AarushSah/scibowl_no_headers · Datasets at Hugging Face

Type stringlengths 0 490	Prompt stringlengths 5 919	Completion stringlengths 1 424
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	A 5-kilogram mass is dropped from rest. In meters per second, how fast is it falling after 2 seconds?	19.6
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Given that the thermal expansion coefficient for steel is ten to the negative five per degree Celsius, then, in meters, how much will a 1200-meter bridge expand if the temperature rises from negative 3 degrees Celsius to 5 degrees Celsius?	0.0967) Biology - Short Answer The skeletons of Chondrichthyans [kon-DRIK-thee-ans] are composed of what structural tissue?
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	The cohesion-tension hypothesis attempts to explain the movement of liquid through what plant system?	XYLEM
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Kepler's first law of planetary motion addresses which of the following aspects of orbiting bodies? W) The relationship between orbital period and distance from the Sun X) The relationship between mass and rotational period Y) The shape of orbits Z) The area swept out by an orbiting body	Y) THE SHAPE OF ORBITS
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	What type of reflecting telescope has a secondary mirror deflect the light by 90 degrees so that it is focused at an eyepiece on the side of the telescope?	NEWTONIAN
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Researchers at Argonne National Lab are using, as a catalyst in the water-splitting reaction, a metal that has high resistance to corrosion and is found in higher abundance in meteorites than in the Earth's crust. What metal are they using?	IRIDIUM (ACCEPT: IR)
BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Researchers at Oak Ridge National Lab have discovered a new solid catalyst to convert gaseous methane to methanol. Because the catalyst is not the same phase as the reactants, it can be said to be what type of catalyst?	HETEROGENEOUS
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Riemann [REE-monn] sums are most directly related to which of the following? W) Average rate of change X) Derivatives Y) Definite integrals Z) Indefinite integrals	Y) DEFINITE INTEGRALS
BONUS Math - Short Answer	What is the limit as \(x\) approaches zero of the fraction with numerator sine squared of \(x\) plus open parenthesis sine of \(x^{2}\) close parenthesis, and denominator \(x^{2}\)?	2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? W) Water and hydrogen peroxide X) Methane and ethane Y) Glucose and formaldehyde Z) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide	Y) GLUCOSE AND FORMALDEHYDE
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are always TRUE of chemical equilibrium: Adding a reactant always results in an equilibrium shift to the right; Decreasing the temperature of a reaction always results in a decrease in the equilibrium constant \(K\); Adding a product to a reaction always results in a decrease in \(K\).	NONE
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	If a rigid body is experiencing no net torque [tork] and no net forces, it is said to be in what state?	EQUILIBRIUM (ACCEPT: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM, MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM; DO NOT ACCEPT: STATIC EQUILIBRIUM)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Consider a square ABCD where there is a one-ohm resistor on each side of the square. If there is also a one-ohm resistor bridging the AC diagonal, what is the equivalent resistance in ohms between points A and C?	1/2 (ACCEPT: 0.5)13) Earth and Space - Multiple Choice A location contains deposits of poorly-sorted mixtures of sediment and rocks, including large boulders. Which of the following geological processes is most likely responsible for these deposits?
## BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	What property of carbon nanotubes contributes to their usefulness in electronics applications? W) Length X) Tensile Strength Y) Conductivity Z) Flexibility	Y) CONDUCTIVITY
## TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the adjective for a plant species that possesses two types of sporangia?	HETEROSPOROUS
## BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three Cnidarians [nye-DARE-ee-enz] that do NOT experience a medusa phase in their life cycles: Sea wasp; Star coral; Sea anemone.	2, 3
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following pairs of strains are most predominant in a bent beam? W) Pressure and shear X) Tension and shear Y) Tension and compression Z) Shear and compression	Y) Tension and Compression
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	One major use of hydrogen industrially is in what industrial process that produces ammonia?	HABER [HAH-bur] PROCESS (ACCEPT: HABER-BOSCH PROCESS)
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the adjective for the type of enzyme inhibition that involves an inhibitor that mimics the shape of the substrate, thereby blocking the active site?	COMPETITIVE
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Indole-acetic acid is an example of what class of plant hormones?	AUXINS
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	An electron in a particle accelerator passes through an electric field such that the change in its potential energy is 15 electron-volts. In volts, what is the magnitude of the potential difference in the field from the point where the electron exited to the point where it entered?	15
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Consider the two displacement vectors 3\(i\) meters and -4\(j\) meters. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of this system: Their dot product is zero; They are perpendicular to each other; Their cross product is zero.	1, 2
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	The equilibrium constant for a particular chemical reaction is 1.25 times ten to the negative two. What is the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction?	80
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the systematic name of the compound NaOCl?	SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Fermi National Accelerator Lab scientists, as a part of the SENSEI [SEN-say] collaboration, are trying to detect dark matter particles with specialized "skipper" CCDs. CCDs are composed of what semiconductor element?	SILICON
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What is the general term for metabolic reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules?	CATABOLIC (ACCEPT: CATABOLISM)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Which of the following cannot be the rightmost two digits, in order, of the square of an integer? W) 24 X) 27 Y) 56 Z) 89	X) 27
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following tectonic plates is largest? W) African X) Arabian Y) Eurasian Z) Pacific	Z) PACIFIC
## BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	A weak acid has a K\({}{\rm a}\) of 1.6 times ten to the negative fifth. Assuming that dissociation is small, what is the percent dissociation of a one-molar solution of this acid in water?	0.4 (ACCEPT: 0.4 PERCENT)
## BONUS Physics - Short Answer	At a bottling factory, a robotic arm automatically raises a 4000-newton palette up 6 meters to load it into a canning machine every 5 minutes. In watts, how much average power is required to operate the robotic arm?	80
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have been studying a silencer protein known as PRC2. PRC2 silences genes by chemically modifying what proteins around which DNA is wound?	HISTONES
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	The function \(y=f\) of \(x\) has zeroes at 4 and 12. If its graph is vertically stretched using a factor of 2, what are the zeroes of the result? W) 2 and 6 X) 4 and 12 Y) 6 and 14 Z) 8 and 24	X) 4 AND 12
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What is the most abundant gas in Mars' atmosphere?	CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO2)
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Neutron stars are generally created as remnants of what type of supernovae [super-NOH-veel]?	TYPE TWO (ACCEPT: TWO, ONE B, ONE C)
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	What phylum [FYE- lum] of animals contains organisms that do not possess tissues?	W) Cnidaria [nye-DARE-ee-ah] X) Porifera Y) Nematoda Z) Echinodermata [eh-keye-noh-der-MAH-tah] X) PORIFERA
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	Pterosaurs [TERR-oh-sores] were the first tetrapods to evolve what key characteristic of their clade?	FLIGHT (ACCEPT: POWERED FLIGHT, WINGED FLIGHT)
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	Two cars leave from the same spot, driving directly away from each other on a straight road, at 20 and 30 miles per hour, respectively. How many minutes will it take for the two cars to be 10 miles apart?	12
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Which of the following conditions is sufficient for describing a system in unstable equilibrium? W) Net force is zero X) Net force is at a minimum Y) Potential energy is at a strict minimum Z) Potential energy is at a strict maximum	Z) POTENTIAL ENERGY IS AT A STRICT MAXIMUM
## BONUS Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are researching ways to increase oil production in the leaves of plants. In what plant structure do oils, such as soybean oil or cocoa butter, normally accumulate?	SEEDS
## BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three rocks that can have a glassy texture: Coal; Obsidian; Pumice.	2, 3
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What is the primary industrial ore of aluminum?	BAUXITE
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes how a serine protease catalyzes amide-bond-breaking reactions? W) The enzyme stabilizes the products X) The enzyme stabilizes the reactants Y) The enzyme increases the activation energy Z) The enzyme provides a mechanism with lower-energy intermediates	Z) THE ENZYME PROVIDES A MECHANISM WITH LOWER-ENERGY INTERMEDIATES
## BONUS Math - Short Answer	If the product of cosine \(x\) and sine \(x\) is 2/9, what is the value of open parenthesis cosine \(x\) minus sine \(x\) close parenthesis squared?	5/9
TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice	Kepler's second law states that each planet moves so that a line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time. It is a direct result of the conservation of which of the following physical quantities? W) Linear momentum X) Linear kinetic energy Y) Angular momentum Z) Angular kinetic energy	Y) ANGULAR MOMENTUM
## BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Consider a spring-mass system that has an angular frequency of 6 radians per second. If the mass is 2 kilograms, then in newtons per meter, what is the value of the spring constant for this oscillator?	7221) Earth and Space - Short Answer The Saros cycle describes the period of time between successive alignments of what three solar system bodies?
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	In stellar fusion, what isotope is the primary product of the proton-proton chain?	HELIUM-4
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Mature plant cells have the ability to de-differentiate and then give rise to all of the cell types found in the adult organism. What is the term for this potential?	TOTIPOTENT (ACCEPT: TOTIPOTENCY; DO NOT ACCEPT: PLURIPOTENT)
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	What is the adjective for organisms that lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body?	OVIPAROUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer Aldehydes [AL-deh-hides] and ketones have what functional group in common?
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three elements that are considered nonmetals: Radon; Europium; Americium.	1
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	Solar observatories sometimes spot sungrazers, which are manifestations of what type of object?	COMETS
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What virus is the target of vaccines that are designed to prevent cervical cancer?	HPV (ACCEPT: HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	What term is used to describe a hydrocarbon that only possesses carbon-carbon single bonds?	SATURATED (ACCEPT: ALKANE)
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Jan drops a football off a cliff and notes that it takes 4 seconds for it to hit the ground. She throws an identical football from the same height, but with a horizontal velocity of 3.4 meters per second. Assuming the ground is level, how far, in meters, from the base of the cliff will it land?	13.6
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is 4/15 divided by 6/25?	10/9 (ACCEPT: 1 1/9)
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists are medications whose structures mimic which of the following hormones? W) Insulin X) Glucagon Y) Acetylcholine Z) Epinephrine	Z) EPINEPHRINE
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following mixtures of solvents would have a negative deviation from Raoult's [rah-OOLZ] law? W) Water and acetone X) Water and ethanol Y) Hexane and acetone Z) Hexane and pentane	W) WATER AND ACETONE
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three alkanes in increasing order of their melting points: Pentane; Ethane; Nonane.	2, 1, 3
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of specific gravity: It can be expressed in grams per liter; Some materials can have a negative specific gravity; Aluminum has a positive specific gravity.	3
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following is NOT a geologic period? W) Devonian X) Jurassic Y) Paleogene Z) Cenozoic [SEN-oh-ZOH-ik]	Z) CENOZOIC
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the second derivative with respect to \(x\) of \(2x^{3}+4x-7\)?	12x
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Planet X has the same mass as Earth but one-third of its surface gravitational acceleration. What is the ratio of planet X's radius to Earth's radius?	\(\forall\)3 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)3 TO ONE)
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three statements that are true of electric dipoles in an electric field: A non-uniform field can cause translational acceleration; In a uniform field, the net torque is directly proportional to the field strength; In a uniform field, the net force is zero.	ALL OF THEM
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	In organic chemistry, what is the term for a species with empty orbitals that tends to accept electrons in a chemical reaction?	ELECTROPHILE
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three isotopes in terms of increasing number of neutrons; Cobalt-57; Iron-57; Manganese-57.	1, 2, 323) Earth and Space - Short Answer Ishtar Terra is a surface province on what solar system object?
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	A triangle has two sides of lengths 39 and 57. What is the largest possible integer length of the third side?	95
BONUS Math - Short Answer	The line with equation \(y=3x+2\) is reflected across the line \(y=x\). What are the slope and \(y\)-intercept of its image, respectively?	\(\text{SLOPE}=1/3\), \(y\text{-INTERCEPT}=-2/3\)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	The fact that a solution of hydrofluoric acid will become less acidic if you add sodium fluoride to it is an example of what effect?	COMMON ION EFFECT (ACCEPT: LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	If a rate constant is expressed in hertz, what order must the reaction be?	FIRST (ACCEPT: ONE)
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Ames Lab are developing new techniques to study substances that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What is the general term for these substances?	CATALYST
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Phages are viruses that infect what group of organisms?	BACTERIA
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Consider the first-order decomposition of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) into nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. In order to get a linear fit, which of the following parameters should be graphed against time? W) Natural log of the concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) X) Concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) Y) Concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) squared Z) One over the concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\)	W) NATURAL LOG OF THE CONCENTRATION OF N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\)
TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice	Given that the function \(f\) of \(x\) has a zero at \(x\) = 6, at what x-value must \(f\) of open parenthesis \(x\) over 2 close parenthesis have a zero? W) 3 X) 6 Y) 8 Z) 12	Z) 12
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	Order the following three stages of development chronologically: Fetus; Embryo; Zygote.	3, 2, 1
BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	Professional antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic [den-DRIH-disk] cells typically present foreign antigens to which of the following types of cells? W) Helper T X) Cytotoxic T Y) Memory B Z) Plasma	W) HELPER T
TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer	Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab have been studying a bacterium that makes a new derivative of what cobalt-containing vitamin?	B12 (ACCEPT: COBALAMIN)
BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are studying medical imaging scintillators that absorb high-energy light and release lower-wavelength light that can be detected with a camera. In what type of imaging are these materials most likely used? W) X-ray imaging X) MRI Y) Photoacoustic imaging Z) Ultrasound	W) X-RAY IMAGING11) Earth and Space - Short Answer What is the adjective for a constellation that never appears to set in the night sky throughout the year?
BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer	Apollo 11 astronauts brought back primarily what type of rock from the Mare Tranquillitatis [MAH-ray Tran-quill-ih-TAH-tis]?	BASALT
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three physical quantities that are considered scalar quantities: Speed; Work; Acceleration.	1, 2
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Identify all of the following three vectors that must be constant for an object in an unperturbed orbit: Angular momentum; Linear momentum; Acceleration.	1
TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice	Which of the following classes of macromolecules can be digested by salivary amylase? W) Proteins X) Carbohydrates Y) Lipids Z) Nucleic acids	X) CARBOHYDRTES
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Gabriela is studying a map showing rivers flowing through a mountainous region. She notices that the V-shaped river valleys are often much wider than the rivers themselves. Which of the following statements best explains her observation? W) The rivers carried more water in the past X) The valleys were formed by glaciers and were later replaced by rivers Y) A series of cut-banks and point-bars formed as the rivers developed, widening the valley Z) Mass wasting and stream erosion have widened the valley	Z) MASS WASTING AND STREAM Erosion HAVE WIDENED THE VALLEY
## BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice	Oak Ridge National Lab is developing a method to produce quantum particles in a controlled, deterministic manner to improve the speed and security of transmitting encrypted data over long fiber-optic cables. What specific particles are they using to transmit this data? W) Photons X) Phonons Y) Electrons Z) Positrons	W) PHOTONS
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice	Which of the following best describes the enthalpy and entropy changes associated with melting ice? W) Negative delta H, negative delta S X) Negative delta H, positive delta S Y) Positive delta H, positive delta S Z) Positive delta H, negative delta S	Y) POSITIVE DELTA H, POSITIVE DELTA S
## BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Rank the following three molecules in terms of increasing triple point temperature: Water; Carbon dioxide; Methane.	3, 2, 1
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is 2 times 5 squared?	50 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 100)
BONUS Math - Short Answer	How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle measures 175 degrees?	72
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	Galileo's theory of gravity states that objects will fall at the same speed regardless of their weight. Due to the atmosphere, however, some objects fall faster than others. Rank the following three objects in increasing order of their speed one second after being dropped from a building: One-gram feather; One-gram solid-iron sphere; One-gram solid-iron cube.	1, 3, 2
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	A pipe is carrying an incompressible liquid flowing at 8 meters per second. At a particular section, the center of the pipe is elevated by 3 meters. If the static pressure is unchanged, then what is the velocity to the nearest meter per second in the elevated section of pipe?	219) Biology - Short Answer Identify all of the following three functional groups that can be found in alanine: 1) Carboxyl; 2) Amine; 3) Alkene [al-KEEN].
## BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice	The estrus cycle in many mammals is responsible for which of the following processes? W) Sleep X) Digestion Y) Reproduction Z) Migration	Y) REPRODUCTION
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer	What is the name of the largest canyon on the planet Mars?	VALLES MARINERIS (DO NOT ACCEPT: MARINER VALLEY)
TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer	Standard reduction potentials are reported using what type of electrode as the zero point?	STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE (ACCEPT: SHE)
BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer	Concentrated hydrochloric acid is sold as a 12-molar solution in water. How many milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acid must be used to prepare 1.5 liters of a 100-millimolar solution of hydrochloric acid?	12.5
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	What is the name of the distance from an uncharged, stationary object at which the escape velocity equals the speed of light?	SCHWARTZSCHILD RADIUS
BONUS Physics - Short Answer	Andrew is designing a bird-strike-resistant nose cone for an experimental aircraft that flies at 200 meters per second. If a typical bird is 0.5 kilograms and an impact lasts 2.5 milliseconds, then in newtons, what is the average impact force that the nose cone must be able to withstand?	40,00023) Math - Short Answer In three-space, what is the distance from the point (1, 3, 6) to the origin?
TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer	What is the square of the complex number 1 - 3i?	-8 - 6\(i\)
BONUS Math - Multiple Choice	A differentiable function \(f\) of \(x\) has domain the closed interval from -5 to 4 and range the closed interval from 3 to 12. If \(f\) prime of \(x\) is less than 0 for all \(x\) in the domain, what is \(f\) of -5? W) -5 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 12	Z) 12
TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer	What stain, performed with crystal violet dye, provides the most common way of classifying bacteria?	GRAM
BONUS Biology - Short Answer	What is the term for mobile genetic elements that can move from one location to another in a cell's genome?	TRANSPOSONS (ACCEPT: JUMPING GENE)
TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice	Which of the following surface reservoirs on Earth contains the most carbon? W) Soil X) Atmosphere Y) Vegetation Z) Ocean	Z) OCEAN
TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer	An astronaut weighs 500 newtons on planet X, which has a gravitational acceleration of 4 meters per second squared. If he travels to planet Y, which has a gravitational acceleration of 12 meters per second squared, then in newtons, what is his new weight?	1500

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

A 5-kilogram mass is dropped from rest. In meters per second, how fast is it falling after 2 seconds?

19.6

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Given that the thermal expansion coefficient for steel is ten to the negative five per degree Celsius, then, in meters, how much will a 1200-meter bridge expand if the temperature rises from negative 3 degrees Celsius to 5 degrees Celsius?

0.0967) Biology - Short Answer The skeletons of Chondrichthyans [kon-DRIK-thee-ans] are composed of what structural tissue?

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

The cohesion-tension hypothesis attempts to explain the movement of liquid through what plant system?

XYLEM

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Kepler's first law of planetary motion addresses which of the following aspects of orbiting bodies? W) The relationship between orbital period and distance from the Sun X) The relationship between mass and rotational period Y) The shape of orbits Z) The area swept out by an orbiting body

Y) THE SHAPE OF ORBITS

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

What type of reflecting telescope has a secondary mirror deflect the light by 90 degrees so that it is focused at an eyepiece on the side of the telescope?

NEWTONIAN

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Researchers at Argonne National Lab are using, as a catalyst in the water-splitting reaction, a metal that has high resistance to corrosion and is found in higher abundance in meteorites than in the Earth's crust. What metal are they using?

IRIDIUM (ACCEPT: IR)

BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Researchers at Oak Ridge National Lab have discovered a new solid catalyst to convert gaseous methane to methanol. Because the catalyst is not the same phase as the reactants, it can be said to be what type of catalyst?

HETEROGENEOUS

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Riemann [REE-monn] sums are most directly related to which of the following? W) Average rate of change X) Derivatives Y) Definite integrals Z) Indefinite integrals

Y) DEFINITE INTEGRALS

BONUS Math - Short Answer

What is the limit as \(x\) approaches zero of the fraction with numerator sine squared of \(x\) plus open parenthesis sine of \(x^{2}\) close parenthesis, and denominator \(x^{2}\)?

2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? W) Water and hydrogen peroxide X) Methane and ethane Y) Glucose and formaldehyde Z) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Y) GLUCOSE AND FORMALDEHYDE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are always TRUE of chemical equilibrium: Adding a reactant always results in an equilibrium shift to the right; Decreasing the temperature of a reaction always results in a decrease in the equilibrium constant \(K\); Adding a product to a reaction always results in a decrease in \(K\).

NONE

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

If a rigid body is experiencing no net torque [tork] and no net forces, it is said to be in what state?

EQUILIBRIUM (ACCEPT: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM, MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM; DO NOT ACCEPT: STATIC EQUILIBRIUM)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Consider a square ABCD where there is a one-ohm resistor on each side of the square. If there is also a one-ohm resistor bridging the AC diagonal, what is the equivalent resistance in ohms between points A and C?

1/2 (ACCEPT: 0.5)13) Earth and Space - Multiple Choice A location contains deposits of poorly-sorted mixtures of sediment and rocks, including large boulders. Which of the following geological processes is most likely responsible for these deposits?

## BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

What property of carbon nanotubes contributes to their usefulness in electronics applications? W) Length X) Tensile Strength Y) Conductivity Z) Flexibility

Y) CONDUCTIVITY

## TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the adjective for a plant species that possesses two types of sporangia?

HETEROSPOROUS

## BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three Cnidarians [nye-DARE-ee-enz] that do NOT experience a medusa phase in their life cycles: Sea wasp; Star coral; Sea anemone.

2, 3

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs of strains are most predominant in a bent beam? W) Pressure and shear X) Tension and shear Y) Tension and compression Z) Shear and compression

Y) Tension and Compression

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

One major use of hydrogen industrially is in what industrial process that produces ammonia?

HABER [HAH-bur] PROCESS (ACCEPT: HABER-BOSCH PROCESS)

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the adjective for the type of enzyme inhibition that involves an inhibitor that mimics the shape of the substrate, thereby blocking the active site?

COMPETITIVE

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Indole-acetic acid is an example of what class of plant hormones?

AUXINS

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

An electron in a particle accelerator passes through an electric field such that the change in its potential energy is 15 electron-volts. In volts, what is the magnitude of the potential difference in the field from the point where the electron exited to the point where it entered?

15

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Consider the two displacement vectors 3\(i\) meters and -4\(j\) meters. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of this system: Their dot product is zero; They are perpendicular to each other; Their cross product is zero.

1, 2

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

The equilibrium constant for a particular chemical reaction is 1.25 times ten to the negative two. What is the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction?

80

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the systematic name of the compound NaOCl?

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Fermi National Accelerator Lab scientists, as a part of the SENSEI [SEN-say] collaboration, are trying to detect dark matter particles with specialized "skipper" CCDs. CCDs are composed of what semiconductor element?

SILICON

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What is the general term for metabolic reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules?

CATABOLIC (ACCEPT: CATABOLISM)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Which of the following cannot be the rightmost two digits, in order, of the square of an integer? W) 24 X) 27 Y) 56 Z) 89

X) 27

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following tectonic plates is largest? W) African X) Arabian Y) Eurasian Z) Pacific

Z) PACIFIC

## BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

A weak acid has a K\({}{\rm a}\) of 1.6 times ten to the negative fifth. Assuming that dissociation is small, what is the percent dissociation of a one-molar solution of this acid in water?

0.4 (ACCEPT: 0.4 PERCENT)

## BONUS Physics - Short Answer

At a bottling factory, a robotic arm automatically raises a 4000-newton palette up 6 meters to load it into a canning machine every 5 minutes. In watts, how much average power is required to operate the robotic arm?

80

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have been studying a silencer protein known as PRC2. PRC2 silences genes by chemically modifying what proteins around which DNA is wound?

HISTONES

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

The function \(y=f\) of \(x\) has zeroes at 4 and 12. If its graph is vertically stretched using a factor of 2, what are the zeroes of the result? W) 2 and 6 X) 4 and 12 Y) 6 and 14 Z) 8 and 24

X) 4 AND 12

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What is the most abundant gas in Mars' atmosphere?

CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO2)

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Neutron stars are generally created as remnants of what type of supernovae [super-NOH-veel]?

TYPE TWO (ACCEPT: TWO, ONE B, ONE C)

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

What phylum [FYE- lum] of animals contains organisms that do not possess tissues?

W) Cnidaria [nye-DARE-ee-ah] X) Porifera Y) Nematoda Z) Echinodermata [eh-keye-noh-der-MAH-tah] X) PORIFERA

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

Pterosaurs [TERR-oh-sores] were the first tetrapods to evolve what key characteristic of their clade?

FLIGHT (ACCEPT: POWERED FLIGHT, WINGED FLIGHT)

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

Two cars leave from the same spot, driving directly away from each other on a straight road, at 20 and 30 miles per hour, respectively. How many minutes will it take for the two cars to be 10 miles apart?

12

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Which of the following conditions is sufficient for describing a system in unstable equilibrium? W) Net force is zero X) Net force is at a minimum Y) Potential energy is at a strict minimum Z) Potential energy is at a strict maximum

Z) POTENTIAL ENERGY IS AT A STRICT MAXIMUM

## BONUS Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are researching ways to increase oil production in the leaves of plants. In what plant structure do oils, such as soybean oil or cocoa butter, normally accumulate?

SEEDS

## BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three rocks that can have a glassy texture: Coal; Obsidian; Pumice.

2, 3

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What is the primary industrial ore of aluminum?

BAUXITE

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes how a serine protease catalyzes amide-bond-breaking reactions? W) The enzyme stabilizes the products X) The enzyme stabilizes the reactants Y) The enzyme increases the activation energy Z) The enzyme provides a mechanism with lower-energy intermediates

Z) THE ENZYME PROVIDES A MECHANISM WITH LOWER-ENERGY INTERMEDIATES

## BONUS Math - Short Answer

If the product of cosine \(x\) and sine \(x\) is 2/9, what is the value of open parenthesis cosine \(x\) minus sine \(x\) close parenthesis squared?

5/9

TOSS-UP Physics - Multiple Choice

Kepler's second law states that each planet moves so that a line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time. It is a direct result of the conservation of which of the following physical quantities? W) Linear momentum X) Linear kinetic energy Y) Angular momentum Z) Angular kinetic energy

Y) ANGULAR MOMENTUM

## BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Consider a spring-mass system that has an angular frequency of 6 radians per second. If the mass is 2 kilograms, then in newtons per meter, what is the value of the spring constant for this oscillator?

7221) Earth and Space - Short Answer The Saros cycle describes the period of time between successive alignments of what three solar system bodies?

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

In stellar fusion, what isotope is the primary product of the proton-proton chain?

HELIUM-4

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Mature plant cells have the ability to de-differentiate and then give rise to all of the cell types found in the adult organism. What is the term for this potential?

TOTIPOTENT (ACCEPT: TOTIPOTENCY; DO NOT ACCEPT: PLURIPOTENT)

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

What is the adjective for organisms that lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body?

OVIPAROUS23) Chemistry - Short Answer Aldehydes [AL-deh-hides] and ketones have what functional group in common?

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three elements that are considered nonmetals: Radon; Europium; Americium.

1

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

Solar observatories sometimes spot sungrazers, which are manifestations of what type of object?

COMETS

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What virus is the target of vaccines that are designed to prevent cervical cancer?

HPV (ACCEPT: HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

What term is used to describe a hydrocarbon that only possesses carbon-carbon single bonds?

SATURATED (ACCEPT: ALKANE)

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Jan drops a football off a cliff and notes that it takes 4 seconds for it to hit the ground. She throws an identical football from the same height, but with a horizontal velocity of 3.4 meters per second. Assuming the ground is level, how far, in meters, from the base of the cliff will it land?

13.6

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is 4/15 divided by 6/25?

10/9 (ACCEPT: 1 1/9)

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists are medications whose structures mimic which of the following hormones? W) Insulin X) Glucagon Y) Acetylcholine Z) Epinephrine

Z) EPINEPHRINE

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following mixtures of solvents would have a negative deviation from Raoult's [rah-OOLZ] law? W) Water and acetone X) Water and ethanol Y) Hexane and acetone Z) Hexane and pentane

W) WATER AND ACETONE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three alkanes in increasing order of their melting points: Pentane; Ethane; Nonane.

2, 1, 3

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of specific gravity: It can be expressed in grams per liter; Some materials can have a negative specific gravity; Aluminum has a positive specific gravity.

3

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a geologic period? W) Devonian X) Jurassic Y) Paleogene Z) Cenozoic [SEN-oh-ZOH-ik]

Z) CENOZOIC

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the second derivative with respect to \(x\) of \(2x^{3}+4x-7\)?

12x

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Planet X has the same mass as Earth but one-third of its surface gravitational acceleration. What is the ratio of planet X's radius to Earth's radius?

\(\forall\)3 (ACCEPT: \(\forall\)3 TO ONE)

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three statements that are true of electric dipoles in an electric field: A non-uniform field can cause translational acceleration; In a uniform field, the net torque is directly proportional to the field strength; In a uniform field, the net force is zero.

ALL OF THEM

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

In organic chemistry, what is the term for a species with empty orbitals that tends to accept electrons in a chemical reaction?

ELECTROPHILE

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three isotopes in terms of increasing number of neutrons; Cobalt-57; Iron-57; Manganese-57.

1, 2, 323) Earth and Space - Short Answer Ishtar Terra is a surface province on what solar system object?

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

A triangle has two sides of lengths 39 and 57. What is the largest possible integer length of the third side?

95

BONUS Math - Short Answer

The line with equation \(y=3x+2\) is reflected across the line \(y=x\). What are the slope and \(y\)-intercept of its image, respectively?

\(\text{SLOPE}=1/3\), \(y\text{-INTERCEPT}=-2/3\)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

The fact that a solution of hydrofluoric acid will become less acidic if you add sodium fluoride to it is an example of what effect?

COMMON ION EFFECT (ACCEPT: LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

If a rate constant is expressed in hertz, what order must the reaction be?

FIRST (ACCEPT: ONE)

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Ames Lab are developing new techniques to study substances that lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. What is the general term for these substances?

CATALYST

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Phages are viruses that infect what group of organisms?

BACTERIA

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Consider the first-order decomposition of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) into nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. In order to get a linear fit, which of the following parameters should be graphed against time? W) Natural log of the concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) X) Concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) Y) Concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\) squared Z) One over the concentration of N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\)

W) NATURAL LOG OF THE CONCENTRATION OF N\({}{2}\)O\({}{5}\)

TOSS-UP Math - Multiple Choice

Given that the function \(f\) of \(x\) has a zero at \(x\) = 6, at what x-value must \(f\) of open parenthesis \(x\) over 2 close parenthesis have a zero? W) 3 X) 6 Y) 8 Z) 12

Z) 12

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

Order the following three stages of development chronologically: Fetus; Embryo; Zygote.

3, 2, 1

BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

Professional antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic [den-DRIH-disk] cells typically present foreign antigens to which of the following types of cells? W) Helper T X) Cytotoxic T Y) Memory B Z) Plasma

W) HELPER T

TOSS-UP Energy - Short Answer

Scientists at Oak Ridge National Lab have been studying a bacterium that makes a new derivative of what cobalt-containing vitamin?

B12 (ACCEPT: COBALAMIN)

BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

Scientists at Brookhaven National Lab are studying medical imaging scintillators that absorb high-energy light and release lower-wavelength light that can be detected with a camera. In what type of imaging are these materials most likely used? W) X-ray imaging X) MRI Y) Photoacoustic imaging Z) Ultrasound

W) X-RAY IMAGING11) Earth and Space - Short Answer What is the adjective for a constellation that never appears to set in the night sky throughout the year?

BONUS Earth and Space - Short Answer

Apollo 11 astronauts brought back primarily what type of rock from the Mare Tranquillitatis [MAH-ray Tran-quill-ih-TAH-tis]?

BASALT

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three physical quantities that are considered scalar quantities: Speed; Work; Acceleration.

1, 2

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Identify all of the following three vectors that must be constant for an object in an unperturbed orbit: Angular momentum; Linear momentum; Acceleration.

1

TOSS-UP Biology - Multiple Choice

Which of the following classes of macromolecules can be digested by salivary amylase? W) Proteins X) Carbohydrates Y) Lipids Z) Nucleic acids

X) CARBOHYDRTES

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Gabriela is studying a map showing rivers flowing through a mountainous region. She notices that the V-shaped river valleys are often much wider than the rivers themselves. Which of the following statements best explains her observation? W) The rivers carried more water in the past X) The valleys were formed by glaciers and were later replaced by rivers Y) A series of cut-banks and point-bars formed as the rivers developed, widening the valley Z) Mass wasting and stream erosion have widened the valley

Z) MASS WASTING AND STREAM Erosion HAVE WIDENED THE VALLEY

## BONUS Energy - Multiple Choice

Oak Ridge National Lab is developing a method to produce quantum particles in a controlled, deterministic manner to improve the speed and security of transmitting encrypted data over long fiber-optic cables. What specific particles are they using to transmit this data? W) Photons X) Phonons Y) Electrons Z) Positrons

W) PHOTONS

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the enthalpy and entropy changes associated with melting ice? W) Negative delta H, negative delta S X) Negative delta H, positive delta S Y) Positive delta H, positive delta S Z) Positive delta H, negative delta S

Y) POSITIVE DELTA H, POSITIVE DELTA S

## BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Rank the following three molecules in terms of increasing triple point temperature: Water; Carbon dioxide; Methane.

3, 2, 1

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is 2 times 5 squared?

50 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 100)

BONUS Math - Short Answer

How many sides does a regular polygon have if each interior angle measures 175 degrees?

72

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

Galileo's theory of gravity states that objects will fall at the same speed regardless of their weight. Due to the atmosphere, however, some objects fall faster than others. Rank the following three objects in increasing order of their speed one second after being dropped from a building: One-gram feather; One-gram solid-iron sphere; One-gram solid-iron cube.

1, 3, 2

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

A pipe is carrying an incompressible liquid flowing at 8 meters per second. At a particular section, the center of the pipe is elevated by 3 meters. If the static pressure is unchanged, then what is the velocity to the nearest meter per second in the elevated section of pipe?

219) Biology - Short Answer Identify all of the following three functional groups that can be found in alanine: 1) Carboxyl; 2) Amine; 3) Alkene [al-KEEN].

## BONUS Biology - Multiple Choice

The estrus cycle in many mammals is responsible for which of the following processes? W) Sleep X) Digestion Y) Reproduction Z) Migration

Y) REPRODUCTION

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Short Answer

What is the name of the largest canyon on the planet Mars?

VALLES MARINERIS (DO NOT ACCEPT: MARINER VALLEY)

TOSS-UP Chemistry - Short Answer

Standard reduction potentials are reported using what type of electrode as the zero point?

STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE (ACCEPT: SHE)

BONUS Chemistry - Short Answer

Concentrated hydrochloric acid is sold as a 12-molar solution in water. How many milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acid must be used to prepare 1.5 liters of a 100-millimolar solution of hydrochloric acid?

12.5

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

What is the name of the distance from an uncharged, stationary object at which the escape velocity equals the speed of light?

SCHWARTZSCHILD RADIUS

BONUS Physics - Short Answer

Andrew is designing a bird-strike-resistant nose cone for an experimental aircraft that flies at 200 meters per second. If a typical bird is 0.5 kilograms and an impact lasts 2.5 milliseconds, then in newtons, what is the average impact force that the nose cone must be able to withstand?

40,00023) Math - Short Answer In three-space, what is the distance from the point (1, 3, 6) to the origin?

TOSS-UP Math - Short Answer

What is the square of the complex number 1 - 3i?

-8 - 6\(i\)

BONUS Math - Multiple Choice

A differentiable function \(f\) of \(x\) has domain the closed interval from -5 to 4 and range the closed interval from 3 to 12. If \(f\) prime of \(x\) is less than 0 for all \(x\) in the domain, what is \(f\) of -5? W) -5 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 12

Z) 12

TOSS-UP Biology - Short Answer

What stain, performed with crystal violet dye, provides the most common way of classifying bacteria?

GRAM

BONUS Biology - Short Answer

What is the term for mobile genetic elements that can move from one location to another in a cell's genome?

TRANSPOSONS (ACCEPT: JUMPING GENE)

TOSS-UP Earth and Space - Multiple Choice

Which of the following surface reservoirs on Earth contains the most carbon? W) Soil X) Atmosphere Y) Vegetation Z) Ocean

Z) OCEAN

TOSS-UP Physics - Short Answer

An astronaut weighs 500 newtons on planet X, which has a gravitational acceleration of 4 meters per second squared. If he travels to planet Y, which has a gravitational acceleration of 12 meters per second squared, then in newtons, what is his new weight?

1500