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775 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda | Rwanda | U Rwanda ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari,
munsi y’Umurongo wa Koma y’isi. Umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa Kigali. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi enye: ikinyarwanda, igifaransa, icyongereza n'igiswayire. Ururimi rw’igihugu ni ikinyarwanda.
Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga, ubuyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini.
Ibirango by’igihugu cy’u Rwanda ni inkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu.
Intego y'Umutegetsi ni Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu.
Indirimbo y’Igihugu ni Rwanda Nziza...
Amateka
"Ubumenyi bw'isi"
Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite ibirunga bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa Nil. U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu 438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika.
Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: Burundi mu majyepfo (290km), Tanzaniya mu burasirazuba (217km), Uganda mu majyaruguru(169km) na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri Itumba-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe.
Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe n’ikiyaga cya Kivu [] mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite ingangi zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'inyamaswa nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku Kibuye, Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu Rwanda ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519.
MUDASIRU Pariki Nasiyonali
Pariki ya Nyungwe
Pariki y'Akagera
Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga
Intara
Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 3, imirenge n’utugari.
Kugeza muri 2005, U Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali,9 Intara ya Kigali Ngali,10 Intara ya Gitarama,11 Intara ya Butare,12 Intara ya Gikongoro,13 Intara ya Cyangugu,14 Intara ya Kibuye,15 Intara ya Gisenyi,16 Intara ya Ruhengeri,17 Intara ya Byumba,18 Intara y’Umutara,19 Intara ya Kibungo.
Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda 13rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo uturere mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’utugali ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali.
Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’Intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:
Iyobokamana
Abanyarwanda benshi ni abayoboke b’amadini 2 akomeye ariyo Ubukirisitu (Abagatolika, Abaporoso, Abapresibuteliyani n’abangilikani) n’ubuyislamu,
n'Abahamya ba Yehova
Kiliziya cyane cyane Kiliziya Gatolika niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’Abapadiri bera27mu w’1900. abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’abadage, bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda.
Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49,5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27,2%), Abadivantisite (12,2%);Abahamya ba Yehova Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3,6%) N’Abayisilamu (1,8%), indi myemerere 1,7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98,3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire.
Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda
Ibendera ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu.
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’ubuhinzi abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni ikawa, icyayi n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, imboga, n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- inka, ihene n’intama.
Ubutegetsi bwite bw’igihugu
Muri politiki, u Rwanda rwayoborwaga n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mbere yuko rukolonizwa n’Ababirigi kugeza rubonye ubwigenge ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Ni repubulika iyoborwa na perezida ikaba inagendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi. Itegekonshinga rishya ryemejwe ku itariki ya 26 Gicurasi 2003. Umukuru w’Igihugu ni Perezida Paul Kagame naho Umukuru wa Guverinoma ni Minisitiri w’Intebe Édouard Ngirente. Guverinoma ishyirwaho na Perezida.
Amashyaka ya Politiki
U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi.
Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: Parti Démocratique Chrétien (PDC) iyobowe na Alfred Mukezamfura ; Parti Social Démocratique (PSD) iyobowe na Vincent Biruta ; Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais (UDPR) iyobowe na Adrien Rangira ; Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na Kabanda Célestin ; Parti Démocratique Islamique (PDI) iyobowe na André Bumaya ; Parti Libéral (PL) iyobowe na Prosper Higiro ; na Front Patriotique Rwandais (FPR) iyobowe na Paul Kagame.
Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni Parti Socialiste Rwandais (PSR), na Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique
Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959
Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux", ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye:
1. APROSOMA Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse 15/02/1959
2. UNAR Union Nationale Rwandaise 13/09/1959
3. RADER Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise 14/09/1959
4. PARMEHUTU Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu 09/10/1959
Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya:
1) ABAKI Alliance des Bakiga
2) ABESC Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes
3) ACR Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda
4) APADEC Association du Parti Democrate Chretien
5) APROCOMIN Association des Commerçants Indigenes
6) AREDETWA Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa
7) ARUCO Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo
8) ASSERU Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda
9) MOMOR Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais
10) MUR Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise
11) PAMOPRO Parti Monarchiste Progressiste
12) PSCR Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda
13) UAARU Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda
14) UMAR Union des Masses Rwandaises
15) UNAFREUROP Union Afro-Europeenne
16) UNINTERCOKI Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga
Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda (BRD)
Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda (ORTPN)
Perezidansi ya Repubulika
Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu (CEPEX)
Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga (RIEPA)
Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo (RPSF)
Amabanki
Banque de Kigali (BK)
Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD)
I&M bank Rwanda
Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE)
Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR)
Ecobank Rwanda
Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR)
Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR)
Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB)
BANCOR SA
Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA
Kenya commercial bank (KCB)
Equity bank
Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB)
Zigama CSS
Co-operative Bank Rwanda
Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda
Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo.
Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo.
Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage.
Kituo Cha Katiba
Avega Agahozo
Haguruka
Notes
Imiyoboro
http://www.presidency.gov.rw/
http://www.livinginkigali.com
https://www.discover.rw
Rwanda
Ibihugu
Afurika |
1649 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiliya | Bibiliya | Igitabo cya Bibiliya cyangwa Bibiliya Ntagatifu ni igitabo cyaturutse ku Mana.
Ubwo igitekerezo cy'imibereho ya Kirisito ari ukuzuza ubuhanuzi, igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye cyanditswe mbere y'uko avuka. Ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bushyira ahagaragara imibereho ya Kirisito , urupfu no kuzuka kwe mbere y'uko bibaho. Isezerano Rishya ni igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye nk'uko byari byarahanuwe.
Abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera babayeho hagati y'imyaka magana atanu, n'igihumbi na magana atanu mbere y'ivuka rya Kirisito , bavuze ingingo nyinshi zifatika zerekeye imibereho ya Mesiya.
Bibiliya iboneka yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga 2.300, kandi ibyo byatumye igera ku bantu basaga 90 ku ijana by’abatuye isi. Ugeranyije , buri cyumweru hatangwa za Bibiliya zisaga miliyoni! Hacapwe kopi zibarirwa muri za miriyari 3.9 . Giha intera nini cyane mu gukundwa, gusomwa, kugurwa no kwandikwa cyane kurenza ibindi byose biri kuri uru rutonde. Hacapwe ibitabo bigera kuri miriyari 3 na miriyoni 9 by’icyo gitabo kitwa Bibiliya.
Bibiliya ku murongo wa interineti
Ibitabo byo muri Bibiliya
Ibitabo by’Isezerano rya Kera
Ibitabo bitanu bibanza bya Bibiliya byitwa, iby’amategeko, kuko birimo amategeko Imana yahaye aba Isirayeli ikoresheje Mose, nubwo harimo n’inkuru yuko byagenze. Mose niwe wa byanditse.
Igitabo cy’Itangiriro
Igitabo cyo Kuva
Igitabo cy’Abalewi
Igitabo cyo Kubara
Gutegekwa kwa Kabiri
Igitabo cya Yosuwa
Igitabo cy’Abacamanza
Igitabo cya Rusi
Igitabo cya Samweli
Ibitabo by’Abami
Ibitabo by’Isezerano Rishya
Ibitabo bitanu byambere mw’Isezerano rishya. Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohana bitwereka imiryango n’ubuzima bwa Yesu Kristo, igitabo gikurikiraho aricyo Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa gikbiyemo amateka y’Itorero rya mbere. Tugiye kwiga kur’ibi bitabo by’amateka mw’Isezerano rishya.
Igitabo cya Matayo
Igitabo cya Mariko
Igitabo cya Luka
Igitabo cya Yohana
Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa
Urwandiko rw’Abaroma
Urwandiko rwa I kub’ikorinto
Urwandiko rwa II kub’ikorinto
Urwandiko rw’Abagalatiya
Urwandiko rw’Abefeso
Urwandiko rw’Abafilipi
Urwandiko rw’Abakolosayi
Urwandiko rwa I rwandikiwe Abatesalonika
Urwandiko rwa II rwandikiwe Abatesalonika
Urwandiko rwa I rwa Timoteyo
Urwandiko rwa II rwa Timoteyo
Urwandiko rwa Tito
Urwandiko rwa Filimoni
Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo
Urwandiko rwa Yakobo
Urandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero
Urwandiko rwa II rwa Petero
Urwandiko rwa I rwa Yohana
Urwandiko rwa II rwa Yohana
Urwandiko rwa III rwa Yohana
Igitabo cya Yuda
Ibyahishuwe
Zaburi
Yobu
Yesaya
Ezekiyeli
Daniyeli
Imigani
Ibyahishuwe
Itangiriro
Umubwiriza
1 Abakorinto
2 Abakorinto
1 Timoteyo
2 Timoteyo
1 Petero
2 Petero
Notes
Imiyoboro
barnabasafrica.com
Bibiliya—Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya
Bibiliya—Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya (Ururimi rw'amarenga yo mu Rwanda)
Ibitabo |
1650 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezu%20Kirisitu | Yezu Kirisitu | Yezu Kirisitu cyangwa Yesu Kirisitu , Yesu Kirisito , Yezu Kirisito ; Yesu Krisitu cyangwa Yezu Krisitu , Yesu Krisito , Yezu Krisito yavukiye i Betlehemu muri Isirayeli, abyarwa na nyina Mariya twita Bikiramariya. Muri Kiriziya gatolika bibutsa umwanya ukomeye wa Bikiramariya mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi.
Bikiramariya ni umubyeyi w'Imana, ahora iruhande rwa muntu, mu masengesho no mu bikorwa. Niyo mpamvu Bikiramariya yagiye yegera abemera akabaha ijambo ribafasha mu nzira ituma isi irushaho kuba nziza.
Ubukirisitu |
1651 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika | Afurika | Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri ku isi nini kandi wa kabiri utuwe cyane, nyuma ya Aziya mubice byombi. Kuri kilometero zigera kuri 30.3 km2 (kilometero kare miliyoni 11.7) harimo ibirwa byegeranye, bifite 20% byubutaka bwisi na 6% byubuso bwose. Hafi ya miliyari 1.4 kugeza mu 2021, bingana na 18% by'abatuye isi. Abatuye Afurika ni bato mu migabane yose; imyaka yo hagati muri 2012 yari 19.7, mugihe isi yo hagati yisi yari 30.4. Nubwo umutungo kamere utandukanye, Afurika nu mugabane ukize cyane ku mugabane wa buri muntu kandi uwa kabiri ukize cyane ku butunzi bwose, inyuma ya Oseyaniya. Intiti zabyitiriye ibintu bitandukanye birimo geografiya, ikirere, amoko, ubukoloni, Intambara y'ubutita, neocolonialism, kubura demokarasi, na ruswa. Nubwo ubwo butunzi bwibanze cyane, kwagura ubukungu vuba hamwe n’abaturage benshi n’urubyiruko bituma Afurika iba isoko ry’ubukungu ku isi hose.
Umugabane uzengurutswe n'Inyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru, Isthmus ya Suez n'Inyanja Itukura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba n'inyanja ya Atalantika iburengerazuba. Umugabane urimo Madagasikari n'ibirwa bitandukanye. Irimo ibihugu 54 byigenga byemewe, intara umunani n’ibihugu bibiri byigenga bifite aho bigarukira cyangwa bitamenyekana. Alijeriya nicyo gihugu kinini muri Afurika ku karere, na Nijeriya nicyo kinini mu baturage. Ibihugu by'Afurika bifatanya binyuze mu ishyirwaho ry’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, rifite icyicaro i Addis Abeba..
Afurika ikurikirana ekwateri na meridian yibanze. Numugabane wonyine urambuye uva mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe ugana mu majyepfo yubushyuhe. Igice kinini cyumugabane n’ibihugu byacyo biri mu gice cy’amajyaruguru, gifite igice kinini n’umubare w’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’isi. Igice kinini cy'umugabane kiri mu turere dushyuha, usibye igice kinini cya Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Alijeriya, Libiya na Misiri, mu majyaruguru ya Mauritania, n'uturere twose twa Maroc, Ceuta, Melilla, na Tuniziya na byo bikaba biri hejuru ya tropic ya Kanseri, mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe. Mu bundi buryo bukabije bw’umugabane, amajyepfo ya Namibiya, Botswana y’amajyepfo, uduce twinshi twa Afurika yepfo, intara zose za Lesotho na Eswatini hamwe n’amajyepfo ya Mozambike na Madagasikari biherereye munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa Capricorn, mu majyepfo y’ubushyuhe.
Afurika ni ibinyabuzima bitandukanye; ni umugabane ufite umubare munini w’amoko ya megafauna, kubera ko utagize ingaruka cyane ku kuzimangana kwa megafauna ya Pleistocene. Icyakora, Afurika nayo yibasiwe cyane n’ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije, birimo ubutayu, gutema amashyamba, ibura ry’amazi n’umwanda. Izi mpungenge zishingiye ku bidukikije ziteganijwe kwiyongera kubera ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka muri Afurika. Itsinda ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe ryagaragaje ko Afurika ari umugabane wibasiwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Amateka ya Afrika ni maremare, aragoye, kandi yakunze gushimwa n’umuryango w’amateka ku isi. Afurika, cyane cyane Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, yemerwa cyane nk'ahantu abantu bakomoka ndetse no mu bwoko bwa Hominidae (inguge nini). Hominide ya mbere na basekuruza babo yanditswe mu myaka igera kuri miliyoni 7 ishize, harimo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster - ibisigazwa bya Homo sapiens ya mbere (abantu ba none), biboneka muri Etiyopiya, Afurika y'Epfo, na Maroc, guhera mu myaka 233.000, 259.000, na 300.000 mu myaka yashize, kandi bivugwa ko Homo sapiens yakomotse muri Afurika mu myaka 350.000-226.000 ishize. Afurika nayo ifatwa naba antropropologiste ko ari umugabane utandukanye wa genetike bitewe no kuba utuwe cyane.
Imico yabantu ya mbere, nka Egiputa ya kera na Carthage byagaragaye muri Afrika yepfo. Nyuma y’amateka maremare kandi akomeye y’umuco, kwimuka n’ubucuruzi, Afurika yakiriye amoko menshi, imico n’indimi. Mu myaka 400 ishize hagaragaye uruhare rw’iburayi ku mugabane wa Afurika. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 16, ibyo byatewe n'ubucuruzi, harimo n'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Trans-Atlantike, bwateje abaturage benshi ba diaspora bo muri Afurika muri Amerika. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ibihugu by'i Burayi byakoronije hafi ya Afurika yose, bigera aho Etiyopiya na Liberiya byonyine byari abapolisi bigenga. Ibihugu byinshi biriho muri Afurika byavuye mu nzira ya decolonisation nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.
Etymology
Afri yari izina ry'ikilatini ryakoreshwaga ryerekeza ku baturage bo muri Afurika y'amajyaruguru yari azwi mu burengerazuba bw'umugezi wa Nili, kandi mu buryo bwagutse ryerekeza ku bihugu byose byo mu majyepfo ya Mediterane (Libiya ya kera). Iri zina risa nkaho ryabanje kuvuga ubwoko bwa kavukire bwa Libiya, umukurambere wa Berber ya none; reba Terence yo kuganira. Iri zina ubusanzwe ryari rifitanye isano n'ijambo ry'Abanyafenisiya ʿafar risobanura "umukungugu", ariko hypothesis yo mu 1981 yemeje ko rikomoka ku ijambo rya Berber ifri (ifran nyinshi) risobanura "ubuvumo", ryerekeza ku batuye mu buvumo. Ijambo rimwe rishobora kuboneka mu izina rya Banu Ifran ukomoka muri Alijeriya na Tripolitania, umuryango wa Berber ukomoka muri Yafran (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Ifrane) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Libiya, ndetse n'umujyi wa Ifrane muri Maroc.
Ku butegetsi bw'Abaroma, Carthage yabaye umurwa mukuru w'intara icyo gihe yise Africa Proconsularis, nyuma yo gutsindwa na Carthagine mu ntambara ya gatatu y'ibihano mu 146 MIC, yari irimo igice cyo ku nkombe za Libiya ya none. Umugereka w'ikilatini -ica urashobora rimwe na rimwe gukoreshwa mu kwerekana igihugu (urugero, muri Celtica kuva muri Celtae, nkuko byakoreshejwe na Julius Caesar). Agace k'abayisilamu nyuma ya Ifriqiya, nyuma yo kwigarurira ubwami bwa Byzantine (Uburasirazuba bw'Abaroma) Exarchatus Africae, nabwo bwarinze ubwoko bw'izina.
Nk’uko Abanyaroma babivuga, Afurika iri mu burengerazuba bwa Misiri, mu gihe "Aziya" yakoreshwaga yerekeza kuri Anatoliya n'ubutaka mu burasirazuba. Umurongo utomoye washyizweho hagati y’umugabane w’ibihugu byombi n’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi witwa Ptolémée (85-165 GC), werekana Alegizandiriya hafi ya Meridiya ya mbere kandi bigatuma isthus ya Suez n’Inyanja Itukura umupaka uhuza Aziya na Afurika. Mugihe Abanyaburayi basobanukiwe n’urugero nyarwo rw’umugabane, igitekerezo cya "Afurika" cyagutse n'ubumenyi bwabo.
Ibindi bitekerezo bya etymologiya byashyizwe ku izina rya kera "Afurika"
Imigabane y’Isi
Afurika |
1652 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeriya | Nijeriya | Nijeriya cyangwa Nigeriya, Repubulika ya Nijeriya (izina mu cyongereza : Federal Republic of Nigeria ; izina mu kigibo : Njíkötá Óchíchìiwù Naíjíríà ; izina mu gifurahe : Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya ; izina mu kiyoruba : Àpapọ̀ Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà ; izina mu gihawusa : Jamhuriyar Tarayiar Nijeriya ) n’igihugu muri Afurika. Umurwa mukuru wa Nijeriya witwa Abuja.
Indimi nkuru za Nijeriya ni ikigibo, ikiyoruba, igihawusa, n’icyongereza.
Nijeriya yabayemo ibihugu byinshi by’abasangwabutaka mbere y’abakoloni n’ubwami kuva mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri mbere ya Yesu, aho umuco wa Nok mu kinyejana cya 15 mbere ya Yesu wabaye ubumwe bwa mbere muri icyo gihugu. Intara ya kijyambere yatangiriye ku bukoloni bw’Abongereza mu kinyejana cya 19, ifata imiterere y’akarere kayo hamwe n’ubuyobozi bwa Nijeriya y'Amajyepfo na Protekate ya Nijeriya y'Amajyaruguru mu 1914 na Lord Lugard. Abongereza bashizeho inzego z’ubuyobozi n’amategeko mu gihe bakurikiza amategeko ataziguye binyuze mu batware gakondo bo mu karere ka Nijeriya. Nijeriya yabaye federasiyo yigenga ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1960. Yahuye n’intambara y’abenegihugu kuva 1967 kugeza 1970, ikurikirwa n’ubutegetsi bwa gisivili bwatowe binyuze mu nzira ya demokarasi hamwe n’igitugu cya gisirikare, kugeza igihe habaye demokarasi ihamye mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya 1999; amatora yo mu 2015 bwari bwo bwa mbere perezida uriho atsinzwe amatora.
Nijeriya ni igihugu cy’amahanga yose gituwe n’amoko arenga 250 avuga indimi 500 zitandukanye, zose zikaba zifite imico itandukanye. [11] [12] Amoko atatu manini ni Hausa mu majyaruguru, Yoruba mu burengerazuba, na Igbo mu burasirazuba, hamwe hamwe akaba arenga 60% by'abaturage bose. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza, rwatoranijwe kugirango rworohereze ubumwe bwindimi kurwego rwigihugu. Itegekonshinga rya Nijeriya riharanira ubwisanzure mu idini [16] kandi rikaba rifite bamwe mu baturage b’abayisilamu n’abakirisitu benshi ku isi, icyarimwe. Nijeriya igabanijwemo kabiri hagati y’abayisilamu, baba mu majyaruguru n’abakristu, baba mu majyepfo; amadini y'abasangwabutaka, nk'aya kavukire yo mu bwoko bwa Igbo na Yoruba, ari mbarwa.
Nijeriya nimbaraga zo mukarere muri Afrika, imbaraga zo hagati mububanyi n’amahanga, kandi ni imbaraga zigaragara ku isi. Ubukungu bwa Nijeriya ni bunini muri Afurika, ku mwanya wa 25 ku isi ku musaruro rusange, na 25 muri PPP. Nijeriya bakunze kwita Igihangange cya Afurika bitewe n’abaturage benshi n’ubukungu [19] kandi ifatwa nkisoko rigenda ryiyongera na Banki yisi. Icyakora, igihugu kiri hasi cyane ku rutonde rw’iterambere ry’abantu kandi gikomeza kuba kimwe mu bihugu byononekaye cyane ku isi. [20] Nijeriya ni umunyamuryango washinze Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika kandi ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w’abibumbye, Umuryango w’ibihugu bigize Umuryango, NAM, [22] Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba, na OPEC. Numunyamuryango witsinda rya MINT ridasanzwe ryibihugu kandi ni kimwe mubukungu bukurikira.
References
Afurika
Ibihugu |
1653 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuholandi | Ubuholandi | Ubuholandi cyangwa Ubuhorandi, Nederilande (izina mu kinyaholande : Nederland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi.umurwa mukuru w'ubuholandi ni Amsterdam
Ubuholandi
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
1655 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu | Adamu | Iy'ingingo iragaruka kunkuru ndetse no kwishusho rusange rya bibiliya. Kubindi bikoreshwa, Ukeneye ibisobanuro byimbitse ndetse no gusobanukirwa birushijeho, reba Adamu na Eva.
Adamu ni ishusho mu gitabo cy'Itangiriro muri Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, no muri Korowani no mu myizerere ya gikristo. Dukurikije imigani y'irema [1] y'amadini ya Aburahamu, niwe muntu wa mbere. Mu Itangiriro na Korowani, Adamu n'umugore we birukanwe mu busitani bwa Edeni bazira kurya imbuto z'igiti cy'ubumenyi bw'icyiza n'ikibi.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurema no gusobanura Bibiliya buvuga ko Adamu ari umuntu wamateka. Ibimenyetso bya siyansi ntibishyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe.
Ijambo adam rikoreshwa kandi muri Bibiliya nk'izina, umuntu ku giti cye nk '"umuntu" kandi mu buryo rusange nk "abantu". Adamu wo muri Bibiliya (umuntu, abantu) yaremewe kuva adamah (isi), kandi Itangiriro 1-8 ryerekana uruhare runini rwubucuti hagati yabo, kuko Adamu yatandukanijwe nisi kubwo kutumvira kwe.
Indanganturo (Reference)
Byahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam
Isezerano rya Kera |
1657 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubukirisitu | Ubukirisitu | Ubukirisitu cyangwa Ubukirisito cyangwa Kristendomu (Bakristo)
Ubukirisitu ni imyemerere y'ibya Yezu Kirisitu cyangwa Yesu Kirisito. Uwemera ibyo akabikurikiza bamwita umukirisitu
Amwe mu mateka y'ivuka ry'Abaporotesitanti mu Rwanda
Ubufatanye bw’itorero Peresibiteriyene mu Rwanda n’andi matorero ya gikirisito mu Rwanda.
Nk’uko byemezwa na twagirayesu na Butselaar, gushaka imibanire myiza n’andi matorero byatangiye n’ivuka ryayo mu 1907 nka kimwe mu biranga EPR. Kuri ibyo, abamisiyoneri bo muri Usambaro bagiranye umubano n’Abamisiyoneri Gatulika b’Abapadiri bera, Abamisiyoneri b’Ababirigi bagiranye umubano na Church Missionary Society (CMS) kimwe mubikorwa bari bahuriyeho ni uguhindura inyandiko ntagatifu mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda. Ubufatanye n’imibanire myiza hagati y’amatorero y’Abaporetesitanti mu Rwanda byatumye habaho Inama y’Abaporitesitanti mu Rwanda, Ishami ry’ivugabutumwa ry’abaporotesitanti riri i Butare, byatumye itorero peresibiteriyene rigira uruhare rufatika mu bikorwa byinshi biranga iryo huriro.
Ubugatolika
Ubuporotesitanti
Ubukirisitu |
1663 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatutsi | Abatutsi | Abatutsi ni ubwoko bwanyafurika bubarizwa mugice cy'uburasirazuba , bukaba bwiganje mu Rwanda no mu Burundi, ariko buboneka no mu bindi
bihugu bya Afurika yo hagati nka Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo na Tanzaniya.
Abatutsi bivugwa ko aribo baje nyuma mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari. N’aborozi b’inka bakaba ari 21% b’abatuye u Rwanda n’Uburundi. Bagaragaraga nk’imfura bakaba banashoboye gutegeka akarere igihe kirekire bakanakundwa nabose
Notes
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intore
Rwanda
Burundi
Umuryango |
1666 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwe | Interahamwe | Interahamwe wari Umutwe w'urubyiruko rw' abahutu b'abahezanguni bari mu Ishyaka rya MRND mu Rwanda. Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Interahamwe zishe abatutsi, abahutu n'abatwa batavugaga rumwe nazo barenga miriyoni.
Interahamwe zise abatutsi inyenzi n’inzoka, naho abahutu n'abatwa batavuga rumwe nazo babita ibyitso by'abatutsi. Bamwe mu bari bagize uyu mutwe baracyihisha mu mashyamba ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bitandukanye ku isi, abandi batashye mu Rwanda baraburanishwa, bamwe barafungwa, abandi basubizwa mu buzima busanzwe.
Itsembabwoko
Rwanda |
1779 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarundi | Abarundi | Abarundi ni abanyagihugu b’iburundi. Abantu beza bafise inyifato nziza. niwaba wifuza kubamenya rwose urakubitirayo wirabire.
Ubwo bumwe bwari ubw’Abarundi bose: Abahutu , Abatutsi n'Abatwa.
Burundi
Umuryango |
1783 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage | Ikidage | Ikidage ni ururimi rw'Abadage.
Amagambo n'Interuro mu Kidage
amakuru = Wie geht es dir / Was gibt's Neues?
amakuru ni meza = Mir geht es gut / Uns beiden geht es gut (Mu bwinshi)
Muraho / Wiriwe = Guten Tag
ndagukunda = Ich liebe dich.
urukundo = Lieben
murakoze = Danke
vuba = schnell
bite = Wie gehts?
kuririmba = singen
kurya = essen
icyayi = Tee
amafaranga = Geld
umudage = Deutscher
ubudage = Deutschland
Umugabo = ein Mann
Umugore = eine Frau
Umwana = ein Kind
Wikipediya mu kidage
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite
Indimi z’ikidage
Abadage |
1784 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadage | Abadage | Abaturage b'Ubudage
Jenoside y’Abayahudi
Umuryango |
1785 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage | Ubudage | Ubudage (izina mu kidage : Deutschland cyangwa Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Ubudage witwa Berlin.
Igihugu cyo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba. Ubudage ituwe n'abantu 82 175 684 birenga [[File:Nr 2 Berlin Panorama
Uburayi
Ubudage
Ibihugu |
1786 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burayi | Burayi | Umugabane w’Uburayi ni umwe mu migabane igize isi.
Urutonde rw’ibihugu
Alubaniya
Azeribayijani
Andora
Arumeniya
Belarusi
Bosiniya na Herizegovina
Buligariya
Cekiya
Danimarike
Esipanye
Esitoniya
Finilande
Geworigiya
Giburalitari
Hongiriya
Ibirwa bya Farowe
Ikerene
Ikigereki
Irilande
Isilande
Kazakisitani
Korowatiya
Lativiya
Lituwaniya
Liyeshitensiteyine
Lugizamburu
Malita
Masedoniya ya Ruguru
Molidova
Monako
Montenegoro
Mutagatifu Marino
Nederilande
Noruveje
Ositiriya
Polonye
Porutigali
Romaniya
Seribiya
Shipure
Silovakiya
Siloveniya
Suwede
Turukiya
Ububiligi
Ubudage
Ubufaransa
Uburusiya
Ubusuwisi
Ubutaliyani
Ubwongereza
! |
1792 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perezida%20wa%20Repubulika%20y%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda | Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda | Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda. |
1794 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kagame | Paul Kagame | Paul Kagame ni Perezida wa 5 wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda kuva 2000. Paul Kagame yavukiye ku wa 23 Ukwakira 1957 m'umujyi wa Ruhango mu ntara y’Amajyepfo, mu cyahoze ari Komine Tambwe ,yari imwe mu zari zigize Perefegitura ya Gitarama.
Kagame ndetse n'umuryango we baje guhungira mugihugu cy'uBugande ,Mu gihe ivanguramoko ryibasiraga abo mu bwoko bw’ umuryango wa Paul Kagame uri mu miryango yatotejwe maze abasaga ibihumbi 100 bakava mu byabo bagahungira mu bihugu by’abaturanyi. Mu mwaka w’1959,.
Kagame yavukiye mu muryango w'abatutsi mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Igihe yari afite imyaka ibiri, Impinduramatwara yo mu Rwanda yarangije ibinyejana byinshi byiganjemo abatutsi; umuryango we wahungiye muri Uganda , aho yamaze ubuzima bwe bwose. Mu myaka ya za 1980, Kagame yarwanye mu ngabo z’inyeshyamba za Yoweri Museveni , aba umusirikare mukuru wa Uganda nyuma yuko intsinzi ya gisirikare ya Museveni imujyanye kuri perezidansi ya Uganda . Kagame yinjiye mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), rwateye u Rwanda mu 1990; umuyobozi Fred Rwigyema yapfuye hakiri kare mu ntambara maze Kagame yigarurira. Kugeza mu 1993, FPR yagenzuye agace gakomeye mu Rwanda no guhagarika imirwanobyaganiriweho. Mu iyicwa rya Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yari ingingo guhera Jenoside, aho abahutu b'intagondwa bishe bagera 500.000 miliyoni imwe Abatutsi n'Abahutu batari intagondwa. Kagame yongeye intambara y'abenegihugu, arangiza itsembabwoko itsinze igisirikare.
Muri visi-perezida, Kagame yagenzuraga ingabo z’igihugu kandi akomeza kubahiriza amategeko, mu gihe abandi bayobozi batangiye kubaka igihugu. Abasirikare benshi ba FPR bakoze ubwicanyi bwo guhana; ntivugwaho rumwe niba Kagame yarateguye ibi, cyangwa nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kubihagarika. Inkambi z'impunzi z'Abahutu zashinzwe muri Zayire no mu bindi bihugu, zagenzurwaga na jenoside(abitabiriye jenoside) bakangisha umutekano u Rwanda. FPR yibasiye inkambi mu buryo butarobanuye mu 1996, ihatira impunzi nyinshi gutaha, ariko inyeshyamba zikomeza gutera u Rwanda. Igitero cyagabwe ku nkambi z'impunzi cyahitanye abantu bagera ku 200.000. Raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekana ko ibyo bitero bishobora kuba bihwanye na jenoside, bikaba bishobora gutuma Paul Kagame aba umunyabyaha w’intambara. Mu rwego rwo gutera, Kagame yateye inkunga intambara ebyiri z’inyeshyamba zitavugwaho rumwe muri Zayire. Inyeshyamba zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda na Uganda zatsinze intambara ya mbere (1996–97), zishyiraho Laurent-Désiré Kabila kuba perezida mu cyimbo cy'umunyagitugu Mobutu maze ahindura igihugu nka Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC). muintambara ya kabiri yatangiye mu 1998 kurwanya Kabila, nyuma umuhungu we Joseph , nyuma y’uko guverinoma ya DRC yirukanye ingabo z’u Rwanda na Uganda mu gihugu. Intambara yaje kwiyongera mu ntambara yo ku mugabane wa Afurika yakomeje kugeza amasezerano y'amahoro yo mu 2003 no guhagarika intambara.
Nka perezida, Kagame yashyize imbere iterambere ry’igihugu, atangiza gahunda yo guteza imbere u Rwanda nkigihugu cyinjiza amafaranga hagati muri 2020. Kuva mu 2013, iki gihugu kiratera imbere cyane ku bipimo ngenderwaho, birimo ubuvuzi n’uburezi; kwiyongera kwumwaka hagati ya 2004 na 2010 wagereranije 8% kumwaka. Kagame yagiranye umubano mwiza n’umuryango w’iburasirazuba bwa Afurikana Amerika; umubano we n'Ubufaransa wari mubi kugeza mu 2009. Umubano na DRC ukomeje kuba mubi nubwo intambara yo mu 2003 yahagaritswe; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu na raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yashyizwe ahagaragara ivuga ko u Rwanda rushyigikiye inyeshyamba ebyiri muri iki gihugu, Kagame arabihakana. Ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse kwishyura inkunga muri 2012 nyuma yibi birego. Kagame arazwi cyane mu Rwanda hamwe na bamwe mu babikurikiranira hafi; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu imushinja gukandamiza politiki. Yatsinze amatora mu 2003, hashingiwe ku itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe muri uwo mwaka, atorerwa manda ya kabiri mu 2010.
Abanyarwanda
Reba
Abanyepolitiki
Itsembabwoko
Abanyarwanda
Abatutsi
Abagabo
Rwanda
Afurika
Afurika y'iburasirazuba |
1808 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nta%20mugabo%20umwe | Nta mugabo umwe | Nta mugabo umwe (izina mu kilatini Unus testis, nullus testis )
Umugani w'umugenurano uvugwa bashaka kwerekana ko abantu bagomba gufatanya cyangwa gushyira hamwe ngo bagere ku kintu cy'ingenzi.
Mu gushyigikira ingingo zimwe zivugwa mu Nyandiko y’ibirego, Urugereko rwasanze rwarashyikirijwe ubuhamya bw’umugabo umwe, noneho havuka ikibazo cyo kumenya niba imvugo izwi cyane mu miryango remezo y’amategeko nshinjabyaha akomoka ku baromani n’abanyaburayi, ariyo Unus testis, nullus testis (Nta mugabo umwe) yakurikizwa. Iyo mvugo isobanura ko kugira ngo ubuhamya bw’umugabo umwe bushobore kwemerwa, bugomba kugira ikindi kibushyigikira. |
1809 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naje%20kubara%20inkuru | Naje kubara inkuru | UMWANDIKO
NYANGUFI NA BAKURU BE IGICE CYA 1
Umugabo yari afite umugore maze babyarana abana barindwi b’abahungu, uwipfura yarageze nko mukigero cy’imyaka icumi. Umwuga w’uwo mugabo wari kwasa inkwi akazigurisha udufaranaga two kumutunga we n’abiwe bose, barabakene cyane bagahora bafite umutima uhagaze kuko batashoboraga kubona igitunga abo bana uko ari barindwi kandi nta numwe wari ugejeje igihe cyo kwirwanaho. Icyarushagaho kubatera agahinda, nuko uwo mwaana wabo w’umuhererezi yahoraga abatera impungenge, ntagire ikintu kimushimisha agahora yigunze kandi ntavuge. Iyo yakoraga igikorwa cyiza giturutse ku Mutima mwiza yari yarivukaniye, we yibwiraga ko akoze ikintu kidatunganye. yari mugufi cyane kuburyo yavutse areshya n’urutoki rw’igikumwe maze bakurizaho ku mwita nyangufi.
Uwo mwana bari baramwishyize mu mutwe bose ikibi cyose gikozwe muri urwo rugo akaba ariwe kitirirwa nyamara ariko niwe warushaga bakurube ubwenge n’ubwitonzi ndetse no guteganaya, ntiyarashamadutse, yavugaga make ariko akumva menshi. Bukeye amapfa aratera inzara irabiyogoza rwose muri icyo gihugu, murumva namwe umuntu wari ufite abana barindwi ko yari akomerewe cyane. Kubahahira ntibyari bimworoheye ariko akomeza kugerageza agezaho abura ibibahaza kubera igiciro cyari cyazamutse muri icyo gihe, bitewe n’inzara yari yaraje ari kirimbuzi. Umugabo amaze gushoberwa yigira inama yo guta abo bana mu ishyamba.
Inama amaze kuyuzuza ntiyayihisha umugore we ahubwo ayihisha abana be, mu ijoro araye ari bujye guta abo bana muri rya shyamba, umugabo akangura umugore we kugirango amugire inama yari yungutse ku kibazo bari bamaze iminsi bibazacyerekeye uko bakwiye gutunga abo bana. Ubwo ariko abana bari baryamye kare, umugore amaze gukanguka, umugabo amubwirana agahinda kanini ati” umva rero mugore wanjye, urabona neza ko tutagishoboye gutunga bariya bana, none niyemeje ko ejo nzajaya kubata muri ryashyamba njya nasamo inkwibazagenda baribwe n’inyamaswa hekugirango nzabone inzara ibanyicira mu maso ibyo biztworohera cyane kuko mugihe bazaba bahugiye mu guhambira inkwi tuzabihisgha maze tugahindukira batatureba.”
Ntimuyobewe rero impuhwe z’ababyeyi umugore yamaze kumva ayo magambo maze akubitwa n’inkuba maze asubiza umugabo we ati”ubwose ibyo uvuze ni ibikuvuye ku Mutima?cyangwa se hari ukunda wabaye? Ntanisoni biguteye? Ibyo bisubize aho ubikuye,wowe se ko uri mukuru hari aho wabibonye?niwowe ugiye kuzaba nyamuhamba babona”?. Umugabo he kugirango yumve neza igisubizo cya kibyeyi umugore amuhaye,atangira ku mutwama avuga ati”umva nawe ubwenge bw’abagore! Ubwose abo bana urabona tuzabatungisha iki?njyewe ntakundi, natekereje byarangiye, ndetse byuka witegure nawe kuko tujyana singiye kuzabona abana banjye bapfa urwagashinyaguro”.
Umugabo akomeza kumvsha umugore we ko badashobora kubona icyatunga abo bana,ariko biba ibyubusa. Umugore yari umutindi nyakujya, ariko umutima we wakibyeyi ntutume yemera kwijugunyira ibibondo. Umugore akomeza kwiyumvira atekereza ukuntu inzara izamwicira abana mu maso,atekereje agahinda bizamutera, nawe yemera igitekerezo cy’umugabo we. Nuko ajya
kuryama ariko amarira amuzenaga mu maso, ubwoariko nyangufi ibyo ababyeyi be bari barimo yari yabimenye kare. Yari umwana uzi ubwenge butanagaje kandi ntiyagiraga ikintu nakimwe kimutera ubwoba.
Ymaze kumvira kuburiri bwe ibyo se avugana na nyina, abuka buhoro maze ajaya munsi y’intebe se yakundaga kwicara ho kugirango ashobore kumva ibyo bavuga, yamaze kubyumva neza asubira ku buriri ariko ntiyarushya agoheka ahubwo arara atekereza uko agomba kubigenza kugirango we nabakuru be bazashobore kwikura muri iryo shyama.
Mumuseso wakare abyuka ajaya ku nkombe y’umugezi wari hafi y’iwabo atoragura utubuye twera atwuzuza umufuka we maze agaruka I muhira. Ntibyatinze buba buracyeye neza nuko wamugabo abyutsa umugore we n’abana ariko akaba yanogeje umugambi wo kubabwira ko noneho bari bumuhaerekeze bajyana kumutwaza inkwi mu ishyamaba. Nuko arabyuka nabo barabyuka arababwira ati”uyu munsi muramperekeza na nyoko, kugirango mu ntwaze inkwi. Umwe arazana izo ashoboye hanyuama tuzishyire hamwe hanyuma tuzigurishe amafaranga,noneho ahari yaba menshi tukayahahisha ibidutunga nibura icyumweru. Abana babyunvise bishimira kujya kureba aho hantu hakure barikumwe n’ababyeyi babo, nuko baherako baboneza iy’I shyamba ariko Nyangufi yirinda kugira icyo abwira bakuru be mubyo yari yumvise.
NYANGUFI NA BAKIRU BE 2
Nuko basesera muri rya shyamaba, iryo shyamaba ryari inzitane kuburyo ntamuntu washoboraga kubona undi iyo yabaga amusizeho intambwe nk’icumi, ariko nyina waba bana we yasaga nuwa ciye kuko yarazi ibigiye kubabaho kandi adashoboye kubakiza cyangwa se ngo ababurire. Binjira mu ishyanba nibwo nyangufi yatangiye kugenda anaga twa tubuye aho se abanyujije, barinda kugera mu ishyamba rwagati. Se atangira gutema ibiti no kubisatura yereka abana hirya ye gato aho barunda imyase, nuko abana batangira gutunda inkwi bazirunda no gushaka imigozi yo kuzihambira. Uko bazitunda bazihambira niko Se na Nyina bakomezaga gucengera mu ishyamba hirya kugirango babone uburyo bwo kubibeta no gusubira I muhira.
Abana bakomeza kurunda inkwi no kuzihambira,bigeze aho baza gukebuka aho ababyeyi babo bari ntibagira numwe babona. Nuko batangira guhamagara se na nyina bataka cyane, ngo bitabwe nande? Abana batangira kugira ubwoba bwinshi bakeka ko inyamaswa zaba zabaririye aba byeyi none nabo zikaba zigiye ku barya bari bihebye basigaye mu kangara tete.
Ariko Nyangufi arabihorera bakomeza gusakuza barira kuko yari yizeye inzira iza kubasubiza I muhira kandi akaba azi neza ibyo ababyeyi babo bamaze kubakorera. Bigezaho abwira bakuru be abahumuriza ati”bavandimwe mwigira ubwoba,data na mama badusize hano baritahira ariko ni muhumure ndabageza I muhira mu nkurikire gusa”. Nuko abajya I mbere bakurikira hahandi yagiye anaga utubuye,bagiye kubona babona bageze I muhira, bakuru be baratangara bakavuga bamushimagiza bati uri akagabo sha. Naho we kubera ko yitonda cyane kandi akamenyakwiyoroshya mbese ntashake kumenya ko azi ubwenge arababwira ati” sijye ahubwo ni amahirwe tugize” abivuga amwenyura.
Abana ntibahereyeko binjira munzu bagumye ku muryango bagumya bumva ibyo ababyeyi bavuga. Ubwo umugabo n’umugore we bakigera mu rugo umuntu ukomeye kuri uwo musozi yari yabishyuye amafaranga yari abamazemo igihe kirerekire. Uwomwenda ntibari bakiwutekereza bari barakuyeyo amaso, ayo mafaranga ntiyarabakijije ariko bamaze kuyabona baranezerwa cyane kuko inzara yari imaze kubarembya.
Ako kanya Nyamugabo yohereza umugore we kugura inyama. Kubere ko bari bamaze igihe kinini batarya, umugore agura inyama nyinshi kuburyo abantu babiri batashoboraga kuzirya ngo bazimare, “ngo inyota ntindi igufunguza uwutari bumare” nuko umugore arateka amaze guhisha bararya birabasegeka nuko inyama zose zisigarira aho dore ko udaheruka kurya niyo abibonye atabishobora.
Bamaze kwegura amabondo, wamugore aravuga ati “babana bacu iyo baba aha, baba bariye izi nyama zose zisigaye kandi zari kubahaza ndetse zikanasigara. Mbese nk’ubu aba banyagwa barihehe? Yewe uwapfa kunyereka nyangufi”. Nuko yungamo abwira umugabo ati “sinakubwiye ko tuzicuza hanyuma nk’ubu aba bana bamerewe bate muri ryashyamaba! Uziko uri inyamaswa muzindi wowe watinyutse kujugunya urubyaro rwawe kariya kageni? Ese nkubu niba bakiriho baratuvuga iki?..rero nanjye ngo bakiriho! Naruha mama naruha.
Nuko wamugabo ntiyaba agishoboye kwihanaganira ayo magambo y’umugore kuko yakomezaga kumuhamya icyaha ngo niwe washatse ko bata abana babo mu ishyamaba. Niko kumubwira amucyaha ati “niwongera kuvuga ayo magambo ndagukubita. Umugore akomeza kurira cyane ahamagara abana avuga ati “abana banjye weee!!!! Abana banjye weee!!!! Abana banjye weee!!!! Ageze aho sinzi uko yaje kuvuga cyane ati “abana banjye barihe weee!!!!” Abana uko bakabaye ku muryango bavugira icyarimwe bati “erega turi hano”
Nuko nyina ashiduka ubwo yiruka afite ubwuzu bwinshi agana ku muryango maze aherako akingura akimara kubabona abahoberera icyarimwe ababwira ati “mbega ukuntu nishimiye kongera kubabona ndabibona murananiwe cyane kandi inzara yabishe maze abwira nyangufi ati “mbega umusatsi wawe!! nuko wahindutse? ngwino ngusokoze. Amaze kuwusokoza ahamagara abana maze bararya banezerewe, arko se yari yabuze ahantu yakwirwa.
Hashize akanya maze yikura mwisoni ati “mwari mwagiye hehe mwabigoryi mwe mubonye igihe twabashakiye tukababura tukarenda kwiyizira twibwirango mwatashye. Abana bacisha make bakomeza kurya bafite umunezero, maze batangira kubatekerereza ukuntu bagize ubwoba basigaye muri ryashyamba bonyine. Icyaje kuba kibi nuko ibyo byishimo byashiranye nayamafaranga, ntibyateye kabiri amafaranga amaze gushira ababyeyi bongeye guta abana babo mu ishyamaba ariko noneho mu ryakure cyane.
UMWANDITSI TUYISINGIZE Nazard
0781945496
Umuvugo wa Nyakayonga ka Musare
Posted by DUSAMANA J.Claude phone:0788995492,0728995491 from École des sciences louis de monfort de Nyanza.
Naje kubara inkuru
yaraye i Murori
kwa Nyiramuyaga na Muhaya
Murorwa yacyuye amahano
za busunzu zirayishoka
ikabamburwa n’ibihunyira
Ruhangwambone rwa Ruhoramumagambo,
umuswa urayanitse mu kigunda,
yapfuye urwa Ruvuzo
yo yigeraga Mfizi ya Makuka
ikayigerera i Buringeri
yacitse nka Mushunguzi
yaguye mu rukobo nk’impabe,
yatsinzwe nka Karihejuru
Naje ntabara impuha:
impundu ziravuga umurenge
mu mirambi ya Kigali
ziranamije ku Muturagasani.
kandi mbara inkuru ntikuke
y’uko wakukiye Muteri, Mutabazi,
ugatema ibyaro amajosi.
Ngiyo ya Sugi
Irasogombwa amahanga,
irahinga iz’amakeba
nkavuga imyasiro
Wasiye Nyamiringa,
Mirindi ya Rumeza,
wayambikiye agashungo
iyo ngoma yawe.
Nimuyihe rugari
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone
Nyibaze ay’icyo kirara
kitagira umuraza
mu mirambi ya Rubaho,
cyaroye kikica umukenya
kitaramara kabiri
kimbwire undi waryiswe iryo zina, akaba umuhutu, akaba umutunzi,
akazisazira nyuma.
Nandetse we Ruhangwambone
rwa Ruhuzambone
uba udateze amarengero
ugacurisha imihoro?
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Nyibaze: ko amazina yari menshi,
mukurora ukisunga iriheze
rya Ruhararaburozi rwa Mpinga?
Yo muguha impaka uwatwambuye Yuhi,
imvano yava ku ki?
Ntizi ko Rugaju
ari we waduteye imbehoy'isuri
maze tugasanganwa Imana
ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe?
Iyacu ni Rubanguka
rwacyamuye ibihugu,
ni we Rugira wahonokaga mu Buhinda.
Na none niberwe
ayigire intindo
ayitegeke nka Rwuma
maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe;
nirembe ayigire insezo
ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire
izaze akuya kayirenze
yicuza ayo yakoze;
ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze!
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza yumva amatare
ayivuga mu mutwe
mu mpinga ya Butare
amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago,
Mutukura itekanye na Mukeshajabiro.
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonbereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza ishorejwe amacumu
mu mpinga ya Gatsibo
amacumu yabaye inkwaruro;
mazi ishime ko itagira ubwami
i Bwangaguhuma kwa Gahaya:
ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero
amajyo azayibera amabuye.
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone:
Izaza yumva insengo
zivuga iwacu mu ngoro
umuryasenge uyirya
yabuze amaboko
yo kwishima mu gihumbi:
izaba yayakonje Mutukura,
yayageretse ku ya Mutega w'inkanda!
Ruhangwambone nimuyihebe
nta nkandagiro ikizeye!
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Butembambuto kwa Mataremato,
yaje gutegura ino
Matungo ayigira intindo?
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Buvuganyanzara kwa Kivugabagore
yahanzwe no kuvuga rimwe
akarimi kayo kagwa mu matsa?
Uzarebe aho izingiye mizinge:
ntikizirikana ay’imusizi
mba ndi ishami ryabyaye Nyirarugaju?
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Busobanyamakaraza
kwa Gisababahutu?
Iri ni ishavu ringana aya mazi
rikayirara mu muroha
yarahebye n’abayiyagira
ngo bayihe ubuhura!
Igumye iganye na Ntega:
Bateze inyenga.
Rero simbeshya
ni ko ntanga abagabo benshi ba Mikore.
Rukabuza arumva na Nkozimyambi.
Sinzakaraba no kwa Rujyo.
Makomere arabizi na Makuba
na Rukaniramiheto
Simbeshya uzahagira ku rw’i Bumpaka
uzatwika ari umugero
Rugina ikarwubika
rugahinduka Umugina. |
1818 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiramakangaza%20ngo%20mutahe | Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe | Ibisakuzo
Iki ni igisakuzo cyane cyane cy'abana bato:
Usakuza: Sakwe Sakwe
Usubiza: Soma
Usakuza: Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe
Igisubizo: Imbeho ku rugi |
1819 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbeho%20ku%20rugi | Imbeho ku rugi | ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo
Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe |
1821 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingara%20z%27iminyinya | Ingara z'iminyinya | Ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo
Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Zigariste amahembe ntiwamenya iyo nyoko yakowe |
1824 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuto%20bwa%20so%20na%20nyoko | Ubuto bwa so na nyoko | ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo
Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Nagutera icyo utazi utabonye |
1825 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idini%20Ryitwa%20Yezu%20Nyakuri | Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri | "Idini ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri" ni idini ryigenga ryashingiwe i Beyijingi (Beijing) mu Bushinwa mu mwaka w'1917. Riri mu rwego rw'amadini y'abaporoso b'abakirisitu yaje mu ntangiriro z'1900. Iri dini rifite uyu munsi abayoboke miliyoni imwe n'igice (miliyoni 1,5) mu isi yose. Imyizerere y'iri dini ishingiye kuri penekositi, ukwizera gutangwa n'umwuka wera. Iri dini ntabwo ryizihiza Noheli.
Ubukirisitu |
1971 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkoranyamagambo%20y%E2%80%99Igiholandi%20n%E2%80%99Ikinyarwanda%20yakozwe%20na%20Emmanuel%20Habumuremyi | Inkoranyamagambo y’Igiholandi n’Ikinyarwanda yakozwe na Emmanuel Habumuremyi | Nederlands-Kinyarwanda
Intangiriro
Iyi nkoranya yatunganyijwe na Habumuremyi Emmanuel. Ni agace gato k'umushinga wo gutunganya Inkoranyamagambo y'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyongereza yiswe "Iriza-Starter" iboneka kuri Archive.org na [].
Turizera ko iyi nkoranya izafasha benshi mu bashaka kwiga Ikinyarwanda cyangwa se igiholandi. Ubwo dutegereje ko muzajya mutugezaho ibitekerezo n'ibyifuzo.
Amagambo atangirwa na A
aaien V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa
aamborstigheid N. asima
aan ADV. ugana; kwa; i; ahagama
aanbidden V. gusingiza
aanbiddinggkutiutiu N. ibisingizo
aanbieden N. igitambo
aanbinden V. gutangira
aanbreken van de dag N. umuseso
aandacht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika
aan de overkant van (adverb) ahateganye na; aharebana na
aandienen V. kumenyekanisha
aandoening N. indwara
aangenaam ADJ. cyiza
aangezien (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera
aanhalen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa
aan het einde (adverb) inyuma
aan hun' PRON. bo
aan jou' PRON. mwe
aan ons' PRON. twe
aanreiken V. gutanga; guha
aanvliegen V. kuguruka
aanvoerder N. umuyobozi
aanwijzing N. ibwiriza
aan ze' PRON. bo
aardrijkskunde N. ubumenyi bw'isi
aarzelen V. gushidikanya
aarzeling N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya
abacus N. ikibarisho
abattoir N. ibagiro
abnormaal ADJ. kidasanzwe
academie N. kaminuza
accident N. impanuka
acht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika
acht ADJ. umunani
achtergrond N. indiba; intango
achterlijf N. inda; umudigi
adelaar N. kagoma
adoration N. ibisingizo
afgetrokken N. umunyamazinda
afgezonderd ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye; yihariye
afkorten V. guhina; gutubya
afkorting N. impine
afleggen V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara
afleren V. kwigisha
afschaffen gusenya; gusesa; gukuraho
afschaffing N. iseswa
afstand N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana
afwennen V. kwigisha
afzonderlijk ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye
agent N. umupolisi
aids N. sida; icyago cya sida; icyorezo cya sida
akkerbouw N. ubuhinzi
ambitie N. umuhate; ishyaka
ananas N. inanasi
arend N. kagoma
artsenij N. umuti
attentie ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitwararika; icyo kwitondera
auto N. imodoka
Amagambo atangirwa na B
baan N. umuhanda
baas N. umuyobozi
badpak N. umwenda wo kogana
bagage N. umutwaro; umuzigo
bakken V. guteka
bananenbier N. urwagwa
bandiet N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni
bank N. banki
bars ADJ. igihubutsi
bedanken V. gushimira
bedaren V. gushira ubukana; guhinduka umunyantege nke; gucika intege; gucogora
bedeesd ADJ. ufite ipfinwe; ufite amasoni
bederven V. gutetesha
bedriegen V. kubeshya
beginnen V. gutangira
behaaglijk ADJ. cyiza
bej (adverb) kwa
bejaard ADJ. usheshe akanguhe; umusaza; ushaje; ugeze mu zabukuru
bekend ADJ. ikimenyabose; icyamamare; icyogere
bekoelen V. gucika intege; guhinduka umunyantege nke; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora
bekorten V. guhina; gutubya
bekwaam ADJ. ushoboye; gishoboye
bekwaamheid N. ubushobozi; ububasha
beminnen N. urukundo
Bent u mevrouw Janssens? Waba uri madamu Janssens?
Bent u ziek? Urarwaye?
beoordelen N. umucamanza
bepaling N. ibisabwa; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje; ibyangombwa bisabwa kuzuzwa
berechten N. umucamanza
beroerd ADJ. kibi
bestuurder N. umushoferi
bet N. uburiri
betalen V. kwishyura; kuriha
bevangen ADJ. ufite amasoni; wamwaye; ufite ipfunwe
bevelen V. gushyira ku murongo
bezem N. umweyo; umukubuzo
bh N. isutiye; ishindiriya
bidden V. gusenga
bieden V. gutanga; kugabira
bier N. inzoga
bijdrage N. umusanzu
bijeenkomen V. guhura
bijna (adverb) hafi
bijten V. kuruma; kurya
binden V. guhambira; kuboha; kuzirika
bioscoop N. sinema
blad N. ikinyamakuru
blauw ADJ. ibara ry'ubururu; ubururu
blijdschap N. ibyishimo; umunezero
blijken V. kugaragara; gutunguka
blik N. umukebe
blinken N. gushashagirana
blo ADJ. wamwaye; wakozwe n'isoni; ufite ipfunwe
bloed N. amaraso
bloem N. ururabo; ururabyo; ikimuri
blouse N. ikizibaho
blozend N. umutuku
bodem N. indiba; intango
boek N. igitabo
boekenwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo
boekwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo
boel N. imbaga; inteko
boer N. umuhinzimworozi
boezem N. ibere
borst N. ibere
borstelen N. uburoso
bos N. ishyamba
breken N. kumena; kujanjura; kujanjagura; gusatagura
brief N. ibaruwa; urwandiko; ibarwa
broek N. ipantaro; ipatalo
broer N. musaza (wa); umuvandimwe; umuvandimwe (wa)
brood N. umugati
bruiloft N. ubukwe
bruiloftsfeest N. ubukwe
burger N. umwenegihugu; umuturage
burgerlijk N. umusivili
bus N. bisi; otobisi
Amagambo atangirwa na C
cadeau N. impano; kado
café N. akabari; kafe
capabel ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboye
ceintuurN. umukandara
cessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana
chef N. umuyobozi; umutware; shefu
Christus N. Kirisitu; Kirisito
civiel N. umusivili
colbertjas N. ikoti
computer N. mudasobwa
concessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana
conclusie N. umusozo; umwanzuro
conditie N. ibisabwa; ibya ngombwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje
condoom . agakingirizo; kondomu; gapoti; kapote
conducteur N. umushoferi
consigne N. ibwiriza
couplet N. igitero; igitero cy'indirimbo
Amagambo atangirwa na D
daar (adverb) kubera ko; kubera; kukodag N. umunsi; Dag N. Waramutse?, Waraye?
damp N. igihu
decreteren N. iteka
de mijne PRON. zanjye
diabetes N. diyabete; indwara y'igisukari; diyabeti
dialect N. ururimi rw'akarere
diamond N. diyama
die ADJ. uriya; iriya; kiriya
dinsdag N. kuwa kabiri
directeur N. umuyobozi; diregiteri; deregiteri
dit PRON. ino; iyi
dit hier PRON. ino; iyi
dit is normaal (verb transitive) birasanzwedochter N. umukobwa; umukobwa wadoden V. kwicadoen V. gukoradomicilie N. intaho; ubuturodonderdag N. kuwa kanedoodgaan V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imanadoordat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera
doos N. agasanduka
drek1 N. amase
drek2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki
drinken V. kunywa
drol1 N. amase
drol2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki
drom N. imbaga; inteko
dubben V. gushidikanya
dwergachtig N. igikuri
dwingen V. guhata; gushyiraho imbaraga
Amagambo atangirwa na E
echec N. ugutsindwa
echoën N. nyiramubande
echtbreekster N. indaya; indayi; ihabara
echtbreker N. umusambanyi; umugabo w'umusambanya; umugabo uca inyuma uwo bashakanye
echtbreuk N. ubusambanyi
echtelieden N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri
echter (adverb) nyamara; gusaechtgenoot N. umugabo washatseechtgenote N. umugore washatseechtpaar N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiriechtscheiding N. itandukana ry'abashakanye; gatanya; itanaechtverbintenis N. ugushyingirwa; ubushyingirweeconomie N. ubukungu; umutungoeconomisch ADJ. cy'ubukungu; kijyanye n'iby'ubukungueczeem N. ibishishiedelen N. ubukomangomaedelgesteente N. umutakoedelman N. igikomangomaedik N. vinegereeed N. indahiroeed van trouw N. icyubahiro (gihabwa abakuru, Imana, abitabye Imana)eega N. umugabo; umugoreeekhoorn N. inkimaeelt N. ikigorieen hinderlaag leggen V. guca igicoEen huis kopen ukugura inzu; kugura inzu
eerste ADJ. aha mbere; aka mbere; icya mbere; irya mbere; iya mbere; ubwa mbere; ukwa mbere; urwa mbere; uwa mbere
eerste les Isomo rya mbereeeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezo
eksteroog N. ikigori
elektriciteit N. amashanyarazi
elf N. cumi na rimwe
en (conjunction) naerfelijkheid N. akokoeten V. kurya; gufunguraevalueren N. gusuzuma; kugenzuraexamen N. ikizamini; ibazwa; ikizamiezel N. indogobe
Amagambo atangirwa na Ffaam N. impuha; igihuhafabel N. umuganifabriceren V. gukora; gutunganyiriza mu rugandafabriek N. uruganda; izinefamilie N. umuryango; famiyefiducie N. ukwemera; ukwizera; ibyiringiro; amiringirofilm N. filimi; senema; sinemafles N. icupafloers N. igihufluit N. umwironge; umwirongifraaiheid N. ubwiza
Amagambo atangirwa na Ggaan V. kujyaganieten V. gushimishagapen V. kwayuragauw (adverb) vuba; vuba vuba; hutihutigebieder N. umuyobozigeel ADJ. umuhondo; ibara ry'umuhondogeen PRON. nta : Geen geluk Nta mahirwegeestelijke N. umupadiri; umupasitoro; umupasiteri; umupasitorigeheiligd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyerageitenmelk N. amahenehene; amata y'ihenegeloof N. ukwemera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro; ukwizerageluk N. amahirwe; ishabagemakkelijk ADJ. cyoroshye; woroshye; yoroshye; bworoshyegemeen ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyasizwegeneesmiddel N. umutigenoeglijk ADJ. cyizageografie N. ubumenyi bw'isigetrouwd ADJ. washyingiwe : Mijn zoon is nu getrouwd. Umuhungu wanjye ubu yarashyingiwe.geven V. gutanga; guhagevolgtrekking N. umusozo; umwanzurogeweifel N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanyagewijd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyeragezang N. indirimbogezin N. umuryangoglijden V. kunyereraGod N. Imanagoed ADJ. mwiza; ryiza; cyiza; nziza; rwiza; keza; bwiza; kwiza Goedendag N. Waramutse?, Bwakeye?, Mwabonye Matara atabara?, Mwaraye?
goedemorgen N. Waramutse?; Waraye?
gordel N. umukandara
goud N. zahabu; inzahabu
griep N. ibicurane
groen ADJ. icyatsi; ibara ry'icyatsi; icyatsi kibisi
groep N. itsinda; agatsiko; igurupe
grond N. indiba; intango
groot ADJ. kinini; cyagutse; kigaye
grote stad N. umujyi
gulden N. zahabu; inzahabu
Amagambo atangirwa na H
haar N. umusatsi; ubwoya
haardos N. umusatsi; ubwoya
half N. igice; kimwe cya kabiri
haliotis N. ikinyamushongo
handtasje N. agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu; agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki
hangen V. kumanika; kubamba
hapering N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya
hart N. umutima
hebben V. kugira; -fite : Zij hebben kinderen. Bafite abana.
hechte samenwerking N. umubano mwiza
Heeft u dan geen werk? PHR. Ni ukuvuga ko nta kazi ugira?
Heeft u ook een kind? PHR. Nawe ufite umwana?
heffen V. guterura
heilig ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera
heilige N. umutagatifu
held N. intwari
helpen V. gufasha
hemd N. ikanzu
hemel N. ijuru
heros N. intwari; ingangare
het mijne PRON. zanjye
Het verbaast me dat hij afwezig is PHR. Birantangaje kuba adahari
hier PRON. hano; aha
hierheen PRON. hano; aha
Hij is aan het eten Ari kuryahoe PRON. gute?; -te?Hoe gaat het met u? PHR. Amakuru yawe?Hoe gaat het met uw zoon? PHR. Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe?Hoe laat is het nu? PHR. Ubu ni saa ngahe?Hoe maakt u het? PHR. Amakuru?; Amakuru ki?Hoe maakt uw zoon het? PHR. Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe?Holland N. UbuholandiHollander N. umuholandihond N. imbwahondje N. akabwa; ikibwanahonds ADJ. igihubutsihoning N. ubuki; umutsamahoofdkussen N. umusegohoofdpijn N. indwara y'umutwehoop N. imbaga; intekohoorn N. ihembehouden van N. urukundohuis N. umuryangohuis N. inzu : Heeft u een huis? Ufite inzu?; urugohuisdeur N. umuryango w'inzuhuisgezin N. umuryangohuiswaarts N. imuhira; mu rugoHutu N. umuhutuhuwelijksweken N. ukwezi kwa buki
Amagambo atangirwa na Iichneumon N. umukara; umutereriidee N. igitekerezoidentiek ADJ. bihuye; bihuje; bisa; buhuje kamereidentificeren V. kuvumburaideologie N. ingengabitekerezoijver N. ishyaka; umuhateIk heb en huis maar ik heb geen wagen Mfite inzu ariko singira imodoka
Ik heb geen schulden Singira imyenda (amadeni)immoreel ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawein de morgen (adverb) mbere ya saa sita; mugitondoinfluenza N. ibicuraneinkorten V. guhina; gutubyainstructie N. ibwirizainteressant ADJ. gishamajeinzittende N. umugenziIs uw dochter ook ziek? Umukobwa awawe na we ararwaye?
Is u ziek? Urarwaye?
Amagambo atangirwa na Jja (adverb) yego
jammer ADJ. bibabaje : Dat is jammer! Birababaje!
jij PRON. wowe
jongen N. umuhungu
jou PRON. wowe
journaliste N. umunyamakuru
juffrouw N. madamazela; umukobwa
Amagambo atangirwa na K
kaart N. ikarita
kaas N. foromaji
kakken V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana
kanarie N. inyoni
kapotje N. agakingirizo; kapote; gapoti; kondomu
kapster N. umwogoshi; kimyozi
karpet N. umukeka; umusambi; itapi
Kent hij de directeur van de bank? Uzi umuyobozi wa banki?kerk N. urusengero; kiliziyaKerstfeest N. Noherikeuken N. igikoni; icyikonikeuring N. ikizamini; ikizami; ibazwakeutel1 N. amasekeutel2 N. amabyi; amazirantokikiezen V. guhitamokijken V. kureba; kurorakijker N. ijishokinderen (pl noun) abana
klas N. ishuri
klasse N. ishuri
kleding N. umwenda
kleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka
kleinmaken V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya
klimmen V. kurira
kloppen V. gukomanga
knapheid N. ubwiza
knorren V. kugona; gufurura
komen kuza; kugarukakool N. ishukop N. umutwe w'inyamaswakopen V. kugurakorte jas N. ikotikous N. isogisikrant N. ikinyamakurukruis N. umusarabakundig ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboyekundigheid N. ubushobozi; ububashakwaad ADJ. kibikwaal N. indwarakwalijk ADJ. kibi
Amagambo atangirwa na Llamp N. itara; itadowalandkaart N. ikaritalawaai N. urusaku; isahahalekker ADJ. cyiza; kinozelerares N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umureziles N. isomo; icyigwa; inyigisholid N. umuyobokelied N. indirimboliefhebben N. urukundoliefkozen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresalikdoorn N. ikigorilinks (adverb) ibumoso
lucht1 N. ijuru
lucht2 N. umwuka
lui ADJ. umunebwe; inyanda
luiheid N. ubunebwe; ubunyanda
luwen V. gucika intege; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora
Amagambo atangirwa na M
ma N. mama; mawe
maag N. igifu
maagdelijk ADJ. isugi
maak V. gukora
maan N. ukwezi
maand N. ukwezi
maandag N. kuwa mbere
maandelijks (adverb) buri kwezimaar (conjunction) nyamara; gusamaar (adverb) arikomaart N. ukwezi kwa gatatu; Werurwemacaroni N. makaronimaffen V. gusinziramais N. ikigorimaïs N. ikigorimaken V. gukora; guhanga ikintumam N. mama; mawemamma N. mama; mawemammie N. mama; maweman N. umugabomargarine N. marigarinemassa N. imbaga; intekomat ADJ. urushye; kirushyemedicijn N. umutimediteren V. kuzirikanameisje N. umukobwameisjesschool N. ishuri ry'abakobwamelig ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanijemeneer N. bwana : Wie is die meneer daar? Uriya mugabo ni nde?menigte N. imbaga; intekomes N. icyuma; umushyo; indigamevrouw N. umugore; madamumiddag N. saa sita z'amanywamijn ADJ. cyanjye; wanjye; ryanjye; yanjye; rwanjye; kanjjye; bwanjye; kwanjyemijn vrouw umugore wanjye; umufasha wanjyeMijn zoon is niet thuis Umuhungu wanjye ntari mu rugomijn zoon is ook in bed umuhungu wanjye na we ari mu buririmik N. umugatiminuscuul N. igikurimisschien (adverb) ahari; umenya; umenya ahari; birashoboka komist N. igihumoe ADJ. urushye; kirushyemooi ADJ. cyiza; nziza : De familie Van Dam heeft een mooi huis. Umuryango wa Van Dam ufite inzu nziza.multinational ADJ. mpuzamahugumultipliceren (verb); gukubamuskiet N. umubu; umuryasengemuskietengaas N. inzitiramubumuskietennet N. inzitiramubumuur N. urukuta rw'amatafari
Amagambo atangirwa na Nnaamgever N. sogokuru; sekurunaar (adverb) ugana; werekeza; mu : Ik ga naar Nederland. Ngiye mu Buholandi.; i : Ik ga naar Amsterdam. Ngiye i Amusiteridamu.; muri : Ik ga nooit naar een café'''. Sinjya njya mu kabari.
Naar het station Werekeza kuri sitasiyo
naar huis (adverb) imuhira; mu rugo
nadenken V. kuzirikana
n.b. N. icyitonderwa
Nederlands N. igiholandi : Ik versta geen Nederlands. Sinumva igiholandi.
nee (adverb) oya; ntibishoboka; ihi!; u u!
neus N. izuru
nevel N. igihu
niemand ADJ. nta (muntu)
niet ADJ. nta
nieuwigheid N. amakuru
nieuws N. amakuru
nieuwsgierig ADJ. umunyamatsiko
nieuwtje N. amakuru
noen N. saa sita z'amanywa
nors ADJ. igihubutsi
noten N. icyitonderwa
nu (adverb) ubu : Nu is er een film. Ubu hari filimi yerekanwa.; nonaha
nurks ADJ. igihubutsi
Nyiginya N. umunyiginya
Amagambo atangirwa na O
oeffening N. umwitozo
of (adverb) cyangwa
offeren N. igitambo
olifant N. inzovu
omdat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera
onaardig ADJ. igihubutsi
onbestaanbaar ADJ. kidashoboka
onderbroek N. ikabutura
ondergrond (noun); indiba; intango
onderlijf N. inda; umudigi
onderwijzeres N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi
onderzoek N. ikizami; ikizamini; ibazwa
ongeluk N. impanuka
ongeval N. impanuka
onmogelijk ADJ. kidashoboka
ontlasting1 N. amase
ontlasting2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki
ontlasting hebben V. kunnya; kwituma; gusarana
ontvanger N. umukoreshakoro; porosobuteri
onzedelijk ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawe
oog N. ijisho
ooglid N. urugohe; ingohe
oom N. marume; nyokorome; nyirarume
oor N. ugutwi
oordelen N. umucamanza
oorlogsfilm N. filimi y'intambara
op de achtersteven (adverb) igice kigana inyuma h'ubwato cyangwa indege
opgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara
opofferen N. igitambo
oppas N. umurezi w'abana; umuyaya
opperste ADJ. umukuru
oud ADJ. gishaje; ushaje; rishaje
overal (adverb) aho ariho hose; ahantu hose
overerfelijkheid N. akoko
overhandigen N. ikiganza
overhemd N. ikanzu
overlijden V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imana
Amagambo atangirwa na P
paar N. bike; ikaramu
pak N. igipfunyika; ivarisi
pakje N. igipfunyika; ipaki
paraplu N. umutaka
passagier N. umugenzi
pastoor N. umupadiri; umusaseridoti; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umupasiteri
pastor N. umupadiri; umupasiteri; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umuherezabitambo
paus N. Papa; Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatolika
peet N. sogokuru; sekuru
peetvader N. sogokuru; sekuru
peinzen V. kuzirikana
penis N. ubugabo; imboro; igitsina cy'umugabo
peter N. sogokuru; sekuru
pimpelen V. kunywa
plaat N. ishusho
poederwolk N. umucucu; umukungugu
poepen V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana
politie N. polisi; umupolisi
politieagent N. umupolisi
politiebureau N. ibiro bya polisi
politiepost N. ibiro bya polisi
praten V. kuvuga
prevalent ADJ. umukuru
prijs N. igiciro
prijsgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara; guhana
probleem N. ikibazo; ingorane
psalm N. zaburi
Amagambo atangirwa na R
raam N. idirishya
recht N. itegeko
reis1 N. urugendo; uruzinduko
reis2 N. uruzinduko; uruzindu; urugendo
restaurant N. uburiro; resitora
reticule N. agasakoshi; agashakoshi ko mu ntoki; agakapu k'abadamu; agakapu
riem N. umukandara
rijst N. umuceri
rok N. ijipo; ingutiya
roken V. kunywa itabi
ronken V. kugona; gufurura
rood ADJ. umutuku; ibara ry'umutuku
route N. umuhanda
rover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni
Amagambo atangirwa na S
saai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije
sacraal ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera
salade N. salade
salaris N. umushahara; igihembo
samenkomen V. guhura
schaduwen N. umurizo
schapenmelk N. amatamatama; amata y'intama
schoen N. urukweto; ikirato
schooljuffrouw N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi
schoonheid N. ubwiza
schoonmoeder N. mabukwe; nyokobukwe; nyirabukwe
schoorvoeten V. gushidikanya
schouwburg N. inzu y'amakinamico
schrijven V. kwandika
schuieren N. uburoso
sigaret N. isegereti; itabi; isigara
sjaal N. fulari
slaatje N. salade
slachterij N. ibagiro
slachthuis N. ibagiro
slapen V. gusinzira
slecht ADJ. kibi
snorken V. kugona; gufurura
snorren V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha
snurken V. kugona; gufurura
sokken N. isogisi
soon N. umuhungu; umuhungu wa
spelen V. gukina
springen V. gusimbuka
staan V. guhagarara; kuba uhagaze
staatsburger N. umuturage; umuturagihugu; umwenegihugu
stadhuis N. hoteli yo mu mujyi : Mijn dochter werkt nu op het stadhuis. Ubu umukobwa wanjye akorera muri hoteli yo mu mujyi.
stamvader N. umukurambere
stand N. ishuri
station N. gare; ikigo bategeramo imodoka
steen N. ibuye; itafari
sterven V. gupfa; kwitaba imana; gutabaruka
stoppen V. guhagarika
straat N. umuhanda; ibarabara
strelen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa
struikrover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni
student N. umunyeshuri
studie V. kwiga
suikerziekte N. diabeti; indwara y'igisukari; diyabete
superieur ADJ. umukuru
Amagambo atangirwa na T
taai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije
taak N. umurimo; ikiraka
taal N. ururimi
taalleraar N. umwarimu w'indimi
tafel N. ameza
tak N. ishami
tand N. iryinyo
tandenborstel N. uburoso bw'amenyo
tandpasta N. umuti w'amenyo; kologati
tapijt N. itapi; umusambi
tas N. igikapu; umufuka
tasje N. agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki; agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu
taxi N. tagisi
teen N. ino
telegram N. telegaramu
televisie N. televiziyo
telraam N. ikibarisho
temperatuur N. igipimo cy'ubushyuhe; ubushyuhe bw'ahantu
theelepeltje N. akayiko
tien ADJ. icumi
tijd N. igihe : Hej heeft geen tijd. Nta gihe afite.
tijdelijk ADJ. by'igihe gito; mu gihe cyagateganyo
timide ADJ. umunamasoni; ufite ipfunwe; wamwaye
timmerman N. umubaji
tocht N. uruzindu; uruzinduko; urugendo
toegeving N. itererana; isuhuka; ita; isiga
toer N. uruzindu; urugendo; uruzinduko
toerisme N. ubukerarugendo
toerist N. umukerarugendo
tong N. ururimi
tongval N. ururimi rw'akarere
toonbeeld N. urugero
treden V. gutambuka; kugenda
trekken V. gukurura
trip N. urugendo; uruzindu; uruzinduko
Tutsi N. umututsi
Twa N. umutwa
twee Num. kabiri; babiri; ibiri; abiri; bibiri; ebyiri; bubiri; tubiri
tweede ADJ. wa kabiri; ba kabiri; ya kabiri; rya kabiri; cya kabiri; bya kabiri; za kabiri; rwa kabiri; ka kabiri; twa kabiri; bwa kabiri; kwa kabiri; ha kabiri
Amagambo atangirwa na U
u PRON. wowe
uier N. icebe
uit de mode ADJ. kitagezweho; kitajyanye n'igihe
uitgesloten ADJ. kidashoboka
uitkijken naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha
uitspraak N. imivugirwe; inoboramvugo
uit vrije wil (adverb) n'ubushake
uitzien naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha
universiteit N. kaminuza
uur N. isaha
uw ADJ. cyawe; wawe; ryawe; yawe : Waar is uw wagen? Imodoka yawe iri he?; bwawe; kwawe; hawe
uw dochter umukobwa wawe?
uw zoon umuhungu wawe
Amagambo atangirwa na V
vagina N. igituba; igitsina cy'umugore
vallen V. kugwa; kwitura hasi; gutembagara
van PRON. cya; wa; ya; rwa; bwa; kwa; ha
vandaag (adverb) uyu munsi; none
vannacht (adverb) iri joro
varen V. kugashya; kuvugama
vechten V. kurwana; gusekurana
veel (adverb) cyane; bikabije
veranda N. urubaraza; ibaraza
verdwijnen V. kuzimira; kubura; kurenga; guhenengera
vergaderen V. guhura
vergallen N. uburozi
vergemakkelijken V. korohereza
vergeten V. kwibagirwa; kugira amazinda
vergeven N. uburozi
vergiftigen N. uburozi
verjaardag N. umunsi ngarukamwaka; aniveriseri
verlichten V. korohereza
verliezen V. kubura; gutakaza
vermenigvuldigen V. gukuba
vermijden V. kwirinda; kwihunza
vermoeid ADJ. urushye; kirushye
vermoeiend ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije
vernederen V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya
vernedering V. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukutikuza; ukwiyoroshya
verootmoedigen V. kwiyoroshya; guca bugufi; kutiremereza
verootmoediging N. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukwiyoroshya
verordenen N. iteka
verplichting tot bijbetaling N. imisanzu y'inyongera
verstrooid N. umunyamazinda
vertrouwen N. ukwemera; ukwizera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro
verzekeraar N. umwishingizi
vijf ADJ. gatanu; batanu; itanu; atanu; bitanu; eshanu; butanu; dutanu; hatanu
vijfde ADJ. uwa gatanu; iya gatanu; aba gatanu; irya gatanu; aya gatanu; icya gatanu; ibya gatanu; iza gatanu; urwa gatanu; ubwa gatanu; ukwa gatanu; aha gatanu; utwa gatanu
Vijf over half vier Saa cyenda n'iminota mirongo itatu n'itanu
vinden V. kubona; kuvumbura
vinger N. urutoki; ikidori
vissen N. ifi; isamake
visser N. umurobyi
visverkoper N. umurobyi
Vlaams N. igifulama; ururimi rw'igifulama
Vlaanderen N. Akarere gatuwe n'abafurama; Fulandere
Vlaming N. Umufulama
vloerkleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka; umukeka
voetbal N. umupira w'amaguru; futuboro
vogel N. inyoni
volontair N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushake
von PRON. za
voorbeeld N. urugero
voor de middag (adverb) mbere ya saa sitavoor eeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezovoorvader N. umukuramberevoorwaarde N. ibisabwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujujevoorzaat N. umukuramberevragen V. gusaba; kubazavriendin N. inshutivriezen V. guhinduka ubutita; gukonjavrijdag N. kuwa gatanuvrijwilliger N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushakevroeg (adverb) kare; hakiri karevuil ADJ. cyanduye; wanduyevuur N. ishyaka; umuhatevuur N. umuriro
Amagambo atangirwa na Wwaar ADJ. hehe?; he?Waarin staat dat? Biri mu ki?Waarmee komt hij? Aje n'iki?waarom ADJ. kubera iki?Waarom ga je zo vroeg? PHR. Kuki ugiye kare?Waarop wacht ze? PHR. Ategereje iki?Waarover spreken ze? PHR. Baravuga iki?wagen N. imodokawassen V. koga; gukaraba; kwiyuhagirawater N. amaziWat wenst u? PHR. Ushaka iki?; Murashaka iki?Weet u wat dat woord betekent? PHR. Muzi icyo iri jambo risobanura?weg N. umuhandawenkbrauw N. igitsikewereldstad N. umujyiwerk N. akaziMisschien is er geen werk. PHR. Hashobora kuba nta kazi gahari.; umurimowerpen V. kujugunya; kunagaweten V. kumenya; -zi; kuba uzi ikintuwijn N. divayi; vinowijten V. kwitirira; guhamyawijzen V. kwerekana; kugaragazawillen V. gushaka; kwifuzawinnen V. gutsinda; kuronka; gutsindirawoensdag N. kuwa gatatuwonen V. kuba; guturawoonplaats N. intaho; ubuturoworden V. guhinduka; kuvamo; kuvukamowoud N. ishyamba
Amagambo atangirwa na Yyoga N. yoga; umukino wa yogayoghurt N. yawurute
Amagambo atangirwa na Zzak N. igikapu; umufukazakdoek N. umushwara; umuswarozang N. indirimbozeggen V. kuvuga; kugambaZe is thuis Ari mu rugo; Ari imuhirazenden V. koherezaZe werkt nu heel goed Muri iki gihe akora nezaZe zijn weer an het drinken Bongeye bari kunywa.ziekte N. indwarazien V. kureba; kubonazijn V. kubaik ben ndije bentjij bentu bent uri hij isze iszij ishet is niwe zijnwij zijn turijullie zijn murize zijnzij zijn nizingen V. kuririmbazitten V. kwicara; kuba wicayezoeken V. gushakazondag N. ku cyumweruzonneschijn N. izubazuipen V. kunywazullen V. gushakazusje N. mushiki; mushiki (wa)zwart ADJ. ibara ry'umukara; umukara; umukara tsiririzwemmen V. kogazwijgen''' V. guceceka; gucweza; kuryumaho
Kinyarwanda |
2005 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniya | Tanzaniya | Tanzaniya cyangwa Repubulika Yunze Ubumwe ya Tanzaniya (izina mu giswayili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ; izina mu cyongereza : United Republic of Tanzania ) n’igihugu muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba. Umujyi mukuru wa Tanzaniya witwa Dodoma. Tanzaniya (/ ˌtænzəˈniːə /, [14] [15] [icyitonderwa 2] Igiswahiri: Agace k'ibiyaga bigari. Irahana imbibi na Uganda mu majyaruguru; Kenya mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba; Ibirwa bya Comoro n'Inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu burasirazuba; Mozambique na Malawi mu majyepfo; Zambiya mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; n'u Rwanda, u Burundi, na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba. Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro, umusozi muremure wa Afurika, uri mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Tanzaniya.
Ibisigazwa byinshi by’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe muri Tanzaniya, nk’ibinyabuzima bya Pliocene bimaze imyaka miriyoni 6. Ubwoko bwa Australopithecus bwabaye muri Afrika yose hashize imyaka 4 kugeza kuri 2; n'ibisigazwa bya kera cyane byo mu bwoko bwa Homo tubisanga hafi y'Ikiyaga cya Olduvai. Nyuma yo kuzamuka kwa Homo erectus mu myaka miriyoni 1.8 ishize, ikiremwamuntu cyakwirakwiriye ku Isi Kera, nyuma mu Isi Nshya na Ositaraliya munsi y’ubwoko bwa Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens nayo yarengeje Afurika kandi ikurura ubwoko bwa kera bwakera nubwoko bwikiremwamuntu. Amwe mu moko ya kera azwi akiriho, Hadzabe, asa nkaho yakomotse muri Tanzaniya, kandi amateka yabo yo mu kanwa aributsa abakurambere bari barebare kandi babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha umuriro, imiti, kandi babaga mu buvumo, nka Homo erectus cyangwa Homo heidelbergensis wabaga mu karere kamwe mbere yabo.
Nyuma mu gihe cy'Amabuye na Bronze, abimukira mbere ya kera muri Tanzaniya barimo abavuga Cushitike y'Amajyepfo bimukiye mu majyepfo bava muri Etiyopiya y'ubu; na Nilote y'Amajyepfo, harimo na Datoog, wakomotse mu karere gahana imbibi na Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Etiyopiya hagati y’imyaka 2.900 na 2.400 ishize. [16]: urupapuro rwa 18 Izi ngendo zabaye mu gihe kimwe no gutura kwa Mashariki. Bantu ukomoka muri Afrika yuburengerazuba mu kiyaga cya Victoria no mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Nyuma yaho bimukiye mu bindi bihugu bya Tanzaniya hagati yimyaka 2.300 na 1.700 ishize. [16]
Ubutegetsi bw'Abadage bwatangiriye ku mugabane wa Tanzaniya mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 igihe Ubudage bwashingaga Afurika y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubudage. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’ubutegetsi bw’Abongereza nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, umugabane w’igihugu wategekwaga nka Tanganyika, hamwe na Archipelago ya Zanzibar hasigaye ububasha bw’abakoloni. Nyuma y'ubwigenge bwabo mu 1961 na 1963, izo nzego zombi zishyize hamwe mu 1964 zishyiraho Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya. Ibihugu byari byinjiye mu muryango w’Ubwongereza mu 1961 kandi Tanzaniya iracyari umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth nka repubulika imwe.
Umuryango w'abibumbye wavuze ko abaturage ba Tanzaniya mu mwaka wa 2018 bagera kuri miliyoni 56.31, ukaba ari muto ugereranije na Afurika y'Epfo, bityo kikaba igihugu cya kabiri gituwe cyane giherereye mu majyepfo ya Ekwateri. [7] Abaturage bagizwe n’amoko agera ku 120, [20] y’indimi, n’amadini. Igihugu cyigenga cya Tanzaniya ni repubulika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga rya perezida kandi kuva mu 1996 umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Dodoma aho ibiro bya perezida, Inteko ishinga amategeko, na minisiteri zimwe na zimwe biherereye. Dar es Salaam, ahahoze ari umurwa mukuru, igumana ibiro byinshi bya leta kandi niwo mujyi munini mu gihugu, icyambu gikuru, ndetse n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kiyoboye. [18] [22] [23] Tanzaniya ni igihugu cy’ishyaka rimwe gifite ishyaka rya demokarasi Chama Cha Mapinduzi ku butegetsi.
Tanzaniya ni imisozi kandi ifite amashyamba menshi mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, aho umusozi wa Kilimanjaro uherereye. Bitatu mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika biri muri Tanzaniya. Mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba hari ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, n'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika, ikiyaga kinini cyane cyo ku mugabane wa Afurika, kizwiho amoko yihariye y'amafi. Mu majyepfo hari ikiyaga cya Malawi. Inkombe y'iburasirazuba irashyushye kandi itoshye, hamwe na Zanzibar Archipelago ku nkombe gusa. Agace ko kubungabunga Menai Bay ni agace kanini ka Zanzibar karinzwe. Isumo rya Kalambo, riherereye ku mugezi wa Kalambo ku mupaka wa Zambiya, ni isumo rya kabiri ridasubirwaho muri Afurika.
Ubukirisitu ni ryo dini rinini muri Tanzaniya, ariko kandi hari umubare munini w'Abayisilamu n'Aba Animiste. Indimi zirenga 100 zivugwa muri Tanzaniya, kikaba igihugu gitandukanye cyane mu ndimi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Igihugu ntigifite ururimi rwemewe, [27] nubwo ururimi rwigihugu ari Igiswahiri. Igiswahiri gikoreshwa mu mpaka z’abadepite, mu nkiko zo hasi, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri abanza. Icyongereza gikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga, muri diplomasi, mu nkiko zisumbuye, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye ndetse n’ayisumbuye, [26] nubwo guverinoma ya Tanzaniya iteganya guhagarika icyongereza nkururimi rwibanze rw’inyigisho ariko bizaboneka nk amasomo atabishaka. Abagera kuri 10 ku ijana by'Abanyatanzaniya bavuga Igiswahiri nk'ururimi rwa mbere, naho abagera kuri 90 ku ijana bavuga ururimi rwa kabiri.
Abaperezida ba Tanzaniya
Afurika
Ibihugu |
2010 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo | Yakobo | Yakobo, Umuhungu wa Izaki. Akaba yarabyaye abana 12, ariyo miryango 12 y'Abisraeli.
Iyobokamana |
2024 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali | Kigali | Kigali ni umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda. Ni umujyi uherereye hagati mu gihugu ukaba ufite abaturage 1,095,000
(mu mwaka wa 2019)
Ni wo mujyi nkingi w'ubukungu n' umuco by'igihugu. Imihanda yose yo mu gihugu ni ho itangirira akaba ari yo nkingi ya transiporo.
Ibiro bya za Ministeri, n'ibya Perezida wa Repubulika biri muri uyu mugi. 70% by'umugi ni uduce tw'icyaro.
Amateka
Kigali yashinzwe mu 1907 mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw' Abadage (Ubudage) ushinzwe na Richard Kandt, ariko ntiwigeze uhinduka kapitali y'u Rwanda kugeza igihe ubukoloni bwarangiriye (indépendance) muri 1962 []. Umurwa mukuru , akaba ari naho umwami yabaga muri icyo gihe wari Nyanza, ariko umugi mukur w'abakoloni wari Butare, icyo gihe yitwaga Astrida. Butare yabonwaga nk'aho ari wo mujyi wahinduka kapitali y' u Rwanda rwigenga ariko Kigali iza guhitwamo kubera ukuntu iherereye hagati mu gihugu.
Guhera taliki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Kigali yabaye isibaniro rya Genocide cyangwa Ethnic Cleasing, —aho abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo . Nubwo umugi washenywe mu gihe cya Genocide, ubu urimo kwiyubaka ku ntambwe ishimishije.
Imiyoboro
[]
Media Kigali
Living in Kigali
Eating in Kigali
Official Website of Kigali City
Kigali – The Bustling And Vibrant City
Kigali Map
Most popular Rwanda Ads website |
2038 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinyobwa | Ikinyobwa | Ikinyobwa: amata, ikivuguto, amazi, inkyeri, icyayi, ikawa, umutobe w'imbuto, coca
Amazi
amazi ni ingezi mubuzima bwumuntu bwa burimunsi kuko atuma umubiri urushaho
guhumeka wayakoresha woga, ufura, uteka, uyanywa Ndetse n'ibindi .
Imiyoboro |
2046 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutobe%20w%E2%80%99imbuto | Umutobe w’imbuto | Umutobe w’imbuto
Imitobe y’imbuto, niba usanzwe unywa imitobe y’imbuto gerageza kuyifungura kugirango ugabanye isukari nyinshi; nyuma y’icyumweru uzaba umaze kumenyera uburyohe butarengereye.
Ibinyobwa |
2053 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umunyu | Umunyu | Umunyu
Imyunyu ngugu kimwe na za vitamini ni ingenzi ku buzima bw’umuntu. Imyunyu ngugu yihariye 4% by’uburemere bw’umubiri w’umuntu. Imwe muri yo igomba kuboneka buri munsi kandi ku rugero ruhagije. Aho twavuga nka sodiyumu (umunyu), potasiyumu, kalisiyumu, feri, manyeziyumu na fosifori .
Nk’uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga ngo ubusanzwe umubiri ukenera umunyu kugira ngo ugire uruhare mu kuringaniza ubwinshi bw’amazi mu mubiri (régulation de l’eau).
Umubiri wongera kandi gukenera umunyu mu mikorere y’imyakura no mu mikorerere myiza y’inzira zijyana ubutumwa ku bwonko. Aha gatatu umunyu wongera gukenerwa mu mubiri ni mu mikorere myiza y’inyama zitwikiriye amagufwa. Umunyu wo mu gikoni uba ugizwe n’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu (Na+) n’uwa chlore (Cl-).
Aya makuru kandi avuga ko ubwinshi bw’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu bushobora guteza ibibazo bitari bike mu mubiri. Aha bavuga ko iyo ukabije kuba mwinshi ushobora gutuma habaho ubwiyonegre bw’umuvuduko w’amaraso mu buryo butunguranye kandi ukaba wanakwangiza impyiko mu gihe ukabije kuba mwinshi.
Uyu munyu kandi mu gihe uhuye n’amazi bikagera ku mubiri bishobora kwangiza uruhu. Aha bavuga ko bikunze kubaho mu gihe umunyu uhuye n’icyuya cyabaye amazi. Iyi mvange kandi yangiza amaso, ariko mu gihe kitari kinini.
Iyi myunyu kandi mu gihe igeze mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ishobora kuyangiza rimwe na rimwe igatera inkorora cyangwa guhumeka nabi. Aha bavuga ko ari bibi cyane ko umunyu wagera mu maso kuko ushobora gutera ubuhumyi buhoraho.
Ibiribwa |
2054 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuneke | Umuneke | Umuneke (ubuke: Imineke ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Musa) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa.
ni urubuto ruva kugitoki kuko rwabitswe igihe runaka rugahinduka umuneke hakorwamo
umutobe nkikinyobwa abantu banywa kandi rukanaribwa ari urubuto .
SOBANUKIRWA AKAMARO K'UMUNEKE
Abantu benshyi bakunda kugura imbuto bavuga ko umuneke uryoha cyane, tukaba tugiye kureba umumaro wo kurya umuneke nibura rimwe ku munsi.
UMUNEKE UFASHA KUGABANYA AGAHINDA GAKABIJE:
Agahinda gakabije gaterwa na"serotonim" iba yabaye nyinshi mu bwonko, mu mineke habamo "tryptophan" ibasha kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho agahinda gakabije.
KURYA UMUNEKE BITUMA AMAGUFWA AMERERWA NEZA;
Intungamubiri ziboneka mu muneke zubaka amagufa ndetse zikayakomeza.kuburyo atavunagurika uko yiboneye kose.
IFASHA UBWONKO GUKORA NEZA;
Imineke ikungahaye kuri potasiun na magnesium, iyo myunyu ngugu ifasha ubwonko kugira icyerekezo kizima no gukora neza.
KURYA IMINEKE BIFASHA MU KUGABANYA IBIRO;
Kubantu bashaka kugabanya ibiro imineke ni amahitamo meza cyane kuko ifasha mu gushongesha ibinure bityo hehe no guhura numubyibuho ukabije.
Ibimera
Imbuto
Ibiribwa |
2067 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusozi | Umusozi | Umusozi
Imisozi y’u Rwanda
Umusozi wa Gitwa
Umusozi wa Huye
Umusozi wa Kabatwa
Umusozi wa Karisimbi
Umusozi wa Matiritiri
Umusozi wa Munagana
Umusozi wa Murambi
Umusozi wa Nyabihu
Umusozi wa Ruheru
Umusozi wa Ryamondi
Umusozi wa Rebero (1809m)
Umusozi wa Kigali
Umusozi wa Rebero (1809m)
Umusozi wa Kigali (1856m)
Umusozi wa Jali (2042m)
Umusozi wa Shyorongi (1737 m)
Imisozi y’Amahanga
Imisozi ya Ararati cyangwa Umusozi wa Ararati (5165m)
Umusozi wa Arafat
Umusozi wa Sinayi
Umusozi wa Siyoni
Imisozi |
2069 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuceli | Umuceli |
IRIBURIRO
Umuceli cyangwa Umuceri (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Oryza) bawutera aho amazi ali mu bibaya, aliko si mu mugezi hagati. iyo weze barawusarura, bakawuhura, bakawugosora. umuceli weze neza urererana. iyo bamaze kuwugosora, bawuhunika mu magunira, bakawubika ahameze, neza, ukaba wahamara igihe kirekire utononekaye.
Aho igihingwa gikunda : Umuceri ukunda mu bishanga by’uturere dushyuha (tw’imirambi n’imisozi iringaniye), ubushakashatsi burakorwa ku moko yahingwa imusozi. Umuceri tuza kuvuga ni uhingwa mu butaka bw’ibumba n’ubundi bwose budahitisha amazi.
Gutegura umurima
Mbere yo gutera umuceri, ni ngombwa kurwanya isuri ku mabanga y’imisozi akikije igishanga kigiye guhingwamo umuceri. Icya kabiri, ubutaka bugomba kuba bumeze neza kugira ngo igihingwa kizakure neza kandi buringaniye. Gutegura umurima habamo gutabira no gusanza, kuvanga amazi n’ibyondo no kuringaniza.
Gutegura umurima ni ukuwutunganya kugira ngo uterwemo umuceri. Bikorwa mu byiciro binyuranye: gutabira no gusanza ( inshuro 1 kugeza kuri 2), kuvuruga no kuringaniza (inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3) umurima kugira ngo umuceri uzamere neza. Iyo mirimo ishobora gukorwa ubutaka bwumutse cyangwa burimo amazi.
Gutera
Gufumbira
Gutegura imitabo (imirenzo cyangwa udutanda) yo guhumbikamo iteganyirijwe umurima wa m2500
Udutanda 3 twa m 1 y’ubugari, uburebure = m 6
Intera iri hagati y’imitabo = cm 40-50 by’inzira ituma bashobora gukora isuku
Kuringaniza neza udutabo dukoresheje igiti cyangwa akabaho
Gushyiramo ifumbire ya NPK gr 12.5 kuri buri m2 1 cyangwa udufuniko 2 tw’agacupa kazamo amazi kuko agafuniko 1 kagira gm 6 , ifumbire uhita uyivanga n’igitaka ukoresheje intoki. cyangwa ifumbire y’imborera yaboze neza.
Gutegura imbuto n’ifumbire (imbuto ziba zimeze gute, ifumbire ikoreshwa ryari)
Kujonjora(gutoranya) no guhungira imbuto
Gutoranya imbuto nziza dukoresheje uburyo bwo kuzinika mu mazi menshi iz’ibihuhwe zikareremba, tukazivanamo.
Inzima zibiye (zagiye) mu mazi nizo zonyine zishyirwa mu muti wa kitazine ufunguye mu gihe cy’amasaha 24. Uwo muti ufungurwa ku buryo bukurikira .
-Litiro 1 y’amazi + ml 10 z’umuti wa Kitazine cyangwa gm 5 za Beam( udufuniko 5 tw’icupa rya fanta)
-Igerambuto kuri Ha : kg 25-30 cyangwa kg 1.25 – 1.5 kuri m2 500 (boroke).
Nyuma yo kuzikura mu muti, imbuto zigomba kumutswa zakuwe mu mufuka kugira ngo
umuti uzifateho (kumutsa imbuto mbere yo kuzinika mu mazi, bifata igice cy’umusi
Kwinika imbuto mu mazi mu gihe cy’amasaha 48 – 72 duhindura amazi buri munsi
Gutindikira imbuto zinuwe mu mazi, mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 ahantu hahehereye kugirango zihange (ziseke).
Ibindi:
Guhungira imbuto bigira akamaro ko gukingira imbuto uduhumyo dutera indwara nk’indwara yitwa Bakanae cyangwa gukururumba, n’iya Cyumya (Uburima), n’iy’ibidomo by’ikigina (brown spot), n’ifata impeke ( grain rot).
Guhumbika
Igerambuto n’ubucucike bwazo
• Batera kg 0.15 Kg - 0.2 kuri Ari bitewe n’ubwoko bw’imbuto.
Biba imbuto uzinyanyagiza ku buryo bumwe mu mitabo
Guhumbika imbuto z’umuceri mu mitabo
Gutata neza ubuhumbikiro nyuma yo kubiba imbuto mu dutabo/uturenzo
Gutwikira aho wabibye imbuto mu dutabo n’ibyatsi byumye cyangwa amashara(amashangara) kugirango ubutaka bukomeze buhehereye, butumagara no kwirinda ko inyoni zakwangiza imbuto
Gutwikurura (kuvanaho) ibyatsi hashize iminsi 4-5 uteye igihe ingemwe zatangiye kuzamuka(kumera) ( Ifoto ya 16).
Amazi ari hagati y’udutabo agomba guhora areshya n’udutabo kuko bituma ibyatsi bitamera mu buhumbikiro no gutuma udutabo duhora duhehereye
Kugemura
Gushyiramo ifumbire y’ibanze: gr 70/m2
Umuceri ugemurwa umaze ibyumweru 3 uhumbitswe
Batera ingemwe z’umuceri ku mirongo iteganye, itandukanyijwe na cm 25. Ingemwe na zo ziba zitandukanyijwe na cm 25.
Batera ingemwe 2-3 mu kobo.
Gufata neza umuceri
Ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mu buhinzi bw’umuceri
Gucunga neza amazi
Amazi ni ikintu gikomeye mu buhinzi bw’umuceri, ni yo mpamvu amazi yuhira umuceri agomba gukoreshwa neza mu buryo butuma atanga umusaruro.
Umuhinzi w’umuceri agomba gukora uko ashoboye amazi akenewe akaboneka mu byiciro binyuranye by’imikurire y’igihingwa cy’umuceri:
- Mu gihe cyo kugemeka no byara: igihingwa cy’umuceri cyakwangirika kibuze amazi ahagije, kikagwingira cyangwa se ntigifate rwose.
-Mu gihe cyo kubyara no gutangira kuzana amahundo: muri iki gihe, igihingwa cy’umuceri gishobora kwihanganira amazi make. Igipimo cy’amazi kigomba kuguma hasi kugira ngo kubyara byihute.
- Mu gihe cyo gutangira kuzana amahundo- Kurabya: irinde ko umurima w’umuceri uburamo amazi.
- Mu gihe cyo kurabya-kwera: mu gihe cyo kwagika no kurabya n’igihe gikurikiraho gututubikana ku muceri biba biri ku rwego rwo hejuuru. Kubura kw’amazi mu murima bituma intete ziba ibihuhwa kandi umuceri ukera nabi. Amazi avanwa mu murima hagati y’iminsi 15 na 20 nyuma yo kwagika mu rwego rwo kwihutisha kwera no kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuceri ukurura Azote nyinshi.
Kubagara hakoreshwa ikibagazo kizenguruka
Uburyo bw’imihingire: gutegura umurima neza cyane cyane kuvuruga, kuzuza amazi mu murima.
Uburyo bwo kwirinda ibyatsi mbere: Gukoresha imbuto z’umuceri zitarimo imbuto z’ibyatsi bibi, no guhora ukora isuku ku miyoboro n’amadige (guhora uyiharura, ukuraho ibyatsi).
Gukoresha ikibagazo ni ukugisunika hagati y’imirongo nk’uko bigaragara ku ifato. Ibi bigabazo bigira akamaro ko kuvangavanga ibyatsi bikuze (ariko bidakuze cyane) ndetse n’imbuto zabyo mu gitaka (mu cyondo) bikabuza ibyatsi kumera mu murima
Kunyuza ikibagazo gisunikwa hagati y’imirongo
Imiyoboro n’amadige
Guhinga umuceri bigendana n’ibikorwaremezo nk’imiyoboro n’amadige. Umuhinzi agomba kubifata neza no kubikoresha ku buryo butanga umusaruro kuko amazi ari ikintu cy’ingenzi ku burumbuke bw’umuceri.
Indwara
1.Kirabiranya y'umuceri(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)
Iyi ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twa bagiteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), ikarangwa no kurabirana kw’amababi cyangwa kw’igihingwa cyose. Igice gifashwe gihinduka icyatsi kijujuka, kikazahinduka umuhondo weruruka. Umuceri ukiri muto urababuka burundu. Isoko y’ubwandu ishobora kuba ibyatsi byo ku mpande y’igishanga, ibicericeri (ibishogoshogo) cyangwa umuceri wo mu gasozi. Iyi ndwara yinjirira mu bikomere by’igihingwa mu gihe cyo kugemūra cyangwa se iyo umuceri ukomerekejwe n’umuyaga cyangwa imvura.
Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya:
Gukoresha imbuto zihangana; kwirinda ibintu byose bibika ubwandu; kutarenza urugero rw’umunyungugu wa azote; kurinda ko ibitanda n’imirima birengerwa n’amazi.
2.Uburima
Uburima : Pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia Oryzae):
Ni indwara mbi cyane, iterwa n’agahumyo gato katabonwa n’amaso. Ifata ingingo zose : ibibabi, uduti, indabo n’impeke. Ikunda gukara cyane mu buhumbikiro, umuceri ugeze igihe cyo guhagika, guterera n’igihe cyo kurabya.
Ibiranga indwara y’Uburima:
amababi azaho amabara y’ikigina cyijimye, ajya kuba maremare, asongoye, y’ikijuju hagati, ku mababi kandi hazaho utudomo tw’icyatsi cyenda kuba ikijuju dusa nkaho turimo amazi dufite ishusho y’uruziga cyangwa imeze nk’igi, amabara akuze aba nk’afite inkovu; ku bufubiko bw’indabo haza ho utubara tw’ikigina; mu gihe cyo guterera, ku ipfundo rya nyuma riri hasi y’indabo hazaho uruziga rwirabura, agati ko hejuru y’iryo pfundo kakuma, ihundo ntirizemo impeke; uruti (igikenyeri) ruruma; mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe zirashya zikababuka zose.
Ibituma iyo ndwara yiyongera:
Gukoresha azote nyinshi mu murima; ubushyuhe bwinshi buvanze n’ubutohe; ivu ryinshi rirunze hamwe.
Uburima bwo ku mababi
Amahundo arwaye
Uko wakwirinda indwara y’Uburima bw’Umuceri:
Gutera imbuto zihangana; gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika(Thiram-Benomyl,..); gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero nyarwo; kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima; isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye; gutwika ibikenyeri by’umuceri nyuma yo gusarura; gutera imiti (Tebuconazole, Benomyl, Kitazine,...); kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga; no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhinzi (ubucucike bw’imbuto mu murima, ifumbire nyayo ku rugero nyarwo, amazi mu murima ku rugero...).
3. Indwara iterwa na virusi y’umuceri (RYMV)
Indwara ya Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ni icyorezo cyibasiye umuceri mu bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, ikaba igaragara mu bihugu hafi ya byose bihinga umuceri. Iyi ndwara iterwa na Virusi yagaragaye no mu gihugu cya Tutukiya.
Umuceri wafashwe n’indwara iterwa na virusi.
Indwara iterwa na Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ikwirakwizwa n’amoko menshi y’udukoko, inka, imbeba n’indogobe. Iyo udukoko dukwirakwiza virusi turiye umuceri wafashwe duhita tuyikwirakwiza ku muceri utarandura n’indi mirima igiterwa aho hafi cyangwa ubuhumbikiro. Umuceri, ibihingwa virusi zihishamo zigakuriramo n’ibishibu cyangwa ibimera byimeza mu mirima hagati y’ibihembwa by’ihinga bituma virusi zikomeza kuguma mu murima. Indwara iterwa na virusi ishobora no gukwirakwizwa n’amatembabuzi ava ku gihingwa ajya ku kindi ( amazi yo kuhira, amazi ava ku gututubikana kw’igihinwa no gukoranaho kw’ibice by’igihingwat birwaye n’ibizima ndetse no ku bisigazwa by’ibihibgwa).
Virusi ishobora no kuboneka mu mizi y’ibihingwa byafashwe kandi ishobora kwanduza ibindi bihingwa binyuze mu bikomere by’imizi.
Ibimenyetso:
Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya virusi y’umuceri mbere na mbere bigaragara nk’imirongo y’amabara y’umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi aza ku ntangiriro y’amababi akiri mato,. Ayo mabara agenda akura ateganye n’imitsi y’amababi akagaragara nk’amabara y’umuhondo cyangwa oranje.
Amababi aje nyuma y’uko igihingwa gifatwa aza afite amabara kandi akenshi aba yizingazinze.
Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma amababi ahinduka ikigina cyijimye kandi n’amahundo ntasohoke neza.
Umuceri warembejwe na virusi uragwingira, ukabyara ibyana bike, ukagira amahundo atarimo impeke kandi akenshi uruma.
Umuceri wafashwe nyuma y’minsi 20-50 ugemuwe ushobora kugaragaza amabara y’umuhondo, ukarabya ukazana n’imbuto ariko ukagwingira.
Ni gute wayirwanya
Gukoresha imbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo buboneye bwo kurwanya indwara ya virusi y’umuceri (RYMV).
Ubundi buryo bwo kuyirwanya burimo ubu bukurikira:
Gukoresha uburyo bwo guhingira rimwe ahantu hanini hagatererwa rimwe umuceri, hanyuma wasarurwa hakararizwa hose kugira ngo virusi n’ibihingwa bizikwirakwiza bitiyongera,
Bakimara gusarura, gutaba mu butaka ibisigazwa by’umuceri, ibishibu by’umuceri n’uwimejeje kugira ngo bagabanye ibishobora kubika virusi mu murima no kugira ngo virusi n’ibizikwirakwiza bipfe,
Gutera mbere y’uko ibikwirakwiza virusi byiyongera,
Kurandura no gutwika umuceri wafashwe cyane cyane iyo ubwandu bukiri ku rugero rwo hasi,
Kubagara buri gihe umuceri ndetse na nyuma yo gusarura kugira ngo ugabanye isoko y’indiri za virusi.
4. Ingenge z’imigongo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola)
Iyi ndwara irangwa n’imirongo y’icyatsi cyijimye isa n’itose ku dutsi tw’ibibabi. Aya mabara agenda yaguka kandi yiyegeranya, agahinduka ikijuju gishyira umuhondo,akenshi ayo mabara akaba mu kibabi hagati. Indwara irakura, amababi agahinduka ikijuju cyeruruka, ubundi akuma.
Ibimenyetso by’ingenge z’amababi
Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya:
Mu ngamba zo kwirinda iyi ndwara harimo: guterera igihe ingemwe zitarwaye zavuye ku mbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero ruringaniye. Ni ngombwa kandi kugira isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye, kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima, gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika (Thiram-Benomyl: gr 1 ya Thiram na gr 1 ya Benomyl muri kg y’imbuto, ukinika imbuto muri iyo mvange igihe cy’amsaha 24 mbere yo kuzitera mu buhumbikiro.
Igihe indwara yagaragaye, koresha imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole mu murima wafashwe, na Benomyl igihe indwara yagaragye mu buhumbikiro.
Ibyonnyi, Udukoko n’ibyatsi bibi
1.Nkongwa
Inyo za nkongwa zinjira mu gikenyeri, zikarya umutima, zigapfumura mu mapfundo.
Iyo umuceri ufashwe ukiri muto ntukura neza, amababi aba umuhondo, akuma. Iyo umuceri ufashwe nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa urimo kurabya, impeke ntizizamo neza; zireruruka kandi zikaba ibihuhwe.
Mu gihe cy’isarura, nkongwa zitangira kwiyubururira mu gice cyo hasi
cy’igikenyeri. Iyo ihinga rihise rikurikira isarura, bituma nkongwa yiyongera
Ifoto igaragaza Nkongwa y’umuceri
Uko warwanya nkongwa:
Gutaba mu mazi ibisigazwa byo mu murima kugira ngo bibore vuba; no gutera imiti igihe ari ngombwa.
2. Isazi y’umuceri
Isazi y’umuceri (Diopsis Thoracica) : Ni agakoko gafite amabara abiri : ahegereye umutwe ni umukara, naho ahandi ni nk’ikigina. Inyo ziva mu magi y’iyi sazi ni zo zangiza cyane nka nkongwa. Isazi n’inyo, byombi birya amababi, bikanyunyuza amazi. Inyo zizamuka mu ntimatima zihereye mu mizi, zikarya umutima w’igikenyeri. Umuceri utarabumbura uhinduka umuhondo. Iyo umuceri ufashwe umaze guhagika cyangwa mbere yo kuraba, amahundo ntiyirema neza, nta n’impeke zizamo.
Ifoto igeragaza Isazi y’umuceri
Kuyirwanya: Umurima ugomba guhora urimo isuku. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kongera amazi mu murima ukigaragaramo ibimenyetso by’ubwone bw’isazi y’umuceri. Hanyuma rero ni na ngombwa kurwanya isazi y’umuceri, cyane cyane ikoze mu bireti.
3. Imbeba:
Imbeba zo mu mazu n’iz‘igasozi, zose zibasha kwangiza umuceri mu murima k’urugero rwa 20%. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:
Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije
Gukoresha imitego, imiti n’izindi nyamaswa zirya imbeba.
4. Inyoni:
Inyoni z’amoko atandukanye zona umuceri zigatera igihombo k’umusaruro kigera ku rugero rwa 25%-30%.
Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya:
Kurinda umuceri mu mirima hakoreshejwe abantu bazirukana,
Guterera igihe ukoresheje imbuto nziza zitarwaye z’ubwoko bwihanganira inyoni (NERICA) bufite amababi asongoye inyoni zidashobora kwitendekaho;
NB: Nta buryo buhamye bwo kubuza inyoni kwangiza umuceri uretse kuzirukana.
Ibyatsi bibi:
Ibyatsi bibi bikunze kuboneka mu murima w’umuceri mu Rwanda biri mu bwoko bukurikira: umutete(Echnochloa crusgali, Echnochloa Colonum); urukangaga(Cyperus diformis); umurago (Cyperus rutondus) n’ibindi.
Uburyo bwo kubirwanya:
Gukoresha mu rugero imiti itwika ibyatsi
Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije;
Kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima;
Guhungura imbuto ukoresheje umuti wa Thiran na Benomyl, (gr 1 ya Thiran na gr 1 ya Benomyl mu kilo cy’imbuto. Kwinika imbuto mu mvange y’amazi n’umuti mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 mbere yo kubiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro;
Kuvura indwara igihe yagaragaye mu murima ukoresheje imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole na Benomyl mu buhumbikiro.
Gusarura
Amazi agomba kuvanwa mu murima iminsi 7-10 days mbere yo gusarura, ariko ntibirenze iminsi 10.
Kuvanamo amazi mbere ho iminsi 10 byongera umuceri umenetse (ibimene)
Umuceri usarurwa nyuma y’iminsi 120-150 utewe kandi umusaruro uri hagati ya Toni 3 na Toni 9 z’umuceri udatonoye kuri Ha;
Gukata ibitsinsi by’umuceri ukoresheje Najoro (Akayuya) byibura kuri cm 10 hejuru y’ubutaka.
Guhura umuceri
Guhita uhura ako kanya ukimara kuwusarura kugira ngo twirinde unyanyagira.
Kuwuhura ukoresheje igihuzo banyongesha ikirenge cyangwa bakubita kuri shitingi irambuye ku butaka neza birinda kuwuvanga n’amabuye n’ibindi bitari umuceri.
Kwanika umuceri udatonoye ku zuba (umuceri muwubika igihe kingana iki mu bubiko bwanyu)
Ingano y’amazi cyangwa ubutote bw’umuceri (GMC) usarurwa ugereranyije ni hagati 20 na 30 % bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere.
Kuringaniza igipimo cy’amazi mu ntete (kwanika) kugeza kuri 14 % ni ngombwa ku muceri wo gutonorwa bigabanya intete zimenetse ndetse ukanabikika igihe kirekire.
kwanika umuceri udatonoye neza kugeza ku rugero rwizewe rw’ubutote rwa 14 % ni ukuwusanza neza utarundanyije cyane, byibura cm 5 ku mbuga ya sima cyangwa shitingi no kuwukorakora buri kanya (buri minota 30 - 60) kugirango wume kimwe wose.
Kuwanika ku zuba buhoro buhoro mu minsi 2-3 (amasaha 6-8 ku munsi bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere bigabanya kumenagurikaa mu gihe cyo kuwutonoraNi ngombwa kwirinda kuwumisha vuba vuba mu gihe gito nk’umunsi umwe.
Gupima igipimo cy’ubuhehere bw’umuceri wavuyeho igishishwa
Gusebwa no kuwuhekenya n’iryinyo( byibura 20%)
Kumenagurwa no kuwuhekenya n’iryinyo nta jwi ryumvikanye (byibura 18%)
Kumenagurwan’iryinyo humvikana ijwi(15%)
Gutonora umuceri
Gutonora umuceri ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi mu gutunganya umusaruro w’umuceri. Intego nyamukuru yo gutonora umuceri ni ubukuraho igishishwa cy’inyuma n’udushishwa tundi tutwikiriye intete kugira ngo ugere ku ntete iribwa ifite ibara ry’umweru, idafite ubundi busembwa.
Bitewe n’amahitamo y’abaguzi ku isoko, umuceri wagombye kuba urimo ibimene bike cyane.
Kugosora umuceri hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa Urutaro
Ugosora umuceri uvanamo imyanda n’intete z’ibihuhwe, ukoresheje imashini cyangwa Urutaro rwa gakondo.
Amashakiro
Ibimera
Ibiribwa
Ubuhinzi
Ibidukikije
Ibiti |
2071 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihene | Ihene | .
Ihene (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Capra aegagrus hircus) ni itungo.
Dore ihene ya sehene. kariya kana mubona, ni sehene uyiragiye. ayiragira neza, yataha bakayimukamira. amata yayo bayita amahenehene.
Aha bavuga ko ihene ishobora kurisha ibyatsi byinshi bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe. Uko kurisha mu rwuri ihene irisha ibyatsi bitandukanye, bityo zikaba ishobora no kurya imwe mu mirama y’ibiti yatakaye ku butaka bikaza kuzita mu mahurunguru. Izo mbuto zaciye mu nda y’ihene zihakura ubushobozi bwo guhita zimera mu butaka zihuye nabwo.
Mu gihe biriwe n’amatungo cyane cyane bikiri bito ntibiba bigisakaje utubuto twabyo, dutuma bihora bizamuka mu murima mbere y’uko icyo gihingwa kizamuka. Aha basanga ihene ari ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyo byatsi, kandi ahanini usanga zo zibishobora kurusha andi matungo akenshi.
Amoko y' ihene
Ihene y’Ankara
Mu Rwanda
Ubworozi bw’ihene bugamije cyane cyane kongera umusaruro w’inyama. Mu mwaka wa 2003 niho hatangijwe igikorwa cyo kuzana mu Rwanda amasekurume y’ihene z’ubwoko bwa Boer, zivuye mu gihugu cy’Afurika y’epfo, hagamijwe kuvugurura ubwoko bw’ihene busanzwe bw’inyarwanda. Ubu tukaba tumaze kugeza mu Rwanda amasekurume 697. Ifoto iri kuri page ikurikira irerekana ubwo bwoko n’amasekurume yamaze kugera mu Rwanda hagati ya 2003 na
2008.
Isi
Notes
Imiyoboro
Kugaburira ihene zikamwa
Indwara zihene ikamwa
Inyamabere
Amatungo
Ubworozi |
2089 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa | Ubushinwa | Ubushinwa (igishinwa : 中国), cyangwa Repubulika ya Rubanda y’Ubushinwa (igishinwa : 中华人民共和国), ni igihugu muri Aziya.
Ibihugu |
2091 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwongereza | Ubwongereza | Ubwongereza (izina mu cyongereza : United Kingdom cyangwa United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Ubwongereza (UK) bugizwe n'ibihugu cg intara zigenga enye: England, Scotland, Wales na Northern Ireland. Umurwa mukuru w'Ubwongereza ni London. Imijyi yo mu Ubwongereza ni Manchester, Liverpool n'ibindi. Ifaranga rikoreshwa mu bwongereza ni 'Pound'.
Ubwongereza ituwe n'abantu 65 648 000 birenga (2016).
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2093 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa | Ubufaransa | Ubufaransa (izina mu gifaransa : France cyangwa République française) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Ubufaransa witwa Paris. Abafaransa bashaka ko isi yose ivuga Igifaransa. Ubufaransa ituwe n'abantu 67 595 000 birenga (2016).
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2096 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhinde | Ubuhinde | Ubuhinde cyanghwa Ubuhindi (izina mu gihindi: भारत गणराज्य ) n’igihugu muri Aziya.
Aziya
Ibihugu |
2111 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miryango | Miryango | Umuryango wawe ni abantu cg ibindi binyabuzima mufitanye cg bifitanye isano rya hafi. umuryango ni ubumwe bugizwe n'ababyeyi n'abana . Uwo mwashakanye, abana bawe, ababyeyi bawe n'abo muvukana nabo bagize umuryango wawe. Abandi bantu mufitanye isano ku ruhande rw'ababyeyi bombi nabo bashobora kubarirwa mu muryango, umuryango ni igice cy'ibanze cya buri sosiyete.
Ibiranga umuryango
1. Umubano uhamye
Umubano niryo shingiro ry'umuryango,ushobora kuba ushingiye kukuba abantu barashakanye by'ubuziraherezo cyangwa by'igihe gito ariko bafitanye umubano n'ubumwe bwihariye.
2. Ugushyingiranwa
Gushyingiranwa ni ishingiro ryo gukora umuryango, umuntu ashobora gushyingiranwa n'umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi ariko bikaba urufatiro rwo kubaka umuryango.
3. Kwita amazina
Buri muryango ugira uko wita amazina abawukomokamo bigafasha no kumenya uko ibisekuruza bigenda bikurikirana.
4. Ubuturo rusange
Umuryango ugira aho baba, aho bahurira bose hakitwa mu rugo, aho gutura ni ingenzi cyane kugirango abahakomoka bitabweho kandi bahabwe indangagaciro z'umuryango.
Amashakiro
Miryango |
2151 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsembabwoko%20ry%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda%20ry%E2%80%991994 | Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994 | Itsembabwoko ry'u Rwanda ry'1994 cyangwe Itsembabwoko ry’1994, Jenoside y’Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, Itsembabwoko ry’Abatutsi, jenoside mu Rwanda, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994, Jenoside y’Abatutsi yo mu 1994 ryari iyicwa ry'Abatutsi ndetse nabamwe m'Abahutu banze kwifatanya n'abandi mu bwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi.
Ub'ubwicanyi mu buryo bweruye bwatangiye kuva itariki ya 06 Mata 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 1994. Mu masaha y' mugoroba, ubwo indege yaritwaye uwari umukuru w'igihugu Perezida Habyarimana Yuvenari yaraswaga n'abantu bataramenyekana, ingabo nyinshi zatangiye kwica Abatutsi. Minisitiri w'Intebe, Agathe Uwilingiyimana ari mubiswe mbere kubera kutemeranya n'umugambi wo gutsembatsemba . Benshi batangiwe kwicwa,abandi batangira guhungira mu bice bari bazi bazaboneramo ubwihisho nko mu nsengero,mu mashuri na mu mavuriro ariko biba ibyubusa kuko interahamwe zatangiye kubicira aho hantu. Abatutsi biswe 'inyenzi'. Mirisiya imwe yari Interahamwe, kandi indi yari Impuzamugambi. Nyamara, abantu benshi ntibari mu mirisiya bica inshuti n'abaturanyi babo. Kw'itariki ya 04 Nyakanga 1994, Inkotanyi bageze i Kigali. Abantu gahumbagiza bicwa.
Uyu munsi, Kagame Pawuro,muyobozi w'Inkotanyi,
Ijambo genocide rimaze imyaka 62. Ryahimbwe mu 1994 na Raphael Lemkin, Umuyahudi w’Umunya pologne w’inzobere mu by’amategeko wari warimukiye muri Amerika. Yari arimo agerageza kwerekana igerageza ry’abanazi bo mu Budage ryari rimariye ku icumu abayahudi n’abanyarumaniya i burayi. Icyi gisobanuro rero cyemejwe neza imyaka ine nyuma n’Umuryango w’abibumbye muri “Convention yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya genocide yo mu w’1948” ikaba yariswe convention ya Genocide.
Amafilimi ya sinema
Hotel Rwanda
Ibitabo
AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (Revised Edition), London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Not So Innocent – When Women Become Killers, London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Rwanda: Government Supporters and Regular Troops Have Committed Massacres all over the Country, London: Amnesty International, May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
ANYIDOHO, Henry Kwami, Guns Over Kigali – The Rwandese Civil War – 1994: A Personal Account, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1998. (mu Cyongereza)
BERRY, John A. and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory, Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1999. (mu Cyongereza)
DESTEXHE, A., Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, London and New Haven, Connecticut: Pluto Press, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
GATWA, Tharcisse, The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises 1900 – 1994, Milton Keynes, UK: Regnum Books International and Paternoster, 2005. (mu Cyongereza)
GOUREVITCH, Philip, We Wish to Inform you that Tomorrow we Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, London: Picador, 1999. (mu Cyongereza)
GUILLEBAUD, Meg, Rwanda: The Land God Forgot? – Revival, Genocide & Hope, Mill Hills; London and Grand Rapids, Michigan: Monarch Books, 2002. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Rwanda/Zaire: Rearming with Impunity – International Support for Perpetrators of Rwandese Genocide, New York, Human Rights Watch, May, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, The Aftermath of Genocide in Rwanda: Absence of Prosecution, Continued Killings, New York: Human Rights Watch, September, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/AFRICA, Genocide in Rwanda (Volume 6 No. 4), New York: Human Rights Watch, April/May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EMINENT PERSONALITIES and ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity, 2000. (mu Cyongereza)
JENNINGS, Christian, Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness, London: Phoenix, 2000. (mu Cyongereza)
KEENE, F., Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey, London: Viking, 1995. (mu Cyongereza)
MAMDANI, Mahmood, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: Fountain Publishers Ltd., and E & D Limited, 2001. (mu Cyongereza)
PRUNIER, Gerard, The Rwanda Crisis: History of Genocide, Kampala: Fountain Publishers Ltd., 2001. (mu Cyongereza)
RUDASINGWA, Theogene, Rwanda: Background to Genocide, Oxford and London: Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), 1994. (mu Cyongereza)
SELLSTOM, T. and L. Wohlgemuth, The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 1997. (mu Cyongereza)
SEMUJANGA, Josias, Origins of Rwanda Genocide, New York: Humanity Books, 2003. (mu Cyongereza)
Notes
Imiyoboro
https://web.archive.org/web/20160221023612/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Welcome_to_Genocide_Archive_Rwanda
https://web.archive.org/web/20101129131731/http://rwandinfo.com/kinya/category/jenoside/
www.yale.edu Umushinga kw’Itsembambatsemba ryo mu Rwanda
Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994 |
2153 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uetersen | Uetersen | Uetersen (ˈyːtɐzən) ni umujyi w'u Ubudage.
Ubudage |
2164 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba | Curitiba | Curitiba [kuɾi'tʃibɐ] ni umujyi w'u Burezile.
Links
https://web.archive.org/web/20140626034932/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/
http://www.curitiba-brazil.com
Commons:Curitiba
Imijyi y’u Burezile
Burezile |
2171 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ububiligi | Ububiligi | Ububiligi cyangwa Ububirigi , Igihugu cy’Ububirigi (izina mu kinyaholande : Koninkrijk België ; izina mu gifaransa : Royaume de Belgique ; izina mu kidage : Königreich Belgien ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’u Ububiligi witwa Buruseli. Ububiligi ituwe n'abantu 11 507 163 birenga (2021).
Kongo mbiligi
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2176 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur%20Bizimungu | Pasteur Bizimungu | Pasteur Bizimungu (1950 – ), Perezida wa 5 (19 Nyakanga 1994 – 23 Werurwe 2000) wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Nyuma yo kuva kubutegetsi yahise afungwa nyuma yo guhabwa imbabazi na leta y'u Rwanda iyobowe na perezida Paul Kagame ntawongeye ku menya amakuru ye ubu nitangaza makuru mu Rwanda nta narimwe rigira icyo ri muvugaho yibera iwe igikondo uwazaturusha amakuru kubihereranye nawe yazayatubwira.
Abanyarwanda
Abahutu
Abagabo |
2210 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esipanye | Esipanye | Esipanye cyangwa Hisipaniya (izina mu cyesipanyole: España cyangwa Reino de España) n’igihugu i Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Esipanye ni Madrid. Ururimi ruvugwa muri icyo gihugu ni cyesipanyole. Esipanye iherereye n'ibihugu by'Ubufaransa mu majyaruguru na Porutigali i burengerazuba n'inyanja ya Mediteraneya mu majyepfo n'i burasirazuba. Ifaranga rikoreshwa aho, nko mu bihugu byinshi by'i Burayi ni iyero (€). Ni igihugu gisurwa n'abakerarugendo benshi, cyane cyane i Malaga, Bariselone na Valencia. Esipanye ituwe n'abantu 47 007 367 birenga (2018), batuye kubuso bwa km²
505,990.
Esipanye
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2225 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubuga%20ku%20micungire%20n%27imiyoborere%20ya%20Interineti | Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti | Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) ni urubuga ruhurirwamo n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bafite aho bahurira n'ibikorwa bya IG baganira cyane ku bibazo by'ingamba za politiki y'Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. Ishyirwaho rya IGF ryatangajwe ku mugaragaro n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Nyakanga 2006 nyuma ritangira gukora mu Ukwakira/Ugushyingo 2006.
Imiterere n'Imikorere
Ishyirwaho ry'Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti was first recommended in the report of the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby'Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti following a series of open consultations. This report was one of the inputs to the second phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in 2005, which formally called for the creation of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) and set out its mandate.
Nyuma y'inama yari igamije kwegera uwo ariwe wese ufite icyo yamara muri iki gikorwa yahamagajwe muri Gashyantare 2006, Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa ONU yashyizeho Itsindangishwanama, MAG mu magambo ahinnye, n'Ubunyamabanga buhoraho n'inkingishingiro za IGF.
These organizational divisions should not be considered concrete since the organizational structures will continue to be adjusted and to be changed until they fit into the needs of the members.
Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo - MAG
Itsindangishwanama, now referred to as the MAG (Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo) was set up by the former Umunyamabanga Mukuru of the United Nations, Mr Kofi Annan on Gicurasi 17, 2006. The MAG was originally made up of 46 Members from international governments, the commercial private sector and public civil society, including academic and technical communities, and was chaired by Nitin Desai, the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser for the World Summit on the Information Society. All stakeholders participate as equals. The purpose for which the MAG was set up was to assist the Umunyamabanga Mukuru in convening the Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti. On August 20, 2007 the mandate of the MAG was renewed with a new structure of 47 members, and a Co-Chairmanship by Nitin Desai, and Burezili (Brazil)ian diplomat Hadil da Rocha Vianna.The mandate of the MAG was further extended in Mata 30, 2008 with a renewed one third of its members within each stakeholder group and Nitin Desai serving as the sole Chairman.
MAG iterana inshuro eshatu buri mwaka - muri Gashyantare, Gicurasi no muri Nzeri. All three meetings take place in Jeneve kuri Paledenasiyo (Palais des Nations) and they are preceded by open consultations meeting.
Amakuru arambuye ku mahame y'imikorere ya MAG n'ibishingirwaho mu gutoranya abayigize bikubiye muri the summary report of its Gashyantare meeting available at
Ivugururwa ry'ubunyamuryango bwa MAG
Ibiro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye biri i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, ku wa 22 Kanama 2008, byavuguruye ubunyamuryango bwa MAG mu rwego rwo gutegura inama ku Rubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti izabera Hiderabadi (Hyderabad) mu Buhindi (India). A total of 50 members, 17 among them new have been appointed, which represents 1/3 of its membership. Nitin Desai continues to be the Chairman for Itsindangishwanama. (Source: UN Department of Public Information, United Nations Office in Jeneve. Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access)ed online at:
Ubunyamabanga
Ubunyamabanga, bufite icyicaro ku biro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye biri i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, assists and coordinates the work of the MAG, Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo. The Ubunyamabanga is headed by Markus Kummer with the designation of Executive Coordinator and Chengetai Masango is Programme and Technology Manager. The Ubunyamabanga also hosts fellowships., Markus Kummer has also been involved with the WGIG as its Executive Coordinator of the Ubunyamabanga.
Amateka n'ishyirwaho ry'Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti
Gukurikirana imyanzuro yavuye muri WSIS
Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is considered an important development of the Inama mpuzamahanga kubyerekeye Umuryango Ukungahaye ku Makuru (WSIS). This important outcome was reaffirmed by paragraphs 37 and 38 of the Tunis 2005 Commitment. Paragraph 37 states that “…goals can be accomplished through the involvement, cooperation and partnership of governments and other stakeholders, i.e. the private sector, civil society and international organizations, and that international cooperation and solidarity at all levels are indispensable if the fruits of the Information Society are to benefit all.” Corollary to this commitment, paragraph 38 states, too, that all efforts from here on “should not stop with the conclusion of the Summit…emergence of the global Information Society to which we all contribute provides increasing opportunities for all our peoples and for an inclusive global community…we must harness these opportunities today and support their further development and progress.”
Inama Mpuzamahanga y'i Tunisi yo mu mwaka w'2005 made significant headway when the mandate of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was formulated. In paragraph 72 of the Tunis Agenda, the UN Secretary-General was asked to convene a meeting hagamijwe ku the new multi-stakeholder Urubuga, otherwise known as the IGF. In this mandate, different stakeholders are encouraged to strengthen engagement, particularly those from developing countries. In paragraph 72(h), the mandate focused on capacity-building for developing countries and the drawing out of local resources. This particular effort, for instance, has been reinforced through Diplo Foundation’s Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti Kongerera Ubushobozi Abakoresha Interinet (Capacity Building) Programme (IGCBP) that allowed participants from different regions to benefit from valuable resources with the help of regional experts in IG.
The involvement of different stakeholders in the policy framework of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is a re-affirmation of commitment as per paragraph 39 of the Tunis Commitment. In this particular context, there is a deep resolve to “…develop and implement an effective and sustainable response to the challenges and opportunities of building a truly global Information Society that benefits all our peoples.” During the OECD Civil Society-Organized Labour Urubuga held last Kamena 16, 2008, in Seoul, Korea, Ambassador David A. Gross of the US Department of State talked about the transformation of the Internet in the social lives of people. He believed that this transformation made an impact in the free flow of information that politically drives challenges. Ambassador Gross commented on the 2005 WSIS because of the powerful language used on paragraph 4 of the Tunis agenda that reiterated on Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness).
Ishyirwaho rya IGF
A multi-stakeholder’s approach was reiterated in ubuhuzabikorwa bwa international activities for the IGF. This adaptation was set from paragraphs 29 to 35 of the Tunis agenda. These stakeholders were defined as coming from governments, the private technical and economic sector, civil society, intergovernmental organizations, and international organizations. In paragraph 32, the UN Secretary-General was commended for his efforts in establishing the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby' Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (WGIG).
The suggested need of an organization like Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was first pointed out in the WGIG Report. After reaching a clear consensus among its members the WGIG proposed in paragraph 40 of the Report that :
"(t)he WGIG identified a vacuum within the context of existing structures, since there is no global multi-stakeholder Urubuga to address Internet-related public policy issues. It came to the conclusion that there would be merit in creating such a space for dialogue among all stakeholders. This space could address these issues, as well as emerging issues, that are cross-cutting and multidimensional and that either affect more than one institution, are not dealt with by any institution or are not addressed in a coordinated manner”.
Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was one of four proposals made in the report.
The idea of the Urubuga was also proposed by Argentina, as stated in its proposal made during the last Prepcom 3 in Tunis:
"(t)In order to strengthen the global multistakeholder interaction and cooperation on public policy issues and developmental aspects relating to Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti we propose a Urubuga. This Urubuga should not replace existing mechanisms or institutions but should build on the existing structures on Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti, should contribute to the sustainability, stability and robustness of the Internet by addressing appropriately public policy issues that are not otherwise being adequately addressed excluding any involvement in the day to day operation of the Internet. It should be constituted as a neutral, non-duplicative and non-binding process to facilitate the exchange of information and best practices and to identify issues and make known its findings, to enhance awareness and build consensus and engagement. Recognizing the rapid development of technology and institutions, we propose thkuri Urubuga mechanism periodically be reviewed to determine the need for its continuation.”
The convening of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was announced on 18 Nyakanga 2006, with the inaugural meeting of the Urubuga being held in Athens, Greece from 30 October to 2 Ugushyingo 2006.
Kwegerana no kujya inama
HAbayeho amanama abiri yo kwegerana no kujya inama hagamijwe gutumiza IGF bwa mbere:
[1] Kuva ku wa 16 – 17 Gashyantare 2006 – Inama ya mbere yo kwegerana no kujya inama yabereye i Jeneve. The transcripts of the two-day consultations are available in Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) site.
[2] Ku wa 19 Gicurasi 2006 – Inama ya kabiri yo kwegerana no kujya inama was open to all stakeholders and was coordinated for the preparations of the inaugural IGF meeting. The meeting chairman was Nitin Desai who is the Umuryango w'abibumbye Secretary-General's Special Adviser for Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti.
Inama ya kabiri ya IGF
Consultations held in Jeneve last Gicurasi 23, 2007 were open to all stakeholders. This consultation was part of a cluster of related events of the WSIS that took place last 15-25 of Gicurasi 2007. An Itsindangishwanama was also facilitated for Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) meeting in Riyo do Janeyiro, Burezili (Brazil). Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) open Consultations held last 3 September 2007 was held in Jeneve.
For further information, a summary of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) consultations and meetings can be found below:
Inama ya gatatu ya IGF izabera i Hiderabadi, mu Buhinde kuva ku wa 3-6 Ukuboza 2008.
Guverinoma ya Misiri yemeye kuzategura inama ya IGF yo mu 2009, mu gihe Guverinima ya Lituwaniya na Azerubayija zikiri gupiganirwa gutegura no kwakira inama yo mu 2010.
Inshingano n'Ibyitezwe kuvamo
The mandate of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is principally that of a discussion Urubuga for facilitating dialogue between the participants. Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) Gicurasi "identify emerging issues, bring them to the attention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations", but does not have any direct decision-making authority.
Ibikorwa kuri IGF
The following activities take place kuri IGF:
inama nyunguranabitekerezo, Best Practice Urubugas, Open Urubugas and meetings of the Dynamic Coalitions.
The main themes of IGF are: Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness), Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security), Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity) and Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access). A new theme was introduced in IGF Burezili (Brazil): critical Internet resources being one of the most debatable topics in the IG field kuri moment.
Amatsinda y'abibumbiye hamwe
The most tangible results of the first IGF in Athens are a number of so-called Dynamic Coalitions. These coalitions are relatively informal, issue-specific groups consisting of stakeholders that are interested in the particular issue.
Most coalitions allow participation of anyone interested in contributing. Thus, these groups gather not only academics and representatives of governments, but also members of the civil society interested in participating on the debates and engaged in the coalition's works.
Kugeza ubu, Amatsinda y'abibumbiye hamwe akurikira yamenyeshejwe kandi azwi n'Ubunyamabanga bwa IGF:
Abibumbiye guhagarika ubutumwarwivanga
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma iby'Ubushimusinkoranabuhanga
Itsinda rya IGF ry'abibumbiye kwiga ku Mahame ngengabwisanzure (IGF DCOS)
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye guteza imbere ukugera ku ikoranabuhanga no gufungurira amarembo ibice biherereye kure y'imijyi, ibyaro n'imiryango ituye itatanye
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma iby'itike y'uburenganzira kuri Interineti
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye kwiga kurunyurane rw'indimi
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gukurikirana ibya A2K@IGF
Uburenganzira bwo kwisanzura mu kuvuga ibyo utekereza n'Ubwisanzure bw'Itangazamakuru kuri Interineti (FOEonline)
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye kureba ibyo gukorera hamwe igikorwa runaka hakoreshejwe interineti
Gender and Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (GIG)
Umurongo w'amahame ngenderwaho kuri interineti
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye ku mutekano w'abana bakoresha interineti
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye ku "Kugera ku isoko y'amakuru n'Ubumuga" ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access)ibility/DC
Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma ibyo kwiga hakoreshejwe interineti
Inama nyunguranabitekerezo
Mu 2007, IGF yakoresheje amanama nyunguranabitekerezo which attracted great interest of the public. In particular, the theme of child protection was one of the topics that raised much participation.
Ku bireba umwaka w'2008 Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) page stipulates that inama nyunguranabitekerezo can be proposed on the draft main session headings:
* Universalization of the Internet - How to reach the next billion (Expanding the Internet)
* Ibiciro bito bituma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru yifuza
* Ikoreshandimi zitandukanye
* Implications for development policy
* Imicungire ya Interineti (Ugukoresha Interineti)
* Critical Internet resources
* Arrangements for Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti
* Global cooperation for Internet Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security) and stability
* Taking stock and the way forward
* Ibibazo bishya bivuka
The following inama nyunguranabitekerezo have been proposed as of 15 Gicurasi 2008, according to the Workshop pagenyunguranabitekerezo_08/wrkshplist.php. These proposals will be reviewed, an attempt will be made to merge propositions into a manageable number of inama nyunguranabitekerezo.
A revision of the Process and programme of the Hyderabad meeting is available at www.intgovforum.org.
IGF ya I yabereye Atene (Athens) mu 2006
Urubuga rwa interineti ruduha amakuru ashimishije arebana n'uburyo inama ya mbere ya IGF yateguwe kugeza ibaye.
Inama ya II ya IGF yabereye i Riyo do Janeyiro mu 2007
Icyo gihe hari ibikorwa 84 byaberaga igihe kimwe n'amasesiyo y'ingenzi, organized under the 5 main themes: (i) critical internet resources; (ii) Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access); (iii) Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity); (iv) Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness) and (v) Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security). There were 36 inama nyunguranabitekerezo, 23 best practices Urubugas, 11 dynamic coalitions meetings, 8 Urubuga rwaguye n'ibikorwa 6 byigaga ku bindi bibazo (nk'Inama ya Giganetithe (Giganet Symposium))
The host webpage keeps video and audio records from main sessions and some parallel events such as inama nyunguranabitekerezo, best practices and open Urubugas, as well as the tool for translation into Arabic.
Regarding the participation by region, around 35% of the attendees came from the Latin America and Caribbean of which 29% were from the host country (Burezili (Brazil)).
There are also some interesting statistics such as:
Amanama y'ingenzi
The main sessions were developed according the 5 themes chosen for this year: Critical Internet Resources, Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access), Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity), Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness) and Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security).
Please see below the summary of the main sessions:
Opening Ceremony/Opening Session
The multistakeholder approach were highlighted by many speakers and panelists during the Opening Session, including the message from the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, which was read by the UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, M. Sha Zukang.
M. Ban Ki-Moon assures that it is not a UN goal to take over Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti but only offers an opportunity to get together people with the same interest in a global reach.
M. Sha Zukang concludes thkuri IGF was a unique experience because “it brings together people who normally do not meet under the same roof”.
Development were also a key discussion in IGF-RIO, as the theme chosen for this meeting, including the breaking of digital divide, which becomes the theme for the next IGF: Internet for All.
The nature and prospective of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) were also discussed, as the Chairman properly summarizes:
“Abantu benshi bitabiriye ubwo butumire bavuga ko IGF atari gusa urubuga rwo kuganira, ahubwo ari n'umuyoboro ushobora gutiza umurindi ihinduka ry'ingenzi ku rwego rw'ibanze mu rwego rwo kongerera abaturage ubushobozi, build capacity and skills enable the Internet`s expansion, thereby contributing to economic and social development."
Amakuru y'abasesenguzi b'ibya Interineti
Kugera ku makuru
Ibitekerezo binyuranye
Ubwisanzure
Umutekano
Taking Stock and the Way Forward
Ibibazo bishya byo kwigwaho
This session aims to identify key issues in Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti that should be addressed in the Urubuga. Ingorane ya mbere yabaye gutoranya zimwe mu ngingo zo kwigaho, bitewe n'uko hari ibitekerezo binyuranye bitashoboragwa kwigwaho ku buryo burambuye n'itsinda rimgana uko.
There were four themes proposed:
(i) demand and supply side initiatives (by Robert Pepper). He brought into debate the economic concept of demand and supply applied to Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. On the demand side, there were interesting proposals, such as the need for educating trough capacity-building Internet users, the ability of people controlling their web ID (part of educating the usage in Internet), local content in local languages (enforcing local community) and improving public policies (but not over regulating, such as prohibiting or limiting Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access) to VoIP, which can suppress the demand). On the supply side, there were the common concern of extending Internet users/Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access), but also considering “the opportunities created by the release of spectrum through the switch to digital broadcasting were highlighted. Some speakers suggested that such spectrum could be used to support new broadband networks and support new investment and innovative services, while Ibindis held the view that this would not be a sustainable solution.”
(ii) ibibazo mbonezamubano, ibijyanye n'umuco na politiki bya Web 2.0 (bizakorwa na Andrew Keen);
(iii) kugera ku isoko y'amakuru (by'umwihariko muri Afurika, bizakorwa na Nii Quaynor) na
(iv) guhanga ibishya, ubushakashatsi n'amajyambere (bizakorwa Robert Kahn).
AnIbindi challenge was to discuss emerging issues in a global Urubuga with different perspectives, for example, developed and developing countries realities; democratic and non-democratic political regimes, etc.
Igice gisoza
Inama za IGF mu gihe kizaza
2008 Inama ya gatatu ya IGFizabera i Hiderabadi, mu Buhindi kuva ku wa 3-6 Ukuboza 2008.
2009 Guverinoma ya Misiri yemeye kuzategura inama ya IGF yo mu 2009 IGF.
2010 Guverinima ya Lituwaniya na Azerubayija ziri gupiganirwa gutegura no kwakira inama yo mu 2010.
Inyandiko zifashishijwe
Imiyoboro ikugeza kuyandi masite
Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti
IGF - Hiderabadi (Hyderabad) 2008
(Brazil)2007.br IGF - Burezili (Burezili (Brazil)) 2007
IGF - Ubugereki (Greece) 2006
IGF - Site y'Abanyamuryango
IP - Urubuga rwa IGF ku butabera
Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti: Ibigomba gukorwa. An international conference organised by DiploFoundation discusses the objectives, multi-stakeholder composition, organisation and relevance of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti.
Ibyavugiwe mu nama mpuzamahanga:"Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti and Multistakeholder Diplomacy"byakozwe na Jovan Kurbalija. The presentation reflects on the diplomatic dimension of internet management, the multistakeholder composition and inter-professional dimension of the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby' Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (WGIG).
Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti
Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Notes |
2297 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminuza%20nkuru%20y%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda | Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda | Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda (NUR mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; cyangwa UNR mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa; izina mu gifaransa: Université nationale du Rwanda ; izina mu cyongereza : National University of Rwanda) ni yo Kaminuza nini mu Rwanda. Ibarizwa kuri 2° 36′ 58″ S, 29° 44′ 34″ E mu mujyi wa Butare. Yashinzwe mu
mwaka w’1963, ishingwa na guverinoma y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abakristu b’abadominikani bo mu mujyi wa Québec mu gihugu cya Kanada.
Amateka
Ikimara gushingwa, iyi kaminuza yatangiranye amashami (facultés) atatu gusa, ari yo: Ishami ry’ubuganga; Ishami rijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’umuryango (sciences sociales) n’Ishami nderabarezi (science de l'éducation). Yatangiranye kandi abanyeshuli 51 n’abarimu 16.
Muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo muw’1994, iyi kaminuza yaguyemo inzirakarengane nyinshi ndetse ikurizamo no gufunga, ifungura mu mwaka w’1995. Ikimara gufungura, ururimi rw’uburezi rwahise ruba icyongereza, kigakoreshwa hamwe n’igifaransa.
Mu mwaka w’2005, uburere bwatangwaga muri kaminuza bwibanze ku bumenyi-ngiro (science) n’ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n’ubumenyamuntu (humanités), bikigishwa mu rurimi rw’igifaransa n’icyongereza. Guhera mu mwaka w’2005, abanyeshuli bigaga muri iyi kaminuza babarirwaga kuri 8221, naho abarimu bakaba 425.
Dore amatariki y’ingirakamaro n’ibikorwa byabayeho muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda:
Kuwa 3 Ugushyingo 1963: iyi kaminuza yafunguwe ku mugaragaro.
Kuwa 12 Gicurasi 1964: hatowe itegeko rishyiraho iyi kaminuza.
1966: hashinzwe ikigo cy’igihugu cy’uburezi ku nkunga ya UNDP ifatanije na UNESCO. Iki kigo cyari kigamije guhugura no kuzamura ubumenyi bw’abarimu bigishaga mu mashuli yisumbuye.
1967: iyi kaminuza yaraguwe hagamijwe kuyegereza abaturage ngo ibafashe.
1972: hashyizweho ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi gishingiye kuri pharmacy mu ishami ry’ubuganga. Iri shami ryatangiye gukora ku buryo bwigenga guhera mu mwaka w’1980.
Gicurasi 1973: kaminuza y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amahugurwa animbitse ku nzobere z’abubatsi, ishyiraho n’imbanzirizamushinga ku bukanishi buhanitse bw’ibikoresho by’umuriro (électro mécanique).
Ukwakira 1973: hafunguwe ishami ry’amategeko ku bufatanye na kaminuza ya Instelling Antwerpen.
1974: mu ishami ry’ubumenyi-ngiro hashyizweho uburyo bwo kwiga no gukora ubushakashatsi ku ngufu z’amashanyarazi. Iri shami ryatangiye kwigenga mu mwaka w’1997 .
Kuwa 13 Kamena 1979: hashinzwe ishami ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (agronomie) mu ishami ry’umumenyi-ngiro. *Kuwa 1 Ukwakira 1981: akminuza y’u Rwanda yafunguye ishami mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, iba igize amashami abiri. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, ishami ry’amategeko ryimukiye i Mburabuturo.
Ugushyingo 1988: hijihijwe imyaka 25 kaminuza y’u Rwanda yari imaze ishinzwe. Hashyizweho kandi ikigo cy’ubutegetsi n’amategeko (Institut Supérieur de l'Administration Publique-ISAP), ku bufatanye n’umuryango Konrad Adanauer.
Mata-Nyakanga 1994: abarezi n’abanyeshuli batari bake bazize jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Hangiritse kandi ibikoresho bitandukanye, inyubako, n’ibindi. Ibi byatumye kaminuza ihita ifungwa.
Mutarama 1995: kampisi ya Ruhengeri n’ishami ry’amategeko byimukiye ku cyicaro gikuru cya kaminuza i Butare. Kuri iyi tariki kandi ni ho kaminuza yongeye gufungurwa, maze amashami n’amashuli yose byimurirwa i Butare. Muri uyu mwaka, kaminuza yari iteganijwe gutangirana abanyeshuli 1600, ariko itangirana 4500. Aha ni naho icyongereza cyatangiye kuba ururimi rw’uburezi.
Kuwa 2 Mata 1996: hashyizweho ishuli ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga (ESTI).
1997: hashyizweho umwaka w’indimi (igifaransa n’icyongereza) ku banyeshuli bose batangira umwaka wa mbere muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda.
1998: hatangijwe icyiciro gihanitse (doctorat) mu ishami ry’ubuganga.
Kuwa 15 Kamena 1998: hashyizweho komisiyo ishinzwe ubushakashatsi.
Mu mpera z’umwaka w’1998: ishami ry’ubumenyi n’iry’ubumenyi-ngiro yarateranijwe abyara ishami ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga.
1999: hashinzwe ishami ryigisha gukemura amakimbirane.
Kuwa 27 Ukwakira 1999: hashinzwe ihuriro ryo kurwanya SIDA muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda.
Ukuboza 1999: hashinzwe iahami rya kaminuza ry’indimi, ryari rifite intego yo guteza imbere indimi n’umuco mu rwego rwo gushyigikira ubumwe bw’igihugu, ubwiyunge n’amahoro. Iri shami kandi ryari ritegerejwe guteza imbere umuco nyarwanda mu mahanga.
Mata 2000: hashinzwe ishuli ry’ubuzima (Santé publique) *Kanama 2000: ishuli ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ryahindutse ishuli ry’itangazamakuru n’itumanaho, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere igihugu muri uru rwego.
Kuwa 3 Ugushyingo 2002: hashyizweho alumni ya kminuza y’u Rwanda.
Kuwa 10 Ukwakira 2005: hashyizweho ku mugaragaro ishami rihanitse (post-graduate) mu ishuli ry’ubuganga.
Kuwa 18 Ugushyingo 2005: hashinzwe ku mugaragaro “Radio Salus.”
Colleges
Amashami
Kaminuza y’u Rwanda ifite amashami 9, ari yo:
Ishami ry’ubuganga (médecine)
Ishami ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (agriculture)
Ishami ry’indimi, itangazamakuru n’ubumenyamuntu
Ishami ry’ubumenyi-ngiro
Ishami ry’amategeko
Ishami ry’ubumenyi
Ishami ry’ubukungu n’icungamari
Ishami ry’indimi ritegura abanyeshuli (Fondation compétence linguistique)
Ishuli ry’ubuzima (Santé publique)
Kaminuza
Rwanda |
2319 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza%20ikibazo | Baza ikibazo | Ese intambara y
a Ukraine n'uburusia yararangiye ?? |
2337 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%203166-1 | ISO 3166-1 | Urutonde rw’ibihugu ISO 3166-1
AN Antiye za Nederilande
KO Kosovo
TB Tibeti
ZR Zayire
Ibihugu
sv:ISO 3166#ISO 3166-1-koder |
2357 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururabo%20rw%E2%80%99umugati | Ururabo rw’umugati | Ubwoko Ururabo rw’umugati (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Artocarpus) ruboneka mu moko arenga 60 y’icyatsi kibisi buboneka ahantu hashyushye mu muryango wa Morase (izina mu kilatini Moraceae; bitanga imbuto ziribwa zifite intete nyinshi mo imbere). Biboneka muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba no mu birwa by’inyanja ya Pasifika. Ubundi bwoko nka Artocarpus altilis (Urubuto rw’umugati), Artocarpus integer (Cempedak), Artocarpus heterophyllus] (Urubuto rwa Yakobo) n’ Artocarpus odoratissimus (Marang) nabyo ni ibinyamuryango by’urubuto rw’umugati.
References
Urubuto rw’umugati Artocarpus odoratissimus, Marang
Ibimera
Imbuto |
2358 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiti%20cy%E2%80%99Ubuhinde | Igiti cy’Ubuhinde | Igiti cy’Ubuhinde (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Millettia pinnata , Pongamia pinnata ), ni igiti gitakaza amababi mu gihe cy’urugaryi, kikagira uburebure buri hagati ye metero 15 kugeza kuri 25, gisa n’ibiti byo mu muryango w’amafabase (Fabaceae). Kigira hejuru hanini n’indabyo ntoya z’umweru, igitaka cyangwa ikigina. Gikomoka mu Buhinde, ariko kigahingwa muri Aziya y’Amajyapfo y’uburasirazuba.
Amafoto
Notes
Ibimera |
2372 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigazzano | Pigazzano | Pigazzano ni umujyi w'u Ubutariyani, Uburayi.
Ubutariyani |
2423 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silovakiya | Silovakiya | Silovakiya (izina mu gisilovaki : Slovensko cyangwa Slovenská republika ) n’igihugu mu Burayi.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2425 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubugereki | Ubugereki | Ubugereki cyangwa Ubugiriki (izina mu kigereki: Ελλάδα cyangwa Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Ubugereki ituwe n'abantu 10 955 000 birenga (2015). Umurwa mukuru w’Ubugereki witwa Athina.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2429 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloveniya | Siloveniya | Siloveniya (izina mu kinyasiloveniya : Slovenija cyangwa Republika Slovenija ) n’igihugu mu Burayi.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2430 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekiya | Cekiya | Cekiya (izina mu giceke: Česko cyangwa Česká republika) n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 10,610,947 (2016), batuye kubuso bwa km² 78,866. Umurwa mukuru wa Cekiya witwa Praha.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2431 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugariya | Bulugariya | Buligariya cyangwa Bulugariya (izina mu kibulugariya: България cyangwa Република България) n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Umurwa mukuru wa Buligariya witwa Sofiya. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 7,101,859 (2016), batuye kubuso bwa km² 110,994.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2432 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilande | Finilande | Finilande (izina mu gifinilande: Suomi; izina mu kinyasuwede: Finland) n’igihugu cy'amajyaruguru muri Uburayi. Umurwa mukuru wa Finilande witwa Helsinki.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2433 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitoniya | Esitoniya | Esitoniya (izina mu cyesitoniya na kivoro: Eesti cyangwa Eesti Vabariik) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Esitoniya ituwe n'abantu 1.318.705 birenga (2018). Umurwa mukuru w'Esitoniya witwa Tallinn.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2434 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danimarike | Danimarike | Danimarike n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 5,748,769 (2017), batuye kubuso bwa km² 42,931.
Uburayi
Ibihugu |
2436 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikimera | Ikimera | Ikimera (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Plantae) ni ikimera kizima, igice cyacyo, umurama cyangwa igice gituma cyororoka.
Mu Rwanda
U Rwanda rucumbikiye ibimera by’amoko menshi anyuranye kubera urusobe rw’imiterere y’igihugu n’urw’ikirere ruhanitse kuva mu burengerazuba kugera mu burasirazuba. Ibimera bito bizamura amazi mu miheha yabyo (plantes vasculaires) bibarirwa hafi mu moko 3000 aturuka mu turere dutandukanye bitewe n’imiterere nyabuzima y’ahantu.
Amoko hafi 280 y’ibimera bigira uburabyo bituruka mu Rwanda abonwa nk’akomoka muri Albertine Rift. Muri ayo moko cyimeza, hafi 20 yihariwe n’u Rwanda, amoko 50 aboneka gusa mu Rwanda no muri Kongo y’Uburasirazuba ,naho amoko 20 yabonetse gusa mu Rwanda no mu Burundi.
Imiyoboro |
2489 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire%20Kayibanda | Grégoire Kayibanda | Gregoire Kayibanda (1 Gicurasi 1924 – 15 Ukuboza 1976), wafashe ubutegetsi ku itariki ya 26 Ukwakira 1961 ni Perezida wa 2 Ukwakira 1961 – 5 Nyakanga 1973) w’u Rwanda kuva rwabona ubwigenge yakuwe mu butegetsi kugeza akuwe ku butegetsi Kuri Juvénal Habyarimana.
Imyaka yo hambere hamwe n'uburere
Grégoire Kayibanda yavukiye i Tara, mu Rwanda. Yaturutse mu majyepfo y’igihugu kandi akomoka mu bwoko bw’Abahutu.
Guverinoma
Abenshi mu bahutu bari bamaze igihe kinini banga ubutegetsi buri mu maboko ya rubanda rugufi. Abunganira Abahutu bashishikarijwe na Kiliziya Gatolika , hamwe n'Ababiligi b'Ababirigi (barushagaho kugira uruhare muri Kongo). Inshingano z'umuryango w’abibumbye, itsinda ry’abatutsi n’abatuye mu Bubiligi zagize uruhare mu mvururu ziyongera mu mibereho no muri politiki. Gregoire Kayibanda, Umuhutu wo mu bwoko, yayoboye umutwe w'Abahutu. Yashinze ishyaka rya politiki rya Parmehutu ( Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu ; Ishyaka rya Emancipation Movement Party), yandika "Manifeste y'Abahutu" mu 1957. Itsinda ryahise riba igisirikare.
Mu gusubiza, mu 1959 yashinze ishyaka ry’abatutsi UNAR, rigizwe n’abashakaga ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda n’Uburundi bushingiye ku bwami buriho. Iri tsinda naryo ryahise rihinduka igisirikare. Intonganya zatangiye hagati ya UNAR na Parmehutu. Kwiyamamaza kwa Kayibanda kwagejeje ku bahutu ku butegetsi bwa mbere mu Rwanda.
Kayibanda yari Perezida w'u Rwanda kuva 1962 kugeza ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973, ubwo yahirikwaga na Minisitiri w’ingabo, Jenerali Juvénal Habyarimana mu butegetsi bwa gisirikare. N'ubwo bivugwa ko nta maraso afite, biturutse ku guhirika ubutegetsi, bivugwa ko abantu 55, cyane cyane abakozi ba Leta, abanyamategeko cyangwa abacuruzi bafitanye isano n'ubutegetsi bwabanje, bishwe. Imiryango yabantu yakiriye amafaranga yo kwishyura guceceka kwabo. Guverinoma nshya yafunze Kayibanda n'umugore we ahantu hihishe (bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya Kabgayi), aho bivugwa ko bishwe n'inzara.
Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda
Abahutu
Abagabo |
2496 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigereki | Ikigereki | Ikigereki cyangwa Ikigiriki (izina mu kigereki : ελληνική γλώσσα ) ni ururimi rw’Ubugereki na Shipure. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 ell (indimi: grc, pnt,...).
Alfabeti y’kigereki
Igifero kigizwe n’inyuguti 24 : α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ (ς) τ υ φ χ ψ ω
inyajwi 7 : α ε η ι ο υ ω
indagi 17 : β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ (ς) τ φ χ ψ
Amagambo n’interuro mu kigereki
Χαίρεται – Muraho
Πώς είστε; – Amakuru?
Πολύ καλά – Ni meza
Ναι – Yego
Όχι – Oya
Με λένε ... – Nitwa ...
άνθρωπος – umuntu
άνδρας – umugabo
γυναίκα – umugore
ζώο – inyamaswa
φυτό cyangwa φυτεύω – ikimera
σκύλος – imbwa
πουλί – inyoni
ψάρι – ifi
γάτα – ipusi
φίδι – inzoka
άλογο – ifarashi
κότα – inkoko
δέντρο – igiti
καρπός – imbuto
Imibare
ἒνα cyangwa ένα – rimwe
δύο – kabiri
τρία – gatatu
τέσσερα – kane
πέντε – gatanu
ἓξι cyangwa έξι – gatandatu
ἑπτά cyangwa εφτά – karindwi
ὀκτώ cyangwa οχτώ – umunani
ἐννέα cyangwa εννιά – icyenda
δέκα – icyumi
Indimi z’igihinde-buraya |
2535 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impara | Impara | Impara (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Aepyceros melampus)
Inyamabere |
2537 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igihura | Igihura | Igihura (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Aonyx capensis congicus)
Inyamabere |
2539 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igishegeshi | Igishegeshi | Igishegeshi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Atherurus africanus)
Inyamabere |
2541 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiramuhari | Nyiramuhari | Nyiramuhari, Imbwebwe (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Canis adustus)
Inyamabere |
2544 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare | Intare | Intare (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Panthera leo) ni inyamaswa ikaze.
Inyamabere |
2548 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguge | Inguge | Inguge
Dore amwe mu moko y’inguge ziri muri Pariki ya Nyungwe: icyondi (Cercopithecus lhoesti), igihinyage, inkomo (Colobus angolensis ruwenzori), inkima (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti & kandti ), inyenzi, impundu (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii).
Amoko
Cercopithecus aethiops (inkendi)
Cercopithecus albigena johnostonii (igishabaga)
Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti (umukunga)
Cercopithecus hamlyni (igihinyage)
Cercopithecus lhoesti (icyondi)
Cercopithecus mitis doggetti & kandti (inkima)
Colobus angolensis adolfi-friederici (inkomo)
Gorilla gorilla beringei (ingagi)
Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii (impundu)
Papio anubis (inkoto)
Inyamabere |
2549 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuvumu | Umuvumu | Umuvumu cyangwa Igitoma , Gasuru (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Ficus thonningii) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Intangiriro
Umuvumu ni igiti cyari gifite byinshi kivuze mu myumvire y’abanyarwanda. Hari ahantu mu Rwanda uzasanga bita, cyangwa bitaga, ku Mana. Bene aha hakunze kuba akenshi hateye cyangwa harahoze igiti cy’umuvumu. Waruvumu na Rumana ni bimwe mu biti bisigaye byihariye aya mateka bigihagaze. Aho biri naho bamwe bahita ku Mana.
Abakurambere
Kera ku ngoma za cyami hari ubwo hateraga ibyorezo, nk’izuba rigatera amapfa cyangwa udusimba tukaduka tukangiza imyaka, abanyamahanga bateye u Rwanda, indwara idasanzwe cyangwa ikindi cyose cyahungabanyaga u Rwanda n’abanyarwanda. Hari imihango yakorwaga mu kumenya intsinzi (umuti) yabyo.
Hambere
Abaraguzi n’abapfumu bizewe bifashishaga amatungo nk’intama, inkoko na cyane cyane ikimasa, itungo bakaribaga barishakamo intsinzi. Iyo iri tungo ryeraga (ryagaragazaga intsinzi), ibisigazwa by’iryo tungo ntabwo byaribwaga, babitabikaga ahantu bakahatera igiti cy’umuvumu kitagomba kuzatemwa, aha hantu hakitwa ‘ku Mana’. Byari umuco, byari imigenzo ya ba sogokuru bacu, byari ukuri muri icyo gihe.
Ibiti
Akateye kambuye u Rwanda byose, ibyakorwaga byitwa ibipagani, kuragura biracika himikwa Yesu/Yezu n’intumwa y’imana Muhammad (Imana imuhe amahoro n’imigisha) ibiti byo ku Mana biratemwa, amateka aracika. Bicye mu bisigaye harimo ibiti byitwa Waruvumu na Rumana biri mu murenge wa Mamba mu karere ka Gisagara. Abatuye aha baracyubaha ibi biti ntibashobora kubitema. Ibi biti bibiri biri ahahoze hitwa mu “Buhanga Ndara” agace kari kagize ahari ubu imirenge ya Mamba na Gikonko muri Gisagara, cyera baravugaga ngo ni “Mu Buhanga ahaba abahanga”. Iyo witegereje ibi biti aho biri usanga harahoze ibindi biti byinshi ariko barabitemaguye. Waruvumu na Rumana byo ntibikorwaho kandi bihora bitoshye. Abatuye aha bavuga ko ari ibiti ndangamateka batakoraho.
Ibimera
Ibiti |
2555 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkoko | Inkoko | Inkoko (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Gallus gallus domesticus) ni itungo.
Isake (ubuke: Amasake) = inkoko y’igitsina gabo.
Inkoko z’amagi
Inyama y’inkoko
Mu Rwanda
Ubworozi bw’inkoko bugamije kongera inyama n’amagi. Kubera indwara y’ibicurane by’ibiguruka, ituragiro rya Rubirizi, ari naryo ritanga icyororo cy’inkoko mu Rwanda ryafunzwe kuva muri 2006 kugeza mu mpera za 2007. Mu ntangiro za 2008 niho iryo turagiro rya Rubirizi ryongeye gufungura no kuzana imishwi iturutse mu mahanga, yo korora no kuvanaho icyororo cy’inkoko z’amagi n’inyama. Uyu mwaka wagiye kurangira aborozi b’inkoko bamaze kugezwaho imishwi 46,048 y’ubwoko bw’inkoko zitera amagi n’izitanga inyama.
N’ubwo ituragiro ryari rifunze, aborozi b’inkoko bakomeje gutumiza imishwi hanze y’igihugu (Uganda, Kenya) ku buryo muri 2008 hatumijwe imishwi 329,000 n’amagi 1,200,000. Umusaruro ukaba utangiye kongera kugaragara ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.
Imigani migufi
Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari.
Amagi
Indwara z’inkoko
Notes
Inyoni
Amatungo
Ubworozi |
2556 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruwumvu | Uruwumvu | Uruwumvu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Chamaeleo)
Ibikururanda |
2557 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamu | Itamu | Itamu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Taurotragus oryx, Tragelaphus oryx )
Inyamabere |
2560 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impongo | Impongo | Impongo (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Tragelaphus scriptus)
Inyamabere |
2562 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzobe | Inzobe | Inzobe (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Tragelaphus spekei)
Inyamabere |
2563 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka | Inka | Inka (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Bos primigenius taurus ♀) ni itungo.
Inyana (izina mu Cyongereza calf)
Mu Rwanda
Kubungabunga ubwoko bw’inka z’inyambo:
Nk’uko bigaragara gahunda z’ubworozi zose zigamije kongera umusaruro (intensification) hakoreshejwe amoko y’amatungo atanga umusaruro mwinshi ku butaka buto. Ibi birasaba kubangurira ku bwinshi inka z’inyarwanda hafi ya zose ku bwoko bw’amata (Friesian, Jersey) muri gahunda yo kongera umukamo.
Inka y’inyarwanda izwi kuba igira umukamo muto, ariko nanone izwiho kugira inyama nziza (less cholesterol) ari nacyo gituma mu bihugu byinshi batangiye kujya bayitwaraho icyororo. Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga izo nka z’inyambo, kugira ngo ubwo bwoko butazazima, hashyizweho amashyo atatu (3) y’Inyambo z’amashashi 600 zatoranyijwe muri Uganda, zikaba zororewe Gako mu Bugesera na Karama muri Nyagatare. Ifoto ikurikira iragaragaza amashashi y’inyambo yororewe mu rwuri rwa Karama.
Guteza imbere ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama :
Ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama nabwo ntabwo bwibagiranye. Aborozi batuye mu Murenge wa Ndego mu Karere ka Kirehe, batangiye guhuza ubutaka bwabo, bagamije kugira inzuri nini zakororerwaho inka z’inyama. Leta izabafasha kubona icyororo cy’izo nka, byaba ari ukuzigura mu mahanga cyangwa hakoreshwa intanga (ndetse n’insoro) z’ubwoko bwa Bonsmara na Brahaman zamaze kugurwa no kugezwa mu Gihugu n’izindi zose zishobora gutumizwa hanze.
Abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo Leta irabashishikariza korora ibimasa bivuye mu ma farms y’inka zitanga amata, bakabibyibushya ku buryo byatanga inyama.
Indwara z’inka
Indwara z’inka muri rusange ziterwa n’udukoko nka virusi, bacteria n’ibihumyo. Hano hari zimwe mundwara zifata inka:
Uburenge : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ituma itungo ricika integer rikagira n’umuriro. Ifata ururimi, iminwa, igikanu, amaguru, amacebe n’amabere akagira ububabare.
Kuyigenzura : Ukongera isuku no gukingira. Akenshi kuyihagarika biragora iyo yagaragaye. Kubera ibyo, ni byiza kwica izarwaye.
Indwara ya tuberculosis : Ni indwara iramba iterwa na bacteri. Yi ndwara irakaze cyane kuko n’abantu bayandura bayikuye kunka inyuze mu mata no kubikomoka ku mata.
Kuyigenzura : Gufata ingamba zo gushyira mu kato no gupima bihoraho iyi ndwara. Amatungo adwaye agomba gushyirwa mukato kandi akabagwa. Gutera imiti yica udukoko buri gihe.
Indwara ya lung plague (pleuropneumonia) : Ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi ituma itungo rikorora rigacika integer mbere y’uko ripfa. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo.
Indwara ya Rinderpest (cattle plague) : Ni indwara ikaze iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ibimenyetso harimo kutamera neza mu gifu bigatera guhitwa, umuriro mwinshi, gusohora imyanda ivanze n’amaraso no gucika integer muri rusange ku matungo.
Kuyigenzura : Ishobora kuvurwa ukoresha urukingo rwo kwirinda no gushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo.
Indwara y’inzoka : Murizo harimo flukes, inzoka zo mumazi n’inzoka zo kubutaka. Ibimenyetso harimo kutarya.
Kuyigenzura : Guhora wica inzoka. Isuku nziza. Guhindura aho kororera.
Indwara y’umusinziro (Trypanosomiasis) : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’isasi yitwa tsetse. Udukoko dushwanyaguza ingingo zo mu maraso. Ibimenyetso harimo muri rusange gucika intege n’umuriro mwinshi. Kuyirinda bishobora wica amasasi ya tsetse no gukingira. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo no kuyabaga.
Udukoko tubeshwaho n’inyamanswa: Utu dukoko duto dutwara indwara ariko udukoko dukaze ni nka ikirongwe,amasazi, n’inda. Ikirongwe nicyo kiboneka cyane kandi gitera cyane umuriro.
Uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura udukoko: Kugira aho ziba hasukuye. Kogesha amatungo amazi yica udukoko. Guhozaho umwotsi wirukana udukoko.
Ikiraro cy’inka
Ikiraro ni ingenzi ku matungo n’uburyo bwo korora bwerekana ubwoko bazifashisha. Ubwoko bw’ibiraro burimo ibice bitatu hari aho bubaka hato hagatanga umusaruro mwinshi, aharinganiye n’ahanini ariko hatanga umusaruro muke.
Ubwoko bubiri bwambere busaba kubaka ikiraro gifite igisenge n’uruzitiro, mugihe ubwoko bwa gatatu budasaba ikiraro kubera ko ureka ubushyo buke bwakijyambere cyangwa ntabwo babureka bukarisha mu gisambu. Ikibitandukanya ni igihe amatungo amara ari hanze y’ikiraro.
Amafoto
Notes
Imiyoboro
https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175441/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/category/topics/agriculture/livestock-farming/cattle-keeping
Inyamabere
Amatungo
Ubworozi |
2568 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isukari | Isukari | Isukari
Abantu benshi n’imbuga za interineti zitandukanye zitangaza ko gufata isukari ku rugero ruringaniye ari byo byiza kuko isukari nyinshi mu mubiri itera uburwayi.
Inyinshi muri izi mbuga zitangaza ko ibyo kurya byose umuntu afashe, umubiri uhita ubihindura nk’isukari hatitawe ku bwoko bw’ibiryo wafashe.
Isukari itandukanye n’ibindi biribwa nk’inyama, imbuto, imboga kuko byo bifite intungamubiri, imyunyu ngugu na aside ; isukari yo ikaba itabifite kandi aribyo bifasha mu igogorwa (digestion) ndetse no kunyunyuza ibifitiye umubiri akamaro. Ibi bikaba byatera ikibazo umuntu wabifashe ku rugero rurenze kugira ingaruka.
Ubushakashatsi
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikinyamakuru American journal of clinical Nutrition, buvuga ko iyo umuntu afashe garama 100 z’isukari isazwe bigabanya imikorere y’abasirikare barinda umubiri ho amasaha atanu. Ngo iyo bigenze gutya, ubwirinzi bw’umubiri n’ubushobozi bwabwo birahadindirira mu kurwanya indwara.
Ubushakashatsi bukomeza bugaragaza ko abantu benshi bizera ko umutobe wa orange ufite intungamubiri nyinshi. Gusa ngo iyo wamaze guhindurwa, ibyo bita enzymes nzima, intungamubiri ndetse n’imyunyu ngugu biragabanuka.
Uburyo umutobe ukorwa ngo iyo umaze gutunganwa uba umeze nk’isukari y’umweru kuko ngo nta ntungamubiri uba ugifite zafasha isukari karemano iba mu mubiri (glucose) mu gutunganya ibyo kurya ngo bibe byafasha umubiri.
Ngo na none si byiza ko umuntu abaho atazi isukari yafashe ku munsi. Abantu benshi bakunda kurwara kuko ibi ngo batabyitaho bityo bigatera umubiri wabo gukora buhoro ku buryo budakwiriye umuntu muzima.
Indwara ziterwa n'isukari nyinshi
1. Iyo umuntu akunda kunywa isukari nyinshi, impindura ntabwo ishobora gukura isukari mu maraso ibi bigatera diabete. Ibi bigakunda kugaragara cyane ku babyeyi bageze igihe cyo gucura(menopause).
2. Iyo umuntu akunda gufata isukari nyinshi bishobora kumutera indwara z’amenyo
3. Iyo ukunda gufata isukari nyinshi na none ngo byongera gutakara kw’intungamubiri za kalisiyumu n’imyunyungugu umubiri ukenera igihe umuntu anyara kenshi.
4. Abagore bafata isukari cyane ngo bashobora guhorana umushiha ndetse n’ubwoba.
5. Iyo ufata isukari nyinshi byongera guhorana umunaniro udashira.
Ese ibyiza by’isukari ni ibihe ?
6. Isukari ishobora kukongerera ingufu. Gusa ngo ibi ni iby’igihe gito kuko ihita ishiramo. Ni nko kunywa amazi uramutse ufite inyota kuko wongera kuyigira.
7. Isukari igufasha kumva ko ibyo urya biryoshye.
8. isukari ituma ugira uruhu rwiza.
9. Isukari igufasha gusinzira neza.
Mu Rwanda isukari yari imaze iminsi yariyongereye ibiciro kuko ikilo cyaguraga amafaranga igihumbi na Magana inani y’u Rwanda none ubu ikilo kigaba cyasubiye ku gihumbi na Magana abiri.
Isukari yo mu Nganda
Isukari yo mu Nganda : Abashinzwe kumenya impamvu zitera indwara z’ibyorezo basanze ko zifitanye isano no gukoresha isukari, nyuma basanga ububi bw’isukari butagarukiye aho, ahubwo isukari ishobora no gutera kanseri yo mu mura, mu gifu, n’iyo mu munwa wa nyababyeyi (inkondo ya nyababyeyi).
Reba
Ibiribwa |
2569 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igi | Igi | Igi (ubuke: Amagi )
Kurya amagi menshi, kenshi, ni ukuvuga ngo urengeje amagi 3 mu cyumweru, na byo
bishobora gutera kanseri y’amabere, mu gifu, ibihaha, urwagashya, umura, agahu koroheye ko muri nyababyeyi gategura ururenda rurinda nyababyeyi no mu mirera ntanga y’abagore. Abayarya cyane bakunda kurwara uruhu, ubugora, kwishimagura, imvuvu, kuribwa mu nda, imvururu mu mara, impiswi, ubuhwima. Iyo igi rihuye n’amatoto y’inkoko rikimara guterwa rihura na microbe yitwa Salmonella itera kuribwa mu mara na tifoyide. Amagi afite umunyu mwinshi agakena muri potasiyumu, ni cyo gituma akwiriye kwirindwa n’abarwaye indwara y’umutima. Amagi atera kanseri yo mu maraso cyane ku bagore, ni na yo atera kanseri yo mu gifu. Si byiza kuyaha umwana utari wuzuza umwaka.
Inyoni
Ibiribwa |
2571 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubuto | Urubuto | Umwungo (ubuke: Imbuto ; izina mu cyongereza fruit) ni ikimera.
Umutobe w'imbuto |
2572 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugati | Umugati | Umugati
Mbere yo gutangira ibiryo uramutse uriye umugati, ukawuhekenya neza byagabanya inzara wari ufite bigatuma urya bike.
Ibiribwa |
2573 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama | Inyama | Inyama
Ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bumaze gukorwa bumaze kwerekana ko inyama zifite uruhare runini mu gutera kanseri : yo mu bwonko, ibihaha, igifu, impyiko, uruhago, nyababyeyi, imiyobora ntanga, prostate, n’izindi zitavuzwe. Umuntu uriye ikilo 1 cy’inyama zokeje aba yinjije benzopirene itera kanseri ingana n’iy’umuntu wanyoye imiti 600 y’itabi (cigarettes) kandi kanseri ikomoka mu nyama yongerwa n’uko zatetswe cyane no kotswa, rero umuntu ategewe hose.Icyiza ni ugukoresha ibimera birimo :imboga ,imbuto ibinyampeke n'ibinyamisongwe n'ibindi tutarondoye kuko aribyo bifasha umubiri bikawongerera ibivumbikisho kandi ugakunda kunywa amazi nibura ibirahuri 6-8 ku munsi.
Amoko
Inyama y'inka
inyama y’ihene
inyama y’intama
inyama y’ingurube
inyama y’inkoko
Reba
Ibiribwa |
2574 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urufunzo | Urufunzo |
Ubusobanuro
Urufunzo ni bumwe mu ikoresho abakurambere b’Abanyarwanda bari bafite ubwo bacyeneraga kubaka, ubumenyi bari bafite buhambaye mu bikorwa bitandukanye, Bimwe muri byo bigaragarira mu bwubatsi; Guhera mu kurambagiza ikibanza, ibikoresho byifashishwaga, ibipimo mu gusiza, ibice bitandukanye bahaga inzu, isuku n’imitako byose byitabwagaho mu buryo bwihariye n'urukangaga mu gusakara.
urukangaga
Urufunzo ubundi turusanga mugishanga, Urufunzo rukora ibintu byinshi nko kuboha imisambi cyangwa imice, Urufunzo rwifashishaga kandi mu bwubatsi bwa gakondo basakazaga ubwatsi ndetse Bifashishaga umukenke, uruguhu, ishinge cyangwa urukangaga. Imigozi yabaga ari imihotore, imivumu, imika cyangwa ibirere.
Amashakiro
Ibimera
Ibidukikije
Ibiti
Ubwatsi |
2576 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isazi | Isazi | Isazi (izina mu kilatini Tabanus) ni inyamaswa.
Inyamaswa |
2579 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiti | Igiti |
Intangiriro
Igiti (Ubwinshi: Ibiti) kiri mu muryango w’ibinyabuzima. Kiramera, kigakura, kikaba cyarabya, cyakwera imbuto, hanyuma kikazasaza. Cyakora ntigishobora kwiyimura aho kiri.
Igiti kigizwe n’imizi, n’igihimba, n’amashami, n’amababi, n’indabyo zibyara imbuto. Imizi ifatisha igiti mu butaka, ikabuvanamo ibigitunga. Igihimba gitangirira ku butaka kigakura kijya hejuru. Igiti gihumekera mu mababi. Aho ibiti biri ari byinshi bahita ishyamba. Bavuga ko amashyamba akurura imvura akanarwanya isuli.
Akamaro k'igiti
Ibiti bigira akamaro kenshi: hari ibyera imbuto: nk’amacunga, amapapayi, indimu, amatunda, marakuja, za avoka, imyembe n’ibindi byinshi. Hari n’ibyubakishwa amazu n'amateme; hakaba n’ibisaturwamo imbaho, zikabazwamo ibikoresho by’amoko menshi, hakaba n’ibicanwa. Hari n'ibiti bitanga igicucu kuburyo abagenzi bashobora kwikinga izuba baruhuka bamara gutora akabaraga bagakomeza urugendo.
Imiyoboro
Ibimera |
2581 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutima%20w%27imfizi | Umutima w'imfizi | Umutima w'imfizi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Annona reticulata) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Ibimera |
2583 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seremoliya | Seremoliya | Seremoliya (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Annona cherimola) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Ibimera
Imbuto |
2584 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwembe | Umwembe | Umwembe (izina ry’ubu
menyi mu kilatini Mangifera indica) ni igiti n’urubuto rufitiye umubiri akamaro kuko ukungahaye kuri vitamini C ikenerwa mu gukora poroteyini z’ingenzi ku menyo, imikaya, amagufwa, imiyoboro y’amaraso, mu gukiza ibisebe, ikanagira uruhare mu gukora indurwe y’umwijima kandi ikanafasha mu ikoreshwa ry’umunyu ngugu wa fer wongera amaraso mu mubiri.
Amoko
Umwembe wa Kalimantana
Imyembe ihumura neza (Fragrant Mango, Mangifera odorata) ni ubwoko bw’imyembe izwi na benshi, akenshi yera mu Majyepfo y’Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya. Ni ikimanyi hagati y’umwembe ukunze guhingwa na benshi (Mangifera indica) n’umwembe witwa Umwembe w’ifarashi (Horse Mango, Mangifera foetida).
Notes
Imiyoboro
Umwembe ukungahaye kuri vitamini C
Ibimera
Imbuto |
2587 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amapera | Amapera | Amapera (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Psidium guajava) ni ubwoko bw’igiti n’urubuto.
Ibimera
Ibiti
Imbuto |
2588 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoka | Avoka |
Avoka
Avoka Ibarirwa mu muryango wa lauracees, mu bwoko bwa persea Americana, yakomotse muri Amerika yo hagati. Avoka ni imbuto ziribwa zikungahaye cyane ku muvuta na vitamini. Avoka ni igiti gikura kikagera ku burebure bwa metero 8 kugera kuri 20. Amoko yatsindiriwe akunze kuba magufi kuruta amahumbikano.
Akamaro k’Avoka
Avoka zikungahaye ku mavuta kurusha izindi mbuto ziribwa ari mbisi (7.8-40.7) bityo zitanga imbaraga , zikungahaye kuri vitamini C,A,B,E,K. Inombe y’Avoka ikorwamo amavuta yo guteka, umutobe wo kunywa. Avoka kandi zikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti, amavuta yo kwisiga n’amasabune, ibishishwa n’ibisigazwa byazo bikorwamo ibyo kurya by’amatungo.
Aho Avoka Ikunda
Avoka ikunda ahantu hagwa imvura iringaniye (1250-1750mm) mu mwaka,ubutaka butarekamo amazi menshi kuko atuma imizi ibora bityo igiti kikuma. Avoka yera hose mu Rwanda ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 900 na metero 1800, ahantu hari ubusharire bwa PH5.5-6 ariko hari n’amoko yera neza hejuru ya metero 2000.
Amoko y’Avoka
Amoko y’Avoka y’ingenzi yakozweho ubushakashatsi akagaragaza ko yera neza ni:
Hass,
fuerte,
Ettinger,
Booth8,
Choquette
na collisson. Hariho andi yera mu rugero kandi akera hejuru ya metero 2000. Ayo ni nka
Zutano,
puelba,
Dickison,
simpson,
Bacon,
Booth7. Avoka zera imbuto zifite ishusho itandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko bwazo. Hari izigira imbuto zibumbabumbye,izindi ni ndende kimwe nuko hari ingufi. Iyo Avoka ihishije, igishishwa gishobora gusa n’icyatsi cyangwa umutuku bitewe n’ubwoko bwayo.
Amashakiro
Ibimera
Ibiti
Imbuto
Ibidukikije |
2691 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwana | Umwana | Umwana, urubyaro cyangwa se na none
abakomoka ku muntu.
Abana |
2712 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubusa | Ubusa | Ubusa / Obusa / Zeru ni umubare wuzuzanya nindi mibare
Imibare |
2715 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimwe | Rimwe | Rimwe / Limwe ni umubare wunganira indi mibare (1).
Imibare |
2716 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiri | Kabiri | Kabiri / Kabili
Imibare |
2721 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbwa | Imbwa | Imbwa yo mu rugo (Canis familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko butandukanye cyangwa Canis lupus familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko bw'impyisi) ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere zororerwa mu muryango Canidae. Nibice bigize ibisimba bisa nimpyisi, kandi ni inyamanswa nyinshi zo ku isi. Imbwa hamwe nimpyisi yumukara isigaye ni mushiki wa tagisi kuko impyisi ya kijyambere ntaho ihuriye cyane nimpyisi yororerwa bwa mbere, bivuze ko umukurambere wimbwa yazimye. Imbwa niyo bwoko bwa mbere bwororerwa mu rugo, kandi bwororerwa mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi kubera imyitwarire itandukanye, ubushobozi bwo kumva, n'ibiranga umubiri.
Kuba bamaranye igihe kirekire n'abantu byatumye imbwa zihuza bidasanzwe imyitwarire yabantu, kandi zirashobora gutera imbere mumirire ikungahaye kuri krahisi yaba idahagije kubindi binyobwa. Imbwa ziratandukanye cyane muburyo, ubunini, n'amabara. Bakora imirimo myinshi kubantu, nko guhiga, kuragira, gukurura imizigo, kurinda, gufasha abapolisi nabasirikare, kubana, ndetse, vuba aha, gufasha abamugaye, ninshingano zo kuvura. Izi ngaruka kumuryango wabantu zabahaye sobriquet y "inshuti magara yumun.==
Amoko y'imbwa
Imiyoboro
Inyamabere |
2734 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook | Facebook | Facebook
Nyuma y’aho mu minsi ishize abakoresha Facebook batangiye kubona ko ingano y’inyuguti umuntu yanditse cyangwa izo abandi banditse zagabanutse, bamwe bakagira ngo ni ikibazo cy’imashini bakoresha cyangwa browser (Mozilla, IE, 360, Google Chrome,…) bakoreramo.
Nyuma y’aho ibibajijwe kenshi biciye kuri Twitter rero, Facebook yasohotse itangazo nayo ibicishije kuri Twitter, aho yavuze ko uko kugabanya ingano y’inyuguti (font size) biri mu rwego rwo gukomeza guhindura uburyo iyo site iteye n’ibyo igeza ku bakunzi bayo kugirango serivisi zayo zikomeze kubanogera.
Notes
Interineti |
2735 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitarayeze | Mitarayeze | Mitarayeze (mitrailleuse) ni yo yari igezweho mu gihe cy’intambara ya mbere y’isi. Icyo gihe inganda zashyize ingufu mu gucura ibikoresho by’intambara muri rusange, ariko bakaba bari bamaze imyaka 50 bari mu kugerageza niba babigeraho. Guhera mu 1914, ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga byakoreshejwe bidasubirwaho mu nzego nyinshi, cyane cyane izifite aho zihurira n’imirwano.
Inganda zicura ibyuma n’ikoreshwa ry’ubumara byatumye abahanganye ku rugamba bagira ingufu mu kwirinda umwanzi. Ka gerenade (grenade) kari gasigaye ari ako kwitwaza mu kwikiza umwanzi ku buryo butunguranye.
Igihe iyi ntambara yabaga havumbuwe ibintu byinshi, harimo igisasu kiremereye cyarashwe mu 1915; canons antiaériens, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kuyobya ibisasu n’indege biri mu kirere; kuyobora indege ziri mu kirere; itumanaho hagati y’abari ku rugamba n’abayobozi babo, n’ibindi; ariko nyine ibyo byose bikajyana no gutwara ubuzima bw’abantu.
Notes
Intwaro |
2736 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariki%20ya%20Nyungwe | Pariki ya Nyungwe | Pariki ya Gishwati iherereye hagati yakarere ka nyabihu na ngororero, iri shyamba ribitse inyamanswa nyishi ndetse n inyoni ziguruka ,
hamwe ningagi nkeya Ishyamba rya Gishwati ni ishyamba ririnzwe kandi ryitaweho mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, hafi y'ikiyaga cya Kivu . aya mashyamba yatangiye kwitambwaho kuva mumwaka 1978, kandi amashyamba menshi yabayeho kuva muwa 1986. gaye gusa agace gato kazengurutse amashyamba kavukire, 1,500 acres (6.1 km yishyamba ryumwimerere 250.000. Uretse igihombo ukomeye wa rw'ibinyabuzima, ku karere bimwe biboneka isuri no kwangirika no n'inkangu . Ibikorwa byo gutera amashyamba mumyaka mike ishize byongereye amashyamba kavukire asigaye kuri 2,500 acres (10 km . Inzu nini yicyayi ifata ibice byo hagati n’amajyaruguru ya reuge.
Ishyamba rya Gishwati ryahoze ari igice kimwe muri gahunda igoye y’amashyamba yimvura anyuze hagati ya Afrika. rikunze kuba riherereye hakurya y'Ikiyaga cya Kivu ihuza amashyamba y'imvura yo muri Kongo, n'amajyepfo igahuza n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe . iyi miterere y’amashyamba yacitsemo ibice kubera ubwiyongere bw’abaturage no gutema amashyamba. Itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ryateje ikibazo aho impunzi zahunze kandi abaturage bariyongera uko abantu bavanywe mu byabo; icyakora ako gace kari karahuye n’imyaka yo guteshwa agaciro mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda. Aka gace karangiritse kubera ubworozi bw'inka n'ubuhinzi kugeza igihe butatanga umusaruro. Isuri, inkangu, kugabanuka kw'amazi, n'uburumbuke bw'ubutaka byari byaturutse ku iyangirika ry'ubutaka.
Gahunda yo kubungabunga ishyamba rya Gishwati (GACP) yatangiye mu 2007 ku bufatanye na perezida w’u Rwanda, Paul Kagame, na Great Ape Trust, yashinzwe n’umugiraneza Ted Townsend. Iyi gahunda yatangiranye igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho parike y’igihugu yo kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu ishyamba rya Gishwati no guhagarika kwangirika vuba. Mu 1930 Ishyamba rya Gishwati ryatwaye hegitari 70.000 ariko ryatakaje hafi 90 ku ijana by'igifuniko cyaryo, iki gikorwa cyari kigamije kugarura igihombo gikomeye ako gace kamaze kubona mu myaka icumi ishize bityo ikibanza kikaba Ishyamba ry'amizero. Mu mwaka wa 2011, GACP yasimbuwe n’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta w’u Rwanda uzwi ku izina ry’ishyamba ry’amashyamba, kuri ubu ucunga amashyamba ya Gishwati (GFR).
Kuva ishyamba ry'amizero ryabaho habayeho kwiyongera kwa 67 ku ijana by'ubunini bw'ishyamba rya Gishwati. Abaturage ba chimpanzee baho bariyongereye kandi ibikorwa byinshi byubushakashatsi no kubungabunga ibidukikije byakoreshejwe muri reuge. Gahunda yo kubungabunga akarere ka Gishwati yatangiriye ku cyizere cy'uko mu nzira guverinoma y'u Rwanda izafata ako gace ikayigira parike y'igihugu. Bimwe mubikorwa bya leta no gutangaza amakuru byerekana ko GFR izamurwa muri parike yigihugu mugihe cya vuba.
ishyamba rya gishwati 1986 kugeza muwa 2001
Kubera gutema amashyamba ya Gishwati, gutakaza cyane ibinyabuzima byatumye. Fauna yonyine yagabanutseho 99.7%. Ibimera bigira uruhare runini mubuzima bwabaturage kavukire nabyo byagabanutse cyane. Imbuto zo mu gasozi zagabanutseho 93.3%, imboga zo mu gasozi zagabanutseho 99,6%, naho imiti yo mu gasozi ikoreshwa n’abaturage kavukire yagabanutseho 79.9%.
Ishyamba ry’amashyamba ryanditseho amoko 58 y’ibiti n’ibiti, harimo ibiti byinshi by’imvukira n’imigano. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku bijyanye no gukwirakwiza karuboni y’ishyamba bwerekanye ko Macaranga kilimandscharica ari ubwoko bw’ibiti bikunze kugaragara mu bice by’ishyamba bitigeze bihungabana. Uturere twahungabanije amashyamba ahura nubuzima bushya byerekana ubukoloni bwa Carapa grandiflora, Entandrophagrama excelsum, na Symphonia globulifera . Ibindi bimera byabigenewe birimo ibiti binini byimeza nubururu bwubururu.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwibinyabuzima bushobora kuboneka mubigega. Haboneka amoko ane ya primates, Chimpanzee y'Iburasirazuba (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii), inkende ya zahabu, inkende y'ubururu, n'inguge ya L'Hoest (izwi kandi ku nguge yo ku misozi). Nubwo atari guhera 2002, ubwoko bwa gatanu bwibinyabuzima, colobus yumukara numweru byavuzwe ko yabonetse. Muri iki gihe habarurwa amashyamba 20 yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ubu ni ubwiyongere bwa 54% mubunini bwabaturage kuva kuri chimps 13 muri 2008, igihe GACP yatangiraga. Harimo impinja eshanu. Ikigereranyo cy'ubucucike bw'ibyari bya chimpanzee wasangaga 1.473 kuri km2 na Dr. Plumptree. Izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zirimo inzuzi zitukura ( Potamochoerus porcus ), duiker yimbere yumukara (Cephalophus nigrifrons ), hyrax yo mu majyepfo ( Dendrohyrax arboreus ), serval ( Felis serval ), na Felis aurata .
Fauna Ibindi basanga ni amoko 84 ya inyoni, harimo Woodhoopoes ( Phoeniculidae ), White-headed Woodhoopoe ( Phoeniculus bollei ), Old World Warblers ( Sylviidae ), na Mountain Yellow Warbler ( Iduna similis ). Igikeri cyamashyamba yijimye hamwe nubwoko bwinshi bwamasaro ni bumwe mubuzima bwa amphibian buboneka mwishyamba. Ku bijyanye n’ibikururuka, inzoka nini zo mu biyaga binini n’amoko menshi ya chameleone nayo iboneka mu ishyamba rya Gishwati.
Itsinda rito ryitaruye rya chimpanzees yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba rituye mu ishyamba rya Gishwati, ahantu hashobora kuba uburiri bwikizamini kuburyo bushya bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 abaturage bari baragabanutse kugera ku banyamuryango cumi na batatu kandi bari hafi kurimbuka. Hagati ya 2008 na 2011 abaturage biyongereyeho mirongo ine na batandatu ku ijana bagera ku banyamuryango cumi n'icyenda ku bw'imbaraga za guverinoma y'u Rwanda na gahunda yo kubungabunga akarere ka Gishwati . Imbaraga nkizashyizweho kugirango zifashe inguge nini za Gishwati zirashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gufasha inguge nini kwisi. Ishyamba rya Gishwati nubuzima bwibihumbi magana byabanyarwanda batuye hafi ya Gishwati. Ishyamba rifasha kubungabunga uburumbuke bwubutaka kandi bikarinda kwangirika. Mu bihe biri imbere irashobora guha ubukungu bwu Rwanda inyungu ziva mu bidukikije binyuze mu binyabuzima biboneka muri ako karere. |
2737 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyondi | Icyondi | Icyondi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Cercopithecus lhoesti)
Nyungwe ni hamwe mu hantu hake ku isi hakiboneka ubu bwoko bw’inguge, ushobora kuzisanga hafi y’umuhanda ahegereye Uwinka.
Inyamabere |
2739 | https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkomo | Inkomo | Inkomo (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Colobus angolensis)
Ishyamba rya Nyungwe niryo ryonyine ku mugabane w’Afurika ribonekamo izi nguge mu matsinda manini, agizwe n’inguge 350.
Inyamabere |
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