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https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda
Rwanda
U Rwanda ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, munsi y’Umurongo wa Koma y’isi. Umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa Kigali. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi enye: ikinyarwanda, igifaransa, icyongereza n'igiswayire. Ururimi rw’igihugu ni ikinyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga, ubuyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini. Ibirango by’igihugu cy’u Rwanda ni inkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu. Intego y'Umutegetsi ni Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu. Indirimbo y’Igihugu ni Rwanda Nziza... Amateka "Ubumenyi bw'isi" Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite ibirunga bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa Nil. U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu 438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika. Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: Burundi mu majyepfo (290km), Tanzaniya mu burasirazuba (217km), Uganda mu majyaruguru(169km) na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri Itumba-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe. Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe n’ikiyaga cya Kivu [] mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite ingangi zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'inyamaswa nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku Kibuye, Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu Rwanda ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519. MUDASIRU Pariki Nasiyonali Pariki ya Nyungwe Pariki y'Akagera Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga Intara Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 3, imirenge n’utugari. Kugeza muri 2005, U Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali,9 Intara ya Kigali Ngali,10 Intara ya Gitarama,11 Intara ya Butare,12 Intara ya Gikongoro,13 Intara ya Cyangugu,14 Intara ya Kibuye,15 Intara ya Gisenyi,16 Intara ya Ruhengeri,17 Intara ya Byumba,18 Intara y’Umutara,19 Intara ya Kibungo. Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda 13rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo uturere mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’utugali ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’Intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: Iyobokamana Abanyarwanda benshi ni abayoboke b’amadini 2 akomeye ariyo Ubukirisitu (Abagatolika, Abaporoso, Abapresibuteliyani n’abangilikani) n’ubuyislamu, n'Abahamya ba Yehova Kiliziya cyane cyane Kiliziya Gatolika niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’Abapadiri bera27mu w’1900. abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’abadage, bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda. Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49,5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27,2%), Abadivantisite (12,2%);Abahamya ba Yehova Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3,6%) N’Abayisilamu (1,8%), indi myemerere 1,7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98,3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire. Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda Ibendera ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’ubuhinzi abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni ikawa, icyayi n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, imboga, n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- inka, ihene n’intama. Ubutegetsi bwite bw’igihugu Muri politiki, u Rwanda rwayoborwaga n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mbere yuko rukolonizwa n’Ababirigi kugeza rubonye ubwigenge ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Ni repubulika iyoborwa na perezida ikaba inagendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi. Itegekonshinga rishya ryemejwe ku itariki ya 26 Gicurasi 2003. Umukuru w’Igihugu ni Perezida Paul Kagame naho Umukuru wa Guverinoma ni Minisitiri w’Intebe Édouard Ngirente. Guverinoma ishyirwaho na Perezida. Amashyaka ya Politiki U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi. Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: Parti Démocratique Chrétien (PDC) iyobowe na Alfred Mukezamfura ; Parti Social Démocratique (PSD) iyobowe na Vincent Biruta ; Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais (UDPR) iyobowe na Adrien Rangira ; Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na Kabanda Célestin ; Parti Démocratique Islamique (PDI) iyobowe na André Bumaya ; Parti Libéral (PL) iyobowe na Prosper Higiro ; na Front Patriotique Rwandais (FPR) iyobowe na Paul Kagame. Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni Parti Socialiste Rwandais (PSR), na Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959 Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux", ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye: 1. APROSOMA Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse 15/02/1959 2. UNAR Union Nationale Rwandaise 13/09/1959 3. RADER Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise 14/09/1959 4. PARMEHUTU Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu 09/10/1959 Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya: 1) ABAKI Alliance des Bakiga 2) ABESC Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes 3) ACR Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda 4) APADEC Association du Parti Democrate Chretien 5) APROCOMIN Association des Commerçants Indigenes 6) AREDETWA Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa 7) ARUCO Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo 8) ASSERU Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda 9) MOMOR Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais 10) MUR Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise 11) PAMOPRO Parti Monarchiste Progressiste 12) PSCR Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda 13) UAARU Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda 14) UMAR Union des Masses Rwandaises 15) UNAFREUROP Union Afro-Europeenne 16) UNINTERCOKI Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda (BRD) Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda (ORTPN) Perezidansi ya Repubulika Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu (CEPEX) Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga (RIEPA) Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo (RPSF) Amabanki Banque de Kigali (BK) Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD) I&M bank Rwanda Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE) Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR) Ecobank Rwanda Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB) BANCOR SA Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA Kenya commercial bank (KCB) Equity bank Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB) Zigama CSS Co-operative Bank Rwanda Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo. Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo. Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Kituo Cha Katiba Avega Agahozo Haguruka Notes Imiyoboro http://www.presidency.gov.rw/ http://www.livinginkigali.com https://www.discover.rw Rwanda Ibihugu Afurika
1649
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiliya
Bibiliya
Igitabo cya Bibiliya cyangwa Bibiliya Ntagatifu ni igitabo cyaturutse ku Mana. Ubwo igitekerezo cy'imibereho ya Kirisito ari ukuzuza ubuhanuzi, igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye cyanditswe mbere y'uko avuka. Ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bushyira ahagaragara imibereho ya Kirisito , urupfu no kuzuka kwe mbere y'uko bibaho. Isezerano Rishya ni igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye nk'uko byari byarahanuwe. Abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera babayeho hagati y'imyaka magana atanu, n'igihumbi na magana atanu mbere y'ivuka rya Kirisito , bavuze ingingo nyinshi zifatika zerekeye imibereho ya Mesiya. Bibiliya iboneka yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga 2.300, kandi ibyo byatumye igera ku bantu basaga 90 ku ijana by’abatuye isi. Ugeranyije , buri cyumweru hatangwa za Bibiliya zisaga miliyoni! Hacapwe kopi zibarirwa muri za miriyari 3.9 . Giha intera nini cyane mu gukundwa, gusomwa, kugurwa no kwandikwa cyane kurenza ibindi byose biri kuri uru rutonde. Hacapwe ibitabo bigera kuri miriyari 3 na miriyoni 9 by’icyo gitabo kitwa Bibiliya. Bibiliya ku murongo wa interineti Ibitabo byo muri Bibiliya Ibitabo by’Isezerano rya Kera Ibitabo bitanu bibanza bya Bibiliya byitwa, iby’amategeko, kuko birimo amategeko Imana yahaye aba Isirayeli ikoresheje Mose, nubwo harimo n’inkuru yuko byagenze. Mose niwe wa byanditse. Igitabo cy’Itangiriro Igitabo cyo Kuva Igitabo cy’Abalewi Igitabo cyo Kubara Gutegekwa kwa Kabiri Igitabo cya Yosuwa Igitabo cy’Abacamanza Igitabo cya Rusi Igitabo cya Samweli Ibitabo by’Abami Ibitabo by’Isezerano Rishya Ibitabo bitanu byambere mw’Isezerano rishya. Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohana bitwereka imiryango n’ubuzima bwa Yesu Kristo, igitabo gikurikiraho aricyo Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa gikbiyemo amateka y’Itorero rya mbere. Tugiye kwiga kur’ibi bitabo by’amateka mw’Isezerano rishya. Igitabo cya Matayo Igitabo cya Mariko Igitabo cya Luka Igitabo cya Yohana Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa Urwandiko rw’Abaroma Urwandiko rwa I kub’ikorinto Urwandiko rwa II kub’ikorinto Urwandiko rw’Abagalatiya Urwandiko rw’Abefeso Urwandiko rw’Abafilipi Urwandiko rw’Abakolosayi Urwandiko rwa I rwandikiwe Abatesalonika Urwandiko rwa II rwandikiwe Abatesalonika Urwandiko rwa I rwa Timoteyo Urwandiko rwa II rwa Timoteyo Urwandiko rwa Tito Urwandiko rwa Filimoni Urwandiko rw’Abaheburayo Urwandiko rwa Yakobo Urandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero Urwandiko rwa II rwa Petero Urwandiko rwa I rwa Yohana Urwandiko rwa II rwa Yohana Urwandiko rwa III rwa Yohana Igitabo cya Yuda Ibyahishuwe Zaburi Yobu Yesaya Ezekiyeli Daniyeli Imigani Ibyahishuwe Itangiriro Umubwiriza 1 Abakorinto 2 Abakorinto 1 Timoteyo 2 Timoteyo 1 Petero 2 Petero Notes Imiyoboro barnabasafrica.com Bibiliya​—Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya Bibiliya​—Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya (Ururimi rw'amarenga yo mu Rwanda) Ibitabo
1650
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezu%20Kirisitu
Yezu Kirisitu
Yezu Kirisitu cyangwa Yesu Kirisitu , Yesu Kirisito , Yezu Kirisito ; Yesu Krisitu cyangwa Yezu Krisitu , Yesu Krisito , Yezu Krisito yavukiye i Betlehemu muri Isirayeli, abyarwa na nyina Mariya twita Bikiramariya. Muri Kiriziya gatolika bibutsa umwanya ukomeye wa Bikiramariya mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi. Bikiramariya ni umubyeyi w'Imana, ahora iruhande rwa muntu, mu masengesho no mu bikorwa. Niyo mpamvu Bikiramariya yagiye yegera abemera akabaha ijambo ribafasha mu nzira ituma isi irushaho kuba nziza. Ubukirisitu
1651
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika
Afurika
Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri ku isi nini kandi wa kabiri utuwe cyane, nyuma ya Aziya mubice byombi. Kuri kilometero zigera kuri 30.3 km2 (kilometero kare miliyoni 11.7) harimo ibirwa byegeranye, bifite 20% byubutaka bwisi na 6% byubuso bwose. Hafi ya miliyari 1.4 kugeza mu 2021, bingana na 18% by'abatuye isi. Abatuye Afurika ni bato mu migabane yose; imyaka yo hagati muri 2012 yari 19.7, mugihe isi yo hagati yisi yari 30.4. Nubwo umutungo kamere utandukanye, Afurika nu mugabane ukize cyane ku mugabane wa buri muntu kandi uwa kabiri ukize cyane ku butunzi bwose, inyuma ya Oseyaniya. Intiti zabyitiriye ibintu bitandukanye birimo geografiya, ikirere, amoko, ubukoloni, Intambara y'ubutita, neocolonialism, kubura demokarasi, na ruswa. Nubwo ubwo butunzi bwibanze cyane, kwagura ubukungu vuba hamwe n’abaturage benshi n’urubyiruko bituma Afurika iba isoko ry’ubukungu ku isi hose. Umugabane uzengurutswe n'Inyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru, Isthmus ya Suez n'Inyanja Itukura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba n'inyanja ya Atalantika iburengerazuba. Umugabane urimo Madagasikari n'ibirwa bitandukanye. Irimo ibihugu 54 byigenga byemewe, intara umunani n’ibihugu bibiri byigenga bifite aho bigarukira cyangwa bitamenyekana. Alijeriya nicyo gihugu kinini muri Afurika ku karere, na Nijeriya nicyo kinini mu baturage. Ibihugu by'Afurika bifatanya binyuze mu ishyirwaho ry’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, rifite icyicaro i Addis Abeba.. Afurika ikurikirana ekwateri na meridian yibanze. Numugabane wonyine urambuye uva mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe ugana mu majyepfo yubushyuhe. Igice kinini cyumugabane n’ibihugu byacyo biri mu gice cy’amajyaruguru, gifite igice kinini n’umubare w’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’isi. Igice kinini cy'umugabane kiri mu turere dushyuha, usibye igice kinini cya Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Alijeriya, Libiya na Misiri, mu majyaruguru ya Mauritania, n'uturere twose twa Maroc, Ceuta, Melilla, na Tuniziya na byo bikaba biri hejuru ya tropic ya Kanseri, mu majyaruguru yubushyuhe. Mu bundi buryo bukabije bw’umugabane, amajyepfo ya Namibiya, Botswana y’amajyepfo, uduce twinshi twa Afurika yepfo, intara zose za Lesotho na Eswatini hamwe n’amajyepfo ya Mozambike na Madagasikari biherereye munsi y’ubushyuhe bwa Capricorn, mu majyepfo y’ubushyuhe. Afurika ni ibinyabuzima bitandukanye; ni umugabane ufite umubare munini w’amoko ya megafauna, kubera ko utagize ingaruka cyane ku kuzimangana kwa megafauna ya Pleistocene. Icyakora, Afurika nayo yibasiwe cyane n’ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije, birimo ubutayu, gutema amashyamba, ibura ry’amazi n’umwanda. Izi mpungenge zishingiye ku bidukikije ziteganijwe kwiyongera kubera ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka muri Afurika. Itsinda ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku mihindagurikire y’ibihe ryagaragaje ko Afurika ari umugabane wibasiwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere Amateka ya Afrika ni maremare, aragoye, kandi yakunze gushimwa n’umuryango w’amateka ku isi. Afurika, cyane cyane Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, yemerwa cyane nk'ahantu abantu bakomoka ndetse no mu bwoko bwa Hominidae (inguge nini). Hominide ya mbere na basekuruza babo yanditswe mu myaka igera kuri miliyoni 7 ishize, harimo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster - ibisigazwa bya Homo sapiens ya mbere (abantu ba none), biboneka muri Etiyopiya, Afurika y'Epfo, na Maroc, guhera mu myaka 233.000, 259.000, na 300.000 mu myaka yashize, kandi bivugwa ko Homo sapiens yakomotse muri Afurika mu myaka 350.000-226.000 ishize. Afurika nayo ifatwa naba antropropologiste ko ari umugabane utandukanye wa genetike bitewe no kuba utuwe cyane. Imico yabantu ya mbere, nka Egiputa ya kera na Carthage byagaragaye muri Afrika yepfo. Nyuma y’amateka maremare kandi akomeye y’umuco, kwimuka n’ubucuruzi, Afurika yakiriye amoko menshi, imico n’indimi. Mu myaka 400 ishize hagaragaye uruhare rw’iburayi ku mugabane wa Afurika. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 16, ibyo byatewe n'ubucuruzi, harimo n'ubucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Trans-Atlantike, bwateje abaturage benshi ba diaspora bo muri Afurika muri Amerika. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ibihugu by'i Burayi byakoronije hafi ya Afurika yose, bigera aho Etiyopiya na Liberiya byonyine byari abapolisi bigenga. Ibihugu byinshi biriho muri Afurika byavuye mu nzira ya decolonisation nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Etymology Afri yari izina ry'ikilatini ryakoreshwaga ryerekeza ku baturage bo muri Afurika y'amajyaruguru yari azwi mu burengerazuba bw'umugezi wa Nili, kandi mu buryo bwagutse ryerekeza ku bihugu byose byo mu majyepfo ya Mediterane (Libiya ya kera). Iri zina risa nkaho ryabanje kuvuga ubwoko bwa kavukire bwa Libiya, umukurambere wa Berber ya none; reba Terence yo kuganira. Iri zina ubusanzwe ryari rifitanye isano n'ijambo ry'Abanyafenisiya ʿafar risobanura "umukungugu", ariko hypothesis yo mu 1981 yemeje ko rikomoka ku ijambo rya Berber ifri (ifran nyinshi) risobanura "ubuvumo", ryerekeza ku batuye mu buvumo. Ijambo rimwe rishobora kuboneka mu izina rya Banu Ifran ukomoka muri Alijeriya na Tripolitania, umuryango wa Berber ukomoka muri Yafran (uzwi kandi ku izina rya Ifrane) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Libiya, ndetse n'umujyi wa Ifrane muri Maroc. Ku butegetsi bw'Abaroma, Carthage yabaye umurwa mukuru w'intara icyo gihe yise Africa Proconsularis, nyuma yo gutsindwa na Carthagine mu ntambara ya gatatu y'ibihano mu 146 MIC, yari irimo igice cyo ku nkombe za Libiya ya none. Umugereka w'ikilatini -ica urashobora rimwe na rimwe gukoreshwa mu kwerekana igihugu (urugero, muri Celtica kuva muri Celtae, nkuko byakoreshejwe na Julius Caesar). Agace k'abayisilamu nyuma ya Ifriqiya, nyuma yo kwigarurira ubwami bwa Byzantine (Uburasirazuba bw'Abaroma) Exarchatus Africae, nabwo bwarinze ubwoko bw'izina. Nk’uko Abanyaroma babivuga, Afurika iri mu burengerazuba bwa Misiri, mu gihe "Aziya" yakoreshwaga yerekeza kuri Anatoliya n'ubutaka mu burasirazuba. Umurongo utomoye washyizweho hagati y’umugabane w’ibihugu byombi n’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isi witwa Ptolémée (85-165 GC), werekana Alegizandiriya hafi ya Meridiya ya mbere kandi bigatuma isthus ya Suez n’Inyanja Itukura umupaka uhuza Aziya na Afurika. Mugihe Abanyaburayi basobanukiwe n’urugero nyarwo rw’umugabane, igitekerezo cya "Afurika" cyagutse n'ubumenyi bwabo. Ibindi bitekerezo bya etymologiya byashyizwe ku izina rya kera "Afurika" Imigabane y’Isi Afurika
1652
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeriya
Nijeriya
Nijeriya cyangwa Nigeriya, Repubulika ya Nijeriya (izina mu cyongereza : Federal Republic of Nigeria ; izina mu kigibo : Njíkötá Óchíchìiwù Naíjíríà ; izina mu gifurahe : Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya ; izina mu kiyoruba : Àpapọ̀ Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà ; izina mu gihawusa : Jamhuriyar Tarayiar Nijeriya ) n’igihugu muri Afurika. Umurwa mukuru wa Nijeriya witwa Abuja. Indimi nkuru za Nijeriya ni ikigibo, ikiyoruba, igihawusa, n’icyongereza. Nijeriya yabayemo ibihugu byinshi by’abasangwabutaka mbere y’abakoloni n’ubwami kuva mu kinyagihumbi cya kabiri mbere ya Yesu, aho umuco wa Nok mu kinyejana cya 15 mbere ya Yesu wabaye ubumwe bwa mbere muri icyo gihugu. Intara ya kijyambere yatangiriye ku bukoloni bw’Abongereza mu kinyejana cya 19, ifata imiterere y’akarere kayo hamwe n’ubuyobozi bwa Nijeriya y'Amajyepfo na Protekate ya Nijeriya y'Amajyaruguru mu 1914 na Lord Lugard. Abongereza bashizeho inzego z’ubuyobozi n’amategeko mu gihe bakurikiza amategeko ataziguye binyuze mu batware gakondo bo mu karere ka Nijeriya. Nijeriya yabaye federasiyo yigenga ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1960. Yahuye n’intambara y’abenegihugu kuva 1967 kugeza 1970, ikurikirwa n’ubutegetsi bwa gisivili bwatowe binyuze mu nzira ya demokarasi hamwe n’igitugu cya gisirikare, kugeza igihe habaye demokarasi ihamye mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya 1999; amatora yo mu 2015 bwari bwo bwa mbere perezida uriho atsinzwe amatora. Nijeriya ni igihugu cy’amahanga yose gituwe n’amoko arenga 250 avuga indimi 500 zitandukanye, zose zikaba zifite imico itandukanye. [11] [12] Amoko atatu manini ni Hausa mu majyaruguru, Yoruba mu burengerazuba, na Igbo mu burasirazuba, hamwe hamwe akaba arenga 60% by'abaturage bose. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza, rwatoranijwe kugirango rworohereze ubumwe bwindimi kurwego rwigihugu. Itegekonshinga rya Nijeriya riharanira ubwisanzure mu idini [16] kandi rikaba rifite bamwe mu baturage b’abayisilamu n’abakirisitu benshi ku isi, icyarimwe. Nijeriya igabanijwemo kabiri hagati y’abayisilamu, baba mu majyaruguru n’abakristu, baba mu majyepfo; amadini y'abasangwabutaka, nk'aya kavukire yo mu bwoko bwa Igbo na Yoruba, ari mbarwa. Nijeriya nimbaraga zo mukarere muri Afrika, imbaraga zo hagati mububanyi n’amahanga, kandi ni imbaraga zigaragara ku isi. Ubukungu bwa Nijeriya ni bunini muri Afurika, ku mwanya wa 25 ku isi ku musaruro rusange, na 25 muri PPP. Nijeriya bakunze kwita Igihangange cya Afurika bitewe n’abaturage benshi n’ubukungu [19] kandi ifatwa nkisoko rigenda ryiyongera na Banki yisi. Icyakora, igihugu kiri hasi cyane ku rutonde rw’iterambere ry’abantu kandi gikomeza kuba kimwe mu bihugu byononekaye cyane ku isi. [20] Nijeriya ni umunyamuryango washinze Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika kandi ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga, harimo Umuryango w’abibumbye, Umuryango w’ibihugu bigize Umuryango, NAM, [22] Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba, na OPEC. Numunyamuryango witsinda rya MINT ridasanzwe ryibihugu kandi ni kimwe mubukungu bukurikira. References Afurika Ibihugu
1653
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuholandi
Ubuholandi
Ubuholandi cyangwa Ubuhorandi, Nederilande (izina mu kinyaholande : Nederland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi.umurwa mukuru w'ubuholandi ni Amsterdam Ubuholandi Uburayi Ibihugu
1655
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu
Adamu
Iy'ingingo iragaruka kunkuru ndetse no kwishusho rusange rya bibiliya. Kubindi bikoreshwa, Ukeneye ibisobanuro byimbitse ndetse no gusobanukirwa birushijeho, reba Adamu na Eva. Adamu ni ishusho mu gitabo cy'Itangiriro muri Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, no muri Korowani no mu myizerere ya gikristo. Dukurikije imigani y'irema [1] y'amadini ya Aburahamu, niwe muntu wa mbere. Mu Itangiriro na Korowani, Adamu n'umugore we birukanwe mu busitani bwa Edeni bazira kurya imbuto z'igiti cy'ubumenyi bw'icyiza n'ikibi. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurema no gusobanura Bibiliya buvuga ko Adamu ari umuntu wamateka. Ibimenyetso bya siyansi ntibishyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe. Ijambo adam rikoreshwa kandi muri Bibiliya nk'izina, umuntu ku giti cye nk '"umuntu" kandi mu buryo rusange nk "abantu". Adamu wo muri Bibiliya (umuntu, abantu) yaremewe kuva adamah (isi), kandi Itangiriro 1-8 ryerekana uruhare runini rwubucuti hagati yabo, kuko Adamu yatandukanijwe nisi kubwo kutumvira kwe. Indanganturo (Reference) Byahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam Isezerano rya Kera
1657
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubukirisitu
Ubukirisitu
Ubukirisitu cyangwa Ubukirisito cyangwa Kristendomu (Bakristo) Ubukirisitu ni imyemerere y'ibya Yezu Kirisitu cyangwa Yesu Kirisito. Uwemera ibyo akabikurikiza bamwita umukirisitu Amwe mu mateka y'ivuka ry'Abaporotesitanti mu Rwanda Ubufatanye bw’itorero Peresibiteriyene mu Rwanda n’andi matorero ya gikirisito mu Rwanda. Nk’uko byemezwa na twagirayesu na Butselaar, gushaka imibanire myiza n’andi matorero byatangiye n’ivuka ryayo mu 1907 nka kimwe mu biranga EPR. Kuri ibyo, abamisiyoneri bo muri Usambaro bagiranye umubano n’Abamisiyoneri Gatulika b’Abapadiri bera, Abamisiyoneri b’Ababirigi bagiranye umubano na Church Missionary Society (CMS) kimwe mubikorwa bari bahuriyeho ni uguhindura inyandiko ntagatifu mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda. Ubufatanye n’imibanire myiza hagati y’amatorero y’Abaporetesitanti mu Rwanda byatumye habaho Inama y’Abaporitesitanti mu Rwanda, Ishami ry’ivugabutumwa ry’abaporotesitanti riri i Butare, byatumye itorero peresibiteriyene rigira uruhare rufatika mu bikorwa byinshi biranga iryo huriro. Ubugatolika Ubuporotesitanti Ubukirisitu
1663
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatutsi
Abatutsi
Abatutsi ni ubwoko bwanyafurika bubarizwa mugice cy'uburasirazuba , bukaba bwiganje mu Rwanda no mu Burundi, ariko buboneka no mu bindi bihugu bya Afurika yo hagati nka Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo na Tanzaniya. Abatutsi bivugwa ko aribo baje nyuma mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari. N’aborozi b’inka bakaba ari 21% b’abatuye u Rwanda n’Uburundi. Bagaragaraga nk’imfura bakaba banashoboye gutegeka akarere igihe kirekire bakanakundwa nabose Notes http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intore Rwanda Burundi Umuryango
1666
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwe
Interahamwe
Interahamwe wari Umutwe w'urubyiruko rw' abahutu b'abahezanguni bari mu Ishyaka rya MRND mu Rwanda. Mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Interahamwe zishe abatutsi, abahutu n'abatwa batavugaga rumwe nazo barenga miriyoni. Interahamwe zise abatutsi inyenzi n’inzoka, naho abahutu n'abatwa batavuga rumwe nazo babita ibyitso by'abatutsi. Bamwe mu bari bagize uyu mutwe baracyihisha mu mashyamba ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bitandukanye ku isi, abandi batashye mu Rwanda baraburanishwa, bamwe barafungwa, abandi basubizwa mu buzima busanzwe. Itsembabwoko Rwanda
1779
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarundi
Abarundi
Abarundi ni abanyagihugu b’iburundi. Abantu beza bafise inyifato nziza. niwaba wifuza kubamenya rwose urakubitirayo wirabire. Ubwo bumwe bwari ubw’Abarundi bose: Abahutu , Abatutsi n'Abatwa. Burundi Umuryango
1783
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage
Ikidage
Ikidage ni ururimi rw'Abadage. Amagambo n'Interuro mu Kidage amakuru = Wie geht es dir / Was gibt's Neues? amakuru ni meza = Mir geht es gut / Uns beiden geht es gut (Mu bwinshi) Muraho / Wiriwe = Guten Tag ndagukunda = Ich liebe dich. urukundo = Lieben murakoze = Danke vuba = schnell bite = Wie gehts? kuririmba = singen kurya = essen icyayi = Tee amafaranga = Geld umudage = Deutscher ubudage = Deutschland Umugabo = ein Mann Umugore = eine Frau Umwana = ein Kind Wikipediya mu kidage http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite Indimi z’ikidage Abadage
1784
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadage
Abadage
Abaturage b'Ubudage Jenoside y’Abayahudi Umuryango
1785
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage
Ubudage
Ubudage (izina mu kidage : Deutschland cyangwa Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Ubudage witwa Berlin. Igihugu cyo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba. Ubudage ituwe n'abantu 82 175 684 birenga [[File:Nr 2 Berlin Panorama Uburayi Ubudage Ibihugu
1786
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burayi
Burayi
Umugabane w’Uburayi ni umwe mu migabane igize isi. Urutonde rw’ibihugu Alubaniya Azeribayijani Andora Arumeniya Belarusi Bosiniya na Herizegovina Buligariya Cekiya Danimarike Esipanye Esitoniya Finilande Geworigiya Giburalitari Hongiriya Ibirwa bya Farowe Ikerene Ikigereki Irilande Isilande Kazakisitani Korowatiya Lativiya Lituwaniya Liyeshitensiteyine Lugizamburu Malita Masedoniya ya Ruguru Molidova Monako Montenegoro Mutagatifu Marino Nederilande Noruveje Ositiriya Polonye Porutigali Romaniya Seribiya Shipure Silovakiya Siloveniya Suwede Turukiya Ububiligi Ubudage Ubufaransa Uburusiya Ubusuwisi Ubutaliyani Ubwongereza !
1792
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perezida%20wa%20Repubulika%20y%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda
Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda
Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda.
1794
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kagame
Paul Kagame
Paul Kagame ni Perezida wa 5 wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda kuva 2000. Paul Kagame yavukiye ku wa 23 Ukwakira 1957 m'umujyi wa Ruhango mu ntara y’Amajyepfo, mu cyahoze ari Komine Tambwe ,yari imwe mu zari zigize Perefegitura ya Gitarama. Kagame ndetse n'umuryango we baje guhungira mugihugu cy'uBugande ,Mu gihe ivanguramoko ryibasiraga abo mu bwoko bw’ umuryango wa Paul Kagame uri mu miryango yatotejwe maze abasaga ibihumbi 100 bakava mu byabo bagahungira mu bihugu by’abaturanyi. Mu mwaka w’1959,. Kagame yavukiye mu muryango w'abatutsi mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Igihe yari afite imyaka ibiri, Impinduramatwara yo mu Rwanda yarangije ibinyejana byinshi byiganjemo abatutsi; umuryango we wahungiye muri Uganda , aho yamaze ubuzima bwe bwose. Mu myaka ya za 1980, Kagame yarwanye mu ngabo z’inyeshyamba za Yoweri Museveni , aba umusirikare mukuru wa Uganda nyuma yuko intsinzi ya gisirikare ya Museveni imujyanye kuri perezidansi ya Uganda . Kagame yinjiye mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), rwateye u Rwanda mu 1990; umuyobozi Fred Rwigyema yapfuye hakiri kare mu ntambara maze Kagame yigarurira. Kugeza mu 1993, FPR yagenzuye agace gakomeye mu Rwanda no guhagarika imirwanobyaganiriweho. Mu iyicwa rya Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yari ingingo guhera Jenoside, aho abahutu b'intagondwa bishe bagera 500.000 miliyoni imwe Abatutsi n'Abahutu batari intagondwa. Kagame yongeye intambara y'abenegihugu, arangiza itsembabwoko itsinze igisirikare. Muri visi-perezida, Kagame yagenzuraga ingabo z’igihugu kandi akomeza kubahiriza amategeko, mu gihe abandi bayobozi batangiye kubaka igihugu. Abasirikare benshi ba FPR bakoze ubwicanyi bwo guhana; ntivugwaho rumwe niba Kagame yarateguye ibi, cyangwa nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kubihagarika. Inkambi z'impunzi z'Abahutu zashinzwe muri Zayire no mu bindi bihugu, zagenzurwaga na jenoside(abitabiriye jenoside) bakangisha umutekano u Rwanda. FPR yibasiye inkambi mu buryo butarobanuye mu 1996, ihatira impunzi nyinshi gutaha, ariko inyeshyamba zikomeza gutera u Rwanda. Igitero cyagabwe ku nkambi z'impunzi cyahitanye abantu bagera ku 200.000. Raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekana ko ibyo bitero bishobora kuba bihwanye na jenoside, bikaba bishobora gutuma Paul Kagame aba umunyabyaha w’intambara. Mu rwego rwo gutera, Kagame yateye inkunga intambara ebyiri z’inyeshyamba zitavugwaho rumwe muri Zayire. Inyeshyamba zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda na Uganda zatsinze intambara ya mbere (1996–97), zishyiraho Laurent-Désiré Kabila kuba perezida mu cyimbo cy'umunyagitugu Mobutu maze ahindura igihugu nka Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC). muintambara ya kabiri yatangiye mu 1998 kurwanya Kabila, nyuma umuhungu we Joseph , nyuma y’uko guverinoma ya DRC yirukanye ingabo z’u Rwanda na Uganda mu gihugu. Intambara yaje kwiyongera mu ntambara yo ku mugabane wa Afurika yakomeje kugeza amasezerano y'amahoro yo mu 2003 no guhagarika intambara. Nka perezida, Kagame yashyize imbere iterambere ry’igihugu, atangiza gahunda yo guteza imbere u Rwanda nkigihugu cyinjiza amafaranga hagati muri 2020. Kuva mu 2013, iki gihugu kiratera imbere cyane ku bipimo ngenderwaho, birimo ubuvuzi n’uburezi; kwiyongera kwumwaka hagati ya 2004 na 2010 wagereranije 8% kumwaka. Kagame yagiranye umubano mwiza n’umuryango w’iburasirazuba bwa Afurikana Amerika; umubano we n'Ubufaransa wari mubi kugeza mu 2009. Umubano na DRC ukomeje kuba mubi nubwo intambara yo mu 2003 yahagaritswe; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu na raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yashyizwe ahagaragara ivuga ko u Rwanda rushyigikiye inyeshyamba ebyiri muri iki gihugu, Kagame arabihakana. Ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse kwishyura inkunga muri 2012 nyuma yibi birego. Kagame arazwi cyane mu Rwanda hamwe na bamwe mu babikurikiranira hafi; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu imushinja gukandamiza politiki. Yatsinze amatora mu 2003, hashingiwe ku itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe muri uwo mwaka, atorerwa manda ya kabiri mu 2010. Abanyarwanda Reba Abanyepolitiki Itsembabwoko Abanyarwanda Abatutsi Abagabo Rwanda Afurika Afurika y'iburasirazuba
1808
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nta%20mugabo%20umwe
Nta mugabo umwe
Nta mugabo umwe (izina mu kilatini Unus testis, nullus testis ) Umugani w'umugenurano uvugwa bashaka kwerekana ko abantu bagomba gufatanya cyangwa gushyira hamwe ngo bagere ku kintu cy'ingenzi. Mu gushyigikira ingingo zimwe zivugwa mu Nyandiko y’ibirego, Urugereko rwasanze rwarashyikirijwe ubuhamya bw’umugabo umwe, noneho havuka ikibazo cyo kumenya niba imvugo izwi cyane mu miryango remezo y’amategeko nshinjabyaha akomoka ku baromani n’abanyaburayi, ariyo Unus testis, nullus testis (Nta mugabo umwe) yakurikizwa. Iyo mvugo isobanura ko kugira ngo ubuhamya bw’umugabo umwe bushobore kwemerwa, bugomba kugira ikindi kibushyigikira.
1809
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naje%20kubara%20inkuru
Naje kubara inkuru
UMWANDIKO NYANGUFI NA BAKURU BE IGICE CYA 1 Umugabo yari afite umugore maze babyarana abana barindwi b’abahungu, uwipfura yarageze nko mukigero cy’imyaka icumi. Umwuga w’uwo mugabo wari kwasa inkwi akazigurisha udufaranaga two kumutunga we n’abiwe bose, barabakene cyane bagahora bafite umutima uhagaze kuko batashoboraga kubona igitunga abo bana uko ari barindwi kandi nta numwe wari ugejeje igihe cyo kwirwanaho. Icyarushagaho kubatera agahinda, nuko uwo mwaana wabo w’umuhererezi yahoraga abatera impungenge, ntagire ikintu kimushimisha agahora yigunze kandi ntavuge. Iyo yakoraga igikorwa cyiza giturutse ku Mutima mwiza yari yarivukaniye, we yibwiraga ko akoze ikintu kidatunganye. yari mugufi cyane kuburyo yavutse areshya n’urutoki rw’igikumwe maze bakurizaho ku mwita nyangufi. Uwo mwana bari baramwishyize mu mutwe bose ikibi cyose gikozwe muri urwo rugo akaba ariwe kitirirwa nyamara ariko niwe warushaga bakurube ubwenge n’ubwitonzi ndetse no guteganaya, ntiyarashamadutse, yavugaga make ariko akumva menshi. Bukeye amapfa aratera inzara irabiyogoza rwose muri icyo gihugu, murumva namwe umuntu wari ufite abana barindwi ko yari akomerewe cyane. Kubahahira ntibyari bimworoheye ariko akomeza kugerageza agezaho abura ibibahaza kubera igiciro cyari cyazamutse muri icyo gihe, bitewe n’inzara yari yaraje ari kirimbuzi. Umugabo amaze gushoberwa yigira inama yo guta abo bana mu ishyamba. Inama amaze kuyuzuza ntiyayihisha umugore we ahubwo ayihisha abana be, mu ijoro araye ari bujye guta abo bana muri rya shyamba, umugabo akangura umugore we kugirango amugire inama yari yungutse ku kibazo bari bamaze iminsi bibazacyerekeye uko bakwiye gutunga abo bana. Ubwo ariko abana bari baryamye kare, umugore amaze gukanguka, umugabo amubwirana agahinda kanini ati” umva rero mugore wanjye, urabona neza ko tutagishoboye gutunga bariya bana, none niyemeje ko ejo nzajaya kubata muri ryashyamba njya nasamo inkwibazagenda baribwe n’inyamaswa hekugirango nzabone inzara ibanyicira mu maso ibyo biztworohera cyane kuko mugihe bazaba bahugiye mu guhambira inkwi tuzabihisgha maze tugahindukira batatureba.” Ntimuyobewe rero impuhwe z’ababyeyi umugore yamaze kumva ayo magambo maze akubitwa n’inkuba maze asubiza umugabo we ati”ubwose ibyo uvuze ni ibikuvuye ku Mutima?cyangwa se hari ukunda wabaye? Ntanisoni biguteye? Ibyo bisubize aho ubikuye,wowe se ko uri mukuru hari aho wabibonye?niwowe ugiye kuzaba nyamuhamba babona”?. Umugabo he kugirango yumve neza igisubizo cya kibyeyi umugore amuhaye,atangira ku mutwama avuga ati”umva nawe ubwenge bw’abagore! Ubwose abo bana urabona tuzabatungisha iki?njyewe ntakundi, natekereje byarangiye, ndetse byuka witegure nawe kuko tujyana singiye kuzabona abana banjye bapfa urwagashinyaguro”. Umugabo akomeza kumvsha umugore we ko badashobora kubona icyatunga abo bana,ariko biba ibyubusa. Umugore yari umutindi nyakujya, ariko umutima we wakibyeyi ntutume yemera kwijugunyira ibibondo. Umugore akomeza kwiyumvira atekereza ukuntu inzara izamwicira abana mu maso,atekereje agahinda bizamutera, nawe yemera igitekerezo cy’umugabo we. Nuko ajya kuryama ariko amarira amuzenaga mu maso, ubwoariko nyangufi ibyo ababyeyi be bari barimo yari yabimenye kare. Yari umwana uzi ubwenge butanagaje kandi ntiyagiraga ikintu nakimwe kimutera ubwoba. Ymaze kumvira kuburiri bwe ibyo se avugana na nyina, abuka buhoro maze ajaya munsi y’intebe se yakundaga kwicara ho kugirango ashobore kumva ibyo bavuga, yamaze kubyumva neza asubira ku buriri ariko ntiyarushya agoheka ahubwo arara atekereza uko agomba kubigenza kugirango we nabakuru be bazashobore kwikura muri iryo shyama. Mumuseso wakare abyuka ajaya ku nkombe y’umugezi wari hafi y’iwabo atoragura utubuye twera atwuzuza umufuka we maze agaruka I muhira. Ntibyatinze buba buracyeye neza nuko wamugabo abyutsa umugore we n’abana ariko akaba yanogeje umugambi wo kubabwira ko noneho bari bumuhaerekeze bajyana kumutwaza inkwi mu ishyamaba. Nuko arabyuka nabo barabyuka arababwira ati”uyu munsi muramperekeza na nyoko, kugirango mu ntwaze inkwi. Umwe arazana izo ashoboye hanyuama tuzishyire hamwe hanyuma tuzigurishe amafaranga,noneho ahari yaba menshi tukayahahisha ibidutunga nibura icyumweru. Abana babyunvise bishimira kujya kureba aho hantu hakure barikumwe n’ababyeyi babo, nuko baherako baboneza iy’I shyamba ariko Nyangufi yirinda kugira icyo abwira bakuru be mubyo yari yumvise. NYANGUFI NA BAKIRU BE 2 Nuko basesera muri rya shyamaba, iryo shyamaba ryari inzitane kuburyo ntamuntu washoboraga kubona undi iyo yabaga amusizeho intambwe nk’icumi, ariko nyina waba bana we yasaga nuwa ciye kuko yarazi ibigiye kubabaho kandi adashoboye kubakiza cyangwa se ngo ababurire. Binjira mu ishyanba nibwo nyangufi yatangiye kugenda anaga twa tubuye aho se abanyujije, barinda kugera mu ishyamba rwagati. Se atangira gutema ibiti no kubisatura yereka abana hirya ye gato aho barunda imyase, nuko abana batangira gutunda inkwi bazirunda no gushaka imigozi yo kuzihambira. Uko bazitunda bazihambira niko Se na Nyina bakomezaga gucengera mu ishyamba hirya kugirango babone uburyo bwo kubibeta no gusubira I muhira. Abana bakomeza kurunda inkwi no kuzihambira,bigeze aho baza gukebuka aho ababyeyi babo bari ntibagira numwe babona. Nuko batangira guhamagara se na nyina bataka cyane, ngo bitabwe nande? Abana batangira kugira ubwoba bwinshi bakeka ko inyamaswa zaba zabaririye aba byeyi none nabo zikaba zigiye ku barya bari bihebye basigaye mu kangara tete. Ariko Nyangufi arabihorera bakomeza gusakuza barira kuko yari yizeye inzira iza kubasubiza I muhira kandi akaba azi neza ibyo ababyeyi babo bamaze kubakorera. Bigezaho abwira bakuru be abahumuriza ati”bavandimwe mwigira ubwoba,data na mama badusize hano baritahira ariko ni muhumure ndabageza I muhira mu nkurikire gusa”. Nuko abajya I mbere bakurikira hahandi yagiye anaga utubuye,bagiye kubona babona bageze I muhira, bakuru be baratangara bakavuga bamushimagiza bati uri akagabo sha. Naho we kubera ko yitonda cyane kandi akamenyakwiyoroshya mbese ntashake kumenya ko azi ubwenge arababwira ati” sijye ahubwo ni amahirwe tugize” abivuga amwenyura. Abana ntibahereyeko binjira munzu bagumye ku muryango bagumya bumva ibyo ababyeyi bavuga. Ubwo umugabo n’umugore we bakigera mu rugo umuntu ukomeye kuri uwo musozi yari yabishyuye amafaranga yari abamazemo igihe kirerekire. Uwomwenda ntibari bakiwutekereza bari barakuyeyo amaso, ayo mafaranga ntiyarabakijije ariko bamaze kuyabona baranezerwa cyane kuko inzara yari imaze kubarembya. Ako kanya Nyamugabo yohereza umugore we kugura inyama. Kubere ko bari bamaze igihe kinini batarya, umugore agura inyama nyinshi kuburyo abantu babiri batashoboraga kuzirya ngo bazimare, “ngo inyota ntindi igufunguza uwutari bumare” nuko umugore arateka amaze guhisha bararya birabasegeka nuko inyama zose zisigarira aho dore ko udaheruka kurya niyo abibonye atabishobora. Bamaze kwegura amabondo, wamugore aravuga ati “babana bacu iyo baba aha, baba bariye izi nyama zose zisigaye kandi zari kubahaza ndetse zikanasigara. Mbese nk’ubu aba banyagwa barihehe? Yewe uwapfa kunyereka nyangufi”. Nuko yungamo abwira umugabo ati “sinakubwiye ko tuzicuza hanyuma nk’ubu aba bana bamerewe bate muri ryashyamaba! Uziko uri inyamaswa muzindi wowe watinyutse kujugunya urubyaro rwawe kariya kageni? Ese nkubu niba bakiriho baratuvuga iki?..rero nanjye ngo bakiriho! Naruha mama naruha.   Nuko wamugabo ntiyaba agishoboye kwihanaganira ayo magambo y’umugore kuko yakomezaga kumuhamya icyaha ngo niwe washatse ko bata abana babo mu ishyamaba. Niko kumubwira amucyaha ati “niwongera kuvuga ayo magambo ndagukubita. Umugore akomeza kurira cyane ahamagara abana avuga ati “abana banjye weee!!!! Abana banjye weee!!!! Abana banjye weee!!!! Ageze aho sinzi uko yaje kuvuga cyane ati “abana banjye barihe weee!!!!” Abana uko bakabaye ku muryango bavugira icyarimwe bati “erega turi hano” Nuko nyina ashiduka ubwo yiruka afite ubwuzu bwinshi agana ku muryango maze aherako akingura akimara kubabona abahoberera icyarimwe ababwira ati “mbega ukuntu nishimiye kongera kubabona ndabibona murananiwe cyane kandi inzara yabishe maze abwira nyangufi ati “mbega umusatsi wawe!! nuko wahindutse? ngwino ngusokoze. Amaze kuwusokoza ahamagara abana maze bararya banezerewe, arko se yari yabuze ahantu yakwirwa. Hashize akanya maze yikura mwisoni ati “mwari mwagiye hehe mwabigoryi mwe mubonye igihe twabashakiye tukababura tukarenda kwiyizira twibwirango mwatashye. Abana bacisha make bakomeza kurya bafite umunezero, maze batangira kubatekerereza ukuntu bagize ubwoba basigaye muri ryashyamba bonyine. Icyaje kuba kibi nuko ibyo byishimo byashiranye nayamafaranga, ntibyateye kabiri amafaranga amaze gushira ababyeyi bongeye guta abana babo mu ishyamaba ariko noneho mu ryakure cyane. UMWANDITSI TUYISINGIZE Nazard 0781945496 Umuvugo wa Nyakayonga ka Musare Posted by DUSAMANA J.Claude phone:0788995492,0728995491 from École des sciences louis de monfort de Nyanza. Naje kubara inkuru yaraye i Murori kwa Nyiramuyaga na Muhaya Murorwa yacyuye amahano za busunzu zirayishoka ikabamburwa n’ibihunyira Ruhangwambone rwa Ruhoramumagambo, umuswa urayanitse mu kigunda, yapfuye urwa Ruvuzo yo yigeraga Mfizi ya Makuka ikayigerera i Buringeri yacitse nka Mushunguzi yaguye mu rukobo nk’impabe, yatsinzwe nka Karihejuru Naje ntabara impuha: impundu ziravuga umurenge mu mirambi ya Kigali ziranamije ku Muturagasani. kandi mbara inkuru ntikuke y’uko wakukiye Muteri, Mutabazi, ugatema ibyaro amajosi. Ngiyo ya Sugi Irasogombwa amahanga, irahinga iz’amakeba nkavuga imyasiro Wasiye Nyamiringa, Mirindi ya Rumeza, wayambikiye agashungo iyo ngoma yawe. Nimuyihe rugari Yibonereho Ruhangwambone Nyibaze ay’icyo kirara kitagira umuraza mu mirambi ya Rubaho, cyaroye kikica umukenya kitaramara kabiri kimbwire undi waryiswe iryo zina, akaba umuhutu, akaba umutunzi, akazisazira nyuma. Nandetse we Ruhangwambone rwa Ruhuzambone uba udateze amarengero ugacurisha imihoro? Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho Ruhangwambone! Nyibaze: ko amazina yari menshi, mukurora ukisunga iriheze rya Ruhararaburozi rwa Mpinga? Yo muguha impaka uwatwambuye Yuhi, imvano yava ku ki? Ntizi ko Rugaju ari we waduteye imbehoy'isuri maze tugasanganwa Imana ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe? Iyacu ni Rubanguka rwacyamuye ibihugu, ni we Rugira wahonokaga mu Buhinda. Na none niberwe ayigire intindo ayitegeke nka Rwuma maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe; nirembe ayigire insezo ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire izaze akuya kayirenze yicuza ayo yakoze; ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze! Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho Ruhangwambone! Izaza yumva amatare ayivuga mu mutwe mu mpinga ya Butare amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago, Mutukura itekanye na Mukeshajabiro. Nimuyihe rugari yibonbereho Ruhangwambone! Izaza ishorejwe amacumu mu mpinga ya Gatsibo amacumu yabaye inkwaruro; mazi ishime ko itagira ubwami i Bwangaguhuma kwa Gahaya: ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero amajyo azayibera amabuye. Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho Ruhangwambone: Izaza yumva insengo zivuga iwacu mu ngoro umuryasenge uyirya yabuze amaboko yo kwishima mu gihumbi: izaba yayakonje Mutukura, yayageretse ku ya Mutega w'inkanda! Ruhangwambone nimuyihebe nta nkandagiro ikizeye! Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho Ruhangwambone! Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y’i Butembambuto kwa Mataremato, yaje gutegura ino Matungo ayigira intindo? Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho Ruhangwambone! Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y’i Buvuganyanzara kwa Kivugabagore yahanzwe no kuvuga rimwe akarimi kayo kagwa mu matsa? Uzarebe aho izingiye mizinge: ntikizirikana ay’imusizi mba ndi ishami ryabyaye Nyirarugaju? Nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone! Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y’i Busobanyamakaraza kwa Gisababahutu? Iri ni ishavu ringana aya mazi rikayirara mu muroha yarahebye n’abayiyagira ngo bayihe ubuhura! Igumye iganye na Ntega: Bateze inyenga. Rero simbeshya ni ko ntanga abagabo benshi ba Mikore. Rukabuza arumva na Nkozimyambi. Sinzakaraba no kwa Rujyo. Makomere arabizi na Makuba na Rukaniramiheto Simbeshya uzahagira ku rw’i Bumpaka uzatwika ari umugero Rugina ikarwubika rugahinduka Umugina.
1818
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiramakangaza%20ngo%20mutahe
Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe
Ibisakuzo Iki ni igisakuzo cyane cyane cy'abana bato: Usakuza: Sakwe Sakwe Usubiza: Soma Usakuza: Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe Igisubizo: Imbeho ku rugi
1819
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbeho%20ku%20rugi
Imbeho ku rugi
ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Nyiramakangaza ngo mutahe
1821
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingara%20z%27iminyinya
Ingara z'iminyinya
Ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Zigariste amahembe ntiwamenya iyo nyoko yakowe
1824
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuto%20bwa%20so%20na%20nyoko
Ubuto bwa so na nyoko
ibisubizo_by'ibisakuzo Igisubizo cy'igisakuzo Nagutera icyo utazi utabonye
1825
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idini%20Ryitwa%20Yezu%20Nyakuri
Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri
"Idini ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri" ni idini ryigenga ryashingiwe i Beyijingi (Beijing) mu Bushinwa mu mwaka w'1917. Riri mu rwego rw'amadini y'abaporoso b'abakirisitu yaje mu ntangiriro z'1900. Iri dini rifite uyu munsi abayoboke miliyoni imwe n'igice (miliyoni 1,5) mu isi yose. Imyizerere y'iri dini ishingiye kuri penekositi, ukwizera gutangwa n'umwuka wera. Iri dini ntabwo ryizihiza Noheli. Ubukirisitu
1971
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkoranyamagambo%20y%E2%80%99Igiholandi%20n%E2%80%99Ikinyarwanda%20yakozwe%20na%20Emmanuel%20Habumuremyi
Inkoranyamagambo y’Igiholandi n’Ikinyarwanda yakozwe na Emmanuel Habumuremyi
Nederlands-Kinyarwanda Intangiriro Iyi nkoranya yatunganyijwe na Habumuremyi Emmanuel. Ni agace gato k'umushinga wo gutunganya Inkoranyamagambo y'Ikinyarwanda n'Icyongereza yiswe "Iriza-Starter" iboneka kuri Archive.org na []. Turizera ko iyi nkoranya izafasha benshi mu bashaka kwiga Ikinyarwanda cyangwa se igiholandi. Ubwo dutegereje ko muzajya mutugezaho ibitekerezo n'ibyifuzo. Amagambo atangirwa na A aaien V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa aamborstigheid N. asima aan ADV. ugana; kwa; i; ahagama aanbidden V. gusingiza aanbiddinggkutiutiu N. ibisingizo aanbieden N. igitambo aanbinden V. gutangira aanbreken van de dag N. umuseso aandacht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika aan de overkant van (adverb) ahateganye na; aharebana na aandienen V. kumenyekanisha aandoening N. indwara aangenaam ADJ. cyiza aangezien (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera aanhalen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa aan het einde (adverb) inyuma aan hun' PRON. bo aan jou' PRON. mwe aan ons' PRON. twe aanreiken V. gutanga; guha aanvliegen V. kuguruka aanvoerder N. umuyobozi aanwijzing N. ibwiriza aan ze' PRON. bo aardrijkskunde N. ubumenyi bw'isi aarzelen V. gushidikanya aarzeling N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya abacus N. ikibarisho abattoir N. ibagiro abnormaal ADJ. kidasanzwe academie N. kaminuza accident N. impanuka acht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika acht ADJ. umunani achtergrond N. indiba; intango achterlijf N. inda; umudigi adelaar N. kagoma adoration N. ibisingizo afgetrokken N. umunyamazinda afgezonderd ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye; yihariye afkorten V. guhina; gutubya afkorting N. impine afleggen V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara afleren V. kwigisha afschaffen gusenya; gusesa; gukuraho afschaffing N. iseswa afstand N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana afwennen V. kwigisha afzonderlijk ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye agent N. umupolisi aids N. sida; icyago cya sida; icyorezo cya sida akkerbouw N. ubuhinzi ambitie N. umuhate; ishyaka ananas N. inanasi arend N. kagoma artsenij N. umuti attentie ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitwararika; icyo kwitondera auto N. imodoka Amagambo atangirwa na B baan N. umuhanda baas N. umuyobozi badpak N. umwenda wo kogana bagage N. umutwaro; umuzigo bakken V. guteka bananenbier N. urwagwa bandiet N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni bank N. banki bars ADJ. igihubutsi bedanken V. gushimira bedaren V. gushira ubukana; guhinduka umunyantege nke; gucika intege; gucogora bedeesd ADJ. ufite ipfinwe; ufite amasoni bederven V. gutetesha bedriegen V. kubeshya beginnen V. gutangira behaaglijk ADJ. cyiza bej (adverb) kwa bejaard ADJ. usheshe akanguhe; umusaza; ushaje; ugeze mu zabukuru bekend ADJ. ikimenyabose; icyamamare; icyogere bekoelen V. gucika intege; guhinduka umunyantege nke; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora bekorten V. guhina; gutubya bekwaam ADJ. ushoboye; gishoboye bekwaamheid N. ubushobozi; ububasha beminnen N. urukundo Bent u mevrouw Janssens? Waba uri madamu Janssens? Bent u ziek? Urarwaye? beoordelen N. umucamanza bepaling N. ibisabwa; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje; ibyangombwa bisabwa kuzuzwa berechten N. umucamanza beroerd ADJ. kibi bestuurder N. umushoferi bet N. uburiri betalen V. kwishyura; kuriha bevangen ADJ. ufite amasoni; wamwaye; ufite ipfunwe bevelen V. gushyira ku murongo bezem N. umweyo; umukubuzo bh N. isutiye; ishindiriya bidden V. gusenga bieden V. gutanga; kugabira bier N. inzoga bijdrage N. umusanzu bijeenkomen V. guhura bijna (adverb) hafi bijten V. kuruma; kurya binden V. guhambira; kuboha; kuzirika bioscoop N. sinema blad N. ikinyamakuru blauw ADJ. ibara ry'ubururu; ubururu blijdschap N. ibyishimo; umunezero blijken V. kugaragara; gutunguka blik N. umukebe blinken N. gushashagirana blo ADJ. wamwaye; wakozwe n'isoni; ufite ipfunwe bloed N. amaraso bloem N. ururabo; ururabyo; ikimuri blouse N. ikizibaho blozend N. umutuku bodem N. indiba; intango boek N. igitabo boekenwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo boekwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo boel N. imbaga; inteko boer N. umuhinzimworozi boezem N. ibere borst N. ibere borstelen N. uburoso bos N. ishyamba breken N. kumena; kujanjura; kujanjagura; gusatagura brief N. ibaruwa; urwandiko; ibarwa broek N. ipantaro; ipatalo broer N. musaza (wa); umuvandimwe; umuvandimwe (wa) brood N. umugati bruiloft N. ubukwe bruiloftsfeest N. ubukwe burger N. umwenegihugu; umuturage burgerlijk N. umusivili bus N. bisi; otobisi Amagambo atangirwa na C cadeau N. impano; kado café N. akabari; kafe capabel ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboye ceintuurN. umukandara cessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana chef N. umuyobozi; umutware; shefu Christus N. Kirisitu; Kirisito civiel N. umusivili colbertjas N. ikoti computer N. mudasobwa concessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana conclusie N. umusozo; umwanzuro conditie N. ibisabwa; ibya ngombwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje condoom . agakingirizo; kondomu; gapoti; kapote conducteur N. umushoferi consigne N. ibwiriza couplet N. igitero; igitero cy'indirimbo Amagambo atangirwa na D daar (adverb) kubera ko; kubera; kukodag N. umunsi; Dag N. Waramutse?, Waraye? damp N. igihu decreteren N. iteka de mijne PRON. zanjye diabetes N. diyabete; indwara y'igisukari; diyabeti dialect N. ururimi rw'akarere diamond N. diyama die ADJ. uriya; iriya; kiriya dinsdag N. kuwa kabiri directeur N. umuyobozi; diregiteri; deregiteri dit PRON. ino; iyi dit hier PRON. ino; iyi dit is normaal (verb transitive) birasanzwedochter N. umukobwa; umukobwa wadoden V. kwicadoen V. gukoradomicilie N. intaho; ubuturodonderdag N. kuwa kanedoodgaan V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imanadoordat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera doos N. agasanduka drek1 N. amase drek2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki drinken V. kunywa drol1 N. amase drol2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki drom N. imbaga; inteko dubben V. gushidikanya dwergachtig N. igikuri dwingen V. guhata; gushyiraho imbaraga Amagambo atangirwa na E echec N. ugutsindwa echoën N. nyiramubande echtbreekster N. indaya; indayi; ihabara echtbreker N. umusambanyi; umugabo w'umusambanya; umugabo uca inyuma uwo bashakanye echtbreuk N. ubusambanyi echtelieden N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri echter (adverb) nyamara; gusaechtgenoot N. umugabo washatseechtgenote N. umugore washatseechtpaar N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiriechtscheiding N. itandukana ry'abashakanye; gatanya; itanaechtverbintenis N. ugushyingirwa; ubushyingirweeconomie N. ubukungu; umutungoeconomisch ADJ. cy'ubukungu; kijyanye n'iby'ubukungueczeem N. ibishishiedelen N. ubukomangomaedelgesteente N. umutakoedelman N. igikomangomaedik N. vinegereeed N. indahiroeed van trouw N. icyubahiro (gihabwa abakuru, Imana, abitabye Imana)eega N. umugabo; umugoreeekhoorn N. inkimaeelt N. ikigorieen hinderlaag leggen V. guca igicoEen huis kopen ukugura inzu; kugura inzu eerste ADJ. aha mbere; aka mbere; icya mbere; irya mbere; iya mbere; ubwa mbere; ukwa mbere; urwa mbere; uwa mbere eerste les Isomo rya mbereeeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezo eksteroog N. ikigori elektriciteit N. amashanyarazi elf N. cumi na rimwe en (conjunction) naerfelijkheid N. akokoeten V. kurya; gufunguraevalueren N. gusuzuma; kugenzuraexamen N. ikizamini; ibazwa; ikizamiezel N. indogobe Amagambo atangirwa na Ffaam N. impuha; igihuhafabel N. umuganifabriceren V. gukora; gutunganyiriza mu rugandafabriek N. uruganda; izinefamilie N. umuryango; famiyefiducie N. ukwemera; ukwizera; ibyiringiro; amiringirofilm N. filimi; senema; sinemafles N. icupafloers N. igihufluit N. umwironge; umwirongifraaiheid N. ubwiza Amagambo atangirwa na Ggaan V. kujyaganieten V. gushimishagapen V. kwayuragauw (adverb) vuba; vuba vuba; hutihutigebieder N. umuyobozigeel ADJ. umuhondo; ibara ry'umuhondogeen PRON. nta : Geen geluk Nta mahirwegeestelijke N. umupadiri; umupasitoro; umupasiteri; umupasitorigeheiligd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyerageitenmelk N. amahenehene; amata y'ihenegeloof N. ukwemera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro; ukwizerageluk N. amahirwe; ishabagemakkelijk ADJ. cyoroshye; woroshye; yoroshye; bworoshyegemeen ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyasizwegeneesmiddel N. umutigenoeglijk ADJ. cyizageografie N. ubumenyi bw'isigetrouwd ADJ. washyingiwe : Mijn zoon is nu getrouwd. Umuhungu wanjye ubu yarashyingiwe.geven V. gutanga; guhagevolgtrekking N. umusozo; umwanzurogeweifel N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanyagewijd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyeragezang N. indirimbogezin N. umuryangoglijden V. kunyereraGod N. Imanagoed ADJ. mwiza; ryiza; cyiza; nziza; rwiza; keza; bwiza; kwiza Goedendag N. Waramutse?, Bwakeye?, Mwabonye Matara atabara?, Mwaraye? goedemorgen N. Waramutse?; Waraye? gordel N. umukandara goud N. zahabu; inzahabu griep N. ibicurane groen ADJ. icyatsi; ibara ry'icyatsi; icyatsi kibisi groep N. itsinda; agatsiko; igurupe grond N. indiba; intango groot ADJ. kinini; cyagutse; kigaye grote stad N. umujyi gulden N. zahabu; inzahabu Amagambo atangirwa na H haar N. umusatsi; ubwoya haardos N. umusatsi; ubwoya half N. igice; kimwe cya kabiri haliotis N. ikinyamushongo handtasje N. agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu; agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki hangen V. kumanika; kubamba hapering N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya hart N. umutima hebben V. kugira; -fite : Zij hebben kinderen. Bafite abana. hechte samenwerking N. umubano mwiza Heeft u dan geen werk? PHR. Ni ukuvuga ko nta kazi ugira? Heeft u ook een kind? PHR. Nawe ufite umwana? heffen V. guterura heilig ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera heilige N. umutagatifu held N. intwari helpen V. gufasha hemd N. ikanzu hemel N. ijuru heros N. intwari; ingangare het mijne PRON. zanjye Het verbaast me dat hij afwezig is PHR. Birantangaje kuba adahari hier PRON. hano; aha hierheen PRON. hano; aha Hij is aan het eten Ari kuryahoe PRON. gute?; -te?Hoe gaat het met u? PHR. Amakuru yawe?Hoe gaat het met uw zoon? PHR. Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe?Hoe laat is het nu? PHR. Ubu ni saa ngahe?Hoe maakt u het? PHR. Amakuru?; Amakuru ki?Hoe maakt uw zoon het? PHR. Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe?Holland N. UbuholandiHollander N. umuholandihond N. imbwahondje N. akabwa; ikibwanahonds ADJ. igihubutsihoning N. ubuki; umutsamahoofdkussen N. umusegohoofdpijn N. indwara y'umutwehoop N. imbaga; intekohoorn N. ihembehouden van N. urukundohuis N. umuryangohuis N. inzu : Heeft u een huis? Ufite inzu?; urugohuisdeur N. umuryango w'inzuhuisgezin N. umuryangohuiswaarts N. imuhira; mu rugoHutu N. umuhutuhuwelijksweken N. ukwezi kwa buki Amagambo atangirwa na Iichneumon N. umukara; umutereriidee N. igitekerezoidentiek ADJ. bihuye; bihuje; bisa; buhuje kamereidentificeren V. kuvumburaideologie N. ingengabitekerezoijver N. ishyaka; umuhateIk heb en huis maar ik heb geen wagen Mfite inzu ariko singira imodoka Ik heb geen schulden Singira imyenda (amadeni)immoreel ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawein de morgen (adverb) mbere ya saa sita; mugitondoinfluenza N. ibicuraneinkorten V. guhina; gutubyainstructie N. ibwirizainteressant ADJ. gishamajeinzittende N. umugenziIs uw dochter ook ziek? Umukobwa awawe na we ararwaye? Is u ziek? Urarwaye? Amagambo atangirwa na Jja (adverb) yego jammer ADJ. bibabaje : Dat is jammer! Birababaje! jij PRON. wowe jongen N. umuhungu jou PRON. wowe journaliste N. umunyamakuru juffrouw N. madamazela; umukobwa Amagambo atangirwa na K kaart N. ikarita kaas N. foromaji kakken V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana kanarie N. inyoni kapotje N. agakingirizo; kapote; gapoti; kondomu kapster N. umwogoshi; kimyozi karpet N. umukeka; umusambi; itapi Kent hij de directeur van de bank? Uzi umuyobozi wa banki?kerk N. urusengero; kiliziyaKerstfeest N. Noherikeuken N. igikoni; icyikonikeuring N. ikizamini; ikizami; ibazwakeutel1 N. amasekeutel2 N. amabyi; amazirantokikiezen V. guhitamokijken V. kureba; kurorakijker N. ijishokinderen (pl noun) abana klas N. ishuri klasse N. ishuri kleding N. umwenda kleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka kleinmaken V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya klimmen V. kurira kloppen V. gukomanga knapheid N. ubwiza knorren V. kugona; gufurura komen kuza; kugarukakool N. ishukop N. umutwe w'inyamaswakopen V. kugurakorte jas N. ikotikous N. isogisikrant N. ikinyamakurukruis N. umusarabakundig ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboyekundigheid N. ubushobozi; ububashakwaad ADJ. kibikwaal N. indwarakwalijk ADJ. kibi Amagambo atangirwa na Llamp N. itara; itadowalandkaart N. ikaritalawaai N. urusaku; isahahalekker ADJ. cyiza; kinozelerares N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umureziles N. isomo; icyigwa; inyigisholid N. umuyobokelied N. indirimboliefhebben N. urukundoliefkozen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresalikdoorn N. ikigorilinks (adverb) ibumoso lucht1 N. ijuru lucht2 N. umwuka lui ADJ. umunebwe; inyanda luiheid N. ubunebwe; ubunyanda luwen V. gucika intege; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora Amagambo atangirwa na M ma N. mama; mawe maag N. igifu maagdelijk ADJ. isugi maak V. gukora maan N. ukwezi maand N. ukwezi maandag N. kuwa mbere maandelijks (adverb) buri kwezimaar (conjunction) nyamara; gusamaar (adverb) arikomaart N. ukwezi kwa gatatu; Werurwemacaroni N. makaronimaffen V. gusinziramais N. ikigorimaïs N. ikigorimaken V. gukora; guhanga ikintumam N. mama; mawemamma N. mama; mawemammie N. mama; maweman N. umugabomargarine N. marigarinemassa N. imbaga; intekomat ADJ. urushye; kirushyemedicijn N. umutimediteren V. kuzirikanameisje N. umukobwameisjesschool N. ishuri ry'abakobwamelig ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanijemeneer N. bwana : Wie is die meneer daar? Uriya mugabo ni nde?menigte N. imbaga; intekomes N. icyuma; umushyo; indigamevrouw N. umugore; madamumiddag N. saa sita z'amanywamijn ADJ. cyanjye; wanjye; ryanjye; yanjye; rwanjye; kanjjye; bwanjye; kwanjyemijn vrouw umugore wanjye; umufasha wanjyeMijn zoon is niet thuis Umuhungu wanjye ntari mu rugomijn zoon is ook in bed umuhungu wanjye na we ari mu buririmik N. umugatiminuscuul N. igikurimisschien (adverb) ahari; umenya; umenya ahari; birashoboka komist N. igihumoe ADJ. urushye; kirushyemooi ADJ. cyiza; nziza : De familie Van Dam heeft een mooi huis. Umuryango wa Van Dam ufite inzu nziza.multinational ADJ. mpuzamahugumultipliceren (verb); gukubamuskiet N. umubu; umuryasengemuskietengaas N. inzitiramubumuskietennet N. inzitiramubumuur N. urukuta rw'amatafari Amagambo atangirwa na Nnaamgever N. sogokuru; sekurunaar (adverb) ugana; werekeza; mu : Ik ga naar Nederland. Ngiye mu Buholandi.; i : Ik ga naar Amsterdam. Ngiye i Amusiteridamu.; muri : Ik ga nooit naar een café'''. Sinjya njya mu kabari. Naar het station Werekeza kuri sitasiyo naar huis (adverb) imuhira; mu rugo nadenken V. kuzirikana n.b. N. icyitonderwa Nederlands N. igiholandi : Ik versta geen Nederlands. Sinumva igiholandi. nee (adverb) oya; ntibishoboka; ihi!; u u! neus N. izuru nevel N. igihu niemand ADJ. nta (muntu) niet ADJ. nta nieuwigheid N. amakuru nieuws N. amakuru nieuwsgierig ADJ. umunyamatsiko nieuwtje N. amakuru noen N. saa sita z'amanywa nors ADJ. igihubutsi noten N. icyitonderwa nu (adverb) ubu : Nu is er een film. Ubu hari filimi yerekanwa.; nonaha nurks ADJ. igihubutsi Nyiginya N. umunyiginya Amagambo atangirwa na O oeffening N. umwitozo of (adverb) cyangwa offeren N. igitambo olifant N. inzovu omdat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera onaardig ADJ. igihubutsi onbestaanbaar ADJ. kidashoboka onderbroek N. ikabutura ondergrond (noun); indiba; intango onderlijf N. inda; umudigi onderwijzeres N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi onderzoek N. ikizami; ikizamini; ibazwa ongeluk N. impanuka ongeval N. impanuka onmogelijk ADJ. kidashoboka ontlasting1 N. amase ontlasting2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki ontlasting hebben V. kunnya; kwituma; gusarana ontvanger N. umukoreshakoro; porosobuteri onzedelijk ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawe oog N. ijisho ooglid N. urugohe; ingohe oom N. marume; nyokorome; nyirarume oor N. ugutwi oordelen N. umucamanza oorlogsfilm N. filimi y'intambara op de achtersteven (adverb) igice kigana inyuma h'ubwato cyangwa indege opgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara opofferen N. igitambo oppas N. umurezi w'abana; umuyaya opperste ADJ. umukuru oud ADJ. gishaje; ushaje; rishaje overal (adverb) aho ariho hose; ahantu hose overerfelijkheid N. akoko overhandigen N. ikiganza overhemd N. ikanzu overlijden V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imana Amagambo atangirwa na P paar N. bike; ikaramu pak N. igipfunyika; ivarisi pakje N. igipfunyika; ipaki paraplu N. umutaka passagier N. umugenzi pastoor N. umupadiri; umusaseridoti; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umupasiteri pastor N. umupadiri; umupasiteri; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umuherezabitambo paus N. Papa; Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatolika peet N. sogokuru; sekuru peetvader N. sogokuru; sekuru peinzen V. kuzirikana penis N. ubugabo; imboro; igitsina cy'umugabo peter N. sogokuru; sekuru pimpelen V. kunywa plaat N. ishusho poederwolk N. umucucu; umukungugu poepen V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana politie N. polisi; umupolisi politieagent N. umupolisi politiebureau N. ibiro bya polisi politiepost N. ibiro bya polisi praten V. kuvuga prevalent ADJ. umukuru prijs N. igiciro prijsgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara; guhana probleem N. ikibazo; ingorane psalm N. zaburi Amagambo atangirwa na R raam N. idirishya recht N. itegeko reis1 N. urugendo; uruzinduko reis2 N. uruzinduko; uruzindu; urugendo restaurant N. uburiro; resitora reticule N. agasakoshi; agashakoshi ko mu ntoki; agakapu k'abadamu; agakapu riem N. umukandara rijst N. umuceri rok N. ijipo; ingutiya roken V. kunywa itabi ronken V. kugona; gufurura rood ADJ. umutuku; ibara ry'umutuku route N. umuhanda rover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni Amagambo atangirwa na S saai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije sacraal ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera salade N. salade salaris N. umushahara; igihembo samenkomen V. guhura schaduwen N. umurizo schapenmelk N. amatamatama; amata y'intama schoen N. urukweto; ikirato schooljuffrouw N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi schoonheid N. ubwiza schoonmoeder N. mabukwe; nyokobukwe; nyirabukwe schoorvoeten V. gushidikanya schouwburg N. inzu y'amakinamico schrijven V. kwandika schuieren N. uburoso sigaret N. isegereti; itabi; isigara sjaal N. fulari slaatje N. salade slachterij N. ibagiro slachthuis N. ibagiro slapen V. gusinzira slecht ADJ. kibi snorken V. kugona; gufurura snorren V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha snurken V. kugona; gufurura sokken N. isogisi soon N. umuhungu; umuhungu wa spelen V. gukina springen V. gusimbuka staan V. guhagarara; kuba uhagaze staatsburger N. umuturage; umuturagihugu; umwenegihugu stadhuis N. hoteli yo mu mujyi : Mijn dochter werkt nu op het stadhuis. Ubu umukobwa wanjye akorera muri hoteli yo mu mujyi. stamvader N. umukurambere stand N. ishuri station N. gare; ikigo bategeramo imodoka steen N. ibuye; itafari sterven V. gupfa; kwitaba imana; gutabaruka stoppen V. guhagarika straat N. umuhanda; ibarabara strelen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa struikrover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni student N. umunyeshuri studie V. kwiga suikerziekte N. diabeti; indwara y'igisukari; diyabete superieur ADJ. umukuru Amagambo atangirwa na T taai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije taak N. umurimo; ikiraka taal N. ururimi taalleraar N. umwarimu w'indimi tafel N. ameza tak N. ishami tand N. iryinyo tandenborstel N. uburoso bw'amenyo tandpasta N. umuti w'amenyo; kologati tapijt N. itapi; umusambi tas N. igikapu; umufuka tasje N. agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki; agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu taxi N. tagisi teen N. ino telegram N. telegaramu televisie N. televiziyo telraam N. ikibarisho temperatuur N. igipimo cy'ubushyuhe; ubushyuhe bw'ahantu theelepeltje N. akayiko tien ADJ. icumi tijd N. igihe : Hej heeft geen tijd. Nta gihe afite. tijdelijk ADJ. by'igihe gito; mu gihe cyagateganyo timide ADJ. umunamasoni; ufite ipfunwe; wamwaye timmerman N. umubaji tocht N. uruzindu; uruzinduko; urugendo toegeving N. itererana; isuhuka; ita; isiga toer N. uruzindu; urugendo; uruzinduko toerisme N. ubukerarugendo toerist N. umukerarugendo tong N. ururimi tongval N. ururimi rw'akarere toonbeeld N. urugero treden V. gutambuka; kugenda trekken V. gukurura trip N. urugendo; uruzindu; uruzinduko Tutsi N. umututsi Twa N. umutwa twee Num. kabiri; babiri; ibiri; abiri; bibiri; ebyiri; bubiri; tubiri tweede ADJ. wa kabiri; ba kabiri; ya kabiri; rya kabiri; cya kabiri; bya kabiri; za kabiri; rwa kabiri; ka kabiri; twa kabiri; bwa kabiri; kwa kabiri; ha kabiri Amagambo atangirwa na U u PRON. wowe uier N. icebe uit de mode ADJ. kitagezweho; kitajyanye n'igihe uitgesloten ADJ. kidashoboka uitkijken naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha uitspraak N. imivugirwe; inoboramvugo uit vrije wil (adverb) n'ubushake uitzien naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha universiteit N. kaminuza uur N. isaha uw ADJ. cyawe; wawe; ryawe; yawe : Waar is uw wagen? Imodoka yawe iri he?; bwawe; kwawe; hawe uw dochter umukobwa wawe? uw zoon umuhungu wawe Amagambo atangirwa na V vagina N. igituba; igitsina cy'umugore vallen V. kugwa; kwitura hasi; gutembagara van PRON. cya; wa; ya; rwa; bwa; kwa; ha vandaag (adverb) uyu munsi; none vannacht (adverb) iri joro varen V. kugashya; kuvugama vechten V. kurwana; gusekurana veel (adverb) cyane; bikabije veranda N. urubaraza; ibaraza verdwijnen V. kuzimira; kubura; kurenga; guhenengera vergaderen V. guhura vergallen N. uburozi vergemakkelijken V. korohereza vergeten V. kwibagirwa; kugira amazinda vergeven N. uburozi vergiftigen N. uburozi verjaardag N. umunsi ngarukamwaka; aniveriseri verlichten V. korohereza verliezen V. kubura; gutakaza vermenigvuldigen V. gukuba vermijden V. kwirinda; kwihunza vermoeid ADJ. urushye; kirushye vermoeiend ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije vernederen V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya vernedering V. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukutikuza; ukwiyoroshya verootmoedigen V. kwiyoroshya; guca bugufi; kutiremereza verootmoediging N. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukwiyoroshya verordenen N. iteka verplichting tot bijbetaling N. imisanzu y'inyongera verstrooid N. umunyamazinda vertrouwen N. ukwemera; ukwizera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro verzekeraar N. umwishingizi vijf ADJ. gatanu; batanu; itanu; atanu; bitanu; eshanu; butanu; dutanu; hatanu vijfde ADJ. uwa gatanu; iya gatanu; aba gatanu; irya gatanu; aya gatanu; icya gatanu; ibya gatanu; iza gatanu; urwa gatanu; ubwa gatanu; ukwa gatanu; aha gatanu; utwa gatanu Vijf over half vier Saa cyenda n'iminota mirongo itatu n'itanu vinden V. kubona; kuvumbura vinger N. urutoki; ikidori vissen N. ifi; isamake visser N. umurobyi visverkoper N. umurobyi Vlaams N. igifulama; ururimi rw'igifulama Vlaanderen N. Akarere gatuwe n'abafurama; Fulandere Vlaming N. Umufulama vloerkleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka; umukeka voetbal N. umupira w'amaguru; futuboro vogel N. inyoni volontair N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushake von PRON. za voorbeeld N. urugero voor de middag (adverb) mbere ya saa sitavoor eeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezovoorvader N. umukuramberevoorwaarde N. ibisabwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujujevoorzaat N. umukuramberevragen V. gusaba; kubazavriendin N. inshutivriezen V. guhinduka ubutita; gukonjavrijdag N. kuwa gatanuvrijwilliger N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushakevroeg (adverb) kare; hakiri karevuil ADJ. cyanduye; wanduyevuur N. ishyaka; umuhatevuur N. umuriro Amagambo atangirwa na Wwaar ADJ. hehe?; he?Waarin staat dat? Biri mu ki?Waarmee komt hij? Aje n'iki?waarom ADJ. kubera iki?Waarom ga je zo vroeg? PHR. Kuki ugiye kare?Waarop wacht ze? PHR. Ategereje iki?Waarover spreken ze? PHR. Baravuga iki?wagen N. imodokawassen V. koga; gukaraba; kwiyuhagirawater N. amaziWat wenst u? PHR. Ushaka iki?; Murashaka iki?Weet u wat dat woord betekent? PHR. Muzi icyo iri jambo risobanura?weg N. umuhandawenkbrauw N. igitsikewereldstad N. umujyiwerk N. akaziMisschien is er geen werk. PHR. Hashobora kuba nta kazi gahari.; umurimowerpen V. kujugunya; kunagaweten V. kumenya; -zi; kuba uzi ikintuwijn N. divayi; vinowijten V. kwitirira; guhamyawijzen V. kwerekana; kugaragazawillen V. gushaka; kwifuzawinnen V. gutsinda; kuronka; gutsindirawoensdag N. kuwa gatatuwonen V. kuba; guturawoonplaats N. intaho; ubuturoworden V. guhinduka; kuvamo; kuvukamowoud N. ishyamba Amagambo atangirwa na Yyoga N. yoga; umukino wa yogayoghurt N. yawurute Amagambo atangirwa na Zzak N. igikapu; umufukazakdoek N. umushwara; umuswarozang N. indirimbozeggen V. kuvuga; kugambaZe is thuis Ari mu rugo; Ari imuhirazenden V. koherezaZe werkt nu heel goed Muri iki gihe akora nezaZe zijn weer an het drinken Bongeye bari kunywa.ziekte N. indwarazien V. kureba; kubonazijn V. kubaik ben ndije bentjij bentu bent uri hij isze iszij ishet is niwe zijnwij zijn turijullie zijn murize zijnzij zijn nizingen V. kuririmbazitten V. kwicara; kuba wicayezoeken V. gushakazondag N. ku cyumweruzonneschijn N. izubazuipen V. kunywazullen V. gushakazusje N. mushiki; mushiki (wa)zwart ADJ. ibara ry'umukara; umukara; umukara tsiririzwemmen V. kogazwijgen''' V. guceceka; gucweza; kuryumaho Kinyarwanda
2005
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzaniya
Tanzaniya
Tanzaniya cyangwa Repubulika Yunze Ubumwe ya Tanzaniya (izina mu giswayili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ; izina mu cyongereza : United Republic of Tanzania ) n’igihugu muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba. Umujyi mukuru wa Tanzaniya witwa Dodoma. Tanzaniya (/ ˌtænzəˈniːə /, [14] [15] [icyitonderwa 2] Igiswahiri: Agace k'ibiyaga bigari. Irahana imbibi na Uganda mu majyaruguru; Kenya mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba; Ibirwa bya Comoro n'Inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu burasirazuba; Mozambique na Malawi mu majyepfo; Zambiya mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; n'u Rwanda, u Burundi, na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba. Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro, umusozi muremure wa Afurika, uri mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Tanzaniya. Ibisigazwa byinshi by’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe muri Tanzaniya, nk’ibinyabuzima bya Pliocene bimaze imyaka miriyoni 6. Ubwoko bwa Australopithecus bwabaye muri Afrika yose hashize imyaka 4 kugeza kuri 2; n'ibisigazwa bya kera cyane byo mu bwoko bwa Homo tubisanga hafi y'Ikiyaga cya Olduvai. Nyuma yo kuzamuka kwa Homo erectus mu myaka miriyoni 1.8 ishize, ikiremwamuntu cyakwirakwiriye ku Isi Kera, nyuma mu Isi Nshya na Ositaraliya munsi y’ubwoko bwa Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens nayo yarengeje Afurika kandi ikurura ubwoko bwa kera bwakera nubwoko bwikiremwamuntu. Amwe mu moko ya kera azwi akiriho, Hadzabe, asa nkaho yakomotse muri Tanzaniya, kandi amateka yabo yo mu kanwa aributsa abakurambere bari barebare kandi babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha umuriro, imiti, kandi babaga mu buvumo, nka Homo erectus cyangwa Homo heidelbergensis wabaga mu karere kamwe mbere yabo. Nyuma mu gihe cy'Amabuye na Bronze, abimukira mbere ya kera muri Tanzaniya barimo abavuga Cushitike y'Amajyepfo bimukiye mu majyepfo bava muri Etiyopiya y'ubu; na Nilote y'Amajyepfo, harimo na Datoog, wakomotse mu karere gahana imbibi na Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Etiyopiya hagati y’imyaka 2.900 na 2.400 ishize. [16]: urupapuro rwa 18 Izi ngendo zabaye mu gihe kimwe no gutura kwa Mashariki. Bantu ukomoka muri Afrika yuburengerazuba mu kiyaga cya Victoria no mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Nyuma yaho bimukiye mu bindi bihugu bya Tanzaniya hagati yimyaka 2.300 na 1.700 ishize. [16] Ubutegetsi bw'Abadage bwatangiriye ku mugabane wa Tanzaniya mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 igihe Ubudage bwashingaga Afurika y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubudage. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’ubutegetsi bw’Abongereza nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, umugabane w’igihugu wategekwaga nka Tanganyika, hamwe na Archipelago ya Zanzibar hasigaye ububasha bw’abakoloni. Nyuma y'ubwigenge bwabo mu 1961 na 1963, izo nzego zombi zishyize hamwe mu 1964 zishyiraho Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya. Ibihugu byari byinjiye mu muryango w’Ubwongereza mu 1961 kandi Tanzaniya iracyari umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth nka repubulika imwe. Umuryango w'abibumbye wavuze ko abaturage ba Tanzaniya mu mwaka wa 2018 bagera kuri miliyoni 56.31, ukaba ari muto ugereranije na Afurika y'Epfo, bityo kikaba igihugu cya kabiri gituwe cyane giherereye mu majyepfo ya Ekwateri. [7] Abaturage bagizwe n’amoko agera ku 120, [20] y’indimi, n’amadini. Igihugu cyigenga cya Tanzaniya ni repubulika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga rya perezida kandi kuva mu 1996 umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Dodoma aho ibiro bya perezida, Inteko ishinga amategeko, na minisiteri zimwe na zimwe biherereye. Dar es Salaam, ahahoze ari umurwa mukuru, igumana ibiro byinshi bya leta kandi niwo mujyi munini mu gihugu, icyambu gikuru, ndetse n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kiyoboye. [18] [22] [23] Tanzaniya ni igihugu cy’ishyaka rimwe gifite ishyaka rya demokarasi Chama Cha Mapinduzi ku butegetsi. Tanzaniya ni imisozi kandi ifite amashyamba menshi mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, aho umusozi wa Kilimanjaro uherereye. Bitatu mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika biri muri Tanzaniya. Mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba hari ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, n'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika, ikiyaga kinini cyane cyo ku mugabane wa Afurika, kizwiho amoko yihariye y'amafi. Mu majyepfo hari ikiyaga cya Malawi. Inkombe y'iburasirazuba irashyushye kandi itoshye, hamwe na Zanzibar Archipelago ku nkombe gusa. Agace ko kubungabunga Menai Bay ni agace kanini ka Zanzibar karinzwe. Isumo rya Kalambo, riherereye ku mugezi wa Kalambo ku mupaka wa Zambiya, ni isumo rya kabiri ridasubirwaho muri Afurika. Ubukirisitu ni ryo dini rinini muri Tanzaniya, ariko kandi hari umubare munini w'Abayisilamu n'Aba Animiste. Indimi zirenga 100 zivugwa muri Tanzaniya, kikaba igihugu gitandukanye cyane mu ndimi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Igihugu ntigifite ururimi rwemewe, [27] nubwo ururimi rwigihugu ari Igiswahiri. Igiswahiri gikoreshwa mu mpaka z’abadepite, mu nkiko zo hasi, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri abanza. Icyongereza gikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga, muri diplomasi, mu nkiko zisumbuye, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye ndetse n’ayisumbuye, [26] nubwo guverinoma ya Tanzaniya iteganya guhagarika icyongereza nkururimi rwibanze rw’inyigisho ariko bizaboneka nk amasomo atabishaka. Abagera kuri 10 ku ijana by'Abanyatanzaniya bavuga Igiswahiri nk'ururimi rwa mbere, naho abagera kuri 90 ku ijana bavuga ururimi rwa kabiri. Abaperezida ba Tanzaniya Afurika Ibihugu
2010
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobo
Yakobo
Yakobo, Umuhungu wa Izaki. Akaba yarabyaye abana 12, ariyo miryango 12 y'Abisraeli. Iyobokamana
2024
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali
Kigali
Kigali ni umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda. Ni umujyi uherereye hagati mu gihugu ukaba ufite abaturage 1,095,000 (mu mwaka wa 2019) Ni wo mujyi nkingi w'ubukungu n' umuco by'igihugu. Imihanda yose yo mu gihugu ni ho itangirira akaba ari yo nkingi ya transiporo. Ibiro bya za Ministeri, n'ibya Perezida wa Repubulika biri muri uyu mugi. 70% by'umugi ni uduce tw'icyaro. Amateka Kigali yashinzwe mu 1907 mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw' Abadage (Ubudage) ushinzwe na Richard Kandt, ariko ntiwigeze uhinduka kapitali y'u Rwanda kugeza igihe ubukoloni bwarangiriye (indépendance) muri 1962 []. Umurwa mukuru , akaba ari naho umwami yabaga muri icyo gihe wari Nyanza, ariko umugi mukur w'abakoloni wari Butare, icyo gihe yitwaga Astrida. Butare yabonwaga nk'aho ari wo mujyi wahinduka kapitali y' u Rwanda rwigenga ariko Kigali iza guhitwamo kubera ukuntu iherereye hagati mu gihugu. Guhera taliki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Kigali yabaye isibaniro rya Genocide cyangwa Ethnic Cleasing, —aho abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo . Nubwo umugi washenywe mu gihe cya Genocide, ubu urimo kwiyubaka ku ntambwe ishimishije. Imiyoboro [] Media Kigali Living in Kigali Eating in Kigali Official Website of Kigali City Kigali – The Bustling And Vibrant City Kigali Map Most popular Rwanda Ads website
2038
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinyobwa
Ikinyobwa
Ikinyobwa: amata, ikivuguto, amazi, inkyeri, icyayi, ikawa, umutobe w'imbuto, coca Amazi amazi ni ingezi mubuzima bwumuntu bwa burimunsi kuko atuma umubiri urushaho guhumeka wayakoresha woga, ufura, uteka, uyanywa Ndetse n'ibindi . Imiyoboro
2046
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutobe%20w%E2%80%99imbuto
Umutobe w’imbuto
Umutobe w’imbuto Imitobe y’imbuto, niba usanzwe unywa imitobe y’imbuto gerageza kuyifungura kugirango ugabanye isukari nyinshi; nyuma y’icyumweru uzaba umaze kumenyera uburyohe butarengereye. Ibinyobwa
2053
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umunyu
Umunyu
Umunyu Imyunyu ngugu kimwe na za vitamini ni ingenzi ku buzima bw’umuntu. Imyunyu ngugu yihariye 4% by’uburemere bw’umubiri w’umuntu. Imwe muri yo igomba kuboneka buri munsi kandi ku rugero ruhagije. Aho twavuga nka sodiyumu (umunyu), potasiyumu, kalisiyumu, feri, manyeziyumu na fosifori . Nk’uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga ngo ubusanzwe umubiri ukenera umunyu kugira ngo ugire uruhare mu kuringaniza ubwinshi bw’amazi mu mubiri (régulation de l’eau). Umubiri wongera kandi gukenera umunyu mu mikorere y’imyakura no mu mikorerere myiza y’inzira zijyana ubutumwa ku bwonko. Aha gatatu umunyu wongera gukenerwa mu mubiri ni mu mikorere myiza y’inyama zitwikiriye amagufwa. Umunyu wo mu gikoni uba ugizwe n’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu (Na+) n’uwa chlore (Cl-). Aya makuru kandi avuga ko ubwinshi bw’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu bushobora guteza ibibazo bitari bike mu mubiri. Aha bavuga ko iyo ukabije kuba mwinshi ushobora gutuma habaho ubwiyonegre bw’umuvuduko w’amaraso mu buryo butunguranye kandi ukaba wanakwangiza impyiko mu gihe ukabije kuba mwinshi. Uyu munyu kandi mu gihe uhuye n’amazi bikagera ku mubiri bishobora kwangiza uruhu. Aha bavuga ko bikunze kubaho mu gihe umunyu uhuye n’icyuya cyabaye amazi. Iyi mvange kandi yangiza amaso, ariko mu gihe kitari kinini. Iyi myunyu kandi mu gihe igeze mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ishobora kuyangiza rimwe na rimwe igatera inkorora cyangwa guhumeka nabi. Aha bavuga ko ari bibi cyane ko umunyu wagera mu maso kuko ushobora gutera ubuhumyi buhoraho. Ibiribwa
2054
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuneke
Umuneke
Umuneke (ubuke: Imineke ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Musa) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa. ni urubuto ruva kugitoki kuko rwabitswe igihe runaka rugahinduka umuneke hakorwamo umutobe nkikinyobwa abantu banywa kandi rukanaribwa ari urubuto . SOBANUKIRWA AKAMARO K'UMUNEKE Abantu benshyi bakunda kugura imbuto bavuga ko umuneke uryoha cyane, tukaba tugiye kureba umumaro wo kurya umuneke nibura rimwe ku munsi. UMUNEKE UFASHA KUGABANYA AGAHINDA GAKABIJE: Agahinda gakabije gaterwa na"serotonim" iba yabaye nyinshi mu bwonko, mu mineke habamo "tryptophan" ibasha kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho agahinda gakabije. KURYA UMUNEKE BITUMA AMAGUFWA AMERERWA NEZA; Intungamubiri ziboneka mu muneke zubaka amagufa ndetse zikayakomeza.kuburyo atavunagurika uko yiboneye kose. IFASHA UBWONKO GUKORA NEZA; Imineke ikungahaye kuri potasiun na magnesium, iyo myunyu ngugu ifasha ubwonko kugira icyerekezo kizima no gukora neza. KURYA IMINEKE BIFASHA MU KUGABANYA IBIRO; Kubantu bashaka kugabanya ibiro imineke ni amahitamo meza cyane kuko ifasha mu gushongesha ibinure bityo hehe no guhura numubyibuho ukabije. Ibimera Imbuto Ibiribwa
2067
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusozi
Umusozi
Umusozi Imisozi y’u Rwanda Umusozi wa Gitwa Umusozi wa Huye Umusozi wa Kabatwa Umusozi wa Karisimbi Umusozi wa Matiritiri Umusozi wa Munagana Umusozi wa Murambi Umusozi wa Nyabihu Umusozi wa Ruheru Umusozi wa Ryamondi Umusozi wa Rebero (1809m) Umusozi wa Kigali Umusozi wa Rebero (1809m) Umusozi wa Kigali (1856m) Umusozi wa Jali (2042m) Umusozi wa Shyorongi (1737 m) Imisozi y’Amahanga Imisozi ya Ararati cyangwa Umusozi wa Ararati (5165m) Umusozi wa Arafat Umusozi wa Sinayi Umusozi wa Siyoni Imisozi
2069
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuceli
Umuceli
IRIBURIRO Umuceli cyangwa Umuceri (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Oryza) bawutera aho amazi ali mu bibaya, aliko si mu mugezi hagati. iyo weze barawusarura, bakawuhura, bakawugosora. umuceli weze neza urererana. iyo bamaze kuwugosora, bawuhunika mu magunira, bakawubika ahameze, neza, ukaba wahamara igihe kirekire utononekaye. Aho igihingwa gikunda : Umuceri ukunda mu bishanga by’uturere dushyuha (tw’imirambi n’imisozi iringaniye), ubushakashatsi burakorwa ku moko yahingwa imusozi. Umuceri tuza kuvuga ni uhingwa mu butaka bw’ibumba n’ubundi bwose bu­dahitisha amazi. Gutegura umurima Mbere yo gutera umuceri, ni ngombwa kurwanya isuri ku mabanga y’imisozi akikije igishanga kigiye guhingwamo umuceri. Icya kabiri, ubutaka bugomba kuba bumeze neza kugira ngo igihingwa kizakure neza kandi buringaniye. Gutegura umurima habamo gutabira no gusanza, kuvanga amazi n’ibyondo no kuringaniza. Gutegura umurima ni ukuwutunganya kugira ngo uterwemo umuceri. Bikorwa mu byiciro binyuranye: gutabira no gusanza ( inshuro 1 kugeza kuri 2), kuvuruga no kuringaniza (inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3) umurima kugira ngo umuceri uzamere neza. Iyo mirimo ishobora gukorwa ubutaka bwumutse cyangwa burimo amazi. Gutera Gufumbira Gutegura imitabo (imirenzo cyangwa udutanda) yo guhumbikamo iteganyirijwe umurima wa m2500             Udutanda 3 twa m 1 y’ubugari, uburebure = m 6 Intera iri hagati y’imitabo = cm 40-50 by’inzira ituma bashobora gukora  isuku Kuringaniza neza udutabo dukoresheje igiti cyangwa akabaho Gushyiramo ifumbire ya NPK gr 12.5 kuri buri m2 1 cyangwa udufuniko 2 tw’agacupa kazamo amazi kuko agafuniko 1 kagira gm 6 , ifumbire uhita uyivanga n’igitaka ukoresheje intoki. cyangwa ifumbire y’imborera yaboze neza. Gutegura imbuto n’ifumbire (imbuto ziba zimeze gute, ifumbire ikoreshwa ryari) Kujonjora(gutoranya) no guhungira imbuto Gutoranya imbuto nziza dukoresheje uburyo bwo kuzinika mu mazi menshi iz’ibihuhwe  zikareremba, tukazivanamo. Inzima zibiye (zagiye) mu mazi nizo zonyine zishyirwa mu muti wa kitazine ufunguye mu gihe cy’amasaha 24. Uwo muti ufungurwa ku buryo bukurikira . -Litiro 1 y’amazi + ml 10 z’umuti wa Kitazine cyangwa gm 5 za Beam( udufuniko 5 tw’icupa rya fanta) -Igerambuto kuri Ha : kg 25-30 cyangwa kg 1.25 – 1.5 kuri m2 500 (boroke). Nyuma yo kuzikura mu muti, imbuto zigomba kumutswa zakuwe mu mufuka kugira ngo   umuti uzifateho (kumutsa imbuto mbere yo kuzinika mu mazi, bifata igice cy’umusi       Kwinika imbuto mu mazi mu gihe cy’amasaha 48 – 72 duhindura amazi buri munsi Gutindikira imbuto zinuwe mu mazi, mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 ahantu hahehereye kugirango  zihange (ziseke). Ibindi: Guhungira imbuto bigira akamaro ko gukingira imbuto uduhumyo dutera indwara nk’indwara yitwa Bakanae cyangwa gukururumba, n’iya Cyumya (Uburima), n’iy’ibidomo by’ikigina (brown spot), n’ifata  impeke ( grain rot). Guhumbika Igerambuto n’ubucucike bwazo • Batera kg 0.15 Kg - 0.2 kuri Ari bitewe n’ubwoko bw’imbuto. Biba imbuto uzinyanyagiza ku buryo bumwe mu mitabo Guhumbika imbuto z’umuceri mu mitabo Gutata neza ubuhumbikiro nyuma yo kubiba imbuto mu dutabo/uturenzo Gutwikira aho wabibye imbuto mu dutabo n’ibyatsi byumye cyangwa amashara(amashangara) kugirango ubutaka bukomeze buhehereye, butumagara no kwirinda ko inyoni zakwangiza imbuto Gutwikurura (kuvanaho) ibyatsi hashize iminsi 4-5 uteye igihe ingemwe zatangiye kuzamuka(kumera) ( Ifoto ya 16). Amazi ari hagati y’udutabo agomba guhora areshya n’udutabo kuko bituma ibyatsi bitamera mu buhumbikiro no gutuma udutabo duhora duhehereye Kugemura Gushyiramo ifumbire y’ibanze: gr 70/m2 Umuceri ugemurwa umaze ibyumweru 3 uhumbitswe Batera ingemwe z’umuceri ku mirongo iteganye, itandukanyijwe na cm 25. Ingemwe na zo ziba zitandukanyijwe na cm 25. Batera ingemwe 2-3 mu kobo. Gufata neza umuceri Ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mu buhinzi bw’umuceri Gucunga neza amazi Amazi ni ikintu gikomeye mu buhinzi bw’umuceri, ni yo mpamvu amazi yuhira umuceri agomba gukoreshwa neza mu buryo butuma atanga umusaruro. Umuhinzi w’umuceri agomba gukora uko ashoboye amazi akenewe akaboneka mu byiciro binyuranye by’imikurire y’igihingwa cy’umuceri: -  Mu gihe cyo kugemeka no byara: igihingwa cy’umuceri cyakwangirika kibuze amazi ahagije, kikagwingira cyangwa se ntigifate rwose. -Mu gihe cyo kubyara no gutangira kuzana amahundo:  muri iki gihe, igihingwa cy’umuceri gishobora kwihanganira amazi make. Igipimo cy’amazi kigomba kuguma hasi kugira ngo kubyara byihute. - Mu gihe cyo gutangira kuzana amahundo- Kurabya: irinde ko umurima w’umuceri uburamo amazi. - Mu gihe cyo kurabya-kwera: mu gihe cyo kwagika no kurabya n’igihe gikurikiraho  gututubikana ku muceri biba biri ku rwego rwo hejuuru. Kubura kw’amazi mu murima bituma intete ziba ibihuhwa kandi umuceri ukera nabi. Amazi avanwa mu murima hagati y’iminsi 15 na 20 nyuma yo kwagika mu rwego rwo kwihutisha kwera  no kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuceri ukurura Azote nyinshi. Kubagara hakoreshwa ikibagazo  kizenguruka Uburyo bw’imihingire: gutegura umurima neza cyane cyane kuvuruga, kuzuza amazi mu murima. Uburyo bwo kwirinda ibyatsi mbere: Gukoresha imbuto z’umuceri zitarimo imbuto z’ibyatsi bibi, no guhora ukora isuku ku miyoboro n’amadige (guhora uyiharura, ukuraho ibyatsi). Gukoresha ikibagazo ni ukugisunika hagati y’imirongo nk’uko bigaragara ku ifato. Ibi bigabazo bigira akamaro ko kuvangavanga ibyatsi bikuze (ariko bidakuze cyane) ndetse n’imbuto zabyo mu gitaka (mu cyondo) bikabuza ibyatsi kumera mu murima Kunyuza ikibagazo gisunikwa hagati y’imirongo Imiyoboro n’amadige Guhinga umuceri bigendana n’ibikorwaremezo nk’imiyoboro n’amadige. Umuhinzi agomba kubifata neza no kubikoresha ku buryo butanga umusaruro kuko amazi ari ikintu cy’ingenzi ku burumbuke bw’umuceri. Indwara 1.Kirabiranya y'umuceri(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) Iyi ndwara iterwa n’udukoko twa bagiteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), ikarangwa no kurabirana kw’amababi cyangwa kw’igihingwa cyose. Igice gifashwe gihinduka icyatsi kijujuka, kikazahinduka umuhondo weruruka. Umuceri ukiri muto urababuka burundu. Isoko y’ubwandu ishobora kuba ibyatsi byo ku mpande y’igishanga, ibicericeri (ibishogoshogo) cyangwa umuceri  wo mu gasozi. Iyi ndwara yinjirira mu bikomere by’igihingwa mu gihe cyo kugemūra cyangwa se iyo umuceri ukomerekejwe n’umuyaga cyangwa imvura. Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya: Gukoresha imbuto zihangana; kwirinda ibintu byose bibika ubwandu; kutarenza urugero rw’umunyungugu wa azote; kurinda ko ibitanda n’imirima birengerwa n’amazi. 2.Uburima Uburima : Pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia Oryzae): Ni indwara mbi cyane, iterwa n’agahumyo gato katabonwa n’amaso. Ifata ingingo zose : ibibabi, uduti, indabo n’impeke. Ikunda gukara cyane mu buhumbikiro, umuceri ugeze igihe cyo guhagika, guterera n’igihe cyo kurabya. Ibiranga indwara y’Uburima: amababi azaho amabara y’ikigina cyijimye, ajya kuba maremare, asongoye, y’ikijuju hagati, ku mababi kandi hazaho utudomo tw’icyatsi cyenda kuba ikijuju dusa nkaho turimo amazi dufite ishusho y’uruziga cyangwa imeze nk’igi, amabara akuze aba nk’afite inkovu; ku bufubiko bw’indabo haza ho utubara tw’ikigina; mu gihe cyo guterera, ku ipfundo rya nyuma riri hasi y’indabo hazaho uruziga rwirabura, agati ko hejuru y’iryo pfundo kakuma, ihundo ntirizemo impeke; uruti (igikenyeri) ruruma; mu buhumbikiro, ingemwe zirashya zikababuka zose. Ibituma iyo ndwara yiyongera: Gukoresha azote nyinshi mu murima; ubushyuhe bwinshi buvanze n’ubutohe; ivu ryinshi rirunze hamwe. Uburima bwo ku mababi Amahundo arwaye Uko wakwirinda indwara y’Uburima bw’Umuceri: Gutera imbuto zihangana; gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika(Thiram-Benomyl,..); gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero nyarwo; kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima; isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye; gutwika ibikenyeri by’umuceri nyuma yo gusarura; gutera imiti (Tebuconazole, Benomyl, Kitazine,...); kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga; no kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ubuhinzi (ubucucike bw’imbuto mu murima, ifumbire nyayo ku rugero nyarwo, amazi mu murima ku rugero...). 3. Indwara iterwa na virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) Indwara ya Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ni icyorezo cyibasiye umuceri mu bihugu byo ku mugabane wa Afurika, ikaba igaragara mu bihugu hafi ya byose bihinga umuceri. Iyi ndwara iterwa na Virusi yagaragaye no mu gihugu cya Tutukiya. Umuceri wafashwe n’indwara iterwa na virusi. Indwara iterwa na Virusi y’umuceri (RYMV) ikwirakwizwa n’amoko menshi y’udukoko, inka, imbeba n’indogobe. Iyo udukoko dukwirakwiza virusi  turiye umuceri wafashwe  duhita tuyikwirakwiza ku muceri utarandura n’indi mirima  igiterwa aho hafi cyangwa ubuhumbikiro. Umuceri, ibihingwa virusi zihishamo zigakuriramo n’ibishibu cyangwa ibimera byimeza mu mirima hagati y’ibihembwa by’ihinga bituma virusi zikomeza kuguma mu murima. Indwara iterwa na virusi ishobora no gukwirakwizwa n’amatembabuzi ava ku gihingwa ajya ku kindi ( amazi yo kuhira, amazi ava ku gututubikana kw’igihinwa  no gukoranaho kw’ibice by’igihingwat birwaye n’ibizima ndetse no ku bisigazwa by’ibihibgwa). Virusi ishobora no kuboneka mu mizi y’ibihingwa byafashwe kandi ishobora kwanduza ibindi bihingwa binyuze mu bikomere by’imizi. Ibimenyetso: Ibimenyetso by’indwara ya virusi y’umuceri mbere na mbere bigaragara nk’imirongo y’amabara y’umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi aza ku ntangiriro y’amababi akiri mato,. Ayo mabara agenda akura ateganye n’imitsi y’amababi akagaragara nk’amabara y’umuhondo cyangwa oranje. Amababi aje nyuma y’uko igihingwa gifatwa aza afite amabara kandi akenshi aba yizingazinze. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma amababi ahinduka ikigina cyijimye  kandi n’amahundo ntasohoke neza. Umuceri warembejwe na virusi uragwingira, ukabyara ibyana bike, ukagira amahundo atarimo impeke kandi akenshi uruma. Umuceri wafashwe nyuma y’minsi 20-50 ugemuwe ushobora kugaragaza amabara y’umuhondo, ukarabya ukazana n’imbuto ariko ukagwingira. Ni gute wayirwanya Gukoresha imbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara ni bwo buryo buboneye bwo kurwanya indwara ya virusi y’umuceri (RYMV). Ubundi buryo bwo kuyirwanya burimo ubu bukurikira: Gukoresha uburyo bwo guhingira rimwe ahantu hanini hagatererwa rimwe umuceri, hanyuma wasarurwa hakararizwa hose kugira ngo virusi n’ibihingwa bizikwirakwiza bitiyongera, Bakimara gusarura, gutaba mu butaka ibisigazwa by’umuceri, ibishibu by’umuceri n’uwimejeje kugira ngo bagabanye ibishobora kubika virusi mu murima no kugira ngo virusi n’ibizikwirakwiza bipfe, Gutera mbere y’uko ibikwirakwiza virusi byiyongera, Kurandura no gutwika umuceri wafashwe cyane cyane iyo ubwandu bukiri ku rugero rwo hasi, Kubagara buri gihe umuceri ndetse na nyuma yo gusarura kugira ngo ugabanye isoko y’indiri za virusi. 4. Ingenge z’imigongo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola) Iyi ndwara irangwa n’imirongo y’icyatsi cyijimye isa n’itose ku dutsi tw’ibibabi. Aya mabara agenda yaguka kandi yiyegeranya, agahinduka ikijuju gishyira umuhondo,akenshi ayo mabara akaba mu kibabi hagati. Indwara irakura, amababi agahinduka ikijuju cyeruruka, ubundi akuma. Ibimenyetso by’ingenge z’amababi Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya: Mu ngamba zo kwirinda iyi ndwara harimo: guterera igihe ingemwe zitarwaye zavuye ku mbuto zihanganira iyi ndwara no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ku rugero ruringaniye. Ni ngombwa kandi kugira isuku mu murima n’ahawegereye, kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima, gutera imbuto umuti mbere yo guhumbika (Thiram-Benomyl: gr 1 ya Thiram na gr 1 ya Benomyl muri kg y’imbuto, ukinika imbuto muri iyo mvange igihe cy’amsaha 24 mbere yo kuzitera mu buhumbikiro. Igihe indwara yagaragaye, koresha imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole mu murima wafashwe, na Benomyl igihe indwara yagaragye mu buhumbikiro. Ibyonnyi, Udukoko n’ibyatsi bibi 1.Nkongwa Inyo za nkongwa zinjira mu gikenyeri, zikarya umutima, zigapfumura mu mapfundo. Iyo umuceri ufashwe ukiri muto ntukura neza, amababi aba umuhondo, akuma. Iyo umuceri ufashwe nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa urimo kurabya, impeke ntizizamo neza; zireruruka kandi zikaba ibihuhwe. Mu gihe cy’isarura, nkongwa zitangira kwiyubururira mu gice cyo hasi cy’igikenyeri. Iyo ihinga rihise rikurikira isarura, bituma nkongwa yiyongera Ifoto igaragaza Nkongwa y’umuceri Uko warwanya nkongwa: Gutaba mu mazi ibisigazwa byo mu murima kugira ngo bibore vuba; no gutera imiti igihe ari ngombwa. 2. Isazi y’umuceri Isazi y’umuceri (Diopsis Thoracica) : Ni agakoko gafite amabara abiri : ahegereye umutwe ni umukara, naho ahandi ni nk’ikigina. Inyo ziva mu magi y’iyi sazi ni zo zangiza cyane nka nkongwa. Isazi n’inyo, byombi birya amababi, bikanyunyuza amazi. Inyo zizamuka mu ntimatima zihereye mu mizi, zikarya umutima w’igikenyeri. Umuceri utarabumbura uhinduka umuhondo. Iyo umuceri ufashwe umaze guhagika cyangwa mbere yo kuraba, amahundo ntiyirema neza, nta n’impeke  zizamo. Ifoto igeragaza Isazi y’umuceri Kuyirwanya: Umurima ugomba guhora urimo isuku. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kongera amazi mu murima ukigaragaramo ibimenyetso by’ubwone bw’isazi y’umuceri. Hanyuma rero ni na ngombwa kurwanya isazi y’umuceri, cyane cyane ikoze mu bireti. 3. Imbeba: Imbeba zo mu mazu n’iz‘igasozi, zose zibasha kwangiza umuceri mu murima k’urugero rwa 20%. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya: Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije Gukoresha imitego, imiti n’izindi nyamaswa zirya imbeba. 4. Inyoni: Inyoni z’amoko atandukanye zona umuceri zigatera igihombo k’umusaruro kigera ku rugero rwa 25%-30%. Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya: Kurinda umuceri mu mirima hakoreshejwe abantu bazirukana, Guterera igihe ukoresheje imbuto nziza zitarwaye z’ubwoko bwihanganira inyoni (NERICA) bufite amababi asongoye inyoni zidashobora kwitendekaho; NB: Nta buryo buhamye bwo kubuza inyoni kwangiza umuceri uretse kuzirukana. Ibyatsi bibi: Ibyatsi bibi bikunze kuboneka mu murima w’umuceri mu Rwanda biri mu bwoko bukurikira: umutete(Echnochloa crusgali, Echnochloa Colonum); urukangaga(Cyperus diformis); umurago (Cyperus rutondus) n’ibindi. Uburyo bwo kubirwanya: Gukoresha mu rugero imiti itwika ibyatsi Kugirira umurima isuku n’ahawukikije; Kuyobora amazi ahagije mu murima; Guhungura imbuto ukoresheje umuti wa Thiran na Benomyl, (gr 1 ya Thiran na gr 1 ya Benomyl mu  kilo cy’imbuto. Kwinika imbuto mu mvange y’amazi n’umuti mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 mbere yo kubiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro; Kuvura indwara igihe yagaragaye mu murima ukoresheje  imiti nka Propiconazole cyangwa Tebuconazole na Benomyl mu buhumbikiro. Gusarura Amazi agomba kuvanwa mu murima iminsi 7-10 days mbere yo gusarura, ariko ntibirenze iminsi 10. Kuvanamo amazi mbere ho iminsi 10 byongera umuceri umenetse (ibimene) Umuceri usarurwa nyuma y’iminsi 120-150 utewe kandi umusaruro uri hagati ya Toni 3 na Toni 9 z’umuceri udatonoye kuri Ha; Gukata ibitsinsi by’umuceri ukoresheje Najoro (Akayuya) byibura kuri cm 10 hejuru y’ubutaka. Guhura umuceri Guhita uhura ako kanya ukimara kuwusarura kugira ngo twirinde unyanyagira. Kuwuhura ukoresheje igihuzo banyongesha ikirenge cyangwa bakubita kuri shitingi irambuye  ku butaka neza birinda kuwuvanga n’amabuye n’ibindi bitari umuceri.    Kwanika umuceri udatonoye ku zuba  (umuceri muwubika igihe kingana iki mu bubiko bwanyu) Ingano y’amazi cyangwa ubutote bw’umuceri (GMC) usarurwa ugereranyije ni hagati  20 na 30 % bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere. Kuringaniza igipimo cy’amazi mu ntete (kwanika) kugeza kuri 14 % ni ngombwa ku muceri wo gutonorwa bigabanya intete zimenetse ndetse ukanabikika igihe kirekire. kwanika umuceri udatonoye neza kugeza ku rugero rwizewe rw’ubutote rwa 14 % ni ukuwusanza neza utarundanyije cyane, byibura cm 5 ku mbuga ya sima cyangwa shitingi no kuwukorakora buri kanya (buri minota 30 - 60) kugirango wume kimwe wose.   Kuwanika ku zuba buhoro buhoro mu minsi 2-3 (amasaha 6-8 ku munsi bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere bigabanya kumenagurikaa mu gihe cyo kuwutonoraNi ngombwa kwirinda kuwumisha vuba vuba mu gihe gito nk’umunsi umwe. Gupima igipimo cy’ubuhehere bw’umuceri wavuyeho igishishwa Gusebwa no kuwuhekenya n’iryinyo( byibura 20%) Kumenagurwa no kuwuhekenya n’iryinyo nta jwi ryumvikanye (byibura 18%) Kumenagurwan’iryinyo humvikana ijwi(15%) Gutonora umuceri Gutonora umuceri ni igikorwa cy’ingenzi mu gutunganya umusaruro w’umuceri. Intego nyamukuru yo gutonora umuceri  ni ubukuraho igishishwa cy’inyuma n’udushishwa tundi tutwikiriye intete kugira ngo ugere ku ntete iribwa ifite ibara ry’umweru, idafite ubundi busembwa. Bitewe n’amahitamo y’abaguzi ku isoko, umuceri wagombye kuba urimo ibimene bike cyane. Kugosora umuceri hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa Urutaro Ugosora umuceri uvanamo imyanda n’intete z’ibihuhwe, ukoresheje imashini cyangwa Urutaro rwa gakondo. Amashakiro Ibimera Ibiribwa Ubuhinzi Ibidukikije Ibiti
2071
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihene
Ihene
. Ihene (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Capra aegagrus hircus) ni itungo. Dore ihene ya sehene. kariya kana mubona, ni sehene uyiragiye. ayiragira neza, yataha bakayimukamira. amata yayo bayita amahenehene. Aha bavuga ko ihene ishobora kurisha ibyatsi byinshi bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe. Uko kurisha mu rwuri ihene irisha ibyatsi bitandukanye, bityo zikaba ishobora no kurya imwe mu mirama y’ibiti yatakaye ku butaka bikaza kuzita mu mahurunguru. Izo mbuto zaciye mu nda y’ihene zihakura ubushobozi bwo guhita zimera mu butaka zihuye nabwo. Mu gihe biriwe n’amatungo cyane cyane bikiri bito ntibiba bigisakaje utubuto twabyo, dutuma bihora bizamuka mu murima mbere y’uko icyo gihingwa kizamuka. Aha basanga ihene ari ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyo byatsi, kandi ahanini usanga zo zibishobora kurusha andi matungo akenshi. Amoko y' ihene Ihene y’Ankara Mu Rwanda Ubworozi bw’ihene bugamije cyane cyane kongera umusaruro w’inyama. Mu mwaka wa 2003 niho hatangijwe igikorwa cyo kuzana mu Rwanda amasekurume y’ihene z’ubwoko bwa Boer, zivuye mu gihugu cy’Afurika y’epfo, hagamijwe kuvugurura ubwoko bw’ihene busanzwe bw’inyarwanda. Ubu tukaba tumaze kugeza mu Rwanda amasekurume 697. Ifoto iri kuri page ikurikira irerekana ubwo bwoko n’amasekurume yamaze kugera mu Rwanda hagati ya 2003 na 2008. Isi Notes Imiyoboro Kugaburira ihene zikamwa Indwara zihene ikamwa Inyamabere Amatungo Ubworozi
2089
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa
Ubushinwa
Ubushinwa (igishinwa : 中国), cyangwa Repubulika ya Rubanda y’Ubushinwa (igishinwa : 中华人民共和国), ni igihugu muri Aziya. Ibihugu
2091
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwongereza
Ubwongereza
Ubwongereza (izina mu cyongereza : United Kingdom cyangwa United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Ubwongereza (UK) bugizwe n'ibihugu cg intara zigenga enye: England, Scotland, Wales na Northern Ireland. Umurwa mukuru w'Ubwongereza ni London. Imijyi yo mu Ubwongereza ni Manchester, Liverpool n'ibindi. Ifaranga rikoreshwa mu bwongereza ni 'Pound'. Ubwongereza ituwe n'abantu 65 648 000 birenga (2016). Uburayi Ibihugu
2093
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa
Ubufaransa
Ubufaransa (izina mu gifaransa : France cyangwa République française) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Ubufaransa witwa Paris. Abafaransa bashaka ko isi yose ivuga Igifaransa. Ubufaransa ituwe n'abantu 67 595 000 birenga (2016). Uburayi Ibihugu
2096
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhinde
Ubuhinde
Ubuhinde cyanghwa Ubuhindi (izina mu gihindi: भारत गणराज्य ) n’igihugu muri Aziya. Aziya Ibihugu
2111
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miryango
Miryango
Umuryango wawe ni abantu cg ibindi binyabuzima mufitanye cg bifitanye isano rya hafi. umuryango ni ubumwe bugizwe n'ababyeyi n'abana . Uwo mwashakanye, abana bawe, ababyeyi bawe n'abo muvukana nabo bagize umuryango wawe. Abandi bantu mufitanye isano ku ruhande rw'ababyeyi bombi nabo bashobora kubarirwa mu muryango, umuryango ni igice cy'ibanze cya buri sosiyete. Ibiranga umuryango 1. Umubano uhamye Umubano niryo shingiro ry'umuryango,ushobora kuba ushingiye kukuba abantu barashakanye by'ubuziraherezo cyangwa by'igihe gito ariko bafitanye umubano n'ubumwe bwihariye. 2. Ugushyingiranwa Gushyingiranwa ni ishingiro ryo gukora umuryango, umuntu ashobora gushyingiranwa n'umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi ariko bikaba urufatiro rwo kubaka umuryango. 3. Kwita amazina Buri muryango ugira uko wita amazina abawukomokamo bigafasha no kumenya uko ibisekuruza bigenda bikurikirana. 4. Ubuturo rusange Umuryango ugira aho baba, aho bahurira bose hakitwa mu rugo, aho gutura ni ingenzi cyane kugirango abahakomoka bitabweho kandi bahabwe indangagaciro z'umuryango. Amashakiro Miryango
2151
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsembabwoko%20ry%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda%20ry%E2%80%991994
Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994
Itsembabwoko ry'u Rwanda ry'1994 cyangwe Itsembabwoko ry’1994, Jenoside y’Abatutsi muri Mata 1994, Itsembabwoko ry’Abatutsi, jenoside mu Rwanda, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994, Jenoside y’Abatutsi yo mu 1994 ryari iyicwa ry'Abatutsi ndetse nabamwe m'Abahutu banze kwifatanya n'abandi mu bwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi. Ub'ubwicanyi mu buryo bweruye bwatangiye kuva itariki ya 06 Mata 1994 kugeza Nyakanga 1994. Mu masaha y' mugoroba, ubwo indege yaritwaye uwari umukuru w'igihugu Perezida Habyarimana Yuvenari yaraswaga n'abantu bataramenyekana, ingabo nyinshi zatangiye kwica Abatutsi. Minisitiri w'Intebe, Agathe Uwilingiyimana ari mubiswe mbere kubera kutemeranya n'umugambi wo gutsembatsemba . Benshi batangiwe kwicwa,abandi batangira guhungira mu bice bari bazi bazaboneramo ubwihisho nko mu nsengero,mu mashuri na mu mavuriro ariko biba ibyubusa kuko interahamwe zatangiye kubicira aho hantu. Abatutsi biswe 'inyenzi'. Mirisiya imwe yari Interahamwe, kandi indi yari Impuzamugambi. Nyamara, abantu benshi ntibari mu mirisiya bica inshuti n'abaturanyi babo. Kw'itariki ya 04 Nyakanga 1994, Inkotanyi bageze i Kigali. Abantu gahumbagiza bicwa. Uyu munsi, Kagame Pawuro,muyobozi w'Inkotanyi, Ijambo genocide rimaze imyaka 62. Ryahimbwe mu 1994 na Raphael Lemkin, Umuyahudi w’Umunya pologne w’inzobere mu by’amategeko wari warimukiye muri Amerika. Yari arimo agerageza kwerekana igerageza ry’abanazi bo mu Budage ryari rimariye ku icumu abayahudi n’abanyarumaniya i burayi. Icyi gisobanuro rero cyemejwe neza imyaka ine nyuma n’Umuryango w’abibumbye muri “Convention yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya genocide yo mu w’1948” ikaba yariswe convention ya Genocide. Amafilimi ya sinema Hotel Rwanda Ibitabo AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance (Revised Edition), London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza) AFRICAN RIGHTS, Rwanda: Not So Innocent – When Women Become Killers, London: African Rights, 1995. (mu Cyongereza) AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Rwanda: Government Supporters and Regular Troops Have Committed Massacres all over the Country, London: Amnesty International, May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza) ANYIDOHO, Henry Kwami, Guns Over Kigali – The Rwandese Civil War – 1994: A Personal Account, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1998. (mu Cyongereza) BERRY, John A. and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory, Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1999. (mu Cyongereza) DESTEXHE, A., Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, London and New Haven, Connecticut: Pluto Press, 1995. (mu Cyongereza) GATWA, Tharcisse, The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises 1900 – 1994, Milton Keynes, UK: Regnum Books International and Paternoster, 2005. (mu Cyongereza) GOUREVITCH, Philip, We Wish to Inform you that Tomorrow we Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, London: Picador, 1999. (mu Cyongereza) GUILLEBAUD, Meg, Rwanda: The Land God Forgot? – Revival, Genocide & Hope, Mill Hills; London and Grand Rapids, Michigan: Monarch Books, 2002. (mu Cyongereza) HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Rwanda/Zaire: Rearming with Impunity – International Support for Perpetrators of Rwandese Genocide, New York, Human Rights Watch, May, 1995. (mu Cyongereza) HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, The Aftermath of Genocide in Rwanda: Absence of Prosecution, Continued Killings, New York: Human Rights Watch, September, 1994. (mu Cyongereza) HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/AFRICA, Genocide in Rwanda (Volume 6 No. 4), New York: Human Rights Watch, April/May, 1994. (mu Cyongereza) INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EMINENT PERSONALITIES and ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, Addis Ababa: Organisation of African Unity, 2000. (mu Cyongereza) JENNINGS, Christian, Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness, London: Phoenix, 2000. (mu Cyongereza) KEENE, F., Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey, London: Viking, 1995. (mu Cyongereza) MAMDANI, Mahmood, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: Fountain Publishers Ltd., and E & D Limited, 2001. (mu Cyongereza) PRUNIER, Gerard, The Rwanda Crisis: History of Genocide, Kampala: Fountain Publishers Ltd., 2001. (mu Cyongereza) RUDASINGWA, Theogene, Rwanda: Background to Genocide, Oxford and London: Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), 1994. (mu Cyongereza) SELLSTOM, T. and L. Wohlgemuth, The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 1997. (mu Cyongereza) SEMUJANGA, Josias, Origins of Rwanda Genocide, New York: Humanity Books, 2003. (mu Cyongereza) Notes Imiyoboro https://web.archive.org/web/20160221023612/http://www.genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/Welcome_to_Genocide_Archive_Rwanda https://web.archive.org/web/20101129131731/http://rwandinfo.com/kinya/category/jenoside/ www.yale.edu Umushinga kw’Itsembambatsemba ryo mu Rwanda Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994
2153
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uetersen
Uetersen
Uetersen (ˈyːtɐzən) ni umujyi w'u Ubudage. Ubudage
2164
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba
Curitiba
Curitiba [kuɾi'tʃibɐ] ni umujyi w'u Burezile. Links https://web.archive.org/web/20140626034932/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/ http://www.curitiba-brazil.com Commons:Curitiba Imijyi y’u Burezile Burezile
2171
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ububiligi
Ububiligi
Ububiligi cyangwa Ububirigi , Igihugu cy’Ububirigi (izina mu kinyaholande : Koninkrijk België ; izina mu gifaransa : Royaume de Belgique ; izina mu kidage : Königreich Belgien ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’u Ububiligi witwa Buruseli. Ububiligi ituwe n'abantu 11 507 163 birenga (2021). Kongo mbiligi Uburayi Ibihugu
2176
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur%20Bizimungu
Pasteur Bizimungu
Pasteur Bizimungu (1950 – ), Perezida wa 5 (19 Nyakanga 1994 – 23 Werurwe 2000) wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Nyuma yo kuva kubutegetsi yahise afungwa nyuma yo guhabwa imbabazi na leta y'u Rwanda iyobowe na perezida Paul Kagame ntawongeye ku menya amakuru ye ubu nitangaza makuru mu Rwanda nta narimwe rigira icyo ri muvugaho yibera iwe igikondo uwazaturusha amakuru kubihereranye nawe yazayatubwira. Abanyarwanda Abahutu Abagabo
2210
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esipanye
Esipanye
Esipanye cyangwa Hisipaniya (izina mu cyesipanyole: España cyangwa Reino de España) n’igihugu i Burayi. Umurwa mukuru w’Esipanye ni Madrid. Ururimi ruvugwa muri icyo gihugu ni cyesipanyole. Esipanye iherereye n'ibihugu by'Ubufaransa mu majyaruguru na Porutigali i burengerazuba n'inyanja ya Mediteraneya mu majyepfo n'i burasirazuba. Ifaranga rikoreshwa aho, nko mu bihugu byinshi by'i Burayi ni iyero (€). Ni igihugu gisurwa n'abakerarugendo benshi, cyane cyane i Malaga, Bariselone na Valencia. Esipanye ituwe n'abantu 47 007 367 birenga (2018), batuye kubuso bwa km² 505,990. Esipanye Uburayi Ibihugu
2225
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubuga%20ku%20micungire%20n%27imiyoborere%20ya%20Interineti
Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti
Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) ni urubuga ruhurirwamo n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bafite aho bahurira n'ibikorwa bya IG baganira cyane ku bibazo by'ingamba za politiki y'Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. Ishyirwaho rya IGF ryatangajwe ku mugaragaro n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Nyakanga 2006 nyuma ritangira gukora mu Ukwakira/Ugushyingo 2006. Imiterere n'Imikorere Ishyirwaho ry'Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti was first recommended in the report of the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby'Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti following a series of open consultations. This report was one of the inputs to the second phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in 2005, which formally called for the creation of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) and set out its mandate. Nyuma y'inama yari igamije kwegera uwo ariwe wese ufite icyo yamara muri iki gikorwa yahamagajwe muri Gashyantare 2006, Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa ONU yashyizeho Itsindangishwanama, MAG mu magambo ahinnye, n'Ubunyamabanga buhoraho n'inkingishingiro za IGF. These organizational divisions should not be considered concrete since the organizational structures will continue to be adjusted and to be changed until they fit into the needs of the members. Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo - MAG Itsindangishwanama, now referred to as the MAG (Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo) was set up by the former Umunyamabanga Mukuru of the United Nations, Mr Kofi Annan on Gicurasi 17, 2006. The MAG was originally made up of 46 Members from international governments, the commercial private sector and public civil society, including academic and technical communities, and was chaired by Nitin Desai, the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser for the World Summit on the Information Society. All stakeholders participate as equals. The purpose for which the MAG was set up was to assist the Umunyamabanga Mukuru in convening the Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti. On August 20, 2007 the mandate of the MAG was renewed with a new structure of 47 members, and a Co-Chairmanship by Nitin Desai, and Burezili (Brazil)ian diplomat Hadil da Rocha Vianna.The mandate of the MAG was further extended in Mata 30, 2008 with a renewed one third of its members within each stakeholder group and Nitin Desai serving as the sole Chairman. MAG iterana inshuro eshatu buri mwaka - muri Gashyantare, Gicurasi no muri Nzeri. All three meetings take place in Jeneve kuri Paledenasiyo (Palais des Nations) and they are preceded by open consultations meeting. Amakuru arambuye ku mahame y'imikorere ya MAG n'ibishingirwaho mu gutoranya abayigize bikubiye muri the summary report of its Gashyantare meeting available at Ivugururwa ry'ubunyamuryango bwa MAG Ibiro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye biri i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, ku wa 22 Kanama 2008, byavuguruye ubunyamuryango bwa MAG mu rwego rwo gutegura inama ku Rubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti izabera Hiderabadi (Hyderabad) mu Buhindi (India). A total of 50 members, 17 among them new have been appointed, which represents 1/3 of its membership. Nitin Desai continues to be the Chairman for Itsindangishwanama. (Source: UN Department of Public Information, United Nations Office in Jeneve. Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access)ed online at: Ubunyamabanga Ubunyamabanga, bufite icyicaro ku biro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye biri i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, assists and coordinates the work of the MAG, Itsindangishwanama rigizwe n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bashishikajwe n'iki kibazo. The Ubunyamabanga is headed by Markus Kummer with the designation of Executive Coordinator and Chengetai Masango is Programme and Technology Manager. The Ubunyamabanga also hosts fellowships., Markus Kummer has also been involved with the WGIG as its Executive Coordinator of the Ubunyamabanga. Amateka n'ishyirwaho ry'Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti Gukurikirana imyanzuro yavuye muri WSIS Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is considered an important development of the Inama mpuzamahanga kubyerekeye Umuryango Ukungahaye ku Makuru (WSIS). This important outcome was reaffirmed by paragraphs 37 and 38 of the Tunis 2005 Commitment. Paragraph 37 states that “…goals can be accomplished through the involvement, cooperation and partnership of governments and other stakeholders, i.e. the private sector, civil society and international organizations, and that international cooperation and solidarity at all levels are indispensable if the fruits of the Information Society are to benefit all.” Corollary to this commitment, paragraph 38 states, too, that all efforts from here on “should not stop with the conclusion of the Summit…emergence of the global Information Society to which we all contribute provides increasing opportunities for all our peoples and for an inclusive global community…we must harness these opportunities today and support their further development and progress.” Inama Mpuzamahanga y'i Tunisi yo mu mwaka w'2005 made significant headway when the mandate of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was formulated. In paragraph 72 of the Tunis Agenda, the UN Secretary-General was asked to convene a meeting hagamijwe ku the new multi-stakeholder Urubuga, otherwise known as the IGF. In this mandate, different stakeholders are encouraged to strengthen engagement, particularly those from developing countries. In paragraph 72(h), the mandate focused on capacity-building for developing countries and the drawing out of local resources. This particular effort, for instance, has been reinforced through Diplo Foundation’s Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti Kongerera Ubushobozi Abakoresha Interinet (Capacity Building) Programme (IGCBP) that allowed participants from different regions to benefit from valuable resources with the help of regional experts in IG. The involvement of different stakeholders in the policy framework of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is a re-affirmation of commitment as per paragraph 39 of the Tunis Commitment. In this particular context, there is a deep resolve to “…develop and implement an effective and sustainable response to the challenges and opportunities of building a truly global Information Society that benefits all our peoples.” During the OECD Civil Society-Organized Labour Urubuga held last Kamena 16, 2008, in Seoul, Korea, Ambassador David A. Gross of the US Department of State talked about the transformation of the Internet in the social lives of people. He believed that this transformation made an impact in the free flow of information that politically drives challenges. Ambassador Gross commented on the 2005 WSIS because of the powerful language used on paragraph 4 of the Tunis agenda that reiterated on Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness). Ishyirwaho rya IGF A multi-stakeholder’s approach was reiterated in ubuhuzabikorwa bwa international activities for the IGF. This adaptation was set from paragraphs 29 to 35 of the Tunis agenda. These stakeholders were defined as coming from governments, the private technical and economic sector, civil society, intergovernmental organizations, and international organizations. In paragraph 32, the UN Secretary-General was commended for his efforts in establishing the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby' Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (WGIG). The suggested need of an organization like Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was first pointed out in the WGIG Report. After reaching a clear consensus among its members the WGIG proposed in paragraph 40 of the Report that : "(t)he WGIG identified a vacuum within the context of existing structures, since there is no global multi-stakeholder Urubuga to address Internet-related public policy issues. It came to the conclusion that there would be merit in creating such a space for dialogue among all stakeholders. This space could address these issues, as well as emerging issues, that are cross-cutting and multidimensional and that either affect more than one institution, are not dealt with by any institution or are not addressed in a coordinated manner”. Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was one of four proposals made in the report. The idea of the Urubuga was also proposed by Argentina, as stated in its proposal made during the last Prepcom 3 in Tunis: "(t)In order to strengthen the global multistakeholder interaction and cooperation on public policy issues and developmental aspects relating to Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti we propose a Urubuga. This Urubuga should not replace existing mechanisms or institutions but should build on the existing structures on Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti, should contribute to the sustainability, stability and robustness of the Internet by addressing appropriately public policy issues that are not otherwise being adequately addressed excluding any involvement in the day to day operation of the Internet. It should be constituted as a neutral, non-duplicative and non-binding process to facilitate the exchange of information and best practices and to identify issues and make known its findings, to enhance awareness and build consensus and engagement. Recognizing the rapid development of technology and institutions, we propose thkuri Urubuga mechanism periodically be reviewed to determine the need for its continuation.” The convening of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) was announced on 18 Nyakanga 2006, with the inaugural meeting of the Urubuga being held in Athens, Greece from 30 October to 2 Ugushyingo 2006. Kwegerana no kujya inama HAbayeho amanama abiri yo kwegerana no kujya inama hagamijwe gutumiza IGF bwa mbere: [1] Kuva ku wa 16 – 17 Gashyantare 2006 – Inama ya mbere yo kwegerana no kujya inama yabereye i Jeneve. The transcripts of the two-day consultations are available in Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) site. [2] Ku wa 19 Gicurasi 2006 – Inama ya kabiri yo kwegerana no kujya inama was open to all stakeholders and was coordinated for the preparations of the inaugural IGF meeting. The meeting chairman was Nitin Desai who is the Umuryango w'abibumbye Secretary-General's Special Adviser for Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. Inama ya kabiri ya IGF Consultations held in Jeneve last Gicurasi 23, 2007 were open to all stakeholders. This consultation was part of a cluster of related events of the WSIS that took place last 15-25 of Gicurasi 2007. An Itsindangishwanama was also facilitated for Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) meeting in Riyo do Janeyiro, Burezili (Brazil). Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) open Consultations held last 3 September 2007 was held in Jeneve. For further information, a summary of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) consultations and meetings can be found below: Inama ya gatatu ya IGF izabera i Hiderabadi, mu Buhinde kuva ku wa 3-6 Ukuboza 2008. Guverinoma ya Misiri yemeye kuzategura inama ya IGF yo mu 2009, mu gihe Guverinima ya Lituwaniya na Azerubayija zikiri gupiganirwa gutegura no kwakira inama yo mu 2010. Inshingano n'Ibyitezwe kuvamo The mandate of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) is principally that of a discussion Urubuga for facilitating dialogue between the participants. Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) Gicurasi "identify emerging issues, bring them to the attention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations", but does not have any direct decision-making authority. Ibikorwa kuri IGF The following activities take place kuri IGF: inama nyunguranabitekerezo, Best Practice Urubugas, Open Urubugas and meetings of the Dynamic Coalitions. The main themes of IGF are: Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness), Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security), Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity) and Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access). A new theme was introduced in IGF Burezili (Brazil): critical Internet resources being one of the most debatable topics in the IG field kuri moment. Amatsinda y'abibumbiye hamwe The most tangible results of the first IGF in Athens are a number of so-called Dynamic Coalitions. These coalitions are relatively informal, issue-specific groups consisting of stakeholders that are interested in the particular issue. Most coalitions allow participation of anyone interested in contributing. Thus, these groups gather not only academics and representatives of governments, but also members of the civil society interested in participating on the debates and engaged in the coalition's works. Kugeza ubu, Amatsinda y'abibumbiye hamwe akurikira yamenyeshejwe kandi azwi n'Ubunyamabanga bwa IGF: Abibumbiye guhagarika ubutumwarwivanga Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma iby'Ubushimusinkoranabuhanga Itsinda rya IGF ry'abibumbiye kwiga ku Mahame ngengabwisanzure (IGF DCOS) Itsinda ry'abibumbiye guteza imbere ukugera ku ikoranabuhanga no gufungurira amarembo ibice biherereye kure y'imijyi, ibyaro n'imiryango ituye itatanye Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma iby'itike y'uburenganzira kuri Interineti Itsinda ry'abibumbiye kwiga kurunyurane rw'indimi Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gukurikirana ibya A2K@IGF Uburenganzira bwo kwisanzura mu kuvuga ibyo utekereza n'Ubwisanzure bw'Itangazamakuru kuri Interineti (FOEonline) Itsinda ry'abibumbiye kureba ibyo gukorera hamwe igikorwa runaka hakoreshejwe interineti Gender and Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (GIG) Umurongo w'amahame ngenderwaho kuri interineti Itsinda ry'abibumbiye ku mutekano w'abana bakoresha interineti Itsinda ry'abibumbiye ku "Kugera ku isoko y'amakuru n'Ubumuga" ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access)ibility/DC Itsinda ry'abibumbiye gusuzuma ibyo kwiga hakoreshejwe interineti Inama nyunguranabitekerezo Mu 2007, IGF yakoresheje amanama nyunguranabitekerezo which attracted great interest of the public. In particular, the theme of child protection was one of the topics that raised much participation. Ku bireba umwaka w'2008 Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) page stipulates that inama nyunguranabitekerezo can be proposed on the draft main session headings: * Universalization of the Internet - How to reach the next billion (Expanding the Internet) * Ibiciro bito bituma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru yifuza * Ikoreshandimi zitandukanye * Implications for development policy * Imicungire ya Interineti (Ugukoresha Interineti) * Critical Internet resources * Arrangements for Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti * Global cooperation for Internet Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security) and stability * Taking stock and the way forward * Ibibazo bishya bivuka The following inama nyunguranabitekerezo have been proposed as of 15 Gicurasi 2008, according to the Workshop pagenyunguranabitekerezo_08/wrkshplist.php. These proposals will be reviewed, an attempt will be made to merge propositions into a manageable number of inama nyunguranabitekerezo. A revision of the Process and programme of the Hyderabad meeting is available at www.intgovforum.org. IGF ya I yabereye Atene (Athens) mu 2006 Urubuga rwa interineti ruduha amakuru ashimishije arebana n'uburyo inama ya mbere ya IGF yateguwe kugeza ibaye. Inama ya II ya IGF yabereye i Riyo do Janeyiro mu 2007 Icyo gihe hari ibikorwa 84 byaberaga igihe kimwe n'amasesiyo y'ingenzi, organized under the 5 main themes: (i) critical internet resources; (ii) Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access); (iii) Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity); (iv) Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness) and (v) Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security). There were 36 inama nyunguranabitekerezo, 23 best practices Urubugas, 11 dynamic coalitions meetings, 8 Urubuga rwaguye n'ibikorwa 6 byigaga ku bindi bibazo (nk'Inama ya Giganetithe (Giganet Symposium)) The host webpage keeps video and audio records from main sessions and some parallel events such as inama nyunguranabitekerezo, best practices and open Urubugas, as well as the tool for translation into Arabic. Regarding the participation by region, around 35% of the attendees came from the Latin America and Caribbean of which 29% were from the host country (Burezili (Brazil)). There are also some interesting statistics such as: Amanama y'ingenzi The main sessions were developed according the 5 themes chosen for this year: Critical Internet Resources, Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access), Kuhasanga amakuru anyuranye (Diversity), Kuba buri wese ashobora kuyagiraho uruhare (Openness) and Umutekano w'amakuru yo kuri Interineti (Security). Please see below the summary of the main sessions: Opening Ceremony/Opening Session The multistakeholder approach were highlighted by many speakers and panelists during the Opening Session, including the message from the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, which was read by the UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, M. Sha Zukang. M. Ban Ki-Moon assures that it is not a UN goal to take over Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti but only offers an opportunity to get together people with the same interest in a global reach. M. Sha Zukang concludes thkuri IGF was a unique experience because “it brings together people who normally do not meet under the same roof”. Development were also a key discussion in IGF-RIO, as the theme chosen for this meeting, including the breaking of digital divide, which becomes the theme for the next IGF: Internet for All. The nature and prospective of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) were also discussed, as the Chairman properly summarizes: “Abantu benshi bitabiriye ubwo butumire bavuga ko IGF atari gusa urubuga rwo kuganira, ahubwo ari n'umuyoboro ushobora gutiza umurindi ihinduka ry'ingenzi ku rwego rw'ibanze mu rwego rwo kongerera abaturage ubushobozi, build capacity and skills enable the Internet`s expansion, thereby contributing to economic and social development." Amakuru y'abasesenguzi b'ibya Interineti Kugera ku makuru Ibitekerezo binyuranye Ubwisanzure Umutekano Taking Stock and the Way Forward Ibibazo bishya byo kwigwaho This session aims to identify key issues in Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti that should be addressed in the Urubuga. Ingorane ya mbere yabaye gutoranya zimwe mu ngingo zo kwigaho, bitewe n'uko hari ibitekerezo binyuranye bitashoboragwa kwigwaho ku buryo burambuye n'itsinda rimgana uko. There were four themes proposed: (i) demand and supply side initiatives (by Robert Pepper). He brought into debate the economic concept of demand and supply applied to Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. On the demand side, there were interesting proposals, such as the need for educating trough capacity-building Internet users, the ability of people controlling their web ID (part of educating the usage in Internet), local content in local languages (enforcing local community) and improving public policies (but not over regulating, such as prohibiting or limiting Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access) to VoIP, which can suppress the demand). On the supply side, there were the common concern of extending Internet users/Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access), but also considering “the opportunities created by the release of spectrum through the switch to digital broadcasting were highlighted. Some speakers suggested that such spectrum could be used to support new broadband networks and support new investment and innovative services, while Ibindis held the view that this would not be a sustainable solution.” (ii) ibibazo mbonezamubano, ibijyanye n'umuco na politiki bya Web 2.0 (bizakorwa na Andrew Keen); (iii) kugera ku isoko y'amakuru (by'umwihariko muri Afurika, bizakorwa na Nii Quaynor) na (iv) guhanga ibishya, ubushakashatsi n'amajyambere (bizakorwa Robert Kahn). AnIbindi challenge was to discuss emerging issues in a global Urubuga with different perspectives, for example, developed and developing countries realities; democratic and non-democratic political regimes, etc. Igice gisoza Inama za IGF mu gihe kizaza 2008 Inama ya gatatu ya IGFizabera i Hiderabadi, mu Buhindi kuva ku wa 3-6 Ukuboza 2008. 2009 Guverinoma ya Misiri yemeye kuzategura inama ya IGF yo mu 2009 IGF. 2010 Guverinima ya Lituwaniya na Azerubayija ziri gupiganirwa gutegura no kwakira inama yo mu 2010. Inyandiko zifashishijwe Imiyoboro ikugeza kuyandi masite Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti IGF - Hiderabadi (Hyderabad) 2008 (Brazil)2007.br IGF - Burezili (Burezili (Brazil)) 2007 IGF - Ubugereki (Greece) 2006 IGF - Site y'Abanyamuryango IP - Urubuga rwa IGF ku butabera Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti: Ibigomba gukorwa. An international conference organised by DiploFoundation discusses the objectives, multi-stakeholder composition, organisation and relevance of Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti. Ibyavugiwe mu nama mpuzamahanga:"Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti and Multistakeholder Diplomacy"byakozwe na Jovan Kurbalija. The presentation reflects on the diplomatic dimension of internet management, the multistakeholder composition and inter-professional dimension of the Itsinda Rikurikirana iby' Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti (WGIG). Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere Notes
2297
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminuza%20nkuru%20y%E2%80%99u%20Rwanda
Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda
Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda (NUR mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; cyangwa UNR mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa; izina mu gifaransa: Université nationale du Rwanda ; izina mu cyongereza : National University of Rwanda) ni yo Kaminuza nini mu Rwanda. Ibarizwa kuri 2° 36′ 58″ S, 29° 44′ 34″ E mu mujyi wa Butare. Yashinzwe mu mwaka w’1963, ishingwa na guverinoma y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abakristu b’abadominikani bo mu mujyi wa Québec mu gihugu cya Kanada. Amateka Ikimara gushingwa, iyi kaminuza yatangiranye amashami (facultés) atatu gusa, ari yo: Ishami ry’ubuganga; Ishami rijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’umuryango (sciences sociales) n’Ishami nderabarezi (science de l'éducation). Yatangiranye kandi abanyeshuli 51 n’abarimu 16. Muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo muw’1994, iyi kaminuza yaguyemo inzirakarengane nyinshi ndetse ikurizamo no gufunga, ifungura mu mwaka w’1995. Ikimara gufungura, ururimi rw’uburezi rwahise ruba icyongereza, kigakoreshwa hamwe n’igifaransa. Mu mwaka w’2005, uburere bwatangwaga muri kaminuza bwibanze ku bumenyi-ngiro (science) n’ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n’ubumenyamuntu (humanités), bikigishwa mu rurimi rw’igifaransa n’icyongereza. Guhera mu mwaka w’2005, abanyeshuli bigaga muri iyi kaminuza babarirwaga kuri 8221, naho abarimu bakaba 425. Dore amatariki y’ingirakamaro n’ibikorwa byabayeho muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda: Kuwa 3 Ugushyingo 1963: iyi kaminuza yafunguwe ku mugaragaro. Kuwa 12 Gicurasi 1964: hatowe itegeko rishyiraho iyi kaminuza. 1966: hashinzwe ikigo cy’igihugu cy’uburezi ku nkunga ya UNDP ifatanije na UNESCO. Iki kigo cyari kigamije guhugura no kuzamura ubumenyi bw’abarimu bigishaga mu mashuli yisumbuye. 1967: iyi kaminuza yaraguwe hagamijwe kuyegereza abaturage ngo ibafashe. 1972: hashyizweho ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi gishingiye kuri pharmacy mu ishami ry’ubuganga. Iri shami ryatangiye gukora ku buryo bwigenga guhera mu mwaka w’1980. Gicurasi 1973: kaminuza y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amahugurwa animbitse ku nzobere z’abubatsi, ishyiraho n’imbanzirizamushinga ku bukanishi buhanitse bw’ibikoresho by’umuriro (électro mécanique). Ukwakira 1973: hafunguwe ishami ry’amategeko ku bufatanye na kaminuza ya Instelling Antwerpen. 1974: mu ishami ry’ubumenyi-ngiro hashyizweho uburyo bwo kwiga no gukora ubushakashatsi ku ngufu z’amashanyarazi. Iri shami ryatangiye kwigenga mu mwaka w’1997 . Kuwa 13 Kamena 1979: hashinzwe ishami ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (agronomie) mu ishami ry’umumenyi-ngiro. *Kuwa 1 Ukwakira 1981: akminuza y’u Rwanda yafunguye ishami mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya Ruhengeri, iba igize amashami abiri. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, ishami ry’amategeko ryimukiye i Mburabuturo. Ugushyingo 1988: hijihijwe imyaka 25 kaminuza y’u Rwanda yari imaze ishinzwe. Hashyizweho kandi ikigo cy’ubutegetsi n’amategeko (Institut Supérieur de l'Administration Publique-ISAP), ku bufatanye n’umuryango Konrad Adanauer. Mata-Nyakanga 1994: abarezi n’abanyeshuli batari bake bazize jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Hangiritse kandi ibikoresho bitandukanye, inyubako, n’ibindi. Ibi byatumye kaminuza ihita ifungwa. Mutarama 1995: kampisi ya Ruhengeri n’ishami ry’amategeko byimukiye ku cyicaro gikuru cya kaminuza i Butare. Kuri iyi tariki kandi ni ho kaminuza yongeye gufungurwa, maze amashami n’amashuli yose byimurirwa i Butare. Muri uyu mwaka, kaminuza yari iteganijwe gutangirana abanyeshuli 1600, ariko itangirana 4500. Aha ni naho icyongereza cyatangiye kuba ururimi rw’uburezi. Kuwa 2 Mata 1996: hashyizweho ishuli ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga (ESTI). 1997: hashyizweho umwaka w’indimi (igifaransa n’icyongereza) ku banyeshuli bose batangira umwaka wa mbere muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda. 1998: hatangijwe icyiciro gihanitse (doctorat) mu ishami ry’ubuganga. Kuwa 15 Kamena 1998: hashyizweho komisiyo ishinzwe ubushakashatsi. Mu mpera z’umwaka w’1998: ishami ry’ubumenyi n’iry’ubumenyi-ngiro yarateranijwe abyara ishami ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga. 1999: hashinzwe ishami ryigisha gukemura amakimbirane. Kuwa 27 Ukwakira 1999: hashinzwe ihuriro ryo kurwanya SIDA muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda. Ukuboza 1999: hashinzwe iahami rya kaminuza ry’indimi, ryari rifite intego yo guteza imbere indimi n’umuco mu rwego rwo gushyigikira ubumwe bw’igihugu, ubwiyunge n’amahoro. Iri shami kandi ryari ritegerejwe guteza imbere umuco nyarwanda mu mahanga. Mata 2000: hashinzwe ishuli ry’ubuzima (Santé publique) *Kanama 2000: ishuli ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ryahindutse ishuli ry’itangazamakuru n’itumanaho, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere igihugu muri uru rwego. Kuwa 3 Ugushyingo 2002: hashyizweho alumni ya kminuza y’u Rwanda. Kuwa 10 Ukwakira 2005: hashyizweho ku mugaragaro ishami rihanitse (post-graduate) mu ishuli ry’ubuganga. Kuwa 18 Ugushyingo 2005: hashinzwe ku mugaragaro “Radio Salus.” Colleges Amashami Kaminuza y’u Rwanda ifite amashami 9, ari yo: Ishami ry’ubuganga (médecine) Ishami ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (agriculture) Ishami ry’indimi, itangazamakuru n’ubumenyamuntu Ishami ry’ubumenyi-ngiro Ishami ry’amategeko Ishami ry’ubumenyi Ishami ry’ubukungu n’icungamari Ishami ry’indimi ritegura abanyeshuli (Fondation compétence linguistique) Ishuli ry’ubuzima (Santé publique) Kaminuza Rwanda
2319
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza%20ikibazo
Baza ikibazo
Ese intambara y a Ukraine n'uburusia yararangiye ??
2337
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%203166-1
ISO 3166-1
Urutonde rw’ibihugu ISO 3166-1 AN Antiye za Nederilande KO Kosovo TB Tibeti ZR Zayire Ibihugu sv:ISO 3166#ISO 3166-1-koder
2357
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururabo%20rw%E2%80%99umugati
Ururabo rw’umugati
Ubwoko Ururabo rw’umugati (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Artocarpus) ruboneka mu moko arenga 60 y’icyatsi kibisi buboneka ahantu hashyushye mu muryango wa Morase (izina mu kilatini Moraceae; bitanga imbuto ziribwa zifite intete nyinshi mo imbere). Biboneka muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba no mu birwa by’inyanja ya Pasifika. Ubundi bwoko nka Artocarpus altilis (Urubuto rw’umugati), Artocarpus integer (Cempedak), Artocarpus heterophyllus] (Urubuto rwa Yakobo) n’ Artocarpus odoratissimus (Marang) nabyo ni ibinyamuryango by’urubuto rw’umugati. References Urubuto rw’umugati Artocarpus odoratissimus, Marang Ibimera Imbuto
2358
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiti%20cy%E2%80%99Ubuhinde
Igiti cy’Ubuhinde
Igiti cy’Ubuhinde (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Millettia pinnata , Pongamia pinnata ), ni igiti gitakaza amababi mu gihe cy’urugaryi, kikagira uburebure buri hagati ye metero 15 kugeza kuri 25, gisa n’ibiti byo mu muryango w’amafabase (Fabaceae). Kigira hejuru hanini n’indabyo ntoya z’umweru, igitaka cyangwa ikigina. Gikomoka mu Buhinde, ariko kigahingwa muri Aziya y’Amajyapfo y’uburasirazuba. Amafoto Notes Ibimera
2372
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigazzano
Pigazzano
Pigazzano ni umujyi w'u Ubutariyani, Uburayi. Ubutariyani
2423
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silovakiya
Silovakiya
Silovakiya (izina mu gisilovaki : Slovensko cyangwa Slovenská republika ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Uburayi Ibihugu
2425
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubugereki
Ubugereki
Ubugereki cyangwa Ubugiriki (izina mu kigereki: Ελλάδα cyangwa Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Ubugereki ituwe n'abantu 10 955 000 birenga (2015). Umurwa mukuru w’Ubugereki witwa Athina. Uburayi Ibihugu
2429
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloveniya
Siloveniya
Siloveniya (izina mu kinyasiloveniya : Slovenija cyangwa Republika Slovenija ) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Uburayi Ibihugu
2430
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekiya
Cekiya
Cekiya (izina mu giceke: Česko cyangwa Česká republika) n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 10,610,947 (2016), batuye kubuso bwa km² 78,866. Umurwa mukuru wa Cekiya witwa Praha. Uburayi Ibihugu
2431
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugariya
Bulugariya
Buligariya cyangwa Bulugariya (izina mu kibulugariya: България cyangwa Република България) n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Umurwa mukuru wa Buligariya witwa Sofiya. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 7,101,859 (2016), batuye kubuso bwa km² 110,994. Uburayi Ibihugu
2432
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finilande
Finilande
Finilande (izina mu gifinilande: Suomi; izina mu kinyasuwede: Finland) n’igihugu cy'amajyaruguru muri Uburayi. Umurwa mukuru wa Finilande witwa Helsinki. Uburayi Ibihugu
2433
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitoniya
Esitoniya
Esitoniya (izina mu cyesitoniya na kivoro: Eesti cyangwa Eesti Vabariik) n’igihugu mu Burayi. Esitoniya ituwe n'abantu 1.318.705 birenga (2018). Umurwa mukuru w'Esitoniya witwa Tallinn. Uburayi Ibihugu
2434
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danimarike
Danimarike
Danimarike n’igihugu muri Uburayi. Igihugu gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 5,748,769 (2017), batuye kubuso bwa km² 42,931. Uburayi Ibihugu
2436
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikimera
Ikimera
Ikimera (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Plantae) ni ikimera kizima, igice cyacyo, umurama cyangwa igice gituma cyororoka. Mu Rwanda U Rwanda rucumbikiye ibimera by’amoko menshi anyuranye kubera urusobe rw’imiterere y’igihugu n’urw’ikirere ruhanitse kuva mu burengerazuba kugera mu burasirazuba. Ibimera bito bizamura amazi mu miheha yabyo (plantes vasculaires) bibarirwa hafi mu moko 3000 aturuka mu turere dutandukanye bitewe n’imiterere nyabuzima y’ahantu. Amoko hafi 280 y’ibimera bigira uburabyo bituruka mu Rwanda abonwa nk’akomoka muri Albertine Rift. Muri ayo moko cyimeza, hafi 20 yihariwe n’u Rwanda, amoko 50 aboneka gusa mu Rwanda no muri Kongo y’Uburasirazuba ,naho amoko 20 yabonetse gusa mu Rwanda no mu Burundi. Imiyoboro
2489
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire%20Kayibanda
Grégoire Kayibanda
Gregoire Kayibanda (1 Gicurasi 1924 – 15 Ukuboza 1976), wafashe ubutegetsi ku itariki ya 26 Ukwakira 1961 ni Perezida wa 2 Ukwakira 1961 – 5 Nyakanga 1973) w’u Rwanda kuva rwabona ubwigenge yakuwe mu butegetsi kugeza akuwe ku butegetsi Kuri Juvénal Habyarimana. Imyaka yo hambere hamwe n'uburere Grégoire Kayibanda yavukiye i Tara, mu Rwanda. Yaturutse mu majyepfo y’igihugu kandi akomoka mu bwoko bw’Abahutu. Guverinoma Abenshi mu bahutu bari bamaze igihe kinini banga ubutegetsi buri mu maboko ya rubanda rugufi. Abunganira Abahutu bashishikarijwe na Kiliziya Gatolika , hamwe n'Ababiligi b'Ababirigi (barushagaho kugira uruhare muri Kongo). Inshingano z'umuryango w’abibumbye, itsinda ry’abatutsi n’abatuye mu Bubiligi zagize uruhare mu mvururu ziyongera mu mibereho no muri politiki. Gregoire Kayibanda, Umuhutu wo mu bwoko, yayoboye umutwe w'Abahutu. Yashinze ishyaka rya politiki rya Parmehutu ( Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu ; Ishyaka rya Emancipation Movement Party), yandika "Manifeste y'Abahutu" mu 1957. Itsinda ryahise riba igisirikare. Mu gusubiza, mu 1959 yashinze ishyaka ry’abatutsi UNAR, rigizwe n’abashakaga ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda n’Uburundi bushingiye ku bwami buriho. Iri tsinda naryo ryahise rihinduka igisirikare. Intonganya zatangiye hagati ya UNAR na Parmehutu. Kwiyamamaza kwa Kayibanda kwagejeje ku bahutu ku butegetsi bwa mbere mu Rwanda. Kayibanda yari Perezida w'u Rwanda kuva 1962 kugeza ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1973, ubwo yahirikwaga na Minisitiri w’ingabo, Jenerali Juvénal Habyarimana mu butegetsi bwa gisirikare. N'ubwo bivugwa ko nta maraso afite, biturutse ku guhirika ubutegetsi, bivugwa ko abantu 55, cyane cyane abakozi ba Leta, abanyamategeko cyangwa abacuruzi bafitanye isano n'ubutegetsi bwabanje, bishwe. Imiryango yabantu yakiriye amafaranga yo kwishyura guceceka kwabo. Guverinoma nshya yafunze Kayibanda n'umugore we ahantu hihishe (bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya Kabgayi), aho bivugwa ko bishwe n'inzara. Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda Abahutu Abagabo
2496
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikigereki
Ikigereki
Ikigereki cyangwa Ikigiriki (izina mu kigereki : ελληνική γλώσσα ) ni ururimi rw’Ubugereki na Shipure. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 ell (indimi: grc, pnt,...). Alfabeti y’kigereki Igifero kigizwe n’inyuguti 24 : α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ (ς) τ υ φ χ ψ ω inyajwi 7 : α ε η ι ο υ ω indagi 17 : β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ (ς) τ φ χ ψ Amagambo n’interuro mu kigereki Χαίρεται – Muraho Πώς είστε; – Amakuru? Πολύ καλά – Ni meza Ναι – Yego Όχι – Oya Με λένε ... – Nitwa ... άνθρωπος – umuntu άνδρας – umugabo γυναίκα – umugore ζώο – inyamaswa φυτό cyangwa φυτεύω – ikimera σκύλος – imbwa πουλί – inyoni ψάρι – ifi γάτα – ipusi φίδι – inzoka άλογο – ifarashi κότα – inkoko δέντρο – igiti καρπός – imbuto Imibare ἒνα cyangwa ένα – rimwe δύο – kabiri τρία – gatatu τέσσερα – kane πέντε – gatanu ἓξι cyangwa έξι – gatandatu ἑπτά cyangwa εφτά – karindwi ὀκτώ cyangwa οχτώ – umunani ἐννέα cyangwa εννιά – icyenda δέκα – icyumi Indimi z’igihinde-buraya
2535
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impara
Impara
Impara (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Aepyceros melampus) Inyamabere
2537
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igihura
Igihura
Igihura (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Aonyx capensis congicus) Inyamabere
2539
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igishegeshi
Igishegeshi
Igishegeshi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Atherurus africanus) Inyamabere
2541
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiramuhari
Nyiramuhari
Nyiramuhari, Imbwebwe (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Canis adustus) Inyamabere
2544
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare
Intare
Intare (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Panthera leo) ni inyamaswa ikaze. Inyamabere
2548
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguge
Inguge
Inguge Dore amwe mu moko y’inguge ziri muri Pariki ya Nyungwe: icyondi (Cercopithecus lhoesti), igihinyage, inkomo (Colobus angolensis ruwenzori), inkima (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti & kandti ), inyenzi, impundu (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii). Amoko Cercopithecus aethiops (inkendi) Cercopithecus albigena johnostonii (igishabaga) Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti (umukunga) Cercopithecus hamlyni (igihinyage) Cercopithecus lhoesti (icyondi) Cercopithecus mitis doggetti & kandti (inkima) Colobus angolensis adolfi-friederici (inkomo) Gorilla gorilla beringei (ingagi) Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii (impundu) Papio anubis (inkoto) Inyamabere
2549
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuvumu
Umuvumu
Umuvumu cyangwa Igitoma , Gasuru (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Ficus thonningii) ni igiti n’urubuto. Intangiriro Umuvumu ni igiti cyari gifite byinshi kivuze mu myumvire y’abanyarwanda. Hari ahantu mu Rwanda uzasanga bita, cyangwa bitaga, ku Mana. Bene aha hakunze kuba akenshi hateye cyangwa harahoze igiti cy’umuvumu. Waruvumu na Rumana ni bimwe mu biti bisigaye byihariye aya mateka bigihagaze. Aho biri naho bamwe bahita ku Mana. Abakurambere Kera ku ngoma za cyami hari ubwo hateraga ibyorezo, nk’izuba rigatera amapfa cyangwa udusimba tukaduka tukangiza imyaka, abanyamahanga bateye u Rwanda, indwara idasanzwe cyangwa ikindi cyose cyahungabanyaga u Rwanda n’abanyarwanda. Hari imihango yakorwaga mu kumenya intsinzi (umuti) yabyo. Hambere Abaraguzi n’abapfumu bizewe bifashishaga amatungo nk’intama, inkoko na cyane cyane ikimasa, itungo bakaribaga barishakamo intsinzi. Iyo iri tungo ryeraga (ryagaragazaga intsinzi), ibisigazwa by’iryo tungo ntabwo byaribwaga, babitabikaga ahantu bakahatera igiti cy’umuvumu kitagomba kuzatemwa, aha hantu hakitwa ‘ku Mana’. Byari umuco, byari imigenzo ya ba sogokuru bacu, byari ukuri muri icyo gihe. Ibiti Akateye kambuye u Rwanda byose, ibyakorwaga byitwa ibipagani, kuragura biracika himikwa Yesu/Yezu n’intumwa y’imana Muhammad (Imana imuhe amahoro n’imigisha) ibiti byo ku Mana biratemwa, amateka aracika. Bicye mu bisigaye harimo ibiti byitwa Waruvumu na Rumana biri mu murenge wa Mamba mu karere ka Gisagara. Abatuye aha baracyubaha ibi biti ntibashobora kubitema. Ibi biti bibiri biri ahahoze hitwa mu “Buhanga Ndara” agace kari kagize ahari ubu imirenge ya Mamba na Gikonko muri Gisagara, cyera baravugaga ngo ni “Mu Buhanga ahaba abahanga”. Iyo witegereje ibi biti aho biri usanga harahoze ibindi biti byinshi ariko barabitemaguye. Waruvumu na Rumana byo ntibikorwaho kandi bihora bitoshye. Abatuye aha bavuga ko ari ibiti ndangamateka batakoraho. Ibimera Ibiti
2555
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkoko
Inkoko
Inkoko (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Gallus gallus domesticus) ni itungo. Isake (ubuke: Amasake) = inkoko y’igitsina gabo. Inkoko z’amagi Inyama y’inkoko Mu Rwanda Ubworozi bw’inkoko bugamije kongera inyama n’amagi. Kubera indwara y’ibicurane by’ibiguruka, ituragiro rya Rubirizi, ari naryo ritanga icyororo cy’inkoko mu Rwanda ryafunzwe kuva muri 2006 kugeza mu mpera za 2007. Mu ntangiro za 2008 niho iryo turagiro rya Rubirizi ryongeye gufungura no kuzana imishwi iturutse mu mahanga, yo korora no kuvanaho icyororo cy’inkoko z’amagi n’inyama. Uyu mwaka wagiye kurangira aborozi b’inkoko bamaze kugezwaho imishwi 46,048 y’ubwoko bw’inkoko zitera amagi n’izitanga inyama. N’ubwo ituragiro ryari rifunze, aborozi b’inkoko bakomeje gutumiza imishwi hanze y’igihugu (Uganda, Kenya) ku buryo muri 2008 hatumijwe imishwi 329,000 n’amagi 1,200,000. Umusaruro ukaba utangiye kongera kugaragara ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu. Imigani migufi Nta nkokokazi ibika isake ihari. Amagi Indwara z’inkoko Notes Inyoni Amatungo Ubworozi
2556
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruwumvu
Uruwumvu
Uruwumvu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Chamaeleo) Ibikururanda
2557
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamu
Itamu
Itamu (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Taurotragus oryx, Tragelaphus oryx ) Inyamabere
2560
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impongo
Impongo
Impongo (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Tragelaphus scriptus) Inyamabere
2562
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzobe
Inzobe
Inzobe (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Tragelaphus spekei) Inyamabere
2563
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka
Inka
Inka (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Bos primigenius taurus ♀) ni itungo. Inyana (izina mu Cyongereza calf) Mu Rwanda Kubungabunga ubwoko bw’inka z’inyambo: Nk’uko bigaragara gahunda z’ubworozi zose zigamije kongera umusaruro (intensification) hakoreshejwe amoko y’amatungo atanga umusaruro mwinshi ku butaka buto. Ibi birasaba kubangurira ku bwinshi inka z’inyarwanda hafi ya zose ku bwoko bw’amata (Friesian, Jersey) muri gahunda yo kongera umukamo. Inka y’inyarwanda izwi kuba igira umukamo muto, ariko nanone izwiho kugira inyama nziza (less cholesterol) ari nacyo gituma mu bihugu byinshi batangiye kujya bayitwaraho icyororo. Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga izo nka z’inyambo, kugira ngo ubwo bwoko butazazima, hashyizweho amashyo atatu (3) y’Inyambo z’amashashi 600 zatoranyijwe muri Uganda, zikaba zororewe Gako mu Bugesera na Karama muri Nyagatare. Ifoto ikurikira iragaragaza amashashi y’inyambo yororewe mu rwuri rwa Karama. Guteza imbere ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama : Ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama nabwo ntabwo bwibagiranye. Aborozi batuye mu Murenge wa Ndego mu Karere ka Kirehe, batangiye guhuza ubutaka bwabo, bagamije kugira inzuri nini zakororerwaho inka z’inyama. Leta izabafasha kubona icyororo cy’izo nka, byaba ari ukuzigura mu mahanga cyangwa hakoreshwa intanga (ndetse n’insoro) z’ubwoko bwa Bonsmara na Brahaman zamaze kugurwa no kugezwa mu Gihugu n’izindi zose zishobora gutumizwa hanze. Abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo Leta irabashishikariza korora ibimasa bivuye mu ma farms y’inka zitanga amata, bakabibyibushya ku buryo byatanga inyama. Indwara z’inka Indwara z’inka muri rusange ziterwa n’udukoko nka virusi, bacteria n’ibihumyo. Hano hari zimwe mundwara zifata inka: Uburenge : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ituma itungo ricika integer rikagira n’umuriro. Ifata ururimi, iminwa, igikanu, amaguru, amacebe n’amabere akagira ububabare. Kuyigenzura : Ukongera isuku no gukingira. Akenshi kuyihagarika biragora iyo yagaragaye. Kubera ibyo, ni byiza kwica izarwaye. Indwara ya tuberculosis : Ni indwara iramba iterwa na bacteri. Yi ndwara irakaze cyane kuko n’abantu bayandura bayikuye kunka inyuze mu mata no kubikomoka ku mata. Kuyigenzura : Gufata ingamba zo gushyira mu kato no gupima bihoraho iyi ndwara. Amatungo adwaye agomba gushyirwa mukato kandi akabagwa. Gutera imiti yica udukoko buri gihe. Indwara ya lung plague (pleuropneumonia) : Ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi ituma itungo rikorora rigacika integer mbere y’uko ripfa. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo. Indwara ya Rinderpest (cattle plague) : Ni indwara ikaze iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ibimenyetso harimo kutamera neza mu gifu bigatera guhitwa, umuriro mwinshi, gusohora imyanda ivanze n’amaraso no gucika integer muri rusange ku matungo. Kuyigenzura : Ishobora kuvurwa ukoresha urukingo rwo kwirinda no gushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo. Indwara y’inzoka : Murizo harimo flukes, inzoka zo mumazi n’inzoka zo kubutaka. Ibimenyetso harimo kutarya. Kuyigenzura : Guhora wica inzoka. Isuku nziza. Guhindura aho kororera. Indwara y’umusinziro (Trypanosomiasis) : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’isasi yitwa tsetse. Udukoko dushwanyaguza ingingo zo mu maraso. Ibimenyetso harimo muri rusange gucika intege n’umuriro mwinshi. Kuyirinda bishobora wica amasasi ya tsetse no gukingira. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo no kuyabaga. Udukoko tubeshwaho n’inyamanswa: Utu dukoko duto dutwara indwara ariko udukoko dukaze ni nka ikirongwe,amasazi, n’inda. Ikirongwe nicyo kiboneka cyane kandi gitera cyane umuriro. Uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura udukoko: Kugira aho ziba hasukuye. Kogesha amatungo amazi yica udukoko. Guhozaho umwotsi wirukana udukoko. Ikiraro cy’inka Ikiraro ni ingenzi ku matungo n’uburyo bwo korora bwerekana ubwoko bazifashisha. Ubwoko bw’ibiraro burimo ibice bitatu hari aho bubaka hato hagatanga umusaruro mwinshi, aharinganiye n’ahanini ariko hatanga umusaruro muke. Ubwoko bubiri bwambere busaba kubaka ikiraro gifite igisenge n’uruzitiro, mugihe ubwoko bwa gatatu budasaba ikiraro kubera ko ureka ubushyo buke bwakijyambere cyangwa ntabwo babureka bukarisha mu gisambu. Ikibitandukanya ni igihe amatungo amara ari hanze y’ikiraro. Amafoto Notes Imiyoboro https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175441/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/category/topics/agriculture/livestock-farming/cattle-keeping Inyamabere Amatungo Ubworozi
2568
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isukari
Isukari
Isukari Abantu benshi n’imbuga za interineti zitandukanye zitangaza ko gufata isukari ku rugero ruringaniye ari byo byiza kuko isukari nyinshi mu mubiri itera uburwayi. Inyinshi muri izi mbuga zitangaza ko ibyo kurya byose umuntu afashe, umubiri uhita ubihindura nk’isukari hatitawe ku bwoko bw’ibiryo wafashe. Isukari itandukanye n’ibindi biribwa nk’inyama, imbuto, imboga kuko byo bifite intungamubiri, imyunyu ngugu na aside ; isukari yo ikaba itabifite kandi aribyo bifasha mu igogorwa (digestion) ndetse no kunyunyuza ibifitiye umubiri akamaro. Ibi bikaba byatera ikibazo umuntu wabifashe ku rugero rurenze kugira ingaruka. Ubushakashatsi Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikinyamakuru American journal of clinical Nutrition, buvuga ko iyo umuntu afashe garama 100 z’isukari isazwe bigabanya imikorere y’abasirikare barinda umubiri ho amasaha atanu. Ngo iyo bigenze gutya, ubwirinzi bw’umubiri n’ubushobozi bwabwo birahadindirira mu kurwanya indwara. Ubushakashatsi bukomeza bugaragaza ko abantu benshi bizera ko umutobe wa orange ufite intungamubiri nyinshi. Gusa ngo iyo wamaze guhindurwa, ibyo bita enzymes nzima, intungamubiri ndetse n’imyunyu ngugu biragabanuka. Uburyo umutobe ukorwa ngo iyo umaze gutunganwa uba umeze nk’isukari y’umweru kuko ngo nta ntungamubiri uba ugifite zafasha isukari karemano iba mu mubiri (glucose) mu gutunganya ibyo kurya ngo bibe byafasha umubiri. Ngo na none si byiza ko umuntu abaho atazi isukari yafashe ku munsi. Abantu benshi bakunda kurwara kuko ibi ngo batabyitaho bityo bigatera umubiri wabo gukora buhoro ku buryo budakwiriye umuntu muzima. Indwara ziterwa n'isukari nyinshi 1. Iyo umuntu akunda kunywa isukari nyinshi, impindura ntabwo ishobora gukura isukari mu maraso ibi bigatera diabete. Ibi bigakunda kugaragara cyane ku babyeyi bageze igihe cyo gucura(menopause). 2. Iyo umuntu akunda gufata isukari nyinshi bishobora kumutera indwara z’amenyo 3. Iyo ukunda gufata isukari nyinshi na none ngo byongera gutakara kw’intungamubiri za kalisiyumu n’imyunyungugu umubiri ukenera igihe umuntu anyara kenshi. 4. Abagore bafata isukari cyane ngo bashobora guhorana umushiha ndetse n’ubwoba. 5. Iyo ufata isukari nyinshi byongera guhorana umunaniro udashira. Ese ibyiza by’isukari ni ibihe ? 6. Isukari ishobora kukongerera ingufu. Gusa ngo ibi ni iby’igihe gito kuko ihita ishiramo. Ni nko kunywa amazi uramutse ufite inyota kuko wongera kuyigira. 7. Isukari igufasha kumva ko ibyo urya biryoshye. 8. isukari ituma ugira uruhu rwiza. 9. Isukari igufasha gusinzira neza. Mu Rwanda isukari yari imaze iminsi yariyongereye ibiciro kuko ikilo cyaguraga amafaranga igihumbi na Magana inani y’u Rwanda none ubu ikilo kigaba cyasubiye ku gihumbi na Magana abiri. Isukari yo mu Nganda Isukari yo mu Nganda : Abashinzwe kumenya impamvu zitera indwara z’ibyorezo basanze ko zifitanye isano no gukoresha isukari, nyuma basanga ububi bw’isukari butagarukiye aho, ahubwo isukari ishobora no gutera kanseri yo mu mura, mu gifu, n’iyo mu munwa wa nyababyeyi (inkondo ya nyababyeyi). Reba Ibiribwa
2569
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igi
Igi
Igi (ubuke: Amagi ) Kurya amagi menshi, kenshi, ni ukuvuga ngo urengeje amagi 3 mu cyumweru, na byo bishobora gutera kanseri y’amabere, mu gifu, ibihaha, urwagashya, umura, agahu koroheye ko muri nyababyeyi gategura ururenda rurinda nyababyeyi no mu mirera ntanga y’abagore. Abayarya cyane bakunda kurwara uruhu, ubugora, kwishimagura, imvuvu, kuribwa mu nda, imvururu mu mara, impiswi, ubuhwima. Iyo igi rihuye n’amatoto y’inkoko rikimara guterwa rihura na microbe yitwa Salmonella itera kuribwa mu mara na tifoyide. Amagi afite umunyu mwinshi agakena muri potasiyumu, ni cyo gituma akwiriye kwirindwa n’abarwaye indwara y’umutima. Amagi atera kanseri yo mu maraso cyane ku bagore, ni na yo atera kanseri yo mu gifu. Si byiza kuyaha umwana utari wuzuza umwaka. Inyoni Ibiribwa
2571
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urubuto
Urubuto
Umwungo (ubuke: Imbuto ; izina mu cyongereza fruit) ni ikimera. Umutobe w'imbuto
2572
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umugati
Umugati
Umugati Mbere yo gutangira ibiryo uramutse uriye umugati, ukawuhekenya neza byagabanya inzara wari ufite bigatuma urya bike. Ibiribwa
2573
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama
Inyama
Inyama Ubushakashatsi bunyuranye bumaze gukorwa bumaze kwerekana ko inyama zifite uruhare runini mu gutera kanseri : yo mu bwonko, ibihaha, igifu, impyiko, uruhago, nyababyeyi, imiyobora ntanga, prostate, n’izindi zitavuzwe. Umuntu uriye ikilo 1 cy’inyama zokeje aba yinjije benzopirene itera kanseri ingana n’iy’umuntu wanyoye imiti 600 y’itabi (cigarettes) kandi kanseri ikomoka mu nyama yongerwa n’uko zatetswe cyane no kotswa, rero umuntu ategewe hose.Icyiza ni ugukoresha ibimera birimo :imboga ,imbuto ibinyampeke n'ibinyamisongwe n'ibindi tutarondoye kuko aribyo bifasha umubiri bikawongerera ibivumbikisho kandi ugakunda kunywa amazi nibura ibirahuri 6-8 ku munsi. Amoko Inyama y'inka inyama y’ihene inyama y’intama inyama y’ingurube inyama y’inkoko Reba Ibiribwa
2574
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urufunzo
Urufunzo
Ubusobanuro Urufunzo ni bumwe mu ikoresho abakurambere b’Abanyarwanda bari bafite ubwo bacyeneraga kubaka, ubumenyi bari bafite buhambaye mu bikorwa bitandukanye, Bimwe muri byo bigaragarira mu bwubatsi; Guhera mu kurambagiza ikibanza, ibikoresho byifashishwaga, ibipimo mu gusiza, ibice bitandukanye bahaga inzu, isuku n’imitako byose byitabwagaho mu buryo bwihariye n'urukangaga mu gusakara. urukangaga Urufunzo ubundi turusanga mugishanga, Urufunzo rukora ibintu byinshi nko kuboha imisambi cyangwa imice, Urufunzo rwifashishaga kandi mu bwubatsi bwa gakondo basakazaga ubwatsi ndetse Bifashishaga umukenke, uruguhu, ishinge cyangwa urukangaga. Imigozi yabaga ari imihotore, imivumu, imika cyangwa ibirere. Amashakiro Ibimera Ibidukikije Ibiti Ubwatsi
2576
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isazi
Isazi
Isazi (izina mu kilatini Tabanus) ni inyamaswa. Inyamaswa
2579
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiti
Igiti
Intangiriro Igiti (Ubwinshi: Ibiti) kiri mu muryango w’ibinyabuzima. Kiramera, kigakura, kikaba cyarabya, cyakwera imbuto, hanyuma kikazasaza. Cyakora ntigishobora kwiyimura aho kiri. Igiti kigizwe n’imizi, n’igihimba, n’amashami, n’amababi, n’indabyo zibyara imbuto. Imizi ifatisha igiti mu butaka, ikabuvanamo ibigitunga. Igihimba gitangirira ku butaka kigakura kijya hejuru. Igiti gihumekera mu mababi. Aho ibiti biri ari byinshi bahita ishyamba. Bavuga ko amashyamba akurura imvura akanarwanya isuli. Akamaro k'igiti Ibiti bigira akamaro kenshi: hari ibyera imbuto: nk’amacunga, amapapayi, indimu, amatunda, marakuja, za avoka, imyembe n’ibindi byinshi. Hari n’ibyubakishwa amazu n'amateme; hakaba n’ibisaturwamo imbaho, zikabazwamo ibikoresho by’amoko menshi, hakaba n’ibicanwa. Hari n'ibiti bitanga igicucu kuburyo abagenzi bashobora kwikinga izuba baruhuka bamara gutora akabaraga bagakomeza urugendo. Imiyoboro Ibimera
2581
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutima%20w%27imfizi
Umutima w'imfizi
Umutima w'imfizi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Annona reticulata) ni igiti n’urubuto. Ibimera
2583
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seremoliya
Seremoliya
Seremoliya (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Annona cherimola) ni igiti n’urubuto. Ibimera Imbuto
2584
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwembe
Umwembe
Umwembe (izina ry’ubu menyi mu kilatini Mangifera indica) ni igiti n’urubuto rufitiye umubiri akamaro kuko ukungahaye kuri vitamini C ikenerwa mu gukora poroteyini z’ingenzi ku menyo, imikaya, amagufwa, imiyoboro y’amaraso, mu gukiza ibisebe, ikanagira uruhare mu gukora indurwe y’umwijima kandi ikanafasha mu ikoreshwa ry’umunyu ngugu wa fer wongera amaraso mu mubiri. Amoko Umwembe wa Kalimantana Imyembe ihumura neza (Fragrant Mango, Mangifera odorata) ni ubwoko bw’imyembe izwi na benshi, akenshi yera mu Majyepfo y’Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya. Ni ikimanyi hagati y’umwembe ukunze guhingwa na benshi (Mangifera indica) n’umwembe witwa Umwembe w’ifarashi (Horse Mango, Mangifera foetida). Notes Imiyoboro Umwembe ukungahaye kuri vitamini C Ibimera Imbuto
2587
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amapera
Amapera
Amapera (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Psidium guajava) ni ubwoko bw’igiti n’urubuto. Ibimera Ibiti Imbuto
2588
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoka
Avoka
Avoka Avoka Ibarirwa mu muryango wa lauracees, mu bwoko bwa persea Americana, yakomotse muri Amerika yo hagati. Avoka ni imbuto ziribwa zikungahaye cyane ku muvuta na vitamini. Avoka ni igiti gikura kikagera ku burebure bwa metero 8 kugera kuri 20. Amoko yatsindiriwe akunze kuba magufi kuruta amahumbikano. Akamaro k’Avoka Avoka zikungahaye ku mavuta kurusha izindi mbuto ziribwa ari mbisi (7.8-40.7) bityo zitanga imbaraga , zikungahaye kuri vitamini C,A,B,E,K. Inombe y’Avoka ikorwamo amavuta yo guteka, umutobe wo kunywa. Avoka kandi zikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti, amavuta yo kwisiga n’amasabune, ibishishwa n’ibisigazwa byazo bikorwamo ibyo kurya by’amatungo. Aho Avoka Ikunda Avoka ikunda ahantu hagwa imvura iringaniye (1250-1750mm) mu mwaka,ubutaka butarekamo amazi menshi kuko atuma imizi ibora bityo igiti kikuma. Avoka yera hose mu Rwanda ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 900 na metero 1800, ahantu hari ubusharire bwa PH5.5-6 ariko hari n’amoko yera neza hejuru ya metero 2000. Amoko y’Avoka Amoko y’Avoka y’ingenzi yakozweho ubushakashatsi akagaragaza ko yera neza ni: Hass, fuerte, Ettinger, Booth8, Choquette na collisson. Hariho andi yera mu rugero kandi akera hejuru ya metero 2000. Ayo ni nka Zutano, puelba, Dickison, simpson, Bacon, Booth7. Avoka zera imbuto zifite ishusho itandukanye bitewe n’ubwoko bwazo. Hari izigira imbuto zibumbabumbye,izindi ni ndende kimwe nuko hari ingufi. Iyo Avoka ihishije, igishishwa gishobora gusa n’icyatsi cyangwa umutuku bitewe n’ubwoko bwayo. Amashakiro Ibimera Ibiti Imbuto Ibidukikije
2691
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwana
Umwana
Umwana, urubyaro cyangwa se na none abakomoka ku muntu. Abana
2712
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubusa
Ubusa
Ubusa / Obusa / Zeru ni umubare wuzuzanya nindi mibare Imibare
2715
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimwe
Rimwe
Rimwe / Limwe ni umubare wunganira indi mibare (1). Imibare
2716
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiri
Kabiri
Kabiri / Kabili Imibare
2721
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbwa
Imbwa
Imbwa yo mu rugo (Canis familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko butandukanye cyangwa Canis lupus familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko bw'impyisi) ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere zororerwa mu muryango Canidae. Nibice bigize ibisimba bisa nimpyisi, kandi ni inyamanswa nyinshi zo ku isi. Imbwa hamwe nimpyisi yumukara isigaye ni mushiki wa tagisi kuko impyisi ya kijyambere ntaho ihuriye cyane nimpyisi yororerwa bwa mbere, bivuze ko umukurambere wimbwa yazimye. Imbwa niyo bwoko bwa mbere bwororerwa mu rugo, kandi bwororerwa mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi kubera imyitwarire itandukanye, ubushobozi bwo kumva, n'ibiranga umubiri. Kuba bamaranye igihe kirekire n'abantu byatumye imbwa zihuza bidasanzwe imyitwarire yabantu, kandi zirashobora gutera imbere mumirire ikungahaye kuri krahisi yaba idahagije kubindi binyobwa. Imbwa ziratandukanye cyane muburyo, ubunini, n'amabara. Bakora imirimo myinshi kubantu, nko guhiga, kuragira, gukurura imizigo, kurinda, gufasha abapolisi nabasirikare, kubana, ndetse, vuba aha, gufasha abamugaye, ninshingano zo kuvura. Izi ngaruka kumuryango wabantu zabahaye sobriquet y "inshuti magara yumun.== Amoko y'imbwa Imiyoboro Inyamabere
2734
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook
Facebook
Facebook Nyuma y’aho mu minsi ishize abakoresha Facebook batangiye kubona ko ingano y’inyuguti umuntu yanditse cyangwa izo abandi banditse zagabanutse, bamwe bakagira ngo ni ikibazo cy’imashini bakoresha cyangwa browser (Mozilla, IE, 360, Google Chrome,…) bakoreramo. Nyuma y’aho ibibajijwe kenshi biciye kuri Twitter rero, Facebook yasohotse itangazo nayo ibicishije kuri Twitter, aho yavuze ko uko kugabanya ingano y’inyuguti (font size) biri mu rwego rwo gukomeza guhindura uburyo iyo site iteye n’ibyo igeza ku bakunzi bayo kugirango serivisi zayo zikomeze kubanogera. Notes Interineti
2735
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitarayeze
Mitarayeze
Mitarayeze (mitrailleuse) ni yo yari igezweho mu gihe cy’intambara ya mbere y’isi. Icyo gihe inganda zashyize ingufu mu gucura ibikoresho by’intambara muri rusange, ariko bakaba bari bamaze imyaka 50 bari mu kugerageza niba babigeraho. Guhera mu 1914, ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga byakoreshejwe bidasubirwaho mu nzego nyinshi, cyane cyane izifite aho zihurira n’imirwano. Inganda zicura ibyuma n’ikoreshwa ry’ubumara byatumye abahanganye ku rugamba bagira ingufu mu kwirinda umwanzi. Ka gerenade (grenade) kari gasigaye ari ako kwitwaza mu kwikiza umwanzi ku buryo butunguranye. Igihe iyi ntambara yabaga havumbuwe ibintu byinshi, harimo igisasu kiremereye cyarashwe mu 1915; canons antiaériens, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kuyobya ibisasu n’indege biri mu kirere; kuyobora indege ziri mu kirere; itumanaho hagati y’abari ku rugamba n’abayobozi babo, n’ibindi; ariko nyine ibyo byose bikajyana no gutwara ubuzima bw’abantu. Notes Intwaro
2736
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariki%20ya%20Nyungwe
Pariki ya Nyungwe
Pariki ya Gishwati iherereye hagati yakarere ka nyabihu na ngororero, iri shyamba ribitse inyamanswa nyishi ndetse n inyoni ziguruka , hamwe ningagi nkeya Ishyamba rya Gishwati ni ishyamba ririnzwe kandi ryitaweho mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, hafi y'ikiyaga cya Kivu . aya mashyamba yatangiye kwitambwaho kuva mumwaka 1978, kandi amashyamba menshi yabayeho kuva muwa 1986. gaye gusa agace gato kazengurutse amashyamba kavukire, 1,500 acres (6.1 km yishyamba ryumwimerere 250.000. Uretse igihombo ukomeye wa rw'ibinyabuzima, ku karere bimwe biboneka isuri no kwangirika no n'inkangu . Ibikorwa byo gutera amashyamba mumyaka mike ishize byongereye amashyamba kavukire asigaye kuri 2,500 acres (10 km . Inzu nini yicyayi ifata ibice byo hagati n’amajyaruguru ya reuge. Ishyamba rya Gishwati ryahoze ari igice kimwe muri gahunda igoye y’amashyamba yimvura anyuze hagati ya Afrika. rikunze kuba riherereye hakurya y'Ikiyaga cya Kivu ihuza amashyamba y'imvura yo muri Kongo, n'amajyepfo igahuza n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe . iyi miterere y’amashyamba yacitsemo ibice kubera ubwiyongere bw’abaturage no gutema amashyamba. Itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ryateje ikibazo aho impunzi zahunze kandi abaturage bariyongera uko abantu bavanywe mu byabo; icyakora ako gace kari karahuye n’imyaka yo guteshwa agaciro mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda. Aka gace karangiritse kubera ubworozi bw'inka n'ubuhinzi kugeza igihe butatanga umusaruro. Isuri, inkangu, kugabanuka kw'amazi, n'uburumbuke bw'ubutaka byari byaturutse ku iyangirika ry'ubutaka. Gahunda yo kubungabunga ishyamba rya Gishwati (GACP) yatangiye mu 2007 ku bufatanye na perezida w’u Rwanda, Paul Kagame, na Great Ape Trust, yashinzwe n’umugiraneza Ted Townsend. Iyi gahunda yatangiranye igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho parike y’igihugu yo kubungabunga ibidukikije mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu ishyamba rya Gishwati no guhagarika kwangirika vuba. Mu 1930 Ishyamba rya Gishwati ryatwaye hegitari 70.000 ariko ryatakaje hafi 90 ku ijana by'igifuniko cyaryo, iki gikorwa cyari kigamije kugarura igihombo gikomeye ako gace kamaze kubona mu myaka icumi ishize bityo ikibanza kikaba Ishyamba ry'amizero. Mu mwaka wa 2011, GACP yasimbuwe n’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta w’u Rwanda uzwi ku izina ry’ishyamba ry’amashyamba, kuri ubu ucunga amashyamba ya Gishwati (GFR). Kuva ishyamba ry'amizero ryabaho habayeho kwiyongera kwa 67 ku ijana by'ubunini bw'ishyamba rya Gishwati. Abaturage ba chimpanzee baho bariyongereye kandi ibikorwa byinshi byubushakashatsi no kubungabunga ibidukikije byakoreshejwe muri reuge. Gahunda yo kubungabunga akarere ka Gishwati yatangiriye ku cyizere cy'uko mu nzira guverinoma y'u Rwanda izafata ako gace ikayigira parike y'igihugu. Bimwe mubikorwa bya leta no gutangaza amakuru byerekana ko GFR izamurwa muri parike yigihugu mugihe cya vuba. ishyamba rya gishwati 1986 kugeza muwa 2001 Kubera gutema amashyamba ya Gishwati, gutakaza cyane ibinyabuzima byatumye. Fauna yonyine yagabanutseho 99.7%. Ibimera bigira uruhare runini mubuzima bwabaturage kavukire nabyo byagabanutse cyane. Imbuto zo mu gasozi zagabanutseho 93.3%, imboga zo mu gasozi zagabanutseho 99,6%, naho imiti yo mu gasozi ikoreshwa n’abaturage kavukire yagabanutseho 79.9%. Ishyamba ry’amashyamba ryanditseho amoko 58 y’ibiti n’ibiti, harimo ibiti byinshi by’imvukira n’imigano. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku bijyanye no gukwirakwiza karuboni y’ishyamba bwerekanye ko Macaranga kilimandscharica ari ubwoko bw’ibiti bikunze kugaragara mu bice by’ishyamba bitigeze bihungabana. Uturere twahungabanije amashyamba ahura nubuzima bushya byerekana ubukoloni bwa Carapa grandiflora, Entandrophagrama excelsum, na Symphonia globulifera . Ibindi bimera byabigenewe birimo ibiti binini byimeza nubururu bwubururu. Ubwoko butandukanye bwibinyabuzima bushobora kuboneka mubigega. Haboneka amoko ane ya primates, Chimpanzee y'Iburasirazuba (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii), inkende ya zahabu, inkende y'ubururu, n'inguge ya L'Hoest (izwi kandi ku nguge yo ku misozi). Nubwo atari guhera 2002, ubwoko bwa gatanu bwibinyabuzima, colobus yumukara numweru byavuzwe ko yabonetse. Muri iki gihe habarurwa amashyamba 20 yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ubu ni ubwiyongere bwa 54% mubunini bwabaturage kuva kuri chimps 13 muri 2008, igihe GACP yatangiraga. Harimo impinja eshanu. Ikigereranyo cy'ubucucike bw'ibyari bya chimpanzee wasangaga 1.473 kuri km2 na Dr. Plumptree. Izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zirimo inzuzi zitukura ( Potamochoerus porcus ), duiker yimbere yumukara (Cephalophus nigrifrons ), hyrax yo mu majyepfo ( Dendrohyrax arboreus ), serval ( Felis serval ), na Felis aurata . Fauna Ibindi basanga ni amoko 84 ya inyoni, harimo Woodhoopoes ( Phoeniculidae ), White-headed Woodhoopoe ( Phoeniculus bollei ), Old World Warblers ( Sylviidae ), na Mountain Yellow Warbler ( Iduna similis ). Igikeri cyamashyamba yijimye hamwe nubwoko bwinshi bwamasaro ni bumwe mubuzima bwa amphibian buboneka mwishyamba. Ku bijyanye n’ibikururuka, inzoka nini zo mu biyaga binini n’amoko menshi ya chameleone nayo iboneka mu ishyamba rya Gishwati. Itsinda rito ryitaruye rya chimpanzees yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba rituye mu ishyamba rya Gishwati, ahantu hashobora kuba uburiri bwikizamini kuburyo bushya bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 abaturage bari baragabanutse kugera ku banyamuryango cumi na batatu kandi bari hafi kurimbuka. Hagati ya 2008 na 2011 abaturage biyongereyeho mirongo ine na batandatu ku ijana bagera ku banyamuryango cumi n'icyenda ku bw'imbaraga za guverinoma y'u Rwanda na gahunda yo kubungabunga akarere ka Gishwati . Imbaraga nkizashyizweho kugirango zifashe inguge nini za Gishwati zirashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gufasha inguge nini kwisi. Ishyamba rya Gishwati nubuzima bwibihumbi magana byabanyarwanda batuye hafi ya Gishwati. Ishyamba rifasha kubungabunga uburumbuke bwubutaka kandi bikarinda kwangirika. Mu bihe biri imbere irashobora guha ubukungu bwu Rwanda inyungu ziva mu bidukikije binyuze mu binyabuzima biboneka muri ako karere.
2737
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyondi
Icyondi
Icyondi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Cercopithecus lhoesti) Nyungwe ni hamwe mu hantu hake ku isi hakiboneka ubu bwoko bw’inguge, ushobora kuzisanga hafi y’umuhanda ahegereye Uwinka. Inyamabere
2739
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkomo
Inkomo
Inkomo (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Colobus angolensis) Ishyamba rya Nyungwe niryo ryonyine ku mugabane w’Afurika ribonekamo izi nguge mu matsinda manini, agizwe n’inguge 350. Inyamabere