean of graduate studies. Devor is the current Research Chair in Transgender Studies at the University of Victoria, and the Founder & Academic Director of The Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria Libraries. Maclean's, a Canadian weekly news magazine, described Devor as \"an internationally respected expert on gender, sex and sexuality.\"\n\n\nEarly life and education\nDevor earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from York University in 1971, a master's degree in communications from Simon Fraser University in 1985, and a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Washington in 1990. A trans man, Devor transitioned in 2002 at age 51.\n\n\nCareer\nDevor was a member of the HBIGDA task force which created the sixth and seventh edition of The Standards of Care. Currently, he sits as a committee member for the eighth edition and is the Chairperson of the Archives Committee. He has collected first-person narratives of transsexual experiences and has done extensive biographical research on trans man Reed Erickson.\nDevor's book, The Transgender Archives: Foundations for the Future, was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award in the non-fiction category in 2015.In 2016, through her Foundation, Jennifer Pritzker gave a $2 million donation to create the world's first academic chair of transgender studies, at the University of Victoria in British Columbia; Devor was chosen as the inaugural chair.\n\n\nSelected publications\nDevor, H (1989). Gender Blending: Confronting the Limits of Duality. Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-20533-9 *889\nDevor, H (1994). Transsexualism, Dissociation, and Child Abuse An Initial Discussion Based on Nonclinical Data. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality Volume: 6 Issue: 3\nDevor, H (1997). FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society. Indiana University Press, Second Edition (2016) ISBN 978-0253022868\nDevor, A. H, & Matte, N (2004). \"ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: The Uneasy Collaboration of Gay and Trans Activism, 1964-2003.\" GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies, 10(2), 179\u2013209.\nDevor, A (2014). The Transgender Archives: Foundations for the Future. University of Victoria Libraries. ISBN 9781550585247. OCLC 870562499.\nDevor, A. & Wilson, M. (Eds.) (2019). \"Glimmerings: Trans Elders Tell Their Stories\". Transgender Publishings, ISBN 978-1775102748\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron H. Devor Page of the University of Victoria Website"}}}}
part_xaa/abysmal
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"47605876":{"pageid":47605876,"ns":0,"title":"Abysmal","extract":"Abysmal is the seventh studio album by American death metal band The Black Dahlia Murder. It was released on September 18, 2015 through Metal Blade Records. It was produced by Mark Lewis, who also produced The Black Dahlia Murder's albums Deflorate and Ritual, and the band's former bassist Ryan Williams, who also produced their preceding album Everblack. It is the band's final album to feature guitarist Ryan Knight before his departure in February 2016, and return in 2022.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nThe Black Dahlia MurderTrevor Strnad \u2013 lead vocals\nBrian Eschbach \u2013 guitars, backing vocals\nRyan Knight \u2013 guitars\nMax Lavelle \u2013 bass\nAlan Cassidy \u2013 drumsAdditional personnelMitch McGugan - violin\nRhianon Lock and Rachel Dawson - cello\nBertie Anderson - classical vocals on \"Vlad, Son of the Dragon\"\nRyan McCullough - MIDI voicingsProductionThe Black Dahlia Murder \u2013 production\nMark Lewis \u2013 recording, engineering, mixing, mastering\nRyan \"Bart\" Williams \u2013 recording, engineering\nDaemorph \u2013 artwork\n\n\nCharts\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adam_giede_boving
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Giede_B\u00f6ving","to":"Adam Giede B\u00f6ving"}],"pages":{"35570169":{"pageid":35570169,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Giede B\u00f6ving","extract":"Adam Giede B\u00f6ving (July 31, 1869 \u2013 March 16, 1957) was a Danish-American entomologist and zoologist. He was a specialist in the study of the larvae of the order Coleoptera and the author of a series of descriptions on their early stages of development.\n\n\nBiography\nAdam B\u00f6ving was born at S\u00e6by in Vendsyssel, Denmark. He was the eldest child of Niels Orten Mathias B\u00f8ving (1838-1923) and Louise Augustine Ottilia (Gjede) B\u00f8ving (1838-99. His father was a school headmaster and later church vicar. After matriculation from Aalborg University, he continued his studies of zoology at the University of Copenhagen where he earned his Ph.D. in 1888. From 1902 to 1903 he worked as assistant curator of entomology in the University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. \nHe immigrated to the United States in 1913 to become a member of the Bureau of Entomology, a division of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). While working there he became a specialist in the larvae of Coleoptera. From 1939 he was a research associate of the Smithsonian Institution, and retired from USDA in 1945. He wrote and illustrated a number of books principally describing early stages of Coleoptera development.\nHe became an honorary member of the Entomological Society of America in 1939 and a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1948. He was president 1923-24 of the Entomological Society of Washington and from 1924 to 1932 served as vice president of the Washington Academy of Science.\n\n\nSelected works\nNatural History of the Larvae of Donaciinae (1910)\nColeoptera Papers (1913)\nLarvae of North American Beetles of the Family Cleridae (1920) with A. B. Champlain\nBiology of Embaphion Muricatum (1921) with Joseph Sanford Wade\nThe Pacific Flathead Borer (1929) with H. E. Burke\nBeetle Larvae of the Subfamily Galerucinae (1929)\nAn Illustrated Synopsis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Order Coleoptera (1931) with Frank C. Craighead, Sr.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Giede Boving Papers, 1908-1945 (Smithsonian Institution Archives)"}}}}
part_xaa/addison_russell
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Addison_Russell","to":"Addison Russell"}],"pages":{"37795439":{"pageid":37795439,"ns":0,"title":"Addison Russell","extract":"Addison Wayne Russell (born January 23, 1994) is an American professional baseball shortstop for the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. Russell was drafted 11th overall by the Oakland Athletics in the 2012 Major League Baseball draft. He was traded to the Chicago Cubs in 2014. In 2015, Baseball America listed Russell as the third-best prospect in professional baseball. He made his MLB debut with the Cubs in April 2015 and was an All-Star in 2016. That same year, Russell won the World Series with the Cubs.\n\n\nEarly life\nRussell was born on January 23, 1994, in Pensacola, Florida, the eldest of four children raised by mother Milany Ocampo-Russell and stepfather Wayne Russell. Russell's mother is Filipina. The full name on Russell's birth certificate is Geoffreye O'Neal Addison Robert Watts Jr III. He was nearly killed by human respiratory syncytial virus at three months old. He was adopted by his stepfather, Wayne, at 13 years old and took the name Addison Wayne Russell.\n\n\nAmateur career\n\n\nHigh school\nRussell attended Pace High School in Florida and in 2010 led his high school to a class 5A FHSAA baseball state championship and a runner-up finish in 2012. Russell played in the 2010 Under Armour All-America Baseball Game, was named a Perfect Game Aflac All-American Game participant and a Louisville Slugger First Team All-American in 2011. He was also ranked as the No. 18 high school prospect by Baseball America and as the No. 24 high school prospect by Perfect Game. In his final high school baseball season, Russell hit for a .368 batting average and recorded a .532 on base percentage. Russell also played high school football at the running back position.In November 2011, Russell signed a National Letter of Intent to play college baseball at Auburn University for the Tigers baseball team.\n\n\nInternational\nRussell was a member of the USA Baseball 18U National Team at the 2011 COPABE 18U/AAA Pan American games that won a gold medal. At the tournament, Russell batted .393, going 11-for-28 with three doubles, a triple and a home run, driving in nine RBIs and scoring 11 runs. During the championship game against Team Canada, Russell hit a grand slam and was named First-Team All Tournament as Shortstop for his efforts. At the tournament for Team USA, Russell played alongside future professional baseball players Albert Almora, Alex Bregman, David Dahl, Joey Gallo, and Carson Kelly.\n\n\nProfessional career\n\n\nDraft and minor leagues\nRussell was drafted by the Oakland Athletics with the 11th overall pick of the first round in the 2012 Major League Baseball draft out of Pace High School in Pace, Florida. Russell received a $2.625 million signing bonus for signing with the A's instead of attending Auburn. He was also the first high school athlete selected by the A's in the first round of the draft since Jeremy Bonderman in 2001.Russell started his career with the Arizona League Athletics, where he hit .415/.488/.717 with six home runs and 29 runs batted in in 26 games. He was then promoted to the Vermont Lake Monsters and hit .340/.386/.509 with one home run in 13 games. He finished the season with the Class-A Burlington Bees, hitting .310/.369/.448 in 16 games. Overall, he finished his first season hitting .369/.432/.594 with seven home runs and 45 runs batted in 55 games. In 2012, he was named an Oakland MILB.com organization All-Star and an AZL post-season All-Star.Prior to the 2013 season, Russell was the Athletics' best prospect according to Baseball America. He was also named the best prospect in the Arizona League. In 2013, he was named an Oakland MILB.com organization All-Star, a California League (CAL) rookie of the year, a CAL post-season All-Star, and a CAL Futures Game selection. Playing for Mesa, he was also named to the AFL All-Prospect Team, and an AFL Rising Star.\n\n\nChicago Cubs\nOn July 4, 2014, Russell, along with pitcher Dan Straily, outfielder Billy McKinney, and a player to be named later, was traded to the Chicago Cubs in exchange for pitcher Jason Hammel and pitcher Jeff Samardzija. The Cubs sent Russell to the Arizona Fall League for the second time at the end of the 2014 minor league season.\n\n\n2015\nBaseball America named him the #3 prospect before the 2015 season. On April 21, Russell was called up to the 25-man roster to play second base against the Pittsburgh Pirates at PNC Park. On May 1, Russell hit his first career home run off of Wily Peralta in a 1\u20130 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers. He moved to his normal infield position at shortstop in early August, replacing three-time All-Star Starlin Castro. Russell committed only two errors in 52 games as the regular Cubs shortstop.In the 2015 postseason, he had 3 hits in 12 at bats with 1 RBI. Cardinal Pitcher John Lackey had a no-hitter into the sixth. Russell's single was the first hit. He hit a triple in the late innings of the third NLDS game and was slightly injured sliding into third. He did not play in game four. After the Cubs defeated the Cardinals in the NLDS to advance to the NLCS to face the New York Mets, it was announced that Russell had pulled his hamstring. This injury kept him out of the NLCS.\nAfter the season, the Cubs acquired Jason Heyward. Russell gave up his jersey number, 22, to Heyward, and switched to number 27 in honor of Eddie George.\n\n\n2016\nBatting .242 with 11 home runs and 48 RBIs, Russell was the starting shortstop at the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. By the beginning of September of the 2016 season, Russell had 108 hits in 445 at bats with 19 home runs and 88 runs batted in. Russell had a bases-loaded game-winning hit in a late-season game against the San Francisco Giants. He was 9-for-23 (.391) with 24 RBIs in bases-loaded situations for the year; the 9 bases-loaded hits led MLB for the season. In the seventh inning of a different game, in a bases loaded situation, Russell made an acrobatic catch at the left field foul line for the final out of the inning. Russell finished the year with 95 RBIs and became the second Cub shortstop with over 90 for a season. Previously, Hall of Famer Ernie Banks accomplished this feat five times. Russell hit decisive two-run home runs in Games 4 and 5 of that year's National League Championship Series, helping the Cubs break the Curse of the Billy Goat en route to their first World Series win in 108 years.On October 25, 2016, Addison Russell along with teammates Dexter Fowler, Jason Heyward, and Carl Edwards Jr., became the first African-Americans to play for the Cubs in a World Series game. Both Russell and Fowler are the first African-Americans to start for the Cubs in a World Series due to it being the first World Series the Cubs have played in since desegregation. Addison hit the 19th grand slam in the history of the World Series in the sixth game and also tied an MLB record of 6 RBI by one player in a game on a team facing elimination from the fall classic. He became the first player to hit a grand slam in a World Series game since Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox in the 2005 World Series.\n\n\n2017\nOn April 19, 2017, Russell hit his first career walk-off home run, a three-run shot against the Milwaukee Brewers. On August 4, Russell was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a strained right foot. At that point in the season his batting average was .241 with 10 home runs and 36 RBI's.\nOn September 16, 2017, Russell returned from a long stint on the disabled list, and homered in his first at-bat.\n\n\n2018\nRussell had a disappointing season (.250 BA, 5 HR, 38 RBI), and he did not play again after September 19 due to the MLB placing him on administrative leave as it investigated abuse allegations made against him by his ex-wife.\n\n\n2019\nRussell was suspended for the first 29 games of the season, finishing the 40-game suspension he received in 2018 as a result of allegations, found credible by MLB, that he abused his wife. Once his suspension was served, he reported to the Iowa Cubs. He was recalled to Chicago on May 8. Immediately, he switched from shortstop to second base. That night he went 0-for-3 with a walk against the Miami Marlins. The Wrigley Field crowd greeted Russell with mostly boos. Russell hit his first home run of the 2019 season on May 15 against the Cincinnati Reds. The Cubs optioned Russell to AAA on July 24, 2019, to make room for catcher Willson Contreras. On December 2, 2019, Russell was non-tendered and became a free agent.\n\n\nKiwoom Heroes\nOn June 19, 2020, Russell signed with the Kiwoom Heroes of KBO League. On July 28, 2020, Russell made his debut in KBO in a 6\u20132 win against the Doosan Bears with two RBIs and a run. At the end of the season, his batting average was .254 with 2 home runs and 31 RBIs. On November 27, the Heroes announced that they would not bring back Russell for the 2021 season, and he became a free agent.\n\n\nAcereros de Monclova\nOn April 1, 2021, Russell signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League.\n\n\nPersonal life\nRussell has a daughter who born in May 2015; her mother is Mallory Engstrom. Russell and Melisa Reidy married in January 2016 in Milton, FL at Sowell Farms; they have a son who was born in August 2015. Russell's third child, a son, was born in October 2018 to girlfriend Asti Kelley.In June 2017, Russell was accused, by an unknown party, of domestic violence against Reidy, an incident which led to Reidy filing for divorce. Two weeks after this initial allegation, Reidy's lawyer said that she would not be cooperating with MLB's investigation and that she \"isn't interested in legitimizing anything that doesn\u2019t come from her.\" Ultimately, Reidy did meet with MLB once she felt strong enough to do so. MLB suspended Russell for 40 games as a result of its investigation. Russell did not appeal the suspension.\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nCareer statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet\nAddison Russell on Twitter"}}}}
part_xaa/abacetus_micans
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abacetus_micans","to":"Abacetus micans"}],"pages":{"40180918":{"pageid":40180918,"ns":0,"title":"Abacetus micans","extract":"Abacetus micans is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1951.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_symons
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Symons","to":"Aaron Symons"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Symons","missing":""}}}}
part_xaa/a_collection_of_pop_classics
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Collection_of_Pop_Classics","to":"A Collection of Pop Classics"}],"pages":{"6344636":{"pageid":6344636,"ns":0,"title":"A Collection of Pop Classics","extract":"A Collection of Pop Classics is an album by American hardcore punk band Reagan Youth. It was released after the break-up of the band in 1989 and the suicide of lead singer Dave Rubinstein in 1993. The record is a compilation of the band's two studio albums, Volume 1 and Volume 2.\n\n\nTrack listing\nSource: Last.fm, Allmusic\n\n\nPersonnel\nDave Rubinstein \u2013 vocals (all tracks)\nPaul Bakija \u2013 guitar (all tracks); bass (tracks 11\u201322)\nAl Pike \u2013 bass (tracks 1\u201310)\nSteve Weinstein \u2013 drums (tracks 1\u201310)\nJavier Madriaga \u2013 drums (tracks 11\u201322)\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abbas_edalat
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbas_Edalat","to":"Abbas Edalat"}],"pages":{"10801964":{"pageid":10801964,"ns":0,"title":"Abbas Edalat","extract":"Abbas Edalat (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a) is a British-Iranian academic who is a professor of computer science and mathematics at the Department of Computing, Imperial College London and a political activist. In a 2018 letter to The Guardian, 129 experts in computer science, mathematics and machine learning described him as \"a prominent academic, making fundamental contributions to mathematical logic and theoretical computer science\" Edalat also founded SAF and CASMII, a campaign against sanctions and military intervention in Iran.\nEdalat has appeared on BBC News on numerous occasions.\n\n\nAcademic career\nEdalat is Professor of Computer Science and Mathematics at Imperial College, London, since 1997. Before this he was a lecturer in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran (1987\u201388). He completed his PhD in Mathematics at Warwick University (UK) in 1985 advised by Christopher Zeeman. His research interests include Exact Computation in Differential and Integral Calculus, Computational Geometry, Computation in Logical Form, Optimisation Theory, Game Theory and Computational Psychiatry.At Imperial College, Professor Edalat serves as the head of both the Algorithmic Human Development and Continuous Data-Types and Exact Computing research groups. His 1997 paper on \"Bisimulation for Labelled Markov Processes\" received the IEEE LICS Test of Time Award in 2017.\n\n\nScience and Arts Foundation\nIn 1999, Edalat founded the Science and Arts Foundation (SAF), a UK registered charity with the mission \"to provide the youth of the developing world with educational opportunities particularly in information technology and internet enjoyed in the industrial world.\" The foundation's president was Dr. Mohammad Reza Haeri-Yazdi, faculty member of the University of Tehran. The foundation raised over US$1 million toward technology projects in Iranian middle and high schools, in partnership with institutions of higher learning, such as Sharif University of Technology, University of Guilan, Shahid Chamran University and University of Kashan. According to Fars News, SAF \"established the first modern computer sites with internet access for some 250 schools in various provinces in Iran.\"\n\n\nCampaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII)\nEdalat founded the educational peace organization CASMII, on 1 December 2005 in London, UK. It expanded to the US the following year. The organization's membership is described as a group of academics, students and professionals of \"diverse range of political and ideological viewpoints\", formed to oppose sanctions or military action against Iran. Edalat and CASMII have been involved in numerous anti-war events, news programs and speaking engagements.\n\n\nPersonal life\nEdalat was arrested in Tehran on 15 April 2018 by officers of the intelligence department of IRGC for unknown reasons. He was transferred to Evin Prison. Edalat had come to Iran to attend educational workshops. He returned to the UK in December 2018.\n\n\nSee also\nCASMII\nSanctions against Iran\nAnti-Iranianism\nList of foreign nationals detained in Iran\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website - Imperial College website\nCASMII website\nAbbas Edalat publications indexed by Microsoft Academic\nAbbas Edalat at DBLP Bibliography Server \nAbbas Edalat at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\nArticle on Guardian - The US can learn from this example of mutual respect\nAbbas Edalat on The Guardian"}}}}
part_xaa/abdul-karim_mousavi_ardebili
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul-Karim_Mousavi_Ardebili","to":"Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili"}],"pages":{"2164444":{"pageid":2164444,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili","extract":"Sayyid Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili (Persian: \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u06cc, 28 January 1926 \u2013 23 November 2016) was an Iranian reformist politician and Twelver shi'a marja.\n\n\nPolitical career\nArdebili was a supporter of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and was a friend of his. He made speeches in support of Khomeini in the 1970s. After the Iranian Revolution, he became a founding member of the Islamic Republican party that was founded in 1979. Khomeini appointed him as chief of justice in 1981 after the impeachment of President Abulhassan Banisadr. As chief justice, he served as member of the temporary council of the Presidency, along with the Prime Minister and Speaker, carrying out the duties of the president for up to two months.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nIs the Ayatullah a Heretic?, Time, Monday, 28 April 1980"}}}}
part_xaa/aad_van_den_hoek
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aad_van_den_Hoek","to":"Aad van den Hoek"}],"pages":{"18545824":{"pageid":18545824,"ns":0,"title":"Aad van den Hoek","extract":"Aad van den Hoek (born 14 October 1951) is a former Dutch cyclist. He was professional between 1974 and 1983 and was good friends with Gerrie Knetemann.\n\n\nBiography\nIn 1976 he finished last in the final of the Tour de France and carried the Lanterne rouge.\nIn 1972 he finished third in the 100 km team time trial at the Munich Olympics, but tested positive for Coramine, a drug allowed by the Union Cycliste Internationale but not the IOC. The Dutch team was disqualified.\n\n\nMajor results\n\n\nSee also\nList of Dutch Olympic cyclists\nList of doping cases in cycling\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAad van den Hoek at Cycling Archives \nAad van den Hoek at ProCyclingStats \nAad van den Hoek at CycleBase \nAad van den Hoek at Olympedia"}}}}
part_xaa/abbasabad-e_sofla
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbasabad-e_Sofla","to":"Abbasabad-e Sofla"}],"pages":{"40172447":{"pageid":40172447,"ns":0,"title":"Abbasabad-e Sofla","extract":"Abbasabad-e Sofla (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a, also Romanized as \u2018Abb\u0101s\u0101b\u0101d-e Sofl\u00e1; also known as \u2018Abb\u0101s\u0101b\u0101d-e P\u0101\u2019\u012bn) is a village in Abharrud Rural District, in the Central District of Abhar County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 505, in 98 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acrolophus_punctellus
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_punctellus","to":"Acrolophus punctellus"}],"pages":{"37210571":{"pageid":37210571,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus punctellus","extract":"Acrolophus punctellus is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It was described by August Busck in 1907. It is found in North America, including Arizona.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdenour_amachaibou
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdenour_Amachaibou","to":"Abdenour Amachaibou"}],"pages":{"35469754":{"pageid":35469754,"ns":0,"title":"Abdenour Amachaibou","extract":"Abdenour Amachaibou (born 22 January 1987) is a Moroccan-German footballer who plays for SC 08 Elsdorf.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdenour Amachaibou at fussballdaten.de (in German)"}}}}
part_xaa/acyl_azide
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acyl_azide","to":"Acyl azide"}],"pages":{"37608694":{"pageid":37608694,"ns":0,"title":"Acyl azide","extract":"Acyl azides are carboxylic acid derivatives with the general formula RCON3. These compounds, which are a subclass of organic azides, are generally colorless.\n\n\nPreparation\nTypically acyl azides are generated under conditions where they rearrange to the isocyanate.Alkyl or aryl acyl chlorides react with sodium azide to give acyl azides.\nThe second major route to azides is from the acyl hydrazides with nitrous acid.Acyl azides have also been synthesized from various carboxylic acids and sodium azide in presence of triphenylphosphine and trichloroacetonitrile catalysts in excellent yields at mild conditions. Another route starts with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes reacting with iodine azide which is formed from sodium azide and iodine monochloride in acetonitrile.\n\n\nUses\nOn Curtius rearrangement, acyl azides yield isocyanates.\nAcyl azides are also formed in Darapsky degradation,\n\n\nHistorical references\nCurtius, Th. (1890). \"Ueber Stickstoffwasserstoffs\u00e4ure (Azoimid) N3H\". Ber. (in German). 23 (2): 3023\u20133033. doi:10.1002/cber.189002302232.\nCurtius, Th. (1894). \"20. Hydrazide und Azide organischer S\u00e4uren I. Abhandlung\". J. Prakt. Chem. (in German). 50 (1): 275\u2013294. doi:10.1002/prac.18940500125.\nDarapsky, August (1936). \"Darstellung von \u03b1-Aminos\u00e4uren aus Alkyl-cyanessigs\u00e4uren\". J. Prakt. Chem. (in German). 146 (8\u201312): 250\u2013267. doi:10.1002/prac.19361460806.\nDarapsky, August; Hillers, Dietrich (1915). \"\u00dcber das Hydrazid der Cyanessigs\u00e4ure, Isonitrosocyanessigs\u00e4ure und Nitrocyanessigs\u00e4ure\". J. Prakt. Chem. (in German). 92 (1): 297\u2013341. doi:10.1002/prac.19150920117.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_horkey
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Horkey","to":"Aaron Horkey"}],"pages":{"40194510":{"pageid":40194510,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Horkey","extract":"Aaron Horkey is an American illustrator from Windom, Minnesota. He has created concert posters for bands such as Boris, Converge, Isis, and the Melvins. First Showing described him as \"one of Mondo's most popular and respected artists\".\n\n\nCareer\nHorkey held a solo exhibition at the Remick Gallery in 2010. In 2011, he collaborated with Vania Zouravliov for the Dracula poster, which was listed by Complex as one of \"The 50 Best Mondo Posters (So Far)\".\nHe curated a series of the Paul Thomas Anderson film posters in 2013. The series covered Hard Eight, Boogie Nights, Magnolia, Punch-Drunk Love, and There Will Be Blood. It featured contributions from Rich Kelly, Rockin' Jelly Bean, Jo\u00e3o Ruas, and Jordan Crane.\nHe also created the poster for Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2012.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Horkey discography at Discogs"}}}}
part_xaa/adam_varadi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Varadi","to":"Adam Varadi"}],"pages":{"27293135":{"pageid":27293135,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Varadi","extract":"Adam Varadi (born 30 April 1985) is a Czech football player who currently plays for MFK Fr\u00fddek-M\u00edstek.\nVaradi was a member of the squad of Ban\u00edk Ostrava in the 2003-2004 season, when Ban\u00edk won the league title. He played for the Czech Republic youth national teams since the under-15 level.\n\n\nHonours\nSK Sigma Olomouc\n\nCzech Cup: 2011\u201312\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Varadi at FA\u010cR (in Czech) \nAdam Varadi \u2013 Czech First League statistics at Fotbal DNES (in Czech)\n\"Profile at Viktoria Plze\u0148 website (fcviktoria.cz)\". Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\nAdam Varadi at Soccerway"}}}}
part_xaa/acheilognathus_melanogaster
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acheilognathus_melanogaster","to":"Acheilognathus melanogaster"}],"pages":{"25753720":{"pageid":25753720,"ns":0,"title":"Acheilognathus melanogaster","extract":"Acheilognathus melanogaster is a species of brackish, freshwater ray-finned fish in the genus Acheilognathus. It is endemic to Japan.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acorn_archimedes
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acorn_Archimedes","to":"Acorn Archimedes"}],"pages":{"63145":{"pageid":63145,"ns":0,"title":"Acorn Archimedes","extract":"Acorn Archimedes is a family of personal computers designed by Acorn Computers of Cambridge, England. The systems are based on Acorn's own ARM architecture processors and the proprietary operating systems Arthur and RISC OS. The first models were introduced in 1987, and systems in the Archimedes family were sold until the mid-1990s.\nARM's RISC design, a 32-bit CPU (using 26-bit addressing), running at 8 MHz, was stated as achieving 4.5+ MIPS, which provided a significant upgrade from 8-bit home computers, such as Acorn's previous machines. Claims of being the fastest micro in the world and running at 18 MIPS were also made during tests.Two of the first models\u2014the A305 and A310\u2014were given the BBC branding, with BBC Enterprises regarding the machines as \"a continuing part of the original computer literacy project\". Dissatisfaction with the branding arrangement was voiced by competitor Research Machines and an industry group led by a Microsoft representative, the British Micro Federation, who advocated the use of \"business standard\" operating systems such as MS-DOS. Responding to claims that the BBC branding was \"unethical\" and \"damaging\", a BBC Enterprises representative claimed that, with regard to the BBC's ongoing computer literacy initiatives, bringing in \"something totally new would be irresponsible\".The name \"Acorn Archimedes\" is commonly used to describe any of Acorn's contemporary designs based on the same architecture. This architecture can be broadly characterised as involving the ARM CPU and the first generation chipset consisting of MEMC (MEMory Controller), VIDC (VIDeo and sound Controller) and IOC (Input Output Controller).\n\n\nHistory\nHaving introduced the BBC Micro in 1981, Acorn had established itself as a major supplier to primary and secondary education in the United Kingdom. Attempts to reproduce the same dominance in other sectors, such as in home computing with the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron, and in other markets, such as the United States and West Germany, had been rather less successful. \nWith microprocessor and computing technology making considerable advances in the early 1980s, microcomputer manufacturers were obliged to consider the evolution of their product lines to provide increasing capabilities and performance. Acorn's strategy for business computing and for introducing more capable machines involved a range of \"second processor\" expansions, with a Z80 second processor running the CP/M operating system being a product to which Acorn had committed when securing the BBC Micro contract.Meanwhile, established platforms such as CP/M running on Z80 processors were being challenged by the introduction of the IBM PC running PC DOS and computers running a variety of operating systems on Intel processors such as the 8088 and 8086.:\u200a123\u200a Systems using the Motorola 68000 and other processors running the Unix operating system were also becoming available. Drawing on previous work by Xerox, Apple had launched the Lisa and Macintosh computers, and Digital Research had introduced its own GEM graphical user interface software.\nAcorn's strategy ostensibly evolved to follow the lead of Torch Computers - the subject of an uncompleted acquisition by Acorn - who had already combined BBC Micro hardware with second processors (and modems) to produce their Communicator product line and derivatives. In 1984, Acorn presented the Acorn Business Computer (ABC) range, building around the BBC Micro architecture and offering models with different second processors and capabilities, thus responding to and anticipating the current and future trends in computing at the time. These models were tentatively favourably received by the computing press. However, with Acorn financially overstretched from its different endeavours, the company was rescued by Olivetti in 1985, with the future of the ABC range left uncertain in the anticipated rationalisation exercise that would follow. Ultimately, only one of the variants - the Acorn Cambridge Workstation - would reach the market, and in a somewhat different form to that originally planned.The demise of the Acorn Business Computer left Acorn purely with a range of 8-bit microcomputer products, leaving the company vulnerable to competitors introducing 16-bit and 32-bit machines. The increasing dominance of MS-DOS in the business market and advocacy for the use of such software in the education sector left Acorn at risk of potential exclusion from its core market. Meanwhile, competing machines attempted to offer a degree of compatibility with the BBC Micro, enticing schools to upgrade to newer, more powerful non-Acorn machines while retaining access to software developed and purchased for Acorn's \"aging machine\". Acorn's ability to respond convincingly to these competitive threats was evidently constrained: the BBC Model B+ was merely a redesigned BBC Model B (with some heritage in the ABC endeavour) providing some extra memory but costing more than its predecessor, being labelled as a \"stop gap\" by Acorn User's technical editor, expressing frustration at opportunities not taken for cost reduction and at a general lack of technological innovation in that \"Acorn has never shown interest in anything as exciting as the 68000\". Disillusionment was sufficient for some software producers to signal a withdrawal from the Acorn market.Other commentators in response to the B+ suggested that Acorn pursue the second processor strategy more aggressively, leveraging the existing user base of the BBC Micro while those users were still using the machine. In 1986, Acorn introduced the BBC Master series, starting with the Master 128 which re-emphasised second processors in the form of internally fitted \"co-processors\". Although a modest evolution of the existing 6502-based platform, enthusiasm for the series was somewhat greater than that for the B+ models, with dealers and software developers citing the expansion capabilities and improved compatibility over the B+. However, the competitiveness of these co-processors proved to be constrained by hardware limitations, compatibility and pricing, with a Master 512 system featuring a Master 128 and 80186 co-processor comparing unfavourably to complete IBM PC-compatible systems. The planned Master Scientific product was never launched, leaving potential customers with the existing Cambridge Co-Processor expansion as their only available option.Attitudes towards Acorn and its technological position changed somewhat in late 1985 as news of its RISC microprocessor development effort emerged, potentially encouraging Olivetti to continue its support for the company at \"a critical stage\" in its refinancing of Acorn. Subsequent commentary suggested the availability of this microprocessor - the Acorn RISC Machine - in future computers as well as in an evaluation board for the BBC Micro, although such a board - the ARM Evaluation System - would only be announced in mid-1986 at a cost of \u00a34500. Having also developed the additional support chips required to make up a complete microcomputer, Acorn was regarded as having leapt ahead of its nearest competitors.On the eve of the announcement of Acorn's 32-bit ARM-based microcomputer products, prototypes designated A1 and A500 were demonstrated on the BBC television programme Micro Live exhibiting BASIC language performance ten times faster than a newly introduced 80386-based computer from perennial education sector rival Research Machines, with suggestions made that the machines would carry the BBC branding. Revealingly, Acorn's managing director noted, \"Over the past two years we've paid the price of having no 16-bit micro.\"\n\n\nA300 and A400 series\n\nThe Acorn Archimedes was variously described as \"the first RISC machine inexpensive enough for home use\", powered by an ARM (Acorn RISC Machine) chip and \"the first commercially-available RISC-based microcomputer\". The first models were released in June 1987, as the 300 and 400 series. The 400 series included four expansion slots and an ST-506 controller for an internal hard drive, whereas the 300 series required the addition of a backplane to gain expansion slot capabilities. A two slot backplane could be added to the 300 series as an official upgrade, with the possibility of 4-slot backplane being available from third parties, but a hard drive expansion card was also required for these machines, occupying one slot.Both series included the Arthur operating system (later replaced by RISC OS as a paid-for upgrade), BBC BASIC programming language, and an emulator for Acorn's earlier BBC Micro, and were mounted in two-part cases with a small central unit, monitor on top, and a separate keyboard and three-button mouse (the middle one used for pop-up context menus of the operating system). All models featured eight-channel 8-bit stereo sound and were capable of displaying 256 colours on screen.:\u200a4\u200a:\u200a2\u200aThree models were initially released with different amounts of memory, the A305, A310 and A440. The 400 series models were replaced in 1989 by the A410/1, the A420/1 and A440/1, these featuring an upgraded MEMC1a and RISC OS. Earlier models which shipped with Arthur could be upgraded to RISC OS 2 by replacing the ROM chip containing the operating system. Because the ROM chips contained the operating system, the computer booted instantly into its GUI system, familiar from the Atari ST.:\u200a140\u200aDespite the A310 being limited to 1 MB of RAM officially, several companies made upgrades to 2 MB and 4 MB, with the smaller upgrades augmenting the built-in RAM and the larger upgrades replacing it entirely. The 400 series were officially limited to 4 MB of RAM, but several companies released 8 MB upgrades that provided an extra MEMC chip plus 4 MB of RAM to complement an existing 4 MB of fitted RAM.\n\n\nA3000\n\nSpeculation gathered pace about new machines in the Archimedes range in early 1989, with commentators envisaging a low-cost, cut-down model with 512 KB of RAM to replace the A305 in a fashion reminiscent of the Master Compact. Such speculation also raised questions about the 300 series if a low-cost model were to become available with support for up to 2 MB of RAM, given the limitations of the 300 series to a maximum of 1 MB (at least in terms of upgrade availability at the time), this potentially making the older models look \"pretty stupid\" according to one commentator. This speculation evolved to more accurately predict a machine with 1 MB of RAM aimed at junior or primary schools, albeit incorrectly predicting a separate disc drive unit.Concurrently with these rumoured product development efforts, work had commenced on a successor to the Arthur operating system, initially named Arthur 2 but renamed to RISC OS 2 for launch. A number of new machines were introduced along with RISC OS 2, and in May 1989, the 300 series was phased out in favour of the new BBC A3000, with the 400 series being replaced by the improved 400/1 series models. Having been developed in a \"remarkably short timescale of nine months\", the machine was the \"major learning vehicle\" for an integrated CAD system introduced at Acorn, and it was reported that the A3000 was the first home microcomputer to use surface mount technology in its construction, with the machine being built at Acorn's longstanding manufacturing partner, AB Electronics.The A3000 used an 8 MHz ARM2 and was supplied with 1 MB of RAM and RISC OS on 512 KB of ROM. Unlike the previous models, the A3000 came in a single-part case similar to the BBC Micro, Amiga 500 and Atari ST computers, with the keyboard and disc drive integrated into a base unit \"slightly smaller than the Master 128\". Despite the machine's desktop footprint, being larger than a simple keyboard, the case was not designed to support a monitor. Acorn offered a monitor stand that attached to the machine, this being bundled with Acorn's Learning Curve package, and PRES announced a monitor plinth and external disc drive case.The new model sported only a single internal expansion slot, which was physically different from that of the earlier models, although electrically similar. An external connector could interface to existing expansion cards, with an external case for such cards being recommended and anticipated at the machine's launch, and one such solution subsequently being provided by PRES's expansion system. Although only intended to be upgradeable to 2 MB of RAM, third-party vendors offered upgrades to 4 MB along with expansions offering additional disc drive connections and combinations of user and analogue ports, both of these helping those upgrading from Acorn's 8-bit products, particularly in education, to make use of existing peripherals such as 5.25-inch drives, input devices and data logging equipment. Simtec Electronics even offered a RAM upgrade to 8 MB for the A3000 alongside other models. In 1996, IFEL announced a memory upgrade for the A3000 utilising a generic 72-pin SIMM module to provide 4 MB of RAM. Hard drive expansions based on ST506, SCSI and IDE technologies were also offered by a range of vendors.With the \"British Broadcasting Corporation Computer System\" branding, the \"main market\" for the A3000 was schools and education authorities, and the educational price of \u00a3529 \u2013 not considerably more expensive than the BBC Master \u2013 was considered to be competitive and persuasive in getting this particular audience to upgrade to Acorn's 32-bit systems. The retail price of \u00a3649 plus VAT was considered an \"expensive alternative\" to the intended competition \u2013 the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST \u2013 but many times faster than similarly priced models of those ranges. The Amiga 500, it was noted, cost a \"not-so-bargain\" \u00a3550 once upgraded to 1 MB of RAM.The relative affordability of the A3000 compared to the first Archimedes machines and the release of RISC OS helped to convince educational software producers of the viability of the platform. Shortly after the A3000's launch, one local education authority had already ordered 500 machines, aiming to introduce the A3000 to its primary schools in addition to other levels of education. Such was the success of the model that it alone had 37 percent of the UK schools market in a nine-month period in 1991 and, by the end of that year, was estimated to represent 15 percent of the 500,000 or more computers installed in the country's schools.The appeal of the A3000 to education may also have motivated the return of Microvitec to the Acorn market with the Cub3000 monitor: a re-engineered version of the Cub monitor that was popular amongst institutional users of the original BBC Micro. (Having been \"nowhere to be seen\" when the Archimedes was released, Microvitec had sought to introduce its own Cubpack range of IBM PC-compatible personal computers for the education market offering some BBC BASIC compatibility, building on an estimated 80 percent market share for 14-inch colour monitors in the sector, and aspiring to launch an \"interactive video workstation\".)\nThe introduction of the A3000 also saw Acorn regaining a presence in mainstream retail channels, with a deal with high street retailer Dixons to sell the computer at \"business centre\" outlets, followed by agreements with the John Lewis and Alders chains. Acorn also sought to secure the interest of games publishers, hosting a conference in August 1989 for representatives of \"the top 30 software houses, including Ocean, Domark, US Gold, Grand Slam and Electronic Arts\".Marketing efforts towards home users continued in 1990 with the introduction of The Learning Curve: a bundle of A3000 and application software priced at \u00a3699 plus VAT, requiring a SCART capable television, or bundled with a colour monitor and Acorn's monitor stand for \u00a3949 plus VAT. The software, having a retail value of around \u00a3200, consisted of the second, RISC OS compliant version of Acorn's First Word Plus, the hypermedia application Genesis, and the PC Emulator software, with an introductory video presented by Fred Harris. Aiming at the \"pre-Christmas market\" in 1990, another bundle called Jet Set offered a more entertainment-focused collection of software valued at \u00a3200 including Clares' Interdictor flight simulator, Domark's Trivial Pursuit, Superior Golf, and the Euclid 3D modelling package from Ace Computing. The price of this bundle was \u00a3747.50 which also included a television modulator developed by the bundle's distributor, ZCL, designed for use with \"any TV set\" and offering a \"monitor quality\" picture.\n\n\nA540\nThe A540, introduced in late 1990, was an anticipated consequence of Acorn's Unix workstation development, offering the same general specification as Acorn's R260 Unix workstation (running RISC iX) but without built-in Ethernet support and running RISC OS 2 instead of Unix. It was Acorn's first machine to be fitted with the ARM3 processor as standard, supporting up to 16 MB of RAM, and included higher speed SCSI and provision for connecting genlock devices. The memory access frequency was raised to 12 MHz in the A540, compared to 8 MHz in earlier models, thus providing enhanced system performance over earlier models upgraded with ARM3 processors. The hardware design featured memory modules, each providing their own memory controller and 4 MB of RAM, and a processor module providing the ARM3 and a slot for a floating point accelerator (FPA) chip, the latter offering the possibility (subsequently unrealised) of processor upgrades. The FPA, replacing Acorn's previous floating point podule, was scheduled to be available in 1991. Much delayed, the FPA finally became available in 1993.\n\n\nA5000 and A4 laptop\n\nIn late 1991, the A5000 was launched to replace the A440/1 machine in the existing product range. With the existing A400/1 series regarded as \"a little tired\", being largely unchanged from the A400 models introduced four years previously, the A5000 was regarded (by one reviewer, at least) as \"the biggest leap forward for Acorn since the introduction of the Archimedes in 1987\", introducing a combination of the ARM3 processor and RISC OS 3 for the first time in a new Acorn product, being \"the machine the A540 should have been - smaller, neater, with higher capacity drives and all the same speed for about half the cost\". The A5000 initially ran RISC OS 3.0, although several bugs were identified, and most were shipped with RISC OS 3.10 or 3.11.\nThe A5000 featured the new 25 MHz ARM3 processor, 2 or 4 MB of RAM, either a 40 MB or an 80 MB hard drive and a more conventional pizza box-style two-part case (HxWxD: 100 mm \u00d7 430 mm \u00d7 340 mm). With IBM-compatible PCs offering increasingly better graphical capabilities, they had not merely matched the capabilities of Acorn's machines, but in offering resolutions of 1024 x 768 in 16 or 256 colours and with 24-bit palettes, they had surpassed them. The A5000 (along with the earlier A540) supported the SVGA resolution of 800 x 600 in 16 colours, although the observation that \"Archimedes machines have simply not kept pace\" arguably remained. Earlier models could also benefit from the video performance of the A5000 via third party upgrades such as the Computer Concepts ColourCard Gold. The A5000 was the first Acorn machine to adopt the 15-pin VGA connector.It was the first Archimedes to feature a high density capable floppy disc drive as standard. This natively supported various formats including DOS and Atari discs with formatted capacities of 720 KB and 1.44 MB. The native ADFS floppy format had a slightly larger capacity of 800 KB for double density or 1.6 MB for high density. A later version of the A5000 featured a 33 MHz ARM3, 2 or 4 MB of RAM, and an 80 or 160 MB hard drive. Particularly useful in this revised A5000 was the use of a socket for the MEMC1a chip, meaning that memory expansions beyond 4 MB could more easily replace the single MEMC1a, plugging in a card providing the two MEMC1a devices required to support 8 MB. Earlier revisions of the A5000 required desoldering of the fitted MEMC1a to provide such a socket.In 1992, Acorn introduced the A4 laptop computer featuring a slower 24 MHz version of the ARM3 processor (compared to the 25 MHz ARM3 in the A5000), supporting a 6 MHz power-saving mode, and providing between 2.5 and 4 hours of usage on battery power. The machine featured a 9-inch passive matrix LCD screen capable of displaying a maximum resolution of 640 \u00d7 480 pixels in 15 levels of grey, also featuring a monitor port which offered the same display capabilities as an A5000. No colour version of the product was planned. A notable omission from the machine was a built-in pointing device, requiring users to navigate with the cursor keys or attach a conventional Acorn three-button mouse, such as the Logitech mouse bundled with the machine.The other expansion ports available on the A4 were serial and parallel ports, a PS/2 connector for an external keyboard, a headphone connector, and support for an Econet expansion (as opposed to an Econet port itself). No other provision for expansion was made beyond the fitting of the Econet card and a hard drive. The A4 effectively fit an A5000 into a portable case, having a motherboard \"roughly half the size of a sheet of A4 paper\", adding extra hardware for power management and driving the LCD, the latter employing an Acorn-designed controller chip using \"time-domain dithering\" to produce the different grey levels. Just as the processor could be slowed down to save power, so the 12 MHz RAM could be slowed to 3 MHz, with various subsystems also being switched off as appropriate, and with power saving being activated after \"more than a second or so\" of user inactivity. The A4's case itself was used by Olivetti and Triumph-Adler models, particularly the Triumph-Adler Walkstation which did integrate a built-in pointing device, this being described as an \"all-but-unusable touchpad mouse-controller\" by one reviewer.The launch pricing of the A4 set the entry-level model with 2 MB of RAM at \u00a31399 plus VAT, with the higher-level mode with 4 MB of RAM and 60 MB hard drive at \u00a31699 plus VAT. Education pricing was \u00a31099 and \u00a31399 respectively. Acorn foresaw educational establishments taking to the machine where existing models were needing to be moved around between classrooms or taken on field trips, although review commentary noted that \"the A4 is too expensive for schools to afford in large numbers\" and that contemporary Apple and IBM PC-compatible models offered strong competition for business users.Peripherals for the A4 were eventually produced, with Acorn providing the previously announced Econet card, and with Atomwide providing Ethernet and SCSI adapters utilising the bidirectional parallel port present on the A4 (and also the A5000 and later machines). Atomwide also offered the \"Hi-Point\" trackball peripheral modified to work as an Acorn-compatible mouse which attached to the side of the unit.\n\n\nA3010, A3020, A4000\n\nIn 1992, several new models were introduced to complement the A3000 and to replace the low-end A400 series models - the A3010, A3020 and A4000 - thus starting a transition from a range of machines of different vintages that still included the A3000 (at the low end) and the A540 (at the high end) to a range that purely featured more recently designed models including the A5000 as the high-end offering and the A4 portable. Launched alongside the Acorn Pocket Book, a distinct product based on the Psion Series 3, the machines supposedly heralded \"a changed company, with new direction\" and the availability of Acorn products in mainstream high street stores including Dixons, John Lewis and Argos as well as mail order catalogues.These new models utilised the first ARM system-on-chip - the ARM250 microprocessor - a single-chip design including the functionality of an ARM2 (or ARM3 without cache), the IOC1, VIDC1a and MEMC1a chips all \"integrated into a single giant chip\" and fabricated using a 1 micron process. The ARM250, running at a higher 12 MHz clock frequency and used in conjunction with faster 80ns memory chips, compared to the 8 MHz of the ARM2 and the 125ns memory of the A3000, gave a potential 50% performance increase over such older systems, achieving a reported 7 MIPS.Some early units of the A3010 did not actually utilise the ARM250, instead having a \"mezzanine\" board carrying the four separate devices comprising the complete chipset, with this board plugged into the motherboard in place of the ARM250. An Acorn representative indicated that this solution was pursued to meet retailing deadlines, whereas an ARM representative denied that any \"serious delays\" had occurred in the development of the ARM250, indicating that the mezzanine board had nevertheless been useful during the design process. Owners did not need to upgrade this board to a genuine ARM250 as it was \"functionally identical\" to the ARM250. One inadvertent advantage that the mezzanine board conferred was the ability to upgrade the ARM2 on the board to an ARM3, this being a popular upgrade for previous ARM2-based models that was incompatible with the ARM250. However, performing such an upgrade involves modifications to both the \"Adelaide\" mezzanine board and the ARM3 upgrade board employed in the upgrade. For machines fitted with an actual ARM250 processor, the closest alternative to an ARM3 upgrade in terms of performance enhancement was the Simtec \"Turbo RAM\" upgrade which provided 4 MB of faster RAM and gave a 40 percent improvement in overall system performance.The machines were supplied with RISC OS 3.10 or 3.11. The A30x0 series had a one-piece design, similar to the A3000 but slightly more shallow, while the A4000 looked like a slightly slimmer A5000. The A3010 model was intended to be a home computing machine, featuring a TV modulator (for use with traditional PAL-standard televisions, SCART televisions already being supported by all of these models) and standard 9-pin joystick ports, while the A3020 targeted the primary and middle school educational markets, featuring an optional built-in 2.5-inch hard drive and a dedicated network interface socket. Meanwhile, the A4000 was aimed at the secondary education and office markets, offering a separate adjustable keyboard to comply with ergonomics regulations deemed applicable in these markets. Technically, the A4000 was almost functionally identical to the A3020, only differing in the supported hard disk size (3.5-inch in the A4000), this due to the machine's different casing. Despite the resemblance to the A5000, the A4000 along with the other models only provided a single \"mini-podule\" expansion slot, just as the A3000 did. All three ARM250-based machines could be upgraded to 4 MB with plug-in chips: though the A3010 was designed for 2 MB, third party upgrades overcame this. In 1996, IFEL announced a memory upgrade for the range utilising a generic 72-pin SIMM module to provide 4 MB of RAM.Pricing started at just under \u00a3500 including VAT for the Family Solution bundle: an unexpanded A3010 with no monitor (to be used with a television), combined with the EasiWord word processor and one game (initially Quest for Gold). The existing Learning Curve bundle, updated to incorporate the A3010 upgraded to 2 MB of RAM in place of the A3000, included an Acorn colour monitor, the PC Emulator and a suite of Genesis hypermedia applications for a price of \u00a3799. The A4000 Home Office bundle combined the A4000 with Acorn colour monitor, Icon Technology's EasiWriter 2 \"professional word processor\" and Iota's Desktop Database application for a price of around \u00a31175. The retail pricing of the A3010 was notable as making it the cheapest of any Archimedes machine sold. With games consoles gaining popularity, Acorn apparently attempted to target the \"games machine plus\" market with the A3010 by appealing to \"the more knowledgeable, sophisticated and educationally concerned parents\", this against a backdrop of established competing products having been heavily discounted: the Amiga A500 having been reduced to \u00a3299, for instance. In 1993, Commodore would subsequently offer the entry-level Amiga A600 at a price of only \u00a3199, although with Commodore \"losing money on a big scale\" while Acorn remained profitable, such discounting was not regarded as a threat to the A3010.The pricing and bundles involving these machines was updated in late 1993, introducing a new Action Pack in place of the Family Solution, featuring the game Zool plus Icon Technology's StartWrite word processor. This bundle effectively reduced the price of the A3010 to \u00a3399 including VAT, reportedly making it \"the cheapest Risc machine yet\". The Learning Curve was revised to feature Acorn's own Advance integrated suite, together with the PC Emulator and DR DOS 6, and the bundle was also made available in conjunction with the A4000. The Home Office bundle was updated with Iota's DataPower replacing Desktop Database, and with Colton Software's PipeDream 4 and Acorn's PC Emulator being added to augment EasiWriter.\nA variety of demonstration programs and an audio training tape were also provided with the bundles. At the time of these product revisions, the A3020 had become absent from related promotional material, even material aimed at the educational purchaser, although it remained in Acorn's price list presumably for the interest of institutional purchasers.Acorn's marketing relationships with high street retailers were somewhat problematic. While outlets such as the John Lewis Partnership proved to be successful marketing partners, electrical retailer Dixons seemingly made relatively little effort to sell Acorn machines despite promising \"greater opportunities\" in 1993 after earlier criticism. In late 1994, Acorn appointed a sole distributor for the A3010 Action Pack and Learning Curve bundles, with the pricing of the former reduced to only \u00a3299. Persisting with the strategy that some purchasers might choose a product positioned between games consoles and traditional PC-compatibles, the distributor, ZCL, aimed to take advantage of the absence of Commodore during the Christmas 1994 season. As the Christmas 1995 season approached, Beebug purchased Acorn's \"entire remaining inventory\", offering the machine for \u00a3135 including VAT together with various \"value-added packs\".Production of the A3020 and A4000 ceased in 1995, with remaining stocks to be sold during 1996, due to their lack of conformance with newly introduced European Union electrical and electronics regulations. This left the A7000 as Acorn's entry-level desktop system, and appropriate pricing adjustments were expected, particularly as faster versions of the A7000 were anticipated (and eventually delivered in the form of the A7000+).\n\n\nLater A-series models\nThe A7000, despite its name being reminiscent of the Archimedes naming conventions, was actually more similar to the Risc PC, the line of RISC OS computers that succeeded the Archimedes in 1994. It lacked, however, the DEBI expansion slots and multi-slice case that characterized the Risc PC (though by removing the CDROM, a backplane with one slot could be fitted).\n\n\nSoftware\n\n\nArthur operating system\nReminiscent of the BBC Micro upon its release, the earliest Archimedes models were delivered with provisional versions of the Arthur operating system, for which upgrades were apparently issued free of charge, thus avoiding the controversy around early ROM upgrades for the BBC Micro. In early 1988, Arthur 1.2 was delivered in an attempt to fix the deficiencies and problems in the earlier versions of the software. However, even after Arthur 1.2 had been released, a reported 100 documented bugs regarded as \"mostly quite obscure\" persisted, with Acorn indicating that a \"new, enhanced version\" of the operating system was under development.\n\n\nEarly applications\nFollowing on from the release of Arthur 1.2, Acorn itself offered a \"basic word processor\", ArcWriter, intended for \"personal correspondence, notices and short articles\" and to demonstrate the window, menu and pointer features of the system, employing built-in printer fonts for rapid printed output. The software was issued free of charge for registered users, although Acorn indicated that it would not produce a \"definitive\" word processor for the platform, in contrast to the BBC Micro where the View word processor had been central to Acorn's office software range. However, Acorn did also announce a port of the 1st Word package, First Word Plus, for the platform. ArcWriter was poorly received, with window repainting issues demonstrated as a particular problem, and with users complaining of \"serious bugs\". Although taking advantage of the Arthur desktop environment and using anti-aliased fonts, complaints were made about \"blurred and smudged\" characters and slow display updates when changing fonts or styles on low-memory machines like the A305. An early competitor, Graphic Writer, was received more favourably but provided its own full-screen user interface. Neither were regarded as competitive with established products on other platforms.Several software companies immediately promised software for the Archimedes, most notably Computer Concepts, Clares and Minerva, with Advanced Memory Systems, BBC Soft and Logotron being other familiar software publishers. Autodesk, Grafox and GST were newcomers to the Acorn market. However, in early 1988, many software developers were reportedly holding off on releasing software for the Archimedes until the release of a stable operating system, with Acorn offering to lend Arthur 1.2 to developers. Claims had been made of confusion amongst potential purchasers of the machine caused by the lack of available software, with Acorn having pursued a strategy of launching the machine first so that independent software developers might have hardware to work with. In order to make the Archimedes more attractive to certain sectors, Acorn announced a \u00a3250,000 investment in educational software and indicated a commitment to business software development. Alongside First Word Plus, the Logistix spreadsheet-based business planning package was also commissioned by Acorn from Grafox Limited as a port to the platform. Autodesk released AutoSketch for the Archimedes in 1988, having launched the product in March the same year. Priced at \u00a379 plus VAT, it offered the precision drawing functionality familiar from AutoCad but with \"none of the frills\" that made the latter product professionally suitable for various markets at pricing that could exceed \u00a32500. On the Archimedes, AutoSketch was reported to run at about five times the speed of a \"standard PC-compatible machine\".Although Acorn had restricted itself to supporting the use of its View word processor under BBC emulation on the Archimedes, View Professional - the final iteration of the View suite on Acorn's 8-bit computers - had been advertised as a future product in June 1987 for November availability. View Professional, like the View series, had been developed for Acorn by Mark Colton, and a company - Colton Software - delivered the successor to this product as PipeDream for the Cambridge Computer Z88. In mid-1988, Colton Software announced PipeDream for the Archimedes, priced at \u00a3114, following on from the announcement of a version for MS-DOS, establishing a long history of product development for the platform, leading to PipeDream 4 in 1992, followed by PipeDream's eventual successor, Fireworkz, in 1994.Much early software had consisted of titles converted from the BBC Micro, taking advantage of a degree of compatibility between the different series of machines, with Computer Concepts even going as far as to produce a ROM/RAM hardware expansion for use with the company's existing BBC Micro series products, and Acorn also offering such an expansion alongside a BBC-compatible interfacing expansion. Another element of Acorn's early marketing strategy for the Archimedes was to emphasise the PC Emulator product which was a software-based emulator for IBM PC-compatible systems based on the 8088 processor running \"legal MS-DOS programs\". Alongside this, plans were also made for the launch of a podule (peripheral module) hardware expansion providing its own 80186 processor, a disk controller and connector for a disk drive.The PC Emulator in its initial form shipped with MS-DOS 3.21 and required a system with 4 MB of RAM to be able to provide the \"full\" 640 KB of RAM for DOS programs, with early versions of Arthur only providing 384 KB to DOS on 1 MB systems, but with Arthur 1.2 aiming to provide the more usable 512 KB to DOS on such systems. The emulator was described as having \"very few compatibility problems\" and was reported by diagnostic utilities as providing an 80188-based system, but the performance of the emulated system was regarded as slow. Acorn reportedly acknowledged this by indicating the imminent availability of \"an 80186 co-processor\". The podule expansion (or \"co-processor\") was subsequently postponed in early 1988 (and ultimately cancelled), with Acorn indicating that its price of \u00a3300 would have been uncompetitive against complete PC systems costing as little as \u00a3500, and that the hardware capabilities to be offered, such as the provision of CGA graphics, would be likely to become outdated as the industry moved to support EGA and VGA graphical standards.Commentators were disappointed with the incoherent user interface provided by the software platform, with \"Logistix looking like a PC, First Word slavishly copying GEM\" and \"101 other 'user interfaces'\" amongst the early offerings. The result was the lack of a \"personality\" for the machine which risked becoming a system that would \"never look as easy or as slick as the Mac\". Alongside the introduction of visual and behavioural consistency between applications, personal computer user environments had also evolved from running a single application at a time, moved beyond \"desk accessories\" (or pop-up programs), normalised the practice of switching between applications, and had begun to provide the ability to run different applications at the same time, with the Macintosh having already done so with its MultiFinder enhancement. Computer Concepts, having begun development of various new applications for the Archimedes, was sufficiently frustrated with Arthur and its lack of \"true multi-tasking\" that it announced a rival operating system, Impulse, intended to host those applications on the machine.\n\n\nRISC OS\nRemedying various criticisms of the early operating environment, Acorn previewed RISC OS (or, more formally, RISC OS 2) in late 1988 and announced availability for April 1989. Internally at Acorn, the realisation had dawned that multitasking had become essential in any mainstream computing environment where \"the user is likely to use lots of small applications at once, rather than one large application alone\", with other graphical environments such as Hewlett Packard's NewWave and IBM's Presentation Manager being considered as the contemporary competition.Reactions to the upgraded operating system were positive and even enthusiastic, describing RISC OS as giving software developers \"the stable platform they have been waiting for\" and \"a viable alternative to the PC or Mac\", also crediting Acorn for having improved on the original nine-month effort in developing Arthur in the following twelve months leading up to the unveiling of RISC OS. For a modest upgrade cost of \u00a329, users received four ROM chips, three discs including several applications, and documentation.New facilities in RISC OS included co-operative multitasking, a task manager to monitor tasks and memory, versatile file management, \"solid\" window manipulation (\"the whole window moves - not just the outline\"), and adaptive rendering of bitmaps and colours, using dithering where necessary, depending on the nature of the selected screen mode. A common printing framework was introduced, with dot-matrix and PostScript printer drivers supplied, with such drivers available for use by all desktop applications. Amongst the selection of applications and tools included with RISC OS were the Draw graphics editor, featuring vector graphics editing and rudimentary manipulation of text (using the anti-aliased fonts familiar from Arthur) and bitmaps, the Edit text editor, the Paint bitmap editor, and the Maestro music editor.With RISC OS available, Acorn launched new and updated applications to take advantage of the improved desktop environment. One of these, deferred until after the launch of RISC OS, was Acorn Desktop Publisher, a port of Timeworks Publisher, which introduced a significant improvement to the anti-aliased font capabilities through a new outline font manager, offering scalable fonts that were anti-aliased on screen but rendered at the appropriate resolution when printed, even on dot-matrix printers. First Word Plus was also updated to support the new RISC OS desktop environment, albeit retaining its own printer drivers, being positioned as complementing Acorn Desktop Publisher whose emphasis was on page layout as opposed to textual document creation.As part of an effort to grow the company's share of the home market, Acorn introduced a bundle called The Learning Curve, initially featuring the A3000, optional monitor and a set of applications (First Word Plus, the PC Emulator, and Genesis). This bundle was enhanced later in 1990 to attract buyers to the A420/1, adding Acorn Desktop Publisher and some additional Genesis applications. Acorn's document processing applications also began to see broader competition around this time, with Impression from Computer Concepts and Ovation from Beebug also providing competitive solutions for desktop publishing. Also in 1990, PipeDream 3 became the first version of the PipeDream integrated suite, descended from Acorn's View Professional but developed and marketed by Colton Software, to be made available for the RISC OS desktop.The launch of the A5000 in late 1991 brought a new version of RISC OS to the market: RISC OS 3. This delivered a range of enhancements to the operating system including multitasking filer operations (meaning that file copying, moving and deletion no longer took over the computer), support for reading and writing DOS format discs, the provision of various bundled applications (Alarm, Calc, Chars, Configure, Draw, Edit, Help and Paint), commonly used outline fonts, and software modules in ROM (instead of needing to be loaded from accompanying floppy discs into RAM), the removal or raising of limits on windows and tasks, the ability to \"iconise\" windows and pin them to the desktop background (or pinboard), desktop session saving and restoring, screen blanking support, and other printing and networking improvements. Providing the bundled applications and other resources in ROM saved an estimated 150 KB of workspace, thus being beneficial to users of 1 MB machines.The bundled RISC OS 3 applications were enhanced from their RISC OS 2 versions in various general ways, such as the introduction of keyboard shortcuts, but also with new, specific features. The printing system was also updated to support multiple printers at once, but in this first version of RISC OS 3 background printing was still not supported. The \"most obviously improved\" application was Draw, acquiring new features including multiple levels of \"undo\" and \"redo\" operations, rotated text (benefiting from an updated outline font manager), graduated fills, shape interpolation (or in-betweening) support, and built-in support for converting text into paths. Edit gained improved formatting and searching support plus transparent BASIC program editing facilities. One somewhat visually obvious improvement delivered in RISC OS 3 was the use of \"3D window borders\" or, more accurately, dedicated bitmaps for window furniture, allowing different desktop styling effects. The appearance of the desktop would eventually shift towards Acorn's \"NewLook\" desktop theme, previewed in late 1993.In late 1992, RISC OS 3 was itself updated, becoming RISC OS 3.1 (as opposed to the initial RISC OS 3.0 provided with the A5000) and being made available for all existing Archimedes machines, although A300 series and the original A400 series machines needed a hardware modification to be able to accept the larger 2 MB ROMs, employing a special daughterboard. Various bugs in RISC OS 3.0 were fixed and various other improvements made, making it a worthwhile upgrade for A5000 users. Notably, support for background printing was introduced. VAT-inclusive introductory pricing for the upgrade was \u00a319 for RISC OS 3.0 users and \u00a349 for RISC OS 2.0 users, with the upgrade package including ROMs, support discs and manuals. The non-introductory price of the upgrade was stated as being \u00a389.The limitations of RISC OS became steadily more apparent, particularly with the appearance of the Risc PC and the demands made on applications taking advantage of its improved hardware capabilities (although merely highlighting issues that were always present), and when contrasted with the gradually evolving Windows and Macintosh System software, these competitors offering or promising new features and usability improvements over their predecessors. Two fundamental deficiencies perceived with RISC OS were a lack of virtual memory support, this permitting larger volumes of data to be handled by using hard disc storage as \"slow, auxiliary RAM\" (attempted by application-level solutions in certain cases), and the use of cooperative multitasking as opposed to preemptive multitasking to allow multiple applications to run at the same time, with the former relying on applications functioning correctly and considerately, and with the latter putting the system in control of allocating time to applications and thus preventing faulty or inconsiderate applications from hanging or dominating the system. Problems with the storage management and filing systems were also identified. In 1994, the FileCore functionality in RISC OS was still limited to accessing 512 MB of any hard drive, with this being barely larger than the largest supplied Risc PC hard drive at the time. Filing system limitations were also increasingly archaic: 77 files per directory and 10-character filenames, in contrast to more generous constraints imposed by the then-\"imminent\" Windows 95 and then-current Macintosh System 7 release.Although an update to the FileCore functionality was delivered in 1995, initially to members of Acorn's enthusiast community, providing support for larger storage partitions (raising the limit to 128 GB), other improvements, such as those providing support for the use of longer filenames, were still only provided by third parties. With adverse financial results and a restructuring of the company in late 1995, Acorn appeared to be considering a more responsive strategy towards customer demands, potentially offering rebadged PC and Mac products alongside Acorn's existing computers, while cultivating a relationship with IBM whose PowerPC-based server hardware had already been featured in Acorn's SchoolServer product running Windows NT. In the context of such a relationship, the possibility was raised of \"bolting a RISC OS 'personality' on top of a low level IBM-developed operating system\" to address RISC OS's deficiencies and to support virtual memory and long filenames. At this time, IBM was pursuing its Workplace OS strategy which emphasised a common operating system foundation supporting different system personalities.\n\n\nPC Emulation\nIn mid-1991, the PC Emulator was eventually updated to work as a multitasking application on the RISC OS desktop, requiring 2 MB of RAM to do so, and supporting access to DOS files from the RISC OS desktop filer interface. The emulator itself permitted access to CD-ROM devices and ran MS-DOS 3.3 with a special mouse driver to permit the host machine's mouse to behave like a Microsoft bus mouse. CGA, EGA, MDA and partial VGA graphics support was implemented, and the emulated system could run Windows 3. The product cost \u00a399, with an upgrade costing \u00a329 for users of previous versions. Although technically compatible with 1 MB systems, and with 2 MB of RAM considered necessary for multitasking operation, offering facilities to capture the emulated display as a bitmap or as text, 4 MB was recommended to take advantage of such features, along with a high resolution multiscan monitor and VIDC enhancer to be able to display most of the emulated screen without needing to scroll its contents. An ARM3 processor was considered essential for \"a workable turn of speed\", this giving performance comparable with a 4.77 MHz 8086 PC-XT system.Regarded as a \"programming wonder\", the PC Emulator was nevertheless regarded as being \"too slow for intensive PC use\". Shortly after the introduction of the updated PC Emulator, a hardware PC compatibility solution was announced by Aleph One, offering a 20 MHz 80386SX processor and VGA display capability, effectively delivering Acorn's envisaged PC podule in updated form. A low-cost alternative to Acorn's PC Emulator called FasterPC became available in 1993, priced at around \u00a320 but with DOS not included (to be provided by the user at an estimated additional cost of \u00a350). The software provided PC emulation outside the desktop environment, with considerable performance benefits claimed relative to Acorn's product. Regarded as being \"considerably faster than the Acorn emulator when displaying graphics\", with a two-times speed improvement observed for various tested programs, the product was considered appropriate for gaming, albeit at lower than VGA resolution. It was also unable to run Windows 3.1: the Aleph One PC expansion cards being the only solutions able to do so at that time.\n\n\nBitmap image editing\nHaving considerably improved graphical capabilities compared to those provided with Acorn's 8-bit machines, a number of art packages were released for the Archimedes to exploit this particular area of opportunity, albeit rather cautiously at first. One of the first available packages, Clares' Artisan, supported image editing at the high resolution of 640 x 256 but only in the 16-colour mode 12, despite the availability of the 256-colour mode 15 as standard. Favourably received as being \"streets ahead\" of art software on the BBC Micro, it was considered as barely the start of any real exploitation of the machine's potential. Typical of software of the era, only months after the launch of the machine, Artisan provided its own graphical interface and, continuing the tradition of BBC Micro software, took over the machine entirely even to the point of editing the machine configuration and restoring it upon exiting. Clares released a successor, Artisan 2, two years later to provide compatibility with RISC OS, replacing special-purpose printer support with use of the system's printer drivers, but not making the software a desktop application. The program's user interface deficiencies were regarded as less forgivable with the availability of a common desktop interface that would have addressed such problems and made the program \"easier to use and a more powerful program as a result\".Clares also produced a 256-colour package called ProArtisan, also with its own special user interface (despite the impending arrival of RISC OS), costing considerably more than its predecessor (\u00a3170, compared to \u00a340 for Artisan), offering a wider range of tools than Artisan including sprays, washes and path editing (using B\u00e9zier curves) to define areas of the canvas. Although regarded as powerful, the pricing was considered rather high from the perspective of those more familiar with the 8-bit software market, and the user interface was regarded as \"only just bearable\". Competitors to ProArtisan during 1989 included Art Nouveau from Computer Assisted Learning and Atelier from Minerva. Both of these programs, like ProArtisan, ran in full-screen mode outside the desktop, used the 256-colour mode 15, and offered their own interfaces. Atelier, however, was able to multi-task, providing the ability to switch back to the desktop and find applications still running and accessible. Unlike other contemporary art programs, it also took advantage of the system's own anti-aliased fonts. One unusual feature was the ability to wrap areas of the canvas around solid objects. Both programs also offered similar path editing facilities to ProArtisan, with it being noted that Art Nouveau's limitations in this regard might be remedied by using the support already present in RISC OS and provided by the Draw application functionality, as ProArtisan 2 eventually demonstrated.In 1989, RISC OS was provided with the Paint application on one of the accompanying application discs. It featured a multi-document, desktop-based interface with a range of elementary painting and drawing tools, also allowing images to be created in arbitrary sizes for any of the display modes, even permitting editing of images in display modes with different numbers of colours, albeit with limitations in the representation of image colours when the desktop mode had fewer colours available. Along with its companion applications, Paint supported the system's anti-aliased fonts and printer driver framework, and by embracing the system's user interface conventions, images could be exported directly to applications such as Draw by dragging an image's file icon from the save dialogue directly to the target application.Despite a trend of gradual adoption of desktop functionality, in 1990, Arcol from ExpLAN offered a single-tasking, full-screen, 256-colour editing experience using the lower resolution 320 x 256 mode 13, supporting only bitmap fonts. Aimed at educational users, its strengths apparently included real-time transformation of canvas areas, rapid zooming, and the absence of limitations on tools when zooming: arguably demonstrating more a limitation of contemporary packages with their own peculiar interfaces. ExpLAN subsequently released Arcol Desktop, although the \"desktop\" label only indicated that the program would multi-task with desktop applications and offer some desktop functionality, particularly for the loading and saving of images: the program still employed a special full-screen user interface, albeit allowing other 256-colour modes to be used, with the 320 x 256 mode of the original being the default. With expectations having evolved with regard to user interfaces and desktop compatibility, this updated product was judged less favourably, with the partitioning of functionality between the desktop and painting interface being \"awkward\" and the behavioural differences \"confusing\", leaving the product looking \"rather dated\" when compared to its modern contemporaries.In early 1991, in the context of remarks that, at that point in time, the Paint application bundled with RISC OS was \"the only true Risc OS art program\" operating in the desktop and not restricting users to specific display modes, Longman Logotron released Revelation, an application running in the desktop environment, providing interoperability with other applications through support for the platform's standard Sprite and Drawfile formats, with vector graphics import being provided by a companion tool, and utilising the system's printing framework. Apart from observations of limited functionality in some areas, one significant limitation reminiscent of earlier products was the inability to change display mode without affecting the picture being edited. This limitation was not convincingly removed in the second version, sold as Revelation 2 around a year later, with colours being redefined when selecting a 16-colour display mode while editing a 256-colour image, preserving the inability to edit 256-colour images in 16-colour modes. A further version update was delivered as the Revelation ImagePro product, being considered \"the best art package that I have used on the Archimedes\" by Acorn User's graphics columnist in late 1992.In response to the evolving competitive situation and market expectations, Clares released ProArtisan 2, a successor to its earlier product, in late 1993 as \"a completely new program\" with some familiar features from the company's earlier products but offering display mode independence, 24-bit colour support (including support for ColourCard and G8/G16 graphics cards), multi-document editing, and desktop compliance. The path editing tools familiar from its predecessor were supported using functionality from Acorn's Draw application, and the image enhancement capabilities had also \"undergone a major revamp\". At a reduced price of \u00a3135, and with use of the RISC OS desktop contributing to overall ease of use, the package was considered by one reviewer as \"the best art package around at the moment for the Archimedes\".Late in the Archimedes era, this being prior to the release of the Risc PC, a consensus amongst some reviewers formed in recommending Revelation ImagePro and ProArtisan 2 as the most capable bitmap-based art packages on the platform, with Arcol Desktop and First Paint also being reviewer favourites. With the release of the Risc PC and A7000, offering improved hardware capabilities and built-in support for 24-bit colour, the art package market changed significantly. New packages supplanted older ones as recommendations, some from new entrants within the broader Acorn market (Spacetech's Photodesk, Pineapple Software's Studio24), others coming from established vendors (Clares' ProArt24 and Longman Logotron's The Big Picture), and still others from beyond the Acorn market (Digital Arts' Picture). However, the platform and hardware requirements of such packages were generally beyond Archimedes era machines, demanding 8 MB of RAM or 24-bit colour display modes (using 2 MB of dedicated video RAM) in some cases. A notable exception was Studio24 which, having been significantly updated in its second version, was reportedly \"completely compatible\" with the earlier machines.\n\n\nVector image editing\nRISC OS was supplied with the Draw application, offering a range of tools for creating diagrams and pictures using vector graphics primitives, also permitting the incorporation of bitmap images and text into documents, and managing the different elements of documents as a hierarchy of objects. A significant capability provided by the application (and exploited by art packages) was that of B\u00e9zier curve editing, allowing shapes with smooth curves to be created, rendered and printed.The file format used by Draw was documented and extensible, and a range of tools emerged to manipulate Draw files for such purposes as distorting or transforming images or objects within images. Amongst them was the Draw+ (or DrawPlus) application which defined other object types and also added other editing features, such as support for multiple levels or layers in documents. DrawPlus became available in 1991 and was released \"at nominal cost\" via public domain and shareware channels. The author of DrawPlus, Jonathan Marten, subsequently developed an application called Vector, released by an educational software publisher, 4Mation, in early 1992. Described as \"effectively an enhanced Draw\", the program improved on Draw's text handling by allowing editing of imported text, continued DrawPlus's support for layers and object libraries, provided efficient handling of replicated or repeated objects, and introduced masks that acted as \"windows\" onto other objects. Priced at \u00a3100, even for site-wide usage, the software was considered \"ideal... for technical drawing, to graphic design and even limited desktop publishing\". A version of Draw was also developed for Microsoft Windows by Oak Solutions.A significant introduction to the Archimedes' software portfolio came with the release of ArtWorks by Computer Concepts in late 1992. Described in one preview as \"perhaps the easiest to use, but most advanced graphic illustration package, on any personal computer today\", ArtWorks provided an object-based editing paradigm reminiscent of Draw, refining the user interface, and augmenting the basic functionality with additional tools. A notable improvement over Draw was the introduction of graduated fills, permitting smooth gradients of colour within shapes, employing dithering to simulate a larger colour palette. The image rendering engine was also a distinguishing feature, offering different levels of rendering detail, with the highest level introducing anti-aliasing for individual lines. Aimed at professional use, and complementing its sibling product, the Impression desktop publishing application, 24-bit colour depths and different colour models were supported. A key selling point of the package was its rendering speed, with it being reported that redraw speeds were up to five times faster in ArtWorks on an ARM3-based machine than those experienced with CorelDRAW running on a 486-based IBM PC-compatible system. ArtWorks would have broader significance as predecessor to the Xara Studio application and subsequent Windows-based products.\n\n\nDocument processing and productivity\nAlthough document processing and productivity or office software applications were addressed by a few packages released in the Arthur era of the Archimedes, bringing titles such as First Word Plus, Logistix, and PipeDream, it was not until the availability of RISC OS that the Archimedes would see the more compelling software developed for the platform being delivered, with Acorn even delaying its own Desktop Publisher to take advantage of this substantial upgrade to the operating system.Alongside Acorn Desktop Publisher, Computer Concepts' \"document processor\" Impression and Beebug's Ovation provided a small selection of solutions in the realm of desktop publishing. Acorn pursued the publishing industry with software and hardware system bundles, with Impression typically featuring prominently, even in the era of the Archimedes' successor, the Risc PC. Ovation was eventually succeeded by Ovation Pro in 1996, offering stronger competition to Impression Publisher - itself the professional package in the range that had developed from Impression - and to industry-favoured applications such as QuarkXPress.Amongst a variety of word processor applications, one enduring product family for the platform was developed by Icon Technology who had already released a word processor, MacAuthor, for the Apple Macintosh. This existing product was ported to RISC OS and released as EasiWriter in 1991, fully supporting the outline fonts and printing architecture of the host system. Icon followed up to EasiWriter with an enhanced version (\"EasiWriter's big brother\") in 1992, TechWriter, featuring mathematical formula editing. Both products were upgraded to provide mail-merge capabilities - a noted deficiency of the first release of EasiWriter - and both provided convenient table editing, with TechWriter also offering automatic footnote handling, being promoted as \"a complete package for producing academic and technical documents\". Upgraded \"Professional\" editions of EasiWriter and TechWriter were released in 1995, with the latter adding the notable feature of being able to save documents in TeX format.Given the platform's presence in education, various educational word processing and publishing applications were available. Longman Logotron supplied a \"cost-effective introduction to DTP\" in the form of FirstPage, retailing at \u00a349 plus VAT with \"unlimited\" educational site licences costing up to \u00a3190. Targeting machines with only 1 MB of RAM, various traditional word processing features such as a spelling checker and integrated help were omitted, but as a frame-based document processor it was considered \"excellent value for money\" when compared to the pricing and capabilities of some of its competitors, even appealing to the home market. Similarly, Softease's \"object-based\" document processor, Textease, also had potential appeal beyond the educational market, freeing the user from having to design page layouts using frames, instead permitting them to click and type at the desired position or to drag and drop graphical objects directly into the page, providing a user interface paradigm reminiscent of the Draw application provided with RISC OS. Document layout capabilities were nevertheless available, supporting multiple column layouts, as were the traditional features such as spellchecking and integrated help absent from FirstPage. Pricing was even more competitive at around \u00a330, or \u00a340 with spellchecking support.Aside from the hybrid word processor and spreadsheet application, PipeDream, being released in versions 3 and 4 for the RISC OS desktop environment, Colton Software released a standalone word processor, Wordz, in 1993, with plans for companion applications and a degree of integration between them. The first of these companion applications was Resultz, and the two applications were combined to make Fireworkz, itself incorporating the editing capabilities of both applications within a single interface, offering the ability to combine textual and spreadsheet data on the same page within documents. Colton subsequently expanded the family in 1995 with the Recordz database product, combining it with the existing Fireworkz functionality to make the Fireworkz Pro product, this bringing it into direct competition with Acorn's Advance and Minerva's Desktop Office suites, but ostensibly offering a much deeper level of integration than those competitors. PipeDream itself was later updated to version 4.5, conforming more closely to the RISC OS look and feel, being initially offered as an upgrade for users of version 4.0.Acorn's own interest in developing applications led it to initiate work on the Schema spreadsheet application, only to disengage from application development and to transfer the product to Clares who, with assistance from the originally commissioned developers, brought the product to market. Despite its origins as one component in an application suite that was never delivered as envisaged, a cut-down version of Schema 2 was later incorporated into Acorn's Advance application suite alongside variants of Computer Concepts' Impression Junior and Iota Software's DataPower. Schema 2 itself was enhanced with a \"powerful macro language\" and released in 1994.In the spreadsheet category, Longman Logotron's Eureka, released in 1992, provided robust competition to Schema and PipeDream, seeking to emulate Microsoft Excel in terms of functionality and user interface conventions. The interoperability benefits of the updated product, Eureka 2, were later given as a reason for Acorn to adopt the software internally, acquiring a 300-user site licence and thus allowing its employees to convert \"substantial spreadsheet data which needed converting from Lotus 1-2-3\". Updated again as Eureka 3, with new features remedying \"what was badly missing in the earlier version\", but with the manual regarded as inadequate and with online help still absent from the application, the application was nevertheless regarded as the most powerful of the platform's principal spreadsheet offerings, attempting to be \"the Excel of the Acorn world\".A number of database applications were made available for the Archimedes, with Minerva Software following up from its early applications on the system, DeltaBase and System Delta Plus, with the RISC OS desktop-compliant Multistore in early 1990: a relational database with a graphical \"record card\" interface and report generation functionality. A broadly similar approach, albeit without any claimed \"relational\" capabilities, was offered by Digital Services' Squirrel database manager software, emphasising customisation of the presentation of data and reporting, but also introducing a flowchart-based method of querying, this feature causing one reviewer to regard the product as \"the most innovative database manager on the Archimedes\" with its usability being comparable to FileMaker on the Apple Macintosh.Aimed at the education market, with a focus more on \"computerised data handling\" than data management, Longman Logotron's PinPoint framed the structuring and retention of data around a questionnaire format, with a form editor offering \"DTP-style facilities\", and with data entry performed interactively via the on-screen questionnaire. Some analysis and graphing capabilities were also provided. A version of PinPoint would eventually be made available for Windows, ostensibly aimed at market research as opposed to education, as its producer attempted to broaden its audience and availability for different platforms.:\u200a288\u200a Also emphasising a desktop publishing style of presentation was Iota Software's DataPower, employing these facilities to customise record entry to \"make data collection as much like form-filling as possible\" and in the reporting functionality of the software.In 1993, Longman Logotron introduced S-Base, a programmable database offering the possibility of customised database application development. Described as \"a more disciplined, less graphical approach to database design\", the software enforced a degree of discipline around data type and table definition, but it also retained various graphical techniques to design forms for interaction with the database. Building on such foundations, programs could be written in a language called S to handle user interaction, graphical user interface events, and to interact with data in the database. Being compared to the contemporary DOS-based Paradox software, it was regarded as having more of an emphasis on \"database applications\" than actual databases, also being considered as similar to the contemporary RISC OS application, Archway, as a kind of \"application generator\" tool.DataPower, S-Base and Squirrel were all subsequently upgraded, S-Base 2 being enhanced with features to simplify the setting up of applications and consequently being regarded as \"without doubt the most powerful database management system available for the Archimedes\" due to its programmable nature, Squirrel 2 gaining relational capabilities and being recommended for its \"amazing flexibility\" and for its searching and sorting functionality, with DataPower being recommended more for \"the majority of users\" for its usability and \"attractive graphs and reports\".Despite spreadsheet and database applications offering graphing capabilities, dedicated applications were also available to produce a wider range of graphs and charts. Amongst these were Chartwell from Risc Developments and the Graphbox and Graphbox Professional packages from Minerva Software. Arriving somewhat later than these packages, being released by Clares in January 1994, Plot also sought to cater for mathematical and educational users by offering support for function plotting, this having been largely ignored by the existing packages which tended \"to be based on producing bar and pie charts from tables of figures\".\n\n\nFull-motion video\nWith the introduction of CD-ROM and the broader adoption of multimedia, Acorn announced a full-motion video system called Acorn Replay in early 1992, supporting simultaneous audio and video at up to 25 frames per second in the RISC OS desktop or in \"a low resolution full screen mode\". Unlike certain other full-motion video technologies, Replay offered the ability to read compressed video data from mass storage in real time and to maintain a constant frame rate, all on standard computing hardware without the need for dedicated video decoding hardware. The compression techniques employed by Replay reportedly offered \"compression factors of between 25 and 40\" on the source video data, with the software decompression requiring a computer with 2 MB of RAM or more.Given a slower access medium such as CD-ROM or floppy disk, video could be played back at up to 12.5 frames per second, with up to 25 frames per second from a hard disk. One 800 KB floppy disk could reportedly hold 12 seconds of video. In the introductory phase of the technology, support for Replay files was quickly introduced into hypermedia applications such as Genesis and Magpie, with software developers being the primary audience for the creation of content, largely due to the expense of the equipment required to capture and store large volumes of video data. Software developers would engage the services of a suitably equipped company to convert source material to digital form, with the Replay software then used to process the video frame by frame, employing image compression techniques and \"a form of Delta compression\", ultimately producing a movie file.Acorn's introduction of Replay prompted comparisons with Apple's QuickTime system which was already broadly available to users of Macintosh systems. Replay's advantages included the efficiency of the solution on existing hardware, with even an entry-level A3000 upgraded to 2 MB of RAM being able to handle 2 MB of data per second to achieve the advertised 12.5 frames per second playback. In contrast, a Macintosh system with 2 MB of RAM was reportedly unable to sustain smooth video playback, although audio playback was unaffected by the dropped video frames, whereas a 4 MB system could achieve 15 frames per second from a CD-ROM drive, although such a system was more expensive than Acorn's ARM3-based systems that could more readily achieve higher frame rates. QuickTime was also reported as only able to play video smoothly at 1/16th of the size of the screen, also favouring 32,000 colour display modes that were available on Macintosh systems with 68020 or faster processors. One disadvantage of Replay on the Acorn systems was the limitation of playback to 256 colours imposed by the built-in video system.Educational software and resources providers saw the potential of Replay to deliver interactive video at a more affordable price than existing Laservision content, although it was noted that, at that time, Laservision still provided \"the best quality, full-screen, moving image to date\". Opportunities were perceived for making compilations of video clips available on CD-ROM for multimedia authoring purposes, although educational developers felt that the true value of the technology would be realised by making video like other forms of information, permitting its use in different contexts and works and thus offering children \"control over the media\". Educators also looked forward to more accessible authoring possibilities, with children being able to record, edit and incorporate their own video into their projects. However, the expense associated with handling video data, with the storage of one minute of video estimated at 60 MB, combined with the expense of commercial video digitisation, estimated at \u00a3100 per minute of video, meant that such possibilities would remain inaccessible for most users at that time. Indications that this situation would change were present in the QuickTime market, with it already supporting the creation of short movies in conjunction with video digitiser cards and editing tools such as Adobe Premiere.Support for video authoring on the desktop emerged in 1993 with the Replay DIY product from Irlam Instruments: a single-width podule suitable for A540 and A5000 computers with 2 MB of RAM or more, these being the only models available at the time with the necessary performance. The podule accepted analogue video input from video cameras, recorders and laserdisc players, allowing the video to be previewed in a window on the desktop. While recording, no preview would be shown, and the hardware would digitise the audio and video input, transfer the data to the computer's memory, and this would then be sent straight to a hard disk. At its introduction, the video quality was limited to \"normal Arm2 Replay, that is 256-colour, 160x128 pixels at 12.5 frames per second\", although an upgrade to capture 25 frames per second was anticipated. Uncompressed video occupied around 21 MB per minute, but processing of such video using the provided Acorn Replay compression software would bring the size of the resulting video down to around 4 or 5 MB per minute. Compression was, however, relatively slow, since the compression scheme was asymmetric, meaning that decompression was fast enough to facilitate playback in real time, but compression could take \"a few minutes for every few seconds of video\". Nevertheless, the possibilities of video capture were predicted to \"generate and maintain immense interest in the classroom, or even at home\", and the digitiser's low cost (at \u00a3250 plus VAT) together with low-cost editing software such as Uniqueway's Empire (at \u00a350 plus VAT) was regarded as surprising, possibly in light of the high cost of services previously needed to achieve similar results.Further developments in the video authoring domain were brought to the platform by Eidos, who had developed an \"offline non-linear editing system\" around the Archimedes in 1989, involving the digitisation of source video and its storage on hard disks or magneto-optical media for use with editing software. Such software would be used to produce an \"edit schedule list\" based on editing operations performed on the digitised, \"offline\" video, and these editing details would subsequently be applied in an \"online\" editing session involving the source video, this typically residing on \"linear\" media such as tape. To support the more convenient offline editing environment, a highly efficient symmetric compression scheme known as ESCaPE (Eidos Software Compression and Playback Engine) had been devised, offering movie sizes of around 1.5 MB per minute. To remedy the time-consuming process of using Acorn's Replay compression software with the Replay DIY product, this being a consequence of the \"Moving Lines\" compression scheme emphasised by Replay at that time, Eidos introduced its own compression software for Replay DIY based on ESCaPE and given the same name. Together with the Eidoscope software, based on Eidos' professional Optima software, it was claimed that \"no other computer platform has anything to match in terms of convenience and sheer usability\" and that these developments would \"encourage a lot more Archimedes users to have a go at making movies\". In 1995, Computer Concepts offered a bundle featuring Eidoscope and the company's Eagle M2 \"multimedia card\" which featured audio and video capture, improved audio playback, and MIDI ports. Aimed at non-professional applications, Eidoscope was limited to editing movies up to a resolution of 160 x 128 and did not support time codes.\n\n\nDevelopment tools\nWith the introduction of the Archimedes, Acorn continued the practice established for its earlier machines of offering languages in addition to BASIC, albeit priced somewhat higher than the earlier implementations, these including Pascal, C, Prolog, Fortran and Lisp. Other vendors produced implementations of Forth, such as Silicon Vision's RiscForth, and Logo, such as Logotron Logo. Other Acornsoft languages such as BCPL and Comal were not ported to the new platform and had to be run under emulation. A Smalltalk-80 implementation was also made available by Smalltalk Express costing \u00a3620, offering the familiar window-based environment, but requiring a 4 MB machine and a hard drive.\n\n\nBASIC\nAcorn had always emphasised its implementation of BBC BASIC in its earlier machines, and the Archimedes was delivered with an enhanced version, BASIC V, that provided additional control-flow structures such as while loops, case statements, and multi-line if statements. Graphics primitives and operations were also accessible via special-case keywords such as ELLIPSE, CIRCLE, RECTANGLE and FILL, and the specification of colours was extended to access the broader colour palette supported by the hardware. Various commands were also added for sprite plotting and manipulation and to enable, confine, disable and read the position and state of the mouse pointer. Assembly language support was included, as it had been in the BASIC provided by Acorn's 8-bit models, with the language updated to describe instructions for the ARM processor instead of the 6502 (or other processor families) familiar from the earlier machines. Access to operating system functionality was provided from BASIC, with some of the demonstration programs provided with the Arthur operating system employing the font and window manager operating system modules, including the rudimentary desktop environment.The arrival of RISC OS brought the possibility of developing desktop, or WIMP, applications in BASIC and other languages. Being available as standard, BASIC was a natural choice for many developers of desktop applications, although \"the complexity of the Wimp\" and the need to defer to operating system functionality described in the RISC OS Programmer's Reference Manual, this consisting of \"a staggering 52 Wimp calls\", required some mitigation by tutorials seeking to guide programmers through the mechanisms and techniques involved. To ease the development of such applications, various products offering toolkits or libraries were announced, one of the earliest being Archway, this providing tools to define different aspects of an application, including window layout design and menu editing, along with BASIC library routines. More ambitious attempts were later made to extend BASIC to access desktop functionality. For instance, HelixBasic added extra keywords to BASIC V whilst also making it possible for traditional BASIC programs, including graphical programs, to run in the window-based environment transparently and concurrently.Although the performance of the supplied BASIC interpreter had been regarded as competitive, various BASIC compilers were produced for the system, such as Dabs Press' Archimedes Basic Compiler (ABC) and Silicon Vision's RiscBASIC. Both products focused on improving the performance of the input programs, but Silicon Vision subsequently introduced a separate product, WimpGEN, as an accessory for desktop application developers. This product provided window and menu editors that would generate BASIC source code implementing the functionality required to support operation in the desktop environment. Specific application functionality would then be added, and the resulting program could also be compiled using RiscBASIC before being run.BBC BASIC on the Archimedes was considered as a vehicle for cross-platform game development by David Braben and other developers before the Archimedes was released, Braben being the author of the three-dimensional Lander game supplied with the machine. Since the BBC Micro had been used as a development host for the Commodore 64 version of Elite and reportedly by Commodore to assist Amiga development \"in the early days\", a similar role was anticipated for the Archimedes in game development, this role also having the potential to expose games developers for established platforms (such as the Amiga, Atari ST, and the Sega and Nintendo consoles) to the Acorn machine. The ability to cross-assemble code in the BASIC assembler for processors other than the ARM was devised, and support from key individuals at Acorn was secured, but the company's management were reluctant to incorporate support for other systems in its product, thus curtailing the effort.\n\n\nC\nDespite the use of BASIC and ARM assembly language by some software houses, notably at Computer Concepts whose developers regarded the ARM processor as having been \"designed to be programmed in Assembler\" and where Impression and ArtWorks were implemented in ARM assembly language using the BASIC assembler, the use of higher-level languages such as C became increasingly desirable for productivity and portability reasons. That Acorn had been in a position to offer its own C compiler was reportedly the consequence of \"a stroke of luck\": this product having been originally developed by Arthur Norman and Alan Mycroft for a mainframe at Cambridge University and subsequently offered to Acorn.Acorn's original C compiler and assembler products were superseded by its Desktop C and Desktop Assembler products in mid-1991. These products comprised Acorn's Desktop Development Environment, aiming to reduce the time and effort involved in developing applications and modules along with supporting such activities in the desktop environment itself. Both products provided an enhanced version of Edit known as SrcEdit for source code editing that supported \"throwback\": navigation to locations in source code produced by other tools such as the C compiler. The Desktop Debugging Tool (DDT) was described as \"a rather impressive line by line debugger\" supporting breakpoints and watchpoints and allowing conventional application code (as opposed to modules) to be stepped through by \"actually stopping the desktop\", with control over this activity exercised through desktop-like windows operating separately from the actual desktop. Alongside compiler, assembler and linker tools, a build utility known as Make and supporting Makefiles was provided along with an improved version of the FormEd tool used for application window design. Desktop C cost \u00a3229 plus VAT, and Desktop Assembler cost \u00a3149 plus VAT.\n\n\nC++\nAcorn's C++ strategy was the subject of a degree of criticism. Initially, the company announced the availability of AT&T's CFront to its registered developer community, this translating C++ code for further compilation by Acorn's Desktop C product. Acorn followed up by offering a new product, replacing Desktop C, that integrated CFront 3.0 to support C and C++ compilation, albeit without support for exceptions. Feedback from developers had been negative, however, citing poor-quality code and slow compilation times, with developers apparently wanting \"a true native C++ compiler with good RISC OS environment support\". Despite the adoption of C++ class libraries on other platforms, Acorn chose to provide user interface component functionality using a collection of modules, known as the Toolbox, accessible at the system call level instead.\nApart from a port of the GNU C++ compiler, itself requiring at least 4 MB of RAM to run, the only significant competition to Acorn's C and C++ products were the Easy C and Easy C++ products from Beebug, with the former being announced in late 1993 as a Risc Developments product costing \u00a349 plus VAT. Priced significantly less than Acorn's compiler, Easy C provided a narrower range of tools, lacking the debugger of Acorn's product in particular, and had also not been validated as conforming to the ANSI language standard, unlike Acorn's compiler. Nevertheless, it did provide the essential compiler, assembler, linker and build tools, aiming to be \"an easy to use C development system aimed at the lower end of the market\". In late 1994, Beebug followed up by announcing Easy C++ in advance of the availability of Acorn's own C++ product. Easy C++ compiled C++ source code directly to ARM object code and supported both templates and exceptions. It was priced at \u00a399 plus VAT or \u00a349 plus VAT as an upgrade from Easy C. The product was seemingly positively received, with the developers having \"achieved the target they set themselves\" by delivering a native C++ compiler, although the lack of updated documentation and the need for further development to improve the product were also identified.Ultimately, the stated lack of a suitable C++ compiler and accompanying class libraries for the platform led prominent development houses to focus on products for other platforms and to abandon plans to release new software for RISC OS. In 1994, Mark Colton of Colton Software criticised Acorn for not complementing its C compiler with \"C toolbox\" libraries to assist with application development, and regarded Acorn as being \"at a standstill\" relative to broader development tool trends such as the introduction of Visual Basic and the increasing adoption of C++ together with class libraries for application development. Charles Moir of Computer Concepts justified the development of Xara Studio, a graphics application described as effectively \"ArtWorks for the PC\", indicating that only the larger market for Windows software could make the necessary investment in such a sophisticated application worthwhile. Since Windows development could leverage C++ and platform-specific class libraries, Computer Concepts had expected Acorn to deliver comparable tools and resources to make the development of such software possible on the Acorn platform \"to no avail\". Ben Finn of Sibelius Software indicated that Sibelius 7 had been a \"completely new piece of software\" written in C++, in contrast to earlier versions written in assembly language, primarily due to the difficulties of implementing requested features in such a low-level language. The portability of C++ software also permitted Sibelius to be made available for the PC and Mac platforms. However, with Acorn unable to provide a suitably updated C++ development suite, the company was unable to deliver its new product on RISC OS.\n\n\nHardware\n\n\nGraphical capabilities\nThe Archimedes machines (and their equivalents running RISC iX) used the VIDC1a video chip to provide a wide variety of screen resolutions, expanding on those available on the BBC Micro, including the following:\nSince the video controller would not support display modes smaller than 20 KB, the lowest resolution modes were supported in the operating system by employing modes with twice the horizontal resolution and duplicating horizontally adjacent pixels.The introduction of RISC OS brought support for a number of new display modes including the following:\nThe A540 and A5000 supported additional display modes:\n\nHigh-resolution monochrome display modes were offered by the A440, A400/1 series and A540:\n\nApparent confusion about monochrome monitor support upon the launch of the Archimedes models led Acorn to clarify that the A400 series had \"extra circuitry\" offering two additional display modes \"of up to 1280 by 976 in monochrome, and 160 columns by 122 lines of text, but only using a special monitor\", this being connected using two BNC sockets (one for signal and one for sync).:\u200a465\u200aThe A540 (and corresponding R-series workstations) offered three BNC sockets, adding one for a separate horizontal sync connection for certain monitors.:\u200a86\u200a Acorn suggested the 19-inch Taxan Viking and Philips M19P114 monitors,:\u200a78\u200a with the former being offered in a bundle with the R140 workstation. The Taxan Viking R140 product bundled the existing Viking product with appropriate cabling and produced a \"rock steady\" 66 Hz mode 23 display, albeit with mouse pointer corruption at the extreme right of the screen due to \"a bug in the VIDC chip\".The A5000 unlike its predecessor, the A540, did not support high resolution monochrome modes.\n\n\nGraphics expansions\nAn expansion to speed up the VIDC chip in the Archimedes from 24 MHz to 36 MHz was announced by Atomwide in 1990, offering higher resolution display modes for machines connected to multisync monitors. Although resolutions up to 1280 x 480 and 1024 x 640 were supported, flicker due to a decreased refresh rate was reported as a problem, with 1152 x 486 appearing to be more comfortable in this regard. The SVGA resolution of 800 x 600 was also supported in up to 16 colours. One side-effect of increasing the frequency of the VIDC was to also increase the frequency of generated sounds, since the VIDC was also responsible for sound generation. VIDC enhancers were supplied by some monitor vendors together with the appropriate cable for Archimedes machines, although fitting the device still required approved service work to be performed. Monitors such as the Taxan 795 Multivision were only usable in multisync modes without the VIDC enhancer whose accompanying software sought to \"redefine all modes\" to be compatible with the display as well as providing new modes.One drawback of VIDC enhancer solutions was the increased memory bandwidth used by the VIDC at its newly elevated frequency, slowing down machines when using higher resolution modes, particularly machines with ARM2 processors and slower memory busses. Consequently, other solutions were adopted to work around the limitations of the built-in display hardware, notably \"graphics enhancers\" such as the PCATS graphics enhancer from The Serial Port, and \"colour cards\" such as Computer Concepts' ColourCard and State Machine's G8 which provided a separate framebuffer, holding a copy of the normal screen memory, for use in generating a video signal independently of the system's main memory. This permitted higher refresh rates (up to 70 Hz) even for higher resolution modes, although the maximum size of the screen memory imposed by the VIDC (480 KB) also imposed a limit on available resolutions and colour depths, with 800 x 600 being the highest resolution 256 colour mode that could be supported. However, such cards were also able to support more flexible palettes in 256 colour modes than the VIDC, and for lower resolutions, greater colour depths offering over 32,000 colours could be supported. The ColourCard was reported to allow an ARM2 system to use a 1600 x 600 display mode with 16 colours (occupying 480 KB) with an operating speed of \"160% of the speed of the considerably lower resolution Acorn mode 28\", this being 640 x 480 with 256 colours (occupying 300 KB).State Machine, founded by former hardware designers from Computer Concepts and Watford Electronics, announced a range of colour card peripherals, starting with the G8 and G8+ in late 1992, followed by the G8 Professional, these cards being demonstrated at the BBC Acorn User show in 1992, as was the Computer Concepts ColourCard. One potentially significant difference between the different product ranges was the role of the VIDC, with the ColourCard employing a \"video switch\" that permitted the VIDC to generate an output signal independent of the card for traditional display modes, with the card only generating output for enhanced modes, whereas the State Machine cards were entirely responsible for output and thereby provided emulations of the traditional modes, this leading to a \"letter-box\" effect for some modes in early versions of the State Machine software and also causing compatibility issues with software, particularly games, that accessed VIDC registers directly to configure the display. Subsequent developments from State Machine brought the G16 card, offering application-specific support for 15 and 16 bits per pixel modes.Alongside bandwidth constraints, a fundamental limitation to the size of VIDC framebuffers was imposed by the memory controller, limiting the size of framebuffers transferred to the VIDC through DMA to a specific 512 KB physical memory region. State Machine's ColourBurst card, announced together with its G16 card, employed memory mapping techniques to provide 1 MB of video RAM instead of the 512 KB of earlier cards and thus supporting larger screen modes. The ColourBurst was, when reviewed in late 1993, the first 24-bit colour card available for the Archimedes, also supporting various upgrades including the \"video switch\" capability absent from earlier cards, PAL encoding, and other professional capabilities.Coincidentally, ARM Limited announced the VIDC20 - the successor to the VIDC10 in the Archimedes - at around the same time as the introduction of the Computer Concepts and State Machine product ranges in late 1992. By late 1993, rumours about Acorn's next-generation system (eventually released as the Risc PC), particularly 24-bit colour support, led to suggestions of improved support for higher colour depths in RISC OS, accompanied by the observation in the context of State Machine's ColourBurst card that \"it seems unlikely that another manufacturer will release such a powerful device before the launch of Acorn's new baby\". In late 1993, Computer Concepts announced the ColourCard Gold, developed in conjunction with Acorn to offer 15 bits per pixel support in the desktop environment. Meanwhile, State Machine announced the ClusterCard for 33 MHz A5000 models, plugging into the memory controller socket and supporting upgrades to 8 MB of RAM alongside graphics enhancements offering 1 MB or 2 MB of video RAM. The ClusterCard, employing the G335 Cluster Module was reported to be the first graphics card for the Archimedes series not requiring the use of the VIDC.With IBM PC compatible systems leaving the Archimedes \"well behind the competition in the display stakes\", the ClusterCard was seen as attempting a solution similar to a local bus architecture on the A5000, with the potential to \"transform the A5000 into a serious graphics machine, with possibly as good a display potential as the next Acorn series equipped with VIDC20s\". The launch of the Risc PC in 1994 demonstrated Acorn's successor to the Archimedes, to which State Machine responded with a product called ColourView, \"an all-new replacement for the original G8 and G16 State Machine graphics cards\", offering 16 bits per pixel desktop-compatible screen modes, with a modular version also available for the ClusterCard without the 1 MB framebuffer. The full version of the card was reportedly available for A300 series, A400 series, A5000 and A540 machines.Somewhat distinct from general graphics enhancements, various products were also introduced to support the broadcasting industry and other professional imaging applications. In late 1990, Millipede Electronic Graphics announced an imaging product called APEX (Archimedes P3 Expansion) featuring \"four P3 (pixel pipeline processor) chips, together with an Arm3 processor running at 27 MHz\". With support for \"broadcast quality graphics at 32 bits per pixel\", hardware support for windows and sprites, emphasising real-time image combination and manipulation, the product was aimed at professional users and priced accordingly, with the version providing 4 MB of RAM projected to cost \u00a32750. Nevertheless, a licensing agreement had been reached with Acorn to \"enable Risc OS graphics functions to be fully emulated\". Following up from this earlier product, Millipede offered an \"all new Apex Imager\" video card in early 1994 featuring the four custom chips, ARM3, FPA, and 16 MB of video RAM on a double-width podule costing \u00a33975, this being virtually unchanged from the pricing of the original product from 1990. This product appears to make extensive use of FPGA devices and offers numerous video input and output facilities. Apex hardware was used by the Eidos video capture and compression solution, Thumper, which ran on a Risc PC and was able to process \"MPEG 1 resolution video at full PAL frame rate in real time\", being regarded in early 1995 as \"the best digitiser for our needs on any platform\" by Eidos' managing director. Previous Eidos capture solutions used A540 machines with 8 MB of RAM.\n\n\nSound and audio\nThe Archimedes was capable of producing eight-channel, 8-bit, stereo sound, with the video controller chip being responsible for sound generation, it having direct memory access capabilities to independently stream audio data to the output circuitry.:\u200a2,\u200a21,\u200a32\u200a Some users sought to bypass the audio filtering circuitry to improve sound from the external audio connector.\n\n\nFloating-point arithmetic\nThe Archimedes did not provide hardware support for floating-point arithmetic as standard, but the system was designed so that one might be added, with a floating-point co-processor instruction set architecture having been defined by Acorn for programs to use. Accompanying this, a software module providing an emulation of such a co-processor, handling these additional instructions in software written using conventional ARM instructions. The co-processor was described as a \"cut-down\" ARM with only eight registers available instead of sixteen, offering instructions to transfer values to and from memory (supporting single, double, extended double and packed binary-coded decimal representations), to transfer values between the main CPU and co-processor, to transfer status information from the co-processor, to perform unary and binary operations on values, and to perform comparisons.In the first generation of Archimedes 300 and 400 series machines, only the 400 series had the appropriate expansion capability to add a floating-point unit (FPU) or co-processor, although the emulator was supported on all models. The expansion capability was retained in the 400/1 series. The FPU expansion card was delivered for the R140 workstation and 400 series in 1989, priced at \u00a3599 plus VAT, and was based on the WE32206, with a \"protocol converter chip\" being used to translate between the ARM and the WE32206. The WE32206 card was also offered for Acorn's Springboard expansion card for IBM PC compatibles. Reviews of the FPU were generally unenthusiastic, noting that Acorn's claims of an eight-fold speed-up were unlikely to be achieved in \"a practical program\", nevertheless reporting that programs performing repeated floating-point operations yielded speed-ups ranging from around four to sixteen times that of a base ARM2-based system. Somewhat more applied testing demonstrated speed-ups for benchmark programs of up to eight times, aligning with Acorn's claims, but contrasted these gains with the broader performance increases attainable from an ARM3 upgrade, these offering a more general four-fold speed improvement. Largely focusing on BASIC programming, one reviewer concluded that the FPU was \"all but obsolete\" with the availability of the ARM3 upgrade. Another conceded that some but not all C programs would benefit from the FPU since \"a good programmer will avoid using floating point instructions if at all possible\", suggesting that Acorn's R140 workstation would benefit more from the upgrade.The Archimedes models based on the ARM3 processor supported a completely new \"arithmetic co-processor\" or \"floating-point accelerator\" known as the FPA. Released in 1993 for the R260 workstation and the A540 and A5000 machines, priced at \u00a399 plus VAT, the FPA device\u2014known specifically as the FPA10\u2014was fitted in a dedicated socket on the processor card for the R260 and A540, or in a motherboard socket in the A5000. It offered a peak throughput of 5 MFLOPS at 26 MHz. The models officially supporting the FPA had been introduced some time prior to availability of the device, and various ARM3 upgrade cards for earlier models had also been made available with an FPA socket in anticipation of eventual availability. Fabrication of the device was performed by GEC Plessey Semiconductors and was reported to be in \"an advanced stage of production\" in early 1993. Availability remained unclear, with ARM releasing technical details indicating that the chip, at 134,000 transistors was reportedly \"Arm's most complex IC to date\" and comparing its performance at \"around 4 MFLOPS\" to the MIPS R3010 floating-point co-processor, whilst claiming a substantial power consumption advantage. Further details were given upon the eventual release of the FPA10, stating a 26 MHz operating frequency and a power consumption of 250 mW. Reception from major software producers such as Computer Concepts and Colton Software was cautious, with the former's products not making any use of floating-point instructions and thus not standing to benefit, and with the latter's using such instructions but indicating skepticism about any significant benefits in performance.Observations from testing the FPA10 confirmed that applications such as Resultz and PipeDream 4\u2014both Colton Software products\u2014and other spreadsheets, whilst ostensibly standing to benefit as number processing applications, exhibited \"no noticeable speed improvements\", this being attributed to these applications' avoidance of unnecessary calculation and the more significant overhead of servicing a graphical user interface. Other programs such as Draw and ArtWorks\u2014a Computer Concepts product\u2014used their own arithmetic routines instead of the floating-point emulator (FPE) and, as anticipated, were therefore unable to take advantage of the accelerated floating-point instructions. However, various free of charge or low-cost programs ported from other systems, such as POV-Ray, plus selected native applications such as Clares' Illusionist and Oak Solutions' WorraCAD, did exhibit substantial performance gains from the FPA with speed-ups of between five and ten times. The Basic64 interpreter bundled with RISC OS which was \"much slower than Basic V normally\", with the former using the FPE and the latter providing its own floating-point arithmetic routines, ended up \"slightly faster\" due to observed speed-ups of around four to around eleven times, with non-trigonometric operations benefiting the most. Programs compiled by Intelligent Interfaces' Fortran compiler were reported as running \"some routines up to 20 times faster with the FPA10\". The product was perceived as \"good value\" but having restricted usefulness with the general lack of support in many applications, these employing their own routines and techniques to attempt to provide performant arithmetic on the base hardware platform, and a lack of incentive amongst software producers to offer support without a large enough market of users having the FPA fitted.With the FPA10 having finally become available but only rated to run at 25 MHz, and with ARM3 upgrades being delivered at frequencies as high as 35 MHz, a higher-rated part, the FPA11, supporting 33 MHz operation was developed and apparently delivered in products such as a processor card upgrade for the A540. ARM3 upgrades were also produced with 33 MHz ARM3 processors, but unlike their 25 MHz counterparts which were available with FPA10 co-processors already fitted, these faster cards were not supplied with FPA11 co-processors, perhaps due to availability issues with the faster part.\n\n\nARM3 upgrades\nIn early 1990, Aleph One introduced an upgrade board for Archimedes A300 and A400 series models featuring the ARM3 processor which had been designed by Acorn but was sold independently by VLSI Technology. Although the ARM2 employed by current models could reportedly be run at 20 MHz, it was only ever run at 8 MHz due to external limitations, these being the speed of the data bus and of the \"relatively slow\", but correspondingly relatively inexpensive, RAM devices in use. The ARM3 incorporated a 4 KB on-chip combined instruction and data cache, loosening such external constraints and thus permitting the processor to be run productively at the elevated 20 MHz frequency. With a processor running at this higher speed, the overall performance of a computer with the ARM3 upgrade was reported as double that of the machine without the upgrade (\"on average, execution times were halved\"), with programs performing input/output benefiting rather less (\"a worst case of 30 percent improvement\"). Original A300 and A400 series models, as opposed to the A400/1 series, required an upgrade to MEMC1a. One hundred percent compatibility with the ARM2 was claimed, and a facility was provided to disable the on-chip cache and to slow the clock to 8 Mhz in order to handle software that ran too fast with the ARM3 running at full speed, but as originally provided, the ARM3 was not compatible with the existing hardware floating point co-processor solution due to the introduction of a different co-processor interface in the device, this interface eventually being used by the FPA device. The upgrade was introduced at a price of \u00a3684.24, with the MEMC1a costing \u00a357.50 for those users who needed it.By the end of 1991, an ARM3 upgrade had been offered for the A3000 by Aleph One in association with Atomwide and by Watford Electronics. Since the ARM2 was soldered directly to the motherboard in the A3000 using surface mounting techniques, the upgrade had to be performed by a fitting service, and prices included courier collection, fitting, testing and return within five working days. With the A5000 having been launched with a 25 MHz ARM3 fitted, these A3000 upgrade boards carried a processor running at this higher frequency relative to earlier upgrades. Originally, the Aleph One product had been priced at \u00a3468.83, but the announcement of a board by Watford Electronics led to a reduced price of \u00a3392.45. The Watford product had an introductory price of \u00a3274.95.Other vendors produced ARM3 upgrades. In late 1992, Simtec Electronics announced a board with an additional socket for the FPA device, thus allowing older machines to join the A540 and A5000 in potentially taking advantage of it. By this time, prices for ARM3 upgrades had been reduced to the point that this Simtec upgrade cost only \u00a3175 plus VAT. Competitors including IFEL and CJE Micros followed Simtec's lead and announced similar combined ARM3/FPA upgrades. In contrast, Aleph One stated that the FPA would \"not be available for a long time yet\", indicating the pursuit of \"a better solution based on the newer Arm600 chip plus an FPA\". Other vendors had apparently ruled out similar ARM600-based products on the basis of cost. In 1993, IFEL later announced a 35 MHz ARM3 upgrade based on a limited quantity - approximately 1500 - of available suitably rated parts, these having a ceramic package whose volume ruled out its use in machines with limited internal space, making the upgrade suitable for A300, A400 or R140 machines. A combined ARM3/FPA upgrade with the faster ARM3 was under consideration, although the lack of suitably rated FPA chips meant that a switch would be provided to manually change the clock frequency between 25 MHz and 35 MHz. A target price of \u00a3199 including VAT was estimated.Prior to the availability of the FPA, Simtec reduced the price of its combined ARM3/FPA board to \u00a3165 plus VAT. The company also released a \"turbo RAM\" upgrade for ARM250-based machines to provide similar performance benefits to an ARM3 upgrade, replacing the RAM with a faster type that then permitted the processor to be run at a higher frequency, thus pursuing the alternative approach to enhancing system performance (increasing both the processor and memory speed) to that pursued by ARM3 upgrades (introducing a faster processor with a cache). With the upgrade, performance of these machines was reported as increasing from 7 MIPS to 10 MIPS, this compared to almost 13 MIPS for a 25 MHz ARM3. By employing a 16 MHz clock signal, as envisaged by Acorn in the design of the A3010, in conjunction with dynamic RAM devices with a 70 ns access time, the upgrade provided a total of 4 MB of RAM and a 40 percent performance improvement. Unlike standard RAM upgrades, the turbo upgrade needed to be fitted at a suitable facility, and the board was priced slightly higher than a standard RAM upgrade at \u00a3129 plus VAT. A \"super turbo\" version of the board with 20 MHz crystal and 45 ns dynamic RAM devices was reviewed and apparently available subject to component availability, reportedly achieving 12.25 MIPS.Aleph One, having founded the ARM3 upgrade industry, found that increased competition from \"six or eight companies making Arm3 upgrades\" drove down prices to the point that \"margins fell, and the bottom fell out of the Arm3 market\". However, revenues from ARM3 upgrades allowed Aleph One to pursue the development of IBM PC-compatible podule expansions and eventually the PC processor card for the Risc PC, these having \"a higher intellectual content than Arm3 upgrades\" and being more difficult for potential competitors to make. Plans were indicated to develop a PowerPC processor card for the Risc PC. Neither the PowerPC upgrade for the Risc PC nor the earlier ARM600-based upgrade for the Archimedes series appeared, with Acorn itself abandoning plans to combine newer ARM600 or ARM700 parts with FPA devices to provide improved floating point performance.ARM3 upgrades were produced for several years, but with the ARM3 part being \"officially discontinued\" by its manufacturer VLSI in 1996, upgrade vendors such as IFEL were predicting scarcity and unable to guarantee further supplies of such products. Demand for such upgrades, even in 1996, was reported as \"steady\" with schools still upgrading \"batches of old A300 and A400 machines\". Later still, in 1997, Simtec announced a \"special batch\" of ARM3 upgrades for A300 and A400 series machines and the A3000, featuring a socket for the 25 MHz FPA10 or 33 MHz FPA11, with the former being supplied already fitted for a total product cost of \u00a3199 plus VAT.\n\n\nIBM PC-compatible podules\nAcorn initially planned to produce an IBM PC-compatible system on a podule (peripheral module), complete with 80186 processor (running at 10 MHz:\u200a12\u200a) and disk drive support. Subsequent pricing and competitiveness considerations led to the product being shelved. However, in late 1991, hardware supplier Aleph One announced a PC podule based on a 20 MHz Intel 80386SX processor with VGA display capability. Launched in early 1992, the podule fitted with 1 MB of RAM cost \u00a3595, whereas a 4 MB version cost \u00a3725. Known as the 386PC, the expansion was \"in effect, a PC within your Archimedes\" whose RAM could be upgraded from the minimum of 1 MB, the price of this configuration having fallen to \u00a3495 at the time of its review, to the maximum of 4 MB, with this configuration also being offered at a reduced price of \u00a3625. A socket on the board permitted the 80387 maths co-processor to be fitted for hardware floating point arithmetic support, this costing an extra \u00a3120. Integration of the PC system involved the Archimedes providing display, keyboard and disk support. In the initial version, the supplied 386PC application would put the Archimedes into dedicated display mode and thus take over the display, but subsequent versions promised operation of the PC in a window, much like the updated PC Emulator from the era. Screen memory requirements were around 256 KB for MDA and CGA, with EGA and VGA requiring another 256 KB. Separate serial and parallel ports were fitted on the expansion board due to limitations with the ports on existing Archimedes machines, but integration with those ports was also planned for subsequent versions of the product.Watford Electronics, in association with \"prolific ex-Computer Concepts hardware expert\" Chris Honey, announced a PC podule in early 1992, this effectively delivering \"a stand-alone PC\" within the host computer and potentially allowing two independent users with their own keyboards and monitors, although the PC system would be accessible via a desktop window and have access to RISC OS hard drive partitions. This product was apparently never released, however, and its designers subsequently formed graphics expansion producer State Machine. In late 1992, Aleph One reduced the price of the 386-based card by \u00a3100, also upgrading the processor to a 25 MHz part, and introduced a card featuring a 25 MHz Cyrix 486SLC processor, with the new card retaining the maths co-processor option of the earlier product. The stated performance of this new card was approximately twice that of the 386-based card but only \"40 percent of the performance of a standard 33 MHz 486DX PC clone\". However, upgraded Windows drivers reportedly allowed even the 386-based card to exceed the graphical performance of such a 486-based clone, effectively employing the host Archimedes as a kind of \"Windows accelerator\". A subsequent review moderated such claims somewhat, indicating a Windows performance \"not noticeably better than an average un-accelerated 386SX PC clone\", although acceleration support was expected to improve, with device drivers for various direct drive laser printers also expected. The product was priced at \u00a3495 for the 1 MB version and \u00a3595 for the 4 MB version, with a future revision of the product anticipated that would support up to 16 MB of RAM.In 1993, Aleph One collaborated with Acorn to produce Acorn-branded versions of the PC cards for use with the A3020 and A4000 which used a distinct \"mini-podule expansion system\". The 25 MHz 386SX and 486SLC cards were offered in this profile to provide DOS and Windows compatibility, branded as the PC386 and PC486, priced at \u00a3275 and \u00a3499 respectively. In late 1993, the supplied software was upgraded and discounts to the products announced, bringing the respective prices down to \u00a3225 and \u00a3425. Acorn also offered bundles of the A4000 with a hard drive and each of the cards. Coincidentally at this time, with speculation building about future Acorn computer products, Acorn's product marketing manager had been reported as suggesting that such products \"would have an empty Intel socket for customers to add PC Dos and Windows compatibility\". Such remarks were clarified by Acorn's technical director, indicating that an Intel \"second processor\" was merely an option in an architecture supporting multiple processors. Ultimately, Acorn would release the Risc PC with dual processor capabilities and support for using a \"low cost (\u00a399 upwards) plug-in 486 PC processor or other CPUs\" alongside an ARM processor.Redesigned PC cards were released in 1994, introducing the option of a faster 50 MHz 486SLC2 processor for a reported doubling of the performance over the fastest existing cards. Up to 16 MB of SIMM-profile RAM could be fitted, and a local hard drive controller was added. The supplied software was also upgraded to support Windows in a resolution of 800 x 600 at up to 16 colours, and optional network driver support was available to use the card as a Novell NetWare client and for Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Pricing remained similar to earlier models. Reported performance was better than the previous generation of cards but \"still slow compared to all but the most basic of modern PCs, but certainly usable\". The Windows User benchmarks rated the performance as similar to a fast 386SX-based system or a \"standard\" 386DX-based system, with the faster processor yielding a more favourable rating, but with the hard drive and graphics tests bringing the overall rating down. Use of a hard drive fitted directly to the card, using its own dedicated IDE interface, was reported as providing up to ten times the level of hard drive performance relative to using the system's own drive, but use of the SmartDrive caching software made any resulting performance difference marginal.\n\n\nParallel and data processing\nA range of podules providing access to parallel processing capabilities using Inmos Transputer processors were announced by Gnome Computing in late 1989. Aside from a \"Link Adaptor\" podule for interfacing to external Transputer hardware, the \"TRAM Motherboard\" podule combined the Link Adaptor's interfacing logic with the hosting of up to four \"TRAMs\" (Transputer plus RAM modules), providing a complete development system based on the Archimedes. Also offered was a \"Transputer Baseboard\" podule featuring a T425 or T800 with up to 8 MB of RAM. A single podule with four TRAMs, each employing a T800 processor, was stated as giving 40 MIPS of performance, with a hypothetical 160 MIPS available on an Archimedes with four podule slots.Digital signal processing capabilities were provided by the Burden Neuroscience 56001 DSP Card, originally developed by the Burden Neurological Institute as in-house hardware for use in conjunction with Archimedes systems but marketed by The Serial Port. This card was fitted as a single-width podule but, unusually, needed manual configuration instead of identifying itself to the host computer. The podule itself offered a 32 MHz Motorola 56001 digital signal processor together with 192 KB of RAM, two 16-bit analogue-to-digital converters, two 16-bit digital-to-analogue converters, and serial communications capabilities. A 25-pin connector provided the means to interface the board to other hardware. An assembler was provided, although this reportedly required Acorn's Desktop Development Environment to function, and software was also provided to interact with the board, view memory and register contents, and to visualise memory ranges in real time. Described as appropriate for \"high speed analogue data acquisition or output\" supporting real time signal processing, the product was considered \"a useful 56001 development test bed\", requiring a certain level of expertise, but was also considered good value at a price of \u00a3449 plus VAT.\n\n\nCD-ROM and related storage\nCD-ROM technology was introduced to the Archimedes range in 1990 with the launch of Next Technology's CD-ROM solution for the A3000 and earlier Archimedes models. Combining an SCSI interface and CD-ROM drive and supplied with a sample disc for a total price of \u00a3995, the solution provided a filing system so that standard CD-ROM media could be browsed and read like any other kind of disc. An application was also provided to play audio tracks on CD Audio and mixed-format discs through the drive's headphone socket. The drive itself used a caddy to hold the discs inserted into the drive. One limitation experienced on RISC OS was with the content on various CD-ROM titles, this often being designed for MS-DOS and featuring DOS-only software to offer search and database-related functionality. Next Technology aimed to remedy this situation by offering a service to let users create their own CD-ROMs at around \u00a3300 per disc, leading to the initial conclusion that schools and institutional users would benefit from the format much more than home users.Two years on from the introduction of CD-ROM products, adoption of the technology was still at a \"tentative state\", with \u00a38 million having been spent on equipment and an estimated 3,000 drives deployed in UK schools. Drive prices had fallen significantly, from around \u00a31,000 to \u00a3300 and with a further decline to \u00a3200 anticipated. As a significant technology in the delivery of multimedia content, the focus had shifted from merely using CD-ROM as a cheap storage medium for large amounts of graphics and text to aspirations of providing \"high-quality, full-screen graphics coupled with hi-fi stereo sound\" on CD media, with the principal challenge identified as being able to deliver compressed video that either a computer or a drive could decompress without compromising video quality or introducing incompatibilities between different manufacturers' products.Acorn's video solution for its own computers was the Replay system, introducing compression formats and associated software for playback and authoring. However, laserdisc technology, which had been used several years earlier by Acorn for interactive video applications, notably in the BBC Domesday Project, was still seen as being a \"promising rival\" to CD-based video formats, having finally \"become successful in multimedia training\" and by then \"being aimed at well-heeled home video enthusiasts\". Reservations about the read-only nature of CD-ROM discs was also seen as a \"wounding flaw\", leaving users to consider alternatives for convenient bulk storage, with magneto-optical drives emerging at this time. Nevertheless, CD-ROM adoption was seen as inevitable, particularly given the format's benefits for holding large amounts of text and making the searching of such text convenient, and with government initiatives having helped to make an estimated 100 titles available for both MS-DOS and RISC OS. The dual-function nature of the media and the ability to use drives to play audio also made such products generally attractive purchases, particularly for home users and with Photo CD also regarded as an attraction, although the introduction of Philips' CD-i and Commodore's CDTV risked a level of confusion in this market as well as presenting another challenge in terms of compatibility for Acorn's own products and technologies.Acorn would go on to announce Photo CD support in its products in early 1993, with operating system and application enhancements being delivered by the end of that year. Although the video and memory capabilities of the Archimedes machines were generally unable to take advantage of the higher colour depths or the largest sizes of the scanned images on Photo CD media, the introduction of future hardware from Acorn, featuring the next generation of video controller from ARM and supporting 24-bit colour displays, was anticipated. Support for multi-session CD-ROMs entailed some upgrades to existing SCSI interfaces as well as the use of drives with the appropriate capabilities such as Acorn's own Multimedia Expansion Unit.\n\n\nNetworking capabilities\nThe Archimedes was launched with provision for an optional Econet module to be installed, this module being the same as that used by the Master series. Acorn introduced Ethernet connectivity with the launch of the company's R140 Unix workstation, also offering expansion cards for Archimedes models. In 1992, Atomwide also introduced Ethernet cards for the traditional Archimedes expansion bus and for the internal expansion slot in the A3000. Ethernet could be used as faster medium for existing Econet-style networking, or the TCP/IP protocol stack could be employed instead. Acorn sought to introduce Econet functionality on top of Internet protocols with its Acorn Universal Networking (AUN) suite of technologies.Numerous vendors offered Ethernet expansion cards, such as Ant Limited (via Atomwide), Digital Services, i-cubed, Oak Solutions, and Risc Developments. Although compatible with AUN, some of the cards offered support for vendor-specific enhancements such as Oak Solutions' ClassNet and Digital Services' NetGain. Other networking approaches were available, including the sharing of hard drives using a SCSI bus, and emerging technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode were deployed on the Acorn platform, notably in SJ Research's Nexus product.\n\n\nBBC Micro interfacing and ROM software support\nAs a way of offering continuity with the BBC Micro and the user port, 1 MHz bus port and analogue port that were provided by the earlier range of machines, Acorn announced an I/O podule at the launch of the Archimedes, this being fitted with the 6522 VIA featured in the BBC range, with the possibility of upgrading the podule to provide a MIDI port. A ROM podule was also announced with the anticipation that users upgrading from the earlier machines would choose to fit their application and language ROMs in their new machine, these running under the 6502 emulator provided with the operating system.In early 1988, Computer Concepts announced its own ROM/RAM podule that was capable of accepting seven chips, each with a maximum capacity of 128 KB, supporting the use of installed RAM as \"a RAM-disc filing system\" with optional battery backup to retain the contents with the machine powered down. The company also announced the availability of its existing BBC Micro productivity suite for use with the board. Acorn also released its ROM and I/O podules in the first half of 1988. Other companies also offered I/O expansions, such as the Unilab I/O Box 3000 for the A3000 that provided three user ports, analogue port and 1 MHz bus port. HCCS and Morley Electronics supplied podules for the A3000 that provided user and analogue ports, with Morley's product also offering an I2C bus connector ostensibly for the use of subsequent peripherals from the company.\n\n\nList of models\nAlso produced, but never sold commercially were:\n\nA500: 4 MB RAM, ST506 interface, Archimedes development machine\nA680 and M4: 8 MB RAM, SCSI on motherboard, RISC iX development machines\n\n\nImpact\nA mid-1987 Personal Computer World preview of the Archimedes based on the \"A500 Development System\" expressed enthusiasm about the computer's performance, that it \"felt like the fastest computer I have ever used, by a considerable margin\", indicating that the system deserved success in the education market and might have more success than Acorn's earlier models in the business market, comparing favourably to the Mac II or IBM PS/2 80. Similar enthusiasm was reflected by the same writer in a Byte magazine preview of the A310 the following month. However, dissatisfaction with the availability of essential applications, such as the lack of a word processor specifically written for the system at its launch, and the incoherent user experience presented by early applications, highlighted perceived deficiencies with the product from the perspective of users and potential users.With the imminent arrival of RISC OS for the Archimedes, later coverage around the start of 1989 praised the desktop and supplied applications, noting that \"RISC OS is everything the Archimedes' original Desktop should have been but wasn't\", and looked forward to future applications from Acorn and third parties, only lamenting that it was \"a shame that this impressive environment was not in place at the Archimedes' launch, but it's still not too late for it to turn some heads\".By early 1991, 100,000 Archimedes machines had been sold, with the A3000 being the largest selling computer in UK schools, with Acorn's Archimedes and Master 128 accounting for 53% of sales in an eight-month period during 1990, and with the 32-bit machines \"outselling the Master 128 by a factor of two to one\". By mid-1992, a reported 180,000 Archimedes machines had been sold, again due to strong A3000 sales. By 1994 and the launch of the Risc PC, over 300,000 Archimedes machines had been sold, and the A3000 had become the fourth best selling computer in the United Kingdom. By the launch of the StrongARM J233 variant of the Risc PC in 1997, over 600,000 Archimedes, A-series and Risc PC systems had been sold.The Archimedes was distributed to varying degrees outside the UK. Enquiries about the Archimedes range were reportedly handled for the US and Canada via Olivetti Canada, with distribution and servicing in Canada being undertaken by Comspec in association with Olivetti Canada. In Italy, the Archimedes was promoted and distributed by G. Ricordi & C., by then a division of Olivetti, previously appointed as Acorn's exclusive distributor in the country.\n\n\nPerformance\n\nAcorn's original claims for the Archimedes noted a performance of 4 million instructions per second (MIPS), these reportedly being equivalent to DEC VAX 11/750 instructions.:\u200a12\u200a With the VAX 11/750 rated at 0.62 VAX MIPS, Acorn's claimed 4 MIPS translates crudely to around 2.5 VAX MIPS. However, the initial 8 MHz Archimedes 310 model achieved a Dhrystone score of 4901 (2.8 VAX MIPS), delivering competitive performance against more expensive contemporary personal computers such as the 16 MHz Compaq Deskpro 386 (priced from $6,499 including 40 MB hard drive), with the Compaq achieving a score of 3748 (2.1 VAX MIPS). (A VAX 11/780 running VMS 4.2 produced the baseline Dhrystone score of 1757 corresponding to 1 VAX MIPS, this also being used to calculate MIPS ratings for Dhrystone 2 benchmark results.)\nThis level of performance made the Archimedes one of the most powerful home computers available during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with its CPU outperforming the Motorola 68000 found in both the cheaper Amiga 500 and Atari ST machines as well as the more expensive Macintosh and Amiga 2000. Although an 8 MHz 68000 has a performance rating of around 1.2 VAX MIPS, the 68000-based Amiga 1000 reportedly achieved around 0.54 VAX MIPS when benchmarked as a system. In comparison, systems based on the 8 MHz ARM2, such as the BBC A3000, produced Dhrystone benchmark scores ranging from 4728 (2.7 VAX MIPS) up to 5972 (3.4 VAX MIPS), depending on the operating system version and display configuration.Performance improvements would be delivered over time for the Archimedes and its competitors. For example, the Compaq Deskpro 386/16 model was replaced in 1988 with a 386/20 model offering somewhat improved CPU performance (around 3.5 VAX MIPS) and in 1989 by a 386/33 model improving CPU performance still further (to around 5.9 VAX MIPS). Upgraded Amiga models also offered steadily improving performance, with the Amiga 2500/20 appearing in 1988 and the Amiga 2500/30 appearing in 1989, these delivering approximately 1.4 VAX MIPS and 2.8 VAX MIPS respectively, with an Amiga 2000 upgraded to a 33 MHz 68030 processor achieving a performance rating of around 3.0-3.6 VAX MIPS.The increasing performance deficit relative to the x86 architecture was somewhat reduced with the introduction of the ARM3 in 1990: an Archimedes system such as the A410/1 upgraded to use a 25 MHz ARM3 could achieve a Dhrystone score of 18367 (10.5 VAX MIPS), with the ARM3-based A5000 achieving a reported 13.8 VAX MIPS, rising to 15.0 VAX MIPS in its 33 MHz variant. ARM3 upgrades were initially rather expensive but decreased significantly in price and were available for all ARM2 systems, even the relatively inexpensive A3000. Thus, Acorn's ARM3-based machines, generally priced for business or institutional users, remained broadly competitive. Acorn's low-end A3010, fitted with an ARM250 processor, was capable of delivering Dhrystone scores from 5500 (3.1 VAX MIPS) up to 8871 (5.0 VAX MIPS), remaining competitive with upgraded Amiga models such as the Amiga 2500.\nWith development of ARM technologies having been transferred to ARM Limited as a separate company, the performance advantages of Acorn's ARM-based computers, maintained by the transition from the ARM2 to ARM3, eroded somewhat in the early 1990s relative to competitors using processors from established vendors such as Intel and Motorola, as new ARM processors gradually arrived offering more modest performance gains over their predecessors. With ARM Limited focusing on embedded applications, it was noted that \"the large performance lead Arm2 and Arm3 once enjoyed\" over contemporary Intel processors was over, at least for the time being.The introduction of the 68040, and particularly the introduction of the 80486 with its subsequent evolution, put ARM3-based Archimedes models at an increasing performance disadvantage. An Amiga 4000 with 68040 CPU (or a suitably upgraded Amiga 2000 and 3000) could achieve a reported 18.7 - 23.3 VAX MIPS, whereas Compaq Deskpro 486/25 and 486/33 models achieved a reported 14.7 VAX MIPS and 19.2 VAX MIPS with 25 MHz and 33 MHz 80486 CPUs respectively,:\u200a70\u200a with the introduction of 486DX2 CPUs at 50 MHz and 66 MHz during 1992 raising this to as much as around 30 VAX MIPS. Against such performance ratings only Acorn's Risc PC 600 (18.4 VAX MIPS to 21.8 VAX MIPS) fitted with an ARM610 CPU would be able to respond. However, by the time of its introduction in 1994, two years after the reported incorporation of the ARM610 in the Apple Newton, such performance had already been surpassed by Pentium-based models such as the Compaq Deskpro 5/66M Model 510 delivering 40.3 VAX MIPS.The floating-point arithmetic performance of the Archimedes was rather less impressive. The claimed performance of the FPA10 giving 5 MFLOPS, subsequently revised to \"around 4 MFLOPS\", may ostensibly have been broadly competitive with the MIPS R3010 in some systems under benchmark testing, with an A5000 fitted with FPA10 reportedly achieving around 4.3 MFLOPS, compared to various R3000/R3010-based systems achieving between 5.4 and 9.7 MFLOPS. However, unlike the R3010, announced in 1988 with claimed performance ratings of 4 MFLOPS for double-precision arithmetic and 7 MFLOPS for single-precision arithmetic, and available in workstation products the same year, the FPA10 was eventually delivered in 1993, by which time numerous subsequent MIPS products had been delivered with steadily increasing performance, diminishing the relevance of comparisons with the R3010. For example, the MIPS R4400, available from 1992, achieved around 26 MFLOPS when benchmarked in systems. In contrast with the declining competitive situation of the ARM3, the ARM3 and FPA10 combination did appear to rather more competitive with the 486DX2 systems introduced in late 1992, these rated at around 4 - 5 MFLOPS, but a year later these would be eclipsed by the performance of Pentium-based systems starting at 11 MFLOPS.\n\n\nEducation\nThe range won significant market share in the education markets of the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Acorn's considerable presence in primary and secondary education had been established through the Archimedes' predecessors \u2013 the BBC Micro and BBC Master \u2013 with the Archimedes supplementing these earlier models to see Acorn's products collectively representing over half of the installed computers in secondary schools at the start of the 1990s.In 1992, the Tesco supermarket chain initiated its Computers for Schools scheme in association with Acorn, offering vouchers for every \u00a325 spent in Tesco stores that were redeemable against software and hardware products including complete computer systems, with this promotional campaign taking place over a six-week period. Over 15,000 schools registered to participate in the scheme and over 22 million vouchers were issued during the campaign period, placing the estimated value of the distributed products at over \u00a34.5 million, although the actual value of distributed products was later reported as \u00a33 million. Tesco and Acorn repeated the scheme in 1993 on the basis of the response to the previous year's campaign, distributing software and hardware at an estimated value of \u00a36.5 million to over 11,000 schools including 7,000 computers, and even introducing Acorn computers to some schools for the first time.Despite the benefit to Acorn of expanding its customer base, dissatisfaction was expressed by dealers and software companies about the effects of the scheme, with anecdotes emerging of a reluctance to buy equipment that could be obtained for free, thus harming dealer revenues, although Acorn's education marketing manager argued that the scheme's effect was generally positive and actually produced sales opportunities for dealers. The inclusion of software products in the scheme was regarded by one commentator as harmful to both the companies whose products were featured, these \"not making enough profit from the transaction\", and to those whose products were not, these seeing potential customers choose their competitors' \"free\" products. Noting that the scheme was \"not purely philanthropic\", concern was expressed about the effect on the Acorn market and that schools were needing to \"resort to charities and publicity stunts to get the basic tools to do the job\". In response to such criticism, independent software titles were dropped from the scheme in 1994, which ultimately distributed products to over 10,000 schools including 4,000 computers, with a total of 15,000 computers having been given away over the first three years of the scheme.With Tesco having expanded its presence in Scotland through acquisitions, the Tesco scheme was extended to Scotland for the first time in 1995. Alongside updates to the featured product selection, the possibility was introduced of saving unredeemed vouchers for redemption in the 1996 campaign. By the end of the 1996 campaign, \u00a35.7 million worth of products had been distributed, with the scheme having distributed products worth a total of \u00a325.9 million, including 26,000 Acorn computers in its first five years.By the mid to late 1990s, the UK educational market began to turn away from Acorn's products towards IBM PC compatibles, with Acorn and Apple establishing a joint venture, Xemplar, to market these companies' products in the education sector as part of a strategy to uphold their market share. Through Xemplar's involvement in the Computers for Schools scheme, Apple products were featured for the first time in the 1996 campaign. Xemplar's involvement continued in subsequent years, introducing information technology training for teachers in 1998, and seeking to offer Acorn products in the 1999 campaign despite the turmoil around Acorn as the company sought to move away from the desktop computing market, subsequently selling its stake in Xemplar to Apple. In 2000, Tesco changed its partner in the Computers for Schools scheme from Xemplar to RM plc.Acorn conducted other promotional initiatives towards the education sector. The Acorn Advantage programme, launched in September 1994, offered a loyalty scheme whereby points were accrued through purchases and redeemed for \"curriculum resources\" that included non-computing items such as musical and scientific instruments as well as computer hardware. Several commercial partners were involved in the scheme such as Fina, which awarded vouchers with petrol purchases that could be exchanged for points, and the Midland Bank which would donate points to schools joining its Midbank school-based banking system. An Acorn-branded Visa credit card would also generate Advantage points for nominated schools.\n\n\nLegacy\nThe Archimedes was used by music composers and scorewriters to run the Sibelius scorewriting software.Between 1994 and 2004 the Archimedes and Risc PC models were used for teleprompters at television studios. The hardware was easy to adapt for TV broadcast use and cheaper than other hardware available at the time. Archimedes models saw use in other commercial broadcasting applications including scheduling and CD jukebox control for the Asda supermarket chain's in-store satellite broadcast radio channel.The performance and adaptability of the Archimedes range led these machines to be used in various entertainment venue applications and solutions. Tecnation's Bitbopper utilised video digitisers, genlock and MIDI cards in Archimedes 440 computers, integrating audio and video inputs under the control of a \"light jockey\" and producing audiovisual output via venue entertainment system installations, utilising projectors, displays and other effects equipment. Laser Grafx's Prisma system employed Archimedes 440 and A5000 machines to control laser effects installations at music concerts and nightclubs. A range of Archimedes and Risc PC models were used to control various aspects of the Quasar laser tag gaming experience, being introduced in an upgrade to the systems known as Chromaburst, itself subsequently being replaced by a more conservative solution using PC compatibles.\n\n\nSee also\nThe Fourth Dimension (company)\nRISC OS character set\nCategory:Acorn Archimedes games\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Ultimate Acorn Archimedes talk by Matt Evans\nAcorn systems page at Old-Computers.com\nAcorn Archimedes at Flatbatteries\nChris's Acorns: Archimedes"}}}}
part_xaa/acanthofrontia_atricosta
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthofrontia_atricosta","to":"Acanthofrontia atricosta"}],"pages":{"37779374":{"pageid":37779374,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthofrontia atricosta","extract":"Acanthofrontia atricosta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in the Gambia.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/accroche-coeur
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"19786477":{"pageid":19786477,"ns":0,"title":"Accroche-coeur","extract":"Accroche-coeur (english: Hanging Heart) is a 1987 French romantic crime drama film directed by Chantal Picault.\n\n\nCast\nPatrick Bauchau ... L\u00e9o\nSandrine Dumas ... Sara\nL\u00e1szl\u00f3 Szab\u00f3\nElisabeth Kaza\nZazie Delem\nCatherine Guillot\nCatherine Herold\nSean MacKeon\nGeorges Lunghini\nDavid Martin\nJean-Christophe Pastrain\nAlice Piguet\nJuliette San\u00e9\nCorinne Tell\nDolor\u00e8s Torres\n\n\nExternal links\nAccroche-coeur at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/acacio_gabriel_viegas
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acacio_Gabriel_Viegas","to":"Acacio Gabriel Viegas"}],"pages":{"2019044":{"pageid":2019044,"ns":0,"title":"Acacio Gabriel Viegas","extract":"Acacio Gabriel Viegas (1 April 1856\u2014February 21, 1933) was a medical practitioner who was credited with the discovery of the outbreak of bubonic plague in Bombay, India, in 1896. His timely discovery helped save many lives in the city and was credited with the inoculation of 18,000 residents. He was also the president of the Bombay Municipal Corporation.\n\n\nEarly life\nAcacio Viegas was born on 1 April 1856 in Arpora, Goa. After the completion of his primary education, he joined St Xavier's High School, Bombay, where he completed his matriculation in 1874 with a distinction. He then enrolled in the Grant Medical College, securing a First Class at the L.M. & S. degree examination held in 1880. Viegas then set up practice at Mandvi in the south Bombay area.\n\n\nAs president\nNot satisfied with serving the public only through medicine, he successfully contested the civic election from 1888 until 1907. In 1906 he became the President of the Municipal Corporation, enjoying the distinction of being the first native Christian to do so.\nHe was an active member of the Standing Committee and the Improvement Trust. He then focused his attention to improving the living conditions of the city's poor and down-trodden. He also tried to minimise the increases of public utility costs. As president, Viegas promoted medical relief and introduced compulsory free education.\nViegas was also a member of the Bombay University Syndicate, and was the pioneer of the Faculty of Scientific Technology. He also introduced Portuguese into the syllabus and supported the creation of special colleges for women. He was also an examiner in Medicine at the degree level and Foundation-Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.\n\n\nPlague\nIn 1896, a mysterious disease hit the city in the Nowroji Hill slums. The disease spread rapidly affecting many city residents and became an epidemic. Those in the medical field were puzzled by this disease which saw a mass exodus from the city. The city's commerce was badly hit, and the flourishing textile industry was grounded.\nViegas correctly diagnosed the disease as bubonic plague and tended to patients at great personal risk. He then launched a vociferous campaign to clean up slums and exterminate rats, the carriers of the plague.\nTo confirm Viegas' findings, four teams of independent experts were brought in. With his diagnosis proving to be correct, the Governor of Bombay invited W M Haffkine, who had earlier formulated a vaccine for cholera, do the same for the epidemic. Haffkine's vaccine saved thousands of lives with Viegas personally inoculating around eighteen thousand residents.\nAfter his death in 1933, a life-size statue of him was erected in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall opposite Metro Cinema on his birth centenary in 1956, by the Governor of Bombay Presidency, Harekrushna Mahtab, as a tribute to the services rendered to the city. A street in the Dhobitalao area is also named after him.\n\n\nReferences\n\nDr Acacio Viegas, Goan Achievers in Bombay, Dr Teresa Albuquerque, Goacom: Goanow \u2013 Looking Back (Nov 2000 issue)\nGoans are all over the world, doing all kinds of things (Archived 2009-10-24), Frederick Noronha\n\n\nExternal links"}}}}
part_xaa/abdelatif_chemlal
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdelatif_Chemlal","to":"Abdelatif Chemlal"}],"pages":{"8111955":{"pageid":8111955,"ns":0,"title":"Abdelatif Chemlal","extract":"Abdelatif Chemlal (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644) (born 11 January 1982 in Khouribga) is a Moroccan long-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metre steeplechase. His personal best time is 8:21.00 minutes, achieved in June 2002 in Seville. He represented his country in the steeplechase at the 2004 Summer Olympics, running in the heats.He was the bronze medallist in the steeplechase at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics. He followed this up with another bronze at the African Junior Championships in Athletics the next year. In 2004 he won a continental medal on the senior stage, finishing behind David Chemweno and Richard Mateelong to take the bronze.Chemlal was suspended by the IAAF from December 2004 to December 2006. He returned to international competition at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and ran in the heats of the steeplechase at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics.\n\n\nAchievements\n\n\nSee also\nList of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdelatif Chemlal at World Athletics"}}}}
part_xaa/actinella_obserata
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Actinella_obserata","to":"Actinella obserata"}],"pages":{"12648155":{"pageid":12648155,"ns":0,"title":"Actinella obserata","extract":"Actinella obserata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geometridae. This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adam_montoya
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Montoya","to":"Adam Montoya"}],"pages":{"41518066":{"pageid":41518066,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Montoya","extract":"Adam Montoya (born June 12, 1984), better known as SeaNanners, is an American YouTuber.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nEarly life and work\nAfter graduating from San Diego State University, Montoya did freelance work such as filming weddings. During this time, Adam, finding inspiration from other early YouTube gaming commentators, decided to record and upload his own game commentaries.\n\n\nWork with Machinima\nOn December 3, 2009, Montoya uploaded a video to his channel explaining that he was now partnered with Machinima, Inc. and that they would be posting his gameplay videos on their network channel. On June 14, 2010, Montoya posted a video to his channel stating that he was a full-time employee of Machinima.\n\n\nJETPAK\nOn November 5, 2014, Montoya announced that he and his associates had launched an multi-channel network, JETPAK. He wanted to create a network that did not contractually take advantage of YouTubers and their channels. The network is operated by former Machinima employees.\n\n\nThe Paranormal Action Squad\nOn November 2, 2016, Montoya announced he would co-star with Scott Robison and Evan Fong in a new YouTube Premium original series, The Paranormal Action Squad. The animated comedy aired on November 16, 2016.\n\n\nBreak from content creation and return\nIn 2018, Montoya slowed his YouTube video release rate from at least one video per week for most of his solo career to only releasing five videos in 2018. Montoya did not officially state anything about a permanent retirement, but in guest appearances on friends' videos, he discussed taking a break from YouTube and video creation to get \"passive income up and running, whether I'm doing this or doing that [...] looking heavily into real estate\". On August 29, 2020, during his return, he cited several reasons such as mental health and stress for his two-year absence.\n\n\nSee also\n\nList of YouTubers\nRooster Teeth\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Montoya at IMDb \nAdam Montoya's channel on YouTube"}}}}
part_xaa/abner_of_burgos
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abner_of_Burgos","to":"Abner of Burgos"}],"pages":{"9186620":{"pageid":9186620,"ns":0,"title":"Abner of Burgos","extract":"Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 \u2013 c. 1347, or a little later) was a Jewish philosopher, a convert to Christianity and polemical writer against his former religion. Known after his conversion as Alfonso of Valladolid.\n\n\nLife\nAs a student he acquired a certain mastery in Biblical and Talmudical studies, to which he added an intimate acquaintance with Peripatetic philosophy and astrology. He was graduated as a physician at 25, but throughout a long life he seems to have found the struggle for existence a hard one. He stated that his doubts arose in 1295 when he treated a number of Jews for distress following their experiences in the failed messianic movement in Avila. As Abner reports in his Moreh Zedek/Mostrador de justicia, he himself \"had a dream\" in which a similar experience of crosses mysteriously appearing on his garments drove him to question his ancestral faith.Not being of those contented ones who, as Moses Narboni says in his Maamar ha-Be\u1e25irah (Essay on the Freedom of the Will; quoted by Gr\u00e4tz, p. 488), are satisfied with a peck of locust beans from one Friday to another, he resolved to embrace Christianity though at the advanced age of sixty, according to Pablo de Santa Mar\u00eda (Scrutinium Scripturarum); according to other writers he took this step soon after he was graduated in medicine. According to the statements of his contemporaries, such as Narboni, he converted, not from spiritual conviction, but for the sake of temporal advantage. Something of the apostate's pricking conscience seems to have remained with him, however, although he was immediately rewarded with a sacristan's post in the prominent Metropolitan Church in Valladolid (whence he took the name of Alfonso of Valladolid). The argument that Abner converted for material gain is put into question by the fact that his post as a sacristan was extremely modest and he never, throughout his long and public polemical career after conversion (c. 1320\u20131347) advanced in his post to something more lucrative.\n\n\nPolemics\nAbner's most distinguishing characteristic was his use of postbiblical literature, including hundreds of Talmudic and Midrashic sources as well as much medieval Jewish and Arabic (in translation) literature, all in an effort to prove the truth of Christianity. Equally striking is the fact that he wrote his anti-Judaism polemics in Hebrew, unlike virtually every polemicist in the history of Christianity. His most major work, the Moreh Zedek (Teacher of Righteousness), which now survives only in a 14th-century Castilian translation as Mostrador de Justicia, is one of the longest and most elaborate polemics against Judaism ever written and is one of the key sources for the history of anti-Jewish thought in thirteenth and fourteenth century Western Europe. Abner's text rivals (and in many ways surpasses) the Pugio Fidei in length, complexity, variety of sources, and psychological impact, although there is no evidence that Abner actually knew of the polemical Dominican work.\nIn an essay entitled Minhat Qenaot (A Jealousy Offering), he argued that man's actions are determined by planetary influence, and he reinterpreted the notion of choice and free will in light of that determinism. Both his conversion and this defense of determinism aroused protests from his Jewish former study-partner, Isaac Pulgar, marked by great bitterness. Abner also exchanged a number of polemical letters with local Jews, which have survived along with the responses by each and the final riposte to all the letters by Abner, a short work known as the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot.\nAbner presented charges before Alfonso XI of Castile, accusing his former brethren of using the Birkat haMinim, a prayer-formula in their ritual which blasphemed the Christian God and cursed all Christians. The king ordered a public investigation at Valladolid, in which the representatives of the Jewish community were confronted with Abner. The conclusion was announced in the shape of a royal edict forbidding the use of the formula in question (February, 1336). He further accused the Jews, for instance, of constantly warring among themselves and splitting into hostile religious schisms; in support of this statement he adduces an alleged list of the \"sects\" prevailing among them: Sadducees, Samaritans, and other extinct division. He makes two \"sects\" of Pharisees and Rabbinites, says that cabalists believe in a tenfold God, and speaks of a brand-new \"sect\" believing in a dual Deity, God and Metatron.\n\n\nWorks\nThe following is a list of Abner's writings:\n\nThe Moreh Zedek (Teacher of Righteousness), surviving only as the Mostrador de justicia (Paris BN MS Esp. 43, consisting of a dialogue containing ten chapters of discussions between a religious teacher (Abner?) and a Jewish controversialist.\nTeshuvot la-Meharef (Response to the Blasphemer), also in Castilian translation, Respuestas al blasfemo (Rome. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS 6423)\nPolemical letters and the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot.\nThe Libro de la ley\nThe determinist philosophical work Minhat Qenaot (Offering of Zeal), surviving only in Castilian translation as Ofrenda de Zelos or Libro del Zelo de Dios (Rome. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS 6423)\nA Mathematical treatise Meyyasher Aqob (Straightening the Curve)Some of his lost works may include:\n\nA supercommentary on Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Decalogue, written before his apostasy.\n''Sefer Milhamot Adonai (\"Wars of the Lord\"). This too was translated into Spanish, by request of the Infanta Do\u00f1a Blanca, prioress of a convent in Burgos, under the similar title \"Las Batallas de Dios.\"\nLa Concordia de las Leyes, an attempt to provide Old Testament foundations for Christian dogmas. According to Reinhardt and Santiago (p. 86, n. 10.4) this text is found in Paris BN MS Esp. 43.\nIggeret ha-Gezerah (Epistle on Fate).Some of the works falsely attributed to him include:\n\nLibro de las tres gracias, Madrid Biblioteca Nacional MS 9302 (Kayserling). The title is a misreading of Libro de las tres creencias. According to Reinhardt and Santiago (pp. 86\u201388, n. 10.5) the text is also found in Escorial MSS h.III.3 and P.III.21, where it is called the Libro declarante.\nLibro de las hadas (also attributed to the Pseudo-San Pedro Pascual). According to Reinhardt and Santiago (p. 88, n. 10.6) this text is also found in Escorial MSS h.III.3 and P.III.21\nSermones a los moros y judios. Found as anonymous in Soria: Casa de la Cultura, MS 25-H (Reinhardt and Santiago, p. 314, n. 143.6)\nThe Epistola Rabbi Samualis and Disputatio Abutalib of Alfonsus Bonihiminis.\n\n\nSee also\nCriticism of Judaism\nPetrus Alfonsi\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences\nAbner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid. Meyyasher Aqob. Ed. G. M. Gluskina. Moscow, 1983.\n---. Mostrador de Justicia. Ed. Walter Mettmann. 2 vols. Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westf\u00e4lischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 92/1-2. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1994; 1996.\n---. Teshuvot la-Meharef. In \"The Polemical Exchange between Isaac Pollegar and Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid according to Parma MS 2440 'Iggeret Teshuvat Apikoros' and 'Teshuvot la-Meharef'.\u201d Ed. and Trans. Jonathan Hecht. Diss. New York University, 1993.\n---. T\u011bshuvot la-M\u011bharef. Spanische Fassung. Ed. Walter Mettmann. Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westf\u00e4lischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 101. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998.\nGershenzon, Shoshanna. \"A Study of Teshuvot la-meharef by Abner of Burgos.\" Diss. Jewish Theological Seminary of New York, 1984.\nHeinrich Gr\u00e4tz, Gesch. d. Juden, 3rd ed., vii.289-293.\nMeyer Kayserling, Biblioteca Esp.-Port. Judaica, p. 114.\nLoeb, \"La Controverse Religieuse,\" in Rev. de l'Histoire des Religions, xviii.142, and in \"Pol\u00e9mistes Chr\u00e9tiens et Juifs,\" in Rev. \u00c9t. Juives, xviii.52.\nReinhardt, Klaus, and Horacio Santiago-Otero. Biblioteca b\u00edblica ib\u00e9rica medieval. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 1986.\nSainz de la Maza Vicioso, Carlos. \"Alfonso de Valladolid: Edici\u00f3n y estudio del manuscrito lat. 6423 de la Biblioteca Apost\u00f3lica Vaticana.\" Diss. U. Complutense, 1990. Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Reprograf\u00eda, 1990.\nSzpiech, Ryan. Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.---. \"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-Century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Moreh Zedek/Mostrador de justicia of Abner of Burgos/ Alfonso of Valladolid.\" Diss. Yale University, 2006.\n\n\nExternal links\n\t Ryan Szpiech, \"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-Century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Mostrador de justicia of Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid.\"\nRyan Szpiech, Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic.\nSadik, Shalom. \"Abner of Burgos\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy."}}}}
part_xaa/acyldepsipeptide_antibiotics
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acyldepsipeptide_antibiotics","to":"Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics"}],"pages":{"42911578":{"pageid":42911578,"ns":0,"title":"Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics","extract":"Acyldepsipeptide or cyclic acyldepsipeptide (ADEP) is a class of potential antibiotics first isolated from bacteria and act by deregulating the ClpP protease. Natural ADEPs were originally found as products of aerobic fermentation in Streptomyces hawaiiensis, A54556A and B, and in the culture broth of Streptomyces species, enopeptin A and B. ADEPs are of great interest in drug development due to their antibiotic properties and thus are being modified in attempt to achieve greater antimicrobial activity.The potential role of ADEPs in combating antibiotic drug resistance is postulated due to their novel mode of action that other antibiotics are not known to use, activation of casein lytic protease (ClpP) which is an important bacterial protease. Most antibiotics work through inhibitory processes to establish cell death, while ADEPs actually work through activation of the protease to cause uncontrolled protein degradation, inhibition of cell division, and subsequent cell death. They largely affect Gram-positive bacteria and could be of great use to target antibiotic resistant microbes such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and others. Despite the potential use of ADEP, possible resistance has been examined in certain species.\n\n\nMechanism\n\nADEP antibiotics can be used to defeat resistant bacterial infections. They bind to ClpP and allow the protease to degrade proteins without the help of an ATPase. ADEP4/ClpP complexes target primarily newly formed proteins, and FtsZ which allows cell division. ClpP active form is a tetradecamer composed of two heptamers to which 14 ADEPs bind to.\n\nADEPs bind in the cavities formed by two ClpP monomers. Their binding site is composed of hydrophobic residues and corresponds to the binding sites of ClpP ATPases. Upon binding, a series of secondary structures shifts occur from the outer region to the center of ClpP. This puts the flexible N-terminal \u03b2-loop, into a disordered state. The \u03b2-loops normally form a gate above the proteolytic channel and prevent proteins from randomly passing through. They are critical for ClpP interaction with its substrate and ATPases. When ADEP binds, the \u03b2-loops shift outward and this is accompanied by the shifts of two \u03b1-helices (\u03b11 and \u03b12), four \u03b2-strands (\u03b21, \u03b22, \u03b23 and \u03b25) and other loops which lead to the opening of the ClpP pore. In summary, ADEP4 deregulates ClpP function and changes it from a closed state to an open one. At this point its specific proteolytic activity becomes a less controlled process, with the destruction of proteins that are around in the targeted cell.\nThe peptidase ClpP is highly conserved throughout organisms and is tightly regulated. Without activation, ClpP in normal conditions can degrade short peptides that freely diffuse into its inner degradation chamber. Clp-family proteins are ATP-dependent proteases which play a crucial role in the cell function by degrading misfolded proteins. ClpP is a monomer on its own but oligomerizes into tetradecamers when bound to ATPases. It needs an ATPase to identify, unfold, and transfer targeted big proteins into its proteolytic channel. In fact, ClpP on its own can only degrade peptides that are up to six amino acids long.\nADEP binding induces ClpP proteolytic activation that leads to the proteins degradation in the cell, especially nascent proteins and the Ftsz protein which is an important protein in cell division. This potentially leads to cell death and is the reason why ADEP is a promising technique for drug development.\nFor folded proteins, unfolded proteins, and long peptides, ClpP must be activated by a protein in the family of ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA proteins), such as ClpA, ClpX, or ClpC. These chaperone proteins are responsible for hydrolyzing ATP to ADP, harnessing the energy, and then taking folded proteins and unfolding them. Next, Clp-ATPases slip the unfolded proteins into the degradation chamber within ClpP, allowing for processive degradation of the substrate. This process is tightly regulated with the hydrolysis of ATP to prevent uncontrolled protein or peptide degradation that would be harmful to the cell.In contrast, ADEP activates ClpP without the need for ATP hydrolysis, causing degradation of unfolded proteins and peptides within the cell at uncontrolled rates. ADEPs are thought to bind slightly cooperatively on the surface of each ClpP ring in its hydrophobic pockets and have allosteric effects in activation of ClpP. This binding initiates ClpP to undergo a conformational change such that its N-terminal region opens up its axial pore to allow for partial degradation of products, as compared to progressive degradation with ClpA. ADEP activation of ClpP does not allow for folded protein degradation, but even with unfolded protein and peptide degradation, ADEP still causes bacterial cell death.Research has shown that ADEP-activated ClpP targets cell division rather than metabolic processes. ADEP appears to initiate ClpP to preferably degrade FtsZ, an important bacterial protein involved in septum formation that is necessary for bacterial cell division. As a result, Gram-positive bacteria treated with ADEPs form long filaments before cell death.\n\n\nAdvantages\nWhen bacteria are exposed to antibiotics they can become resistant or tolerant to the antibiotic. ADEPs have a great potential for clinical application due to their high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, and other pathogens that are found in biofilms and chronic infections. Their effectiveness increases when combined with different antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, linezolid, vancomycin or rifampicin. Additional studies should focus more on the toxicity of ADEPs and their implementation for clinical use.\n\n\nApplications\nAfter the dysregulation of bacterial proteolytic machinery by a new class of antibiotics was published in the Journal Nature, many scientists started to study this antibiotic. Most of the experiments are focused on how the ADEPs/ClpP complex work, and the functional difference between ADEP and its synthetic congeners.\nIn 2011, P. Sass and co-workers performed a research focusing in the interaction and function of ADEPs and ClpP. They induced ADEP into Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae to identify how ADEP leads to the death of bacteria. The results demonstrated that ADEP is perturbing bacterial cell division. To identify the reason why ADEP inhibited cell division, researchers monitored septum formation and nucleoid segregation in ADEP B. subtilis and ADEP S. aureus. The S. aureus and B. subtilis samples gave equivalent results. This part showed the importance of wild type of ClpP and inhibition of septum formation is by direct interference of ADEP with the cell division components. Localization studies by GFP-labeled cell divisions proteins demonstrated that ADEP causes delocalization of Ftsz and inhibition of Z-Ring assembly in both species. The impact of ADEP in \u2206clpX mutant indicated that ADEP is affecting cell division and that it also inhibits Z-ring assembly. Finally researchers repeat the experiment with \u2206ClpP mutant to confirm that the presence of ADEP decreases abundance of FtsZ through ClpP degradation.\nIn 2013, scientists at Northeastern University performed an experiment focused on how ADEP 4/ClpP works. The experimental results showed the efficiency of ADEP4 when it is combined with other antibiotics. Researchers monitored the amount of trypic peptides, and found out that ADEP4/ClpP induces peptide degradation in a biofilm system. By using Mueller-Hinton broth they demonstrated that ADEP 4 was more effective than other antibiotics such as rifampicin or vancomycin. However, they observed the same trends where ADEP4 combined to rifampicin is more effective and actually eradicates all stationary phases. The in vitro results showed the efficiency of ADEP 4 in mice infected with 4 different strains S. aureus, the laboratory strain SA113, and clinical isolates USA300, UAMS-1 and strain 37.\n\n\nChemistry\nADEPs are naturally occurring antibiotics. Certain bacteria produce them as defense mechanism in antagonist bacterial interactions. For instance, Streptomyces species produce them as secondary metabolites.\n\nThere are 6 forms of acyl depsipeptides that are distinguishable by their chemical structure and function. ADEPs generally differ by one or two functional groups that give some of them more flexibility, and stability. Their chemical structures are derived from ADEP 1 and are slightly different from one another. For instance, the only difference between ADEP 2 and ADEP 3 is the conformation of the difluorophenylalanine side chain. ADEP 2 has an S configuarion while ADEP 3 has an R configuarion.\n\n\nMolecular modification\nIn order to develop a useful antibiotic, ADEP continues to be modified for greater antimicrobial activity and stability. By restricting components of ADEP to decrease the molecule's flexibility, binding was enhanced and antimicrobial activity significantly increased. Specific amino acids essential to the peptidolactone core of ADEP were altered and restricted, causing stabilization of ADEP in a bioactive conformation. In fact, the conformational restrictions of ADEP resulted in its ability to activate ClpP increasing seven-fold and its antimicrobial activity 1200-fold. Research on altering ADEP molecules continues in attempt to construct a new antibiotic for public use.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nMolecular description of ADEP1"}}}}
part_xaa/accidental_life
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Accidental_Life","to":"Accidental Life"}],"pages":{"28467514":{"pageid":28467514,"ns":0,"title":"Accidental Life","extract":"Accidental Life (Slu\u010dajni \u017eivot) is a 1969 Yugoslav drama film directed by Ante Peterli\u0107, starring Dragutin Klobu\u010dar, Ivo Serdar, Ana Kari\u0107 and Zvonimir Rogoz.\nAn existential study of ordinary lives led by two alienated urban white collar workers whose friendship gets unsettled by a woman, Accidental Life was the only feature film of Ante Peterli\u0107, Croatian film theorist and film critic. The film received mediocre reviews and went largely unnoticed after its release, but has been reevaluated decades later as one of the best Croatian films ever made.\n\n\nPlot\nFilip (Dragutin Klobu\u010dar) and Stanko (Ivo Serdar) are two young clerks who share an office in a nondescript company. The two are also amateur rowers who train together. Their personalities are quite different: while Filip is fastidious, serious in relationships with women, and somewhat introverted and sensitive, Stanko is a womanizer and prone to shirking his duties at work. Still, they spend most of their time together, rowing on the Sava river in the morning, collaborating in the office during the day, and going out in the evening looking for female company - all trying desperately to escape from the tedium of everyday life. They see their senior colleague Jurak (Zvonimir Rogoz) as a dinosaur, dreading the possibility of becoming like him as they grow older.\nFilip falls in love with an attractive female coworker and, as the events gradually unfold, differences in character between the two men create a simmering conflict...\n\n\nBackground and production\nBy the time Ante Peterli\u0107 set out to direct Accidental Life, his debut feature film, he was already well known as a prominent young film critic, and a professor of film theory at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb. In the 1960s he directed his first short TV drama, and was active as an assistant director in several feature films and documentaries, working also as a script doctor.The role of Stanko was initially intended for Zvonimir \u010crnko, but he was busy shooting a TV series, so Peterli\u0107 opted for Dragutin Klobu\u010dar. However, he felt that Klobu\u010dar was better suited for the character of Filip, the more introverted protagonist, so Stanko's role ultimately went to Ivo Serdar.Due to budget constraints, the film was shot quickly, with a small crew. Peterli\u0107 likened the near-amateur filming conditions to those prevalent in the French New Wave, his main influence at the time. Still, he saw Accidental Life as a work that, rather than being a New Wave film per se, projected a New-Wave-like atmosphere by \"striving to tell the truth about its times and about my generation by using a more modern way of storytelling\".\n\n\nThemes and style\nCroatian film critic Jurica Pavi\u010di\u0107 describes Accidental Life as typical in many respects for the Croatian cinema of the late 1960s, which was increasingly moving away from historical, rural settings and adopting urban themes and sensibilities. The two protagonists are members of the \"lost generation\" who are urban loners with no ambition or direction in life. They are also - as noted by film critic Slaven Ze\u010devi\u0107 - uprooted people with no past, which makes them an oddity in a still traditional society which highly values family background and kinship.The film's portrayal of a faceless, dehumanized workplace is highly reminiscent of Il Posto, a 1961 film by Ermanno Olmi. Accidental Life thus largely reflected the modernist sensibilities of its era, but opted for a classicist visual approach. As a fan of Howard Hawks and John Ford, Peterli\u0107 preferred the subtle, \"invisible\" style of directing - using simple, functional shots - over the more extravagant modernist film techniques.\n\n\nReception\nAccidental Life was shown at the Pula Film Festival, receiving mediocre reviews from the critics. During its five-week theatrical run in Gri\u010d Cinema in Zagreb, the film's earnings recovered its budget. It went largely unnoticed in Yugoslavia, despite receiving multiple recommendations in Cahiers du cin\u00e9ma, the renowned French film magazine.A possible reason for the film's tepid reception is because it did not really belong to any of the established movements in cinema of the era: it was far from populist storytelling, yet - with its absence of pronounced symbolism, original motifs, or more extravagant camera and editing work - seemed too bland for the proponents of modernist cinema. Peterli\u0107's student and fellow film theorist Hrvoje Turkovi\u0107 found some reactions to the film to be malicious, arguing that Peterli\u0107's earlier work as a film critic motivated many to use the opportunity to \"get even\".Peterli\u0107 did not return to directing, and Accidental Life remained his only feature film. As his academic career was taking off, he felt that it made no sense to pursue film directing, a field in which his contributions were not appreciated. Ultimately, Peterli\u0107 came to be best known for his scholarly work, which earned him the title of the \"father of Croatian film studies\".Largely forgotten for decades, Accidental Life has been reevaluated in a much more favorable light in the 1990s, when it began to appear in several critics' all-time top lists of Croatian films. In a 1999 poll among 44 Croatian film critics and film historians, Accidental Life placed 17th in the list of all-time best Croatian films. In 2008 the film was released on DVD.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAccidental Life at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/abelardo_fernandez
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abelardo_Fern\u00e1ndez","to":"Abelardo Fern\u00e1ndez"}],"pages":{"5571294":{"pageid":5571294,"ns":0,"title":"Abelardo Fern\u00e1ndez","extract":"Abelardo Fern\u00e1ndez Antu\u00f1a (Spanish pronunciation: [a\u03b2e\u02c8la\u027e\u00f0o fe\u027e\u02c8nande\u03b8 an\u02c8tu\u0272a]; born 19 April 1970), known simply as Abelardo as a player, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central defender, currently the manager of Sporting de Gij\u00f3n.\nA player with good heading and marking ability, he was also known for a distinctive bald head, a style which he adopted from a relatively young age. During his career he was almost exclusively associated with Sporting de Gij\u00f3n and Barcelona, having amassed La Liga totals of 385 matches and 24 goals over 14 seasons, and also managed the former club for three years.\nHaving won more than 50 caps for Spain in one full decade, Abelardo represented the nation in two World Cups and as many European Championships.\n\n\nPlaying career\n\n\nClub\nBorn in Gij\u00f3n, Asturias, Abelardo started his professional career with local Sporting de Gij\u00f3n, with which he made his La Liga debuts. Signing with FC Barcelona for the 1994\u201395 season in a 275 million pesetas deal, he was always an important first-team element, helping the Catalans to two leagues, cups and supercups, adding another two European trophies. However, he was greatly hampered by injuries in his final years at the Camp Nou.Aged 32, Abelardo joined Deportivo Alav\u00e9s, initially signing a two-year deal but retiring after just one season due to a recurrent knee injury, which had already bothered him at Barcelona.\n\n\nInternational\nAbelardo made his debut for the Spain national team on 4 September 1991, in a friendly against Uruguay in Oviedo. He went on to appear in a further 53 games and score three goals, being a participant at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 1996 and 2000.\nAbelardo was also an essential member of the squad that won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, netting in both the semi-finals (2\u20130, Ghana) and the final (3\u20132 over Poland). On 28 December 2002 he played for the Asturias regional team in a friendly against Honduras in Avil\u00e9s, and scored the opening goal of a 5\u20133 win.\n\n\nInternational goals\n\n\nCoaching career\nSubsequently, Fern\u00e1ndez took up coaching, starting with his first club's B-side in 2008. Midway through his second year he was fired, with the team managing to retain their third division status nonetheless. In May 2010, he moved to neighbouring amateurs Cand\u00e1s CF.Fern\u00e1ndez signed for CD Tuilla for the 2011\u201312 campaign \u2013 also in Asturias and the fourth level\u2013 winning the Copa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a (Asturias tournament). On 10 February 2012, Sporting Gij\u00f3n hired him as an assistant coach after I\u00f1aki Tejada was appointed following the departure of Manolo Preciado.Fern\u00e1ndez returned to head coach duties and Sporting B for 2012\u201313. Late into the following season, he led them to a 4\u20131 away win over neighbouring Real Oviedo and, one week later, replaced the sacked Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Sandoval at the helm of the main squad. Amidst severe financial problems, he led them to promotion back to the top flight in his first full season, and quit his post in January 2017 due to irreconcilable differences.On 1 December 2017, Fern\u00e1ndez was hired as manager of Alav\u00e9s, which were placed in the last position in the top division at the date of his arrival. His first game in charge took place three days later, and he led the visitors to a 3\u20132 away win over Girona FC after they trailed 0\u20132 with 20 minutes left. In 2018\u201319, his team started well and were in contention for a Champions League place before fading in the second half to finish 11th, and he resigned at its conclusion.Fern\u00e1ndez returned to the city of Barcelona on 27 December 2019, becoming RCD Espanyol's third coach of the campaign as the side was in last place. Six months later, he was dismissed as the side were eight points from safety with seven games remaining.On 12 January 2021, Abelardo returned to Alav\u00e9s in place of the sacked Pablo Mach\u00edn.\n\n\nPersonal life\nAbelardo first met Luis Enrique at the age of 6, and the pair played together for the same junior team, Sporting, Barcelona and Spain.\n\n\nManagerial statistics\nAs of match played 3 November 2022\n\n\nHonours\n\n\nPlayer\nBarcelona\n\nLa Liga: 1997\u201398, 1998\u201399\nCopa del Rey: 1996\u201397, 1997\u201398\nSupercopa de Espa\u00f1a: 1994, 1996\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1996\u201397\nUEFA Super Cup: 1997Spain U23\n\nSummer Olympic Games: 1992\n\n\nManager\nCand\u00e1s\n\nCopa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a (Asturias tournament): 2010Tuilla\n\nCopa Federaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a (Asturias tournament): 2011\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAbelardo Fern\u00e1ndez at BDFutbol\nAbelardo Fern\u00e1ndez manager profile at BDFutbol\nAbelardo Fern\u00e1ndez at National-Football-Teams.com\nAbelardo Fern\u00e1ndez \u2013 FIFA competition record (archived)"}}}}
part_xaa/abdulla_al-zaabi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulla_Al-Zaabi","to":"Abdulla Al-Zaabi"}],"pages":{"37283510":{"pageid":37283510,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulla Al-Zaabi","extract":"Abdulah Ali Abdulla Alaajel Al-Zaabi (born 1978) is an Emirati football referee who refereed in the 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification.Al-Zaabi became a FIFA referee in 2012.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdulla Al-Zaabi at WorldReferee.com\nAbdulla Al-Zaabi referee profile at Soccerway"}}}}
part_xaa/acryptolechia_facunda
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acryptolechia_facunda","to":"Acryptolechia facunda"}],"pages":{"46464141":{"pageid":46464141,"ns":0,"title":"Acryptolechia facunda","extract":"Acryptolechia facunda is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found in Japan, northern and eastern China and Assam, India.The wingspan is 11\u201312 mm. The forewings are deep ochreous yellow, with a streak of dark fuscous irroration (sprinkling) along the basal third of the costa. The stigmata is blackish and the plical is found before the first discal and there is an additional dot beneath the second discal, as well as a spot of dark fuscous suffusion on the middle of the costa, reaching the second discal stigma. There is a moderately broad rather dark fuscous terminal fascia. The hindwings are grey.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abalak_department
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abalak_Department","to":"Abalak Department"}],"pages":{"18013912":{"pageid":18013912,"ns":0,"title":"Abalak Department","extract":"Abalak is a department of the Tahoua Region in Niger. Its capital lies at the city of Abalak. As of 2011, the department had a total population of 112,273 people.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdul_samad_abdulla
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Samad_Abdulla","to":"Abdul Samad Abdulla"}],"pages":{"40460550":{"pageid":40460550,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Samad Abdulla","extract":"Abdul Samad Abdulla (died 25 August 2013) was a Maldivian politician and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dr. Abdul Samad died in office from kidney failure.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Maldives"}}}}
part_xaa/accolans
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"15578450":{"pageid":15578450,"ns":0,"title":"Accolans","extract":"Accolans (French pronunciation: \u200b[ak\u0254l\u0251\u0303]) is a village and commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9 region in eastern France.\n\n\nPopulation\n\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Doubs department\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/active_learning_in_higher_education
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Active_Learning_in_Higher_Education","to":"Active Learning in Higher Education"}],"pages":{"33844550":{"pageid":33844550,"ns":0,"title":"Active Learning in Higher Education","extract":"Active Learning in Higher Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers three times a year in the field of Education. The journal's editor is Virginia Clinton-Lisell (University of North Dakota). It has been in publication since 2000 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Its Scopus CiteScore is 5.40 and its 2 year impact factor is 4.765.\n\n\nScope\n\nActive Learning in Higher Education is aimed at all those who teach and support learning in higher education and those who undertake or use research into effective learning, teaching and assessment in universities and colleges. The journal aims to focus on all aspects of development, innovations and good practice in higher education teaching and learning, including the use of information and communication technologies and issues concerning the management of teaching and learning.\n\n\nAbstracting and indexing\nActive Learning in Higher Education is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:\n\nAcademic Premier\nCurrent Contents: Social and Behavioral Sciences\nEducational Administration Abstracts\nEducational Research Abstracts Online\nSCOPUS\nSocial Sciences Citation Index\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/abraham_buford
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Buford","to":"Abraham Buford"}],"pages":{"4541025":{"pageid":4541025,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Buford","extract":"Abraham Buford (July 21, 1747 \u2013 June 30, 1833) was an American soldier. He was a Continental Army officer during the American Revolutionary War, best known as the commanding officer of the American forces at the Battle of Waxhaws. After the war Buford became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Virginia.\n\n\nBiography\nBorn in Culpeper County, Virginia, Buford quickly organized a company of minutemen upon the outbreak of war in 1775, eventually rising to the rank of colonel by May 1778. Assuming command of the 11th Virginia Regiment in September, he would be assigned to the ad-hoc 3rd Virginia Detachment in April 1780 and sent south to relieve the British siege of Charleston, South Carolina.\nBuford's men were on the north side of the Santee River, unable to help during the Battle of Lenud's Ferry.Forced to withdraw following the surrender of Charleston on May 12, the 3rd Virginia Continentals were trapped on May 29 by a British and American Loyalist force under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. When Buford refused Tarleton's demand to surrender, Tarleton ordered an assault which inflicted casualties so severe that the Americans tried to surrender. While Buford was calling for quarter, Tarleton's horse was struck by a musket ball and fell. This gave the loyalist cavalrymen the impression that the rebels had shot at their commander while asking for mercy, and thus engaged in what Tarleton later described as \"a vindictive asperity not easily restrained\"; many American soldiers were sabred to death as they attempted to give up. The incident became known as the Waxhaw Massacre, and became strong propaganda story in the southern states. From that time onward, \"Tarleton's Quarter\" (meaning give no quarter) was an American battle cry in the Southern theater.\nEscaping on horseback with his remaining men, Buford was not found culpable for the action and continued to serve as an officer in the Continental Army through the Siege of Yorktown. He eventually settled in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, on military bounty lands in excess of several thousand acres, where he helped found that state's horseracing industry and where he lived until his death at his home, which he called \"Richland\" (National Register of Historic Places) in Scott County, Kentucky on June 30, 1833.\nOn Flag Day, June 14, 2006, descendants of Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton sold Colonel Buford's regimental flags, taken at the Waxhaw Massacre, at Sotheby's New York for over $5,000,000 (US).Buford was one of six sons of John and Judith Early Beaufort (Buford), all of whom served with distinction as officers during the American Revolution. Their Civil War descendants included Union Major Generals John Buford, who distinguished himself at the Battle of Gettysburg, and Napoleon Bonaparte Buford and Confederate General Abraham Buford.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nBoatner. Encyclopedia. Marcus Bainbridge Buford. \"The Buford Family in America,\" 1903.\nHayes, John T. Massacre: Tarleton and Lee, 1780, 1781. Fort Lauderdale, Fla: Saddlebag Press, 1997. OCLC 37957445\nHerringshaw, Thomas William. 1909. \"Buford, Abraham\". Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-Five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits, p. 484.\nPiecuch, Jim. The Blood Be Upon Your Head: Tarleton and the Myth of Buford's Massacre: the Battle of the Waxhaws, May 29, 1780. Charleston, S.C.: Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-615-23031-3 OCLC 669158958"}}}}
part_xaa/acalolepta_subunicolor
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acalolepta_subunicolor","to":"Acalolepta subunicolor"}],"pages":{"51572081":{"pageid":51572081,"ns":0,"title":"Acalolepta subunicolor","extract":"Acalolepta subunicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1964. It is known from Laos.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aathbis_kot
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aathbis_Kot","to":"Aathbis Kot"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Aathbis Kot","to":"Aathbiskot"}],"pages":{"20668370":{"pageid":20668370,"ns":0,"title":"Aathbiskot","extract":"Aathbiskot is a Municipality in West Rukum District in Karnali Province of Nepal that was established in 2015 through the merging the former Village development committees of Aathbiskot, Aathbisdandagaun, Ghetma, Magma, Gotamkot and Syalakhadi. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 33,601 people living in 6,421 individual households.\n\n\nMedia\nTo Promote local culture Aathbiskot has one FM radio station Radio Sisne - 92.8 MHz Which is a Community radio Station.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abgaal
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"6166647":{"pageid":6166647,"ns":0,"title":"Abgaal","extract":"Abgaal (Somali: Abgaal, Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0644) is a subclan of the Hawiye and the even larger Samaale clan. It is one of the major Somali clans and has produced many prominent historical Somali figures including 3 presidents, and the father of the Somali military. They are also the majority in the capital Mogadishu which is their traditional territory. \n\n\nEtymology\nItalian scholar of Somali and Ethiopian studies Enrico Cerulli studies discusses the origin story of the name Abgaal in his book How a Hawiye tribe used to live.\n\nThe mother of Hirab\u00e4 was Faduma Karanl\u00e4. The mother of Abgal was Faduma Sargell\u00e4, who was an Aguran. She was espoused by 'Isman Darandoll\u00e4. By him she had a son, who was called by the name 'Ali 'Isman. Later one went to Sargell\u00e4 Gar\u00ebn. A learned old man went to him. He said: 'O noble Sargell\u00e4, I saw in the books that the children of the boy born to your daughter Faduma will chase your children from the earth. I saw it in the books.' 'Did you see these things?\u2019\n'Yes, I saw them,\u2019 he answered. 'So be it!\u2019 the noble Sargell\u00e4 replied; and into his heart came the thought: 'Rather than that your children, whom you have begotten, be killed, the son of your daughter might rather die!\u2019 This came into his heart. After this he prepared two different amulets, one good and one bad. The bad one would kill the one who drank it. The good one would protect from any evil of this world. Then he went to his daughter. 'My Faduma, I am bringing you these two amulets: this one here \u2013 and it was the good one \u2013 you drink; and the other one \u2013 and it was the bad one \u2013 give to your son 'Ali 'Isman!\u2019 The girl took the two amulets; but when it came to drinking them, she made a mistake! Faduma Sargell\u00e4 drank the bad one and died immediately. 'Ali 'Ism\u00e4n drank the good one and survived. Sargell\u00e4 went back to the hut and saw his daughter dead. And the boy, when he heard his grandfather arrive, ran to the side of a saddle camel and hid behind it. 'Oh 'Ali, oh 'Ali! Come! I am your grandfather!\u2019 Sargell\u00e4 cried out, looking for the boy. 'You are not my grandfather ( abk\u00e4y ), my grandfather is the camels.' The camels ( gel ) in the language of one time were called gal. So afterwards he ('Ali 'Isman) had the name of Ab-gal ('Camel-grandfather').\u201d\nThe tradition substantially recalls the ancient fights between the Abgal, nomadic pastoralists who from places farther north tried to open a way to the river, and the Aguran, who dominated the region of the Middle Webi. This historical content, of course, has been adapted in popular dress with the theme, so widespread in the folklore of quite different peoples, of the prediction of the unborn child destined to drive the reigning prince from the throne.\n'In this tradition Abgal has, besides his Somali name, which is explained, also a Mussulman name, 'Ali 'Isman. It does not seem necessary to me to suppose that the name 'Ali replaced the Somali one of Abgal in the genealogies in order to make them more Islamized, as one might say. The custom of several names for one single person, among which names, for the Mussulmans, are found an Arab one and one (or more) in the local language, is common in East Africa, even now.\n\n\nOverview\nThe Abgaal are part of the Mudulood and the even larger Hiraab clan. The Hiraab consists of the Mudulood, Habar Gidir, Sheekhaal and Duduble. Besides the Abgaal, Mudulood includes Wacdaan, Moobleen, Hiilibi and Udeejeen. The Imam of both the Mudulood and Hiraab traditionally hails from the Abgaal. Currently Imam Mohamed Yusuf is the Imam of the Mudulood and also carries the dual position as Imam of the Hiraab.\n\n\nRole and influence in Somalia\n\nThe Abgaal have historically played an important role in Somali affairs. They are the Somali sub-clan that has produced the most Somali Presidents. These three politicians are Ali Mahdi Muhammad, Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, and Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud. These officials constitute three of the four living former Presidents of Somalia. Additionally they are the first and only Somali sub-clan to have had consecutive presidencies in the terms of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Hassan Sheikh Mohamed. The father of the Somali military Daud Abdulle Hirsi was also Abgaal. Moreover, the clan has prominent members within the Somali business and media communities. For instance Abdirahman Yabarow, the editor-in-chief of VOA Somali hails from this clan.\n\n\nPoetry\nThe Abgaal have their own form of Somali poetry. The guurow and shirib are unique poetical genres that are performed by the Abgaal and sometimes neighboring clans. Their poetry has distinctive dialect characteristics. For instance \"iyo\" with a long 'o' is a feature within their poetry. The most popular of Abgaal poetry is the shirib. The shirib are short songs that usually accompany dancing. They are sung during various gatherings such as family meetings, clan meetings, and celebrations.\n\n\nClan tree\nAli Jimale Ahmed outlines the Hawiye clan genealogical tree in The Invention of Somalia:\nSamaale\nIrir\nHawiye\nGorgate\nHiraab\nMudulood\nAbgaal\nHarti\nAgoonyar\nWarsangeli\nOwbakar\nCiise Harti\nWabudhan\nDa'oud\nKabaale\nGalmaax\nCeli Cumar\nReer Mataan\nMohamed Muse\nXuseen Yonis\nWaceysle\nAbdirahman Saleebaan\nAbsuge Qombor\nAli Gaaf\nMacalin Dhiblaawe\nFaqay Waceysle\nHaruun Waceysle\nJibraiil Waceysle\n\n\nProminent members\nSharif Sheikh Ahmed, Former President of Somalia\nHassan Sheikh Mohamud, Current President of Somalia\nNur Hassan Husein, Former Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government\nAli Ghedi, Former Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government\nAli Mahdi Muhammad, President of Somalia from 1991\u2013 1997\nHussein Kulmiye Afrah, vice-president of Somalia under the Siad Barre Regime\nAhmed Maxamed Xasan, Lieutenant Colonel in the Somali Airforce who defused the MiG-17 jet fighter bombs\nSalaad Gabeyre Kediye, Major General in the Somali Military, and chairman of the Somali Revolution Waceysle\nIsmail Jim'ale Osoble, Somali lawyer and Minister of Information in the government of Aden Abdulle Osman\nGeneral Daud Abdulle Hirsi, First Commander-In-Chief of the Somali National Army Forces Waceysle\nSalad Ali Jelle, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Transitional Federal Government\nAli Jimale, Educator at the City University of New York\nMohamud Siad Togane, Somali-Canadian poet, professor, and political activist\nAdde Gabow (Mohamed Ali Hassan), Politician, Governor and Mayor of Mogadishu\nAbukar Umar Adani, Islamist, businessman who used to control the El-ma`an beach area which served as Mogadishu's port since the closure in 1995 of the city's main port\nBashir Raghe Shiiraar Leader of the Alliance for Peace and the Fight Against International Terrorism. Warsangali\nAli Dhere, Cleric and the Head of the first Islamic Court in northern Mogadishu \nFarah Weheliye Addow (Sindiko), Former Vice President of the Confederation of African Football\nAbdulahi Afrah, Minister of Commerce\nAbdi Mohamed Ulusso, PhD Holder, Intellectual and 2004 Somali Presidential Candidate \nHussein Bood, Politician and Ex-Minister of National Planning, 1977\u20131981\nHilowle Omar, Chairman of the (Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council) (SRRC)\nMohamed Ameriko, Somali Ambassador to Kenya\nAyub Daud, Professional Footballer\nHussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, Orthographer and the Inventor of the Kaddariya Script\nAbdirahman Yabarow, Editor-in-Chief of the VOA Somali Service\nOmar Mohamed, Professional Footballer\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_betsky
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Betsky","to":"Aaron Betsky"}],"pages":{"17195192":{"pageid":17195192,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Betsky","extract":"Aaron Betsky, born 1958 in Missoula, Montana, is an American critic on art, architecture and design. He was the director of Virginia Tech's School of Architecture + Design until early 2022. Trained as an architect and in the humanities at Yale University, he is the author of over a dozen books, including Architecture Matters, Making It Modern, Landscrapers: Building With the Land, Scanning: The Aberrant Architectures of Diller + Scofidio, Queer Space, Revelatory Landscapes, and Architecture Must Burn. Internationally known as a lecturer, curator, reviewer and commentator, he writes the blog \"Beyond Buildings\" for Architect Magazine. Director of the 11th Venice Architecture Biennale, he has also been president and Dean of the School of Architecture at Taliesin (originally the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture), director of the Netherlands Architecture Institute (2001-2006) the Cincinnati Art Museum (2006-2014), and was founding Curator of Architecture, Design and Digital Projects at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1995-2001). As an unlicensed architect, he worked for Frank O. Gehry & Associates and Hodgetts + Fung. In 2003, he co-curated \"Scanning: The Aberrant Architectures of Diller + Scofidio\" at the Whitney Museum of American Art.\n\n\nEarly life\nBetsky was born in Missoula, Montana, but moved with his family as a child to the Netherlands, returning to the USA for college at Yale University. He graduated from Yale in 1979 with a B.A. in History, the Arts and Letters (1979) and received his Masters of Architecture from Yale University School of Architecture in 1983.\n\n\nCareer\nFrom 1995 to 2001 Betsky was Curator of Architecture, Design and Digital Projects at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. From 2001 to 2006 he served as director of the Netherlands Architecture Institute. He has taught at SCI-Arc, the A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of Michigan, the University of Cincinnati, among others, and worked for Frank O. Gehry & Associates and Hodgetts + Fung. From August 2006 to January 2014, he was the director of the Cincinnati Art Museum. In 2008, he was named as the director of the 11th Exhibition of the Venice Biennale of Architecture, which he titled, Out There. Architecture Beyond Building. In January, 2015, Betsky was appointed dean of the School of Architecture at Taliesin (formerly the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture). In 2020 he was appointed director of the School of Architecture + Design at Virginia Tech, but no longer held that position as of February 2022.\n\n\nWritings\nBetsky has addressed the historically gendered nature of architecture (Building Sex: Men, Women, Architecture, and the Construction of Sexuality, 1995), the unique qualities of Dutch design (False Flat: Why Dutch Design is So Good, 2004), and consistently advocated for an interpretation of architecture that transcends physical building (see his writings in Architecture Must Burn, 2000; and Out There: Architecture Beyond Building, 2008). Another recurrent theme in his writings is a call to embrace and reimagine the American suburban landscape (see At Home in Sprawl, 2011). Betsky has championed temporary or pop-up architecture as a democratic antidote to architecture's traditional \"ridiculous obsession with eternity.\" He has often called for the renovation and adaptive reuse of old buildings rather than wasteful construction of new ones: \"When will we learn that adaptation and reuse is so much better?\"Betsky has written monographs on the work of numerous 20th and 21st century architects and designers, including Zaha Hadid, I.M. Pei, UN Studio, Koning Eizenberg, MVRDV, Renny Ramakers, Jim Olson, and James Gamble Rogers, as well as treatises on aesthetics, psychology and human sexuality as they pertain to aspects of architecture, and is one of the main contributors to a spatial interpretation of Queer theory. His essay \"Plain Weirdness: The Architecture of Neutelings Riedijk\" won the 2014 Geert Bekaert Prize in Architectural Criticism. He has made significant contributions to architecture history and theory, including a scholarly monograph on early-20th-century architect James Gamble Rogers (ISBN 978-0262023818) and an analysis of buildings embedded in the earth, Landscrapers: Building with the Land (ISBN 9780500341889). His 2016 book on the history of Modern design, Making It Modern, was listed on Metropolis magazine's \"Top 50 Design Books to Read This Fall.\" His 2017 book Architecture Matters, which Interior Design magazine called \"a delightful ramble through a lively, well-stocked mind,\" offers \"46 Thoughts on Why Architecture Matters,\" among them \u201cWhy Architecture Is So Cool (to a Teenager),\u201d \u201cHow Dreams Die in the Process,\u201d \u201cHow Perfection Kills,\u201d \u201cWhy It All Happens in China,\u201d and \u201cWhat We Can Still Learn From the Greeks.\u201dIn addition to his books, Betsky authors a twice-weekly column for Architect Magazine, the \"Beyond Buildings\" blog, and is a contributing writer for Dezeen magazine. His articles, published in various magazines such as ArtForum, Architectural Review, Architect, Blueprint, and others, include critical ideas for improving the built environment, for example: \"We need to start from the qualities of the interior that usually come from furniture and furnishings, while also paying attention to the thoughtful use of light, scale and sequence. This means that pattern and decoration, arrangement of furniture and fixtures, ways in which buildings respond to the body, and the ability for the interior to both cocoon us and create a relationship to a larger world through frames and views, need to be the seed of all design.\"\n\n\nPublications\nAaron Betsky, G. Shapiro, Andrew Pielage (2021). 50 Lessons to Learn from Frank Lloyd Wright. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-6536-9\nAaron Betsky (2019). Renny Ramakers: Rethinking Design. Lars M\u00fcller. ISBN 978-3-03778-569-0\nJim Olson, Aaron Betsky (2018). Jim Olson: Building, Nature, Art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500343333\nAaron Betsky and Andrew Bromberg (2018). Andrew Bromberg at Aedas: Building, Nature, Cities. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500519653\nAaron Betsky (2017). Architecture Matters. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500519080\nAaron Betsky (2016). Making it Modern: The History of Modernism in Architecture of Design. New York and Barcelona: Actar. ISBN 978-1940291154\nAaron Betsky (2012) At Home in Sprawl: Selected Essays on Architecture. RMIT University Press. ISBN 978-1921426858\nAaron Betsky (2008). Out There. Architecture Beyond Building: 11th International Architecture Exhibition La Biennale di Venezia. Marsilio. ISBN 978-8831794473\nAaron Betsky, Adam Eeuwens (2004) False Flat: Why Dutch Design Is So Good. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0714848617\nW. Maas, A. Betsky, S. Kwinter, B. Lootsma, A. Ruby (2003). Reading MVRDV. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers.\nA. Betsky, K. M. Hays, G. M. Anderson (2003) Scanning: The Aberrant Architectures of Diller + Scofidio. Whitney Museum of American Art. ISBN 978-0874271317\nAaron Betsky (2002) Landscrapers: building with the land. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500341889\nB. van Berkel, A. Betsky, C. Bos, M. Wigley (2002) UN Studio: UNFOLD, NAi Publishers. ISBN 978-9056622619\nAaron Betsky, E. Adigard (2000) Architecture Must Burn: a manifesto for an architecture beyond building. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500282045\nR. Moore, J. Herzog, A. Betsky, P. Davies (1999) Vertigo: The Strange New World of the Contemporary City. Gingko Press.\nA. Betsky, O. R. Ojeda (1999) Miller Hull Partnership. Rockport Publishers.\nT. Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, A. Betsky, A. Leon (1998) Kalach & Alvarez, Rockport Publishers.\nA. Betsky, A. Suzuki, D. Jackson, P. Zellner (1998) Pacific Edge: Contemporary Architecture on the Pacific Rim. Rizzoli.\nT. Riley, A. Betsky, X. Costa, M. Robbins (1998) Fabrications, Actar.\nAaron Betsky (1998) Zaha Hadid: Das Gesamtwerk. DVA. ISBN 9783421031730\nZaha M. Hadid, Aaron Betsky (1998). Zaha Hadid: The Complete Buildings and Projects. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0500280843\nAaron Betsky (1997). Queer space: architecture and same-sex desire. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0688143015\nAaron Betsky (1997). ICONS: Magnets of Meaning. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 9780811818575\nA. Jarmusch, A. Betsky, R. W. Quigley, M. S. Larson, M. Benedikt, M. Les Benedict (1996). Rob Wellington Quigley: Buildings and Projects. Rizzoli.\nAaron Betsky (1995) Building sex : men, women, architecture, and the construction of sexuality. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0688131678\nAaron Betsky (1994) James Gamble Rogers and the Architecture of Pragmatism, The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262023818\nAaron Betsky (1992) Architecture & medicine : I.M. Pei designs the Kirklin Clinic, University Press of America\nAaron Betsky, J. Chase, L. Whiteson (1991) Experimental Architecture in Los Angeles. Rizzoli.\nAaron Betsky (1990) Violated perfection: Architecture and the Fragmentation of the Modern. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847812691\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Betsky, Beyond Buildings Blog, Architect Magazine\nAaron Betsky at archINFORM\nArchinect"}}}}
part_xaa/abby_tomlinson
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abby_Tomlinson","to":"Abby Tomlinson"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abby Tomlinson","to":"Milifandom"}],"pages":{"46615615":{"pageid":46615615,"ns":0,"title":"Milifandom","extract":"#Milifandom was an online campaign celebrating Ed Miliband, then-Leader of the Labour Party in the UK. The campaign was thought to have been started on Twitter by a seventeen-year-old student, Abby Tomlinson, with the aim of creating an online fandom for the leader. Supporters then used the Milifandom hashtag to declare their admiration for Miliband. The campaign has been viewed as an example of youth engagement in politics, as well as a backlash against negative portrayals of Miliband in the media.\n\n\nHistory\nThe Milifandom hashtag began trending on Twitter in late-April 2015, as the result of a Twitter campaign led by a seventeen-year-old sixth-form student from St. Helens, Merseyside; then known as just \"Abby\". Tomlinson described the campaign as \"a movement against the distorted media portrayal of Ed,\" and claimed that she \"started the #millifandom campaign to show how powerful young people are.\" Tomlinson gained 12,000 followers on Twitter as a result.The hashtag has been used both to express affection for Miliband, and show support for Labour policies. Members of the Milifandom, known as 'Milifans,' began referring to Miliband as 'Milibae' and tweeting photos of him with rings of flowers photoshopped onto his head. Photo edits in which Miliband's face was superimposed onto pictures of celebrities were spread on the hashtag, many originating from an account called \"cooledmiliband.\" Users of the hashtag have also spread the Labour Party's manifesto and policies.Tomlinson received media attention when she accused Rupert Murdoch and The Sun of bullying her, after the newspaper's reporters tracked down her home address, and that of her grandmother. Barrister John Cooper launched a pro-bono inquiry into these actions. A spokesman for The Sun claimed the addresses were gained through legal means and that the newspaper had not violated its Editors' Code. Michael Koziol of the Sydney Morning Herald claimed that Tomlinson's actions have \"elevated [her] to hero status among Labour supporters and Murdoch-detractors in Britain.\"Following the 2015 General Election, Tomlinson had more than 27,000 followers on Twitter. Miliband resigned as leader of the Labour Party on 8 May, following the defeat of Labour in the election. In his resignation speech he thanked his supporters by saying \"Thank you for the selfies, thank you for the support, and thank you for the most unlikely cult of the 21st century, Milifandom\". Tomlinson has since written for The Guardian, the Daily Mirror, and Huffington Post UK on issues relating to the Labour Party and British politics in general.\n\n\nResponses\nMilifandom has been compared in the press to teenage fandoms surrounding popular musicians such as Justin Bieber and One Direction. Writing for The Daily Telegraph Radhika Sanghani argued that, while Milifandom may have started as an ironic joke for some Twitter users, it had developed into a genuine display of affection for Miliband that distinguished itself from other fandoms through its support for his \"80-page manifesto.\" Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett of The Guardian claimed that Milifandom represented the \"\"meme-ification\" of politics,\" and its members were making the statement that \"I am progressive and I follow politics with a keen sense of irony. And I fancy Ed Miliband.\"Miliband has responded positively to the fandom, sending thanks to Tomlinson over Twitter and calling her on the phone. He stated on the Jeremy Vine Show that \"It's very nice of those people who have joined this thing to be being nice about me, but I think they're making a serious point about young people in our politics as well.\" Miliband's wife Justine Thornton is reported to have \"rolled her eyes\" upon being informed of the fandom's existence. Miliband claims that \"she thinks it might be a case of mistaken identity.\"#Cameronettes, a Conservative response to the Milifandom, was suggested by 21-year-old Twitter user and University of Exeter student, Charlie Evans. A Cameronettes Twitter account was created, that claims to be run by a 13-year-old girl. The hashtag has been reported by the BBC to be \"less successful\" than the Milifandom. In the 2017 General Elections, the Mayllennials came into existence as a fandom for British Prime Minister Theresa May, who was seeking to be re-elected. The fandom was said to be inspired from the Milifandom. 2017 also saw the creation of #Moggmentum, a movement supporting Jacob Rees-Mogg.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/actenodes
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"32091922":{"pageid":32091922,"ns":0,"title":"Actenodes","extract":"Actenodes is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:\nActenodes acornis (Say, 1833)\nActenodes acuminipennis (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes admirabilis Obenberger, 1932\nActenodes adonis (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes aeneus (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes africanus Obenberger, 1922\nActenodes albifrons Th\u00e9ry, 1905\nActenodes alluaudi Kerremans, 1894\nActenodes amazonicus Kerremans, 1897\nActenodes aphrodite Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes arizonicus Knull, 1927\nActenodes auronotatus (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes bellulus (Mannerheim, 1837)\nActenodes biarti Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes bifasciatus Waterhouse, 1882\nActenodes bourgini Descarpentries, 1950\nActenodes brasiliensis Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes buquetii (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes calcaratus (Chevrolat, 1835)\nActenodes caray Zayas, 1988\nActenodes chalybaeitarsis (Chevrolat, 1834)\nActenodes circumdatus (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes congolanus Kerremans, 1898\nActenodes costipennis (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes curvipes (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes davidi Nelson, 1979\nActenodes delagoanus Obenberger, 1928\nActenodes dilatatus (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes durantonorum Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes embrikstrandi Obenberger, 1936\nActenodes flexicaulis Schaeffer, 1904\nActenodes florencae Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes frater Th\u00e9ry, 1905\nActenodes fulminatus (Sch\u00f6nherr, 1817)\nActenodes gabonicus Thomson, 1858\nActenodes garieppi Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes goryi (Mannerheim, 1837)\nActenodes griveaudi Descarpentries, 1958\nActenodes hahneli Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes hermes Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes heros Th\u00e9ry, 1923\nActenodes hilari (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes hopfneri (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes humeralis Waterhouse, 1882\nActenodes insignis (Gory, 1841)\nActenodes intermedia (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes krantzi Kerremans, 1911\nActenodes laevifrons Waterhouse, 1882\nActenodes lemoulti Th\u00e9ry, 1912\nActenodes lestradei Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes lukuledianus Obenberger, 1928\nActenodes manni Fisher, 1925\nActenodes marmoratus (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes mars Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes mathani Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes mendax Horn, 1891\nActenodes metallicus Waterhouse, 1889\nActenodes milloti Descarpentries, 1950\nActenodes mimicus Knull, 1964\nActenodes minutus Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes miribellus Hoscheck, 1927\nActenodes mniszechi Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes mokrzeckii Obenberger, 1928\nActenodes montezumus Obenberger, 1918\nActenodes muhlei Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes nevermanni Th\u00e9ry, 1934\nActenodes nigritus Th\u00e9ry, 1925\nActenodes nigroviridis Cobos, 1990\nActenodes nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758)\nActenodes oberthuri Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes obscuripennis (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes ornaticollis Kerremans, 1893\nActenodes orvoeni Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes parvicollis Kerremans, 1897\nActenodes pauliani Descarpentries, 1958\nActenodes peyrierasi Descarpentries, 1966\nActenodes purpureus Th\u00e9ry, 1925\nActenodes pyropygus Fairmaire, 1903\nActenodes regularis (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes reichei Thomson, 1878\nActenodes rugofrontalis Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes sallei Thomson, 1878\nActenodes scabriusculus Quedenfeldt, 1886\nActenodes signatus (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes simi Fisher, 1940\nActenodes solisi Barries, 2007\nActenodes staudingeri Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes strandi Obenberger, 1922\nActenodes subobscurus Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes undulatus Waterhouse, 1882\nActenodes uniformis Th\u00e9ry, 1905\nActenodes venus Bleuzen, 1989\nActenodes versicolor (Gory & Laporte, 1837)\nActenodes viettei Descarpentries, 1955\nActenodes vilhenai Descarpentries, 1960\nActenodes violaceovirescens Cobos, 1990\nActenodes viossati Descarpentries, 1974\nActenodes viridicollis Kerremans, 1897\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acrolophus_psammophila
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_psammophila","to":"Acrolophus psammophila"}],"pages":{"37240253":{"pageid":37240253,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus psammophila","extract":"Acrolophus psammophila is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Brazil.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abraham_fischer
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Fischer","to":"Abraham Fischer"}],"pages":{"193585":{"pageid":193585,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Fischer","extract":"Abraham Fischer (9 April 1850 \u2013 16 November 1913) was a South African statesman. He was the sole Prime Minister of the Orange River Colony in South Africa, and when that ceased to exist joined the cabinet of the newly formed Union of South Africa.\n\n\nEarly life\nFischer was born on 9 April 1850 in Green Point, Cape Town in to Johannes Jacobus George Fischer, formerly of the Dutch East India Company, and Catherina Anna Margertha Brink.\n\n\nBiography\nHe was educated at the South African College, and became a lawyer in Cape Colony, joining the bar in 1875. In 1873 he married Ana Robertson (1851-1927), the daughter of Scottish immigrants to the Free State. He became interested in the politics of the Orange Free State, and in 1878 became a member of the Orange Free State's Volksraad. He became vice-president of the Volksraad in 1893, a member of the executive council in 1896, and took part in many colonial and interstate conferences. He headed a joint deputation from Transvaal and Orange Free State to Europe and America during the Boer War to solicit support for the Boers, returning in 1903 to practice law in the newly formed Orange River Colony.\nContinuing to promote the Boer cause, he helped form the Orangia Unie party in May 1906 and became its chairman; the party won the majority of seats in the colony's first elections that were held in November 1907. On 27 November, he was chosen as Prime Minister, and stayed in that position until it ceased to exist with the union of 31 May 1910. He then joined the cabinet of the Union of South Africa as Minister of Lands. He was made Privy Councillor in 1911 and became Minister of the Interior and Lands in 1912.He was the father of Percy Fischer, a Judge President of the Orange Free State.\nHe was the grandfather of Bram Fischer, a noted anti-apartheid activist.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/absolute_difference
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Absolute_difference","to":"Absolute difference"}],"pages":{"28021681":{"pageid":28021681,"ns":0,"title":"Absolute difference","extract":"The absolute difference of two real numbers \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n is given by \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|}\n , the absolute value of their difference. It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n . It is a special case of the Lp distance for all \n \n \n \n 1\n \u2264\n p\n \u2264\n \u221e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq p\\leq \\infty }\n and is the standard metric used for both the set of rational numbers \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n and their completion, the set of real numbers \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n .\nAs with any metric, the metric properties hold:\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n |\n \n \u2265\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|\\geq 0}\n , since absolute value is always non-negative.\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n |\n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|=0}\n if and only if \n \n \n \n x\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=y}\n .\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n |\n \n =\n \n |\n \n y\n \u2212\n x\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|=|y-x|}\n (symmetry or commutativity).\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n z\n \n |\n \n \u2264\n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n y\n \u2212\n z\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-z|\\leq |x-y|+|y-z|}\n (triangle inequality); in the case of the absolute difference, equality holds if and only if \n \n \n \n x\n \u2264\n y\n \u2264\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\leq y\\leq z}\n or \n \n \n \n x\n \u2265\n y\n \u2265\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\geq y\\geq z}\n .By contrast, simple subtraction is not non-negative or commutative, but it does obey the second and fourth properties above, since \n \n \n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x-y=0}\n if and only if \n \n \n \n x\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=y}\n , and \n \n \n \n x\n \u2212\n z\n =\n (\n x\n \u2212\n y\n )\n +\n (\n y\n \u2212\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x-z=(x-y)+(y-z)}\n .\nThe absolute difference is used to define other quantities including the relative difference, the L1 norm used in taxicab geometry, and graceful labelings in graph theory.\nWhen it is desirable to avoid the absolute value function \u2013 for example because it is expensive to compute, or because its derivative is not continuous \u2013 it can sometimes be eliminated by the identity\n\nThis follows since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n (\n x\n \u2212\n y\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |x-y|^{2}=(x-y)^{2}}\n and squaring is monotonic on the nonnegative reals.\n\n\nSee also\nAbsolute deviation\n\n\nReferences\nWeisstein, Eric W. \"Absolute Difference\". MathWorld."}}}}
part_xaa/addoraca
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"41970483":{"pageid":41970483,"ns":0,"title":"Addoraca","extract":"Addoraca is a white Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Calabria region of southern Italy where it is blended with Coda di Volpe bianca, Malvasia bianca di Candia and Muscat blanc \u00e0 Petits Grains in the passito dessert wine Moscato di Saracena.\n\n\nHistory\n\nAmpelographers believe that Addoraca likely originated in the Calabria region where the name Addoraca means \"perfumed\" in the local Calabrian dialect. The grape has a long history of being a minor blending component in the Moscato di Saracena dessert wine that is a specialty of the village of Saracena.\n\n\nWine regions\n\nToday Addoraca is almost exclusively found in the province of Cosenza in Calabria where it is most notably used in the production of the straw wine Moscato di Saracena where it is blended with Muscat blanc \u00e0 Petits Grains (known locally as Moscatello di Saracena), Coda di Volpe bianca (known locally as Guarnaccia bianca) and Malvasia bianca di Candia.\n\n\nSynonyms\nOver the years, Addoraca has also been known under the synonym Odoacra, though this synonym is not officially recognized by the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acacia_cowleana
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acacia_cowleana","to":"Acacia cowleana"}],"pages":{"29243335":{"pageid":29243335,"ns":0,"title":"Acacia cowleana","extract":"Acacia cowleana, Halls Creek wattle, is a northern Australian native shrub. It is a flowering plant with yellow flowers that only open in winter. Its origin is the Northern Australia's dry tropics. It belongs to the genus of Acacia.\n\n\nAppearance\nIt is a small tree of height 1\u20137 metres (6\u201312 feet) with large grey phyllodes and yellow rod \nflowers. Its bark is fibrous. The phyllodes are 80 to 200 mm long by 10\u201330 mm wide and curved.\n\n\nGrowth\nThe shrub grows in woodlands with spinifex at Beulah Station near Enngonia. Its growth is medium-fast. It easily grows from seed but has a short life span. It is a reliable shrub for temperate to arid climates in reasonably well drained soils. Though not generally considered to be endangered, the species is regarded as rare in New South Wales. It is not commonly cultivated, though it is reported to be grown in California.\n\n\nAboriginal names and uses\nThe Walmajarri people of the Paruku IPA in the Kimberley call this wattle parta. Other Aboriginal names are: Alyawarr: alerrey; Anmatyerr: alkart; Jaru: barrabi. Kaytetye: elkerte; Pintupi Luritja: kilkiti; Waramangu: kalkkarti; and Warlpiri: kalkardi, parrapi.\n\n\nSee also\nList of Acacia species\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_lennox
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Lennox","to":"Aaron Lennox"}],"pages":{"50126518":{"pageid":50126518,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Lennox","extract":"Aaron Keith Lennox (born 19 February 1993) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Scottish club Montrose. Lennox has previously played for Queens Park Rangers, Maidenhead United, Concord Rangers, Hayes & Yeading United, Aberdeen, Raith Rovers, Cowdenbeath and Partick Thistle. He has represented Australia numerous times at youth level.\n\n\nClub career\n\n\nQueens Park Rangers\nIn 2011, Lennox joined Queens Park Rangers.\nOn 30 January 2013, Lennox signed a two-year extension with Queens Park Rangers, but failed to make a single appearance.\nIn May 2015, at the end of his contract, Lennox was not offered an extension and was released by Queens Park Rangers.\n\n\nMaidenhead United (loan)\nOn 24 February 2012, Lennox joined Maidenhead United on short-term loan, and a day later made his debut, playing a full game against Boreham Wood, conceding 3 goals. He then went on to keep a clean sheet in the next game against top of the table Woking in a 2\u20130 victory. In the first half of the game he saved a penalty from midfielder Jack King.\n\n\nConcord Rangers (loan)\nOn 3 October 2014, Lennox joined Conference South club Concord Rangers on a 28-day loan. After 3 appearances for Concord Rangers, Lennox broke his finger during training and returned early to Queens Park Rangers.\n\n\nHayes & Yeading United\nOn 19 September 2015, Lennox joined Hayes & Yeading United, but terminated his contract a week later after not making an appearance.\n\n\nAberdeen\nOn 25 January 2016, Lennox signed for Scottish side Aberdeen until the end of the season. He made his professional debut against Ross County in the final game of the 2015\u201316 Scottish Premiership. In May 2016, he signed a new one-year contract with Aberdeen. Following his loan to Raith Rovers, Lennox was released by Aberdeen on 31 May 2017.\n\n\nRaith Rovers\nAfter extending his contract with Aberdeen, Lennox joined Scottish Championship side Raith Rovers on a season long loan in June 2016. He made his debut for Raith Rovers against St Mirren in the second league match of the season. He then kept a clean sheet in his second match for Raith Rovers making a string of saves despite tearing his hamstring in the first half of the match. He was forced to play through the injury as there was not a fit goalkeeper on the bench. Five months later Lennox sustained significant injuries to his face and hand during a training match against Dundee United. As a result Lennox returned to Aberdeen in March 2017.On 30 June 2017, it was announced that Lennox had re-joined Raith Rovers on a permanent transfer. He played the first league match of the 2017\u201318 season, making a crucial save to allow Lewis Vaughan to score the equalising goal of a 1\u20131 draw with Alloa Athletic. Lennox was released by Raith at the end of the 2017\u201318 season.\n\n\nPartick Thistle\nLennox signed a one-year contract with Scottish Championship club Partick Thistle in June 2018.\n\n\nCowdenbeath (loan)\nLennox was loaned to Cowdenbeath in January 2019 until the end of the season.In his first game for Cowdenbeath, Lennox was named in the SPFL Team of the Week for a solid performance making multiple saves at crucial stages only to concede to a late penalty.\n\n\nMontrose\nIn July 2019, Lennox joined Montrose of Scottish League One on a one-year deal.\n\n\nInternational career\nIn December 2013 Lennox was named in Australia's U-23 squad for the AFC U-22 Championship. He played in a goalless draw with Jordan U23s during Australia's showing at the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship.\n\n\nCareer statistics\nAs of match played 16 July 2018\n\n\nSee also\nList of foreign Scottish Premiership players\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Lennox at Soccerbase \nAaron Lennox at Soccerway"}}}}
part_xaa/abigaille_bruschi-chiatti
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abigaille_Bruschi-Chiatti","to":"Abigaille Bruschi-Chiatti"}],"pages":{"51485883":{"pageid":51485883,"ns":0,"title":"Abigaille Bruschi-Chiatti","extract":"Abigaille Bruschi-Chiatti (c. 1855 \u2013 after 1888) was an Italian soprano who sang in the principal opera houses of Italy as well as in Latin America and at the Teatro Real in Spain. Amongst the roles she created were Amelia di Egmont in the 1882 posthumous premiere of Donizetti's Il duca d'Alba and \u00c9lisabeth de Valois in the 1884 revised version of Verdi's Don Carlos.\n\n\nLife and career\nBruschi-Chiatti was born in Arezzo and initially studied singing there with Giovanni Guidieri. In 1871 she was accepted at the Regio Istituto Musicale di Firenze (now known as the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini) where she studied under Giuseppe Ceccherini. One of her earliest appearances in a major role was as Aida at the Teatro Vittorio Emanuele in Messina in 1877. By 1879, she was singing at the Teatro Regio di Torino where she created the role of Ero in Giovanni Bottesini's Ero e Leandro and sang the role of Sulamith in the theatre's first performance of Goldmark's Die K\u00f6nigin von Saba. The critic reviewing the premiere of Ero e Leandro for Nuova Antologia praised the young singer for the beauty of her voice and its evenness throughout the registers as well as her elocution and phrasing.Later in 1879 she sang in Buenos Aires at the Teatro Col\u00f3n and in Rio de Janeiro at the Theatro Dom Pedro II with Angelo Ferrari's Italian opera company whose singers included Francesco Tamagno. On her return to Italy she sang Rachel in Hal\u00e9vy's La Juive at the Teatro Apollo in Rome during the 1881/82 season and at La Scala in the 1882/83 season. In 1882, she created the role of Amelia di Egmont in the posthumous premiere of Donizetti's Il duca d'Alba at the Teatro Apollo. In his review of the premiere, the critic for La Gazzetta Musicale di Milano wrote: \"Signora Bruschi-Chiatti with her beauty and a voice that was brilliant, fresh, robust and a true soprano ... sang with warmth and passion.\"On 10 January 1884, Bruschi-Chiatti appeared at La Scala as \u00c9lisabeth de Valois in the premiere of Verdi's revised version of Don Carlos with Francesco Tamagno in the title role. Contemporary accounts noted that she had very evident stage fright on the opening night (a problem she also had at the premiere of Il duca d'Alba) which negatively impacted her performance in the first three acts. However, she had overcome it by the final act and received great applause and requests for an encore after her performance of the aria \"Tu che le vanit\u00e0\". She appeared again at La Scala later that season in the title role of Verdi's Aida. During the course of her career her other Verdian roles included Amelia in Un ballo in maschera, Leonora in La forza del destino, and Leonora in Il trovatore.In the later years of her career, Bruschi-Chiatti also appeared at the Teatro Real in Madrid, notably in an acclaimed performance La Juive in 1887. She was scheduled to sing Aida at the Teatro Argentina in Rome during the autumn of 1888, but withdrew from the production after becoming ill during the rehearsals.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abandoned_language
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abandoned_Language","to":"Abandoned Language"}],"pages":{"10278157":{"pageid":10278157,"ns":0,"title":"Abandoned Language","extract":"Abandoned Language is an album by d\u00e4lek, released by Ipecac Recordings in 2007.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nMC D\u00e4lek \u2013 lead vocals, producer\nOktopus \u2013 producer\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acta_obstetricia_et_gynecologica_scandinavica
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acta_Obstetricia_et_Gynecologica_Scandinavica","to":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"}],"pages":{"26681509":{"pageid":26681509,"ns":0,"title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica","extract":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica is a peer-reviewed, open access, medical journal covering gynecology, female urology, gynecologic oncology and fertility. The journal is published by Wiley-Blackwell, for the Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The editor in chief is Ganesh Acharya (Karolinska Institute). Articles are published fully open access since 30 July 2021.According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.544, ranking it 15th out of 85 journals in the category \"Obstetrics & Gynecology\".\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/a_chinese_tall_story
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Chinese_Tall_Story","to":"A Chinese Tall Story"}],"pages":{"6309664":{"pageid":6309664,"ns":0,"title":"A Chinese Tall Story","extract":"A Chinese Tall Story (Chinese: \u60c5\u7672\u5927\u8056; Cantonese Yale: Ching din dai sing) is a 2005 Hong Kong fantasy adventure film written and directed by Jeffrey Lau. The story is loosely based on the 16th-century novel Journey to the West.\n\n\nSynopsis\nIt is a twisted story about Tang Sanzang and his three disciples who are journeying west to acquire Buddhist scriptures. While stopping in Shache City (present day Yarkand), they come under attack by minions of the evil Tree Demon. The demons capture his three disciples.\nTang Sanzang is then captured by the king of reptiles and placed under the care of the ugly and shunned Meiyan, who falls in love with Sanzang. Luckily for him, an alien princess rescues him, and Meiyan decides to team up with the princess in order to rescue the disciples.\n\n\nPlot\nTang Sanzang (Nicholas Tse) and his three disciples Sun Wukong (Bolin Chen), Zhu Wuneng (Kenny Kwan), and Sha Wujing (Steven Cheung) arrive triumphantly to a hero's welcome in Shache city. Tripitaka's most arduous challenge to achieve deification is to come, only he can perform.\nDuring their stay in the city, the three disciples are captured by evil Tree Spirits. Tripitaka borrows the Golden Pole and tries to find a way to save them. He meets a young lizard imp Meiyan (Charlene Choi) who is more than a visual match for Quasimodo: matted bushy hair, and teeth of any dentist's nightmare. Meiyan falls in love with Tripitaka at first sight and devotes herself to trailing him. She even sets a love trap to ensnare him. Tripitaka unwittingly falls into the trap and in the process breaks the Heavenly Code.\nThe region is one full of monsters, strange beings and creatures of unknown origins and among them are the beautiful Princess XiaoShan (Fan Bing-bing) and her army. On a passing journey to Earth her path crosses Tripitaka's and she vows her aid. Tripitaka decides to leave with the Princess.\nMeiyan is heartbroken. She picks a fight with Princess XiaoShan and, although she loses, she finally discovers her own identity as a galactic warrior. She eventually helps the princess in defeating the enemy and rescues Tripitaka and his disciples.\nAfter the battle, Meiyan surrenders to the Temple of Heaven for judgment. Torn between passion and righteousness, Tripitaka rebels against the heavens to rescue the gallows-bound Meiyan. A benevolent Buddha is moved and pardons the two on condition that they embark on a journey to the West to accomplish the Eight-One Tasks to redeem themselves and save the world.\n\n\nCast\nNicholas Tse as Tang Sanzang\nBolin Chen as Sun Wukong\nKenny Kwan as Zhu Bajie\nSteven Cheung as Sha Wujing\nCharlene Choi as Yue Meiyan\nFan Bingbing as Princess Xiaoshan\nIsabella Leong as Red Child\nPatrick Tam\nYuen Wah as Turtle\nKenny Bee\nTats Lau\nYat-fei Wong\nLee Kin-yan\nJoe Phua\nMichael Chan\nGordon Liu\nKara Hui\n\n\nSoundtrack\nAll compositions by Joe Hisaishi.\n\n\"Sacred Love\"\n\"Prologue - Triumphant Entrance\"\n\"Dogfight Over Shache\"\n\"Words Are Lethal\"\n\"Rout Of The Four Heavenly Knights\"\n\"Lover's Gambit\"\n\"Longing for You\"\n\"Yours Truly, Tripitaka\"\n\"The Conspiracy\"\n\"Capitulation\"\n\"Twirling Snow\"\n\"Alien Invasion\"\n\"I Can Fly!\"\n\"Help Is on the Way\"\n\"Annihilation Of The Tree Spirit\"\n\"The Princess's Secret\"\n\"Storming of the Celestial Court\"\n\"I Know\"\n\"Divine Manifestation\"\n\"A Journey West\"\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Chinese Tall Story at IMDb\nOfficial website of A Chinese Tall Story"}}}}
part_xaa/actus_pontificum_cenomannis
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Actus_pontificum_Cenomannis","to":"Actus pontificum Cenomannis"}],"pages":{"8844337":{"pageid":8844337,"ns":0,"title":"Actus pontificum Cenomannis","extract":"The Actus pontificum Cenomannis in urbe degentium (\"Acts of the bishops dwelling in the city of Le Mans\") is a series of short biographies of the Bishops of Le Mans, starting with the first legendary bishop Julian, one of the Seventy Disciples. The core text was written in the middle ninth century, probably by a cleric or clerics of the cathedral of Le Mans, though it had several subsequent continuations into the High Middle Ages. Much of the information this core contains, including several charters and diplomas, is partly or wholly fictitious. \nThe Actus were probably part of an ambitious campaign to extend the bishop's rights over neighbouring monasteries, particularly the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Calais, though the attempt collapsed at the royal council of Verberie in 863. The text is important as evidence for late Carolingian episcopal ideology.\n\n\nSee also\nCatholic Church in France\n\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish-language discussion of the text can be found in W. Goffart, The Le Mans forgeries : a chapter from the history of church property in the ninth century (Cambridge, Mass, 1966).\nThe best and most recent edition of the Actus and related texts, superseding all previous, is M. Weidemann, Geschichte des Bistums Le Mans von der Sp\u00e4tantike bis zur Karolingerzeit : Actus Pontificum Cenomannis in urbe degentium und Gesta Aldrici (Mainz, 2000)."}}}}
part_xaa/abacetus_feai
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abacetus_feai","to":"Abacetus feai"}],"pages":{"40180613":{"pageid":40180613,"ns":0,"title":"Abacetus feai","extract":"Abacetus feai is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1940.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adasaurus
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"2958157":{"pageid":2958157,"ns":0,"title":"Adasaurus","extract":"Adasaurus ( AH-d\u0259-SOR-\u0259s; meaning \"Ada lizard\") is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period about 70 million years ago. The genus is known from two partial specimens found in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia that were partially described in 1983 by the paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold.\nAdasaurus was a large dromaeosaurid that was about 2.39\u20133.5 m (7.8\u201311.5 ft) long weighing 36.4\u201387 kg (80\u2013192 lb). Unlike other dromaeosaurids, Adasaurus developed a rather small and blunt sickle claw that likely had a reduced use, and a recurved lacrimal bone; this latter trait is also shared with Austroraptor. Though reduced, the sickle claw retained the characteristic rounded articulation of most dromaeosaurids.\nAdasaurus was originally regarded as a dromaeosaurine by Barsbold, a group that includes robust dromaeosaurs with deep jaws. Revisions made to the specimens have showed that this dromaeosaurid belongs to the Velociraptorinae which is composed of more lightly built animals like Velociraptor.\n\n\nHistory of discovery\n\nAdasaurus was first figured in 1977 by the Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold on a pelvic comparison with other theropods, but it would remain as an informally named taxon until a proper description. In 1983, Barsbold published a large comparative revision of the known Mongolian theropod taxa at the time where he formally named Adasaurus and the type species A. mongoliensis, which was based on two partial specimens. The generic name, Adasaurus, is taken from the evil spirit Ada in the mythology of Mongolia, and the Greek word \u03c3\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (sauros, meaning lizard). The specific name for the single species, mongoliensis, refers to the country of discovery Mongolia. Barsbold briefly described Adasaurus as a dromaeosaurid and noted that this new taxon possessed a notably reduced second pedal ungual. Given that this trait contrasted to the large, sharply-developed ungual of most members, Barsbold listed it as a unique character for Adasaurus. However, the authenticity of this unusual reduction was disputed in 2010 by Phil Senter, who claimed that the supposed ungual did not pertain to the specimen. Nevertheless, in the revised diagnosis conducted by Turner and colleagues in 2012, this character is still considered as authentic, which has been widely followed by other authors.\n\nAdasaurus is known from the holotype MPC-D 100/20, which represents an adult individual comprising a partial skull missing its anterior region, the right scapulocoracoid and a sternal plate, 8 cervical vertebrae, 11 partial dorsal vertebrae, the sacrum, 7 caudal vertebrae, partial hindlimbs with the right foot, and a nearly complete right pelvic girdle comprising the ilium, ischium and pubis. A second specimen is represented by the less complete paratype MPC-D 100/21 that includes two caudal vertebrae and a nearly complete right foot. Both specimens were unearthed from the Nemegt Formation at the locality of B\u00fcgiin Tsav, in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. In 2004, Philip J. Currie and David J. Varricchio referred another two specimens to Adasaurus labelled as IGM 100/22 and IGM 100/23. Supposedly, the specimens were recovered from the same locality of the holotype. However, these specimens are actually known from the Shine Us Khuduk and Tel Ulan Chaltsai localities (respectively) of the Bayan Shireh Formation and thus, they are older than the remains of Adasaurus from the younger Nemegt Formation. They represent a different and new taxon that differs from Adasaurus.\n\n\nDescription\n\nAdasaurus was a rather large-sized dromaeosaurid. The holotype has an estimated length of 2.39 m (7.8 ft) with a weight of 36.5 kg (80 lb). The comparatively larger pedal elements of the paratype indicate a gently bigger size in this latter specimen which is estimated around 3.5 m (11 ft) long and 87 kg (192 lb) in body mass. Aside from the reduced pedal ungual II, Adasaurus can be recognised by the following additional traits: expanded projection of the maxillary; recurved lacrimal; lower jaw with a prominent surangular foramen; irregular triangular projection on the quadrate shaft; pleurocoels are present on the anterior sacral vertebrae; and the anterior border of the anterior blade in the ilium is relatively shortened.\n\n\nSkull\nOn the right side of the skull, the lower portion of the jugal is expanded from the top to the bottom. The quadrate is a large and vertical bone with a large triangular projection on its lateral border. This triangular projection is located on the quadrate shaft and bent to the top. The top surface of the right ectopterygoid\u2014a smalle bone of the palate\u2014is flattened to the palate. As in other dromaeosaurids, the lacrimal has an inverted L-shape, but the thin body of this bone is curved, which is also seen in Austroraptor.\n\n\nSkeleton\n\nThe scapula and coracoid of the holotype are completely fused giving form to the scapulocoracoid, and the suture between them is not present. Pneumatic foramina are present in the holotypic anterior sacral vertebrae. The femur and tibia of the holotype measure 27.3 cm (10.7 in) and 30.3 cm (11.9 in) long, respectively, and the fourth trochanter is a prominent and rugose ridge that is located on the posterior inner surface of the upper region of the femoral shaft. The femur itself is very similar to that of the indeterminate dromaeosaur DGBU-78. The anterior surface of the lower end of the femoral shaft is convex in shape, and the lateral tubercle of the upper end of the tibia-fibula articulation is a compact structure. The presence of a rounded pit on the inner surface of the lower tibiotarsus is often documented in dromaeosaurids, however, this feature is not verifiable in Adasaurus since the astragalus region is covered with sediments.\n\nThe posterior top border of the ilium is proportionally more thickened than that of Achillobator, and the anterior border of the anterior blade of the ilium has a similar shape to that of Saurornitholestes. This anterior border has a notched appearance that is characteristic to Adasaurus. As a whole, the top border is straightened in shape. The pubic peduncle\u2014a robust anterior extension that articulates with the pubis\u2014is wide and developed to the bottom. A large supratrochanteric (above the trochanter of the femur) extension is absent on the ilium. Like other dromaeosaurids, the pubis is elongated with an expanded pubic boot (lower end) and features an opisthopubic (backwards directed) condition. The digit II ungual is not hypertrophied (elongated) as in most dromaeosaurids, and though Adasaurus features a similar metatarsal II-III ratio to that of Balaur, this is due to the reduced sickle claw of digit II instead of an elongated ungual of digit I. Metatarsal III of the paratype shows that a tubercle is present on the extensor surface and this tuberosity likely originates the insertion of the muscle tibialis cranialis. The lower tarsals and upper ends of the metatarsals are somewhat fused.\n\n\nClassification\nAdasaurus is a member of Dromaeosauridae, a group that is closely related to living birds. When erected by Barsbold in 1983, Velociraptorinae was conceived as a group containing Velociraptor and closely related species that were characterized by their smaller size and long-narrow snouts. However, Barsbold did not include Adasaurus in the group, instead, he placed it within the Dromaeosaurinae. It was not until 1998 that this group was defined as a clade by Paul Sereno. Sereno defined the group as all dromaeosaurids more closely related to Velociraptor than to Dromaeosaurus. Kubota and Barsbold in 2006 during their rexamination of Adasaurus found this taxon to be more closely related to Velociraptor than other dromaeosaurids. The traditional view of the Velociraptorinae commonly included Velociraptor, Tsaagan and Linheraptor, which are known from complete skulls, however, most analyses vary widely regarding which species are actually velociraptorines and which are dromaeosaurines. Turner and colleagues in 2012 supported a traditional, monophyletic composition of Velociraptorinae. However, some studies found a very different group of dromaeosaurids in Velociraptorinae, such as Longrich and Currie in 2009, which recovered Deinonychus outside of the Velociraptorine and Dromaeosaurinae. Traditionally, Adasaurus was assigned to the Dromaeosaurinae, which includes giant, heavily built animals such as Achillobator and Utahraptor but several analyses have suggested that it belongs to the Velociraptorinae instead.\n\nBelow is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by James G. Napoli and colleagues in 2021:\n\n\nPaleobiology\n\n\nPaleopathology\nIn 1997, Norell and Makovicky stated that the holotype specimen of Adasaurus represents a largely pathologic (due to injury or disease) individual. They reaffirmed this observation in 2004 by claiming the pelvis as pathological. However, during the large revision of the Dromaeosauridae by Turner and colleagues in 2012, the holotype was re-examined and found to be non-pathological. Instead of reflect injured elements, several surfaces may represent the advanced age of the individual, such as the fused upper ends of the metatarsus.\n\n\nSickle claw function\n\nKubota and Barsbold in 2006 stated that the highly reduced sickle claw of Adasaurus may have been used with less frequency than other deinonychosaurs as the bottom surface of lower heel on the penultimate phalanx has no apparent asymmetrical ridges like other dromaeosaurids and troodontids.In 2011, Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which dromaeosaurids may have taken smaller prey. This predation model, \"Raptor Prey Restraint\" (RPR), proposes that dromaeosaurids killed their prey by leaping onto their quarry, pinning it under their body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle claws of the pedal digit II\u2014in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey. Like accipitrids, the dromaeosaurid would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive, until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure. This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids to several groups of extant birds of prey with fairly known predatory behaviors. Fowler and colleagues found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurids most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion, but the short metatarsus and foot strength would have been more similar to that of owls. The RPR model would be consistent with other aspects of dromaeosaurid anatomy, such as their unusual dentition and arm morphology. The arms were covered in long feathers and may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop a struggling prey, along with the stiff counter-balancing tail. Lastly, the comparatively weak jaws would have been useful for eating prey alive but not as useful for forceful dispatch of the prey.\n\nIn 2019, Peter Bishop reconstructed the leg skeleton and musculature of Deinonychus by using three-dimensional models of muscles, tendons, and bones. With the addition of mathematical models and equations, Bishop simulated the conditions that would provide maximum force at the tip of the sickle claw and therefore the most likely function. Among the proposed modes of the sickle claw use are: kicking to cut, slash or disembowel prey; for gripping onto the flanks of prey; piercing aided by body weight; to attack vital areas of the prey; to restrain prey; intra- or interspecific competition; and digging out prey from hideouts. The results obtained by Bishop showed that a crouching posture increased the claw forces, however, these forces remained relatively weak indicating that the claws were not strong enough to be used in slashing strikes. Rather than being used for slashing, the sickle claws were more likely to be useful in flexed leg angles such as restraining prey and stabbing prey at close quarters. These results are consistent with the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen, which preserves a Velociraptor and Protoceratops locked in combat, with the former gripping onto the other with its claws in a non-extended leg posture. Despite the obtained results, Bishop considered that the capabilities of the sickle claw could have varied within taxa given that among dromaeosaurids, Adasaurus had an unusually smaller sickle claw that retained the characteristic ginglymoid\u2014a structure divided in two parts\u2014and hyperextensible articular surface of the penultimate phalange. He could neither confirm nor disregard that the pedal digit II could have loss or retain its functionally.\n\n\nPaleoenvironment\n\nAdasaurus is known from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, the age of which has been considered from the Late Campanian to Early-Middle Maastrichtian stages, about 70 million and 68 million years ago. The environments that were present on the formation included stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Much of the sedimentation also indicates that a rich habitat existed, offering extensive vegetation in abundant amounts that could sustain most herbivorous dinosaurs. Most fluvial systems functioned as oases for oviraptorosaurs. Other dinosaurs found in this formation include the ornithomimosaurs Anserimimus, Gallimimus, and a taxon that remains unnamed; diverse oviraptorosaurs such as Nemegtomaia, Elmisaurus and Gobiraptor; and the troodontid Zanabazar. Large dinosaurs in this formation are represented by Deinocheirus, Saurolophus, Tarbosaurus and Therizinosaurus.\n\n\nSee also\nTimeline of dromaeosaurid research\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nPhotograph of the holotype skull\nPhotographs of the holotype postcrania"}}}}
part_xaa/ada_copeland_king
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ada_Copeland_King","to":"Ada Copeland King"}],"pages":{"29381891":{"pageid":29381891,"ns":0,"title":"Ada Copeland King","extract":"Ada Copeland King (ca. 23 December 1860 \u2013 14 April 1964) was the common-law wife of the American geologist Clarence King. Their thirteen-year relationship, with King posing as a Black man named James Todd when they were together, was the subject of a substantial lawsuit and the book Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line by Martha Sandweiss.\nCopeland was presumed born a slave on or around 23 December 1860, in Georgia. As a young woman, she moved to New York in the mid-1880s and worked as a nursemaid. In about 1887,\nshe became involved with Clarence King, an upper-class white man who presented himself to her as a light-skinned black Pullman porter under the name of James Todd. Given the long history of slavery in the United States, many African Americans had European ancestry. Some passed or identified as white, given their majority white ancestry. King said that he was West Indian and that he worked as a railroad porter, explaining why he was so frequently away, but also how he could support their family.They married in a home ceremony in September 1888, with King living as Todd with her, but as Clarence King while working in the field. They had five children together, four of whom survived to adulthood. Their two daughters married white men; their two sons served classified as blacks during World War I. Before his death from tuberculosis in 1901, King wrote to Copeland from Arizona, confessing his true identity. He had said that he had left money in a trust for her with his friend John Gardiner.After King died, Copeland embarked on a thirty-year battle to gain control of the trust fund he had promised her. Her representatives included the notable lawyers Everett J. Waring, the first black lawyer to argue a case before the Supreme Court of the United States, and J. Douglas Wetmore, who contested segregation laws in Jacksonville, Florida. Eventually, in 1933, the court determined that King had died penniless, and no money was forthcoming. John Hay, a friend of King's, provided Ada King with a monthly stipend and, after his death in 1905, Hay's daughter Helen Hay Whitney continued the support. The stipend eventually stopped, though Copeland until her death continued to live in the house John Hay had bought for her, an 11-room house in Flushing, Queens.King died on 14 April 1964, one of the last of the former American slaves.\n\n\nBibliography\nMartha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception across the Color Line (2009)\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abrostola_abrostolina
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abrostola_abrostolina","to":"Abrostola abrostolina"}],"pages":{"23475880":{"pageid":23475880,"ns":0,"title":"Abrostola abrostolina","extract":"Abrostola abrostolina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Japan and Korea.\nThe wingspan is 25\u201327 mm.\n\n\nExternal links\nJapanese Moths"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_abel_wright
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Abel_Wright","to":"Aaron Abel Wright"}],"pages":{"12555020":{"pageid":12555020,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Abel Wright","extract":"Aaron Abel Wright (June 6, 1840 \u2013 February 23, 1922) was a Canadian politician.\n\n\nBiography\nBorn in Athens, Leeds County, Upper Canada, the son of Israel Wright and Fanny Stevens, he educated at the High School in Athens and at the Toronto Normal School. A merchant and President and Managing Director of the Renfrew Electric Company, Wrights was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Renfrew South in the 1900 federal election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in the 1904 federal election. A Baptist, he married Jane Harvey on October 26, 1871.\n\n\nReferences\nThe Canadian Parliament; biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3, 1904\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAaron Abel Wright \u2013 Parliament of Canada biography"}}}}
part_xaa/acrylonitrile_styrene_acrylate
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrylonitrile_styrene_acrylate","to":"Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate"}],"pages":{"43912166":{"pageid":43912166,"ns":0,"title":"Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate","extract":"Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), also called acrylic styrene acrylonitrile, is an amorphous thermoplastic developed as an alternative to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), but with improved weather resistance, and is widely used in the automotive industry. It is an acrylate rubber-modified styrene acrylonitrile copolymer. It is used for general prototyping in 3D printing, where its UV resistance and mechanical properties make it an excellent material for use in fused deposition modelling printers.\n\n\nProperties\nASA is structurally very similar to ABS. The spherical particles of slightly crosslinked acrylate rubber (instead of butadiene rubber), functioning as an impact modifier, are chemically grafted with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer chains, and embedded in styrene-acrylonitrile matrix. The acrylate rubber differs from the butadiene based rubber by absence of double bonds, which gives the material about ten times the weathering resistance and resistance to ultraviolet radiation of ABS, higher long-term heat resistance, and better chemical resistance. ASA is significantly more resistant to environmental stress cracking than ABS, especially to alcohols and many cleaning agents. n-Butyl acrylate rubber is usually used, but other esters can be encountered too, e.g. ethyl hexyl acrylate. ASA has lower glass transition temperature than ABS, 100 \u00b0C vs 105 \u00b0C, providing better low-temperature properties to the material.ASA has high outdoor weatherability; it retains gloss, color, and mechanical properties in outdoor exposure. It has good chemical and heat resistance, high gloss, good antistatic properties, and is tough and rigid. It is used in applications requiring weatherability, e.g. commercial siding, outside parts of vehicles, or outdoor furniture.ASA is compatible with some other plastics, namely polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate. ASA-PVC compounds are in use.ASA can be processed by extrusion and coextrusion, thermoforming, injection molding, extrusion blow molding, and structural foam molding.ASA is mildly hygroscopic; drying may be necessary before processing.ASA exhibits low moulding shrinkage.ASA can be used as an additive to other polymers, when their heat distortion (resulting in deformed parts made of the material) has to be lowered.ASA can be coextruded with other polymers, so only the ASA layer is exposed to high temperature or weathering. ASA foils are used in in-mold decoration for forming e.g. car exterior panels.ASA can be welded to itself or to some other plastics. Ultrasonic welding can be used to join ASA to PVC, ABS, SAN, PMMA, and some others.ASA can be solvent-welded, using e.g. cyclohexane, 1,2-dichloroethane, methylene chloride, or 2-butanone. Such solvents can also join ASA with ABS and SAN. Solutions of ASA in these solvents can also be used as adhesives.ASA can be glued with cyanoacrylates; uncured resin can however cause stress cracking. ASA is compatible with acrylic-based adhesives. Anaerobic adhesives perform poorly with ASA. Epoxies and neoprene adhesives can be used for bonding ASA with woods and metals.Compared to polycarbonate, ASA has higher resistance to environmental stress cracking, and exhibits lower yellowing in outdoor applications. Compared to polypropylene, ASA has lower moulding shrinkage (0.5% vs 1.5%), higher stiffness, impact resistance, heat distortion temperature, and weatherability.\n\n\nHistory\nIn the 1960s, James A. Herbig and Ival O. Salyer of Monsanto were the first to attempt to make what would become ASA using butyl acrylate as the rubber phase. This work was then refined by Hans-Werner Otto and Hans Peter Siebel of BASF using a copolymer of butyl acrylate with butadiene for the rubber phase.\n\n\nProduction\nASA can be made by either a reaction process of all three monomers (styrene, acrylonitrile, acrylic ester) or a graft process, although the graft process is the typical method. A grafted acrylic ester elastomer is introduced during the copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile. The elastomer is introduced as a powder.As of 2003, there were only few large manufacturers of ASA; e.g. BASF, General Electric, Bayer, Miele, Hitachi, and LG Chem. The production process is similar to ABS, but it has some key differences and difficulties. The annual demand around 2003 was about 1-5% of ABS.\n\n\nApplications\nASA/PC (polycarbonate) blends have been prepared and are commercially available. In the Fused Filament Fabrication 3-D printing process, the ASA filament is used to fabricate 3-D printed parts, which above all must absorb a certain amount of impact and impact energy without breaking.ASA with compounds of silver, rendering its surface antimicrobial by the silver's oligodynamic effect, was introduced to the market in 2008.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acumen_nation
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acumen_Nation","to":"Acumen Nation"}],"pages":{"445925":{"pageid":445925,"ns":0,"title":"Acumen Nation","extract":"Acumen Nation is an American industrial rock band from Chicago, Illinois.\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nEarly career\nFormed in 1988 as Acumen by Jason Novak and Ethan Novak, the band released several cassette demos before self-releasing the CD demo Transmissions from Eville in 1994. Along with bassist Greg Lopez, they put the record out themselves under the name Robot Records. During shows for this period, the band added Jamie Duffy as a guitarist/engineer, and shortly afterwards the four-piece band was noticed by independent industrial label Fifth Colvmn Records, who signed the band and reissued Transmissions from Eville worldwide.\nThe band subsequently embarked on national tours with The Clay People and 16 Volt, before heading back to Chicago Trax Studios to record their follow-up, entitled Territory=Universe, with a denser multi-layered sound than the previous record. Acumen was invited to join another national tour with industrial rock pioneers Chemlab, as well as shorter stints supporting industrial rock veterans KMFDM and Monster Voodoo Machine.\nAlthough the peak of the Industrial rock scene in Chicago had passed by the time Acumen emerged as a national act, Acumen were able to establish themselves on the circuit through continuous touring and work on a number of different projects. The Iron Lung Corp. was a band composed of Acumen and The Clay People from Albany, New York. Their first record Big Shiny Spears (1996) featured covers of Nitzer Ebb's hits \"Join in the Chant\" and \"Murderous\".\n\n\nName dispute\nIn 1997, the band were forced to change their name due to a legal dispute with a preexisting progressive rock band also called Acumen. The band split their project into two halves - the drum and bass influenced DJ? Acucrack, and the more traditional rock format of Acumen Nation. Tours for both projects followed. In 1998, Greg Lopez left the band to pursue other interests, and was replaced by Eric Alvarez. The four recorded 2000's Strike 4. Alvarez left the band before the record was released and was replaced by Eliot Engelman.\n\n\nLater career\nIn 2000, Jason Novak and Jamie Duffy launched their own record label, CrackNation Records, through which all future Acumen-related material would be released. In 2005, the label released Cyanotic's debut album, Transhuman.\nThe end of 2001 saw the release of Live Farewell 2001, which was to signal a hiatus for the band, as the recording was the final performance featuring Ethan Novak, who left to form the band Cordy. He was replaced in the lineup by Dan Brill.\nEliot Engelman left following the release of Anticore in 2006 and the subsequent tour with Front Line Assembly in mid-2007, although the band maintained for some time that he had not left, before they finally admitted it. Ethan Novak returned to play guitar during the \"PsychoTransHumanoid\" 2007 and 2008 tours of the east and west coasts with Cyanotic, promoting the simultaneous release of Acumen Nation's Psycho the Rapist, DJ? Acucrack's Humanoids from the Deep, and Cyanotic's Transhuman 2.0.\nOn 21 June 2012, Acumen Nation guitarist Jamie Duffy died due to an overdose of sleeping pills, which was made public via his personal Twitter account early that morning. The tweet \"this is how the end begins...\u201d along with a link to a photo of a plate with three white bottles of sleeping pills and a plate full of the bright blue pills themselves. The photo was later removed, but the tweet remained.\n\n\nCold Waves: The Jamie Duffy Memorial Concert\nOn 6 July 2012, a memorial concert was announced entitled \"Cold Waves: The Jamie Duffy Memorial Concert\", to be held at Chicago's Bottom Lounge on 7 September 2012. Artists appearing at the event included Paul Barker, Chris Connelly, Jared Louche, Martin Atkins, Steven Seibold, Jim Marcus, Jason Novak, and Eric Powell, performing tracks by Revco/Revolting Cocks, Chemlab, 16volt, Acumen Nation, Damage Manual, Hate Dept, The Clay People, and Go Fight!/Die Warzau. Additional artists to perform were Czar, Cyanotic, i:Scintilla, and The Final Cut, with DJ sets by Zoltar, host of the satellite radio show Subterranean and a former Q101 Chicago and WXRT Chicago radio host. \nThe concert also noted that Duffy had worked at many Chicago Venues including The House of Blues, The Cubby Bear, The Abbey Pub and The Cabaret Metro/Metro Chicago as stage manager and sound engineer, provided engineering and technical support at Chicago Trax recording studios, and had contributed to releases on many different larger and independent record labels including 21st Circuitry, Bit Riot Records, BMG/RCA/D-Tribe Records, Cargo Music/Re-constriction Records, Conscience Records, Cracknation Records, Crash Music Inc., E-Magine Records, Failure To Communicate Records/FTC Records, Fifth Colvmn Records, Glitch Mode Recordings, Underground, Inc., Island/Def Jam Records, Katharsis Records, Metropolis Records, MOGworld Records, Tinman Records, TVT Records, Warner Bros. Records, Wax Trax! Records, WTII Records and Zoth Ommog Records, working with artists such as 16Volt, Acumen Nation, Armageddon Dildos, Chemlab, Chris Connelly, Cyanotic, Dean Garcia, DJ? Acucrack, Hypefactor, Iron Lung Corp, Lard, Method Man (featuring Mary J. Blige), Ministry, Monster Voodoo Machine, Pigface, Sister Machine Gun, Sister Soleil, Toni Halliday and The Wake.\n\n\nDiscography\nTransmissions from Eville (Demo) (as Acumen; 1994; Robot Records)\nTransmissions from Eville (as Acumen; 1994; Fifth Colvmn Records)\nTerritory = Universe (as Acumen; 1996; Fifth Colvmn)\nUnkind (EP) (1997; Conscience Records)\nMore Human Heart (1997; Conscience)\nIf You Were (EP) (1998; Conscience)\nStrike 4 (EP) (2000; Cracknation)\nLive Farewell 2001 (2001; Cracknation)\nThe 5ifth Column (2002; Invisible Records)\nComing Down: The Bastard Remix Album (2002; Invisible)\nLord of the Cynics (2003; Cracknation)\nArtifacts: 1990\u20131993 Volume 1 (2004)\nWhat the Fuck?: 10 Years of Armed Audio Warfare (2005; Cracknation/WTII Records)\nAnticore (2006; Cracknation/Crash Music Inc.)\nPsycho the Rapist (2007; Cracknation)\nArtifacts II: 1989\u20131994 (2008; Cracknation)\nArtifacts III: 1988\u20131993 (2014; Cracknation)\n\n\nSide projects\nDJ? Acucrack\nIron Lung Corp\nFawn\nGlytsch\nCzar\nCocksure\nThe Splynter Group\nVampyre Anvil\nAhnusse\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nCracknation.com \u2013 official Cracknation website\nAcumen Nation interviewed on a cult public TV show\nThe Jamie Duffy Memorial Fund"}}}}
part_xaa/abduh_lestaluhu
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abduh_Lestaluhu","to":"Abduh Lestaluhu"}],"pages":{"41087448":{"pageid":41087448,"ns":0,"title":"Abduh Lestaluhu","extract":"Muhammad Abduh Lestaluhu (born 16 October 1993) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Liga 1 club Persis Solo. He lives in Ternate and his childhood friend is Persib Bandung player, Ardi Idrus. His uncle, Ramdani Lestaluhu is also a football player. He is also a First Sergeant in the Indonesian Army for Military Police Corps unit.\n\n\nClub career\n\n\nPersis Solo\nBorn in Tulehu, Abduh made his first career in 2011, then Abduh decided to joined Persis Solo was then coached by Junaedi, he said \"Exactly to be my first pro team in Indonesia\". Together with Persis Solo, he has played 14 times with a score of 1 goal.\n\n\nPersija Jakarta\nIn 2012, Abduh officially signed a contract with Persija Jakarta, not only himself, other players followed to join, such as Feri Komul, Gustavo L\u00f3pez, Daryono, Barkah Crustian, and Anindito Wahyu. Abduh made his Persija debut in a 1\u20131 draw against Persisam Samarinda on 6 January 2013 as a substitute for Defri Rizki in the 87th minute. During his career at Persija, He made only 7 league appearances for Persija Jakarta.\n\n\nPS TNI / Persikabo 1973\nIn 2015, The sanctions that hit Indonesian football made Abduh's career at Persija hampered because the competition was officially stopped, he then started his career as a member of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). After undergoing a series of tests, feasibility tests, and training materials which he had been doing for 5 months, Abduh was finally accepted as a member of the TNI with the rank of second sergeant (serda) at the end of 2015.At that time, TNI built a football club. Abduh's background made it quite easy for him to penetrate the team. He eventually joined the club in the 2016 Jenderal Sudirman Cup and 2016 Indonesia Soccer Championship A.Abduh made his first official league debut on 22 April 2017, coming on as a starter in a 2\u20132 draw with Persib Bandung at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. Abduh scored his first career Indonesian Liga 1 goal in a 1\u20132 loss over Bali United on 15 August 2019.\n\n\nReturn to Persis Solo\nOn 18 June 2021, Persis Solo announces 38th new recruit. Abduh officially signed a contract with the team and became part of the squad to play in 2021\u201322 season, this is an opportunity for him to return to his old club. Abduh made his first league debut on 26 September 2021, coming on as a starter in a 2\u20130 win with PSG Pati at the Manahan Stadium, Surakarta. On 26 October, Abduh scored his first goal for Persis against PSCS Cilacap in the 66th minute at the Manahan Stadium.\n\n\nBali United (loan)\nIn January 2022, Abduh signed a contract with Liga 1 club Bali United on loan from Persis Solo. He made his league debut in a 2\u20130 win against Persita Tangerang on 17 January 2022 as a substitute for Leonard Tupamahu in the 70th minute at the Ngurah Rai Stadium, Denpasar.\n\n\nInternational career\nHe received a red card in the 2nd leg of 2016 AFF Championship Final at the 90th minute near the end of the match because of kicking the ball to Thai bench as a sign of protest for what he perceive for their uncooperative when one of the Thai officials in the bench denying to give him the ball in the way seen by him as \"an act of delaying the time\". Shortly after he being sent off, he was seen showing his middle finger to Thai fans.\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nClub\nAs of match played 29 September 2022\n\n\nInternational appearances\nAs of 15 October 2019\n\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list the Indonesia's goal tally first.Indonesia U-23\n\n\nPersonal life\nLestaluhu is the twin brother of Rafid Lestaluhu, he also has an older brother Ramdani Lestaluhu, and a younger brother Pandi Lestaluhu, who are also professional footballers and former teammates of his at Persija Jakarta.\n\n\nHonours\n\n\nClub\nPersis SoloLiga 2: 2021Bali UnitedLiga 1: 2021\u201322\n\n\nInternational\nIndonesiaAFF Championship runner-up: 2016\n\n\nIndividual\nLiga 2 Best XI: 2021\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbduh Lestaluhu at Soccerway\nAbduh Lestaluhu at National-Football-Teams.com"}}}}
part_xaa/abcoude_railway_station
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abcoude_railway_station","to":"Abcoude railway station"}],"pages":{"19799900":{"pageid":19799900,"ns":0,"title":"Abcoude railway station","extract":"Abcoude is a railway station located in Abcoude, Netherlands.\n\n\nHistory\nThe station is located on the Amsterdam\u2013Arnhem railway between Amsterdam and Utrecht, and was opened on 18 December 1843. Previously, there were only two trains a day going to Abcoude. The line was doubled to 4 tracks in 2007 and the old station closed with a new station opening a few hundred metres to the north. The old station stood next to the Gein with the line crossing the river by a bridge which was barely higher than the river level. During the quadrupling of the line a new underpass was built to take the railway under the river. This new underpass begins just after the current station and emerges back at ground level a good distance past the original station buildings.\n\n\nAccidents and incidents\n\nOn 12 March 2015, a passenger train caught fire at the station and was evacuated. Twenty-one passengers had breathed in smoke but could resume their journey, one passenger excluding the train driver was taken to the hospital.\n\n\nTrain services\nThe following services currently call at Abcoude:\n\n2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest \u2013 Amsterdam \u2013 Woerden \u2013 Rotterdam\n2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest \u2013 Amsterdam \u2013 Utrecht \u2013 Rhenen (Not in the evening and the weekend)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nNS website (in English)\nDutch Public Transport journey planner (in English)"}}}}
part_xaa/abu_sidhum
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Sidhum","to":"Abu Sidhum"}],"pages":{"40002763":{"pageid":40002763,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Sidhum","extract":"Abu Sidhum is a town in the Minya Governorate in Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile.\nApproximately 12 miles east of Abu Sidhum, rock formations were found in 2013 that are claimed to be highly eroded pyramids. The area was visited and is claimed to be \"hiding an ancient site.\" The site was discovered by noted satellite archaeology researcher Angela Micol from the USA.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdur_rasheed_turabi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdur_Rasheed_Turabi","to":"Abdur Rasheed Turabi"}],"pages":{"18195321":{"pageid":18195321,"ns":0,"title":"Abdur Rasheed Turabi","extract":"Abdur Rasheed Turabi is a well-known politician of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. He was the Emir of Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir till July 2017. Dr Khalid Mahmood is his successor and newly elected Ameer of JI AJK. He is a well known columnist and also has written books giving the guidelines of solution of Kashmir dispute. He remained President of Islami-e-Jamiat Talaba Kashmir Chapter (1974\u201376). He participated greatly in the freedom movement of Kashmir. He is member of Legislative Assembly of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. He is also member of Muslim World league.\n\n\nEarly life and education\nTurabi was born in 1954 and he belongs to Azad Jammu Kashmir's village Chattar. He completed his matriculation from Bagh High School and received his Masters degree in Islamic Studies from Punjab University as well as he completed his LLB from Karachi University. During his student life, Abdul Rasheed took active part in politics and played his important role as President of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba Azad Jammu Kashmir. After completion of education, Abdul Rasheed Turabi started advocating in the year 1983 and joined Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir during advocating. He was elected as general secretary of Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir for the first time while he was continuously 5 times nominated as Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Azad Kashmir in the year 1989 to 2002. Abdul Rasheed Turabi has written articles in English, Urdu and Arabic as he has also written several books on Kashmir issue which is providing guidance on the solution of Kashmir issue.\n\n\nStance on Gilgit Baltistan\nTurabi advocates for constitutional rights of GB people but is against making Gilgit-Baltistan the fifth province of Pakistan. He demands Joint administrative set up of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. As the government of Pakistan moves forward to introduce constitutional reforms in Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Kashmiri leaders have stood to oppose any move of making the region fifth province of Pakistan through some constitutional amendments. Addressing an All Parties Conference (APC) at the National Press Club on Wednesday, Kashmiri leaders including former prime ministers Sardar Attique Ahmad Khan and Sultan Mahmood, Chaudhry Lateef Akbar, Abdul Rasheed Turabi and others said that any move to change the constitutional status of the region would tantamount to divide the state of Kashmir. They through the resolution proposed a joint administrative set up for AJK and GB in which the president, prime minister, High Court and Kashmir Council will be the same for these two regions.\n\n\nEfforts for solution of Kashmir dispute\nTurabi is known as an ambassador of Kashmir. He travels to renowned countries to get support for Kashmir freedom. In All Parties Kashmir Conference held in Mirpur, Abdul Rasheed Turabi along with PM AJK Raja Farooq Haider, Leader of the Opposition in AJK Legislative Assembly Chaudhry Muhammad Yasin, Ex-PM of AJK Chaudhry Abdul Majeed, All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference President Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan, Justice (retd) Abdul Majeed Malik, PTI leader Khawaja Farooq Ahmed, Hurriyat leaders Ghulam Muhammad Saffi, Mir Tahir Masood, ex-president of AJK Sardar Muhammad Anwar said that the Kashmiri freedom movement would not be suppressed by Indian brutalities anymore. Kashmiri political leadership is united against Indian occupation. People of Jammu and Kashmir would continue their struggle for right to self-determination in accordance with United Nations resolutions till it is achieved. They said:\u201cWe reject ludicrous Indian claims of carrying out surgical strikes across the LoC, as blatantly false and brazen attempts at diverting international attention away from its atrocities in IoK\u201d.In a media talk in Sialkot Press Club, he asked the Pakistan government to take up the Kashmir issue with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) effectively. He said that India has provided a unique opportunity for Pakistan to move to ICJ with Kashmir dispute after Indian approach to ICJ in Indian spy Kalbhushan Jadhav's case. He said that Pakistan should launch massive global diplomatic campaign on Kashmir Issue as the time was ripe for the move. Turabi said that the world should resolve the burning Kashmir Issue as per the aspirations of the people of Kashmir, adding early freedom from Indian yoke and plebiscite to the people of Occupied Kashmir is their basic right and Pakistan should resolve the Kashmir Issue first. Turabi also urged the world to use its complete influence to globally pressurise India for the early peaceful solution to burning Kashmir dispute as per the aspirations of the people of the held valley. He expressed complete solidarity with the depressed people of the held valley and said that the sun of freedom of Kashmir will rise soon and people of Occupied Jammu and Kashmir will soon get freedom from Indian yoke. To a question, Turabi also asked the world to ensure Scotland-like plebiscite in Occupied Kashmir. He said that durable peace could never be established in Asia without the early solution to Kashmir Issue. He said that the Kashmir dispute had now become a flash point between the two nuclear neighbours. Later, addressing a meeting of the party workers, he claimed that Kashmir was running into the blood of the Pakistani nation. He urged the Pakistan government to globally pressurise India for ensuring the early implementation of the prolonged delayed UN Resolutions. He said that India should give the basic right of plebiscite to the people of the held valley. He vowed to make sincere efforts and even to sacrifice the last drop of his blood to save Pakistan from the enemies and to make Pakistan as a real Islamic welfare state as envisaged by the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He strongly condemned the aggressive policy of India. He strongly criticised BJP government in India, alleging that the BJP was implementing the agenda to crush the Muslim in India.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adacao
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"21037450":{"pageid":21037450,"ns":0,"title":"Adacao","extract":"Adacao is a settlement in the north-east of Guam. It is located on the east coast, 11 miles east of Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, in the village of Mangilao.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acleris_kearfottana
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acleris_kearfottana","to":"Acleris kearfottana"}],"pages":{"44356110":{"pageid":44356110,"ns":0,"title":"Acleris kearfottana","extract":"Acleris kearfottana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Maine, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec and West Virginia.The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are pale orange-yellow with faint traces of reticulation. The hindwings are light smoky. Adults have been recorded on wing in April, July and from October to November.\nThe larvae feed on Comptonia peregrina, Myrica (including Myrica gale) and Hamamelis species.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adam_kelso_fulton
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Kelso_Fulton","to":"Adam Kelso Fulton"}],"pages":{"41026862":{"pageid":41026862,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Kelso Fulton","extract":"Adam Kelso Fulton (10 April 1929 \u2013 27 August 1994) was a Scottish rugby union internationalist. \n\n\nInternational Career\nPositioned as scrum-half, he was capped twice playing both games against France at Murrayfield in 1952and 1954 - \u201cHe was a tough and ubiquitous little battler who was naturally very competitive and who had any amount of courage\u201d.\nThe 1951 selection match reunited the successful university pairing of Fulton and JNG Davidson, and was where both had the \u201cdistinction of gaining \u201ccaps\u201d on the strength of one trial\u201d. This was also the first international club partnership to be established since H Waddell and JB Nelson of Glasgow Academicals some 25 years prior. The pair also teamed up again for Fulton\u2019s second cap.\n\n\nSenior Career\nHis association with the sport started at school, Dollar Academy, where he was also a Scottish Schools' internationalist, and continued with a number of teams including Edinburgh University, Leamington RFC, Dollar Academicals, The Army, Perthshire Academicals, and Panmure RFC. Upon invitation, he played for Colonel Usher's XV, the Co-Optimists, the Public Schools' Wanderers, and J. MacG. K. Kendall-Carpenter\u2019s XV. Combined, county, and district level representation included, the Scottish Universities XV, Hampshire, Fife, Perth and Angus, and the Midlands District who he captained against the North of Scotland on 10 October 1953. Injury and the demands of his profession shortened his playing career. In 1983 he became President of the Dollar Academicals, and since 1995, the Kelso Fulton Cup is awarded to the winner of an annual fixture held between the Accies and Edinburgh Borders RFC.\n\n\nPersonal Life\nKelso Fulton was born at 18 Walker Street, Edinburgh, Scotland on 10 April 1929. In 1952 he graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) from the University of Edinburgh. In 1956 he was recalled to the Royal Army Medical Corps for Operation Musketeer (Suez) and served with the 4th Field Dressing Station, which was established at the Ophthalmic Hospital, Port Said, Egypt. Following a period of voluntary work with the Grenfell Mission in Labrador, working in the outlying areas and with the hospital ship, he entered into general practice. Appointments included, Aberfeldy, then Audley \u2013 where, on 21 July 1963, he was selected county Divisional Surgeon to the St John\u2019s Ambulance Brigade \u2013 and finally, from 1967 onwards, Kinross. \nFulton, together with his wife Norma (n\u00e9e Reid) were active members of the community. In 1976, he was the founding President of the Kinross and District Rotary Club - in his memory, the club established, on a permanent basis, the Kelso Fulton Memorial Fund to support children\u2019s education in Mombasa, Kenya. Children\u2019s wellbeing and education remained important throughout his life: he served on the Kinross Primary School Board; his advocacy and efforts resulted in the establishment of the Hayfield Wildlife Garden; he received a Chief Scout commendation for his work with the organisation. His sporting interests also endured: he served as President of the Tennis Club (1974-79) and helped organise the installation of tennis courts in Station Road; he was a past President of the Kinross Curling Club, where he donated a Quaich to be played for by teams knocked out of the championship competition - Norma also provided the Kelso Fulton Cup for curling matches held between the North and Dollar Clubs; he helped to organise the Kinross half marathons; he was a keen supporter of Kinross Rugby Club. He was an individual \u201cwho maintained the highest ideals of fellowship and service\u201d, and held a deep rooted \u201cdesire to encourage achievement at all levels\u201d. \n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Kelso Fulton at ESPNscrum\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acrolophus_infida
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_infida","to":"Acrolophus infida"}],"pages":{"37157736":{"pageid":37157736,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus infida","extract":"Acrolophus infida is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in South America.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abari
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"36235279":{"pageid":36235279,"ns":0,"title":"Abari","extract":"Abari (Georgian: \u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) is a village in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region, Georgia. It is part of the Likheti commune, Ambrolauri municipality, with the population of 122, mostly (99.2%) ethnic Georgians, as of the 2014 census.Abari is located on the right bank of the Lukhuni river, a right tributary of the Rioni, on the southern foothills of the Lechkhumi Range, 17 km. northeast of the town of Ambrolauri.\nThe population of Abari is dominated by two surnames: Lobzhanidze and Japaridze. According to local tradition, the village was founded by a man surnamed Lobzhanidze from the Ghebi in the northernmost part of Racha in the 18th century. The Japaridze descend from a priest sent to Abari in the 19th century. Since the Soviet period, the families in Abari have used rural-urban migration to access the different resources provided by the village and the city.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSources\nDragadze, Tamara (1988). Rural Families in Soviet Georgia: A Case Study in Ratcha. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-00619-4."}}}}
part_xaa/ademir_marques_de_menezes
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ademir_Marques_de_Menezes","to":"Ademir Marques de Menezes"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Ademir Marques de Menezes","to":"Ademir de Menezes"}],"pages":{"2838545":{"pageid":2838545,"ns":0,"title":"Ademir de Menezes","extract":"Ademir Marques de Menezes (Portuguese pronunciation: [ade\u02c8mi\u0281]; 8 November 1921 \u2013 11 May 1996) was a Brazilian footballer, regarded as one of the best forwards in football history. His prominent underbite earned him the nickname \"Queixada\", which means \"jaw\". He was also the top goalscorer in the 1950 FIFA World Cup.\n\n\nClub career\nAdemir began his club career with Sport Recife before moving to Vasco da Gama. He played for Vasco for two spells, 1942\u20131945 and 1948\u201356, broken by a spell at Fluminense. In total, Ademir won five Rio State League championships (1945, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956). He won another with Fluminense (1946). He was the league's top scorer in 1949 with 30 goals and again in 1950 with 25 goals. Ademir finally retired from playing in 1956, going on to work as a commentator, coach and businessman.\n\n\nInternational career\nAdemir is best known for his exploits in the 1950 World Cup held in his native Brazil. Playing in an outstanding forward trio involving Zizinho and Jair he won the Golden Boot as the top scorer in the competition with 9 goals, and he also helped the team with 6 assists in the tournament. He was the scorer of the first competitive goal at the Maracan\u00e3 stadium. Despite this feat, he could not bring victory to Brazil in the decisive match against Uruguay \u2013 a national tragedy which was later dubbed the Maracanazo.\nAdemir also enjoyed success in the Copa Am\u00e9rica. He played in the 1945, 1946, 1949, and 1953 editions of the tournament, with 13 goals and 3 assists in 18 appearances in the competition, including a tournament-winning hat-trick in the final play-off against Paraguay in 1949. He also won the Panamerican Championship with Brazil in 1952 scoring two goals on the title match against Chile. In total, Ademir played 39 times for his country, scoring 32 goals (according to RSSSF) between 1945 and 1953.\n\n\nStyle of play\nA fast and powerful striker, with a strong shot in both feet, Ademir began his career as a left winger before moving to the centre, causing havoc in opposing defences with his skill and sublime finishing. People at the time considered him an unequalled ball juggler who knew every trick in the book. He used to wreak havoc among defences with his quick changes in tempo, fooling his opponents with deceptions carried out almost at lightning speed, his mastering of the ball in all situations and the ability to accelerate rapidly.\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nInternational\n\n\n1950 World Cup statistics\nThe scores contain links to the article on the 1950 FIFA World Cup and the round in question. When there is a special article on the match in question, the link is in the column for round.\n\n\nHonours\nSport Recife\n\nCampeonato Pernambucano: 1941, 1942Vasco da Gama\n\nCampeonato Carioca: 1945, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1956\nSouth American Championship of Champions: 1948Fluminense\n\nCampeonato Carioca: 1946Brazil\n\nSouth American Championship: 1949\nPanamerican Championship: 1952\nFIFA World Cup runner-up: 1950\nSouth American Championship runner-up: 1945, 1946, 1953Individual\n\nCopa Am\u00e9rica Best Player: 1949\nFIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1950\nFIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1950\nIFFHS Brazilian Player of the 20th Century (18th place)\nIFFHS South American Player of the 20th Century (44th place)\nBrazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/actinium_fluoride
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Actinium_fluoride","to":"Actinium fluoride"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Actinium fluoride","to":"Actinium(III) fluoride"}],"pages":{"53902502":{"pageid":53902502,"ns":0,"title":"Actinium(III) fluoride","extract":"Actinium(III) fluoride (AcF3) is an inorganic compound, a salt of actinium and fluorine.\n\n\nSynthesis\nActinium fluoride can be prepared in solution or by a solid-state reaction. In the first method, actinium hydroxide is treated with hydrofluoric acid and the product precipitates:\n\n \n \n \n \n Ac\n \n \n (\n OH\n )\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 3\n \n HF\n \u27f6\n \n AcF\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u2193\n \n +\n 3\n \n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {Ac(OH)3 + 3HF -> AcF_3(v) + 3H2O}}}\n In the solid-state reaction, actinium metal is treated with hydrogen fluoride gas at 700 \u00b0C in a platinum crucible.\n\n\nProperties\nActinium fluoride is a white solid that reacts with ammonia at 900\u20131000 \u00b0C to yield an actinium oxyfluoride:\n\n \n \n \n \n \n AcF\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 2\n \n \n NH\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \u27f6\n AcOF\n +\n 2\n \n \n NH\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {AcF3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> AcOF + 2NH4F}}}\n While lanthanum oxyfluoride is easily formed by heating lanthanum fluoride in air, a similar treatment merely melts actinium fluoride and does not yield AcOF.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdullah_al-disi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdullah_Al-Disi","to":"Abdullah Al-Disi"}],"pages":{"33421101":{"pageid":33421101,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah Al-Disi","extract":"Abdullah Salah Al-Disi is a retired Jordanian footballer of Palestinian origin.\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdullah Al-Disi at National-Football-Teams.com\nAbdullah Al-Disi at Goalzz.com (also in Arabic at Kooora.com)"}}}}
part_xaa/acrolophus_hirsutus
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_hirsutus","to":"Acrolophus hirsutus"}],"pages":{"37157699":{"pageid":37157699,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus hirsutus","extract":"Acrolophus hirsutus is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Brazil.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adalpur
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"43705781":{"pageid":43705781,"ns":0,"title":"Adalpur","extract":"Adalpur is a village in Hajipur block Vaishali district, Bihar, India.\n\n\nDemographics\nAs of the 2011 Census of India, Adalpur has a population of 1,844 spread over 372 households.\n\n\nEducation facilities\nAdalpur had 1 primary school.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/a_arvore_dos_sexos
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_\u00c1rvore_dos_Sexos","to":"A \u00c1rvore dos Sexos"}],"pages":{"33116424":{"pageid":33116424,"ns":0,"title":"A \u00c1rvore dos Sexos","extract":"A \u00c1rvore dos Sexos is a 1977 Brazilian pornochanchada film directed by Silvio de Abreu.\n\n\nCast\nN\u00e1dia Lippi\nNey Santanna\nFelipe Carone\nYolanda Cardoso\nMaria L\u00facia Dahl\nSonia Mamede\nAnt\u00f4nio Petrin\nVirginia Lane\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA \u00c1rvore dos Sexos at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_krickstein
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Krickstein","to":"Aaron Krickstein"}],"pages":{"871746":{"pageid":871746,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Krickstein","extract":"Aaron Krickstein (born August 2, 1967), nicknamed \"Marathon Man\", is an American former professional tennis player who competed on the ATP Tour from 1983 to 1996. He currently competes on the Outback Champions Series Over-30 tour.\nKrickstein reached his career high ATP ranking of World No. 6 on February 26, 1990. He achieved this ranking on the back of wins in Sydney and Los Angeles, as well as his best ever results at Wimbledon and the US Open. He is perhaps best known for his five-set, marathon loss to Jimmy Connors at the 1991 US Open, which ESPN called \"an instant classic\".\n\n\nPersonal life\nKrickstein was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the son of Evelyn, a stay-at-home mom, and Herb Krickstein, a pathologist.\nHis sister, Kathy, won the Big Ten tennis championship in 1978. He is the uncle of LPGA golfer Morgan Pressel, Kathy's daughter.Krickstein is Jewish and in the early 1990s was one of three highly ranked Jewish-American tennis players, along with Jay Berger and Brad Gilbert.Krickstein has been the director of tennis at St. Andrews Country Club in Boca Raton, Florida, since 2002.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\nJunior\nKrickstein started playing tennis when he was six. He became an active competitor on the high school tennis scene during his teens, and still holds the Michigan record for most consecutive match wins at this level (56). He played for University Liggett School.Krickstein won the American National Under 16 championship in 1982. While still only 16, he was the US National Junior Tennis Association Champion, Clay Champion, and USTA National Champion in the 18s in 1983. He won five consecutive junior championships.\n\n\nProfessional\nKrickstein set an ATP record for being the youngest player to win a singles title on the ATP Tour (at age 16, 2 months after his 16th birthday), in Tel Aviv. Krickstein set a record for being the youngest player to ever break the top 10 (at age 17). As of November 2022, both records still stand.\nIn 1984, he won the U.S. Pro Tennis Championship, becoming its youngest winner, and a clay court tournament in Boston. In 1989 he won the Tokyo Indoor Tennis Tournament and a hard court tournament in Sydney, Australia. In 1991, 1992, and 1993 he won the South African Open.Krickstein had an injury-plagued career, which included stress fractures in his feet, problems with his knees and wrists in 1985 and 1986, and injuries suffered when he was hurt in a car accident in 1987.His best finishes in a Grand Slam event were at the 1989 US Open, and at the 1995 Australian Open, where he reached the semi finals.\nKrickstein is perhaps best remembered for his famous five-set match against Jimmy Connors on Labor Day at the 1991 US Open. Krickstein had led the match 2\u20131 in sets and was ahead 5\u20132 in the fifth set, before losing the match in a tiebreaker. The match lasted four hours and 41 minutes. According to ESPN, \"The match was an instant classic.\" Before retractable roofs were constructed for use at the US Open, this match was the default television filler during tournament rain delays; because of this, it is probably the most viewed tennis match of all time. For about 24 years after the match, Krickstein and Connors only spoke a few words to each other. But in 2014, Krickstein called Connors to invite him to play a \"reunion match\" for members at the Florida country club where Krickstein was (and still is) the tennis director. They played in February 2015 and Krickstein won a pro set 8\u20135.He had a record of 10 career wins from 0\u20132 set deficits. His nickname \"Marathon Man\" was a reference to his ability to make a comeback when behind in a match. Krickstein won 27 of his 35 career matches that went into a fifth set.\nKrickstein defeated a number of top players, including Ivan Lendl (world #1) in 1990, Michael Stich (world #2 and #4) in 1994 and 1991, Stefan Edberg (world #3) in 1988 at the US Open, Boris Becker (world #3) in 1992, Mats Wilander (world #4) in 1984, Jimmy Arias (world #5) in 1984, and Sergi Bruguera (world #5) in 1994. He won against Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi.\n\n\nDavis Cup\nKrickstein was a member of the United States Davis Cup team from 1985 to 1987, and also was a member of the 1990 squad. He compiled a 6\u20134 record in singles play during Davis Cup ties. The highlight of Krickstein's Davis Cup career came in 1990 when he scored two, hard-fought victories in a World Group Quarterfinal tie against Czechoslovakia, leading his team to a 4\u20131 win.\n\n\nATP career finals\n\n\nSingles: 19 (9 titles, 10 runner-ups)\n\n\nPerformance timeline\n\n\nSingles\n\n\nRecords\nThese records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.\n\n\nSee also\nList of select Jewish tennis players\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Krickstein at the Association of Tennis Professionals\nAaron Krickstein at the International Tennis Federation \nAaron Krickstein at the Davis Cup\nOutback Champions Series bio\nJews in Sports bio"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_island
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Island","to":"Abel Island"}],"pages":{"32897579":{"pageid":32897579,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Island","extract":"Abel Island (Norwegian: Abel\u00f8ya) is an island in Svalbard. It is the third-largest island of Kong Karls Land with an area of 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi).\nIt is named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Abel Island is separated from Kongs\u00f8ya by the strait Lydiannasundet.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acalolepta_arrowi
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acalolepta_arrowi","to":"Acalolepta arrowi"}],"pages":{"51571463":{"pageid":51571463,"ns":0,"title":"Acalolepta arrowi","extract":"Acalolepta arrowi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1935. It is known from Papua New Guinea.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acquanegra_cremonese
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acquanegra_Cremonese","to":"Acquanegra Cremonese"}],"pages":{"6715105":{"pageid":6715105,"ns":0,"title":"Acquanegra Cremonese","extract":"Acquanegra Cremonese (Cremun\u00e9s: Cuan\u00e9gra) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Cremona.\nAcquanegra Cremonese borders the following municipalities: Crotta d'Adda, Grumello Cremonese ed Uniti, Sesto ed Uniti, Spinadesco.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abei_township
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abei_Township","to":"Abei Township"}],"pages":{"35574879":{"pageid":35574879,"ns":0,"title":"Abei Township","extract":"Abei Township, also Abeixiang (Chinese: \u963f\u5317\u4e61) is a township-level division situated in the Jixi prefecture of Heilongjiang, China. It is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) by S309 and S211 roads northeast of Hulin. Established in 1979 under the jurisdiction of Hulin City, it has an area of almost 300 square kilometers and more than 11.2 million mu of arable land. It contains Xinancha Reservoir, which lies east of the main village towards Xiaomuhe.\n\n\nAdministrative divisions\nThe township-level division contains the following villages:\nXinfu Village (\u65b0\u5bcc\u6751)\nXinlu Village (\u65b0\u8def\u6751)\nXinzhong Village (\u65b0\u4e2d\u6751)\nAbei Village (\u963f\u5317\u6751)\nAdong Village (\u963f\u4e1c\u6751)\nXinlin Village (\u65b0\u6797\u6751)\nXinzheng Village (\u65b0\u653f\u6751)\n\n\nSee also\nList of township-level divisions of Heilongjiang\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acraga
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"45638206":{"pageid":45638206,"ns":0,"title":"Acraga","extract":"Acraga is a genus of moths of the family Dalceridae.\n\n\nSpecies\nAcraga goes group:\nAcraga goes Schaus, 1910\nAcraga ingenescens (Dyar, 1927)\nAcraga luteola (Hopp, 1921)\nAcraga hamata group:\nAcraga hamata Schaus, 1910\nAcraga andina S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga flava group:\nAcraga flava (Walker, 1855)\nAcraga obscura (Schaus, 1896)\nAcraga infusa group:\nAcraga infusa Schaus, 1905\nAcraga conda Dyar, 1911\nAcraga philetera (Schaus, 1910)\nAcraga ria (Dyar, 1910)\nAcraga neblina S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga serrata S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga ciliata group:\nAcraga ciliata Walker, 1855\nAcraga moorei Dyar, 1898\nAcraga coa (Schaus, 1892)\nAcraga chicana S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga concolor group:\nAcraga concolor (Walker, 1865)\nAcraga citrinopsis (Dyar, 1927)\nAcraga beebei S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga melinda group:\nAcraga melinda (Druce, 1898)\nAcraga amazonica S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga meridensis Dognin, 1907\nAcraga mariala Dognin, 1923\nAcraga perbrunnea Dyar, 1927\nAcraga citrina group:\nAcraga citrina (Schaus, 1896)\nAcraga hoppiana S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga ferruginea group:\nAcraga ferruginea Hopp, 1922\nAcraga brunnea S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga ampela group:\nAcraga ampela (Druce, 1890)\nAcraga puno S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga boliviana Hopp, 1921\nAcraga angulifera Schaus, 1905\nAcraga isothea Dognin, 1914\nAcraga leberna (Druce, 1890)\nAcraga umbrifera (Schaus, 1905)\nAcraga ochracea group:\nAcraga ochracea (Walker, 1855)\nAcraga victoria S.E. Miller, 1994\nAcraga sexquicentenaria (Orfila, 1961)\nAcraga parana S.E. Miller, 1994\n\n\nFormer species\nAcraga albescens Hopp, 1929\nAcraga arcifera Dyar, 1910\nAcraga canaquitam Dyar, 1925\nAcraga caretta Dyar, 1910\nAcraga cosmia Dognin, 1911\nAcraga dulciola Dyar, 1914\nAcraga gugelmanni Dyar, 1916\nAcraga mesoa Druce, 1887\nAcraga moribunda Schaus, 1920\nAcraga nana Dognin, 1920\nAcraga phasma Dyar, 1927\nAcraga rebella Schaus, 1911\nAcraga sofia Dyar, 1910\nAcraga sororcula Dyar, 1927\n\n\nReferences\n\nMiller, S.E., 1994: Systematics of the Neotropical moth family Dalceridae (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 153(4): 1-495. Full Article: [1]"}}}}
part_xaa/abulfaz_elchibey
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abulfaz_Elchibey","to":"Abulfaz Elchibey"}],"pages":{"776742":{"pageid":776742,"ns":0,"title":"Abulfaz Elchibey","extract":"Abulfaz Elchibey (Azerbaijani: \u018fb\u00fclf\u0259z El\u00e7ib\u0259y; 24 June 1938, in Nakhchivan \u2013 22 August 2000, in Ankara) was an Azerbaijani political figure and a former Soviet dissident. His real name was Abulfaz Gadirgulu oghlu Aliyev (Azerbaijani: \u018fb\u00fclf\u0259z Q\u0259dirqulu o\u011flu \u018fliyev), but he assumed the nickname of \"El\u00e7ib\u0259y\" (Azerbaijani for the \"noble messenger\") upon his leadership of the Azerbaijani Popular Front in 1990. Elchibey was the president of Azerbaijan, serving from 17 June 1992 until his overthrow in a coup d'\u00e9tat on 24 June 1993. He positioned himself as an overt pan-Turkist, and strongly anti-Iran.\n\n\nBiography\n\nElchibey studied Arabic at the Baku State University, graduated in 1957 from the department of Arab philology of the Faculty of Oriental Studies. He worked as a translator and later as a lecturer of history at the Baku State University. From 1963 to 1964 he practiced in Egypt, working as a translator. He soon joined a dissident movement, supporting the re-establishment of Azebaijani independence. From 1975 to 1976 he was imprisoned. Thereafter he worked at the Institute of Manuscripts of Azerbaijan and published over 50 scientific works on Oriental philosophy, history, literature and religion.\n\n\nPresidency\n\n\nAssumption of power\nElchibey's rise to presidency came after the first round of heavy losses of Azerbaijan in the war against Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. After the Khojaly Massacre (26\u201327 February 1992), the fall of Shusha (8 May 1992) and Lachin (15\u201317 May 1992), the temporary Azerbaijani communist establishment led by Yaqub Mammadov could no longer hold power. Amidst the disorder on the frontline, former Azerbaijani president Ayaz Mutalibov's attempted comeback, two months after his resignation, in a parliamentary coup on 14 May 1992, resulted in public outrage and military overthrow of Mutalibov by the Azerbaijani Popular Front in Baku on 15 May 1992.\nThe national presidential elections with 7 candidates were held on 7 June 1992 in which Elchibey was elected the President of Azerbaijan, gaining 54% of votes and becoming Azerbaijan's first democratically elected, non-communist president.\n\n\nDomestic policies\n\n\nMilitary and security policy\nDuring the summer of 1992, Elchibey secured the full withdrawal of the Soviet 4th Army and other elements of the Transcaucasus Military District from Azerbaijan, which became the first and only former Soviet republic (after the Baltic states) free of Soviet military presence. At the same time, Elchibey's government established the national Azeri Navy and managed to reach an agreement with Russia on receiving one-quarter of the Soviet Caspian Flotilla based in Baku. Upon his election, Elchibey appointed \u0130sgandar Hamidov, a police colonel and the leader of the newly established Grey Wolves movement in Azerbaijan, as the Minister of Interior. Hamidov, despite his personal devotion and contributions in capturing Agdere district of Azerbaijan, proved to be generally incompetent and resigned in April 1993 after the fall of Kelbajar.\n\n\nKarabakh\nIn June 1992, the Azerbaijani army started a counter-offensive codenamed Operation Goranboy in Nagorno-Karabakh, establishing control of over 40% of the region by the fall of 1992 and approaching within 7 kilometers of Shusha. However, as the Azerbaijani offensive pushed further into Karabakh, it became further bogged down in controversy, mismanagement, corruption and treachery by Elchibey-appointed Defense Minister Rahim Qaziyev, along with the guerilla tactics of the NKR Army in mountain warfare. This led to unexpectedly heavy Azeri casualties, loss of heavy military equipment, and the campaign ending in failure.\n\n\nForeign policy\nOn 18 August 1992, Elchibey signed a decree on Azerbaijan's entry into the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 7 and 8 September 1992, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited Baku on an unofficial visit as a guest of Elchibey. During her visit, she oversaw the signing ceremony of an agreement between Azerbaijan, British Petroleum and Statoil on exploratory work at the Chirag oilfield. In this respect, one of Elchibey's goals in inviting Thatcher was to attract foreign entrepreneurs looking to do business in Azerbaijan. During a reception at the Gulustan Palace, he described Thatcher as one that played a role in Azerbaijan achieving independence, saying that \"she can see the fruits of the tree she planted\".\n\n\nTurkey\nIn 1992, during a visit to the Turkish capital of Ankara, Elchibey described himself as a soldier of Atat\u00fcrk (founder and the first president of Turkish Republic). He also held some Pan-Turanian views, for which he enjoyed the support of the leader of Turkey's Nationalist Movement Party, Colonel Alparslan T\u00fcrke\u015f. In April 1993, he attended the funeral of President Turgut \u00d6zal in Istanbul, a person who shared his beliefs for a potential Turkic union from the former Soviet Union.\n\n\nRussia\nDuring his one-year rule, Azerbaijani\u2013Russian relations were damaged, with his politics being described in this regard as \"Anti-Russian.\" He was noted for using an interpreter when speaking to Russian figures, despite being fluent in the Russian language as he was educated in the USSR. Often teasing the Russian leadership, once declaring that among the Russian men who did the greatest services to democracy Tatar President Mintimer Shaimiev, saying in a congratulatory telegram sent in connection with the adoption of a new Tatar constitution that \"the heroic Tatar people\" have contributed to the \"awakening and revival of the Turkic world\". On 12 September 1992, he paid a visit to Moscow, during which he signed along with Boris Yeltsin, the \"Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Security between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation\".\n\n\nIran\nHe was described as being \"vehemently anti-Iranian\" in his policies, this being due in part to their perception of an Iranian-Armenian alliance. Elchibey endorsed the unification of Azerbaijan with the region that is known as Iranian Azerbaijan, a stance which alienated the Iranian government in Tehran. During a visit to Turkey, he called for the downfall of the Iranian Islamic Republic, which prompted a member of the Iranian parliament to threaten retaliation against the Azeris.\n\n\nOther states\nElchibey paid a visit to Ukraine on 12 November 1992, during which he said that relations with Ukraine will be prioritized by Azerbaijan from the former republics of the former Soviet Union.\n\n\nDownfall\nAs rebellious troops were advancing onto Baku, President Elchibey invited Heydar Aliyev, former Soviet Politburo member and then head of Nakhchivan (and no relation to Elchibey, whose real surname was Aliyev), to Baku on 9 June 1993 for negotiations with Surat Huseynov. Aliyev quickly took control of the power, becoming the Chairman of the Azerbaijani parliament on 15 June 1993 and giving a chair of the Prime-Minister of the country to Huseynov. Nine days later, in the vacuum of power left by Elchibey's departure to Nakhchivan, Aliyev, as a speaker of the parliament, constitutionally assumed presidential powers. He signed the Bishkek Protocol to cease hostilities on the frontline, and further solidified his power by organizing impeachment hearings and holding a national referendum on 29 August 1993, which formally stripped Elchibey of the presidency. In another national election, on 3 October 1993, Heydar Aliyev, was elected as president of Azerbaijan with 99% of the votes.\n\n\nOpposition and death\n\nDuring Aliyev's presidency, Elchibey returned to Baku in 1997 and joined the opposition as the leader of Azerbaijani Popular Front Party.\nIn 2000, Elchibey was diagnosed with prostate cancer and died in August of the same year in a military hospital in Ankara, Turkey. His body was flown to Baku and given the state funeral at the Alley of Honor with special attendance by then-President Heydar Aliyev.\nThe Elchibey Institute in Azerbaijan was created on 17 November 2020 in Baku with the aim to promote the national ideology and policies of Elchibey.\n\n\nSee also\nPresident of Azerbaijan\nPolitics of Azerbaijan\nNational Assembly of Azerbaijan\nForeign relations of Azerbaijan\nList of political parties in Azerbaijan\nWhole Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan National Resistance Organization\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adelaide_of_leuven
/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db
{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adelaide_of_Leuven","to":"Adelaide of Leuven"}],"pages":{"17291490":{"pageid":17291490,"ns":0,"title":"Adelaide of Leuven","extract":"Adelaide of Leuven (died c.\u2009 1158) was the wife of Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (1076\u20131138), in what is now France. She was the daughter of Henry III of Leuven and his wife Gertrude of Flanders. After the death of her husband, Adelaide retired to Tart Abbey.\nThe children of Simon I and Adelaide included:\n\nMatthias I, Duke of Lorraine\nRobert, Lord of Floranges\nAgatha of Lorraine, wife of Renaud III, Count of Burgundy\nHedwige, wife of Frederick III, count of Toul\nBertha, wife of Margrave Hermann III of Baden\nMathilde, wife of Gottfried I, Count of Sponheim\nBaldwin\nJohn\n\n\nExternal links\nAdelaide de Louvain"}}}}