industry-bert-loans

industry-bert-loans is part of a series of industry-fine-tuned sentence_transformer embedding models.

Model Description

industry-bert-loans is a domain fine-tuned BERT-based 768-parameter Sentence Transformer model, intended to as a "drop-in" substitute optimized for loan agreements. This model was trained on a wide range of publicly available commercial lending agreements.

• Developed by: llmware
• Model type: BERT-based Industry domain fine-tuned Sentence Transformer architecture
• Language(s) (NLP): English
• License: Apache 2.0
• Finetuned from model [optional]: BERT-based model, fine-tuning methodology described below.

Model Use

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("llmware/industry-bert-loans")
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("llmware/industry-bert-loans")

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

This is a semantic embedding model, fine-tuned on publicly available loan, security, credit and underwriting agreements. Results may vary if used outside of this domain, and like any embedding model, there is always the potential for anomalies in the vector embedding space. No specific safeguards have put in place for safety or mitigate potential bias in the dataset.

Training Procedure

This model was fine-tuned using a custom self-supervised procedure and custom dataset that combined contrastive techniques with stochastic injections of distortions in the samples. The methodology was derived, adapted and inspired primarily from three research papers cited below: TSDAE (Reimers), DeClutr (Giorgi), and Contrastive Tension (Carlsson).

Citation [optional]

Custom self-supervised training protocol used to train the model, which was derived and inspired by the following papers:

@article{wang-2021-TSDAE, title = "TSDAE: Using Transformer-based Sequential Denoising Auto-Encoderfor Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Learning", author = "Wang, Kexin and Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna", journal= "arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.06979", month = "4", year = "2021", url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06979", }

@inproceedings{giorgi-etal-2021-declutr, title = {{D}e{CLUTR}: Deep Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Textual Representations}, author = {Giorgi, John and Nitski, Osvald and Wang, Bo and Bader, Gary}, year = 2021, month = aug, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, address = {Online}, pages = {879--895}, doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.72}, url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.72} }

@article{Carlsson-2021-CT, title = {Semantic Re-tuning with Contrastive Tension}, author= {Fredrik Carlsson, Amaru Cuba Gyllensten, Evangelia Gogoulou, Erik Ylipää Hellqvist, Magnus Sahlgren}, year= {2021}, month= {"January"} Published: 12 Jan 2021, Last Modified: 05 May 2023 }

Model Card Contact

Darren Oberst @ llmware