Datasets:

ufukhaman

/

uspto_balanced_200k_ipc_classification

like 1

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A media player or similar device may receive image information, decode the information, and output a signal to a display device. For example, a Digital Video Recorder (DVR) might retrieve locally stored image information, or a set-top box might receive a stream of image information from a remote device (e.g., a content provider might transmit a stream that includes high-definition image frames to the set-top box through a cable or satellite network).FIG. 1is a block diagram of a media system100including a media server110that provides image information to a remote media player120through a communication network130. An encoder114may reduce the amount of data that is used to represent image content112before the data is transmitted by a transmitter116as a stream of image information. As used herein, information may be encoded and/or decoded in accordance with any of a number of different protocols. For example, image information may be processed in connection with International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendation H.264 entitled “Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services” (2004) or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Engineering Consortium (IEC) Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) standard entitled “Advanced Video Coding (Part 10)” (2004). As other examples, image information may be processed in accordance with ISO/IEC document number 14496 entitled “MPEG-4 Information Technology—Coding of Audio-Visual Objects” (2001) or the MPEG2 protocol as defined by ISO/IEC document number 13818-1 entitled “Information Technology—Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information” (2000). The media player120may decode encoded image information before it is presented via the display device. For example, the media player120may include a number of decoders124that decode encoded image information. A display controller122may receive information from the decoders124and select (or combine) the received information before presenting it via the display device. In some cases the media player120may also scale one or more image streams before it is presented. For example,FIG. 2illustrates a display200in which a second image stream220is reduced in size and then overlaid on a first image stream210(e.g., to create a picture-within-a-picture effect). FIG. 3is a block diagram of such a media player300. In particular, a first decoder310receives a first encoded image at full size and provides a first decoded image at full size (e.g., pixel data) to a display controller330. Similarly, a second decoder320receives a second encoded image at full size and provides a second decoded image at full size to the display controller330. The display controller330includes a scaling engine330that reduces the size of the second image in real time before overlaying the information on the first image (e.g., to generate a display such as the one illustrated inFIG. 2). Note, however, that in this case the second decoder320is transmitting the entire full-sized version of the second image to the display controller330(even though the full-sized second image will not be displayed). For example, when a picture-within-a-picture feature is selected by user, the media player300may experience a substantial burst of memory traffic (when both full-sized images are being transferred to the display controller330). As a result, the bandwidth and/or processing needed by the media player300to handle this situation can make such a feature difficult to implement. FIG. 4is a block diagram of an apparatus400according to some embodiments. The apparatus400might be associated with, for example, a media player, a television, a Personal Computer (PC), wireless device (e.g., a home media server), a game device, a DVR, and/or a set-top box. As before, a first decoder410receives a first encoded image at full size and provides a first decoded image at full size (e.g., pixel data associated with a moving image) to a display controller430. Similarly, a second decoder420receives a second encoded image at full size. In this case, however, the second decoder420includes an integrated scaling engine425that reduces the size of the second image before providing the information to the display controller430. The display controller430may then overlay the pre-scaled information on the first image (e.g., to generate a display such as the one illustrated inFIG. 2). Because the scaled version of the second decoded image is provided from the second decoder420to the display controller430(as opposed to the full-sized version of the second decoded image), the amount of memory traffic experienced in the apparatus400may be reduced. FIG. 5is a flow diagram illustrating a method according to some embodiments. The method may be performed, for example, by the apparatus ofFIG. 4. The flow charts described herein do not necessarily imply a fixed order to the actions, and embodiments may be performed in any order that is practicable. Note that any of the methods described herein may be performed by hardware, software (including microcode), firmware, or any combination of these approaches. For example, a storage medium may store thereon instructions that when executed by a machine result in performance according to any of the embodiments described herein. At502, encoded information associated with a first image is received at a decoder. For example, encoded MPEG information might be received at the decoder (e.g., from a local storage unit or a remote media server). At504, the decoder decodes the encoded information to generate full-sized first image pixels representing a full-sized version of the first image. For example, the decoder may decode MPEG information to generate full-sized pixel data associated with the first image. This pixel data might, for example, be stored in a buffer local to the decoder. At506, the full-sized pixels are scaled at the decoder to generate scaled first image pixels representing a scaled version of the first image. For example, an integrated pre-scaling device might use a scaling algorithm to generate the scaled first image pixels. These scaled first image pixels might then be transferred to a display controller. In that case, the display controller might combine the scaled first image pixels with full-sized second image pixels representing a full-sized version of a second image (e.g., received by the display controller from another decoder). FIG. 6is a block diagram of a portion of a media player according to some embodiments. In particular, the media player includes a decoder600that received encoded information associated with a full-sized version of an image (e.g., a moving picture). The decoder600may decode the information and store write pixel data in a local, on-chip macroblock memory810. If the decoder600is to provide a full-sized version of the image, this information can be transferred by a video frame buffer access controller820to an external main memory picture buffer840. The decoder600also includes an integrated pre-scaler830that can scale the information in the macroblock memory810. For example, the pre-scaler may perform scaling on the macroblock data using a filtering algorithm, such as a median filter, a first order two-dimensional interpolator, or a higher order two-dimensional interpolator. According to some embodiments, the filter algorithm scales the macroblocks using a scaling factor of ½n, where n is an integer greater than zero (e.g., by ½. or ¼). The scaled information may then be provided (e.g., stored in a separate, auxiliary frame buffer). FIG. 7is a block diagram of a dual-stream decoder700according to some embodiments. Although an MPEG decoder700is used herein as an example, note that embodiments may be associated with any generic video decompression algorithm. The decoder700includes a Packet Elementary Stream (PES) packet streamer702for two streams of moving image data. The PES packet streamer702may, for example, provide information to a pair of stream First-In, First-Out (FIFO) buffers706via a MPEG stream input Direct Memory Access (DMA) unit704. The PES packet streamer702may also select information from one of the buffers706to be provided to a PES video parser710via a multiplexer708. The Elementary Stream (ES) may be provided from the parser710to a MPEG ES decoder712. The parser710may also provide the Presentation Time Stamp (PTS) to a frame buffer manager714(which may also receive program time-bases). Note that one frame buffer manager714may be provided per stream. Also note that the frame buffer manager714may also provide a display buffer address and write signal to a display plane frame pointer716(with one pointer being provided per stream). In addition, the parser710may provide new frame information to the PES packet streamer702and the MPEG ES decoder712may provide picture done, stall, and ES select information to the PES packet streamer702. The MPEG ES decoder712may provide information to a frame buffer access controller718(e.g., to be potentially provided via a bus). The frame buffer access controller718may, for example, facilitate a transfer of write pixel data from a macroblock memory in the decoder700to a picture buffer in main memory (not illustrated inFIG. 7). According to this embodiment, an integrated frame buffer pre-scaler720is also provided for the dual-stream decoder700. The pre-scaler720might be controlled, for example, using information from a control, status, and configuration register interface722. The frame buffer pre-scaler720may, for example, receive macroblock information and control information (e.g., configuration information from the register interface722) and generate pixels associated with a scaled down version of the image. Such an approach may, for example, reduce video traffic near the start of the video processing chain and reduce unnecessary display or compositing memory traffic when high resolution information is not required. As a result, a relatively low cost implementation of a media player or similar device may be provided. FIG. 8is a block diagram of a system800according to some embodiments. The system800might be associated with, for example, a digital display device, a television such as a High Definition Television (HDTV) unit, a DVR, a game console, a PC or laptop computer, a wireless device, and/or a set-top box (e.g., a cable or satellite decoder). The system may operate in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. For example, a first decoder810may receive a first encoded image at full size and provide a first decoded image at full size (e.g., pixel data associated with a moving image) to a display controller830. Similarly, a second decoder820may receive a second encoded image at full size, and an integrated scaling engine825may reduce the size of the second image before providing the information to the display controller830. The display controller830may then overlay the pre-scaled information on the first image (e.g., to generate a display such as the one illustrated inFIG. 2). Because the scaled version of the second decoded image is provided from the second decoder820to the display controller830(as opposed to the full-sized version of the second decoded image), the amount of memory traffic experienced in the system800may be reduced. According to some embodiments, the display controller830generates information that is provided to a display device via a digital output840. The following illustrates various additional embodiments. These do not constitute a definition of all possible embodiments, and those skilled in the art will understand that many other embodiments are possible. Further, although the following embodiments are briefly described for clarity, those skilled in the art will understand how to make any changes, if necessary, to the above description to accommodate these and other embodiments and applications. For example, although generation of a picture-within-a-picture has been described herein, embodiments may be associated with any other types of displays. For example,FIG. 9illustrates a display900according to some embodiments. In this case, the display900includes a first scaled image910, a second scaled image920, and a third scaled image930. In this case, multiple decoders may each include a pre-scaler and a display controller may receive scaled version of three different display images. As another example, multiple decoders might share a single pre-decoder according to other embodiments. Moreover, although particular image processing protocols and networks have been used herein as examples (e.g., MPEG and H.264), embodiments may be used in connection any other type of image processing protocols or networks, such as Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) and Community Access Television (CATV) systems. The several embodiments described herein are solely for the purpose of illustration. Persons skilled in the art will recognize from this description other embodiments may be practiced with modifications and alterations limited only by the claims.

6G

06

K

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The preferred form of the invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting example. EXAMPLE 1 Studies were performed in newborn piglets that were raised for 24 hours following birth with a commercial infant milk formula (SMA Gold Cap; John Wyeth & Bro (NZ) Ltd) containing undetectable (<1 ng/ml) levels of IGF-I or IGF-II or with the same formula supplemented with either 2 .mu.g/ml of recombinant human IGF-I or recombinant human IGF-II (provided by Kabi Pharmacia AB, Sweden). 7 piglets received each treatment. The piglets were from 7 litters and each litter provided on one formula fed and one formula plus IGF-II fed piglet. The piglets had statistically similar birth weights. After birth the piglets were fed by bottle 20 ml/kg every 2 hours for the first 12 hours, then 40 ml/kg every 4 hours thereafter until slaughter. The animals were slaughtered at 24 hours after birth for histological evaluation. In addition the rate of cell proliferation was assessed by administering bromodoxyuridine (BRDU) intraperitoneally to the piglet in 4 equal doses of 5 mg/kg at 30 minute intervals between 120 and 30 mins prior to slaughter. BRDU labelling can be detected histologically and indicates active cell proliferation. The net weights of the cleaned gastrointestinal tract components were compared (see Tables 1 to 3). Tissue blocks were taken from the mid duodenum, the proximal and distal jejunum and the proximal and distal ileum and histological measurements were made using images projected onto a digitizer pad and quantified by computer programme (Sigma Scan). Further analysis for RNA, DNA and protein content were performed on proximal jejunal mucosa (Table 4). TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Mean body-weight and weights and physical dimensions of digestive organs in 24 hour old piglets raised on an infant formula with or without addition of IGF-II. Treatment Control IGF-II n = 7 n = 7 ______________________________________ Birth Weight (kg) 1.286 1.295 Final Weight (kg) 1.318 1.320 Stomach weight (g/kg)# 5.02 4.99 Pancreas weight (g/kg)# 1.23 1.37* Small intestine: Weight (g/kg)# 29 29 Length (cm/kg)# 310 323 Mitotic index 6.93 8.63*** (cells/crypt labelled) Large intestine: Weight (g/kg)# 6.2 6.4 Length (cm/kg)# 69 72 ______________________________________ #Adjusted for the birth weight. *p < 0.05? ***p < 0.001 TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Effects of oral ingestion of IGF-II on the mean weights of small intestinal mucosal and muscle (n = 5/group). % difference from Control control (g) IGF-II ______________________________________ Duodenal mucosa 0.54 15.6 Duodenal muscle 0.44 19.4 Jejunal mucosa 9.90 30.2 Jejunal muscle 3.27 18.7 Ileal mucosa 7.82 29.2 Ileal muscle 3.15 36.3 ______________________________________ TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Mean microscopic measurements (.mu.m) and mean cell prolif- eration rate in the small intestine of 24 hour old piglets raised on an infant formula with or without addition of IGF-II (n = 5/group). Control IGF-II ______________________________________ Wall thickness 1019 1100 Villus length 725 784 Crypt depth 97 106 Submucosa thickness 93 94 Muscularis thickness 79 88 ______________________________________ TABLE 4 ______________________________________ Chemical compositions of the proximal jejunal mucosa. (n = 5/group) Control IGF-II ______________________________________ Weight (g/kg)# 5.712 6.147 Protein (mg/kg)# 583 559 RNA (mg/kg)# 28.9 31.0 DNA (mg/kg)# 25.0 28.1 Protein: DNA 23.0 20.0 RNA: DNA ratio (mg/mg) 1.14 1.11 ______________________________________ #Adjusted for the birth weight. These observations provide clear evidence that in neonatal animals oral administration of IGF-I is selectively active to promote mitosis of crypt cells in the small intestine. These cells are the source of the enterocytes that form the absorptive layer on the intestinal villous. It will also promote intestinal growth of the villous mucosa and promote muscle growth. Finally it has to be understood that various other modifications and/or alterations may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention as outlined therein.

0A

61

K

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS With reference to the Figures, the subject invention is a heat resistive sleeve assembly or sheath assembly and is generally indicated at 10. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 includes a second sleeve 12 having a hollow interior 14. It may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 can include a circular, rectangular or any cross-sectional periphery. In the preferred embodiment, however the subject invention 10 is shown and described with a cylindrical cross section. The second sleeve 12 is fabricated from first 16 and second 18 inner sets of non-metallic fibers interwoven together to increase thermal insulation. Although the first 16 and second 18 inner sets of fibers can be fabricated from any non-metallic substance suitable for high temperature environments, the preferred embodiment of the subject invention 10 uses sets of glass fibers such as Fiberglas.RTM.. The fiberglass yarns 16, 18 are textured giving them a fuzzy appearance. This texturing of the fiberglass, created by blowing air on the fibers as they are processed into a yarn, reduces the density of the yarn which is interwoven to create the second sleeve 12. Because this yarn is less dense, more air is interspersed within the yarn adding to the thermal insulation properties of the first inner cylindrical sleeve 12. Said another way, the denier of the fiberglass yarns 16, 18 is approximately equal to the denier of the untextured fiberglass yarns (discussed subsequently) and, therefore, the radial thickness of the textured fiberglass yarns is greater than that of the untextured fiberglass yarns. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 further includes a first sleeve 20 which, in the preferred embodiment, encompasses, surrounds, or extends around the periphery of the second sleeve 12 and shares the same hollow interior 14. It is not, however, beyond the scope of the subject invention to surround the first sleeve 20 with the second sleeve 12. The first sleeve 20 is fabricated from a first outer fiberglass yarn 22 interwoven with a second outer fiberglass yarn 24 wherein the first outer fiberglass yarn 22 is twisted together and define a first radial thickness T1, as best seen in FIG. 1 wherein the radial thickness T1 of the first outer fiberglass yarn 22 equals the cross-sectional area of the first inner untextured fiberglass yarn 32, 32' discussed subsequently. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 is characterized by the second outer fiberglass yarn 24 being braided together into a solid braid 26 for preventing the second radial thickness T2 from decreasing during usage of the first sleeve 20. The maintenance of the second radial thickness T2 insures air gaps or spaces 28 (discussed subsequently) which increase the thermal insulation between the hollow interior and the outside of the heat resistive sleeve assembly. Although the terms `braid` and `interweave` are generally interchangeable terms, for purposes of clarity, the term `braid` will be used when discussing the physical properties of the cylindrical braids 26, 50 whereas `interweave` will be used when discussing the physical properties of the layers of the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 further includes a third sleeve 30 located within the first inner cylindrical sleeve 12. The third sleeve 30 is fabricated from a first inner untextured fiberglass yarn 32 having an untextured radial thickness (equal to the radial thickness T1) interwoven with a third inner textured fiberglass yarn 34 having a textured radial thickness T3 greater than the untextured radial thickness. The difference in thickness between the textured fiberglass yarn 34 and the untextured fiberglass yarn 32 forms a second plurality of spaces 36 between the third sleeve 30 and the second sleeve 12 to increase the thermal insulation between the hollow interior 14 and the outside of the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. This thermal insulation is further increased by the air gaps between the glass fibers found within the textured fiberglass yarns. The assembly further includes a fourth sleeve 38 being fabricated from a second inner untextured fiberglass yarn 40 interwoven with a third inner untextured fiberglass yarn 42 to increase the thermal insulation between the hollow interior 14 and the outside of the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. A coating 44 encompasses and impregnates the outer cylindrical sleeve 20 and prevents the fraying of the fiberglass yarns used on the outermost layer, the first sleeve 20 in the preferred embodiment, after the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 has been cut. In addition to the coating 44 being used to maintain the integrity of the first 22 and second 24 outer fiberglass yarns, it may also be used to reflect thermal radiation. The coating 44 is fabricated from a fluoroplastic elastomer and, in the preferred embodiment, the coating 44 is made from polytetrafluoroethylene, "PTFE", sold under the trademark Teflon.RTM.. As an alternative, a silicone-based coating could be used in lieu of Teflon.RTM.. To enhance the thermal reflective properties of the coating 44, metal particles, i.e., aluminum particles, may be added. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 is dipped into a container 46 containing the Teflon.RTM. after all of the sleeves 12, 20, 30, 38 have been manufactured. The heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 is dipped in the Teflon.RTM. bath 45 for a period of time to allow the outer most sleeve, the first sleeve 20 in the preferred embodiment, to absorb the Teflon.RTM. 44. The Teflon.RTM. coating 44 is prevented from being absorbed by anything other than the outermost sleeve (20) as such an absorption would be cost prohibitive. Mandrel means 48 having an outer diameter D1 guides the second 40 and third 42 inner untextured fiberglass yarns to create the third inner cylindrical sleeve 30 so as to create the fourth sleeve 38 having an inner diameter being equal or consistent throughout the length of the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. The mandrel means 48 comprises of a hollow mandrel fabricated from an organic polymeric material suitable to withstand the manufacturing processes associated with creating the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. The mandrel 48 may have a smooth outer surface or, as is shown in the Figures, the outer surface 52 of the mandrel 48 can be textured with the ridges 49 to help guide the second 40 and third 42 inner untextured fiberglass yarns as they are being interwoven over the mandrel 48 and help prevent slippage therebetween. It should be understood that the mandrel 48 may be removed once the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 has been manufactured. Therefore, depending upon the use in which the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10 is to be used, the mandrel 48 may remain in place or, in the alternative, the mandrel 48 may be removed. In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2 wherein like prime numerals represent similar structure, the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10' includes a second sleeve 12' being fabricated from a first inner textured fiberglass yarn 16' textured to increase the thermal resistivity which is interwoven with a second inner fiberglass yarn 18'. In this embodiment, however, the second inner fiberglass yarn 18' is braided to form a second solid braid 50. This second solid braid 50 is interwoven with the first inner fiberglass yarn 16' in a direction opposite that of the first solid braid 26 of the first sleeve 20 to increase the thermal insulation of the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10'. It is necessary for the second solid braid 50 to be interwoven with the first inner set of fiberglass thread 16' in a direction opposite that of the first solid braid 26 to increase the spaces between the first sleeve 20' and the second sleeve 12'. If the second solid braid 50 was interwoven into the second sleeve 12' in the same direction as that of the first solid braid 26, the spaces created by the first solid braid 26 would be filled by the second solid braid 50, thus eliminating all of the advantages to having the first solid braid 26 incorporated within the heat resistive sleeve assembly 10. The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims wherein reference numerals are merely for convenience and are not to be in any way limiting, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

5F

16

L

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS This invention will be better understood by the following Examples and Comparative Examples wherein epoxy resins which are not modified with rubber are simply called "epoxy resins", while epoxy resins which have been modified with rubber are called "rubber-modified epoxy resins". EXAMPLE 1 (1) Preparation of an inner-layer member 35 .mu.m-thick electrolytic foils one face of each of which has been subjected to toughening treatment were applied respectively to both the faces of a substrate consisting of 8 sheets of a commercially available 0.1 mm-thick epoxy resin-impregnated glass cloth prepreg, the 8 sheets being placed one upon another, with the toughened face of the copper foil facing to the substrate as shown in FIG. 1, after which the whole was pressed together at a pressure of 30 kgf/cm.sup.2 and a temperature of 170.degree. C. for 60 minutes to prepare an inner-layer member wherein the copper foil has been applied to each face of the substrate thereby to form a laminate. Both the faces (copper foils) of the thus formed laminate were masked at their predetermined portions and then etched by an ordinary method to form circuits. (2) Preparation of insulating layer-applied copper foils In a 1:1 toluene/methanol mixed solvent were dissolved 40 parts by weight of an epoxy resin (tradename, EPOMIC R-301, produced by Mitsui Petrochemicals Co.), 20 parts by weight of a rubber modified epoxy resin (tradename, EPOTOHTO YR-102, produced by Tohto Kasei Co.), 30 parts by weight of a polyvinyl acetal resin (tradename, DENKA BUTYRAL No. 5000A, produced by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co.), 10 parts by weight as a solid of a melamine resin (tradename, YUBAN 20 SB, produced by Mitsui Toatsu Kagaku Co.), 2 parts by weight of a latent epoxy resin curing agent (dicyandiamide, reagent) which was added in the form of a dimethylformamide solution of 25 wt. % of a solid, and 0.5 parts by weight of a cure accelerating agent (tradename, CURE SOL 2E4MZ, produced by Shikoku Kasei Co.), thereby to prepare a resin varnish containing 25 wt. % as solids. The thus prepared resin varnish was coated on the toughened face of 35 .mu.m-thick electrolytic copper foils, air-dried and then heated at 150.degree. C. for 7 minutes thereby to obtain semi-cured insulating layer-applied copper foils. The insulating layers so obtained at this point was each 100 .mu.m in thickness. (3) Preparation of a multiple printed wiring board Both the faces of the inner-layer member prepared at the above step (1) were washed with purified water, the insulating layer-applied copper foils prepared at the above step (2) were placed respectively on both the washed faces with the insulating layer side of the insulating layer-applied copper foil facing to said washed face, thereafter the whole was pressed together at 30 kg/cm.sup.2 and 170.degree. C. for 60 minutes to form outer-layer members respectively on both the faces of the inner-layer member, masking predetermined portions of both the faces (copper foils) of the outer-layer member formed at the above step (3), and then the masked faces (copper foils) of the outer-layer member were etched by an ordinary method to form outer-layer circuits, thereby to prepare a multilayer (4 layers in this case) printed wiring board as shown in FIG. 1. EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that 20 parts by weight of a rubber-modified epoxy resin (tradename, SUMIEPOXY ESC-500, produced by Sumitomo Kagaku Co.) were substituted for 20 parts by weight of the rubber-modified epoxy resin (tradename, EPOTOHTO YR-102, produced by Tohto Kasei Co.) used at the above step (2), thereby to prepare a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that a urethane resin (tradename, COLONATE AP-Stable, produced by Nippon Polyurethane Co.) was substituted in the same amount as a solid (10 parts by weight) for the melamine resin (tradename, YUBAN, produced by Mitsui Toatsu Kagaku Co.), thereby to prepare a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. COMATIVE EXAMPLE 1 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that 35 .mu.m-thick, surface-roughened electrolytic copper foils were substituted for the insulating layer-applied copper foils used in Example 1 and commercial available 0.1 mm-thick epoxy resin-impregnated glass cloth prepregs were used as insulating layers, thereby to prepare a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. COMATIVE EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that the same copper foils and prepregs as used in Comparative Example were used, and, before the multilayer formation of an inner-layer member used, the surface of the inner-layer circuits (copper foils) was treated with a solution containing 31 g/l of sodium hydrochlorite, 15 g/l of sodium hydroxide and 12 g/l of trisodium phosphate, at 85.degree. C. under agitation for 3 minutes thereby to effect a black oxide treatment, thus preparing a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. COMATIVE EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except there was used a resin varnish prepared by substituting an epoxy resin (tradename, EPOTOHTO YD-128, produced by Tohto Kasei Co.) for the rubber-modified epoxy resin (tradename, EPOTOHTO YR-102, produced by Tohto Kasei Co.) used as one ingredient of the insulating layer prepared at the aforementioned step (2) of Example 1, thereby to prepare a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. COMATIVE EXAMPLE 4 The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that there was used a resin varnish having a solid content of 48 wt. % and containing 70 parts by weight of an epoxy resin (tradename, EPOMIC R-301, produced by Mitsui Petrochemicals Co.), 20 parts by weight of a rubber-modified epoxy resin (tradename, EPOTOHTO YR-102, produced by Tohto Kasei Co.) and 10 parts by weight of a polyvinyl acetal resin (tradename, DENKA BUTYRAL No.5000A, produced by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co.), the above resins being the same as those used as the ingredients of the insulating layer prepared at the step (2) of Example 1, thereby to prepare a multilayer (4-layer) printed wiring board. The multilayer printed wiring boards (the laminates) obtained in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-4 were evaluated for the following performances and properties. The results are as shown in Table 1. 1. Normal-state peeling strength between the copper foil on the surface of the inner-layer member and the insulating layer. In accordance with JIS C 6481 2. Solder heat resistance In accordance with JIS C 6481 3. Surface resistance In accordance with JIS C 6481 4. Haloing resistance The boards are each perforated to make a 0.4 mm .phi. through hole, and the perforated boards are each immersed in a 1:1 aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid at room temperature to visually determine whether having occurs or not. 5. Moistureproofing The boards are boiled in purified water for 2 hours and then immersed in a solder bath at 260.degree. C. for 30 seconds to visually determine whether swelling occurs or not. 6. Thickness of insulating layer before or after pressed Thickness found TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Thickness of Pealing Solder heat Surface Haloing Moisture- insulating layer Ex. and strength resistance resistance resistance proofing before or after Comp. Ex. (Kgf/cm) (sec) (.OMEGA.) #1 #2 pressed (.mu.m) __________________________________________________________________________ Ex. 1 1.31 more than 120 6 .times. 10.sup.14 .smallcircle. .smallcircle. 100/95 Ex. 2 1.28 more than 120 5 .times. 10.sup.13 .smallcircle. .smallcircle. 100/90 Ex. 3 1.55 more than 120 7 .times. 10.sup.15 .smallcircle. .smallcircle. 100/95 Comp. Ex. 1 0.26 60 1 .times. 10.sup.15 .smallcircle. x 100/90 Comp. Ex. 2 1.35 more than 120 1 .times. 10.sup.15 x .smallcircle. 100/90 Comp. Ex. 3 0.72 more than 120 9 .times. 10.sup.14 .smallcircle. .smallcircle. 100/70 Comp. Ex. 4 0.62 more than 120 8 .times. 10.sup.14 .smallcircle. .smallcircle. 100/20 __________________________________________________________________________ #1; .smallcircle.: No haloing x: Haloing occurred #2; .smallcircle.: No swelling x: Swelling occurred It is apparent from Table 1 that the multilayer printed wiring board exhibits performances and properties equal to those of a conventional one even if the former is not subjected to black oxide treatment, and, further, problems as to the black oxide treatment are avoided. This invention enables the black oxide treatment to be dispensed with in the preparation of a multilayer printed wiring board and also enables various problems raised by the black oxide treatment to be eliminated. In addition, the multilayer printed wiring board of this invention is comperable to a conventional one in performances and will not raise any problems as to surface smoothness and migration. Further, the insulating layer used in this invention is uniform and does not need a protective film. Thus, in a case where, the insulating layer is used in the preparation of an insulating layer-applied copper foil, the layer-applied copper foil so prepared will be satisfactorily easily handled and operated.

7H

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K

REFERENCE NUMERALS 6. Cooking vessel.8. Circular base.10. One type of integrated handle.12. Obround sheet.14. Pre-creased center axis.15. Pre-creased axis coincident with the flat edge of the semicircular section of the obround.16. Attached handle.18. Laminated structure.20. Permeable, non-absorbent layer.22. More rigid, permeable layer. DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION The invention herein relates to a disposable cooking utensil that can be universally used in almost any cooking method to eliminate the problems caused by splattering of grease and cooking liquids. In its broadest form, the utensil is made of a non-absorbent yet permeable, semi-rigid, non-metallic material that is versatile enough be used in a multitude of different cooking environments and can be dimensioned so as to fit a wide variety of cooking vessel shapes and sizes. The utensil includes a top handle for lifting and repositioning of the utensil, and the entire device is configured and dimensioned so as to conform to the shape and dimensions of the cooking vessel in such as way as to rest either on the rim of the vessel or just inside the rim of the vessel. The material comprising the splatter guard is minimally heat conductive so as to be safely and comfortably handled when repositioning or otherwise manipulating the splatter guard during cooking. Being non-absorbent, when the splatter guard is allowed to rest directly above the food being cooked, minimal fluid and grease absorption occurs, which enables cooking to proceed in a manner similar to that in which it would occur without a cover, rendering it suitable for frying, searing and sautéing operations. With reference toFIG. 1for purposes of illustration, the present invention is preferentially embodied in an approximately circular shape dimensioned so that the circular base8, which forms the actual splatter guard, rests just inside the rim of the cooking vessel6. The handle10shown inFIG. 1is integrated into the utensil, the whole device being formed from single sheet of material. The entire cover, with integrated handle, has sufficient wet-strength and rigidity to maintain its shape and integrity so as to be easily removable and replaceable during cooking. FIG. 2illustrates how one embodiment of the utensil could be formed from a pre-creased, single sheet of material fashioned into the shape of an obround12. An obround is two semicircles facing opposite directions and connected along their straight sides by a rectangular section of any non-zero length. When folded along the center axis of the obround and subsequently folded in the opposite manner about the two axis coincident with the straight sides of the two facing semicircular sections, the sheet takes on the shape of an inverted “T”, with the bottom, horizontal part of the utensil now taking on the overall shape of a circle base8and the top, vertical fold becoming an integrated handle10. The semicircular dimensions of the obround preferentially have equal radii such that, when folded as described above, the circular base8takes on a dimension approximately equal to the diameter of the intended cooking vessel6. As would be obvious to anyone skilled in the art, alternative handle shapes and placements can be utilized for the utensil by simply attaching a handle to the base, using an adhesive or by mechanical attachment. One possible type of attached handle16is illustrated inFIG. 3. As would also be obvious to anyone skilled in the art, perorations or slits can be configured into the base of the splatter guard to further enhance the release of water vapor during cooking. The splatter guard can also be fashioned into a variety of shapes and sizes so as to conform to the shape and size best suited for use with specific cooking vessels. Preferentially, the splatter guard can be formed from a homogeneous sheet of material, this being the simplest and most cost effective method. However, other material configurations can be envisioned, including composites and, as shown inFIG. 4, a laminated structure18where either or both surfaces of the splatter guard are formed from thin sheets of a permeable, non-absorbent material and the top or center sheet is made of a permeable material which confers rigidity to the entire structure, In another embodiment, the material of the utensil is a made from flame resistant paper or fibrous material or treated so as to be flame resistant. There are several treatments available to confer the property of making a material resistant to ignition and/or self-extinguishing that can be safely applied to paper or other fibrous materials. For example, it is known in the art that treating paper pulp with sulfuric acid. The process is known to form sulfurized crosslinks in the material that give the paper higher rigidity and chemical stability, substantially improving heat and flame resistance. Further, silicone or epoxy-based coatings can be applied which also render the material flame resistant. In yet another embodiment, the material of the splatter guard may also be treated with anon-stick coating to aid in material release as the utensil is removed and/or repositioned during cooking. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the herein described invention, a disposable splatter guard was made from a single obround of paper stock of approximately 0.01 inch thickness that had been chemically treated so as to render it heat-resistant and non-absorbent. The treated paper was folded as described above to create a disposable splatter guard with an essentially circular base and a handle with a height of approximately two inches. Six slices of bacon were then placed into a hot standard frying pan so that the strips of bacon were lying flat. The splatter-guard was placed over the bacon so that it was sitting directly on top of the bacon inside the rim of the pan. The bacon was allowed to fry at a high temperature for several minutes during which time the splatter guard very effectively prevented any grease from escaping the frying pan yet allowed water vapor to escape as evidenced by steam being visible above stovetop and the lack of water buildup in the frying pan, as can be easily observed when frying bacon with the aid of a solid, impermeable cover. The splatter guard was then lifted by the handle so that the bacon could be turned. Although sitting directly on top of the frying bacon, the whole splatter guard retained its mechanical and structural integrity and the handle was not uncomfortably warm, allowing easy removal and repositioning of the device after the food had been turned. After several repetitions of removing and repositioning the splatter guard to allow turning, the bacon was fully cooked and well browned to a pleasing level of crispness, further demonstrating that the splatter guard was effective at allowing the escape of moisture so as to allow a relatively high cooking temperature and an effective cooking environment for frying. Throughout the process, the splatter guard maintained its shape and relative rigidity and could be easily manipulated, After the cooking process was complete, the splatter guard was disposed of in a kitchen waste receptacle and clean up was simplified by the fact that minimal grease and other cooking liquids had been able to splatter onto the stovetop. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the herein described invention in a microwave, a disposable splatter guard was made from a single obround of paper stock of approximately 0.01 inch thickness that had been chemically treated so as to render it heat-resistant and non-absorbent. The treated paper was folded as described above to create a disposable splatter guard with an essentially circular base and a handle with a height of approximately two inches. Cold, pre-cooked pasta was placed on a standard dinner plate. Spaghetti sauce containing meat was scooped onto the top of the pasta. The splatter guard was placed directly on top of the plate, touching the sauce and pasta. The plate was placed in the microwave and heated for a couple of minutes. During this heating cycle, the sound of popping and snapping from the heating if the tomato sauce and the meat could be heard coming from the microwave interior. Due to the effectiveness of the splatter guard all of the splatter created by the sauce, was contained and prevented from getting on the side and top walls of the microwave. The plate was removed from the microwave oven and the splatter guard was lifted from the plate using the handle, which was cool to the touch. The center portion of the contents of the plate remained cool compared to the temperature reached around the outside of the plate, as is common during shorter duration microwave cooking. Therefore, after stirring, the splatter guard was replaced onto the food and heating continued until the food was thoroughly warned. The splatter guard was easily lifted off and disposed of.

0A

47

J

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Various embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which illustrative embodiments are shown. The inventive concept, however, may be embodied in various different forms, and should not be construed as being limited only to the illustrated embodiments. Rather, these embodiments are provided as examples, to convey the inventive concept to one skilled in the art. Accordingly, known processes, elements, and techniques are not described with respect to some of the embodiments. Throughout the drawings and written description, like reference numerals will be used to refer to like or similar elements. According to various embodiments, a GPS receiver is able to determine its own location by receiving and processing information received from at least one visible satellite, and by additionally selecting one or more visible satellite candidates based on the information from the at least one visible satellite, when the number of visible satellites is less than four. A visible satellite candidate is a satellite that is part of the constellation of satellites, but is not presently visible to the GPS receiver (e.g., the GPS receiver is unable to lock onto or receive signals from the satellite). The GPS receiver is configured to select one or more visible satellite candidates using previously stored satellite disposition information and time information, e.g., received from the visible satellite(s), and to determine locations-in-space of the selected visible satellite candidates using almanac information received from the visible satellite(s). The GPS receiver according to various embodiments may include any type of terminal having a GPS module and/or service functionality, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a portable media player (PMP), a navigator, and the like. The embodiments described below assume that the GPS receiver is able to lock onto or receive GPS signals from at least one visible GPS satellite. FIG. 1is a block diagram showing a GPS location determination system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 1, The GPS location determination system includes a GPS receiver10and multiple GPS satellites20,30,40, and50. The GPS satellites20to50broadcast GPS signals from their respective orbits (about 20,000 km from Earth's surface), and the GPS receiver10calculates location information for a user based on incoming GPS signals from the GPS satellites20to50. InFIG. 1, four GPS satellites20to50are illustrated for purposes of illustration, although the complete constellation includes twenty-four GPS satellites rotating Earth in respective orbits. Conventionally, the GPS receiver10would require four or more visible satellites to determine its current location. However, it is assumed that the GPS receiver10inFIG. 1is able to receive GPS signals from only two visible satellites, GPS satellites20and30, and is not able to receive GPS signals from the remaining satellites, GPS satellites40and50. Although the GPS receiver10is not able to lock onto four or more visible satellites, it is still able to determine its location using only the GPS signals received from the GPS satellites20and30, according to the various embodiments. In an embodiment, the GPS receiver10locks onto at least one visible satellite (e.g., GPS satellite20and30). A GPS signal broadcast from the visible satellite may include, for example, navigation data. In addition to the visible satellites, the GPS receiver10also selects at least one visible satellite candidate (e.g., GPS satellite40and50) so that the location of the GPS receiver10can be determined. Each of the visible satellite candidates is a GPS satellite among the multiple GPS satellites in the constellation having GPS signals that are not received by the GPS receiver10. In this manner, although the GPS receive10has locked onto less than four visible satellites, the GPS receiver10still able to calculate pseudo-ranges between the GPS receiver10and GPS satellites using locations-in-space of four or more GPS satellites by selecting the visible satellite candidates. The GPS receiver10is able to use geometric trigonometry (e.g., trilateration) for positioning calculations. FIG. 2is a block diagram showing a GPS receiver, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 2, the GPS receiver10includes a GPS receiving unit100, a decoder110, a satellite location determining unit120, a navigation filter130, a location information output unit140, and database150. The GPS receiving unit100is configured to receive and demodulate a GPS signal from GPS satellites through an antenna. For example, the GPS receiving unit100may receive a GPS signal from a visible satellite, the received GPS signal including a navigation message or navigation data. The navigation data provides orbit information for determining a location-in-space of the GPS satellite, as described below with reference toFIG. 3. The GPS receiving unit100outputs the demodulated GPS signal to the decoder110, which decodes the incoming GPS signal. That is, the decoder110is configured to decode the navigation data of the GPS signal and provides the decoded result to the satellite location determining unit120. The decoder110, for example, decodes the navigation data of the GPS signal to extract time information, almanac information, ephemeris information, etc. The decoder110provides the extracted information to the satellite location determining unit120. The time information may include at least one of satellite clock correction terms and a GPS week number. The satellite clock correction terms are used for satellite clock correction and the GPS week number refers to a number counted in weekly units. The almanac information is orbit information of the satellites and includes information for calculating locations-in-space of all GPS satellites. The almanac information includes a set of parameters for each GPS satellite that can be used to calculate its approximate location in orbit. The database150stores the satellite disposition information, which is constellation information regarding the dispositions of the GPS satellites in their respective orbits, and may be used to determine location-in-spaces of the GPS satellites. The satellite disposition information is more fully described with reference toFIG. 4. The satellite location determining unit120determines a location-in-space of a visible satellite using the decoded navigation data received from the visible satellite. As stated above, the decoded navigation data may include, for example, time information, almanac information, ephemeris information, etc. The satellite location determining unit120is also able to determine a location-in-space of a visible satellite candidate using the decoded navigation data. In an embodiment, the satellite location determining unit120first selects a visible satellite candidate (e.g., using an identifier of the visible satellite candidate) based on corresponding satellite disposition information stored in the database150and time information. The satellite location determining unit120may select a visible satellite candidate, which is to be used to determine the location of the GPS receiver10, among the GPS satellites other than the visible satellite(s). Then, the satellite location determining unit120may determine the location-in-space of the selected visible satellite candidate using the almanac information. The satellite location determining unit120may select the visible satellite candidate(s) such that the total number of visible satellites and visible satellite candidates is at least four. The satellite location determining unit120enables the location of the GPS receiver10to be determined by additionally selecting visible satellite candidates when the number of visible satellites is less than four. The satellite location determining unit120provides location information of the visible satellite candidate(s) to the navigation filter130. The navigation filter130calculates a pseudo-range from each visible satellite candidate based on information for determining the location-in-space of the visible satellite candidate. The navigation filter130also calculates a pseudo-range from each visible satellite based on the information for determining the location-in-space of the visible satellite. The navigation filter130is then able to determine the location of the GPS receiver10based on the calculated pseudo-ranges (that is, pseudo-ranges from the visible satellite candidates and the visible satellites). The navigation filter130may include a Kalman filter, for example, which is a recursive filter applicable to a liner system and is used for real-time processing of data associated with the satellites. The navigation filter130may determine not only the location of the GPS receiver10, but also the speed of the GPS receiver10, when the GPS receiver10is actively mobile. The navigation filter130provides the determined location and/or speed information of the GPS receiver10to the location information output unit140. In an embodiment, the location information output unit140includes a display unit, an audio unit, and the like, for example. The location information output unit140is configured to convert the determined location/speed information of the GPS receiver10into properly formatted data (e.g., image or audio formatting, respectively), so that the location information may be displayed and/or announced. The GPS receiver10may include a controller (not shown). The controller is configured to control the operations described above, enabling the GPS receiver10to determine its geographic location and/or speed. When four visible satellites are locked onto, the GPS receiver10may determine its location using a conventional location determining process. However, when four visible satellites are not locked onto, the GPS receiver10must determine its location using the location determining process according to embodiments of the inventive concept. FIG. 3is a diagram showing navigation data, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 3, navigation data may be navigation messages, which include a series of frame (e.g., indicated by representative Frame inFIG. 3). Each Frame may include five subframes, Subframe1through Subframe5. For example, the Frame in the depicted embodiment consists of 1,500 bits and has a period of 30 seconds. Each of the Subframes1through5consists of 300 bits and has a period is 6 seconds. The Subframes1through5include the following information. The first subframe, Subframe1, includes a GPS week number, space vehicle (SV) accuracy and health, and satellite clock correction terms. The second subframe, Subframe2, and the third subframe, Subframe3, include ephemeris parameters, respectively. The ephemeris parameters provide the orbital information of the satellite's orbit, which is recorded over time. The ephemeris may be used to predict subsequent orbit and/or shifts in orbit of the corresponding satellite. The ephemeris parameters are recorded every 30 seconds, for example, and consist of 16 keplerian elements. Thus, the ephemeris parameters are not used after a certain time elapses. The fourth subframe, Subframe4, includes almanac and health data for satellites25to32, special messages, satellite configuration flags, and Ionospheric and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) data. The fifth subframe, Subframe5, includes almanac and health data for satellites1to24and almanac reference time and week number. Each of Subframes4and5consists of 25 pages, which is the amount of data used to acquire accurate almanac data. The almanac data includes general information for all satellites. The first to fifth subframes, Subframes1through5, include telemetry (TLM) as information for frame acquisition and hand-over word (HOW) as a handover flag for inter-satellite handover, respectively. It is possible to determine the orbital position of one or more visible satellites using time data in Subframe1and almanac data in Subframes4and5. FIG. 4is a diagram showing satellite disposition information, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, andFIG. 5is a table showing the right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) and argument of each satellite. Referring toFIG. 4, satellite disposition information is the orbital position information for each of the GPS satellites in the GPS satellite constellation, including locations-in-space of the respective GPS satellites. The satellite disposition information is location-in-space information for each GPS satellite determined on the basis of RAAN and latitude parameters. InFIG. 4, the generally vertical axis indicates the argument of latitude relative to the equator, and the horizontal axis indicates six orbit planes A to F. Each orbit plane includes four GPS satellites, and the six orbit planes include twenty-four GPS satellites. The horizontal axis may be used to illustrate the RAAN of each satellite, as illustrated inFIG. 5. InFIG. 5, a slot indicates an identifier (or index) of each satellite, and symbols A to F included in a satellite identifier of each satellite indicates a corresponding orbit plane in which the satellite is located.FIG. 5illustrates the RAAN and argument of latitude of each GPS satellite. Accordingly, the satellite disposition information may be constellation information for satellite disposition inFIG. 4or the RAAN and argument of latitude of a corresponding GPS satellite, as illustrated inFIG. 5. The satellite disposition information may include location-in-space information for all or part of the GPS satellites. FIG. 6is a flowchart showing operation of a GPS receiver, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring toFIG. 6, a GPS receiver (e.g., GPS receiver10inFIG. 1) performs an initializing operation in block1000. In block1010, the GPS receiver searches visible satellites. For example, the GPS receiver may search GPS signals received from GPS satellites (e.g., GPS satellites20and30inFIG. 1), which may be the visible satellites with respect to the GPS receiver. In block1020, the GPS receiver determines whether the number of visible satellites located pursuant to the search is less than four. When the number of visible satellites is less than four, the GPS receiver performs a location determining process in accordance with embodiments of the present inventive concept, proceeding to block1030. In block1030, the GPS receiver determines whether the number of visible satellites is less than one (i.e., there are no visible satellites). When the number of visible satellites less than one, the process returns to block1000, since the GPS receiver must be able to lock onto signals from at least one visible satellite in order to determine its location. When the number of visible satellites is not less than one, the GPS receiver decodes navigation data in the signals received from the visible satellites in block1040. The decoded navigation data may include frame information, as illustrated inFIG. 3, for example. In block1050, the GPS receiver determines the locations-in-space of the visible satellites based on the navigation data. Since each visible satellite is a GPS satellite having GPS signals received by the GPS receiver, it is possible to directly determine the location-in-space of the visible satellite using the navigation data received from the GPS satellite. In block1060, the GPS receiver selects visible satellite candidates using time data extracted from the navigation data and satellite disposition information stored in the GPS receiver. More particularly, the GPS receiver selects identifiers of the visible satellite candidates. In block1070, the GPS receiver determines the locations-in-space of the selected visible satellite candidates. For example, the GPS receiver may determine the locations-in-space of the selected visible satellite candidates using almanac data, which is extracted by decoding the navigation data received from the visible satellites. The total number of visible satellites and visible satellite candidates may be four or more. In block1080, the GPS receiver calculates a pseudo-range of each of the visible satellites and visible satellite candidates when the locations-in-space of the visible satellites and visible satellite candidates have been determined. The GPS receiver may calculate the pseudo-range using the locations-in-space of the visible satellites and the visible satellite candidates, respectively. Returning to block1020, when the number of visible satellites is more than four, the GPS receiver is able to perform a conventional location determining process, proceeding to block1090. In block1090, the GPS receiver decodes the navigation data from the visible satellites. In block1100, the GPS receiver updates satellite disposition information, stored in a database, with information extracted from the decoded navigation data. In various embodiments, the updating of block1100may be performed selectively by the GPS receiver. The GPS receiver determines the locations-in-space of the visible satellites using the navigation data in block1110. In block1120, since the visible satellites are GPS satellites having GPS signals received by the GPS receiver, the locations-in-space of the respective visible satellites may be determined directly using the navigation data received from the GPS satellites. The GPS receiver calculates pseudo-ranges from the respective visible satellites in block1120. For example, the GPS receiver may calculate the pseudo-ranges using locations-in-space of the visible satellites. In block1130, the GPS receiver determines its own location and/or speed using the calculated pseudo-ranges, using either the pseudo-ranges from the visible satellites and visible satellite candidates calculated in block1080or the pseudo-ranges from only the visible satellites calculated in block1120. The GPS receiver then outputs the location information in block1140. In an embodiment, outputting the location information in block1140is optional. In block1150, the GPS receiver determines whether to terminate the location determining. When the location determining operation is not to be terminated, the process returns to block1010. When the location determining operation is to be terminated, the process ends. In accordance with embodiments of the location determining operation of a GPS receiver, it is possible to determine the location of the GPS receiver, even though the GPS receiver has not locked onto at least four visible satellites, by selecting and calculating locations-in-space for visible satellite candidates. Accordingly, performance does not suffer when the number of visible GPS satellites is otherwise not enough for location determination. While the present inventive concept has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings. Therefore, it should be understood that the above embodiments are not limiting, but illustrative.

6G

01

S

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring toFIG. 1of the drawings, a lighter according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated, wherein the lighter, such as a conventional lighter, comprises a casing10having a receiving cavity11and an opening12communicating the receiving cavity with outside and a gas emitting nozzle20appearing at a ceiling of the casing10. The lighter further comprises a fuel supply arrangement30and an ignition system40. The fuel supply arrangement30comprises a replaceable fuel cartridge31detachably received in the receiving cavity11through the opening12for storing a liquefied fuel, a gas releasable valve32extended from the replaceable fuel cartridge31for controlling a flow of gas from the replaceable fuel cartridge31to the gas emitting nozzle20through a flexible gas tube301, and a lever arm33, which is supported in the casing10in a pivotally movable manner, having an actuating end331coupling with the gas releasable valve32and a driving end332arranged to pivotally move the actuating end331for releasing the fuel in the replaceable fuel cartridge to the gas emitting nozzle20through the gas releasable valve32. Accordingly, the flexible gas tube301can distribute the pulling or pushing force at the replaceable fuel cartridge31during the replacement thereof to prevent an unwanted movement of the gas emitting nozzle20. The ignition system40is supported by the casing10for producing a spark toward the gas emitting nozzle20to ignite the gas emitting from the gas emitting nozzle20. According to the preferred embodiment, the lighter is embodied to be a flint-type lighter wherein the casing10comprises a pair of supporting walls13provided on a ceiling of the casing10, and a flint housing14provided on the ceiling of the casing10between the two supporting walls11. The casing10further comprises a door15slidably mounted at a bottom portion of the casing10at the opening12in a detachably movable manner for enclosing the receiving cavity11so as to support the replaceable fuel cartridge31therein. The gas emitting nozzle20, according to the preferred embodiment, is a gas nozzle for producing a visible flame. However, the gas emitting nozzle20is adapted to be constructed as a torch nozzle to produce a torch, as shown inFIG. 4. The ignition system40, which is embodied to be a flint type ignition system, comprises a flint41supported by the casing11and a striker wheel42having a circumferential coarse striking surface421positioned in contact with the flint41. The flint41is retained urging against the striking surface of the striker wheel42for producing sparks directed toward the gas emitting nozzle20when the striking surface is driven to strike against the flint41, such that the gas emitted from the gas emitting nozzle20is ignited. The flint41is supported by a flint-spring411wherein the flint41and the flint-spring411are received in the flint housing14. The striker wheel42is rotatably supported between the two supporting walls13wherein the flint31is retained urging against the striking surface of the striker wheel42by means of the flint-spring411for producing the sparks directed toward the gas emitting nozzle20when the striker wheel42is rotatably driven to strike against the flint31. The replaceable fuel cartridge31is fully pre-filled with fuel therein wherein the fuel is stored in the replaceable fuel cartridge31in a liquefied form under a predetermined pressure and is released through the gas releasable valve31as a gas form toward the gas emitting nozzle20. The gas releasable valve32is sealedly mounted to the replaceable fuel cartridge31to communicate with the fuel in the replaceable fuel cartridge31in such a manner that the replaceable fuel cartridge31with the gas releasable valve32is detachably mounted in the casing10. The gas releasable valve32has a movable operating tip321extended upwardly, wherein when the movable operating tip321is depressed downwardly, the gas releasable valve32releases the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31. Accordingly, the gas releasable valve32is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31to the gas emitting nozzle20when the driving end332of the lever arm32is driven upwardly, so as to depress the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32downwardly by the actuating end331of the lever arm33. In other words, the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32is normally in an upper closed position, as shown inFIG. 3A, and is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31to gas emitting nozzle20when the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32is driven at a lower open position, as shown inFIG. 3B. The fuel supply arrangement30further comprises an actuating cap34engaged with the actuating end331of the lever arm33wherein the actuating cap34has an interior chamber341to detachably fit the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32therein and a guiding through slot342extended from the interior chamber341and aligned with the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32for transferring the gas from the gas releasable valve32to the gas emitting nozzle20in such a manner that when the actuating end331of the lever arm33drives the actuating cap34downwardly to depress the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32, the gas releasable valve32is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31to the gas emitting nozzle20through the guiding through slot342, as shown inFIG. 3B. The actuating cap34further comprises a sealing member343having a ring-shaped coaxially mounted in the interior chamber341to sealedly mount the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32, so as to prevent a gas leakage from the actuating cap34. Accordingly, the sealing member343, which is preferably made of a deforming material such as rubber, is sealedly sandwiched between an inner wall of the interior chamber341and an outer wall of the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32, as shown inFIG. 3. Therefore, when replacing a new replaceable fuel cartridge31, the sealing member343is adapted to sealedly fill up a gap between the inner wall of the interior chamber341and the outer wall of the movable operating tip321of the gas releasable valve32, so that the fuel released from the replaceable fuel cartridge31will be totally transferred to the gas emitting nozzle20through the guiding through slot342and no fuel is leaked out from the actuating cap34around the gas releasing valve32. Referring toFIG. 4, a second embodiment of the lighter illustrates an alternative mode of the first embodiment, wherein the lighter, according to the second embodiment, comprises a casing10′ having a receiving cavity11′ and an opening12′ communicating the receiving cavity with outside and a gas emitting nozzle20′ appearing at a ceiling of the casing10′. The lighter further comprises a fuel supply arrangement30′ and an ignition system40′. The fuel supply arrangement30′ comprises a replaceable fuel cartridge31′ detachably received in the receiving cavity11′ through the opening12′ for storing a liquefied fuel, a gas releasable valve32′ extended from the replaceable fuel cartridge31for controlling a flow of gas from the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ to the gas emitting nozzle20′ through a flexible gas tube301′, and a lever arm33′, which is supported in the casing10′ in a pivotally movable manner, having an actuating end331′ coupling with the gas releasable valve32′ and a driving end332′ arranged to pivotally move the actuating end331′ for releasing the fuel in the replaceable fuel cartridge to the gas emitting nozzle20′ through the gas releasable valve32′. Accordingly, the flexible gas tube301′ can distribute the pulling or pushing force at the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ during the replacement thereof to prevent an unwanted movement of the gas emitting nozzle20′. The ignition system40′ is supported by the casing10for producing a spark toward the gas emitting nozzle20′ to ignite the gas emitting from the gas emitting nozzle20′. According to the second embodiment, the casing10′ further comprises a supporting platform13′ rigidly supported in the casing10′ wherein the gas releasable valve32′ is substantially supported on the supporting platform13′ to communicate with the gas emitting nozzle20′. The ignition system40, which is a piezoelectric type ignition system, comprises a piezoelectric unit41′, which is disposed in the casing10′ for generating piezoelectricity, comprising a movable operating part42′ extended upwardly and an ignition tip43′ extended to a position closed to the gas emitting nozzle20′, wherein when the movable operating part42′ of the piezoelectric unit40′ is depressed downwardly, the ignition tip43′ generates sparks to ignite the gas emitted from the gas emitting nozzle at the same time. Accordingly, a pusher button16′ is mounted on the ceiling of the casing10′ in a vertically movable manner wherein the pusher button16′ is positioned to a top end of the movable operating part42′ of the piezoelectric unit41′ and attached to the driving end332′ of the lever arm33′ in such a manner that when the pusher button16′ is depressed downwardly, the movable operating part42′ of the piezoelectric unit41′ is compressed and fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ to the gas emitting nozzle20′, so as to ignite the lighter. It is worth to mention that the ignition system40,40′ according to the first and second embodiments are interchangeable. In other words, it is obvious that the first embodiment can be incorporated with the piezoelectric ignition system and the second embodiment can be incorporated with the flint type ignition system without affecting the ignition of the gas emitted from the gas emitting nozzle20,20′. As shown inFIG. 4, the gas releasable valve32′ is substantially supported in the casing10′ to communicate with the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ wherein the gas releasable valve32′ has a movable operating tip321′ extended upwardly and is engaged with the actuating end331′ of the lever arm33′. When the movable operating tip321′ is lifted upwardly, the gas releasable gas32′ releases the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31′. Accordingly, the gas releasable valve32′ is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ to the gas emitting nozzle20′ when the driving end332′ of the lever arm32′ is driven downwardly, so as to lift up the movable operating tip321′ of the gas releasable valve32′ by the actuating end331′ of the lever arm33′, as shown inFIG. 6. The gas releasable valve32′ further comprises a tubular inserting adapter322′ extended downwardly and arranged to insert into the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ for releasing the fuel therein to the movable operating tip321′. The replaceable fuel cartridge31′ is detachably mounted to the gas releasable valve32′ wherein the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ has a fuel outlet311′ for the inserting adapter322′ sealedly inserting therein so as to guide the fuel in the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ to the movable operating tip321′ of the gas releasable valve32′. The replaceable fuel cartridge31′ further has a sealing layer312′ sealedly mounted to the fuel outlet311′ for sealedly enclosing the fuel in the replaceable fuel cartridge31′. Accordingly, the inserting adapter322′ has a tapered end adapted to penetrate through the sealing layer312′ into the replaceable fuel cartridge31′. It is worth to mention that the sealing layer312′, which is made of deforming material such as rubber, having a predetermined thickness, is adapted to seal up an outer wall of the inserting adapter322′ within the fuel outlet311′ so as to prevent the gas leakage from the fuel outlet311′ after the inserting adapter322′ is inserted into the replaceable fuel cartridge31′ through the fuel outlet311′, as shown inFIG. 5. Referring toFIG. 7toFIG. 10, the lighter according to a third embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. The lighter comprises a casing10″ having a receiving cavity11″ and an opening12″ communicating the receiving cavity11″ with outside and a gas emitting nozzle20″ appearing at a ceiling of the casing10″. The lighter further comprises a fuel supply arrangement30″ and an ignition system40″. The fuel supply arrangement30″ comprises a replaceable fuel cartridge31″ detachably received in the receiving cavity11″ through the opening12″ for storing a liquefied fuel, a gas releasable valve32″ extended from the replaceable fuel cartridge31″ and coupling with the gas emitting nozzle20″ for controlling a flow of gas from the replaceable fuel cartridge31″. The fuel supply arrangement30″ further comprises a gas releasing lever33″, which is pivotally mounted on the replaceable fuel cartridge31″, coupling to the gas releasable valve32″ for managing an operation of the gas releasable valve32″. Preferably, the gas releasing lever33″ is embodied as a lever arm pivotally extended from the gas releasable valve32″ and probed into the receiving cavity11″ in such a manner that after the replaceable fuel cartridge31″ is inserted into the receiving cavity11″, the gas releasing lever33″ is disposed in the casing10″ with a pivotally moveable manner. That is to say, the gas releasing lever33″ has an actuating end331″ coupled with the gas releasable valve32″ for shifting a movement of the gas releasable valve32″, and a driving end332″ extended into the casing10″ in such a manner that by depressing the driving end332″, the actuating end331″ is capable of being lifted to shift the gas releasable valve32″. Accordingly, the light according to the third preferred embodiment of the present invention further comprises a gas releasing arrangement50″ supported within the casing10″ for operating the gas releasing lever33″ into action. The gas releasing arrangement50″ comprises an actuator to depress the driving end332″ of the gas releasable valve32″. The actuator comprises a lighter cap51″ pivotally mounted to the casing10″ for enclosing the ceiling of the casing10″, and a driving lever52″ pivotally supported within the casing10″ wherein the driving lever52″ has an upper end coupling with the lighter cap51″ and a lower end slidably engaged with the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ for actuating the gas releasing lever33″ into movement. When the lighter cap51″ is pivotally and upwardly folded to expose the ceiling of the casing10″, the driving lever52″ is driven to depress the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ for releasing the gas from the replaceable fuel cartridge51″. As shown inFIG. 8, the lighter cap51″ has a pivotal end511″ pivotally moveable with respect to the casing10″. Whenever the light cap51″ is pivotally unfolded to expose the ceiling of the casing10″, the pivotal end511″ is inwardly rotated so as to slidably bias against the upper portion of the driving lever52″ thus making the driving lever52″ rotate in a clockwise manner. As a result, the outwardly rotated lower portion of the driving lever52″ will downwardly depress the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ for managing a gas flow from the gas releasable valve32″. It is worth to mention that the actuator can be an ignition button of the lighter to couple with the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ such that when the ignition button is depressed for producing the sparks, the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ is depressed at the same time for ignition of the lighter. Accordingly, the gas releasable valve32″ has a movable operating tip321″ extended upwardly. Whenever the movable operating tip321″ is depressed downwardly, the gas releasable valve32″ releases the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31″. In the preferred embodiment, the gas releasable valve32″ is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31″ to the gas emitting nozzle20″ when the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33″ is depressed. Here, the fuel supply arrangement30″ comprises a sheltering cap34″ engaged with the gas releasable valve32″ wherein the sheltering cap34″ has an interior chamber341″ to detachably fit the movable operating tip321″ of the gas releasable valve32″ therein and a guiding through slot342″ extended from the interior chamber341″ and aligned with the movable operating tip321″ of the gas releasable valve32″ for transferring the gas from the gas releasable valve32″ to the gas emitting nozzle20″. As shown inFIG. 9, the actuating end331″ of the gas releasing lever33″ is coupled onto a neck322″ of the moveable operating tip321″, so that when the driving end332″ of the gas releasing lever33A is downwardly depressed, the actuating end331″ is capable of being lifted up for nudging the moveable operating tip321″ biasing against the roof of the sheltering cap34″, so that the gas reserved within the replaceable fuel cartridge31″ could be released via the guiding through slot342″ to be ignited at the gas emitting nozzle20″. In other words, the movable operating tip321″ of the gas releasable valve32″ is normally in a lower closed position, as shown inFIG. 9, and is arranged to release the fuel from the replaceable fuel cartridge31″ to gas emitting nozzle20″ when the movable operating tip321″ of the gas releasable valve32″ is driven to an upper position, as shown inFIG. 10. The sheltering cap34″ further comprises a sealing member343″ having a ring-shaped coaxially mounted in the interior chamber341″ to sealedly mount the movable operating tip321″ of the gas releasable valve32″, so as to prevent a gas leakage from the sheltering cap34″. It is noted that replaceable fuel cartridge31″ further comprises means for applying an urging force against the gas releasing lever33″ to push the actuating end331″ thereof downwardly. The urging means comprises a resilient element35″ supported by the casing10″ and disposed below the driving end332″ for continuously biasing against the driving end332″. As a result, under normal circumstance, the driving end332″ is upwardly biased for ensuring the moveable operating tip321″ rested in the close position. Moreover, the sheltering cap34″ is directly coupled a gas transferring conduit36″ having another end serviceable to the gas emitting nozzle20″. It is worth to mention that the gas transferring conduit36″ is a flexible gas tube, such as rubber, allowing the gas to flow towards the gas emitting nozzle20″ when the sheltering cap34″ is pushed upwardly so that during the gas releasing process, the sheltering cap34″ is capable of freely lead the gas transferring conduit36″ moving with the casing10″. Preferably, the fuel supply arrangement30″ further comprises two guiding wall37″ supported within the casing10″ wherein the sheltering cap34″ is slidably mounted between the guiding walls37″ such that the guiding walls37″ guide a movement of the sheltering cap34″ within a predetermined vertical distance. As shown inFIG. 9andFIG. 10, each of the guiding walls37″ has a transverse stopper ridge371″ integrally and inwardly defined thereon, so that when the moveable operating tip321″ is lifted up forcing the sheltering cap34″ upwardly displaced, the stopper ridge371″ will automatically limit the moving distance of the sheltering cap34″. Preferably, the sheltering cap34″ has a cap shoulder344″ circularly projected from an outer wall of the sheltering cap34″. As a result, when the moveable operating tip321″ is lifted up nudging the sheltering cap34″ upwardly shifted along the two guiding wall37″, and then the stopper ridge371″ inwardly extended from the guiding wall37″ would be biased against the upwardly proceeding cap shoulder344″ thus blocking any further upward movement of the sheltering cap34″. Meanwhile, in order to secure the durable and reliable performance, the fuel supply arrangement30″ comprises a resilient member38″ disposed between the transverse stopper ridge371″ and the cap shoulder344″ as shown inFIG. 11andFIG. 12. As a result, during an ignition process, the upwardly proceeded sheltering cap34″ would clamp as well as squeeze the resilient member38″ between the stopper ridge371″ and the cap shoulder344″. After the user release the actuator, the biased resilient member38″ would be released thus forcing the cap shoulder344″ disengaged with the stopper ridge371″. That is to say, the resilient member38″ is purposed to retain the vertically shifted sheltering cap34″ always in serviceable position. After an ignition operation, the upwardly urged sheltering cap34″ would be homed back to an original position ready for next operation. The resilient member38″ could be embodied as two springs downwardly extended from a bottom end of each stopper ridge371″, wherein the cap shoulder344″ is detachably and reciprocally engaged with the springs to be biased even bounced back. Or otherwise, the resilient member38″ is a coil spring sleeved onto the sheltering cap34″ and sustained by the cap shoulder344. Therefore, once the sheltering cap34″ is upwardly shifted, the coil spring would be stuck between the stopper ridge371″ and the cap shoulder344″. One skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment of the present invention as shown in the drawings and described above is exemplary only and not intended to be limiting. It will thus be seen that the objects of the present invention have been fully and effectively accomplished. Its embodiments have been shown and described for the purposes of illustrating the functional and structural principles of the present invention and is subject to change without departure from such principles. Therefore, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the following claims.

5F

23

Q

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIG. 1, an electric nailer 10, including a nail magazine 12 constructed in accordance with the present invention, is illustrated. Nailer 10 has a housing 14 which contains an electric power head 16 within it constructed in a generally conventional manner. Power is supplied to head 16 from a power supply cord 18. A conventional trigger mechanism 20 is provided in the handle 22 to operate the power head and drive a nail contained in magazine 12. Power head 16 is provided with a solenoid structure or electric drive motor in the known manner to reciprocate a hammer or so called "knife" which engages the top a nail in magazine 12 to drive it into a work piece. Magazine 12 has a rear nail loading end 24 and a front end 26 located beneath power head 16. As seen in the exploded perspective view of FIG. 7, magazine 12 has an external casing 28 which, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 6 has a generally V-shaped face 30 and parallel side walls 32a and 32b. A housing 34 is received within casing 28 and is secured in place by a top plate 36. The top plate is pressed fit onto tabs 40 formed in the top edges 42 of casing 28. Housing 34 is formed of a pair of parallel side plates 44a and 44b which have tabs 46 formed on their upper ends which are also pressed fit in complementary slots formed in the cover 36. Cover 36 is received within the housing 14 of the nail gun and secured thereto in any convenient manner, for example, by having the flanges 37 along the sides of cover 36 received in grooves or the like in the housing. The longitudinally side walls 44 of housing 34 are formed so that they are slightly spaced from one another as seen in FIGS. 5 and 6. In addition they are provided with a plurality of longitudinally extending channels 48a, 48b and 48c which open towards each other, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 6. These channels cooperate to provide elongated spaces between the side walls to receive the heads 50 of nails 52. As seen for example in FIGS. 4 and 5, a strip of nails 52 is received in the slot defined between the side walls 44 with the head 50 in channel 48b. These strips of nails are of conventional construction. They are formed with an adhesive or lacquer like coating so the strip maintains its integrity until a nail is driven from the end of the strip. By providing three sets of channels 48, different size nail strips can be received and stored in the magazine housing 34. Thus, as seen in FIG. 6 a strip of nails of shorter length than those shown in FIG. 5 is illustrated with their nail heads 50 captured within the lower channel 48a. The strip of nails 52 is biased towards the discharge end 54 of the housing 34 by a pusher assembly 56. This assembly consists of a flat plate 58 having an extended tab 60 formed on one side thereof. A pusher rod 62 is slidably received within the turned or cylindrical end 63 of tab 64, so that plate 58 can slide along the length of rod 62. The forward end 63 of rod 62 is swedged or staked in the conventional manner to form stops for movement of the plate with washers 64 behind the swedging to prevent snaggings. A coil spring 68 surrounds rod 62 and applies a biasing force against plate 58 to urge the plate towards the forward end of the rod. Pusher assembly 56 is inserted in housing 34 after a strip of nails is placed in the housing. The nails are introduced through the rear end assembly of the housing into the slot formed between side walls 44. Thereafter pusher plate 56 is introduced into the slot and engaged against the nail strip. Rod 62 then is manually pushed forwardly within the casing 28 until the hook 72 on its end can be engaged in an aperture 74 formed in the rear tab 76 on cover 36. This is a conventional latching arrangement known to those skilled in the art from conventionally available staple gun tackers. The front end 78 of plate 56 thus engages against the rear nail in the nail strip 52 to urge the strip forward in the magazine. As seen in FIG. 4 the bottom end 80 of the plate 56 extends below the bottom edge 82 of the slot formed between side walls 44 so that its front edge fully engages the rear of the nail strips, regardless of the length of the strips used thereby to prevent tilting and jamming of the nails in the magazine. The tab 60, as seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, projects outwardly below the housing 34 and travels along the exterior of member 44a. To guide the sliding movement of the plate in housing 34, a tab 84 is formed by a press operation in plate 56. This tab will ride along the bottom edge 82 of one of the plates 44 to prevent plate 56 from tilting in the housing. In addition the forward end 86 of the tab will act as a stop when it engages the front wall of the magazine. Magazine 34 is provided with a front wall 90 which is secured to the front end of the casing 12 by bolts 92 engaged in threaded apertures 93 formed in the tabs 94 formed on casing 12. The front plate 90 has a slot 95 formed therein which allows the nails to pass through the front wall. The front end 86 of tab 84 engages the rear end of the wall 90 when the last nail in the strip is discharged, to prevent the front end of the plate from entering into the path of travel of the reciprocating knife. As seen in FIGS. 4 and 7, the front end of the casing 12 also includes a guide wall 96. This guide wall has a channel 98 formed therein which is in the path of travel of the reciprocating knife 100 of the drive assembly. Knife 100 is shown in dotted lines in FIG. 4. Channel 98 receives the forward most nail of the strip, as seen in FIG. 4, which is biased into that position by the assembly 56. The knife then can reciprocate in the space in between plates 90 and 96 in order to drive the nail into a work piece. Finally, a cover 102 is provided over the assembly walls 90 and 96, with all three elements being held in place by bolts 92 secured to tabs 94. By this arrangement a relatively simple nailer magazine for a power nailer is provided which is relatively easy and inexpensive to construct, yet durable and reliable in use. Although an illustrative embodiment to the present invention has been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise embodiment, and that various changes and modifications or the effect therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of spirit of this invention.

1B

25

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT FIG. 1illustrates an exemplary optical communication system100comprising an optical transmitter102, an optical fiber104, and an optical receiver106. The fiber104comprises a transmitter end face108that is optically coupled to the transmitter102, and a receiver end face110that is optically coupled to the receiver106. Depending on the application of the communication system100, the fiber104may take the form of a multimode, single-mode or other type of fiber. Depending on the application of the communication system100, the fiber104may take the form of a multimode, single-mode or other type of fiber, such as, but not limited to, a 62.5/125 μm, 50/125 μm, or 100/140 μm multimode fiber, a 9/125 μm single-mode fiber, or a 200 μm HCS (Hard Clad Silica) fiber. By means of the fiber104, the optical communication system100may transmit signals (e.g., data) between the transmitter102and the receiver106. An exemplary embodiment of the optical transmitter102is shown inFIGS. 2-5. The optical transmitter102comprises a lens structure400(FIG. 4) having an object surface402, an image surface404, and an axicon mirror406. The axicon mirror406is defined by an inner diameter (I), an outer diameter (O), and a tilt angle (θ). The tilt angle is defined by a plane500of the axicon mirror406and the surface of the axicon mirror406(seeFIG. 5). The image surface404is positioned within the inner diameter of the axicon mirror406. The object and image surfaces402,404may be variously shaped, but are preferably convex. The optical transmitter102further comprises a light source408and a photodetector410. The light source408is positioned to transmit light toward the object surface402of the lens structure400, and the photodetector410is positioned to receive light reflected from the axicon mirror406. In one embodiment, the light source408and photodetector410are mounted on a common substrate, such as a transistor outline (TO) can header412. The light source408may take various forms, but is preferably a surface-emitting laser diode, such as a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The light source408is chosen and positioned such that its emitted light502,504is projected onto the object surface402of the lens structure400. In one embodiment, the shape of the object surface402is chosen so that light502,504incident thereon is collimated (or at least substantially collimated). A first portion of the light502passing through the object surface402then also passes through the image surface404of the lens structure400, and into the transmitter end face108of the optical fiber104. The shape of the image surface404may be chosen so that the light502transmitted through the image surface404is focused on the transmitter end face108of the fiber104. A second portion of the light504passing through the object surface404of the lens structure400falls incident on the axicon mirror406. Preferably, the tilt angle (θ) of the axicon mirror406is optimized with respect to the object surface402of the lens structure400, to provide total internal reflection of the light rays504that are incident on the axicon mirror406. In some cases, the tilt angle of the axicon mirror406may also be optimized with respect to the object surface402of the lens structure400to provide light ray return paths that are asymmetrical to forward light ray paths. In this manner, light504reflected by the axicon mirror406is not directed toward the light source408from which it is emitted, but is rather reflected in a ring600about the light source408(seeFIG. 6). If the light502,504passing through the object surface402of the lens structure400is substantially collimated, then the tilt angle of the axicon mirror406should be something greater than forty-five degrees (45°). The photodetector410is positioned such that it intersects the ring of light600reflected by the axicon mirror406. In this manner, the photodetector410may be used to monitor the intensity of light emitted by the light source408, and appropriate adjustments may be made to the drive signal(s) of the light source408to, for example, regulate the intensity of the light source408or protect the light source408from damage due to a fault condition. In one embodiment, the photodetector410is a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode. As a result of the axicon mirror406reflecting a ring of light600(instead of a point light) toward the substrate412on which the light source408and photodetector410are mounted, there is substantial leeway in where the photodetector410may be positioned, as well as leeway in the type and size of photodetector410used. Three possible locations410a,410b,410cand shapes for the photodetector410are shown inFIG. 6. If the light source408is appropriately positioned with respect to the object surface402of the lens structure400, and if the object surface402is appropriately shaped, then all (or at least substantially all) of the light502,504emitted by the light source408will fall on the image surface404or the axicon mirror406. That portion502which falls on the image surface404will be focused into an optical fiber104to fulfill the primary purpose of the optical transmitter102, while that portion504which falls on the axicon mirror406will be reflected toward the photodetector410for monitoring purposes. By varying the dimension “A” of the axicon mirror406(see axicon mirrors406,406a, image surfaces404,404a, and dimensions A1, A2inFIGS. 7 & 8), the lens structure400may provide varying degrees of attenuation. For example, experimentation with an axicon mirror406having an outside diameter of 1.60 mm and a tilt angle of forty-six degrees (46°), has shown that a variance of “A” from 0.45-0.95 mm yields the degrees of attenuation shown inFIG. 9. Because the lens structure400can provide optical attenuation without the use of light absorbing materials, the lens structure400can theoretically provide optical power conservation approaching 100%, although real-world factors will lead to some percentage of light scattering or diffusing (e.g., maybe 1-5%). However, depending on its precise configuration, the lens structure400shown inFIGS. 2-5can provide substantially better optical power conservation than past lens structures that have relied on light absorbing materials or coatings to attenuate an optical signal. As shown inFIGS. 10 & 11, the lens structure400shown inFIGS. 2-5is tolerant to a range of light source placements and tilts. As shown inFIG. 4, the lens structure400may take the form of a monolithic polymer structure in which the object surface402, image surface404and axicon mirror406are molded (e.g., injection molded). In addition to the various optical surfaces402,404,406, the lens structure400may comprise (or be integrated with) a housing414. In one embodiment, the housing414may be (or comprise) a TO can. In this manner, the lens structure's optical surfaces402,404,406and housing414may all be formed as a single molded part, thereby reducing the number of manufacturing steps and part count of the optical transmitter102. In addition to holding, or being integrated with, the lens structure400, the housing414may comprise features (e.g., depressions, receptacles, brackets or couplers) to position the light source408, the photodetector410and an optical fiber104with respect to the lens structure400and each other. For example, the housing414may comprise a receptacle with a stop416for receiving an optical fiber104and positioning it with respect to the image surface404of the lens structure400. The housing414may also comprise a depression for mating with a TO can header412on which the light source408and photodetector410are mounted. The lens structure400, including its object surface402, image surface404, axicon mirror406, and any housing414integrated therewith, may be manufactured, for example, by injection molding a polymer such as polyetherimide (PEI) in, for example, a mold cavity formed by a diamond turning process. One suitable polymer is Ultem®, an amorphous thermoplastic PEI resin distributed by General Electric Company. Ultem® exhibits a high transmission coefficient at 850 nm and 1300 nm wavelengths, making it a suitable material for use in optical receiver, transmitter, and transceiver modules. Ultem® has a high glass transition temperature, approximately 215° C., allowing for high temperature solder or other processing of modules (e.g., ultrasonic welding) during manufacturing. The lens structure400may also be manufactured using other materials having suitable optical properties (e.g., other polymers, or glass), by means of injection molding, polishing or other processes. FIG. 12illustrates a method1200for producing lens structures with different optical attenuation properties. The method1200comprises injecting1202a common molding material (e.g., a polymer) into each of a plurality of mold cavities. Each mold cavity defines a lens structure having an object surface, an image surface, and an axicon mirror. However, different mold cavities define different combinations of image surfaces and axicon mirrors, with different axicon mirrors sharing a common outer diameter and tilt angle, but having different inner diameters.FIGS. 7 & 8illustrate two such combinations of image surface404,404aand axicon mirror406,406a. After injecting the polymer material into the mold cavities, a molded part may be removed1204from each cavity. Although there are other ways to vary the attenuation provided by an axicon mirror406(e.g., by varying its tilt angle or outer diameter), varying the mirror's inner diameter provides a relatively simple and easy-to-implement variation. In one embodiment of the method1200, the common polymer material may be injected into a single mold, wherein different ones of the mold's cavities are configured to provide different combinations of image surfaces404,404aand axicon mirrors406,406a.

7H

01

S

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In various exemplary embodiments, the technology described herein provides an eyeglass light assembly. The eyeglass light assembly is an ultra lightweight and configurable eyeglass light adapted to removably and interchangeably attach to an eyeglass frame or, alternatively, to be integrally formed with the eyeglass frame. In at least one embodiment, the eyeglass light assembly comprises an overall weight within the range of 0.1 ounces to 0.4 ounces in weight. In at least one embodiment, the eyeglass light assembly comprises an overall weight within the range of 0.1 ounces to 0.9 ounces in weight. The eyeglass light assembly is adapted to provide a multiplicity of angle, pivot, and rotation configurations for varied use and adaptation at directing emitted light from an eyeglass frame to a desired area of illumination. The eyeglass light is adapted to pivot and bend in various locations. The eyeglass light provides for hands-free use when mounted. The eyeglass light can be manufactured in a multiplicity of sizes. Referring now to theFIGS. 1 through 10, an eyeglass light assembly10is depicted. The eyeglass light assembly10is preferably adapted to couple to eyeglasses. However, in at least one embodiment, the eyeglass light assembly10and the eyeglasses are integrally formed. The eyeglass light assembly10is precision engineered and in a preferred embodiment has a weight of less than one ounce. In at least one other exemplarily embodiment, the eyeglass light assembly10weighs less than one half of one ounce. It is imperative that the eyeglass light assembly10be of a very light weight to ensure that no weight burden is placed upon the eyeglasses such that they might slide, tilt, shift, or be otherwise uncomfortable to the wearer. In embodiments wherein the eyeglass light assembly10is adapted to couple to eyeglasses, a preferred point of attachment is the temple area of the eyeglasses. Eyeglasses are known in the background art to vary in shape, size, style, and so forth, but most have rims defined to hold a pair of lenses, a bridge adapted to rest upon the nose of the wearer, and temples to secure the rims to the wearer, typically with the temples placed over the tops of the ears to secure the eyeglasses. The eyeglass light assembly10is adapted to couple quickly and easily to the temples of the eyeglasses. Likewise, the eyeglass light assembly10is adapted to be uncoupled quickly and easily from the eyeglasses10when not in use or when it is desired not to be worn. Additionally, varied sizes of the eyeglass light assembly10can be manufactured to accommodate varied sizes, shapes, and styles, and so forth, of eyeglass temples. By way of example, the eyeglass light assembly10can be manufactured for a generally flat temple, a generally cylindrical temple, and so forth. Also, by way of example, the eyeglass light assembly10can be manufactured for adult size eyeglasses and children size eyeglasses. Additionally, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, after reading this disclosure, the exact location for coupled to eyeglasses is altered in various alternative embodiments. The eyeglass light assembly10includes an illumination device. The illumination device is a light that is, in at least one embodiment, a light-emitting diode (LED)24, a reliable lightweight semiconductor light source. The eyeglass light assembly10can utilize a single LED24or a multiplicity of LED lights (not shown) in alternative embodiments. By way of example, and not of limitation, an 8 mm LED is used in at least one embodiment. Sizes, colors, and quantities selected of the LED24can vary according to specific application desired by the wearer. The eyeglass light assembly10includes a light source housing disposed at a distal end of the eyeglass light assembly10. The eyeglass light assembly10includes a light source disposed within the light source housing and configured to illuminate in a direction away from the eyeglass light assembly10. The eyeglass light assembly10includes light cover14in which the LED24is placed. The light cover14protects the LED24, or other light configuration, from impact or touch. The light cover14is manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. In various embodiments, the light cover14also includes a tip12. The tip12can be recessed, tapered, and so forth, in various embodiments. The tip12provides additional protection to the LED24from impact or touch. In various embodiments, the light cover14also includes adapted end20. The adapter end20can vary in shape, size, and design, but is configured to couple the light cover14to a stem16(discussed below). The tip12and the adapter end20are also manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. Additionally, the light cover14, tip12, and adapter end20are integrally formed in at least one embodiment. Located behind the LED24and within the light cover24is a reflector22or reflector tube that forms a reflective cavity and provides directional illumination of the light emitted from LED24, thus directing the light outwardly from the LED24to a desired area of illumination. The reflector22is manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. The reflector22is configured to withstand the heat of an LED24or like light source. The LED24is covered with a transparent cover38, such as a clear epoxy lens or case, mounted within the light cover14, or within the tip12of the light cover14. As such the LED24is recessed and sealed. This transparent cover38allows for light to pass, yet protects the LED from touch or impact. The eyeglass light assembly10also includes a stem16coupled to the light source housing disposed at the distal end of the eyeglass light assembly10and coupled to a base (discussed below) disposed at the proximal end of the eyeglass light assembly10. The stem16is coupled to the light cover14. The stem16is a flexible tube such as a lightweight metal or plastic tube that is bendable by the wearer of the eyeglass light assembly10to direct light to a particular area of illumination. The stem16, in at least one embodiment, serves as a conduit for a wiring harness48, or the like, to transport power to the LED24. A wiring assembly48is disposed generally within the stem16of the eyeglass light assembly10. The wiring assembly48is configured to couple a power source to the light source to power the light source. The wiring assembly48is configured for quick assembly and connectivity to the power source and to the light source. Through utilization of the stem16, the eyeglass light assembly10is adapted to provide a multiplicity of angle, pivot, and rotation configurations for varied use and adaptation at directing emitted light from an eyeglass frame12to a desired area of illumination. With the stem16, the eyeglass light assembly10is adapted to pivot and bend in various locations, as operatively selected by the wearer. The eyeglass light assembly10includes an adapter32. The adapter32is configured to receive securely one end of the stem16, the end opposite the LED24and light cover14. The adapter32is manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. The adapter32can be integrally formed with the base assembly26. The base assembly26is disposed at a proximal end of the eyeglass light assembly10and is configured to removably attach the eyeglass light assembly10to an eyeglass frame. The adapter32further includes push button18. Push button18is configured to actuate a push button switch disposed within the base assembly26and adapter32. As such, the operator/wearer of the eyeglasses12and eyeglass light assembly10can actuate the LED24and then illuminate a desired area of illumination, such as a menu, book, program, and so forth. Additionally, in at least one alternative embodiment, button18is replaced with a dial-type switch, rheostat, or the like to provide the user an ability to dim or brighten as needed in a particular lighting environment. Furthermore, in at least one alternative embodiment, button18is replaced with a high/low beam switch such that the user operatively selects between a high beam and a low beam for the light source. The base assembly26includes a base housing40. A latchable door34is disposed upon the base housing40. The latchable door34is configured to provide access to a power source46and other internal components. A latch54is disposed upon the latchable door34and is configured to provide access to the base housing40. The base housing40, latchable door34, and latch54are manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. The base housing40and the latchable door34are integrally formed in at least one embodiment. The base housing40and the latchable door34are hingedly coupled it at least one embodiment. The base housing40and the latchable door34can further includes ridges56in at least one embodiment. The ridges56aid in the use of the eyeglass light assembly10for gripping and do so forth. The latchable door34also can include an additional latch68to further secure the latchable door34to the baser housing40. The eyeglass light assembly10includes a clip assembly having a first clip member28and a second clip member30. Both the first clip member28and the second clip member30are manufactured of a very lightweight material such as a lightweight plastic material. The first clip member28and the second clip member30are configured to latch or snap together, or like fastening means, at latch area36, for example. Both the first clip member28and the second clip member30are configured to surround the temple20of the eyeglasses12. It at least one embodiment, foam, or like soft cushioning material, is utilized with the first clip member28and second clip member30in order to protect (not scratch) the temples20. In at least one embodiment, the first clip member28and the second clip member30are integrally formed. In at least one embodiment, the first clip member28and the second clip member30are hingedly coupled via a hinge66. In such an embodiment, the first clip member28further includes a first pad42, and the second clip member30further includes a second pad44. The first pad42and the second pad44are configured to protect the eyeglass frame. The first pad42and the second pad44are foam in at least one embodiment. As specifically depicted inFIG. 5, the first pad42and the second pad44can vary. In5A flat foam is depicted. InFIG. 5Bridged foam is depicted. The latter foam type is useful with frames having narrow temple areas. In at least one embodiment, the first clip member28further includes a first latch58, and the second clip member30further includes a second latch60. The first latch58and the second latch60are configured to couple the first clip member28to the second clip member30to secure the eyeglass light assembly10to an eyeglass frame. The first latch58and the second latch60are operable by the user/wearer of the eyeglass light assembly10. In at least one embodiment, the first clip member28further includes a first magnet70, and the second clip member30further includes a second magnet72, as depicted inFIG. 5B. The first magnet70and the second magnet72are configured to couple the first clip member28to the second clip member30to secure the eyeglass light assembly10to an eyeglass frame. The first magnet70and the second magnet72are operable by the user/wearer of the eyeglass light assembly10. The eyeglass light assembly10includes a power source46. The power source46is disposed within the base assembly26of the eyeglass light assembly10and is configured to power the light source, LED24. In at least one embodiment, the power source46is a small battery or batteries. By way of example, the power source46includes two #2032 lithium batteries. However, in alternative embodiments, another suitable, lightweight power source46can be used. Additionally, in at least one alternative embodiment, one or more rechargeable battery is utilized. The power source46is preferably stored within the base46. The power source46can be interchanged and or replaced by removal of the adapter32and adapter lid34from the base26. The power source46can include more than one battery. As depicted, for example, in the Figures, two batteries are shown. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, upon reading this disclosure, the power source can vary in size, voltage, number, and so forth, so long as the LED24, or like light source, is adequately powered. The power button18can be connected to a contact strip52to actuate the circuit. Once actuated, the LED24is illuminated. The power source46can be connected to a positive contact strip62and a negative contact strip64. The positive contact strip62and a negative contact strip64are configured for electrical connectivity to a wiring harness48to couple to and power the LED24. In at least one embodiment, the eyeglass light assembly10can further include a controller50. The controller50is configured to provide programmed functionality to the eyeglass light assembly10. The controller50can be pre-programmed and unalterable by the wearer in one embodiment. Alternatively, the controller50can include settings reconfigurable by the wearer. Microcontrollers and integrated circuits are known in the art, and will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reading this disclosure as applicable for controlling aspects of eyeglass light assembly10. It is to be understood that the disclosure teaches just one example of the illustrative embodiment and that many variations of the invention can easily be devised by those skilled in the art after reading this disclosure and that the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the claims.

5F

21

L

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The fishing line in accordance with this invention is schematically represented inFIG. 1, with the individual components of the manufacturing process. The fishing line1comprises the core10of filament yarns101, which are of untwisted filament yarns extending parallel with each other, and wherein the filament yarns101are also arranged parallel side-by-side without twisting. Two small film strips201,202made of PTFE are wound around the core10, wherein the small film strip202is wound in the Z-direction and the small film strip201in the S-direction, or vice versa, wherein the two small film strips form a closed casing20made of PTFE. For example, the small film strips201and202are firmly wound around the core10with 200 to 400 turns/m. The full surface of one side is wound around the core, or around the first small film strip already applied there. Because the core10is wound with the small film strips201,202in this way, the cross breaking resistance of the core10, and therefore its resistance to knotting is improved. The core10and the sheathing20form a solid connection with each other without the use of any adhesives or the like. In one embodiment of this invention, it is also possible, such as shown inFIG. 2, to construct the core10of the fishing line of different filaments/filament yarns101, wherein in addition to filament yarns101made of a high-strength synthetic fiber, for example preferably UHMW-PE, one or two conductive filaments or filament yarns102are added, which either form the core, either not twisted together with the remaining multifilament yarns101or twisted together with it. The conductive filament(s)102consist(s) for example of thermoplastic polyester or nylon and each is made conductive by vacuum deposition of a small amount of carbon, for example 5 weight-% in relation to the filament. The conductive filament yarn can be of a few individual filaments and preferably has a reduced strength of, for example, 30 dtex. The core10in accordance withFIG. 2is subsequently wound with two small film strips made of PTFE, as shown inFIG. 1, which form a continuous sheathing, which is also dirt-repellent. EXAMPLE 1 A core is twisted together, for example in an S-rotation at 20 turns/m, from a multifilament yarn made of synthetic fibers of polyethylene of an ultra-high molecular weight UHMW-PE of a density of 0.97 g/cm3, a breaking resistance of 3.1 N/tex, or 35 g/den, a module of elasticity of 97 N/tex, and an elongation at break of 3.6%, for example a Dyneema® fiber of 220 dtex, together with a conductive filament yarn of 22 dtex containing three filaments on the basis of nylon 6, as well as 5 weight-% of carbon applied by vacuum deposition on the surface, which has an electrical resistance of 106to 108Ohm/cm and an elongation at break of 53% and a breaking resistance of 2.9 cN/dtex. Subsequently, two small film strips made of PTFE of 420 dtex of a width of approximately 1.5 mm with 300 turns/m are wound around the core. The fishing line thus obtained has a diameter of 0.19 mm, has an elongation at break of 4% and has a linear support capacity of 8.1 kg of a proportion of the core of 5.2 kg and of the sheathing of small film strips made of PTFE of 2.9 kg. The fishing line is salt water-resistant, abrasion-resistant, has a smooth surface, is flexible, has a very good resistance to knotting and fatigue strength under reversing bending strain, is UV-resistant, is dirt-repellent and meets all requirements. EXAMPLE 2 An untwisted core is produced from two multifilament yarns of 220 dtex and a multifilament yarn of 440 dtex of the same material as described in connection with Example 1, which is subsequently firmly wound with two small film strips made of PTFE of 420 dtex and a width of approximately 1.5 mm, wherein one small strip is wound in the S-direction and one small strip in the Z-direction around the core. Winding takes place at 300 turns/m. A fishing line of round cross section with a diameter of 0.35 mm is thus obtained, which has an elongation at break of 3.6% and a linear support capability of 31 kg. EXAMPLE 3 A core is produced from a multifilament yarn of 440 dtex of the same material as described in connection with the Example 1, wherein the multifilament yarns, including their filaments, extend parallel with respect to each other. As shown inFIG. 1, the core is sheathed in two small film strips made of PTFE as described in Example 2, so that a closed sheathing is thus obtained. The fishing line thus obtained has a round diameter of a cross section of 0.28 mm, has an elongation at break of 3.6% and has a linear support capability of 15.5 kg.

3D

02

G

While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1shows an objective1of an inverted microscope arranged in a working position below a scanning stage, arranged in the main part of the microscope stand, and having a stationary base plate2. Centrically to the beam path, the base plate2, serving as a protection device, has a circular cutout3. An elastic membrane4, having centrically a circular opening5for the radiation passage of a front lens6of the microscope objective1, is disposed in the cutout3and is connected to the base plate2with fastening elements7. As long as the objective1is in the working position, the membrane4forms a tight seal with the front geometry of the microscope objective1. As a result, optics and mechanics, located below the scanning stage, are protected from leaking liquid (protection device). At the same time, the Aquastop system functions in this position. The Aquastop system may be a system for protecting sensitive components from fluid spills and dirt as produced under the Aquastop name by Carl Zeiss AG of Jena, Germany or equivalent. Excess immersion fluid is discharged by means of a discharge channel8. FIGS. 2 and 3show depictions of the membrane4with an additional sealing edge9with a circular cross section and a diameter of approximately 2.5 mm. Due to the sealing edge9, a better retention of the immersion fluid on the front lens6is provided. Furthermore, the membrane4has element10(channel) for supplying the immersion fluid to the immersion film region which can also be used for discharging or suctioning of the immersion fluid. FIG. 4depicts the membrane4as a molded part with a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm. In this embodiment, it has the element10(channel) described according toFIGS. 2 and 3for supplying and/or discharging the immersion fluid. The integration of a plurality of such channels is also conceivable. FIG. 5depicts the Aquastop system with a double-walled membrane4, including two thin single membranes11and12, between which the immersion fluid is fed to the front lens6, wherein the two single membranes11and12form a seal with one another in the region of their outer diameters. The immersion fluid which is pumped between the single membranes11and12can only escape at the inner diameters, i.e. in the region of the front lens6. In this example, the immersion fluid can also be supplied and discharged. FIG. 6depicts the position of the membrane4in the base plate2of the scanning stage. Due to the Aquastop system, excess immersion fluid is discharged through the discharge channel8or suctioned by means of the membrane4. FIG. 7depicts membrane4according toFIG. 6with integrated element10(channel) for supplying immersion fluid to the immersion film region.

6G

02

B

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following is a description of the digital card tester section of a test set for a navigational satellite receiver, according to the present invention. A description of the satellite simulator section follows hereinafter. Referring then to FIG. 1, the digital card tester (DCT) section 10 comprises a microprocessor 12, a system clock 14, a read-only memory (ROM) 16 and a random access memory (RAM) 18. The DCT section 10 further comprises a digital card select device 20, a system reset switch 22, a bi-directional buffer 24, a digital card socket device 26 including a plurality of digital sockets 28-1, 28-2, 28-3 and 28-4, a lamp driver 30 having a corresponding pass indicator LED 1, a lamp driver 32 having a corresponding fail indicator LED 2 and a display device 34. For purposes of the present invention LED 1 and 2 are green and red light-emitting diodes, respectively. Still referring to FIG. 1, the system clock 14 generates periodic signals used for synchronization and is operatively connected to the microprocessor 12. The ROM 16 and the RAM 18 are also operatively connected to the microprocessor 12. The microprocessor 12 is configured to execute the program stored in the ROM 16 and execute and interpret other instructions from the system reset switch 22 and the digital card select device 20. The microprocessor 12, via its bus control line (BCL) and its input/output control line (I/OCL), in cooperation with the bi-directional buffer 24, controls the flow of information to/from the RAM 18. The lamp driver 30 drives the pass indicator LED 1, and the lamp driver 32 drives the fail indicator LED 2, both being under the control of the microprocessor 12. In addition, the microprocessor 12 is operatively connected to the display device 34 for displaying the results of the test of a particular digital circuit board connected to a particular one of the digital sockets 28-1, 28-2, 28-3 or 28-4 of the digital card socket device 26. The operation of the DCT section 10 of FIG. 1 will be further described and explained hereinafter under the heading "Statement of the Operation." FIG. 2, is a specific pictorial flowchart illustrating the program and steps necessary for the proper operation of the digital card tester section of FIG. 1 and will be used in the discussion of the operation thereof The process blocks and the decision blocks in the aforementioned flowchart are designated with the numerals 36 through 78. Following now is a brief description of the satellite simulator section of the test set for a navigational satellite receiver, according to the present invention. Referring then now to FIG. 3, the satellite simulator section 80 comprises a radio frequency portion 82, a digital portion 84 and an interface portion 86. The radio frequency portion 82 is configured to generate a crystal referenced approximately 400 MHz signal, which is .+-. 60 degrees phase modulated. The digital portion 84 is configured to generate a sequence of digital data for driving the radio frequency portion 82. The interface portion 86 is configured to interface between the aforementioned radio frequency portion 82 and the associated navigational satellite receiver under test. To continue, the radio frequency portion 82 comprises a crystal-controlled oscillator device 88 operatively connected to a buffer/mode select device 90 which is configured to automatically switch between the output of the aforementioned crystal-controlled oscillator device 88 and an external input signal from the associated navigational satellite receiver under test via an escutcheon panel (not shown). A phase comparator/loop filter 92 is part of a phase-locked-loop (PLL) comprising a frequency divider 94 and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 96. The output of the buffer/mode select device 90 drives the phase comparator/loop filter 92, which, in turn, drives the aforementioned VCO 96 whose output feeds the frequency divider 94. In turn, the frequency divider 94 feeds the aforementioned phase comparator/loop filter 92 thereby completing the phase-locked-loop feedback path. The frequency divider 94 also drives a frequency divider 98 whose output is operatively connected to the digital portion 84 of the satellite simulator section 80. Still referring to FIG. 3, the radio frequency portion 82 further comprises a frequency multiplier 100 whose input is connected to the output of the VCO 96. The output of the frequency multiplier 100 is operatively connected to the input of a phase modulator device 102, which includes a phase modulator 104a, a phase modulator 104b and a phase modulator 104c each having phase delays of 0, 120 and 60 degrees, respectively. The phase modulator device 102 is also operatively connected to the digital portion 84. The output of the phase modulator device 102 is operatively connected to the interface portion 86 of the satellite simulator section 80. The digital portion 84 of the satellite simulator section 80 comprises a test message generator 106, a sync word generator 108, an output control device 110 and a count down divider 112. The test message generator 106 and the sync word generator 108 are, both, operatively connected to the output control device 110 whose output signals a, b, and c drive the corresponding phase modulators 104a, 104b and 104c of the phase modulator 102. The input of the test message generator 106 and the input of the count down divider 112 are, both, driven by the frequency divider 98 of the radio frequency portion 82. The test message generator 106 and the sync word generator 108 are activated by switches (not shown) on the aforementioned escutcheon panel. Along with a common chassis and power supply (not shown), the aforementioned digital card tester section 10 of FIG. 1 and the satellite simulator section 80 of FIG. 2 are unified into a complete and portable test set. To continue, the interface portion 86 comprises a direct/indirect test control device 114, an offset mixer 116, a radio frequency (RF) switch 118 and a tri-level attenuator 120. The input of the offset mixer 112 is driven by the output of the aforementioned phase modulator device 102. The output of the count down divider 112 of the digital portion 84 also is operatively connected to the offset mixer 116. The output of the mixer drives the RF switch 118 which directs the signal at its input either to the tri-level attenuator 120 or to the aforementioned escutcheon panel as directed by the direct/indirect test control device 114. The direct/indirect test control device 114 also is operatively connected to the tri-level attenuator 120. In addition, switches (not shown) on the aforementioned escutcheon panel operate to control the power level output of the tri-level attenuator 120. More about the coaction and operation of the foregoing elements of the radio frequency portion 82, the digital portion 84 and the interface portion 86 of the satellite simulator section 80 will be explained hereinafter under the heading "Statement of the Operation." STATEMENT OF THE OPERATION Details of the operation, according to the digital card tester section of the present invention, are explained in conjunction with FIGS. 1 and 2. Details of the operation, according to the satellite simulator section of the present invention, are explained in conjunction with FIGS. 3 and 4. Referring first to FIGS. 1 and 2 as viewed concurrently, the digital card select device 20 is set to a digital socket position corresponding to a digital card "i" of a plurality of digital cards "K" to be tested, and generates a predetermined digital word in response to the selection. The digital card "i" is inserted in the proper one of the digital sockets 28-1 through 28-4 of the digital card socket device 26, each digital socket being configured one-to-one for each digital system board. Then, the system reset switch 22 is depressed, as indicated by the decision block 36, thereby causing an interrupt to the microprocessor 12. The microprocessor 12 is initialized (as indicated by process blocks 38, 40 and 42, decision block 44 and process block 46) by scanning the digital card select device 20, as depicted by process block 48, to direct it to the proper memory location in the ROM 16. This memory location is read into the microprocessor 12 and then stored in the RAM 18, as indicated by the process block 52. The foregoing data consist of a self-test and the program in the ROM 16 used to test the plurality of digital cards "K" from the associated navigational satellite receiver, which for purposes of the present invention is the AN/SRN-19(V)2. This data contain a test program having a test pattern and a signature response designed for the plurality of digital cards "K" under test. To continue, simultaneously with reading the digital card select device 20, the microprocessor 12 turns off the pass indicator LED 1 via the lamp driver 30, and the fail indicator LED 2 via the lamp driver 32. Concurrently, the microprocessor 12 performs the self-test, as indicated by the process blocks 38, 40 and 42, and the decision block 44 and the process block 46. At the completion of the self-test, both the pass indicator LED 1 and the fail indicator LED 2 are turned on and off to verify proper operation. This aspect of the program is illustrated by the process block 46, aforementioned. Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 as viewed concurrently, the microprocessor 12 now directs the bi-directional buffer 24 into an output mode of operation, which causes the RAM 18 to transmit the test pattern data to the selected digital card "i" via the digital card socket device 26. The testing of the digital card "i" is then performed with the microprocessor 12 controlling the bi-directional buffer 22. If during a comparison of the signature response in the RAM 18 and the output from the digital card "i" a discrepancy occurs, then an error flag is set in the microprocessor 12 (RAM 18) causing the fail indicator LED 2 to illuminate. The foregoing operation is illustrated by the process block 56, the process block 58, the decision block 60, the process block 62, the decision block 64, the process block 66, the process block 68, the process block 70, the decision block 72, the decision block 74 and the process block 78. On the other hand, if an error flag is not set during the test, then the pass indicator LED 1 is illuminated, as indicated by the process block 76. In addition, the stored information in ROM 18, as indicated by the process block 52, is displayed on the display device 34, as indicated by the process block 54. Also, displayed information as to the turning on of the pass indicator LED 1, or the fail indicator LED 2 is also displayed on the display device 34, as indicated by the process block 54. The displayed information is a digital word which gives information as to what part of the particular digital card "i" under test failed. In this way, an operator, if desired, can cross-reference to a print out and determine the actual failed component. The test pattern and signature response are temporarily stored in the RAM 18 during the testing of the digital card "i". This information is replaced every time the digital card select device 20 and the system reset switch 22 are depressed. The signature response comparison is performed in the RAM 18 under the control of the microprocessor 12. It should be mentioned, that each of the plurality of digital cards "K" has a unique signature response which is permanently stored in the ROM 16. Accordingly, when the test for a particular digital card "i" is selected by the digital card select device 20, this information is transferred to the ROM 18 for comparison and detection of errors during the test. The system clock 14, as aforementioned, is a frequency control for the microprocessor 12, the ROM 16 and the RAM 18, and, thus, determines the test time for the testing of the plurality of digital boards "K". The digital card tester section 10 is configured to test the four digital boards (cards) of the AN/SRN-19(V)2 radio navigational set. However, the techniques disclosed herein could be applied to the testing of any digital board having a known signature response that adequately specifies the proper operation thereof. For the foregoing purpose, the ROM 16 can be a programmable read-only memory (PROM). The operation of the satellite simulator section 80 of the test set for a navigational satellite receiver can best be understood by referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 as viewed concurrently. The satellite simulator section 80 has a mode A and a mode B operation The mode of operation is dependent on whether the signal driving the buffer/mode select device 90 is internally derived from the crystal-controlled oscillator 88 (mode A) or externally derived from the associated navigational satellite receiver under test (mode B). Continuing, at power turn on, and when no external signal is present at the buffer/mode select device 90, the crystal controlled oscillator 88 generates a 5 MHz-325 Hz signal. This sine wave signal is amplified and squared to a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) level in the buffer/mode select device 90. This squared signal, at the TTL level, acts as a reference input to the phase comparator/loop filter 92 whose other input is a 5 MHz signal derived from the coaction of the frequency divider 94 (divide by 20) and the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 96 (operating at near 100 MHz). The phase comparator/loop filter 92 is configured to phase compare the signal from the frequency divider 94 to the conditioned signal from the buffer/mode select device 90 and filter and amplify the resulting signal. This resulting or error signal is then applied to the input of the VCO 96. The foregoing elements of the radio frequency portion 82 comprise a phase-locked-loop (PLL) which operates to maintain the frequency of the VCO 96 phase coherent to the output signal of the crystal-controlled oscillator 88. Still referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 as viewed concurrently, the output frequency of the VCO 96 is 20 times that of the crystal-controlled oscillator device 88, i.e, 100 MHz-6.5 KHz. This signal is multiplied in the frequency multiplier 100 (multiplied by 4) to a frequency of 400 MHz-26 KHz. The output of the frequency multiplier 100 drives the phase modulators 104a, 104b and 104c of the phase modulator device 102. Thus, the phase modulator device 102 has three signal paths between its input and output. These signal paths are all identical except for their electrical lengths, i.e, phase delays. The approximately 400 MHz input signal to the phase modulator device 102 is directed through one or the other of the phase modulators 104a, 104b or 104c, as controlled by the corresponding signals a, b or c on the respective modulator drive signal lines from the output control device 110 of the digital portion 84. The three modulator drive signals a, b and c are TTL level switching signals which, when at an up level, turn on their respective phase modulators 104a, 104b or 104c. The delays of the three signal paths of the phase modulators 104a, 104b and 104c are 0, 120 and 60 degrees, respectively. The 60 degree or phase modulator 104c path is, for purposes of the present invention, the reference phase of the composite signal at the output of the phase modulator device 102. The other two paths, 0.degree. and 120 degrees, would then be .+-. 60.degree., respectively, relative to the reference phase. Referring now primarily to FIG. 4, the sequence of switching between the phase modulators 104a, 104b and 104c is such that only one of them is on at a time. The phase modulator 104a, corresponding to the 0 degree path, is on for 2.5 milliseconds (ms). Then, the phase modulator 104b, corresponding to the 120 degree path, is on for 2.5 ms, followed by the phase modulator 104c, corresponding to the 60 degree path, being on for 5.0 ms. In the satellite modulation format, this sequence of 0, 120 and 60 degrees of phase modulation upon the 400 MHz-26 kHz signal corresponds to phase modulation changes of +60, -60 and 0 degrees, respectively, which is termed a "+ doublet". As shown, a "- doublet" corresponds to phase modulation changes of -60 degrees for 2.5 ms, +60 degrees for 2.5 ms, followed by 0 degrees for 5.0 ms. Thus, a bit equivalent to a binary "one" corresponds to a " + doublet" followed by a " - doublet". A bit equivalent to a binary "zero" corresponds to a " -doublet" followed by a " + doublet", as shown in FIG. 4. Referring again to FIG. 3, the sequencing of phase modulator drive signals a, b, and c, is established by the test generator 106 in cooperation with the output control device 110. Mode B operation is the same as mode A except that an external 5 MHz signal is brought into the satellite simulator section 80 from the escutcheon panel (not shown) via the buffer/mode select device 90. When this signal is applied, three events take place. First, the buffer/mode select device 90 operates to generate a mode change command signal on the mode change command line (MCCL) to the crystal-controlled oscillator device 88 thereby cutting it off. Second, the buffer/mode select device 90 selects the input 5 MHz signal and then amplifies and squares it to the TTL level. This signal now becomes the reference signal to the input of the phase comparator/loop filter 92. Third, the count down divider 112, under control of, for example, the aforementioned mode change command line signal, an offset select switch on the escutcheon panel (not shown), generates a 26 KHz or 39 KHz signal for feeding the offset mixer 116 of the interface portion 86. This operation is necessary because the output frequency of the radio frequency portion 82 in mode B operation is eighty times the frequency of the 5 MHz reference signal. Consequently, the output of the radio frequency portion 82 will be near, or exactly at 400 MHz. However, the receiver under test, which for purposes of the present invention is the AN/SRN-19(V)2, will not respond to an exact 400 MHz test signal. Thus, by passing the signal through the offset mixer 116, in cooperation with the output from the count down divider 112, a usable signal is generated either at 400 MHz-26 KHz or 400 MHz-39 KHz, depending on the position of the offset select switch, aforementioned. In mode B operation, the mixing signal (26 KHz or 39 KHz) is derived from a count down of the 100 MHz output of the VCO 96. This count down is partially accomplished by the frequency divider 94 (divide by 20) in cooperation with the frequency divider 98 (divide by 2). In mode B operation, the phase modulation of the approximately 400 MHz signal is the same as in mode A. However, in mode B operation the frequency stability is better than in mode A, and, accordingly, suitable for measuring the doppler reconstruction circuitry (not shown) and the frequency stability of the 5 MHz reference oscillator (not shown) of the associated AN/SRN-19(V)2. The primary purpose of the digital portion 84 of the satellite simulator 80 of FIG. 3 is to generate the sequence of digital data (signals a, b and c) for driving the phase modulator device 102. The digital data are similar to that from a system satellite in terms of having a repeating message data pattern, as generated by the test message generator 106, and a two minute synchronization data pattern, as generated by the sync word generator 108. The test message generator 106 is configured to generate a signal (message data) corresponding to a repeating sequence of two binary "ones" followed by two binary "zeros". The test message generator 106 continually outputs this repeating pattern via the output control device 110 as the drive signals a, b and c. The drive signal for the test message generator 106 and the count down divider 112 is a 2.5 MHz signal from the output of the frequency divider 98 of the RF portion 82. As also controlled from the escutcheon panel (not shown), the sync word generator 108 is configured to generate a sync word consisting of 25 binary bits, i.e, a "zero", 23 "ones" and another "zero" in that order. Since each binary bit, "one" or "zero" requires 20.0 ms as, shown in FIG. 4, a sync word requires 0.5 seconds. After a sync word is completed, the output control device 110 in cooperation with the test message generator 106 automatically recommences the repeating message data sequence from the test message generator 106, as previously described. The interface portion 82 serves to interface the test signal, at three different predetermined power levels, to the associated navigational satellite receiver under test via the output of the tri-level attenuator 120 (direct connection), or via the other output of the RF switch 188 (indirect connection) to a radiating antenna (not shown). The aforementioned two units are controlled by the direct/indirect test control device 114, which acts to switch between direct testing or indirect testing, of the associated navigational satellite receiver. To those skilled in the art, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings It is therefore to be understood that the present invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein and still be within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

7H

04

B

Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, computer companies may refer to a component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms including and comprising are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean including, but not limited to . . . . Also, the term couple or couples is intended to mean either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, or through an indirect electrical connection via other devices and connections. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1 , a computer network 100 constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment generally includes a file server 102 coupled to one or more client computers (referred to hereafter as clients ) 208 . The server 102 includes a display 106 and keyboard 110 . Similarly, each client computer 208 includes a display 210 and keyboard 212 . In the exemplary drawing of FIG. 1 , two clients are shown, but any number of clients can be incorporated into computer network 100 . Further, network 100 can be implemented with more than one server if desired. Additionally, the principles of the invention described below with respect to a computer network are equally applicable with respect to a stand alone, unnetworked computer. Moreover, the principles described herein are applicable in any environment in which a person logs on or in some way accesses an electronic device such as a stand alone computer, computer network, and automatic teller machine for which security is desirable. The server 102 preferably is any suitable type of computer such as a Proliant manufactured by Compaq Computer Corporation. The clients are any suitable computer such as a Desk pro also manufactured by Compaq Computer Corporation. Referring still to FIG. 1 , a user accesses the computer network 100 by logging on to the server 102 through a client 208 . Each client preferably has a biometric sensing device 218 connected to the client. The biometric sensing device 218 preferably senses, detects, measures, samples, or in some way responds to a bodily characteristic unique to each user. Examples of unique bodily characteristics include fingerprints, face or hand geometry, voice, retinal scan, or any other characteristic that can distinguish one user from another. The biometric sensing device 218 responds to a particular bodily characteristic and provides a signal or image representative of that user's characteristic to the associated client 208 . For sake of clarity, the term biometric sample will be used to denote a signal, value, or image generated by the biometric sensing device 218 in response to a bodily characteristic of the user. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, biometric sensing device 218 includes a fingerprint sensing device such as that available from Identicator Technologies Corp. During the log on process for network 100 , a user is prompted to type his or her username into the keyboard provided with the client. This step, however, is optional. Then, the user is prompted to place a finger on the fingerprint sensing device 218 . The server 102 receives a signal representative of the user's fingerprint image and, as explained in detail below, if that representative signal matches one of the fingerprints stored in a users database (shown in FIG. 2 ), the user is provided access to the network 100 (i.e., the user is logged on ). If there is no match, the user is not logged on to the network 100 . A software architecture is illustrated in FIG. 2 which generally includes the following functional units: log on unit 120 , biometrics service provider 124 , fingerprint application 126 , biometrics resource subsystem 128 , biometrics authentication package 220 , biometrics account subsystem 222 , and biometrics user manager 228 . Some of these software modules run on a client 208 while others run on the server 102 . In the preferred embodiment, the logon unit 120 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 138 and 220 run on the client 208 , while the 132 , 140 , 220 , 222 and 228 run on the server 102 . The determination as to which modules run on which computer can be varied as desired. Further, although the software architecture shown in FIG. 2 is preferred, other architectures are acceptable as well. All of the components listed above can run on the same machine for local logon authentication. The blocks shown in FIG. 2 generally represent functional logic units of a software implementation, but also can be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the operating system that runs on the client 208 and server 102 computers preferably is the Windows NT version 4.0 operating system. Other versions of Windows NT as well as any other suitable operating system such as Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows CE are also acceptable. Moreover, the architecture is independent of the operating system and therefore is also applicable to OS/2, UNIX, Netware, and Apple environments. The following description of the preferred embodiment, however, assumes the Windows NT operating system is running on both the client 208 and server 102 . A person of ordinary skill will readily be able to adapt the preferred embodiment described herein to other operating systems and system configurations upon reading this disclosure. The log on unit 120 preferably provides an interface to the biometrics service provider 124 , fingerprint application 126 and biometrics resource subsystem 128 . The log on unit 120 also includes a user interface to permit the user to log on to the server 102 or the local client 208 . In a Windows NT version 4.0 environment, the log on unit 120 includes the Graphical Interface Network Access (GINA) features which is well known to those skilled in the art. The biometrics resource subsystem 128 preferably includes a biometrics resource manager 132 , device driver 134 , quality control library 136 , feature extraction library 138 , and fingerprint matching library 140 . The biometrics service provider 124 interfaces to the biometrics resource manager 132 which provides low level access and control to the device driver 134 , quality control library 136 , feature extraction library 138 , and fingerprint matching library 140 . The fingerprint application 126 includes any suitable application for using the biometrics features of the computer network 100 . By way of function calls to the biometrics service provider 124 , the fingerprint application 126 controls the operation of the biometrics features discussed herein. The biometrics service provider 124 provides high level access to the biometrics resource subsystem 128 . The fingerprint application 126 can also be configured to provide a direct interface to the biometrics resource manager 132 without the use of, or with reduced involvement from, the biometrics service provider 124 . The device driver 134 , quality control library 136 , feature extraction library 138 , and fingerprint matching library 140 provide low level biometrics functions and are discussed below in more detail. Referring still to FIG. 2 , the biometrics service provider 124 provides access between the log on unit 120 and the low level biometrics specific resources (i.e., the device driver 134 , quality control library 136 , feature extraction library 138 , and fingerprint matching library 140 ). The biometrics resource manager 132 responds to commands received from the log on unit 120 , service provider 124 , fingerprint application 126 , and biometrics authentication package 220 and activates one or more of the biometrics resources 134 , 136 , 138 , 140 to perform the desired function. The device driver 134 provides the logic necessary to operate the fingerprint sensor 218 . The quality control library 136 examines raw fingerprint images captured by the fingerprint sensing device 218 to determine if the quality of the image is sufficient before proceeding with the log on process. The feature extraction library 138 uses the captured fingerprint image to extract features from which values can be generated that are indicative of the raw fingerprint image. The feature extraction library 138 also generates a template value using known techniques for processing the extracted features. The fingerprint matching library 140 compares the user's template generated by the biometrics resource subsystem 128 during the log on process with templates previously stored in the users database 232 associated with each registered user. The users database 232 in the Windows NT environment is part of the Security Account Manager (SAM) and includes, as shown in the enlarged portion in FIG. 2A , a username (which is optional) a password, and a fingerprint template for each registered user. The biometrics authentication package 220 interfaces to the log on unit 120 , the biometrics service provider 124 , the biometrics resource manager 132 , the biometrics user manager 228 , and the biometrics account subsystem 222 . The account subsystem 222 preferably includes a biometrics account manager 224 interfaced to various databases including in particular a users database 232 . The biometrics account manager 224 provides low level access to the users database 232 on behalf of the other system modules. The users database preferably resides in the server 102 , but can be located on the client 208 or other network components if desired. The biometrics user manager 228 is activated during an enrollment process in which a user is provided a fingerprint identification for logging on to the network 100 . During enrollment, a fingerprint template is made of the user's fingerprint and is stored in the users database 232 . The enrollment process generally includes capturing an image of the user's fingerprint using the fingerprint sensing device 218 and device driver 134 , processing the raw image to extract features from the image using feature extraction library 138 , and generating a template based on the extracted features also using feature extraction library 138 . The template thus is a value that is generated from a raw fingerprint image and is unique to each person. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the password field in the users database 232 is dynamically changeable, and preferably is changed every time a user logs on to the network. By changing a user's password each time the user logs on, network security is improved because the password does not remain static. Accordingly, even if an unauthorized person was to find out the most recently used password, that person still not would be able to log on because the password changes during each log on. The biometrics account manager 224 provides the ability to read and write to the users database 232 and is capable of dynamically changing a user's password in response to a command from the biometrics authentication package 220 . As noted above, the log on unit 120 provides the user interface to permit a user to log on to the computer network 100 . The log on unit 120 may include, for example, an input window on the client display 210 . The log on window preferably prompts the user to provide a username, if so configured, and a fingerprint via the fingerprint sensing device 218 . The log on window preferably is displayed after the client is initialized or at any other time that the user wishes to log on to computer network 100 . Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4 , two alternative log on methods will be described in which the user's password is dynamically changed during the log on process. In the method shown in FIG. 3 and discussed with reference to FIG. 2 , the user first enters his or her username in step 302 using the log on unit 120 . This step is optional, however, and, if omitted, permits a purely biometric log on process in which the user does not have to enter a username via the keyboard 212 . Rather, the user would simply log on by placing a finger on the fingerprint sensing device 218 . It may be preferred to include step 302 , however, to reduce the amount of time the fingerprint matching library resource 140 requires to search for a matching template in the users database 232 . If a username is entered, the fingerprint matching library needs only compare the user's template generated during the log on process (step 308 ) with the template value previously stored with that user's username as best shown in FIG. 2 A. If no username entry is required, the fingerprint matching library 140 may have to perform a one-to-many search to compare the user's fingerprint against all templates stored in the user's database 232 . Referring still to FIGS. 2 and 3 , in step 304 the biometric sensing device 218 is activated using device driver 134 to capture an image of the user's fingerprint. As noted above, this step can be accomplished using any suitable type of biometric sensing device that can generate a sample indicative of a bodily characteristic that uniquely identifies the user. In steps 306 and 308 , the raw biometric measurement or image is processed to create a template. Features are extracted in step 306 from the image using the fingerprint extraction library 138 and then the template is created from the extracted features in step 308 . As noted above, the template is a mathematical representation of the user's fingerprint. The template may comprise a value of any desired length, but preferably is between 50 and 800 bytes in length, and most preferably about 700 bytes. Steps 306 and 308 generally are performed using software provided by the supplier of the biometrics sensing device 218 , such as Identicator Technologies Corp. In step 310 , the client computer 208 at which the user has attempted to log on to the server transmits the fingerprint template to the server 102 . In step 312 the template received from the client 208 is compared against the template(s) stored in the users database 232 . As noted above, the speed of the comparison step 302 is increased when the system is configured to require the user to enter a username in step 302 . The comparison is performed using the fingerprint matching library 140 which preferably is provided by the supplier of the biometrics sensing device 218 , such as Identicator Technologies Corp. in the case of a fingerprint sensor. In general, the matching algorithm may include any suitable technique such as through the use of neural networks and preferably does not require an exact match for the template to be considered a sufficient match to a template in the users database 232 . Any suitable scoring mechanism can be used to determine whether the user's template is within a predetermined range of a database template. If the template received from the client 208 does not match any of the templates in the users database 232 , the log on process is stopped as indicated at step 316 . If the biometrics account manager 224 determines that template from the client 208 matches the template associated with the user's username, or any template if the username entry step 302 is omitted, control passes to step 318 in which the user's password is retrieved from the users database 232 by biometrics account manager 224 . The biometrics account manager 224 then changes the current password to a new password using any suitable random or pseudo-random process. Most random number generating processes require a seed value as an input value into the process to calculate the random number. The fingerprint template value, current password or any other value can be used as the seed in the random number process in step 318 to generate a new password. After the new password is randomly generated, the biometrics account manager 224 replaces the old password with the new password in the users database 232 . Then, in step 320 , the new randomly generated password is transmitted to the client 208 which, in turn, transmits the username (if provided) and the new password back to the server 102 in step 322 . Step 322 is required in various operating system environments such as Windows NT version 4.0, but can be omitted in other environments that do not require a username and password to be provided directly from the client to the server. In step 324 , the biometrics account manager 224 compares the username and password received from the client 208 to the list of usernames and passwords stored in the users database 232 . If a match is found, which should be the case unless something has gone wrong during the log on process, the log on process is completed in step 330 which comprises any one or more desired actions. For example, step 330 may include associating various network resource privileges with the user. These privileges, for example, may define databases and programs the user can and cannot access and files that the user can and cannot change. If no match is found in step 326 , the log on process stops in step 328 . In steps 316 and 328 in which an error has occurred during the log on process causing the log on process to stop, if desired, computer network 100 can be programmed to randomly change the user's password anyway to further increase network security. If implemented, the password change preferably is performed similarly to step 318 and the current password is replaced with a new password randomly generated based on any suitable seed value such as the current (about to be old) password or the fingerprint template value. Further, computer network 100 can be programmed to dynamically and automatically change the password only after a preprogrammed number of failed log on attempts have been made. The biometrics account manager 224 preferably keeps track of the number of failed log on attempts and if that number equals the preprogrammed number automatically change the password. The preprogrammed number might be two, three, or any other desired number. An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 4 for dynamically changing the user's password during log on using a biometrics sensing device. Steps 302 , 304 , 306 , 308 , 310 , 312 , 314 , and 316 are substantially the same as the corresponding steps in FIG. 3 . Rather than dynamically changing the password immediately after detecting a match in step 314 , the current password is transmitted to the client 208 in step 340 . The log on process continues in step 342 in which the username (if provided in optional step 302 ) and password (which has not yet been changed) are transmitted back to the server 102 for comparison by the biometrics account manager 224 in step 344 . If a match is found in step 326 , the password then is changed using a random or pseudo-random process in step 346 and the biometrics account manager overwrites the old password in the users database 232 with the newly generated password. Finally, the log on process completes in step 330 . In this embodiment, the old password is used to log on the user, but is dynamically and randomly changed for the next attempted log on by the same user. Also, as with the embodiment of FIG. 3 , the biometrics account manager 224 may change the password even upon the occurrence of a failed log on attempt in steps 316 and 328 . The embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate several ways to dynamically change a password each time a user logs on to the computer network. The password preferably is changed using a random, pseudo-random or any other suitable process that would be difficult for an unauthorized individual to know or determine. In another embodiment of the invention, the server 102 can be programmed to automatically change any desired set of passwords in the users database 232 on predefined dates or after predefined periods of time. For example, all passwords can be randomly changed once per month. This procedure generally further increases network security. The random process used to change the passwords preferably uses a random, pseudo-random or other suitable process. The seed for the random number generator used to generate the new passwords preferably is the current password or other suitable value. In the embodiments discussed above, the user need not remember and enter a password to log on to the network. Thus, passwords can be longer than passwords implemented in conventional systems. Further, if desired, each user can be registered to require biometric log on, or not. Thus, in general network 100 can be implemented to permit some users to log on by entering a username and password while other users use the biometrics feature to log on. The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles of the present invention. However, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Below, the respective embodiments of the present invention are explained with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples, and an appropriate variation which a person skilled in the art can easily arrive at without departing from the spirit of the present invention is naturally included in the scope of the present invention. Further, while the width, thickness, shape, and the like of each part in the drawings may be illustrated schematically as compared with the actual embodiments in order to clarify the explanation, these are merely examples, and an interpretation of the present invention should not be limited thereto. Furthermore, in the specification and the respective drawings, the same reference symbols may be applied to elements similar to those which have already been illustrated in another drawing, and a detailed explanation of such elements may be omitted as appropriate. FIG. 1is a schematic view of a schematic configuration of an organic EL display device according to an embodiment of the present invention. An organic EL display device2is provided with a pixel array part4which displays an image, and a driving part which drives the pixel array part4. The organic EL display device2has a display panel where a lamination structure of a TFT, an OLED, and the like is formed on a substrate. Note that the schematic view illustrated inFIG. 1is an example, and the present embodiment is not limited thereto. On the pixel array part4, OLEDs6and pixel circuits8are arranged in a matrix form, in correspondence with the respective pixels. The pixel circuit8is composed of a plurality of TFTs10and12, and a capacitor14. The driving part as described above includes a scan line driving circuit20, an image line driving circuit22, the driving power source circuit24, and the control device26, and drives the pixel circuit8to control light emission of the OLED6. The scan line driving circuit20is connected to a scan signal line28provided for each horizontal line of pixels (pixel row). The scan line driving circuit20selects scan signal lines28in order according to timing signals input from the control device26, and applies an electric voltage for turning on the lighting TFT10to the selected scan signal line28. The image line driving circuit22is connected to an image signal line30provided for each vertical line of pixels (pixel column). The image line driving circuit22receives an input of an image signal from the control device26, and in accordance with a selection of the scan signal line28by the scan line driving circuit20, outputs an electric voltage according to the image signal for the selected pixel row to each image signal line30. That electric voltage is written into the capacitor14via the lighting TFT10at the selected pixel row. The driving TFT12supplies the OLED6with an electric current according to the written electric voltage, and thus the OLED6of the pixel which corresponds to the selected scan signal line28emits light. The driving power source circuit24is connected to a driving electric power supply line32provided for each pixel column, and supplies the OLED6with an electric current via the driving electric power supply line32and the driving TFT12in the selected pixel row. Here, a lower electrode of the OLED6is connected to the driving TFT12. Whereas, an upper electrode of each OLED6is composed of an electrode shared in common by the OLEDs6of all the pixels. In a case where the lower electrode is configured as an anode, a high electric potential is input thereto, and the upper electrode becomes a cathode and a low electric potential is input thereto. In a case where the lower electrode is configured as a cathode, a low electric potential is input thereto, and the upper electrode becomes an anode and a high electric potential is input thereto. FIG. 2is a schematic plan view of an example of the display panel of the organic display device illustrated inFIG. 1. The pixel array part4illustrated inFIG. 1is provided in a display area42of the display panel40, and as described above the OLEDs are arranged on the pixel array part4. As described above, an upper electrode44which constitutes the OLED6is formed so as to be shared in common by the respective pixels and covers the entire display area42. On one side of the display panel40which has a rectangular shape, a component mounting area46is provided, and a wiring connected to the display area42is disposed thereon. Further, on the component mounting area46a driver integrated circuit (IC)48which constitutes the driving part is mounted, and an FPC50is connected to the component mounting area46. The flexible printed circuit (FPC)50is connected to the control device26, and other circuits20,22, and24, and the like, and an IC is mounted on the FPC50. FIG. 3is a view of an example of cross section ofFIG. 2. The display panel40has a structure where a circuit layer composed of a TFT72and the like, the OLED6, a sealing layer106which seals the OLED6, a conductive layer118, and the like are laminated on a substrate70. The substrate70is composed of, for example, a glass board, or a resin film such as polyimide resin. In the present embodiment, the pixel array part4is a top emission type pixel array, and light generated in the OLED6is emitted to a side opposite from the substrate70side (in an upper direction inFIG. 3) with respect to the OLED6. In a case where a colorization method of the organic EL display device2is set to the color filter method, the color filter is arranged over the sealing layer106, for example. By letting white light generated in the OLED6go through this color filter, lights in colors such as red (R), green (G), and blue (B) are generated, for example. On the circuit layer of the display area42, the pixel circuit8, the scan signal line28, the image signal line30, and the driving electric power supply line32which have been described above, and the like are formed. At least a part of the driving part can be formed as a circuit layer in an area adjacent to the display area42, on the insulating base material70. As described above, the driver IC48and the FPC50which constitute the driving part can be connected to a wiring116of the circuit layer in the component mounting area46. As illustrated inFIG. 3, on the substrate70, an under-layer80which is formed of an inorganic insulating material is arranged. As the inorganic insulating material, for example, silicon nitride (SiNy) silicon oxide (SiOy), or a complex of these is used. In the display area42, with an interposition of the under-layer80, a semiconductor area82to be a channel part and the source/drain part of the top gate type TFT72is formed on the substrate70. The semiconductor area82is foilued of, for example, polysilicon (p-Si). The semiconductor area82is formed by, for example, providing a semiconductor layer (a p-Si film) on the substrate70, patterning this semiconductor layer, and selectively leaving parts which are used in the circuit layer. Over the channel part of the TFT72, a gate electrode86is arranged with an interposition of a gate insulating film84. The gate insulating film84is typically formed of TEOS. The gate electrode86is formed by, for example, patterning a metal film formed by sputtering or the like. On the gate electrode86, an interlayer insulating layer88is arranged so as to cover the gate electrode86. The interlayer insulating layer88is formed of, for example, the inorganic insulating material as described above. In the semiconductor area82(p-Si) to be the source/drain part of the TFT72, impurities are introduced by an ion injection, and further a source electrode90aand a drain electrode90bwhich are electrically connected thereto are formed, and thus the TFT72is formed. On the TFT72, an interlayer insulating film92is arranged. On the surface of the interlayer insulating film92, a wiring94is arranged. The wiring94is formed by, for example, patterning a metal film formed by sputtering or the like. With a metal film which constitutes the wiring94, and a metal film which is used to form the gate electrode86, the source electrode90aand the drain electrode90b, for example, the wiring116, and the scan signal line28, the image signal line30, and the driving power supply line32which are illustrated inFIG. 1can be formed as a multilayer wiring structure. Thereon, a planarizing film96is formed, for example, of a resin material such as an acrylic resin, and in the display area42, the OLED6is formed on the planarizing film96. The OLED6includes a lower electrode100, an organic material layer102, and an upper electrode104. The organic material layer102includes, specifically, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and the like. The OLED6is typically formed by laminating the lower electrode100, the organic material layer102, and the upper electrode104in this order from the substrate70side. In the present embodiment, the lower electrode100is an anode of the OLED, and the upper electrode104is a cathode. If the TFT72illustrated inFIG. 3is the driving TFT12having an n-channel, the lower electrode100is connected to the source electrode90aof the TFT72. Specifically, after forming the planarizing film96as described above, a contact hole110for connecting the lower electrode100to the TFT72is formed, and for example by patterning a conductive body part formed on the surface of the planarizing layer96and inside the contact hole110, the lower electrode100connected to the TFT72is formed for each pixel. On the structure as described above, a bank112which separates pixels is arranged. For example, after forming the lower electrode100, the bank112is formed on a border of pixels, and in an effective area of a pixel surrounded by the bank112(an area where the lower electrode100is exposed), the organic material layer102and the upper electrode104are laminated. The upper electrode104is typically formed of a transparent electrode material. On the upper electrode104, a sealing layer106is arranged. The sealing layer106can function as, for example, a protection layer which protects the OLED6from moisture and the like, and therefore the sealing layer106is foiled to cover the whole of the display area42. Further, on the sealing layer106, a conductive layer118is arranged. The conductive layer118can also function as, for example, a protection layer which secures a mechanical strength of the surface of the display panel40. Whereas, on the component mounting area46, for example, no conductive layer118is provided so that the IC and the FPC are easily connected thereto. A wiring of the FPC50and a terminal of the driver IC48are electrically connected to, for example, the wiring116. As a method of installing a touch panel on the display device, a configuration of externally attaching the touch panel to the display panel (out-cell method), a configuration of providing the touch panel outside the display panel (for example, between the display panel and the polarizing plate arranged outside the display panel) and integrating the display panel and the touch panel (on-cell method), and a configuration of providing the touch panel inside the display panel (in-cell method) are known. In the present embodiment, the out-cell method or the on-cell method are adopted. Specifically, as illustrated inFIG. 4, the touch panel60is arranged on the conductive layer118of the display panel40, and in this state, the display panel40is put inside a housing of the organic EL display device2. Note that inFIG. 4, as the lamination structure of the display panel40illustrated inFIG. 3, a lamination structure from which the sealing layer106and the conductive layer118over the substrate70are omitted is illustrated as an upper structure layer114, in a simplified manner. The sealing layer106includes a first sealing layer (insulating layer)106a, a planarizing layer108, and a second sealing layer (insulating layer)106bin this order from the substrate70side. As illustrated, no planarizing layer108exists at an edge part of the sealing layer106outside the display area42, and the first sealing layer106aand the second sealing layer106bcontact each other directly. The first sealing layer106aand the second sealing layer106bare respectively formed by forming a film of an inorganic insulating material such as SiNy, for example, by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method so that the film becomes as thick as several μm or so, for example. The planarizing layer108is formed of, for example, a resin material such as an acrylic resin (in one embodiment, an organic insulating material). The thickness of the planarizing layer108is, for example, 10 μm to 50 μm. The conductive layer118contains binder resin and a conductive material. As the binder resin, typically, acrylic resin is used. As a conductive material, for example, metal such as silver, gold, copper, and nickel, alloy of these (for example, Cu—Ni), carbon, metal oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO), and the like are used. As a conductive material used together with the binder resin, any appropriate form can be adopted, but a nanowire (typically, a metal nanowire) and/or a nanotube (typically, a carbon nanotube) are preferably used. Of these, a metal nanowire is preferred especially, since, for example, the metal nanowire could have both of conductivity and transparency to be described later satisfactorily. Here, the nanowire is a conductive substance with a diameter of nanometer size having a fiber-like form with a solid structure, and the nanotube is a conductive substance with a diameter of nanometer size having a fiber-like form with a hollow structure. Thicknesses of the nanowire and the nanotube are, for example, 5 nm to 500 nm, and are preferably 5 nm to 50 nm. Lengths of the nanowire and the nanotube are, for example, 1 μm to 1000 μm, and is preferably 10 μm to 1000 μm. The conductive layer118is preferably formed such that the sheet resistance is 500Ω per square or less, for sufficiently obtaining a shield effect against electromagnetic noises generated at the display part (the structure layer114under the sealing layer106), for example. Further, the conductive layer118is preferably formed such that the transparency is secured (for example, a visible light transmission rate is 90% or more). The conductive layer118is, for example, formed by applying an application material containing the binder resin and a conductive material on the sealing layer106(for example, by the inkjet method), and subjecting the application material to a post-treatment (for example, a heat curing treatment and a light curing treatment) as appropriate in accordance with a kind of the binder resin. The thickness of the conductive layer118is, for example, 3 μm to 50 μm. In one embodiment, the conductive layer118is used as an etching mask in the manufacturing process. Specifically, as an etching mask used when removing the sealing layer106(the insulating material film) in the terminal area by etching (for example, dry etching), the conductive layer118is used. In this case, as illustrated, the edge of the conductive layer118is substantially aligned to the edge of the sealing layer106. Like this, by making the resin material layer contain the conductive material, the shield effect with respect to the electromagnetic noises can be imparted to the resin material layer, while maintaining the manufacturing efficiency. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments as have been described above, and various kinds of variations are acceptable. For example, the configurations explained as to the above embodiments can be replaced with a configuration which is substantially the same as the ones which have been explained regarding the embodiments described above, a configuration which exhibits the same technical effect, or a configuration which can achieve the same objective. Specifically, the planarizing layer108can contain the conductive material as described above. It is understood that without departing from the spirit of the present invention, those skilled in the art can arrive at various kinds of variations and modifications, and such variations and modifications belong to the scope of the present invention. For example, each of the embodiments as described above to which addition, deletion, or design change of components, or addition, omission, or condition change of processes is suitably applied by those skilled in the art are also encompassed within the scope of the present invention as long as they fall within the spirit of the present invention.

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The present invention concerns a process for obtaining a microfibrous non-woven fabric based on polyester or polyamide microfibres immersed in a polyurethane matrix and comprising the steps of: A) spinning a bicomponent fibre with an island in the sea structure, in which the island component is microfibrous and the sea component, immiscible therewith, is soluble in solvents; B) preparing a felt via a process of mechanical needle or water punching of the bicomponent fibre; C) impregnating the felt with a polyvinyl adhesive; D) dissolving the sea component in a selective solvent; E) impregnating the felt with a polyurethane binding agent solution and removing the polyvinyl adhesive by dissolution in an organic solvent or water; F) submitting the felt as per step E) to buffing on both faces, by rotating abrasive paper strips over both faces in a concurrent direction of orientation; G) submitting the felt obtained in step F) (raw) to dyeing; H) brushing the dyed product thus obtained on both faces so as to lend a concurrent orientation to the fibres on both faces; I) cutting the product as per step H) in the direction of thickness so as to produce two identical laminates, each of half thickness. The bicomponent fibre comprises polyester or polyamide microfibres, preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (the island component) and a sea component preferably consisting of polystyrene (PS). The polyester microfibres preferably have a fibre count ranging between 0.10 and 0.25 dtex, more preferably between 0.12 and 0.20 dtex. The bicomponent fibre obtained in step A) is then ironed, curled and cut to yield a short fibre (flock), preferably having a fibre count ranging between 3.5 and 4.5 dtex, a length ranging between 40 and 60 mm, and a crimp frequency ranging between 3 and 7 crimps/cm. In a preferred embodiment, the flock fibre comprises 50% to 70% polyester by weight and 30% to 50% polystyrene by weight. The fibre section is preferably constituted by 16 microfibres of polyester englobed in polystyrene. The intermediate felt product obtained in step B) by means of the needle punching process, has a density comprised between 0.1 and 0.3 g/cm3and a unit weight comprised between 300 and 550 g/m2. In step C), the polyvinyl adhesive is preferably an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Impregnation is carried out at a temperature permitting dimensional shrinkage of the fibres, preferably at 95 to 98° C. Subsequently, the felt undergoes calendering to achieve a shrinkage in the thickness of over 8%. In step D), the polystyrene sea component is dissolved preferably in trichloroethylene. Preferably, the felt remaining is submitted to gradual calendering until a density exceeding 0.2 g/cm3is reached. Step E) begins by preparing an elastomeric polyurethane in an organic solvent, preferably dimethylformamide (DMF). The procedure for preparing elastomeric polyurethane is known in the field and, specifically, described in the patent application EP 0584511. Once the elastomeric polyurethane has been obtained, the steps for impregnation of the felt and coagulation of the polyurethane are preferably conducted for a time period ranging from 30 minutes to two hours, at a temperature below 50° C. The polyvinyl adhesive is then removed by washing with hot water, preferably boiling water. Then one proceeds by drying the felt impregnated with polyurethane. In step F), the felt thus obtained is buffed with abrasive paper strips on the upper face so as to free the microfibres and generate the nap; the felt is rewound and submitted to buffing on the lower face, so that the direction of rotation of the abrasive paper strips generates a nap with a concurrent orientation between the upper and the lower surface. The abrasive paper preferably has a mesh value lower than 500 mesh, more preferably lower than 400 mesh. The intermediate product of the process thus generated is defined as the raw product. In step G), the raw product is dyed according to the technologies traditionally employed for synthetic leathers. These dyeing processes are described, for example in the following patent applications: EP 0584511 and EP 1323859. In step H), the semi-finished dyed product is preferably submitted to two brushings: a first brushing in a wet state and a second brushing after drying. The first brushing is carried out on both surfaces, preferably using bush-hammered rollers with a direction of rotation concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. The second brushing is applied after drying, and in this case as well, on both surfaces with a rotation of the brushes concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. At the end of the above-described process, there is obtained a microfibrous non-woven fabric based on polyester or polyamide, impregnated with polyurethane, characterised by a thickness equal to or less than 0.65 mm, preferably equal to or less than 0.60 mm, and by a flat or slightly mottled appearance. The nap length is preferably equal to or less than 350 μm, more preferably equal to or less than 300 μm. The non-woven fabric thus has a very thin texture and a homogenous surface with a flat or slightly mottled appearance. Owing to these characteristics, the non-woven fabric is ideal for use in the preparation of coverings for consumer goods, preferably covers and cases for consumer goods, including for example portable devices for recording or reproducing sounds or images, portable entertainment devices, sports weapons or equipment, devices for personal well-being or health, telephones, handheld computers, laptops and other electronic devices. Therefore, the subject matter of the invention also relates to these coverings, particularly covers and cases for consumer goods. EXAMPLES Example 1 A) A bicomponent flock is prepared, constituted by microfibres of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (0.14-0.16 dtex) in a sea of polystyrene (PS), with the following characteristics: 1. fibre count: 4.2 dtex 2. length: 51 mm 3. curling frequency: 4-5/cm In particular, the composition by weight of the flock is 57% PET and 43% PS. The fibre section is constituted by 16 microfibres of PET englobed by the PS. B) An intermediate felt product is prepared by means of the punching of the bicomponent flock so as to obtain a product with a density comprised between 0.170 and 0.210 g/cm3and a unit weight comprised between 400 and 480 g/m2. C) The intermediate felt product is impregnated with an aqueous solution of PVA at a concentration of 12% and dried; subsequently it is immersed in a trichloroethylene bath until complete elimination of the sea of PS and dried. D) An elastomeric polyurethane is prepared separately in a solution of dimethylformamide (DMF). In a first step (pre-polymerisation), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) with a molecular weight of 2000 amu are reacted at 63° C., under agitation, with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in an isocyanate/diol molar ratio of 2.7/1. After 2.5 hours of reaction, DMF is added so as to obtain a 25% pre-polymer solution with a free NCO content of 1.46%. E) Maintaining the solution of pre-polymer obtained in step D) at 38° C., water and dibutylamine (DBA) are added so as to obtain a polyurethane-polyurea with a molecular weight of 15000 amu. The solution is heated to a temperature of 63° C. and maintained under agitation for 8 hours until reaching a final viscosity of 20,000 cP at 20° C. The solution is diluted to 14% by weight with DMF and Tinuvin® 622 and Tinuvin® 234 are added thereto. Following coagulation in water, the polymer contained in the solution is capable of generating high-porosity structures. F) The felt obtained in step C) is impregnated with the polyurethane solution and, after a residence time of about 1 hour at a temperature lower than 48° C., it generates a coagulated product. The latter is washed in a bath of boiling water so as to completely remove the PVA content and is then dried. The material thus obtained is buffed with abrasive paper strips on the upper face so as to free the microfibres and generate the nap; the material is rewound and submitted to buffing on the lower face, so that the direction of rotation of the abrasive paper strips generates a nap with a concurrent orientation between the upper and the lower surface. G) The raw intermediate product obtained in step F) is dyed according to the technologies traditionally employed for synthetic leathers. H) The wet dyed product is submitted to brushing on both surfaces using bush-hammered rollers with a direction of rotation concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. After drying, a second brushing is applied, and in this case as well, by working on both surfaces with a rotation of the brushes concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. I) The product obtained in step H) is cut in half in the direction of thickness so as to obtain two identical laminates, each of half thickness. L) The finished product obtained has a homogenous surface with a flat appearance and a nap length between 135 and 170 μm; the nap length is shown in the photograph appearing inFIG. 4. Example 2 A) A bicomponent flock is prepared, constituted by microfibres of PET (0.19-0.21 dtex) in a sea of PS, with the following characteristics: 1. fibre count: 4.2 dtex 2. length: 51 mm 3. curling frequency: 5-6/cm In particular, the composition by weight of the flock is 80% PET and 20% PS. The fibre section is constituted by 16 microfibres of PET englobed by the PS. B) An intermediate felt product is prepared by means of the punching of the bicomponent flock so as to obtain a product with a density comprised between 0.170 and 0.210 g/cm3and a unit weight comprised between 400 and 480 g/m2. C) The intermediate felt product is impregnated with an aqueous solution of PVA at a concentration of 12% and dried; subsequently it is immersed in a trichloroethylene bath until complete elimination of the sea of PS and dried. D) An elastomeric polyurethane is prepared separately in a solution of DMF. In a first step (pre-polymerisation), PCL and PTHF with a molecular weight of 2000 amu are reacted at 63° C., under agitation, with MDI in an isocyanate/diol molar ratio of 2.7/1. After 2.5 hours of reaction, DMF is added so as to obtain a 25% pre-polymer solution with a free NCO content of 1.46%. E) Maintaining the solution of pre-polymer obtained in step D) at 38° C., water and DBA are added so as to obtain a polyurethane-polyurea with a molecular weight of 15000 amu. The solution is heated to a temperature of 63° C. and maintained under agitation for 8 hours until reaching a final viscosity of 20,000 cP at 20° C. The solution is diluted to 14% by weight with DMF and Tinuvin® 622 and Tinuvin® 234 are added thereto. Following coagulation in water, the polymer contained in the solution is capable of generating high-porosity structures. F) The felt obtained in step C) is impregnated with the polyurethane solution and, after a residence time of about 1 hour at a temperature lower than 48° C., it generates a coagulated product. The latter is washed in a bath of boiling water so as to completely remove the PVA content and is then dried. The material thus obtained is buffed with abrasive paper strips on the upper face so as to free the microfibres and generate the nap; the material is rewound and submitted to buffing on the lower face, so that the direction of rotation of the abrasive paper strips generates a nap with a concurrent orientation between the upper and the lower surface. G) The raw intermediate product obtained in step F) is dyed according to the technologies traditionally employed for synthetic leathers. H) The wet dyed product is submitted to brushing on both surfaces using bush-hammered rollers with a direction of rotation concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. After drying, a second brushing is applied, and in this case as well, by working on both surfaces with a rotation of the brushes concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. I) The product obtained in step H) is cut in half in the direction of thickness so as to obtain two identical laminates, each of half thickness. L) The finished product obtained has a surface with a slightly mottled appearance, a nap length varying from 175 to 220 μm and a nap that is less dense and homogeneous compared to the preceding example; the nap length is shown in the photograph of Example 2. Example 3 (Comparative Example) A) A bicomponent flock is prepared, constituted by microfibres of PET (0.14-0.16 dtex) in a sea of PS, with the following characteristics: 1. fibre count: 4.2 dtex 2. length: 51 mm 3. curling frequency: 4-5/cm In particular, the composition by weight of the flock is 57% PET and 43% PS. The fibre section is constituted by 16 microfibres of PET englobed by the PS. B) An intermediate felt product is prepared by means of the punching of the bicomponent flock so as to obtain a product with a density comprised between 0.170 and 0.210 g/cm3and a unit weight comprised between 400 and 480 g/m2. C) The intermediate felt product is impregnated with an aqueous solution of PVA at a concentration of 12% and dried; subsequently it is immersed in a trichloroethylene bath until complete elimination of the sea of PS and dried. D) An elastomeric polyurethane is prepared separately in a solution of DMF. In a first step (pre-polymerisation), PCL and PTHF with a molecular weight of 2000 amu are reacted at 63° C., under agitation, with MDI in an isocyanate/diol molar ratio of 2.7/1. After 2.5 hours of reaction, DMF is added so as to obtain a 25% pre-polymer solution with a free NCO content of 1.46%. E) Maintaining the solution of pre-polymer obtained in step D) at 38° C., water and DBA are added so as to obtain a polyurethane-polyurea with a molecular weight of 15000 amu. The solution is heated to a temperature of 63° C. and maintained under agitation for 8 hours until reaching a final viscosity of 20,000 cP at 20° C. The solution is diluted to 14% by weight with DMF and Tinuvin® 622 and Tinuvin® 234 are added thereto. Following coagulation in water, the polymer contained in the solution is capable of generating high-porosity structures. F) The felt obtained in step C) is impregnated with the polyurethane solution and, after a residence time of about 1 hour at a temperature lower than 48° C., it generates a coagulated product. The latter is washed in a bath of boiling water so as to completely remove the PVA content and is then dried. G) The product obtained in step F) is cut in half in the direction of thickness so as to obtain two identical laminates, each of half thickness. H) The material thus obtained is buffed with abrasive paper strips on the upper face so as to free the microfibres and generate the nap; I) The raw intermediate product obtained in step H) is dyed according to the technologies traditionally employed for synthetic leathers, but the reduced physical mechanical properties of the material make this step a particularly crucial, as there is a high incidence of splitting and tearing that markedly reduce the manufacturing yield. L) The wet dyed product is submitted to brushing using bush-hammered rollers with a direction of rotation concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. After drying, a second brushing is applied, with a rotation of the brushes concurrent with the orientation of the fibres. M) The finished product obtained has a surface with a highly mottled effect (mottling) and nap length typical of the microfibrous material of the prior art. The mechanical properties have been determined for the raw semi-finished products obtained with the process of the invention (Example 1), with the known process of the prior art (which is similar to that described in Example 3 without the greater thickness of the product realised), and with the process of Comparative Example 3. RawRawsemi-finishedsemi-productfinishedobtainedproductwith theobtainedRawprocess ofwith thesemi-finishedthe inventionprocess ofproduct(Example 1)the prior artof Example 3Thickness1.030.740.57(mm)UNIT WEIGHT354242180(g/m2)DENSITY0.3440.3270.315(g/m3)20% ModulusL6.13.82.4(Kg/cm)T1.40.90.5ELMENDORFL2.91.11.5Tear StrengthT1.20.70.8(Kg)TENACITYL15.78.16.0(Kg/cm)T9.56.23.6ELONGATION ATL76.264.471.1BREAKT135.2120.5112.4(%)[NOTE: L = Longitudinal - C = Transversal] The semi-finished product obtained with the process of the prior art, which provides that the splitting step precede the dyeing step, has modulus and tenacity values that lend adequate resistance to the dyeing process. Reducing the thickness to that required by the application, with the process being equal, the tenacity characteristics in a longitudinal direction (winding direction of the non-woven fabric) and above all, in a transversal direction (see Example 3), drop to levels that are too low to allow for adequate resistance of the product to the stresses inflicted during the dyeing process. The problem can be resolved with the process constituting the subject matter of the invention (see Example 1), in which the raw semi-finished product has modulus and tenacity values that are even higher than those of the known process and thus highly suitable for withstanding the stresses of the dyeing process.

3D

06

N

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION As seen inFIG. 1, the grease interceptor12is positioned underground, but housed in a cage10formed from a kit. The cage10provides a support for the manhole ring16, so that the ring16can be positioned before the initial concrete pour, allowing the entire amount of concrete needed to be poured at one time. The manhole ring16may be AASHTO H2O rated. The cage10is made up of a base unit32, a top unit or grid34and connecting support tubes or rods36. As seen inFIGS. 2, 2a, and3, the base unit32and top unit34are rectangular, made of angle irons30joined together at 90° angles to make a square or other rectangle. Other shapes can be used for the units besides rectangular. Socket members46and48are positioned and preferably welded inside the resulting corners for receipt of the supporting tubes36. The socket members can be short lengths of tubing with inside diameters selected to receive an inserted tube36. Thus, with the base and top units being square, there will be four of the connecting tubes36. However, other shapes and other numbers of connecting tubes can be used. Preferably, the base32is spanned by an areal support member such as expanded metal42which is preferably welded or otherwise held in place to the base unit32. It can also easily be held in place by gravity. For interceptors with tapered bottoms like the Trapzilla® interceptor made by Thermaco, Inc. of Asheboro, N.C., a support stand43may be used on the expanded metal. The support stand43is conventional for Trapzilla products and has a conical recess into which the conical bottom of the interceptor (shown in phantom inFIG. 1) fits. As seen inFIGS. 2aand3, the grease interceptor has an upper extension collar21. Also shown inFIG. 2are four U-shaped clamps or brackets50which can be used to clamp the supporting tubes36to a flange of the grease interceptor, as seen inFIG. 3.FIG. 3also shows the manhole ring16resting on the top grid34. An annular concrete barrier44is shown in position inFIG. 3between the outside of the extension collar21of the grease interceptor and the inside of the manhole ring16. The barrier44allows the concrete to be poured outside the manhole ring16and to flow up underneath the barrier44, but not go higher where it might interfere with the easy access to the cover20of the grease interceptor. FIG. 4shows the materials which make up the kit to be used to make the cage10. Two items made up of the angle based frames are included (only one is shown inFIG. 4), one to serve as the base32and the other to serve as the top grid34. Each is provided at its corner with a socket46or48. Essentially, the two frames32and34, as shown, are identical, except that the base frame32can have the expanded metal grating42preinstalled, such as by welding. Alternatively, the expanded metal can be a separate component and installed into the base frame at assembly time. Only one of the support tubes36is shown inFIG. 4, but the number of them to be provided, corresponds with the number of angles in the base frames32,34. Similarly, a corresponding number of the U-shaped clamps50are included to clamp respective ones of the support members36to the exterior of the grease interceptor. Finally,FIG. 4shows the annular concrete barrier or cement flow stop foam board44. This is conveniently provided as an expanded foam, such as Styrofoam, or alternate material such as a plastic or plywood. In other embodiments, cage10may be configured to house multiple grease interceptors or a grease interceptor and solids separator.FIG. 5illustrates one embodiment where two such units may be housed within cage10. Base frames32,34are shown to be rectangular, made of angle irons30joined together at 90° angles. Base unit32includes supporting members46a,b,cand top unit34includes supporting members48a,b,c. Supporting members46a,cand48a,care placed on the corners at the ends of cage10. Supporting members46band48bare located between46a,cand48a,c, to provide structural support for cage10. The supports136in the embodiments shown inFIGS. 5 and 6are also configured of angle irons in several segments136a,136b, as seen inFIG. 5. The ends of the segments have a series of regularly spaced holes. The ends of adjacent segments overlap so the holes can align. The choice of which holes to align can be made at the job site to result in a desired overall length, with the segments joined by a nut and bolt arrangement. Additional supporting members may be added along angle iron30depending upon the overall length of cage10. Base unit32may further include flat beams55to provide a flooring for cage10. Expanded metal grating42may also be added to the embodiment shown inFIG. 5. As seen inFIGS. 5 and 6, flat beams56may be added to top unit34to provide structural support for manhole ring16. Flat beams56may be welded along angle irons spanning the width of cage10and spaced to accommodate installation of manhole ring16. Flat beams56include holes62adapted to receive bolt60. Manhole ring16may be installed by fastening it to angle iron30and flat beam56. Alternatively, as shown by the embodiment depicted inFIGS. 5 and 6, angle iron30may include ears52and54with holes62that receive bolt60for fastening manhole ring16onto cage10. Ears52and54are sized so that they overlap with manhole ring16.FIG. 6depicts ears52and54differing in size, but in other embodiments, they are identical in size. In yet other embodiments, ears52or54may be omitted. In one embodiment, manhole ring16is installed onto cage10by aligning its peripheral holes with holes62of top unit34. Bolts60are inserted through manhole ring16and into holes62, and are fastened by nut66. The embodiment shown inFIGS. 5 and 6further include nut64that enables manhole ring16to be vertically adjustable. The height of manhole ring16is adjusted by adjusting the height of nut64in relation to bolt60. Manhole ring16sits on top of nut64and is fastened in place by nut66. In operation, the kit of materials is delivered to the job site along with the grease interceptor to be installed. A pit is dug to receive the grease interceptor, so that the inlet and outlet of the interceptor are at appropriate heights for the needed plumbing installations. In accordance with Trapzilla technology, the access port in a neck can be raised by adding selected number of extension collars21upward from the top of the grease interceptor12involved to just below grade level. The resulting height of the extended interceptor dictates the length of the support tubes36to be used. They are cut to size or procured to size to span the distance from the bottom of the pit to where the manhole ring is to be installed, taking into account the respective thicknesses of the frames32and34. The frame32with its expanded metal grate42is installed in the bottom of the pit, the support tubes are mounted in their respective sockets, and the top grid34is mounted onto the support tubes by fitting the support tubes into sockets48of the top base frame. Then, the grease interceptor is installed into the resulting cage and may be retained in place by providing screws into holes in the U-shaped clamp50into the outer ring of the grease interceptor. Alternatively, the interceptor is installed before the addition of top grid32to complete the cage. The cement flow stop board44is positioned in place around the extension collar21. The manhole ring16can then be lowered onto the support frame34. The height of manhole ring16may be adjusted by manipulating nut64along bolt60, and fastening manhole ring16with nut66. If multiple manhole rings are to be installed, then flat beams56may be included to help support each manhole ring. Once the manhole ring is installed, then concrete can be poured around the periphery of the cage, filling the space around the grease interceptor in the pit until it backs up around the extension collar and up under the cement flow stop board44, completing the concrete pour all in one pour. The cover20can be placed on the top of the extension ring, and the manhole cover18can be placed on the manhole ring16. Alternatively, the cage can be assembled to the grease interceptor before it is lowered into the pit. Then the concrete can be poured, as just described. The brackets or clamps50can be omitted from various embodiments, as seen inFIGS. 5 and 6. Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. It should be understood that all such modifications and improvements have been omitted for the sake of conciseness and readability, but are properly within the scope of the following claims.

4E

04

H

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In FIG. 1, one embodiment of the manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon and a silicon wafer for a solar cell according to the present invention is shown together in one flow chart (manufacture of the wafer is shown, enclosed with a dotted line). First, metallic silicon having a relatively low purity (99.5 wt. % Si) is charged in a retaining container made of graphite or a water-cooling retaining container made of copper and then melted under vacuum. At this time, heating may be conducted making use of the methods known to date such as gas heating or electric heating, with heating by an electron gun being most preferred. Here, the metallic silicon so melted is maintained for a predetermined time (for example, 30 to 60 minutes) in the above retaining container at a temperature not lower than 1450.degree. C. but not higher than 1900.degree. C., whereby phosphorus and aluminum, among impurity elements contained in the melt, are removed by evaporation (vacuum smelting). It is preferred that the phosphorus concentration in the melt is 0.3 ppm or less. Then, in order to remove the impurity elements such as Fe, Al, Ti and Ca to be 100 ppm or less, the melt is cast into a first cast and is cooled upwardly from the bottom so that the moving rate of solidification interface will be 5 mm/min. As a result, an ingot in which the melt having concentrated impurity elements has been solidified last is obtained. In succession, the upper 30% portion of the ingot having the concentrated impurity elements therein is removed by cutting. The remaining portion of the ingot is charged in a melt furnace equipped with, for example, a plasma arc, whereby the ingot is re-melted. Also in this case, the heating means is not limited to the plasma arc. The melt is heated to a temperature not lower than 1450.degree. C. and at the same time is reacted with an oxidizing gas atmosphere, whereby boron and carbon are removed from the melt as oxides (oxidative smelting). After oxidative smelting, an argon gas or a mixed gas of argon and hydrogen is blown into the melt for a predetermined time. As a result, oxygen in the melt is deoxidized to the level not higher than 10 ppm. Incidentally, the above-described oxidative smelting may be carried out either in a vacuum chamber or in the air. The deoxidized melt is then cast into a second mold coated with a mold releasing agent, followed by directional solidification, whereby a final ingot is obtained. Impurity elements exist in the concentrated form in the upper portion of the ingot so that the portion (generally, 20% or so) is removed by cutting and the remaining portion is provided as a product of polycrystalline silicon. Polycrystalline silicon is prepared as described above. It is only necessary to slice the above-described remaining portion by a multi-wire saw into thin plates of 100 to 450 .mu.m thickness. Metallic silicon, which is a starting material, is generally available by reductive smelting of silicon oxide so that the use of silicon oxide as a starting material is also added to the present invention. Any known methods can be employed to smelt silicon oxide into that having a purity on the same level with that of the metallic silicon used in the first step of the present invention. For example, silicon oxide is melted and reduced by using a carboneous material as a reducing agent. In the present invention, considered is a method of removing the components, which are not necessary for polycrystalline silicon or a silicon wafer for a solar cell, in advance upon obtaining metallic silicon from silicon oxide. It is a method as shown in the flow chart of FIG. 2, wherein metallic silicon which has been obtained from silicon oxide, has a relatively low purity and is under molten state is charged in a smelting container (for example, crucible) and so-called preliminary smelting is effected. Described specifically, an oxidizing gas (H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2 or the like) is blown into the melt in the crucible, boron and carbon are removed as oxides and then, the residue is solidified. The ingot so obtained is melted in the above-described vacuum chamber, phosphorus is removed from the melt by vacuum smelting and the residue is subjected to directional solidification, whereby an ingot of polycrystalline silicon is obtained. It is only necessary to slice the ingot into thin plates as described above to obtain a wafer. This process has a merit in that the above-described steps of "boron and carbon removal" and "solidification for the removal of impurities" of the present invention can be omitted by changing a part of ordinary metallic silicon preparation operations. As a result, this process makes it possible to omit some of the apparatuses and brings about effects for reducing energy consumption, whereby polycrystalline silicon and a silicon wafer for a solar cell on the same level with those obtained by the above-described process of the present invention are available at a lower cost. In particular, if boron and carbon removal is conducted by those who prepare metallic silicon, operations subsequent to it can be carried out more easily by the manufacturer of polycrystalline silicon or wafer. Incidentally, the reason for setting the moving rate of the solidification interface at 5 mm/min or lower in the case of the first mold and at 2 mm/min in the case of the second mold is because moving rates higher than the above disturb sufficient concentration of impurity metal elements in the upper part of the ingot. The reason for cutting the ingot at a height not lower than 70% from the bottom of the ingot is because the target composition as polycrystalline silicon can be attained at the remaining lower portion. In the present invention, the degree of vacuum in the vacuum chamber is set at 10-3 torr or higher because it is suited for phosphorus removal by evaporation judging from the vapor pressure of phosphorus in metallic silicon. In the present invention, the phosphorus concentration of the melt is set at 0.3 ppm or lower in order to secure stable operation of solar cells, while the boron concentration of the melt is set at 0.6 ppm or lower in order to obtain polycrystalline silicon suited for a P-type semiconductor wafer. The carbon concentration set at 10 ppm or lower makes it possible to suppress the precipitation of SiC in silicon crystals, thereby preventing the lowering in the photoelectric transfer efficiency. Furthermore, in the present invention, a copper-made water-cooling jacket or a graphite crucible is employed as the above-described retaining container upon melting of metallic silicon and an SiO.sub.2 crucible or SiO.sub.2 stamped or lined crucible is used as the above-described smelting container, because silicon tends to react with other substances and when a crucible made of another substance is used, component elements of the substance is mixed in silicon. Incidentally, when boron is removed upon preparation of metallic silicon, inexpensive Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, MgO, graphite or the like can be employed for the lining of the refractory, because if impurities are mixed in, they can be removed at the subsequent step. The mold releasing agent of the mold used for solidification is specified to SiO.sub.2 or Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 because of the same reason. Since the molten silicon expands by 10% in volume when solidified, the mold releasing agent is necessary for preventing the stress from remaining on the ingot. In addition, an apparatus according to the present invention is constructed so that as shown in FIG. 3, the melt 2 of metallic silicon 1 flows to the subsequent stage almost continuously except at the time of solidification. This structure makes it possible to carry out preparation smoothly and to shorten the operation time, leading to the reduction in the manufacturing cost. Besides, since the apparatuses used in the present invention are operated based on only the metallurgical process, they can be enlarged considerably and are free from generation of pollutants. Cost reduction by mass production can also be expected. The oxidizing atmosphere for the removal of boron and carbon from the melt 2 is not required to have high acidifying power. Preferred as the oxidizing gas is H.sub.2 O or CO.sub.2. When acidifying power is high, an SiO.sub.2 film is formed on the surface of the melt, which hinders the removal of boron and CO.sub.2. In such a case, injection of arc from a plasma torch 4 or DC arc source is necessary for the removal of such a film. The above-described oxidizing gas may be blown directly into the melt. The material of a nozzle 5 from which the oxidizing gas is blown is limited to graphite or SiO.sub.2, because other materials contaminate the melt 2. Incidentally, as a cutting machine (not illustrated) for cutting the ingot 6a released from the second mold 9 into thin plates, a known multi-wire saw or multi-blade saw can be used without problems. The reason why the thickness of the thin plate is set at 100 to 450 .mu.m is because the plate is too weak at the thickness less than 100 .mu.m, while it has lowered photoelectric transfer efficiency at the thickness exceeding 450 .mu.m. In the apparatus according to the present invention, a particular consideration is taken for the structure of the mold 9 in which solidification is carried out. Described specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the mold is shaped into a so-called washball having a diameter W:height H ratio of 0.5 or greater. In addition, it is constructed to have a heat insulating material 11 as a side wall, a water-cooled jacket 10 as a bottom and a heating source 8 disposed in the upper part of the mold so that the moving rate of the solidification interface can be regulated. In the present invention, it is also possible to carry out the solidification operations (solidification--re-melting) in the first mold and second mold in repetition. Alternatively, after a plurality of molds are provided and the above-described retaining container or smelting container is enlarged, the melt may be poured from the enlarged container in portions to the plural molds. Moreover, it is not necessary to effect the steps A, B, C, D and E in this order except that the steps D and E come last. EXAMPLE 1 As shown in FIG. 3, an electron gun 3 of 300 KW in output was installed on the upper part of a vacuum chamber 18. Metallic silicon 1 was fed to a retaining container 19 (which is also called a melting furnace) made of graphite at 10 kg/hour and was melted using heating means 7. At this time, the degree of vacuum in the vacuum chamber 18 was 10.sup.-5 torr. From the melt 2, a portion of phosphorus and aluminum elements were evaporated and removed 17. The remaining melt 2 was then cast into a water-cooling type copper-made mold 9. While the surface of the melt was exposed to electron beam 3 to maintain the molten state, the melt was solidified from the bottom at a solidification interface moving rate of 1 mm/min, whereby 50 kg of an ingot 6a were obtained. The upper 20% portion of the ingot 6a (the portion A) was removed by cutting to obtain an ingot having a chemical composition as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ (Unit: ppm) B P Fe Al Ti La C O ______________________________________ Metallic 7 23 980 860 180 950 .about.5000 -- silicon Ingot after 7 <0.1 10 8.5 2 10 35 -- crude purification Wafer 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 3.5 5.7 ______________________________________ The remaining portion of the ingot 6a was then melted in a silica crucible (smelting container) 16 above which a plasma torch 4 of 100 KW in output was disposed. The melt was kept at a temperature of 1600.degree. C. and a mixed gas 21 of argon and water vapor, said gas containing 15 vol. % of water vapor, was sprayed to the surface of the melt. At this time, a sample was taken from the melt 2 and its specific resistivity was measured. About two hours later, the specific resistivity became 1 ohm.cm so that the mixed gas 21 was changed to an argon gas and deoxidization was effected for 30 minutes. The melt was then poured into a second mold which was made of graphite and coated with Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 as a mold release agent and was solidified by cooling upwardly from the bottom under an argon gas atmosphere, whereby an ingot was obtained. At this time, a graphite heater 8 was disposed in the upper part of the mold 9 by which the surface of the melt was heated. As a result, the moving rate of the solidification interface was 0.7 mm/min. After the completion of the solidification, the upper 30% of the ingot 6b so obtained (the portion B) was removed by cutting and the remaining portion of the ingot was provided as a product of polycrystalline silicon. The product so obtained was sliced into thin plates having a thickness of 350 .mu.m, by a multi-wire saw, whereby 300 silicon wafers 20 for solar cells, each wafer having a size of 15 cm.times.15 cm, were manufactured. These wafers each had a specific resistivity of 1.2 ohm.cm, had a minority carrier whose life time was 12 .mu.sec and, had a photoelectric transfer efficiency of 13.8%. Its chemical composition is as shown in Table 1. EXAMPLE 2 In a similar manner to Example 1, an ingot 6a was obtained from the first mold. The upper 70% portion of the ingot was melted in a silica crucible (smelting container) 16 above which a plasma torch 4 of 100 KW in output was disposed. Into the melt 2 maintained at 1600.degree. C., a mixed gas 21 of argon and water vapor, said gas containing 15 vol. % of water vapor, was blown at a rate of 10 liter/min through a porous plug 15 disposed at the bottom of the crucible 16, whereby boron and carbon were removed from the melt. The residue was subjected to deoxidization, directional solidification and removal by cutting, whereby a product of polycrystalline silicon was obtained. The product was sliced in a similar manner to Example 1, whereby silicon wafers for solar cells were manufactured. The size, number and performance of the wafer so obtained were much the same with those of the wafer obtained in Example 1. EXAMPLE 3 Using silicon oxide as a starting material, an arc electric furnace 12 as shown in FIG. 4 and a carbonaceous reducing agent, melting and reduction were carried out, whereby molten metallic silicon having a chemical composition as shown in Table 2 was manufacture. In a crucible 14 equipped with a porous plug 15 at the bottom thereof and lined with a siliceous refractory, 50 kg of the metallic silicon 1 were charged. Then, a mixed gas of argon and water vapor, said gas containing 20 vol % of water vapor, was blown into the melt for 30 minutes through the porous plug 15. The remaining melt 2 was heated to 1650.degree. C. by the oxidizing heat of silicon and boron- and carbon-removal reaction occurred. The melt 2 was cast into a first mold which had an SiC-made heater disposed in the upper part of the mold and had a bottom cooling system, and was solidified by cooling at a moving rate of the solidification surface at 1.5 mm/min. The lower 80% portion of the ingot so obtained was melted in succession in the retaining container disposed in the above-described vacuum chamber, followed by dephosphorization and deoxidization. The resulting melt was poured into the second mold, whereby directional solidification was effected. The upper 30% portion of the ingot 6 so obtained was removed by cutting and the remaining portion was provided as a product of polycrystalline silicon. The product was sliced by a multi-blade saw into thin plates of the above size, whereby 300 polycrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells were obtained. The wafers each had a specific resistivity of 0.9 ohm.cm, had a minority carrier whose life time was 10 .mu.sec and had a photoelectric transfer efficiency of 13.5%. It had a chemical composition as shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 ______________________________________ (Unit: ppm) B P Fe Al Ti Ca C O ______________________________________ Metallic 7 25 1010 800 180 950 .about.5000 -- silicon Ingot 7 23 10 25 3 13 6 40 after smelting in crucible Wafer 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 4 1 ______________________________________ In conclusion, the advantages of the manufacturing process and apparatus of polycrystalline silicon and manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells according to the present invention will be summarized below compared with the conventional ones. The processes for manufacturing polycrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells according to the present invention are free from the source-wise problem (in other words, shortage in raw materials does not occur), do not by-produce pollutants and are essentially suited to the scale up of the equipment and mass production because of a metallurgical technique employed. It is therefore possible to supply wafers stably even if the demand for solar cells will increase by several hundred times in future. In addition, during the manufacture of wafers from high-purity silicon in the mass form, about 20 wt. % of losses and inferior products appear as a result of pulverization or the like. Continuous and consistent manufacture from silicon to wafers according to the present invention, on the other hand, reduces losses, whereby electricity and energy can be used effectively. The price of the silicon wafer available in the enforcement of the present invention can be reduced to half of that of the conventional product, which makes it possible to allow the solar cell to function economically as an electricity generating apparatus.

2C

01

B

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is concerned with protecting a metal surface from carbon layer buildup, a condition commonly referred to as coking, and from consequent embrittlement of the metal by carburization. It is particularly concerned with protecting the components in a hydrocarbon cracking furnace from such conditions. Accordingly, the invention is described with respect to that specific utility, but the broader application will be apparent to those concerned with metal protection. FIG. 1 is a front elevation, side view, partly broken away, showing a segment 10 of a reactor tube for use in a thermal cracking furnace in accordance with the invention. Such a reactor tube may be up to twelve meters (40 feet) in length. It may have a diameter as small as 2.5 cm. (1 inch), or as large as 20 cm. (8 inches). Segment 10 comprises a cast alloy tube 12 having a coating 14 formed on its inner surface. It will be appreciated that a thermal cracking furnace will comprise a serpentine array of tubes and fittings, such as elbows, or it may be parallel, manifolded, straight tubes. It is contemplated that a complete cracking furnace, including reactor tubes and fittings, will be coated in accordance with the invention. However, short lengths of tubing may be coated and joined, as by welding. Coating 14, in accordance with the invention, is an all-ceramic composition. It forms a seamless interface between the surface of a metal article, such as reactor tube 12, and the coating to provide coking resistance and thermal stability. This all-ceramic coating is based on the magnesia-chromate (MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) system. This coating will have at least one layer of reaction-formed, oxide coating. However, multiple coatings may be developed depending upon the coating performance needed in terms of such factors as coking resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal expansion coefficients. The reaction-formed, ceramic coating prevents coke formations. It also can improve tubing erosion resistance during a thermal cracking process. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a three-layer coating 20 formed on the surface 21 of a chromium-containing metal alloy 22. Alloy 22 may, for example, be a high temperature alloy, available under the designation HP-45, that is commonly used in thermal cracking furnace components. The HP-45 alloy contains 37% Fe, 35% Ni and 27% Cr. Additionally, a layer of chromia (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) 23 is formed on the surface of alloy 22. Conveniently, Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer 23 may be produced by firing surface 21 of alloy 22 in an oxidizing atmosphere. The thickness of Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer 23 can be controlled by controlling oxidation conditions that include the oxidizing agent and the reaction time and temperature. Under thermal influence, chromium in the alloy tends to diffuse to the alloy surface and become oxidized as is well known. Chromia layer 23 covers metal surface 21 completely and seamlessly. It may be developed to the degree of increasing the surface roughness through formation of chromia whiskers. These can improve adhesion between the chromate layer and subsequent, outer, oxide layers. A layer of MgO 24, or an MgO precursor such as magnesium acetate, is deposited over Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer 23. MgO layer 24 may be applied by any conventional means, such as by spraying a MgO-containing slurry over Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer 23. Because of its weak basic property, MgO is strongly resistant to coking. However, it cannot be employed directly because its high melting temperature (about 2800.degree. C.) far exceeds the melting point of the tube metal. Therefore, MgO has to be modified with additives to reduce its melting temperature from 2800.degree. C. to less than 1200.degree. C. It has been found that when the dual layer of Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 and MgO is fired at temperatures up to about 1200.degree. C., the two oxides form an intermediate layer 25. Layer 25 may be a MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 solid solution, or a spinel, MgCr.sub.2 O.sub.4 structure, as shown in FIG. 262 of a publication Journal American Ceramic Society, 47(1) 30 (1964). This serves as a bond that holds the MgO layer in place. The broad range of the MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 formation system permits control of layer 25. The thickness of the layer is dependent on the extent of mixed oxide formation, which, in turn, is dependent on the time and temperature of the interaction. The reaction between Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 and MgO tends to proceed slowly. Therefore, it is desirable to incorporate one or more additives with the MgO layer to facilitate reduction of the melting temperature to a value below 1200.degree. C. This permits producing a dense, coating layer at or below this temperature. Such additives may also provide, or improve, appropriate physical properties for the final coating. These properties include thermal expansion coefficient, surface hardness, coking resistance, and chemical resistance. For example, incorporation of silica, alumina, or other oxides with MgO can modify the thermal expansion coefficient of a material in the MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 mixed oxide system. It will be understood that reference, both in the text and in the claims, to MgO, or to a MgO.Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 system, includes the oxide or system, either alone or in combination with further additives as identified herein for such purposes. Additives, especially suitable for inclusion with MgO, include, individually or in combination, oxides of the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, aluminum, silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, gallium, transitional metals, and rare-earth metals and their precursor compounds or minerals. Oxides of transition metals include oxides of copper, nickel, iron, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, and tungsten. Oxides of rare-earth metals include oxides of lanthanum, cerium, and praesodymium. Particularly useful are oxides that can form homogeneous and stable structure(s) with MgO and/or Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 under processing chemical environment and conditions. Most typical of the oxides for high temperature service are those consisting essentially of Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, and Group VA oxides. Group IIIA and IV oxides are preferred. Especially preferred are B.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, Ga.sub.2 O.sub.3, and GeO.sub.2. The additives, either as the oxide or as an oxide precursor, may be mixed with MgO or a MgO precursor for application. For example, either the oxides or their precursors may be finely divided to permit forming a homogeneous mixture. This is then mixed with a vehicle to form a slurry which is applied, dried and fired. A porous coating that permits oxygen permeation is thus produced. This is necessary if a preliminary layer of oxidized chromium has not been provided. The formation of such preliminary Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer is generally preferable however. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional, side view of two-layer coating 30 formed on the surface 32 of a chromium-containing alloy 34. Coating 30 corresponds to coating 20 of FIG. 2 with the Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 layer 23 omitted. In producing coating 30, a porous layer of MgO 36, or a MgO precursor, is applied directly to surface 32 of alloy 34. This combination is heated to a temperature of 1000-1200.degree. C. in an oxidizing atmosphere. This causes chromium to diffuse to the surface 32 where it becomes oxidized to Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3. The necessary oxygen penetrates through the MgO layer. The Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 that forms combines with MgO, as described with reference to FIG. 2. This forms layer 38 of MgO . Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 solid solution, MgCr.sub.2 O.sub.4 spinel, or a mixture of these compounds. It has been observed that the rapid sweep of a hydrocarbon stream in a thermal cracking furnace has a tendency to erode metal from the bare inner wall of the reactor tubes. Each of the coating structures 20 and 30 of FIGS. 2 and 3 may have an erosion-resistant coating 26, 40 applied over the outer layer of MgO in each structure. Coatings of silicon carbide (SiC), or titanium nitride (TiN) have been found to be particularly effective materials for this purpose. The invention is further described with reference to the following specific examples which are illustrative, but not limiting. EXAMPLE 1 Three oxide precursors, Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2, Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and H.sub.3 BO.sub.3 supplied by Aldrich Chemical Company in analytical grade, were employed. These were mixed in proportional amounts to yield a composition of 25% MgO+58% B.sub.2 O.sub.3 +17% ZnO by weight percent. The mixture was dissolved in distilled water. While being magnetically stirred, the aqueous mixture was heated to 100.degree. C. This vaporized water from the solution and formed a uniform, solid, body of material. The solid body was transferred to a ceramic crucible and heated in air to 450.degree. C. It was held at that temperature for twenty-four hours to convert the nitrate precursors to their corresponding oxides. The resultant, oxide mixture was further heated in air to 600.degree. C. for an additional two hours to complete conversion of the salts into oxides. After grinding to a powder form, the oxide mixture was pressed into buttons (about 0.5 cm diameter by 0.5 cm height). The pressed buttons were heated in air to 1100.degree. C. It was evident that the mixture was melted at this temperature as shown by good flow in the button samples. XRD results showed mixed crystal phases of magnesium and zinc boronates in the samples thus produced. EXAMPLE 2 In this example, the three oxide precursors of Example 1, instead of being dissolved in distilled water, were physically mixed in proportional amounts to yield a composition of 25% MgO+58% B.sub.2 O.sub.3 +17% ZnO by weight percent. The mixture was stirred manually for about ten minutes to provide a uniform mixture, and then transferred to a ceramic crucible. The mixture was heated in air to 450.degree. C. and held at that temperature for twenty-four hours. This converted the nitrate precursors into their corresponding oxides. The resultant oxide mixture was further heated in air to 600.degree. C. for an additional two hours to complete the conversion into oxides in a powder form. The powder was pressed into button size samples (about 0.5 cm diameter by 0.5 cm height). The pressed buttons were heated in air to 1100.degree. C. Again, the mixture was found to be melted at this temperature as shown by good flow. XRD results showed mixed crystal phases of magnesium and zinc boronates as in Example 1. EXAMPLE 3 The purpose of this example was to demonstrate the effectiveness of other precursors than nitrates and boric acid. Following the procedure described in Example 2, Mg (CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2, Zn(CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2 and B.sub.2 O.sub.3, again supplied by Aldrich Chemical Company in analytical grade, were physically mixed in proportional amounts to result in 25% MgO+58% B.sub.2 O.sub.3 +17% ZnO by weight percent. After firing at different stages, as in Example 2, the oxide mixture thus produced was melted at the 1100.degree. C. temperature with good flow. XRD results showed the same mixed crystal phases of magnesium and zinc boronates as illustrated in Examples 1 and 2. EXAMPLE 4 In this example, batch materials were compounded as in Example 2, automatically tumble-mixed in order to achieve a homogeneous melt, and thereafter placed into platinum crucibles. The crucibles were then covered, placed into a furnace operating at a temperature of about 1500.degree. C. for approximately three hours. Very little volatilization of B.sub.2 O.sub.3, or any other species, was noted during melting. The melts were then poured into a steel mold to form rectangular, ceramic slabs exhibiting dimensions of approximately 15.times.10.times.1.25 cms. (6.times.4.times.0.5 inches). The slabs were subsequently placed into an annealer operating at approximately 500.degree. C. Immediately thereafter, they were allowed to cool to room temperature at the furnace rate. XRD measurements on the resultant ceramic slabs showed the same crystal phases as described in Examples 1-3. EXAMPLE 5 The ceramic materials produced in Examples 1-4 were ground to a mean particle size less than 15 microns. The ceramic particles thus produced were mixed with an organic binder of 97% amyl-acetate+3% nitrocellulose at a ratio of two parts ceramic to one part binder. The viscosity of the resultant slurry was less than 1500 cp. The slurry mixture was coated on 2.5 cm.times.2.5 cm (1 in.times.1 in), HP-45 alloy coupons by spraying under air pressure of 10-60 psi. The coated coupons were fired in air from ambient temperature to 1200.degree. C. at 300.degree. C./hr. and held at 1200.degree. C. for four hours. A smooth and defect-free coating layer with a thickness of 0.1-0.15 mm was formed on the coupons. The coated coupons were subjected to a coking experiment at 850.degree. C. In this experiment, the coated coupons were placed in a tubular furnace operating at a temperature of 850.degree. C., and held at that temperature for six (6) hours. Meanwhile, a gaseous stream, composed of ethane and steam, and designed to simulate a thermal cracking furnace operation, was passed through the furnace and over the coated coupons. The stream was under pressure designed to provide a residence time of about one second. The coated samples were cooled at furnace rate following the six-hour treatment. When examined, no apparent damage to, or loss of, coating was observed. This indicated good adhesion of the coating, and no serious erosion. In addition to the specific, oxide composition employed in Examples 1-5, numerous other compositions have been prepared from a combination of precursor salts in similar manner and tested. In one series, the 25% MgO-58% B.sub.2 O.sub.3 -17% ZnO composition was modified by substituting 17% of each of the following oxides for ZnO: Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, NiO, Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2, CaO, La.sub.2 O.sub.3 and P.sub.2 O.sub.5. The substitutions were made by employing a compatible precursor salt in the original mixture, e.g. calcium or aluminum nitrate for zinc nitrate. A further series was prepared by duplicating the modified series just described, except for a still further substitution. In this series, 28% P.sub.2 O.sub.5 was substituted for 28% B.sub.2 O.sub.3. This produced a series of compositions, ultimately composed of 25% MgO+30% B.sub.2 O.sub.3 +28% P.sub.2 O.sub.5 +17% MO, where MO was Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, La.sub.2 O.sub.3, CaO, ZnO, Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, NiO, or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. Thus, a very wide variety of oxide mixtures based on MgO and B.sub.2 O.sub.3 are available for use in accordance with the invention.

1B

05

D

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The overall structure11shown inFIGS. 1to4comprises two similar arch structures12and13. The arch structure12comprises six struts14interconnected by five ball joints15to form an arch16, and two series of cables17,18. The two ends of the arch16rest on ball joints (not shown) which are fixed to the ground by mean of foundations19. One series of cables consists of seven individual cables17, two of which have one end respectively attached to the foundations19and the other five of which have one end attached respectively to one of the five ball joints15. The other ends of each of the seven cables17are attached together at a node21and the node21is anchored to the ground on one side of the arch16. The second series of cables18are similarly attached with a node22on the other side of the arch16, but in this case, the node22is not anchored to the ground. The second arch structure13is a mirror image of the first arch structure12with struts24and ball joints25forming an arch26and two series of cables27,28. A first node31is anchored to the ground while the second node32is connected to the corresponding node22of the first arch structure12, above ground level. The struts16,26are tubes of circular section aluminum alloy and the cables17,18,27and28are of Kevlar (Reg. T.M.). The foundations19are conventional structural engineering ground foundations, and the nodes21,31are conventional ground anchors. The nodes22,32may be of any convenient design, provided that they serve as an attachment point for their respective cables18,28and are capable of being rigidly and reliably connected together. One example is shown in more detail in FIG.9. The erection of an arch structure12(shown from the opposite side to that inFIGS. 1 and 4) is shown inFIGS. 5to7. Firstly, the struts14, ball joints15, cables17,18and nodes21,21are interconnected as described above and laid out on the ground, with the arch16formed approximately to shape. The node21is firmly anchored to the ground. A hawser51is attached to the node22, extending over a brace52which is pivotally connected to the ground. A temporary mast53has its base pivotally connected to the same point on the ground and its top connected to the node22. The hawser51is then hauled in by means of a winch54. The structure progresses from the position shown inFIG. 5a,with the mast53pivoting upwards through the position shown inFIG. 5bto the position shown inFIG. 5c.Here, the arch16is in its final orientation and all the cables17,18are tensioned. The operation is then repeated with a second arch structure13, as shown in FIG.6. The respective nodes22,32are connected together so that the two arch structures12,13are maintained in tension. The winches54, hawsers51, braces52and masts52are then disconnected and removed. In order to ensure that the arch structures12,13adopt the correct shape as they are being erected, three series of temporary, light, supporting cables61are deployed as shown inFIGS. 5,6,7and8. The first series connects alternate ball joints15or19. A second series connects the foot of the temporary erection mast53to ball joints15. A third series connects ball joints15and19to point on the adjacent main cables18as shown inFIGS. 5,6, and7. Cables are stiffened between these connection points and their ends at ball joints15by light stiffening struts. FIG. 9shows one possible suitable design of node22. The node22comprises a semi-cylindrical body91, to which are welded a circular upper plate92and a circular lower plate93. The body91has a series of holes94arranged on an arc and a tube95attached to its outside surface so that its axis extends at 45° to the axis of the body91. The body91also has a further hole96in line with the tube95. The upper plate92has a pair of holes97and a central hole98in line with the tube95and the hole96in the body91. The lower plate93also has two holes (not shown) generally equivalent to the holes97in the upper plate92. In use, the cables18are connected to the body91by means of the holes94. The tube95and holes96,98are used for the attachment of the hawser51during erection. The tube95is used for attaching the temporary erection mast53to the node22. The hole98is provided for the attachment of ancillary items such as lights to the finished structure. The hole96is provided as a guide for the hawser of the second arch13so that the second node32is guided towards the first node22as it is being erected. (FIG. 6does not show this feature in use). The node32is similar to the node22except that its upper and lower plates are offset from the respective positions of the upper and lower plates92,93. Thus, when they are brought together, the respective upper and lower plates in the two nodes22,32lie in a stacked relationship with each other. When the two arch structures12,13are therefore fully erected in position, the two nodes22,32fit together to form a complete cylinder with the respective upper and lower plates92,93overlying each other. In this position, the holes e.g.97in the plates92,93lie in registry and so the nodes22,33are connected together by means of bolts (not shown) located in the holes e.g.97. FIGS. 10 and 11show a covering system. The system is shown in position on a structure as described above; for reasons of clarity, only the cables17of the structure11are shown. The system comprises a rib101, a tensioning cable102, a series of five support chairs103, and a covering membrane104. The rib101is an I-section aluminum extrusion with a longitudinal luffing channel on each side (not shown). The cable102is made from steel, Kevlar or other suitable rope. At each end of the cable102, there is tensioning rope105which acts on the respective end of the cable102through a pulley system106in order to connect each end of the cable102to the rib101and tension the cable102. This in turn exerts a buckling force on the rib101. Each support chair103comprises a saddle107which is attached to a main cable17and two wires108. The tensioning cable102passes through an eye (not shown) fixed to the saddle107and the wires are attached to the rib101. It will be understood that the chairs103serve to maintain the tension in the tensioning cable102and define its shape. The membrane104is in the form of inflatable ETFE cushions. These have a peripheral bead (not shown) which is located in the luffing grooves of the rib101. It will also be understood that in practice, there will be several rib/cable/chair sub-assemblies. Thus, the membrane104sections will form a continuous covering. The ends of the tensioning cables102(or the ropes105) are joined to an edge tensioning cable109, which is anchored to the ground at various points.

4E

04

B

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The problem of carpule type devices will be addressed first with reference to FIGS. 1-4. As shown in FIG. 1, the basic elements are a carpule 10 and a two-ended needle assembly 12. The carpule 10 comprises a cylinder 14 of plastic or glass having an open end 16 and a capped end 18. The capped end is closed by a piece of plastic or rubber (not shown) held in place by a collar 20. The two-ended needle assembly 12 comprises a cap 21 sized to fit over the collar 20. A needle 22 having an injection tip 24 on one end and a carpule-piercing tip 26 on the other end is concentrically held by the cap 21. As seen in FIG. 1, the carpule-piercing tip 26 extends to just within the cap 21 while the injection tip 24 is extended for use in its normal fashion. Typically, there is a plastic cover 28 which snugly fits over the injection tip 24 and the needle 22 up to the cap 21. The cover 28 protects the needle 22 and injection tip 24 as well as providing a safe way in which to handle the two-ended needle assembly 12. In use, the two-ended needle assembly 12 is placed over the capped end 18 of the carpule 10 and the two in combination are disposed in the syringe assembly 30 of FIG. 2 with the cover 28 and needle 22 extending through a hole 32 provided therefor. The syringe assembly 30 has a pressure member 34 threaded through the rear thereof in concentric alignment with the open end 16 of the carpule 10. By turning the knob 36 to tighten the pressure member 34 against the open end 16 of the carpule 10, the carpule 10 is forced against the two-ended needle assembly 12 causing the carpule-piercing tip 26 to pierce the rubber or plastic to the interior of the carpule 10. A plunger rod 38 extends through a concentric bore 39 in the pressure member 34. The inner end of the plunger rod 38 has a threaded concentric bore 40 which mates with a threaded rod 42 extending concentrically backward toward the open end 16 from a plunger member 44 disposed within the carpule 10. By pushing the plunger rod 38 forward to contact the threaded rod 42 and turning it in a tightening direction, the plunger member 44 is temporarily attached to the end of the threaded rod 42. As thus configured, the syringe assembly 30 in combination with the carpule 10 and two-ended needle assembly 12 acts like a normal syringe and can be used to inject fluid contained in the carpule 10 or to withdraw fluids through the needle 22 into the carpule 10. Moreover, they can be used several times and can be disassembled and reassembled for further use. FIG. 3 shows a modification which can be made to the carpule to render it incapable of use for injection-only purposes more than once. This approach takes the least amount of modification to the carpule 10 and none to the syringe assembly 30. The only change is that the plunger member 44' has the threaded rod 42 replaced with a flexible, backwards-facing, concave disk 46 of a diameter slightly larger than that of the inside of the carpule 10 as best seen in the enlarged, cross-sectional drawing of FIG. 4. Once the plunger member 44' has been inserted into the open end 16 of the carpule 10, it can only move towards the needle 22. There is no threaded rod 42 to which the plunger rod 38 can be threadedly attached. Moreover, if an attempt is made to move the plunger member 44' back towards the open end 16 (as by a thin wire inserted through the needle 22), the disk 46 rubbing against the inside walls of the carpule 10 tends to flatten out and wedge the plunger member 44' in place against movement. Thus, as will be appreciated, this approach is best employed with pre-filled carpules 10 intended for one-time injection use. Turning for a moment to FIG. 5, a prior art disposable syringe 48 is shown therein as comprising a barrel 50 having an open end 52 into which a cylindrical plug 54 is attached as with a plastic glue or heat/sonic welding. The plug 54 slidably carries a plunger rod 38 having a plunger member 44 attached to the end thereof. The opposite end of the barrel 50 is closed and carries a needle 22 communicating with the interior of the barrel. Thus, the plunger member 44 can be moved in and out with the plunger rod 38 to fill and empty the barrel 50 through the needle 22. The plunger member 44' of FIGS. 3 and 4 could be employed in the syringe 48 to render it incapable of use for injection-only purposes more than once as with the carpule of FIG. 3. Another approach producing the same end result is shown in FIG. 7. In this case, a locking disk 56 (similar in function to the disk 46 of FIGS. 3 and 4) is captured behind the plug 54 with a second plug 58. The syringe 48' of FIG. 7 could be filled in the normal manner by pulling back on the plunger rod 38 with the second plug 58 and locking disk 56 loose on the plunger rod 38. The second plug 58 and locking disk 56 could then be positioned and permanently attached in place. Note that the locking disk 56 in this case grips the plunger rod 38 at its center rather than the inside of the barrel 50 with its outer periphery as in the case of the disk 46. Thus, the locking disk 56 should be similar to a type well known to those skilled in the art employed for attaching wheels to shafts, and the like, where a center bore has directionally oriented teeth which slip over the shaft in one direction and dig into the shaft in the opposite direction. In this case, it would be the plunger rod 38 which acts in the manner of the shaft in the uni-directional bore of the locking disk 56. Both the foregoing devices (i.e. the carpule-using syringe assembly 30 of FIG. 2 and the disposable syringe 48 of FIG. 5) can be modified to make them bi-directionally usable for filling before use; but, locking upon use. The way that this can be accomplished with respect to the disposable syringe 48 is shown in FIG. 6. The needle-facing end of the plunger member 44' is provided with a concentric bore 60. Additionally, a toothed locking disk 62 is placed into the barrel 50 before the plunger member 44' and plunger rod 38. The disk 62, like the disk 46, is slightly larger in diameter than the inside diameter of the barrel 50. It also has a central bore 64 therethrough through which fluids can communicate between the needle 22 and the barrel 50. The bore 64 has several prongs 66 about its periphery facing into the barrel 50. The prongs 66 have outward-facing teeth 68 at the ends thereof. The plunger member 44' can be moved within the barrel 50 between the plug 54 and the ends of the prongs 66 for filling purposes. When used to inject the contents of the barrel 50, however, the plunger member 44' is pushed fully into the barrel 50 forcing the bore 60 thereof over the prongs 66. The prongs 66 and the teeth 68 thereof dig into the material of the plunger member 44' locking the toothed locking disk 62 to the plunger member 44'. If the plunger member 44' is thereafter attempted to be withdrawn, it cannot move because of the wedging action of the toothed locking disk 62 against the inside of the barrel 50. If desired, additional security can be obtained by greatly reducing the diameter of the plunger rod 38 where it joins the plunger member 44' at 70 so as to create a weak joint. The weak joint at 70 is sufficiently strong to hold the plunger rod 38 and the plunger member 44' together under normal use; but, is weak enough to separate and disconnect the plunger rod 38 from the plunger member 44' if the toothed locking disk 62 is attached to the plunger member 44'. This same approach as employed with a carpule is shown in FIGS. 8-10. Again, the plunger member 44' is provided with the needle-facing bore 60. The toothed locking disk 62 of the above-described embodiment could be used with a standard carpule 10. Alternatively, the toothed locking disk 62' could be built into the closed end of the carpule 10' as depicted in the drawing figures. As depicted in FIG. 9, when the plunger member 44' is pushed to the end of the carpule 10', it is locked to the toothed locking disk 62' by the teeth 68. Thereafter, the plunger rod 38 can be unscrewed and be withdrawn. As with the disposable syringe, the threaded rod 42 can be connected to the plunger member 44' with a weak joint 70 so that the two will separate if an attempt is made to withdraw the plunger member 44' after it is locked in place. Because of the sizes of the components involved, it is preferred that the toothed locking disk in each case will be of a medically-approved metal for such uses, such as stainless steel.

0A

61

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is a compact selecting card for use in a Jacquard device; e.g. a loom. The selecting card comprises an array of selecting hooks which are individually positioned by piezoelectric actuators. Such a card provides many advantages over prior art electronic selection cards. For example, the present card exhibits improved operating speed and positional control, lower power consumption, and increased lifetime. FIG. 1is a front and side view of an exemplary compact selection card in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The selection card has a parallel array of evenly spaced piezoelectric actuated flexure elements20which lie in a plane. Each flexure element in the array has a corresponding hook element40connected to one end. A holding bar10connects the other end of each flexure element20in the array and lies in the plane. An axial rod30parallel to the holding bar passes through an axis hole in each hook element40, thereby providing a common axis for each hook element to pivot. The holding bar10and axial rod30combine to create a no-play assembly for the flexure elements20. This allows the piezoelectric elements to supply all their force and control to the attached hooks40. Each hook element40is independently positioned by actuating the piezoelectric in the corresponding flexure element20, thereby causing the flexure element to bend out of the plane and forcing the connected hook element to pivot about the common axis. The present selection device is suitable for use in a Jacquard loom used to weave fabric patterns. The hook elements may be used to select warp yarns from a harness for lifting to form a shed during weaving. This arrangement of flexure elements allows for a selection hook density such that each harness in a loom can be driven independent from one another. In a preferred embodiment, the array comprises twenty-four (24) piezoelectric actuated flexure elements and corresponding hook elements spaced within a length of less than 90 mm. These hooks correspond to the yarns in a 24 warp yarn harness. This hook density is sufficient for each harness on a loom to be driven independently. For control of fewer than 24 yarns, the harness is simply not threaded for those yarns. Conversely, to control more than 24 yarns, multiple selection cards and harnesses can be used. FIG. 2is a side view of another embodiment of the invention in which each hook element comprises two opposing hooks. As in the single hook embodiment, this double hook selection card has a parallel array of evenly spaced piezoelectric actuated flexure elements20which lie in a plane. A holding bar10connects one end of each flexure element20in the array and lies in the plane. Attached to the other end of each flexure element are a pair of hook elements40. Axial rods30parallel to the holding bar pass through an axis hole in each hook of the double hook elements40, thereby providing common axes for the hook elements to pivot. The holding bar10and axial rods30combine to create a no-play assembly for the flexure elements20. This allows the piezoelectric elements to supply all their force and control to the attached hooks40. Each pair of hooks are independently positioned by actuating the piezoelectric in the corresponding flexure element20, thereby causing the flexure element to bend out of the plane and forcing the connected hook elements to pivot about the common axis. Because of the double hook configuration, a preloaded mechanism50such as a spring is needed to bias the hooks back into their neutral in plane position. Both the single hook and double hook embodiments of the present selection card can be used in conjunction with various lifting devices in both closed shed and open shed configurations. FIG. 3shows comparison views of the operating cycle of a closed shed configuration for:3A) a prior art electric selection device and3B) a piezoelectric selection device in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The prior art electric devices in the closed shed configuration commonly use two plates moving in a 4 step cycle. Typically, the upper plate80acts as the lifting device and contains the selection device, while the lower plate positions the rods of the harness. In step S1, the upper plate80(or top lifting board) is in a raised position and the lower plate70is in a lowered position, thereby forming a wide separation between the plates. The upper plate hook element is not engaged with the hooked rod (or heald)60. Note the shown upper plate hook corresponds to one of the hooks in a selection device while the hooked rod corresponds to one of the warps in the harness. The hooked rod passes through the lower plate and connects, typically through an eyelet, to a warp yarn90. The hooked rod60is biased by a spring or weight100such that the rod and the connected warp yarn are pulled down as shown when the lower plate is in the lowered position and the hook is not engaged. This results in the connected yarn being in a lowered position. As shown in step S2, the plates are then moved towards each other. In this configuration, the upper plate is in a lowered position and the lower plate is in a raised position, thereby forming a narrow separation between the plates. By moving the lower plate from the lowered position to the raised position the hooked rod is also raised such that the connected yarn is in a flat or neutral position. In step S3, the upper plate hook is positioned by the electric mechanism to engage the hooked rod. Typically, the electrical mechanism is an electromagnetic coil which is activated to switch the hook between positions. The upper plate and lower plate are then moved apart in step S4(to their respective positions in step S1). Because the upper plate hook is engaged with the hooked rod, when the upper plate moves to the raised position the hooked rod and connected yarn are pulled up as well. As shown, the connected yarn is pulled into a raised position above the neutral position. In this manner, each warp yarn in the harness can be controlled by engaging or not engaging its connected rod with the corresponding hook element in the selection device. For the piezoelectric device shown in3B, the electrical mechanism is replaced by the holding bar10, flexure elements20, and hooking elements40of the present selection card. This piezoelectric device similarly uses two plates moving in the same 4 step cycle as the prior art electric devices. For this type of design, the present selection cards are attached in position to the upper plate (top lifting board). The harness is positioned by the lower plate such that the rods in the harness can be engaged by the selection card hooks. Another aspect of the invention is a feedback mechanism which can be integrated into the electrical control circuitry for the piezoelectric elements to determine the current position of the hook. In this manner, the proper functioning of each of the hook elements in the selection card can be actively monitored. The present invention is applicable for use in many types of Jacquard equipment or any unit where binary positioning by mechanical components is required. As discussed herein, the present device may be used, in a Jacquard machine, to activate the position of each harness. In other applications, the device could be used to activate intermediary components linking each hook to parts that require setting in a binary position. Modifications to the above would be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, but would not bring the invention so modified beyond the scope of the present invention. The claims to follow should be construed to cover such situations.

3D

03

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, the prime or double prime notation, if used, indicates similar elements in alternative embodiments. Also, incremental increases by 100 in the numbers also indicates similar elements in alternative embodiments. FIGS. 1–9illustrate an apparatus50for cooking meat F according to a first embodiment of the present invention which preferably includes a base52having at least one liquid container55connected to an upper surface49of a medial portion of the base52and a liquid collecting cavity57preferably positioned in the upper surface of the base52between outer walls56of the liquid container and outer peripheries53of the base (seeFIGS. 4 and 6). As illustrated in this embodiment, the outer walls56of the liquid container55preferably form or define an inner wall58of the liquid collecting cavity57formed in the base52. The base52also preferably has a plurality of handle members54associated with outer peripheries53of the base52. The handle members54, for example, can advantageously be formed in outer peripheral portions of the base52as recessed portions in the base as shown. Additionally, the apparatus50preferably has at least one separate, and preferably readily detachable, meat infusor60preferably positioned to contact the base52and to overlie and substantially surround at least inner walls of the liquid container55(seeFIGS. 1–4and6–7). The meat infusor60preferably provides a proximal end cavity opening seal and steam passing member positioned to substantially close peripheries of a proximal end opening of a main inner cavity of a fowl. This also allows steam to pass therethrough to the main inner cavity to the infusor and marinade the fowl under steam pressure. The meat infusor60preferably has an infusor body62and a plurality of openings64positioned in side peripheries of the infusor body62so that when liquid positioned in the liquid container65heats, steam from the liquid travels through the infusor body62, through the openings64therein, and toward meat F positioned to overlie the infusor body62(seeFIGS. 7–9). As mentioned above, the meat infusor60preferably provides a proximal-end cavity opening seal and steam passing member positioned to substantially close a proximal end opening of an inner cavity of a fowl F and allow steam to pass therethrough to the inner cavity. The steam passes to the inner cavity from the heat liquid in the liquid container55when the base52is placed on a heat source such as a grill, stove, or oven as shown. The apparatus also preferably has a distal-end cavity opening seal member provided by a meat plug member75(seeFIG. 8) positioned to substantially close a distal end opening of the main inner cavity of the fowl and substantially prevent steam from readily escaping through the distal end opening. This plug member could be a vegetable, e.g., a potato or onion, as well, but a tight or vented fit can be used. The sealing or substantially sealing advantageously provides a steam-type pressure to enhance penetration or absorption of flavor, spice, or other characteristics of the marinade into the meat such as the breast meat of poultry. The liquid container55preferably includes an infusor body seat58associated with the outer walls of the liquid container55and substantially surrounding the liquid container55to seat a lower end of the meat infusor60thereon to substantially enclose and cover the liquid container55. This position advantageously allows the infusor body62to firmly sit on the liquid container55to force or orient the steam upwardly through the infusor body62and prevent the steam or boiling liquid from the liquid container to readily travel to other portions of the base52without first traveling upwardly through the infusor body62. Although other sizes and shapes are readily contemplated as would be understood by those skilled in the art, the liquid container55preferably holds about three to four ounces of liquid, such as marinades, beer, lemonade, water, wind, other alcoholic liquids, or other liquids which can be quickly heated to become steam for steam cooking the fowl. On the underside of the liquid container55, air pockets are located between the inner walls where the liquid is stored and the outer walls which form a peripheral wall for the liquid collecting cavity of the base52(seeFIGS. 7 and 36). This advantageously allows heat to surround the area where the liquid is held so that the liquid changes to a steam or vapor state much more quickly by attempting to maximize the exposure of the liquid container55to the underlying heat. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, this also allows much greater exposure to the fins or fowl supporting members71,72,73,74as described further herein. The base52of the apparatus50preferably surrounds the outer peripheries of the meat, e.g., fowl F, when positioned on the meat infusor60. This position of the base52, as well as preferably the material which forms the base52, e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, copper, silver, laminate layers or alloys of metals, or other types of metals, synthetics, or other cooking materials as understood by those skilled in the art with respect to the meat and the meat infusor60advantageously provides a shield or protector from the direct heat from the heat source so that the meat such as a fowl F is not readily charred. In effect, the base52provides protection from open flames or other direct heat and yet advantageously easily collects meat and steam drippings from the meat during the cooking process which otherwise often enhance the charring and flame damaging process. As shown inFIG. 39, the base52also advantageously provides a platform for cooking vegetables, garnishes, or other products at the same time the meat is cooking both with the roasting process and marinating or cooking with heated fluid from the fowl or other meat drippings and steam (see alsoFIGS. 27–31). The base52can also even advantageously be used as a serving tray for a table, serving counter, or the like. As illustrated, the infusor body62preferably has a proximal end portion with a greater circumference than the distal end portion to enhance insertion of the meat infusor60into an inner cavity of a fowl F to be cooked and enhance closing off of or sealing a lower end portion of the inner cavity with the proximal end portion of the infusor body62when the meat infusor60is inserted into the fowl main inner cavity. This closing off or sealing of lower end portions or a lower end opening of the main inner cavity of the fowl, e.g., where the internal organs of the fowl were once located prior to cleaning and/or dressing, is preferably a pressure type seal where outer peripheries of the inner cavity of the fowl F abuttingly contact outer peripheries of the infusor body62. Accordingly, under pressure, i.e., steam pressure, the outer peripheries of the inner cavity of the fowl F can give or soften to allow some steam to pass between the respective outer peripheries of the inner cavity and the infusor body62. Nevertheless, the closing off of the lower end of the inner cavity can be quite advantageous in cooking the fowl with steam supplied to the inner cavity through more distal portions of the infusor body which extend into the inner cavity. The infusor body62preferably has a substantially dome-type shape according to some embodiments of the present invention (seeFIGS. 1–12). Nevertheless, other shaped infusor bodies, such as an hour glass shape (seeFIGS. 13–14), oval shape, elliptical, polygonal, and other shapes which preferably provide for closing off of the lower end of the inner cavity of the fowl, can be used as well, as understood by those skilled in the art and according to the present invention. To further enhance this goal of having a fully closed or substantially closed inner cavity, the meat infusor62further includes at least one cavity opening support member71,72,73,74connected to and extending outwardly from the infusor body62to thereby assist in maintaining the fowl cavity in an open position. This support member or members71,72,73,74also provide a heat path for the more distal end portions of the inner cavity to contact, and preferably singe, or otherwise supply heat to these portions of the cavity through these support members71,72,73,74(seeFIG. 7). The at least one cavity opening support member71,72,73,74preferably is provided by a plurality of fin members connected to distal portions of the infusor body42and extending outwardly therefrom. When a fowl F, for example, is positioned on the meat infusor60, the fin members71,72,73,74preferably extend upwardly from a horizontal support surface underlying the base52. Each of the plurality of fin members71,72,73,74can advantageously be provided by a relatively thin plate formed integral with the infusor body62and extending upwardly and/or outwardly therefrom when the base52is positioned in a substantially horizontal plane as illustrated. The fin members71,72,73,74can also be wire frame members (seeFIGS. 17–19and37–38), a plurality of spike or prong members, or other shapes and configurations which preferably accomplish the function of enhancing opening of and support of the more distal ends of the main inner cavity of the fowl. The wire fin members571–574, for example, can be welded or otherwise connected to the infusor body along a connecting portion577, e.g., weld spot. The plurality of fin members71,72,73,74are preferably spaced-apart and positioned substantially symmetrical around the infusor body62and extend upward from the infusor body62when the base52is positioned on a horizontally extending cooking surface as illustrated. This position advantageously allows steam from the heated liquid container55having liquid therein to rise into the inner cavity of the fowl F and more easily reach and assist in cooking these more distal portions of the inner cavity. The plurality of openings55of the infusor body62also are preferably positioned between each of the plurality of spaced-apart fin members71,72,73,74so that the positioning of the fin members71,72,73,74and the openings64enhance circulation and access of the steam to the entire inner cavity of the fowl F. The infusor body preferably advantageously has a low profile for stability purposes and so that more space remains between the infusor body and the distal end opening or plug member so that more space is left for steam to infuse the meat through the inner cavity. Although the meat infusor is positioned in a medial portion of the base of the single infusor embodiments, the meat infusor could be positioned along the base in other areas as well and, although not preferable, could also be used without the base in some embodiments. Also, as shown inFIGS. 20–23, the meat plug member75′,75″ can also have one or more channels81formed in the sealing body82to engage or abuttingly contact the upper peripheral surfaces of the fin members71,72,73,74to provide a heat flow path thereto. In this way, the plug member75′,75″ can be used to provide a temperature measuring device to measure the temperature of the fins of cavities. Additionally, even without the temperature, pressure, or time sensing capabilities (seeFIGS. 22–23), the channels81provide a tighter or secure fit for the plug member75′,75″. As shown in the embodiment inFIG. 12, and although advantageous, the meat infusor260of the apparatus250does not require the fin members. This embodiment, for example, can be advantageous where it might be difficult or awkward to clean the fin members or desired to use other cooking techniques. It would also be understood by those skilled in the art that the fin members could be formed to readily detach from the infusor body. This second embodiment of the apparatus150also has a base252, handles254connected or formed in the base, a plurality of openings164formed in the meat infusor260, and a meat plug member175. This meat plug member175, for example, has steam release openings178in a different location than the meat plug member75of the first embodiment. The meat plug member375could also be positioned to underlie the distal end opening of the fowl as shown in the embodiment of an apparatus35inFIGS. 13–14. This embodiment has a meat infusor360also has a plurality of openings364and has a different shape, e.g., hourglass type, positioned on or connected to the base362. The apparatus50further preferably includes a meat plug member75positioned to insert into outer surfaces of meat, e.g., a fowl, when positioned on the meat infusor60and the base52to inhibit steam from the meat from readily escaping or rising from a meat cavity, e.g., the main inner cavity of the fowl. The meat plug member75preferably forms a distal-end cavity opening seal member positioned to substantially close a distal end opening of the inner cavity of the fowl and substantially prevent steam from readily escaping through the distal end opening. This plug can also advantageously include means for visually-indicating doneness of the meat, e.g., by temperature, time, pressure, or other indications as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The visual indicating means, for example, can be provided by a temperature sensitive membrane77, e.g., a liquid crystal or other sensors, or other device associated with an outer surface of the plug member475and which changes colors or otherwise indicates that a selected temperature has been reached as understood by those skilled in the art. Likewise, time sensitive elements or combinations of time, temperature, pressure or other indicators can be used as well (seeFIGS. 20–23). This meat plug member75preferably has steam vents78, passageways, or other paths for slowly releasing or allowing steam from the main inner cavity to pass thereby. The meat plug member75can also be positioned and sized to contact distal end portions of one or more, and preferably all, of the plurality of fin members71,72,73,74to enhance a heat escaping path and heat conducting path for cooking the meat. A complete seal or closing off by the meat plug member75, however, can also be used as well. Although the meat plug member75is preferably a device such as illustrated and shown inFIG. 8,10,12, or20–23for positioning in a distal end opening in the inner cavity of a fowl, such as the opening adjacent the neck of the fowl where the head and/or neck have been removed, it will also be understood by those skilled in the art that other shapes and types of devices, e.g., even vegetables themselves such as onions or potatoes, can also be used as such a meat plug member75. In effect, this substantially or fully closing off of the main inner cavity advantageously allows the fowl or other meat to be cooked by at least two types of methods, namely roasting from the heat of the grill (seeFIG. 1), oven (seeFIG. 4), stove (seeFIG. 9), or other heat source and steam infusing from the steam generated and infused into the inner cavity from the heated liquid container55and through the infusor60(seeFIGS. 7–8). The apparatus50,150,250,350,450as shown, can be for home or commercial use, but also an apparatus650,1150as shown inFIGS. 24–26,37–38, and40which has a plurality of meat infusors660,1160for cooking a plurality of fowl or other meat at substantially the same time can be used as well, as shown in the drawings. These embodiments of the apparatus650,1150can advantageously have a base with a liquid container for each meat infusor as shown with respect to the version for typical home use, e.g., one fowl at a time, can advantageously have a base652with channels1143between the plurality of liquid containers1155, or can advantageously have a base1152which acts as both the liquid container and the region for collecting drippings from the fowl or steam. The commercial embodiment also preferably has handles for the base652,1152, but notably the plurality of meat infusors660,1160can form a common unit or piece which covers the base652,1152as illustrated. Each of the meat infusors660,1160also preferably has a configuration and structure as described above with respect to the home use embodiment. The meat plug members can be used as well with these embodiments to provide a controlled vent, preset, or pressure build venting range of operations for sealing the distal end opening of the meat (i.e., preferably poultry). As shown in the embodiments ofFIGS. 27–31, the apparatus750,850can also include a meat infusor760,860that has a plurality of vents V formed in a lower base surface90thereof. These vents V, for example, enhance collection of drippings, liquid, or moisture from the meat so that the drippings, liquid, or moisture more readily collects in the underlying base752,852as shown. These vents V can also enhance cooking of vegetables of the like when positioned there around. The vents V or openings can be integrally formed with or connected to the meat infusor760,860such as in the lower base surface90or, alternatively, can be a separate grating member91which is supported by the lower surface90′ of the meat infusor860. As shown in the embodiment ofFIGS. 32–34, one or more heat enhancing members995such as a plurality of spaced-apart strip members formed of copper or silver can be added to, connected to, or integrally formed with the base952of the apparatus950. These heat enhancing members995provide a path of travel to underlie the liquid container955to thereby more quickly heat liquid positioned therein. This quick heat in this region advantageously allows the meat to cook more quickly, but also allows more time for the marinade or other flavoring to penetrate the meat before the outside is finished roasting. As shown in the embodiment of the apparatus1050inFIGS. 35–36, the heat enhancing member can also be a layer1042of copper or silver (or other heat enhancing material) that forms an underlying layer under the surface1044of the liquid container1055and in the air gap region of the base1052surrounding the liquid container1055. The meat infusor1060would still preferably overlie at least peripheral regions of the liquid container1055as well. As illustrated inFIGS. 1–40, the present invention also advantageously provides a method of cooking meat. This method preferably includes substantially sealing both lower and upper openings of an inner cavity of a fowl F when positioned in a vertical position on a substantially horizontally extending cooking surface and supplying steam to the inner cavity through the lower end or proximal opening of the inner cavity to thereby increase the steam pressure within the inner cavity. As described and illustrated, this method also includes simultaneously supplying roasting heat to the outer surfaces of the fowl when the steam is supplied to the inner cavity when substantially sealed. The steam preferably includes a preselected flavor, e.g., a marinade, beer, lemonade, or other desired selection, and is created from a change of state of a corresponding flavored liquid positioned adjacent the lower opening of the inner cavity and preferably within a liquid container55such as shown and described. The method still also can include supplying heat to the flavored liquid to cause the flavored liquid to change states to the flavored steam. Another method of cooking meat, namely fowl, is provided which preferably includes simultaneously supplying roasting heat to outer surfaces of a fowl and supplying steam to the inner cavity when the inner cavity is substantially sealed. The method can also advantageously include providing a meat infusor60to substantially seal a proximal end opening of the inner cavity of the fowl through which steam is supplied to the inner cavity and providing a meat plug member75to substantially seal a distal end opening of the inner cavity of the fowl. Yet another method of cooking meat such as fowl is provided which preferably includes positioning a meat infusor60to substantially close off outer peripheries of a proximal end of a main inner cavity of the fowl and supplying steam through the meat infusor60to the inner cavity of the fowl. The steam is preferably provided by the step of heating a liquid underlying the meat infusor60with a heat source so that the liquid changes state to the steam. The method can also include supplying heat to outer surfaces of the fowl to thereby roast the fowl with the same heat source, e.g., grill, oven, stove, internal heat source, or other heating source, which heats the liquid that changes state to form the steam. In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed a typical preferred embodiment of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The invention has been described in considerable detail with specific reference to these illustrated embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the foregoing specification and as defined in the appended claims.

0A

47

J

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to FIG. 1, the process according to the present invention is carried out with a stainless steel product which has been processed in a well known manner to provide a cold rolled stainless steel workpiece having the form of a strip or a sheet. Such stainless steel may be ferritic, such as AISI type 430, or austenitic, for example AISI type 304. The sheet or strip received for processing, according to the present invention, has been cold rolled, as indicated in the box identified by reference numeral 1, and will have a thickness chosen to suit the end use of the stainless steel. For the purpose of demonstrating a utility of the present invention, AISI type 304 stainless steel coiled strip samples with a thickness of 0.003 and 0.007 inch (0.076 to 0.178 mm) were chosen. According to the present invention, synergistic results will be obtained through subsequent processing as described hereinafter by cleaning the stainless steel surface before the next step of annealing. The cleaning process not only helps reduce the oxide scale formation during subsequent annealing, but also renders the scale thickness more uniform during such annealing which is to be performed by induction heating techniques. The step of cleaning the stainless steel is indicated by reference numeral 2 by the application of a cleaning solution selected from the group of water and aqueous solutions of alkaline-based and acid-based compounds. The cleaning process to treat the stainless steel surfaces will be chosen to be best suited for cleaning steel in strip form by feeding the strip from an uncoiler to a cleaning station where the cleaning solution is provided in amounts sufficient to free the steel surface of contaminants that otherwise promote oxide scale formation when heating the steel substrate to annealing temperatures. The steel, when in a sheet form, is supplied to a cleaning station by a roller table or conveyor to allow the application of sufficient amounts of the wash material to free the steel surface from contaminants, as in case of the stainless steel in strip form. After the cleaning operation, the stainless steel is passed through wipers or subjected to other measures to free the steel surface of residual cleaning solution and remove contaminant material. The stainless steel is then induction annealed, as indicated by the box identified by reference numeral 3. The stainless steel specimens included 0.003-inch gauge strips which were hot water-cleaned and 0.007-inch strips which were cleaned with aqueous alkaline; thereafter, both types of specimens were annealed by transverse flux induction heating to 2150 degrees Fahrenheit (1177 degrees Celsius), well below a 10 seconds time-to-temperature rate, at approximately 3 seconds time-to-temperature rate. The strip surface of both coils were observed to be very uniform in appearance after annealing. It is within the scope of the present invention to provide that the steel is heated to a suitable annealing temperature, such as at least 1450 degrees Fahrenheit up to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit (788 to 1260 degrees Celsius) depending upon the chemical composition of the stainless steel being treated. Austenitic stainless steels may be heated from as low as about 1900 degrees Fahrenheit, and ferritic stainless steels from as low as 1700 degrees Fahrenheit within the scope of present invention. It is also within the scope of the present invention to anneal by means of a process of transverse-flux induction heating of a kind indicated as being known to those skilled in the art from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,054,770; 4,585,916; 3,444,346; 2,902,572; 4,678,883; and 4,824,536. For the purpose of the present invention, as disclosed, it is within the skill of the art to select an appropriate combination of impressed frequency and power, together with suitable use of shielding and shaping of polepieces in order to achieve, at a satisfactory rate of throughput, a satisfactory heating of the stainless steel sheet or strip involved, with the avoidance of the generation of uneven temperatures such as might cause cobbling or buckling. Stainless steel sheet that has been cleaned and so heated may thereafter be either water-quenched or air-cooled. After transverse flux induction annealing treatment, the stainless steel product has an oxide scale with a thickness no more than approximately 1200 Angstroms, preferably, no more than 900, ideally no more than 800 Angstroms. The oxide thicknesses are smaller than the oxide thicknesses resulting from known transverse flux induction annealing operations with uncleaned steel surfaces; these generally range from 700 Angstroms (when annealing from 1850 degrees Fahrenheit) up to 1400 Angstroms (when annealing at 2057 degrees Fahrenheit). FIGS. 2 and 3 show the thicknesses and compositions of the oxide scales on the test specimens. More particularly, the graphs of FIGS. 2 and 3 show the elemental depth profiles determined by the Scanning Auger Microprobe (SAM) for Transverse Flux Induction Heating (TFIH) annealing at 2150 degrees Fahrenheit of samples of 0.003-inch and 0.007-inch thick type 304 stainless steel, respectively. As will be observed, the two elemental depth profiles shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 are almost identical and demonstrate that cleaning, either by hot water or by alkaline, effected a reduction in the thicknesses of the oxide films developed during subsequent annealing but the cleaning method did not significantly affect the elemental depth profiles of the oxides. The outer two-thirds of the oxides tend to be very rich in chromium, whereas the inner one-third, adjacent to the oxide-metal interface, tends to be rich in iron. At the outer one-third of the oxides, manganese enrichment is observed while the nickel content is essentially nil. After TFIH annealing, the stainless steel is immersed in a bath of an aqueous electrolyte solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium. Preferably, the electrolyte is sodium sulfate ranging from 7-25 percent, by weight, more preferably 15-20 wt. percent. In accordance with the present invention, the step of an electrolytic treatment in a bath of 15 to 25 weight percent of aqueous sodium sulfate maintained at a temperature above 150 degrees Fahrenheit (66 degrees Celsius) is indicated by reference 4 in FIG. 1. After the annealing operations were performed on the test coils, the scales which were developed on the strip surfaces were visually observed to be very uniform. The present invention enables the electrolytic treatment to be carried out at much lower current densities than heretofore known in the art, disclosed as being at least three amperes per square inch, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,836, for example. It was discovered, surprisingly, that the synergistic step of cleaning the strip enabled a reduction of the current density within the range of 0.1 to 1.0 amps per square inch, preferably 0.2 to 0.5 amps per square inch. It was found that 0.2 amps per square inch required ten second treatment for complete descaling of the TFIH annealed materials. Descaling experiments were conducted for the TFIH annealed samples of both 0.003 and 0.007 inch thicknesses, using 20 percent by weight sodium sulfate in aqueous solution maintained at 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Descaling was also successful in ten-second treatments with current densities of one amp per square inch and 0.5 amp per square inch; these are, typically, the upper and lower limits of a conventional electrolytic sodium sulfate operating unit. In addition to the lower density current available with the method of the present invention, the pH of the bath may range from 2.0 to 7.0, although a preferred range is 2.0 to 4.0. It is believed that the broad range is possible because of the thinner and more uniform oxide scales formed in the method of the present invention. Prior practices generally require an acidified electrolyte having lower pH values, such as 2.0 to 3.5. The electrolyte temperatures are in the range of 150 to 185 degrees Fahrenheit (66 to 85 degrees Celsius), preferably 160 to 180 degrees Fahrenheit (71 to 82 degrees Celsius). In FIGS. 4-7 there is shown Scanning Auger Microprobe (SAM) elemental depth profiles obtained on the electrolytic sodium sulfate-descaled samples, at 0.2 and 0.5 amps per inch squared for 0.003 inch gage and for 0.007 inch gage materials. The oxide film thicknesses range from 70 to 130 Angstroms for these samples, which is about the same as the thickness commonly measured on either pickled or bright annealed stainless steel strip surfaces. Following the descaling operations, the test specimens were then subjected to a post-treatment step of a water wash and wet wipe, identified in FIG. 1 by reference numeral 5. It is significant that the processing of the cold-rolled stainless steel specimens included successful descaling without the need and to the complete exclusion of acid pickling medium and thus the elimination of the attendant problems discussed hereinbefore when using such pickling techniques. As was the objective, the present invention provides an annealing process which results in a thinner and more uniform oxide scale. The process has the benefit of requiring a less severe electrolytic process which uses lower current densities and less critical pH requirements. Such thinner and more uniform oxides are obtainable even when annealing at the higher temperatures required by TFIH as opposed to lower conventional annealing temperatures. While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiment without departing from the scope of the present invention.

2C

25

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present inventions generally relate to apparatus and methods for retrieving (“fishing”) tools or other unwanted items from an oilfield wellbore using wired drill pipe having tools connected thereto. FIG. 1shows an embodiment of a drill pipe threading apparatus100which may be used to thread a cable101, such as a wireline, a slickline or other cable providing data and/or power communication, through a drill string, such as the drill pipe sections106A and106B. In an embodiment, the drill pipe sections106A and106B may be wired drill pipe. Wired drill pipe in general may be a drill pipe which has an internal communication channel connected to communication elements in the box and pin ends of the drill pipe. The communication element, such as an inductive or flux coupler, of each pipe may communicatively couple with the communication elements of other wired drill pipes to create a communication channel along a whole string of wired drill pipe. The communication elements may also be used to communicatively couple with surface components and downhole tools. Examples of wired drill pipe that may be used in the present disclosure are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,641,434 and 6,866,306 to Boyle et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,021 to Madhavan et al. and U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2009/0166087 to Braden et al., assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated by reference in their entireties. The drill pipe threading apparatus100may generally consist of a spearhead sub102, a cable103, and a spearhead overshot105. The plurality of wired drill pipe sections106A and106B may be coupled together to form a wired drill pipe string which may have a fishing apparatus, for example a tool overshot201shown inFIG. 2A, coupled to the end for retrieving a cable conveyed tool string200. The tool string200shown inFIG. 2Amay be lost or stuck, such as being caught in a crack, wedged to the wellbore wall by debris, stuck due to a pressure differential or may be stuck or otherwise irretrievable for any other reason that will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art. The threading apparatus100may be useful when the cable101is still connected to both the surface and the stuck tool or the cable101has a sufficient length to be retrieved by a cable fishing apparatus, for example a wireline grapple300shown inFIG. 3. Threading of the wired drill pipe string may assist in guiding the fishing tool to the tool string200which may be lost downhole. The cable101may be coupled to the spearhead sub102for facilitating threading of the cable101through the wired drill pipe sections106A and106B. The cable103may have one end connected to a pipe elevator of a drill rig (not shown) and the other end may be coupled to the tool overshot201. The spearhead overshot105may be fed through the wired drill pipe section106A. A previously threaded wired drill pipe section106B may be wedged in place above the wellbore109using slips107or other device to clamp the drill string, while a spearhead sub102may be held in place with a clamp108, such as a c-plate. The spearhead overshot105may be coupled with the spearhead sub102. The clamp108may be removed and the spearhead overshot105may hold the spearhead sub102while the wired drill pipe section106A may be coupled to the previously threaded wired drill pipe section106B. The slips107may be loosened and the newly threaded wired drill pipe section106A may be lowered into the wellbore109. The wired drill pipe section106A may then be wedged in place using the slips107. The spearhead sub102may be pulled through the wired drill pipe section106A by pulling up on the cable103with the pipe elevator (not shown). The spearhead sub102may be brought to the end of the wired drill pipe section106A and held in place with the use of the clamp108. The spearhead overshot105may then decouple from the spearhead sub102. The steps described above may be repeated until a string of wired drill pipe sections106A,106B is created. The string of wired drill pipe sections106A,106B may be guided by the cable101to the stuck tool string200. FIG. 2Aillustrates embodiments of a tool overshot201having conductive pads202to sense connection with a tool string200which may be lost or stuck in a wellbore212. The tool string200may generally include one or more tools204which may be coupled in an assembly, one or more centralizers205positioned along the tool string200, a spear section210, and one or more conductive contacts203. The one or more tools204may measure a property of the wellbore212, a formation about the wellbore212, and/or the drill string. In an embodiment, the tools204may be well logging tools, such as for example formation evaluation tools, formation sampling tools, and/or well completion tools, such as for example perforating tools. The formation evaluation tools may include, but are not limited to, induction resistivity instruments, gamma ray sensors, formation fluid sampling devices (which may include fluid pressure sensors). The one or more centralizers205may be adapted to provide a standoff distance from the wellbore wall and the tool string200. The spear section210may be coupled to the end of the cable101and the top of the tool string200. The conductive contacts203may be a conductive material linearly spaced and wrapped around the spear section210. The conductive contacts203may be communicatively coupled with the one or more tools204, the cable101, or both, and adapted to communicatively couple with the conductive pads202of the tool overshot201. The cable101may be fed through a number of wired drill pipes206, as described above, and the resulting wired drill pipe string may be coupled with the tool overshot201. The tool overshot201comprises a conductive grapple assembly including a body207, a head section208, the conductive pads202, and a grapple mechanism209. Examples of the grapple mechanism are shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,970,859; 3,191,981; 2,745,693; and 4,061,389; 4,877,085, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In an embodiment, the grapple mechanism209may be sized and shaped like a loosely wound spring that may grab the tool204of the tool string200that is connected to the spear section210. The grapple mechanism209may have an internal diameter that is smaller than an external diameter of the tool204when in an uncompressed state. In an embodiment, as the tool string200is inserted into the tool overshot201, the grapple mechanism209may be compressed as it is forced against an upper surface of the tool204. In another embodiment, an actuator (not shown) may be coupled with grapple mechanism209to compress the grapple mechanism209. During this compression, the internal diameter of the grapple mechanism209may increase until the internal diameter of the grapple mechanism209is the same or larger than the external diameter of the tool204. The tool string200may be more easily inserted into tool overshot201by compressing the grapple mechanism209with the actuator, to increase the internal diameter of the grapple mechanism209, prior to insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201. The actuator may be released once the tool string200is inserted to allow the grapple mechanism209to grapple the tool204. Friction between the grapple mechanism209and the tool204retains the tool string200within the tool overshot201. The friction between the tool204and the grapple mechanism209increases as the tool string200pulls against the grapple mechanism209during removal of the tool string200from its stuck position. As the tool string200pulls against the grapple mechanism209, tension is created in the grapple mechanism209which forces the grapple mechanism209to try and lengthen and consequently decrease in diameter. However, since the grapple mechanism209is wrapped around the tool204the grapple mechanism209cannot decrease in diameter and therefore extra pressure is applied to the tool204instead. The body207of the tool overshot201may be shaped to match a contour of the spear section210to ensure proper alignment of the tool string200with the tool overshot201. The spear section210may be further adapted to assist in guiding the tool string200into the tool overshot201. A tapering upper end of the spear section210may contact an inner portion of the head section208, thereby urging the spear section210toward the center of the tool overshot201. The spear section210may then enter the body207. The conductive pads202may be linearly spaced along the body207at intervals corresponding with the conductive contacts203. When the spear section210is fully inserted into the tool overshot201the conductive pads202and conductive contacts203are aligned. The conductive pads202may be communicatively coupled with the communication channel of the wired drill pipe string. The tool overshot201may be lowered until a receiver (not shown) connected to the top of the wired drill pipe string, consisting of the wired drill pipe sections206, senses a connection between the conductive pads202and one or more conductive contacts203. In an embodiment, communicating and receiving signals through the wired drill pipes206with the tool string200may indicate proper connection with the tool string200. The tool string200may be removed from the wellbore212once coupled with the tool overshot201. FIG. 2Billustrates an embodiment of the tool overshot201being used to locate the tool string200when the cable101has been broken. In such a situation, the cable may be too short to be retrieved and threaded as shown inFIG. 1. Threading of the cable101through the wired drill pipes206allows the tool overshot201to be guided to the tool string200. If threading of the cable101is not possible then sensors coupled to the tool overshot201and wired drill pipes206may need to be relied upon for efficiently locating the tool sting200. Therefore, in order to efficiently fish for the tool string200, the conductive pads202of the tool overshot201may be used to verify proper insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201as described above forFIG. 2A. In another embodiment, verifying insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201may be accomplished by sensing connection between a corresponding number of the conductive pads202and conductive contacts203. For example, if there are six conductive pads202and six corresponding conductive contacts203, verifying complete insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201may be established by sensing six connections between the conductive pads202and conductive contacts203. In another embodiment, a fluid pressure sensor211may be coupled to the tool overshot201. The fluid pressure sensor211may be used to measure the pressure of fluid within the tool overshot201. An increase in pressure sensed by the fluid pressure sensor may indicate proper insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201. In another embodiment, a strain gauge (not shown) may be coupled with the grapple mechanism209of the tool overshot201. The strain gauge may be used to sense connection with the tool string200. A sufficient increase in strain shown by the strain gauge during extraction of the tool string200may indicate that the tool string200has been properly coupled with the tool overshot201and is being carried out of the wellbore212. In another embodiment, a sonar camera may be used to determine coupling of the tool overshot201with tool string200. The process of verifying insertion of the tool string200into the tool overshot201described above may decrease the time spent retrieving the stuck tool string200. In an embodiment, the tool string200may contain well logging tools. Signals cannot be communicated from the tool string200to the surface through the broken cable101, and it may therefore be beneficial to transmit signals from the tool string200through the wired drill pipes206instead. Signals from the tool string200may be transmitted from the conductive contacts203to the conductive pads202. The signals may then be transmitted up the wired drill pipe string to a surface component. In this embodiment, well logging measurements may be obtained by the tool string200, and transmitted to the surface to be recorded, while the tool string200is being removed from the wellbore212. This may be beneficial since the downtime in measurement acquisition will be reduced. Additionally, a diagnosis of the event which caused the tool string200to become stuck downhole may be determined from measurements taken by the tool string200, and possible reasons for the tool string200becoming stuck may be discovered. Such measurements may include detecting wellbore irregularities, such as wash-out, mud-cake quality or mud invasion of the formation, wellbore and formation pressure, and wellbore diameter changes, among others. FIG. 3illustrates a partial cross section of an embodiment of a wireline grapple300which may be used to retrieve a cable101connected to a stuck tool string200. As shown, the cable101has broken with sufficient length to be retrieved. The wireline grapple300may be extended down a wellbore310on a wired drill pipe string301in order to retrieve the cable101. The wireline grapple300may include a grapple mechanism302, a motor303to drive and operate the grapple mechanism302, and a relay304which may be used to operate the motor and one or more sensors305coupled to the wireline grapple300. The relay304may be communicatively coupled with the wired drill pipe string301in order to send and receive signals with a surface component. In an embodiment, the one or more sensors305may include a conductive sensor, coupled with the wireline grapple300, to sense when a conductive material, such as the broken cable101, is in contact with the grapple mechanism302. Once the conductive sensor senses contact with the cable101, a signal may be sent to the relay304which may activate the motor303, thereby closing the grapple mechanism302. In another embodiment, the grapple mechanism302may be closed automatically by the relay304when conductive contact is sensed. The one or more sensors305may also include a pressure sensor, coupled with the wireline grapple300, which may indicate when sufficient grappling pressure is created between the grapple mechanism302and the cable101to lift the cable101back to the surface. The wireline grapple300may additionally be rotated in order to wrap a section of the cable101around the grapple mechanism302, which may increase the grip of the grapple mechanism302on the cable101. FIG. 4illustrates a partial cross section of an embodiment of a debris removal mechanism400coupled to a wired drill pipe string401. The debris removal mechanism400, also referred to as a “junk basket”, may include an outer wall402which may define an internal volume409. The perimeter of the outer wall402may be polygonal or circular in shape. The debris removal mechanism400may further include one or more doors403, one or more door actuators407, a relay404, and a sensor405. In an embodiment, the door actuators407may selectively open or close the one or more doors403when a signal is received from the relay404. The door actuators407may be one of a hydraulic cylinder, linear actuator, drive screw, or similar device. The relay404is communicatively coupled with the wired drill pipe string401. The relay404may also be adapted to send and receive signals through the wired drill pipe string401with the surface. The relay404may be further adapted to interpret received signals which may indicate a request to open the one or more doors403, for example. The sensor405may be, for example, a pulse echo type sensor, which may include a sonic pulse source and an echo detection unit. An operator or surface component may use the signals sent through the wired drill pipe string401by the sensor405to locate debris406within the wellbore410. A variation from a baseline value of the signal sent by the sensor405may indicate that a piece of debris406, such as for example articles of clothing, hand tools, and other objects from the rig running the well operations, has been located. In an embodiment, a characteristic signal of the sensor405may be associated with the debris406. The characteristic signal, when observed, may indicate that the debris406has been located. Once the debris406has been found, the doors403may be opened to capture the debris406. An additional sensor408coupled within the debris removal mechanism400may be used to indicate that the debris406has been captured within the internal volume409. The doors403may then be closed in order to retain the debris406for removal. FIG. 5illustrates a partial cross section of an embodiment of a magnetic debris removal mechanism500. The magnetic debris removal mechanism500may include a magnetic removal tool, such as an electro-magnet502, a relay503, and a sensor504. The magnetic debris removal mechanism500may be coupled to a wired drill pipe string501for conveyance of the magnetic debris removal mechanism500through a wellbore510. The relay503may be communicatively coupled with the wired drill pipe string501in order to send and receive signals with a surface component. In an embodiment, the sensor504may be a magnetic sensor which senses the presence of material that is attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic debris removal mechanism500may be conveyed through the wellbore510with the electro-magnet502turned off until the sensor504senses the presence of debris505. In an embodiment, the debris505may be detected and then the electro-magnet502may be switched on to capture the debris505and bring it up to the surface. The debris505may be any material that is attracted to magnetic fields, such as, for example, tool fragments, broken wireline, and hand tools that have fallen into the wellbore510, among others. The relay503may be further adapted to interpret received signals which may indicate a request to turn on or off the electro-magnet502. The devices and methods described above may be further enhanced with the use of a logging sub603, as shown inFIG. 6. The logging sub603may consist of one or more logging/measurement instruments605, formed into an assembly. Each instrument605may have a bore606formed therethrough. The bore606may provide a path for fluid to pass through. One end of the logging sub603may be coupled to a wired drill pipe string601, and a fishing apparatus604may be coupled below the logging sub603. The wired drill pipe string601may be coupled to a rig600for conveyance of the wired drill pipe string601into a wellbore607. The wired drill pipe string601may consist of a number of wired drill pipe sections602coupled end to end. The logging sub603may be adapted to log characteristics of the wellbore607or formations about the wellbore607. The logging sub603may be further adapted to take measurements during fishing operations by passing signals through the wired drill pipe string601to a surface component (not shown), such as a processor or data storage device. As shown, a tool string608may be stuck against a wall of the wellbore607by debris610. The tool string608may be connected to a cable609for guiding the fishing apparatus604to the tool string608. In an embodiment, the fishing apparatus may be the tool overshot201such as shown and described in reference toFIGS. 2A and 2B. The logging sub603may take measurements while the wired drill pipe string601is extended into the wellbore607so that the fishing apparatus604may retrieve the tool string608. While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.

4E

21

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms as used throughout this specification have the following meanings:“Me” refers to methyl.“Et” refers to ethyl.“tBu” refers to t-butyl.“iPr” refers to i-propyl.“Ph” refers to phenyl. “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases and which are obtained by reaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. “Alkyl” refers to a straight-chain, branched or cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. Preferably, the alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbons. More preferably, it is a lower alkyl of from 1 to 7 carbons, most preferably 1 to 4 carbons. Typical alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like. The alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, ═O, ═S, NO2, halogen, dimethyl amino and SH. “Alkenyl” refers to a straight-chain, branched or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon—carbon double bond. Preferably, the alkenyl group has 2 to 12 carbons. More preferably it is a lower alkenyl of from 2 to 7 carbons, most preferably 2 to 4 carbons. The alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, O, S, NO2, halogen, dimethyl amino and SH. “Alkynyl” refers to a straight-chain, branched or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. Preferably, the alkynyl group has 2 to 12 carbons. More preferably it is a lower alkynyl of from 2 to 7 carbons, most preferably 2 to 4 carbons. The alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, O, S, NO2, halogen, dimethyl amino and SH. “Alkoxy” refers to an “O-alkyl” group. “Aryl” refers to an aromatic group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups. The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, trihalomethyl, hydroxyl, SH, OH, NO2, amine, thioether, cyano, alkoxy, alkyl, and amino “Alkaryl” refers to an alkyl that is covalently joined to an aryl group. Preferably, the alkyl is a lower alkyl. “Aryloxy” refers to an “O-aryl” group. “Arylalkyloxy” refers to an “O-alkaryl” group. “Carbocyclic” refers to cyclic saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon and aryl hydrocarbon groups wherein the ring atoms are exclusively carbons, and comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, including said ring atoms. “Carbocyclic aryl” refers to an aryl group wherein the ring atoms are carbon. “Heterocyclic” refers to cyclic groups wherein the ring atoms comprise carbon atoms and at least one oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur atom and may be saturated, unsaturated, i.e. have one or more double bonds, or aryl, and comprises up to 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 5 of the above heteroatoms. “Heterocyclic aryl” refers to an aryl group having from 1 to 3 heteroatoms as ring atoms, the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon. Heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. “Hydrocarbyl” refers to a hydrocarbon radical having only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Preferably, the hydrocarbyl radical has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. “Substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to a hydrocarbyl radical wherein one or more, but not all, of the hydrogen and/or the carbon atoms are replaced by a halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atom or a radical including a halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atom, e.g. fluoro, chloro, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, phosphate, thiol, etc. “Amide” refers to —C(O)—NH—R′, wherein R′ is alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or hydrogen. “Ester” refers to —C(O)—O—R′, wherein R′ is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl. “Thioamide” refers to —C(S)—NH—R′, wherein R′ is alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or hydrogen. “Thiol ester” refers to —C(O)—S—R′, wherein R′ is alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or hydrogen. “Amine” refers to a —N(R″)R′″ group, wherein R″ and R′″ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and alkylaryl. “Thioether” refers to —S—R″, wherein R″ is alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl. “Sulfonyl” refers to —S(O)2—R″″, where R″″ is aryl, C(CN)═C-aryl, CH2CN, alkyaryl, sulfonamide, NH-alkyl, NH-alkylaryl, or NH-aryl. Also, alternatively the substituent on the phenyl moiety, as shown below, is referred to as an o, m or p substituent or a 2, 3 or 4 substituent, respectively. (Obviously, the 5 substituent is also a m substituent and the 6 substituent is an o substituent.) The preferred compounds of this invention are CompoundStructure123456789101112131415161718 (single enantiomer)19 (single enantiomer)202122232425262728293031323334 Novel compounds having this general structure were synthesized and tested for alpha adrenergic activity using the Receptor Selection and Amplification Technology (RSAT) assay (Messier et. al., 1995, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 76, pp. 308-311). Cells expressing each of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors alone were incubated with the various compounds and a receptor-mediated growth response was measured. The compounds activity is described as its EC50 and relative efficacy compared to a standard full agonist. The results are reported in Table 1, below. TABLE 1Biological Data: EC50 and Intrinsic Activity (NA = not active)RSATEC50 (nM)/(Rel Eff)Compoundα2Aα2Bα2C1NA8.948.4(1.25)(0.59)2NA8.784.8(1.04)(0.37)3NA21.314.1(0.63)(0.36)4NA38.410.3(0.57)(0.56)5NA10.8NA(0.94)6NA2.9NA(0.72)7NA6.6NA(0.88)8NA11.6NA(0.71)9NA3.22.8(0.62)(0 30)10NA12.013.3(0.51)(0.37)11NA8.0NA(0.80)12NA8.7NA(0.96)13NA4.012.9(0.97)(0.36)14NA8.66.3(0.96)(0.36)15NA12.8NA(0.70)16NA10.512.5(1.04)(0.35)17NA19.5NA(0.73)18NA3.119.6(0.93)(0.43)19NA210.4NA(0.58)20NA2.217.1(1.18)(0.46)21NA59.239.6(0.81)(0.34)22NA7.1NA(1.03)23NA57.0NA(0.69)24NA214.3NA(0.44)25NA81.7NA(0.74)26NA8.6NA(0.93)27NAPotentNA(1.04)28NAPotentNA(1.19)29293Potent29.8(0.31)(1.1)(0.36)30NAPotentNA(1.09)31NA67.2NA(0.84)32NA11.2NA(0.92)33NA19.9NA(0.91)34NA5.1NA(0.85) As may be determined from Table 1, the preferred compounds of this invention are as follows: R is preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, e.g. fluoro or chloro, and lower alkyl, e.g. methyl. Ar is preferably selected from the group consisting of phenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. disubstituted, with one or two halogen groups e.g. fluoro, chloro, or bromo and/or one lower alkyl, e.g. methyl, and/or one lower alkoxy, e.g. methoxy and pyridyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. disubstituted, with one or two lower alkyl groups, e.g. methyl, and/or halogen groups, e.g. chloro or bromo. For compounds of the present invention, wherein there is selectivity for the 2B adrenergic receptor subtype and the absence of any 2C adrenergic receptor subtype activity, R is preferably H or mono or dichloro or mono or dimethyl or fluoro, chloro and the aryl, i.e. Ar, is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. disubstituted, with one or two halogen groups, e.g. fluoro, chloro, or bromo and/or one lower alkyl, e.g. methyl, and/or one lower alkoxy, e.g. methoxy, and pyridyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. disubstituted, with one or two lower alkyl groups, e.g. methyl, and one halogen group, e.g. bromo/ or one halogen group, e.g. chloro. In the most active compounds of this invention, i.e. where the EC50 activity is less than 5 nM and/or is designated as potent, R is preferably dimethyl or mono or dichloro and Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted with two chloro groups or one methyl group or one methoxy group, and pyridyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or chloro. The compounds in this invention will be useful for the treatment of mammals, including humans, with a wide range of therapeutic areas, including but not limited to hypertension, congestive heart failure, asthma, depressions, glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure, ischemic neuropathies, opticneuropathy, pain, visceral pain, corneal pain, headache pain, migraine, cancer pain, back pain, irritable bowl syndrome pain, muscle pain, pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, other retinal degenerative conditions, stroke, cognitive deficits, neuropsychiatric conditions,drug dependence, withdrawal symptoms, obsessive compulsive disorder, obesity, insulin resistance, stress related conditions, diarrhea, diuresis, nasal congestions, spasticity, attention deficit disorder, psychoses, anxiety, autoimmune disease, Crohn's disease, gastritis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and other neurodegenerative diseases. The compounds of this invention may be prepared as follows: Syntheses of the Amines: General Procedure 1 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-phenylethanamine- To 2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde (2.58 g, 19.2 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1M in THF, 23 mL). The ice-water bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled back to 0° C. and benzylmagnesium chloride (1M in THF, 23 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred from 0° C. to room temperature for 1 h then quenched with NH4Cl (Sat.), extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. HCl (1.25M in methanol) was added to the above residue until a pH of 2 to form the amine salt solution. Methanol was removed to give yellow solid. To the solid was added dichloromethane. The suspension was filtered and washed with dichloromethane to yield white solid as pure amine salt. The amine salt was converted to free amine by dissolving the white solid in methanol, basified with NaOH (1N) and extracted with ethyl acetate. Combined ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to produce 1-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-phenylethanamine (3.26 g, 75%) as light yellow oil.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.57-2.65 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.17 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.72 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.54 (m, 1H). General Procedure 2 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanone- To lithium diisopropyl amide (20 mL, 1.5 M in cyclohexane, 30 mmol) in THF (50.0 mL) at −78° C. was added a solution of 3-picoline (2.79 g, 30 mmol) in THF (25.0 mL) drop wise and stirred at −78° C. for 0.5 hours. The dry ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and a solution of methyl 2,3-dichlorobenzoate (6.15 g, 30 mmol) in THF (25.0 mL) was added drop wise. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with ammonium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). Combined ethyl acetate phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (70% ethyl acetate/hexane) gave 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanone (1.07 g, 13%) as brown oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.24 (s, 2H), 7.24-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.55-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.66 (m, 1H), 8.48-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.53-8.55 (m, 2H). 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanamine- To a solution of 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanone (1.07 g, 4.03 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) was added methoxylamine hydrochloride (674 mg, 8.07 mmol) in one portion at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for one hour. The pyridine was removed in vacuo, and residue was added water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (50% ethyl acetate/hexane) gave a mixture of geometrical oxime isomers (820 mg, 69%) as brown oil. To a solution of a mixture of syn- and anti-oxime, (820 mg, 2.78 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at room temperature was added borane-THF complex (1M, 11.1 mL). The resulting solution was refluxed for 3 hours, and cooled to 0° C. Water was carefully added followed by 20% NaOH. The resulting mixture was refluxed overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). Combined ethyl acetate phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (ethyl acetate) gave 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanamine (632 mg, 85%) as yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3COCD3) δ 2.75-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.99-3.06 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.68 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.68 (m, 1H), 8.40-8.42 (m, 2H). Synthesis of N-(1,2-diarylethyl)-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-amine compounds General Procedure 3 N-(1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-amine (28)- To 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanamine (258 mg, 0.97 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added 5-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole (96 mg, 0.97 mmol) followed by acetic acid (2 drops). The mixture was heated at 70° C. for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and methanol was removed. Purification by chromatography on silica gel (5% 7N NH3in MeOH/CH2Cl2) gave N-(1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-amine (161 mg, 50%) as an off white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.79-1.90 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.94 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.41 (m, 2H), 5.28-5.33 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.77-7.81 (m, 1H), 8.36-8.42 (m, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H). Compounds 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23 and 26 were synthesized according to General Procedure 1 and 3 Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 were synthesized according to General Procedure 2 and 3. There are modifications in General Procedure 2 for some compounds in terms of reaction time and temperature. While not intending to limit the scope of this invention in any way, of particular interest are the following compounds. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments, which are only intended as illustrations of specific aspects of the invention. Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those disclosed herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art by a careful reading of the specification, including the claims, as originally filed. It is intended that all such modifications will fall within the scope of the appended claims.

0A

61

K

In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferred exemplary embodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope as set forth in the appended claims. Referring first toFIG. 1, a block diagram of an embodiment of a drill bit direction system100is shown. An integrated control and information service (ICIS)104is located above ground to manage the drillstring rotation control block112and the drawworks control block108. Additionally, the ICIS104generally guides the direction of drilling in the earth formation. Information is communicated downhole to a bottomhole assembly (BHA)120such as a desired orientation or direction to achieve for the drill bit and possibly selection of various biasing and steering mechanisms132,136to use. The direction is defined relative to any fixed point such as the earth. The information may additionally provide control information for the BHA120and any biasing and steering mechanisms132,136. The ICIS104manages the drillstring rotation control block112and the drawworks control block108. The phase, torque and speed of rotation of the drillstring is monitored and managed by the drillstring control block112. Information from the BHA120can be analyzed by the ICIS104as feedback on how the management is being performed by the drillstring control block112. Various operations during drilling use the drawworks control block108, for example, removal of the drillstring. The ICIS104manages operation of the drawworks control block108during these operations. The BHA120includes a downhole controller124, an orientation or direction sensor128, a bit rotation sensor140, one or more biasing mechanism132, and one or more steering mechanisms136. A typical BHA may have more control systems, which are not shown inFIG. 1. Information is communicated to the BHA120from the surface to indicate a preferred direction of the drill bit. Additionally, use of biasing and steering mechanisms132,136can be generally controlled by the ICIS104, but the downhole controller124controls real-time operation of the biasing and steering mechanisms132,136with information gathered from the direction and bit rotation sensors128,140. Information is communicated from the BHA120back to the ICIS104at the surface. The direction of the drill bit observed may be periodically communicated along with use of various biasing and steering mechanisms132,136. A borehole path information database116stores the information gathered downhole to know how the borehole navigates through the formation. The ICIS104can recalculate the best orientation or direction to use for the drill bit and communicate that to the BHA120to override the prior instructions. Additionally, the effectiveness of the various biasing and steering mechanisms132,136can be analyzed with other information gathered on the formation to provide guidance downhole on how to best use the available biasing and steering mechanisms132,136to achieve the geometry of the borehole desired for a particular drill site. The direction sensor128can determine the current direction of the drill bit with respect to a particular frame of reference in three dimensions (i.e., relative to the earth or some other fixed point). Various techniques can be used to determine the current direction, for example, an inertially or roll-stabilized platform with gyros can be compared to references on the drill bit, accelerometers could be used to track direction and/or magnetometers could measure direction relative to the earth's magnetic field. Measurements could be noisy, but a filter could be used to average out the noise from measurements. The bit rotation sensor140allows monitoring the phase of rotation for the drill bit. The downhole controller124takes the sensor information to allow synchronized control of the biasing mechanism(s)132. With knowledge of the phase, the biasing can be performed every rotation cycle or any integer fraction of the cycles (e.g., every other rotation, every third rotation, every fourth rotation, every tenth rotation, etc.). Other embodiments do not use a bit rotation sensor140or synchronized manipulation of the biasing mechanism(s)132. There are various steering mechanisms136that persistently enforce drill bit movement. Steering mechanisms136do not intentionally take advantage of the stochastic movement of the drill bit that naturally occurs. A given site may use one or more of these steering mechanisms136to create a borehole that changes direction as desired through the formation. Different types of steering mechanisms136include bent arms, lever arms synchronized with rotation, universal joints, and geostationary mechanisms that exert force in a particular direction. These steering mechanisms can predictably direct the drill bit, but do not take advantage stochastic movement of the drill bit that could be in the correct direction anyway. Other embodiments may forgo steering mechanisms136completely by reliance on biasing mechanisms132for directional drilling. A biasing mechanism132can be used before resort to a steering mechanism136. The biasing mechanism132selects or emphasizes those components of the radial motion of the drill bit in a chosen direction. Directional control is achieved by holding the orientation of the biasing mechanism132broadly fixed in the chosen direction. Some embodiments may only have one or more biasing mechanisms132downhole without any steering mechanisms136. Biasing mechanisms132take advantage of the tendency for the drill bit to move around in the bore hole by only activating when the stochastic movement goes in the wrong direction. For example, gage pads or cutters can be moved, a gage ring can exert pressure and/or jetting can be used in various embodiments as the biasing mechanism132. Any asymmetry and can be manipulated is usable as a biasing mechanism132. In some cases, the drill bit is designed and manufactured so as to exert a side force in a particular azimuthal direction relative to the drill bit. The biasing mechanism132is activated to bias the side force. Such a side force rotates with the drill bit to emphasize cutting in the chosen direction. The biasing mechanism132can be synchronized to activate and deactivate with rotation of the drill bit. The downhole controller124uses the information sent from the ICIS104along with the direction and bit rotation sensors128,140to actively manage the use of biasing and steering mechanisms132,136. The desired direction of the drill bit along with guidelines for using various biasing and steering mechanisms132,136is communicated from the ICIS104. The downhole controller124can use fuzzy logic, neural algorithms, expert system algorithms to decide how and when to influence the drill bit direction in various embodiments. Generally, the speed of communication between the BHA120and the ICIS104does not allow real-time control from the surface in this embodiment, but other embodiments could allow for surface control in real-time. The stochastic direction of the drill bit can be adaptively used in a less rigid manner. For example, if a future turn in the borehole is desired and the drill bit is making the turn prematurely, the turn can be accepted and the future plan revised. With reference toFIG. 2A, a flowchart of an embodiment of a process200-1for controlling drill bit direction is shown. This embodiment only uses a single biasing mechanism136to control the direction of the drill bit. The depicted portion of the process beings in block204where an analysis of the formation and end point is performed to plan the borehole geometry. The ICIS104manipulates the drillstring, drawworks and other systems in block208to create the borehole according to the plan. A desired direction of the drill bit is determined in block212and communicated to the downhole controller124in block216. The desired direction could be a single goal or a range of acceptable directions. The desired direction along with any biasing selection criteria is received by the downhole controller124in block220. The current pointing of the drill bit is determined by the direction sensor128in block224. It is determined in block228if the direction is acceptable based upon the instructions from ICIS104. This embodiment allows some flexibility in the direction and re-determines the plan based upon the stochastic movement allowed to occur. An acceptable direction is one that allows achieving the end point with the drill bit if the plan were revised. A certain plan may have predetermined deviations or ranges of direction that are acceptable, but still avoid parts of the formation that are not desired to pass through. Where the direction is not acceptable, processing goes from block228to block236where the biasing mechanism132is activated. The biasing mechanism132could be activated once or for a period of time. Alternatively, the biasing mechanism132could be activated periodically in synchronization with the rotation of the drill bit. The biasing mechanism132selects or emphasizes those components of the radial motion of the drill bit that occur in the desired direction(s). Where the direction is acceptable as determined in block228, processing continues to block240. The biasing mechanism132achieves directional control by holding the direction in the desired direction(s). Where un-needed because the erratic motion of the drill bit is already in the desired direction(s), the biasing mechanism132is not activated. In block240, the current direction is communicated by the downhole controller124to the ICIS104. After reporting, processing loops back to block212for further management of the direction based upon any new instruction from the surface. Referring next toFIG. 2B, a flowchart of another embodiment of the process200-2for controlling drill bit direction is shown. This embodiment has multiple biasing mechanisms132available and can fall back onto a steering mechanism136if the biasing mechanism(s)132is not effective. The blocks up to block228are generally performed the same as the embodiment inFIG. 2A. Where the direction is not acceptable in block228, processing continues to block232where a selection is made from at least two biasing mechanisms232. Guidance from the ICIS104may dictate or influence the decision on those biasing mechanisms132to select and in what manner they should be controlled. The selected biasing mechanism132is used in step236. After using the biasing mechanism132, the current direction is reported to the ICIS104in block240. If the biasing mechanism132or some other alternative is still believed to be effective in orienting the drill bit in block244, processing loops back to block212to continue using that biasing mechanism132or some other biasing mechanism132that might influence those components of the radial motion of the drill bit to exert a side force in a particular azimuthal direction as desired. Where biasing mechanisms132are determined to be no longer effective in block244, processing continues to block248to activate the steering mechanism136, if any. With reference toFIG. 2C, a flowchart of yet another embodiment of the process200-3for controlling drill bit direction is shown. This embodiment is similar to that ofFIG. 2Aexcept that multiple biasing mechanisms132can be chosen from in block232. This embodiment only relies upon biasing mechanisms132without resort to steering mechanisms136. Referring next toFIG. 3A, an embodiment of a state machine300-1for managing the drill bit direction system100is shown. This control system moves between two states based upon a determination in state304if the drill bit is not in alignment with a desired direction or range of directions. This embodiment corresponds to the embodiment ofFIG. 2A. Where there is disorientation beyond an acceptable deviation, the drill bit direction system100goes from state304to state308. In state308, one or more of the biasing mechanisms are tried132. In some cases, the same biasing mechanism132is tried with different parameters. For example, a gage pad can be moved at one phase in the bit rotation cycle, but later another phase is tried with the same or a different movement of the gage pad. With reference toFIG. 3B, another embodiment of the state machine300-2for managing the drill bit direction system100is shown. This embodiment has four states and generally corresponds to the embodiment ofFIG. 2B. After attempting a biasing mechanism132in state308, a determination in state312is used to see if the biasing mechanism132was effective. Where the biasing mechanism132works adequately, the system returns to state304. If the biasing mechanism132is not effective the drill bit direction system100goes from state312to state316where an active steering mechanism136is used before returning to state304. Referring next toFIG. 3C, yet another embodiment of the state machine300-3for managing the drill bit direction system100is shown. This embodiment has a number of biasing techniques and generally corresponds to the process200-3ofFIG. 2C. Where disorientation is found in state304, a biasing mechanism or technique is chosen in state312. In the alternative, a number of biasing techniques can be chosen from state312. The chosen biasing technique is performed in the chosen biasing state320before returning to state304for further analysis of any disorientation. A number of variations and modifications of the disclosed embodiments can also be used. For example, the invention can be used on drilling boreholes or cores. The control of the biasing process is split between the ICIS and the BHA in the above embodiments. In other embodiments, all of the control can be in either location. Specific details are given in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means described above may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques, blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described above, and/or a combination thereof. Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, and/or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, scripting language, and/or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such as a storage medium. A code segment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, and/or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more memories for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels, and/or various other storage mediums capable of storing that contain or carry instruction(s) and/or data. While the principles of the disclosure have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the disclosure.

4E

21

B

Referring to the drawings in more detail the display device includes a open-fronted cabinet 8 having side walls 9, 10 and a central support 11 for two sets of vertically spaced trays, the first set 12 to 16 inclusive being supported between 9 and 11 and the second set 17 to 21 inclusive between 10 and 11. Fixed or fixable to the rear of cabinet 8 is a series of vertically-spaced horizontal axles 22 providing a rear support for each tray. For this purpose the rear of each tray has or is formed as a generally downturned flange 23 or clips whereby the tray is adapted loosely to hook over the relevant axle 22. Front supports for the trays are provided by studs 24 projecting inwardly from the side walls 9, 10 and support 11. In the second position the studs are receivable in recesses 25 (FIG. 6) formed in a lower, laterally projecting part of fascia 26. Advantageously such supports are provided for both sides of each tray. The system enables the trays to be supported either in a first, lower or "use" position, or a second, raised position. In the illustrated embodiment, trays 14 to 21 inclusive are in the first position, and 12 and 13 are in the second position. It is seen that the first position studs for trays 12 to 15 and 17 to 26 are the second position studs for trays 13 to 16 and 18 to 21 respectively. First position studs are not provided for the lowest trays 16, 21 which simply rest upon member 27 forming part of the cabinet structure. In use, the trays are fitted with a stack of cigarette or like packages (not shown) and the angle of the trays in the first position permits easy slippage of the stack as articles are removed from the front of the trays. All trays except the topmost may be re-stocked or "topped up" from the front by raising the next higher tray to its second position. It is seen that this will require all trays above it to be raised before access is afforded to the tray to be re-stocked. Therefore in FIG. 2, for example, trays ;2 to 14 inclusive are in position for re-stocking 14, which has required firstly that 12 and secondly that 13 were raised to the second positions, in which they are shown. The configuration of flanges 23 permits a degree of "play" or relative translational displacement between the tray and axle 22. To move a tray from the second to the first position, it is lifted so that studs 24 are clear of recesses 25, and then pulled forward slightly so that the projecting part of fascia 26 is clear of the studs, and the tray can then be lowered until it contacts the next lower studs. The trays may be vacuum-formed board with clip-on fascias or other devices, as required, for engaging the supports. A clear acrylic fascia or abutment stop flange may be glued to the front edge, both to hold the foremost box when the tray is in the first (normal) position, and to enable the boxes themselves to be readily visible. The association between the axle means and the cabinet may provide advantageous strengthening for the latter. The framework may itself be a generally rectangular gantry-like structure comprising four corner posts and front, back and side rails at top and bottom. The frame may be assembled ad hoc by the user from a kit of parts including rods and connectors e.g. according to our registered designs 90331, 90332, 98620 and/or 99425. A central front post may have studs, as aforementioned, on each side. The top and sides of the framed space may be closed by panels of suitable material. Looking from the front the "interior" of the space may be divided horizontally by members defining an upper part, the back of which may be closed, containing a suitable light fitting, and the remainder of the space divided vertically into left and right portions, one or both of which may contain trays. For purposes of this specification expressions such as "inclined", "above", "vertical", "horizontal", "upper", "higher", "lower", "foremost", "front", "rear", and "topmost" refer to the invention in use and are not to be read as necessarily limiting.

0A

47

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The drawing represents a specific embodiment of a vacuum insulated panel1formed from two blanks2of high-barrier, preferably metalized, film. So that these two high-barrier films2can be welded together airtight along their edges, each is provided, on the side facing the other, with a sealing layer of polyethylene. For the evacuation process, the vacuum insulated panel1according to the invention is rendered dust-tight at the ends by an air-permeable sheet element3; this sheet element3is fabricated from the same material as the sealing layer of the high-barrier films2, in this case, polyethylene. This can be a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric, or any other textile structure that has a flat shape, is air-permeable and at the same time is sufficiently mechanical stable. A strip-shaped sheet element3is cut from such a material such that it is slightly longer than the opening that is to be sealed dust-tight, i.e., the opening of a pouch formed from the high-barrier film, particularly from the two sheets2. AsFIG. 1shows, the sheet element3cut into a strip shape is folded along a line that extends, preferably centrally, approximately parallel to its longitudinal axis, and is then, in the folded state, placed between the sealing layers of the two high-barrier films2with its fold line preferably toward the near edge of the high-barrier film blanks2. Both halves of the strip are then fastened, preferably thermally, i.e. under the effect of elevated temperature, each by a portion of its area, to the respective adjacent sealing layer, specifically in such a way that when the two high-barrier films2are pulled apart—as depicted in FIG.2—a powder-tight seal is formed. Continuous, linear adhesive bonding4to each half of the strip-shaped sheet element3has proven effective. In a next, following step, illustrated inFIG. 3, the two film sections2are then thermally welded, by means of a sealing tool, along the two edges extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis or fold line of the strip-shaped sheet element3, forming respective sealing seams5,6, which are specifically a distance apart that is smaller than the length of the strip-shaped sheet element3fastened to both films2, in such a way that this sheet element3passes through both sealing seams5,6and is co-sealed into them as they are made. Thus, no gaps whatsoever remain between the dust-tight sheet element3and the two adjacent sealing seams5,6, resulting in a pouch made from the two film sections2that is now sealed at least dust-tight on three sides. Next, this pouch made from high-barrier film2can be filled from its fourth, still completely open side with a dust-form or free-flowing powder7. This having been done, the fourth side of the pouch of high-barrier film2is also sealed airtight, preferably by means of a sealing device, particularly by forming another sealing seam that preferably intersects the two oppositely disposed sealing seams5,6and thus closes any gaps in this region of the pouch. In a next step, the pouch of high-barrier film2, filled with enough powder7to form the core, is brought into the desired shape, preferably a flat board shape, optionally by means of a press. The sealed pouch of high-barrier film2is placed in a vacuum chamber. As this chamber is evacuated, the air is able to escape from the pouch along the opening sealed by the dust-tight, but air-permeable, sheet element3. Once a predetermined degree of vacuum has been reached, the initially air-permeable opening in the region of the sheet element3is sealed airtight, preferably by means of a sealing tool, particularly by another sealing seam extending approximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the strip-shaped sheet element3. Although this final sealing seam is preferably located to one side of the sheet element3, particularly outside of it, under some circumstances it could actually extend immediately adjacent or on past it, since if the sheet element3—in contrast to the non-wovens used heretofore—is sealed in, this will not compromise the leaktightness of the vacuum insulated panel1. The finished vacuum insulated panel1thus remains durably vacuum-tight even after being removed from the vacuum chamber. Studies of the increase in gas pressure show that the vacuum insulated panel1produced in this way is just as vacuum-tight as a conventionally produced vacuum insulated panel, despite the sheet element3overlapping with the sealing seams5,6in some locations. Yet the production expenditure for the vacuum insulated panel1is considerably reduced by the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the finished vacuum insulated panel1has four sealing seams5,6that preferably all extend along end faces of the vacuum insulated panel1and intersect with each other in the corner regions. The high-barrier film(s)2serving as the vacuum-tight seal also preferably consist(s) of a soft, flexible, unshaped material, such that before the shaping step, performed by means of a press or the like, it is possible to create an unshaped pouch with a large opening, thus greatly facilitating the filling process. In particular, the (two) high-barrier film(s)2consist(s) of a sheet element that can be completely flattened out without stress or forcing. A further particularity is that each of the linear joints4between the sheet element3and the sealing layer of a respective high-barrier film2intersects, particularly at an angle of 45° or more, particularly at approximately right angles, with a respective one of the two adjacent sealing seams5,6which, generally speaking, join the two sheets2of high-barrier film directly to each other. It is also possible within the scope of the invention, instead of fabricating the core by feeding in a powdered material, to use a powdered core and to envelop it, on the inner faces of the high-barrier film(s), in a sheet element3that is made from the same material as the sealing layer and in this case would not have to be strip-shaped, but could instead have a more areal form. In this case there would be no need for any precautions to ensure that the sheet element3always conforms snugly to the core, since in the worst case it would merely be co-sealed into any welding seams without causing them to leak.

4E

04

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is described here in more detail with reference to the drawings. The drawings comprise schematic and flow diagrams of preferred embodiments of the present invention and of the prior art. Among the most commonly used prior art electronic messaging systems are email application programs and SMS text messaging systems.FIGS. 1A-1Care schematic illustrations of three such prior art systems. InFIG. 1A, the system is server-based.FIG. 1Bis an example of a point to point system. Mixed systems are also prevalent, as illustrated inFIG. 1C. FIGS. 2A-2Care schematic diagrams showing the process of interfacing the present invention into the examples of prior art systems shown inFIGS. 1A-1C. For example, inFIG. 2A, the Sender1edits a message with a preferred embodiment of the VCC editor of the current invention, and thereby creating VCC Message1A to send to Recipient2, and a different VCC Message1B to send to Recipients3and4. As a server-based system, the VCC Message1A is sent to the Sending Server101, which communicates via the Internet, sending VCC Message1A via Receiving Server102to Recipient2. At the same time, the VCC Message1B is sent to the Sending Server101, which communicates via the Internet, sending VCC Message1B via Receiving Server103to Recipient3, and the same VCC Message1B via Receiving Server104to Recipient4. As another example,FIG. 2Billustrates a point to point system. Here, the Sender10edits a message with a preferred embodiment of the VCC editor of the current invention, and thereby creating VCC Message1A to send to Recipient11, and a different VCC Message1B to send to Recipient12. As a point to point system, the VCC Message1A is sent directly via the Internet to Recipient11. At the same time, the VCC Message1B is sent directly via the Internet to Recipient12. Finally,FIG. 2Cillustrates a mixed messaging system. First, Sender21edits a message with a preferred embodiment of the VCC editor of the current invention, and thereby creating VCC Message1A to send to Recipient24, and a different VCC Message1B to send to Recipients23. The other Sender22edits a message with a preferred embodiment of the VCC editor of the current invention, and thereby creating VCC Message2A to send to Recipient24, and a different VCC Message2B to send to Recipients23. When Sender21sends the VCC Message1A, it is routed directly via the Internet to Recipient24. At the same time, the VCC Message1B is sent directly via the Internet to Receiving Server123to Recipient23. When Sender22sends the VCC Message2A, it is sent to the Sending Server122, which communicates via the Internet to Recipient24. At the same time, the VCC Message2B is sent to the Sending Server122, which communicates via the Internet to Receiving Server123to Recipient23. Known prior art email application programs are typically configured to generate electronic messages in a memoranda format. An example is depicted inFIG. 3. The interface200embedded in the email application enables the user to write an email communication. The application provides the user with a platform that offers separate fields for entering at least one outgoing email address (the “to” field)205, a brief topic title for the message (the “subject” field)210, and a message field for insertion of the actual text of the message (the “body” field)215. The application may also provide two optional separate fields, one for entering at least one outgoing email address for at least one recipient who will receive a “carbon copy” (“cc”) of the message (which other recipients can review)220, and one for entering at least one outgoing email addresses for at least one recipient who will receive a “blind carbon copy” (“bcc”) (which other recipients cannot review)225. It is also possible that the user will be allowed to designate a document, file, or executable program to be attached to and sent with the email communication.250When the user finishes entering the message, topic, and outgoing email addresses, the user clicks on the “send” key to transmit.260 InFIG. 4, a flow diagram is provided to illustrate the general process of the current invention. A user401creates a message410. The user next selects at least one Recipient for the message415. The user modifies the content for a “VCC” Recipient and, if desired, for a “VBCC” Recipient420, and the user may add and may modify via one or more attachments with the VCC editor425. The user may then decide450to select additional Recipients, in which case the process of415-420-425is repeated as often as desired. When the user has added the last Recipient, the user has the option to review and/or print460. Finally, the user sends the message475. FIG. 5illustrates various applications510that will interface with the present invention, the VCC Applications500. In one embodiment, the method and system of the present invention can be added to or embedded into email messaging systems520. This can be accomplished by an individual user purchasing and installing the present invention into his or her system that is currently operational or by an email messaging software provider embedding the present invention into its system as a feature thereof. As shown inFIG. 5, the present invention can also be interfaced as a feature in webmail525, instant messenger applications530, and SMS and MMS communications535. All electronic communication systems540have sufficient commonalities as to allow the present invention to be interfaced as a feature therein. For convenience in explaining the present invention, the flow diagram inFIG. 6illustrates one embodiment of the present invention as it would interface into an email messaging system600that is currently available in the market. An example of such a system is Microsoft Office Outlook. In this Figure, the present invention is shown as an “add-on” system650to the already existing email messaging system600. Once the present invention is installed, the user would see the add-on650as if it were integral to the email messaging system600. The interface670would be seamless. Thus, when a user composes and sends email messages, the present invention will seem as if it is part of the messaging system. Communication from the user through the present invention to the email messaging system is two-way and completely integrated. Another embodiment of this invention is shown in the flow diagram inFIG. 7for a web messaging application. In this embodiment, the present invention is included within the messaging features720available to the user in the web application700. This Figure illustrates that the present invention, the VCC Option/Program750, can be embedded into a messaging application600, in contrast to the add-on embodiment illustrated inFIG. 4. The interface770is also seamless to the user. FIG. 8is a step-by-step schematic diagram of the present invention. The steps shown would be used regardless of which messaging application is interfaced with the present invention and regardless of whether the present invention is utilized as an add-on, an embedded feature, or otherwise. The method begins with the user800composing a new electronic message or a reply message to an already existing message805. Once the message has been composed, the user may decide that a modified message needs to be sent to a recipient other than those already selected to receive the unaltered message. Using the features of the existent messaging system, the user would select the recipients who are going to receive identical copies, whether as carbon copies or blind carbon copies. The user may then select one or more “VCC” recipients810using the method and system of the present invention. The addresses of these recipients may be chosen from addresses available to the user in the messaging application, such as from a saved list of contacts or from previous messages retained by the user within the application. At this stage, the user800may select one or more “VCC” recipients810in one grouping. If the user desires to send more variations on the same message, the user may then continue to select additional groupings of one or more “VCC” recipients820. This loop continues for so long as the user desires to add “VCC” groups of recipients within the limits of the user's software and hardware systems. In the next stage830, the user800is permitted to alter the content840of the electronic message and any attachments850thereto. The user may remove attachments completely or may exchange the attachments for other ones deemed appropriate for the recipient. The message content may be changed minimally or substantially, as preferred by the user. Content may be deleted, added, or otherwise edited. Moreover, modifications in content and attachments can be made for each group of “VCC” recipients separate from other groups of recipients. Prior to sending any messages, the user800may preview all messages and groups that have been created860. Additional changes and corrections can be made at this stage. In addition, there is an option to print the messages870. Finally, all of the messages are sent using the “send” feature of the electronic messaging application880. All messages are sent at one time, including those to the “VCC,” “cc,” “bcc,” and “to” recipients selected. When a message is transmitted, it is delivered to a known email communications system, as illustrated previously inFIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 9is a flow diagram that illustrates the same preferred embodiment as is demonstrated in the schematic diagram shown inFIG. 8. The flow diagram is provided to further clarify the process of the present invention. As previously stated, the procedure shown would be used regardless of which messaging application is interfaced with the present invention and regardless of whether the present invention is utilized as an add-on, an embedded feature, or otherwise. As illustrated in the flow diagram inFIG. 9, the method of the present invention begins with the user composing a new electronic message or a reply message to an already existing message900. After composing the message, the user can modify the message and insert an outgoing email address for a secondary recipient. To do this, the user utilizes the features of the existing messaging system to select the outgoing email recipients who are going to receive identical copies, whether as carbon copies or blind carbon copies. The user may also select one or more “VCC” recipients using the method and system of the present invention. If the user desires to send more variations of the same message, the user may select groupings of at least one “VCC” recipient910. The loop920continues for so long as the user desires to add “VCC” recipient groups, limited by the user's email application and hardware systems. The addresses930of any of these recipients may be chosen from addresses available to the user in the messaging application, such as from a saved list of contacts or from previous messages retained by the user within the application. At the next stage, the user may further alter the content of the electronic message. Content may be deleted, added, or otherwise edited. The message content may be changed minimally or substantially, as preferred by the user. The user may additionally alter, remove, or otherwise modify any of the files, documents, or executable programs that the user may have attached to the electronic message. The user may modify content and/or attachments940for each group of “VCC” recipients. Prior to sending the primary and any modified messages, the user may preview all messages and groups that have been created950. Additional changes and corrections can be made at this stage. In addition, there is an option to print the messages960. Finally, all of the messages are sent using the “send” feature980of the existing electronic messaging application. All of the messages are transmitted at once, including the message to the primary outgoing address, the carbon copy and blind carbon copy outgoing addresses, and the VCC outgoing address. When a message is transmitted, it is delivered to a known email communications system, as illustrated previously inFIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 10demonstrates one embodiment of the user interface for the present invention. This Figure illustrates a menu bar1000that is added to the menu of an existing electronic messaging application of an email system to allow the user to access “VCC” features. The menu bar contains buttons that control the “VCC” features. By selecting these buttons with a mouse click, the user can complete the “VCC” process. If a user wants to send a “VCC” message to several recipients, the user would first compose the message to be sent1010. Next, the user would select the button marked “add new VCC group”1020to add a new field on the messaging bar so the user can add addresses for the “VCC” recipients. The user can repeat this “add” function for as many “VCC” groups as can be accommodated within the software and hardware in use. To select recipient address for a “VCC” group, the user enters the email address in the field indicated1030. This field will allow the user to chose from previously entered addresses that have been stored in the messaging system in past messages or in a contacts listing. For each “VCC” group created, the user next selects the group using the drop-down menu field1040. If the user decides to delete any particular “VCC” group, the user may select the group using the drop-down menu and then select the “remove group” button1050. It is also possible to delete all of the groups created by selecting the “clear all groups” button1060. After a “VCC” group has been created, the user will select that group1040and then select the “edit content” button1070. This button allows the user to alter any content in the message. To modify attachments included with the message, the user selects the button identified as “edit attachments”1075. As an added convenience, the user may select the “quick add” button while editing the message1080. This option allows the user to add content that the user has highlighted in another “VCC” group message into the currently showing group's message. The user may further select the “preview” button to review all of the messages before they are sent1085, at which point the user may send any of the messages to print if preferred. There is an optional “silent VCC” button1090that the user may select to maintain the “VCC” group as invisible to the recipients, in the same fashion as a “blind carbon copy (“bcc”). Finally, when all modifications are made and groups of recipients are created, the user selects the “send” button of the messaging application1095. By selecting this button, the user will cause all messages to be sent at one time. The present invention also includes a “help” button that the user may select1098. Selection of this button will activate an online connection to a website where the user can receive tips and explanations about using the “VCC” application.

6G

06

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring now to FIG. 1, therein is shown a spindle 10 which includes a cylindrically shaped bearing portion 12 concentric with longitudinal axis 14 and supported in a bushing in the spindle bar (not shown). A gear 16 located at the end of the bearing portion 12 engages a complimentary gear in the spindle bar to rotate the spindle in the direction R (FIG. 2) about the axis 14. At a location 18, the spindle 10 tapers towards a rounded tip portion 20 to define a cone-shaped picking end 22. The spindle includes three sets of alternating flutes 24 and rounded lands 26 equally spaced about the periphery of the end 22. The flutes 24 lie radially inwardly of the rounded lands 26. A plurality of teeth or barbs 28 project over the flutes 24. The barbs include upper surfaces or tops 32 which lie along the surface of the cone described by the continuation of the lands 26. With the exception of the barb area, discussed in further detail below, the construction and operation of the spindle 10 is generally the same as the spindles on the John Deere 9960 and 9965 Cotton Pickers. The barbs 28 include pointed tip portions 36 which lie substantially along the surface of the cone described by the continuation of the lands 26. The barbs 28 project in the direction of rotation R over the corresponding flutes 24 (FIG. 2) and are undercut at locations 38 to form an angle .alpha. with a radially extending line for aggressive engagement of cotton as the spindle 10 is rotated in the plant. Preferably, the angle .alpha. is approximately 30 degrees. As best seen in FIG. 1, the barbs 28 include an outer or leading wall 40 which is substantially planar. The wall 40 is normal to the flute 24 and is angled forwardly in the direction of rotation R to form a barb angle .alpha.1 (FIG. 1) with respect to the longitudinal axis 14 of the spindle. The top 32 of each barb 28 extends axially inwardly (that is, in the direction of the gear 16) from the leading wall 40 to a back wall 44. The back wall 44 slopes radially and axially inwardly with a land back slope angle .alpha.2 relative to the flute 24 and terminates at a juncture with a planar gullet area 48 which extends from the back wall 44 to the leading wall 40 of the next barb. The gullet areas 48 lie substantially in a plane parallel to but offset radially outwardly a small distance from the flute 24. An area 49 axially outward of the outermost barb 28 extends in the plane of the gullet areas 48 to the tip portion 20. As shown in the drawings, twelve barbs 28 are spaced equidistantly along the length of each flute 24. By way of example, the twelve barbs are spaced in an area which is about 1.78 inches in length. The diameter of the bearing portion is approximately 0.49 inches, and the cone-shaped end 22 is tapered at about 1.38 inches per foot from the location 18. The barb spacing d as indicated in FIG. 3 is approximately 0.114 inch, and the tip width d.sub.t is on the order of 0.03 inch. The length of the gullet area d.sub.L is about 0.03 inches or less. The barb angle .alpha.1 is substantially less than 55 degrees, preferably 50 degrees or less so that the barbs 22 are angled towards the tip 20. By pointing the barbs 28 more in the axial direction, cotton can be pushed more easily by the doffer axially along the end 22. The back land angle .alpha.2 is substantially less than 41 degrees, preferably 35 degrees or less so that the cotton cannot wrap as tightly between the barbs 28. The relatively gently slope also helps the cotton to slide axially off the spindle under the action of the doffer. By maintaining a relatively short gullet area, less cotton is wrapped in minimum radius areas to further aid doffing. Having described the preferred embodiment, it will become apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.

0A

01

D

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1is a perspective view of a gas cooking appliance in the form of a free standing gas range10including an outer body or cabinet12that includes a generally rectangular cooktop14. An oven, not shown, is positioned below cooktop14and has a front-opening access door16. A range backsplash18extends upward from a rear portion20of cooktop14and contains various control selectors (not shown) for selecting operative features of heating elements for cooktop14and/or the oven. It is contemplated that the present invention is applicable, not only to cooktops which form the upper portion of a range, such as range10, but to other forms of cooktops as well, such as, but not limited to, free standing cooktops that are mounted to kitchen counters. Therefore, gas range10is provided by way of illustration rather than limitation, and accordingly there is no intention to limit application of the present invention to any particular appliance or cooktop, such as range10or cooktop14. In addition, it is contemplated that the present invention is applicable to duel fuel cooking appliances, e.g., a gas cooktop with an electric oven. Cooktop14includes four gas fueled surface burners22,24,26,28, which are positioned in spaced apart pairs22,24and26,28positioned adjacent each side of cooktop14. In one embodiment, each pair of burners22,24and26,28is surrounded by a recessed area (not shown inFIG. 1) respectively, of cooktop14. The recessed areas are positioned below an upper surface29of cooktop14and serve to catch any spills on cooktop14. Each burner22,24,26,28extends upwardly through an opening in cooktop14, and a grate assembly30,32is positioned over each respective pair of burners,22,24and26,28. Each grate assembly30,32includes a respective frame34,36, and separate supporting grates38,40,42,44are positioned above the cooktop recessed areas and overlie respective burners22,24,26,28. FIG. 2illustrates range10mounted adjacent a kitchen wall50. Range10includes a front panel52, a rear wall54, laterally spaced side walls56(shown inFIG. 1) and 58, and backsplash18. Gas burners22,24,26, and28of cooktop14are in selectively flow communication with a gas line manifold64. A plurality of burner control knobs65are mounted on front panel52of range10in front of cooktop14. A gas appliance connector hose or gas supply line70is connected between a main supply line68and gas line manifold64, and a gas lockout valve assembly66is connected to or in line with gas line manifold64along gas supply line70. In one embodiment, gas assembly66regulates gas flow between main gas supply line68and gas manifold64. While lockout valve assembly66is illustrated coupled to gas supply line70between backsplash18and manifold64, it is contemplated that gas lockout assembly66may be located elsewhere in appliance10, such as at a location at or near the main gas line connection to appliance10. FIG. 3illustrates an exemplary input interface panel130for range10shown inFIGS. 1 and 2. Interface panel130includes a display132and a plurality of input selectors134in the form of touch sensitive buttons or keypads for accessing and/or selecting oven features. In alternative embodiments, other known input selectors are used in lieu of touch sensitive buttons or keypads. More specifically, input selectors134are divided into two groups136,138. Group136includes a SURFACE LIGHT keypad138, a BAKE keypad140, a BROIL keypad142, an OVEN LIGHT keypad144, a CONVECTION BAKE keypad146, a CONVECTION ROAST keypad148, a CLEAN keypad150, a FAVORITE RECIPE keypad152, a MULTI-STAGE keypad154, a temperature up slew keypad156and a temperature down slew keypad158. Group138includes an hour up slew keypad160and an hour down slew keypad162, a minute up slew keypad164and a minute down slew keypad166, a START keypad168, a CLEAR/OFF keypad170, a LOCK keypad172, a COOK TIME keypad174, a DELAY START keypad176, a POWER LEVEL keypad178, a CLOCK keypad180, a KITCHEN TIMER keypad182, and a SURFACE WARMER keypad184. By manipulating the appropriate input selector134in one of the control selector groups136,138, the appropriate feature and/or function is activated by an appliance controller (not shown inFIG. 10) and, for most of the features, an icon or indicator is displayed on display132to visually indicate selected appliance features and/or operating parameters, such as cooking time, cooking temperature, etc. FIG. 4illustrates an exemplary gas supply system for range10shown inFIGS. 1 and 2. Gas manifold64includes four surface burner element control valves190respectively coupled to surface burners22,24,26, and28(shown inFIG. 1). Each surface burner element control valve190is used to control the gas flow from manifold64to the corresponding surface burner22,24,26,28. Each surface burner element control valve190is also coupled to the corresponding control knob65(shown inFIG. 2), and can be actuated or de-actuated by manipulating control knob65. Lockout valve assembly66controls gas flow to gas manifold64, and is movable between a closed position and an open position, sometimes referred to as a full open position. When lockout valve assembly66is in the open position, gas flow is channeled through gas supply line70(shown inFIG. 2) to manifold64and further to surface burners22,24,26, and28when burner valves190are actuated. When lockout valve assembly66is in the closed position, gas flow is restricted from entering into gas manifold64from gas supply line70, thereby blocking gas flow to surface burners22,24,26, and28with burner valves190opened. Surface burners22,24,26, and28(as well as other heating elements connected to manifold64) are thereby inoperative and gas flow is avoided. As such, the user is not able to manipulate the control knobs for the gas heating elements. FIG. 5is a perspective view of an exemplary motorized lockout valve assembly66for the gas supply system shown inFIG. 4.FIG. 6illustrates an alternative embodiment of lockout valve assembly66. Gas lockout valve assembly66includes a lockout valve192for connection to a gas line, such as gas line70(shown inFIG. 2). Lockout valve assembly66also includes an electric motor194for actuating lockout valve192to open or close a substantially straight fluid path or passage196through lockout valve192to supply or not supply gas to gas manifold64(shown inFIGS. 2 and 4) and therefore to associated gas heating elements. In one embodiment, lockout valve192is a panel mount ball valve including a valve shaft (not shown) rotatably mounted within lockout valve192, and motor194includes an output shaft198engaged with a cam200. Cam200is also engaged with the valve shaft, such that motor194can rotatably drive the valve shaft to rotate for controlling the gas flow through lockout valve192. In alternative embodiments, any suitable valve known to those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided may be employed without departing from the scope of the present invention. In a further embodiment, when being applied with an excessive force, the coupling between cam200and output shaft198of motor194is designed to break before the coupling between cam200and the valve shaft breaks. As such, lockout valve192is protected from damage in a malfunction situation. In one embodiment, lockout valve192, motor194and cam200are mounted on a mounting bracket202. As illustrated inFIG. 5, mounting bracket202is a metal plate to be directly mounted on a frame or cabinet of an appliance, such as range10(shown inFIGS. 1 and 2) by fasteners (not shown). In an alternative embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 6, mounting bracket202further includes at least one support or foot204for attachment to an appliance, such as range10. In an alternative embodiment, lockout valve assembly66is a solenoid type valve instead of the motorized valve. The solenoid type lockout valve assembly66includes a solenoid (not shown) drivingly coupled to the valve shaft of lockout valve192. As such, energizing the solenoid causes lockout valve192to open or close passage196to supply or not supply gas to gas manifold64and therefore to associated surface burner elements22,24,26,28(shown inFIGS. 1 and 2). In a further embodiment, the solenoid is a latching type solenoid and keeps opening or closing passage196until receiving a changing position signal from the appliance controller (shown inFIG. 10, described in detail hereinafter). In one embodiment, lockout valve assembly66also includes two switches206,207positioned with respect thereto for sensing a position of lockout valve192. An open position switch206and a closed position switch207sense whether lockout valve192reaches the corresponding open position or closed position, respectively. In one embodiment, switches206,207are used to sense a position of the valve shaft. In another embodiment, switches206,207are used to sense a position of a component which is mechanically coupled with the valve shaft, such as cam200. As such, switches206,207may indirectly detect a position of the valve shaft based on the position of cam200. In a further embodiment, switches206,207are used to sense a position of motor194. In one embodiment, each switch206,207is a micro-switch including a contact arm (not shown) for detecting the position. The contract arm is displaced when lockout valve192moves to the corresponding open position or closed position. In alternative embodiments, any suitable switching mechanism known to those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided may be employed for sensing the position of lockout valve192. Further, one or more switches may be employed without departing from the scope of the present invention. FIG. 7is a perspective view of exemplary surface burner element control valve190for the gas supply system shown inFIG. 4. Burner valve190includes a valve body210defining a gas inlet212and a gas outlet214thereon, and a flow path216extending between gas inlet212and gas outlet214. Gas inlet212is coupled in flow communication with gas manifold64(shown inFIGS. 2 and 4), and gas outlet214is coupled in flow communication with corresponding surface burner22,24,26,28(shown inFIGS. 1 and 2). Burner valve190also includes a control shaft220movably received within valve body210and controlling the gas flow through flow path216. Control shaft220further includes an upper portion222extending upward from valve body210. Upper portion222is coupled to the corresponding burner control knob65(shown inFIG. 2) for manipulation. As such, the operator may rotate control knob65to move control shaft220between an open position and a closed position for controlling gas flow from lockout valve assembly66to corresponding surface burner element22,24,26, or28. In one embodiment, gas is prevented from flowing to corresponding surface burner element22,24,26,28when burner valve190is in the closed position, and gas is allowed to flow to corresponding surface burner element22,24,26, or28when burner valve190is in the open position. In a further embodiment, the operator may rotate control shaft220to adjust the gas flow rate through the corresponding burner valve190. Burner valve190also includes a switch assembly230positioned thereon for detecting a position of burner valve190. In one embodiment, switch assembly230includes two switches231,232stacked together to form a switch body233, and a rotator234rotatably received within switch body233. Each switch231,232is used to detect whether control shaft220is in the corresponding open position or closed position, respectively. Switch body233is mounted onto valve body210by screws (not shown), and rotator234defines a shaft opening236therethrough which is complementary with respect to control shaft220in sectional view. Control shaft220extends through shaft opening236, such that rotator234moves together with control shaft220for sensing the position of control shaft220. In alternative embodiments, any suitable switching mechanism known to those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided may be employed for sensing the position of burner valve190without departing from the scope of the present invention. Further, one or more switches may be employed for sensing one or more positions of burner valve190. FIG. 8is a perspective view of an alternative surface burner element control valve240for the gas supply system shown inFIG. 4. Burner valve240is similar to burner valve190shown inFIG. 7, except that burner valve240includes a single stack type switch242for detecting both the open position and the closed position of burner valve190. Switch242further includes a plurality of protrusions244extending downward from a switch body246. Each protrusion244is securely received in a corresponding opening248defined on a valve body250positioned below switch242. As such, switch242is fastened onto valve body250to reduce or eliminate vertical and/or radial movement of switch body246during the rotation of control shaft220. FIG. 9is a schematic view of an exemplary circuit300for range10shown inFIG. 1. Circuit300includes a first group of switches302,304,306, and308for respectively detecting whether the corresponding burner valve190(shown inFIG. 4) is positioned at the closed position, and a second group of switches312,314,316, and318for respectively detecting whether the corresponding burner valve190is positioned at the open position. In alternative embodiments, switch assembly230and/or switch242(shown inFIGS. 7 and 8) may be employed in circuit300. In one embodiment, control shaft220is rotatably positioned within burner valve190, and each switch302,304,306,308is used to detect whether control shaft220is positioned within an angle range of about −15 to about +15 degrees with respect to the predetermined closed position. When control shaft220is detected positioned within this angle range, the corresponding switch302,304,306,308is closed. As such, lines321and323are connected when all switches302,304,306,308are closed, and a signal indicating that all burner valves190are in the closed position is sent to the appliance controller (shown inFIG. 10). In alternative embodiments, the angle range may be greater or less than ±15 degrees. In one embodiment, when control shaft220is rotated from the closed position to the open position, gas is supplied to corresponding surface burner22,24,26,28if lockout valve assembly66(shown inFIG. 2) is in the open position. Each switch312,314,316,318is used to detect whether the corresponding control shaft220is positioned within an angle range of +15 to +75 degrees with respect to the predetermined closed position. When control shaft220is detected positioned within this angle range, the corresponding switch312,314,316,318is closed, and lines322and323are connected for energizing a corresponding spark module (not shown) to ignite the gas supplied to the corresponding surface burner22,24,26,28. In alternative embodiments, the angle range may be less than +15 degrees or greater than +75 degrees. FIG. 10is a block diagram of a control system400for range10(shown inFIGS. 1 and 2) including an appliance controller401including a microprocessor402coupled to input interface130and to display132, and including a RAM memory404and a permanent memory406, such a flash memory (FLASH), programmable read only memory (PROM), or an electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) as known in the art. The controller memory is used to store data including, without limitation, calibration constants, oven operating parameters, cooking routine recipe information, required to control heating elements and/or execute user instructions. Microprocessor402is operatively coupled to gas heating elements408(i.e., oven bake element, oven broil element, oven convection element, and cooktop surface heating units) for energization thereof through relays, triacs409, or other known mechanisms (not shown) for cycling electrical power to oven heating elements. One or more temperature sensors410sense operating conditions of gas heating elements408and are coupled to an analog to digital converter (A/D converter)412to provide a feedback control signal to microprocessor402. In addition, gas lockout valve assembly66is coupled to gas heating elements (such as burners22,24,26,28shown inFIG. 1) for regulating a gas supply thereto, as described above. Lockout valve assembly66is operatively coupled to microprocessor402and is responsive thereto. Burner valve switches230are operatively coupled to microprocessor402, and provide feedback to microprocessor402indicative of an open position or closed position for corresponding burner valve190. As such, microprocessor402activates lockout valve assembly66to move between the closed position and the open position based on the signal received from switches230and the manipulation input from I/O interface130(described in detail hereinafter). Switches206(shown inFIG. 4) also provide feedback to microprocessor402indicative of an open position or closed position of lockout valve192, and microprocessor402causes appropriate visual indicia via interface130and/or audible signals to alert the operator of the gas lockout condition when the gas lockout feature is activated. In operation, when the gas lockout feature is selected through operator manipulation of I/O interface130, microprocessor402detects the position of all burner valves190through the corresponding burner valve switches230. If all burner valves190are detected in the closed position, microprocessor402signals lockout valve assembly66. More specifically, microprocessor402energizes motor194(shown inFIG. 5) or the solenoid (not shown) to close lockout valve192of lockout valve assembly66. In one embodiment, microprocessor402is configured to display “Loc” on display132for visually indicating to the operator that lockout valve192is moved to the closed position. When the gas lockout feature is deselected through user manipulation of I/O interface130, microprocessor402also detects the position of all burner valves190through burner valve switches230. If all burner valves190are detected in the closed position, microprocessor402signals lockout valve assembly66. More specifically, microprocessor402energizes motor194or the solenoid to open lockout valve192. In one embodiment, microprocessor402is configured to stop displaying “Loc” on display132when lockout valve192moves to the open position. In one embodiment, if at least one burner valve190is detected in the open position when the gas lockout feature is selected or deselected, microprocessor402prevents lockout valve192from moving between the closed position and the open position. When at least one switch302,304,306,308(shown inFIG. 9) is open, lines321and323(shown inFIG. 9) are disconnected such that microprocessor402determines at least one burner valve190is in the open position. Microprocessor402then visually and/or audibly prompts the operator to move surface burner valves190to the closed position. Microprocessor402may display “turn surface burners off” on display132, and return to a standby situation without operating lockout valve assembly66. In a further embodiment, when the gas lockout feature is selected, microprocessor402also detects the operation status of the oven (not shown). If all burner valves190are detected in the closed position and the oven is in an off state, microprocessor402drives lockout valve192to move. If the oven is performing some predetermined functions, such as for example, baking, broiling, or a timing function, microprocessor402visually and/or audibly prompts the operator of an error. Microprocessor402then returns to the previous operation without operating lockout valve assembly66. In one embodiment, when the lockout feature is activated, any manipulation input other than deselecting the gas lockout feature is ignored. In another embodiment, if burner valve190is turned on when the lockout feature is activated, microprocessor402visually and/or audibly prompts the operator to turn off burner valves190. When a self clean mode is selected for the oven, microprocessor402automatically locks door16(shown inFIG. 1) and moves lockout valve192to the closed position if all burner valves190are in the closed position. Microprocessor402then performs a self clean process in the oven for a predetermined time period. After the self clean process, microprocessor402waits until the temperature within the oven is below a predetermined safe door unlock temperature. Microprocessor402then opens lockout valve192and unlocks door16if all burner valves190are in the closed position. In one embodiment, if burner valve190is turned on during the self clean mode, microprocessor402continues the self clean process and visually and/or audibly prompts the operator of an error. In a further embodiment, microprocessor402displays “turn surface burners off” on display132, and continues producing audible signals until all burner valves190are turned off. If burner valve190is still on after the self clean process, microprocessor402maintains door16locked and lockout valve assembly66is closed until all burner valves190are turned off. In one embodiment, microprocessor402monitors the movement of lockout valve assembly66and fault conditions, such as motor failure, switch failure, and/or miswiring, based on the signal received from switches206. As described above, open/closed position switch206is respectively configured to close to connect an OPEN/CLOSED circuit when lockout valve192reaches the corresponding full open or closed position, and configured to open to disconnect the OPEN/CLOSED circuit when lockout valve192leaves the corresponding full open position or closed position. When only one of the OPEN and the CLOSED circuits is closed and the other one is open, microprocessor402determines that lockout valve192reaches the corresponding full open or closed position. When both of the OPEN and CLOSED circuits are open, microprocessor402indicates lockout valve192is positioned between the full open position and the closed position. As such, microprocessor402determines that lockout valve192is moving between the full open position and the closed position. When the OPEN circuit and the CLOSED circuit are closed, microprocessor402determines that the fault conditions occur. In one embodiment, a data indicative of the state of lockout valve assembly66is stored in permanent memory406. In a further embodiment, “1” is defined as the closed state of lockout valve assembly66, and “0” is defined as the open state of lockout valve assembly66. Microprocessor402is configured to change the lockout valve data to “1” upon deciding to activate lockout valve assembly66to the closed position. In a further embodiment, microprocessor402changes the lockout valve data to “1” before initiating driving lockout valve assembly66to the closed position. In an alternative embodiment, microprocessor402changes the lockout valve data to “1” upon determining to activate the self clean mode. Microprocessor402changes the lockout valve data to “0” only when lockout valve192moves to the open position. In a further embodiment, microprocessor402compares the lockout valve data stored in permanent memory406with the signal received from lockout valve switches206when range10is powered up. When the lockout valve data is “1”, microprocessor402drives lockout valve192to the closed position if lockout valve192is detected in the full open position or between the closed position and the full open position. When the lockout valve data is “0”, microprocessor402determines the fault conditions occur if lockout valve assembly66is detected in the closed position or between the closed position and the full open position. In one embodiment, when activating lockout valve192to move from the full open position to the closed position, microprocessor402uses a time counter (not shown) to monitor the movement. When open position switch206is open, which indicates lockout valve192leaves the full open position, microprocessor402detects whether lockout valve192reaches the closed position within a predetermined time period, such as for example 30 seconds. If closed position switch206is not closed within the predetermined time period, microprocessor402determines the fault conditions occur. In another embodiment, if open position switch206is not open and close position switch206is not closed within the predetermined time period, microprocessor402also determines the fault conditions. In one embodiment, microprocessor402monitors the movement of lockout valve192from the closed position to the full open position in a similar method. Upon determining the fault condition, microprocessor402cancels all functions including driving lockout valve192to move, and visually and/or audibly prompts the operator of error. If burner valve190is turned on in the fault condition, microprocessor402further continues visually and/or audibly prompting the operator to turn off all burner valves190until the operator follows the prompt. The fault conditions may be reset when the main power of range10is turned off and turned on again. In one embodiment, the microprocessor opens the lockout valve when all surface burner element control valves are closed. As such, gas is not unintentionally introduced into the kitchen room when the lockout valve is de-actuated, even when at least one of the burner control knobs is already unknowingly actuated. In a further embodiment, the microprocessor visually and/or audibly prompts the operator of such situation, which effectively prompts the operator of such error. While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.

5F

23

N

FIGS. 2 to 6show a number of embodiments of the invention, many features of which are similar. Therefore, for the sake of brevity, the embodiments will only be described in so far as they differ from each other. Where features are the same or similar, the same reference numerals have been used and the features will not be described again. FIGS. 2A to 2Cshow an SAW sensor arrangement10, the sensor arrangement10including a transducer11, the transducer11including a support12for supporting a SAW device14. The support12includes a sensor location part16located between two oppositely extending attachment parts18. The transducer11includes the SAW device14which is mounted to the sensor location part16. The sensor arrangement10includes two spaced friction raisers20. The transducer11includes a fixing26for fixing the SAW device14to the sensor location part16of the support12. In one example, the fixing26comprises a heat cured adhesive bond. The sensor location part16is substantially planar. In the example shown, the sensor location part16is in the form of a relatively thin plate. The transducer11has an axis80, which is an axis of symmetry for the sensor location part plate16. The attachment parts18extend oppositely outwardly from the sensor location part16along the axis80. The SAW device14includes an SAW element (not shown), which in this example is packaged into a container38. The SAW element could be bonded directly to the sensor location part16. Each attachment part18is in the form of a relatively thick shoulder, and defines a passage34. More specifically, each passage34is defined by a curved surface32and a pair of spaced side walls36. Each attachment part18includes a correspondence surface40, which forms an opposite side of the attachment part to the passage curved surface32. The correspondence surfaces40are curved. In this embodiment, each friction raiser20comprises a pair of spaced projections44in the form of substantially conically shaped pins, which project from the respective correspondence surfaces40of the attachment parts18. In this embodiment, the projections44are formed integrally with the support12. In this embodiment, the item24is a rotating member, and could be a shaft, of substantially circular cross section which is relatively large in comparison with the support12. The surface of the item24is curved. The sensor arrangement10is for the measurement of the torque of the item24. The item24could be mounted for rotation, and could be elongate. The item24could have a longitudinal and/or rotational axis78. In use, the SAW sensor arrangement10is employed as follows. The SAW sensor arrangement10is arranged so that the attachment part curved correspondence surfaces40substantially correspond in shape to a measurement surface30of the item24, which is the surface on which the sensor arrangement10is to be located. The transducer11is located on the measurement surface30with the transducer axis80substantially parallel with the item axis78. The friction raisers20are located between the correspondence surfaces40and the measurement surface30. The sensor arrangement10includes a clamp arrangement22which applies a clamping force to clamp the sensor arrangement10to the item24. Referring additionally toFIGS. 5 and 6, the clamp arrangement22includes two straps28. In an installed condition, each strap28locates in the respective passage34against the passage curved surface32and extends around the item24and back to the respective attachment part18. The passage curved surface32follows the curved measurement surface30of the item24. The friction raisers20have a hardness which is greater than the hardness of the measurement surface30. In the installed condition, each friction raiser20is orientated substantially along a normal to the measurement surface30. The clamping force is applied so that the projections44are forced at least partially into the measurement surface30, each projection44forming an interlock recess42defined in the measurement surface30, as shown inFIG. 2C. In the installed condition, the correspondence surfaces40extend substantially partially circumferentially around the item axis78. In the correct installed condition, the transducer axis80is parallel to the item axis78and a nominal shortest line between the transducer axis80and the item axis78is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the sensor location part plate16. To at least some extent, the transducer11is self-aligning to a correct position (ie the installed condition described above) by virtue of the corresponding curvature of the measurement surface30and the two spaced correspondence surfaces40, and the tensioning action of the clamp arrangement22. As the correspondence surfaces40are tightened against the measurement surface30, the transducer11is automatically correctly positioned on the item24, with the transducer axis80parallel to the item axis78. The sensor arrangement10could include any suitable means of communicating signals between the SAW device14and an interrogation unit. One such means is shown inFIGS. 5 and 6. As shown inFIGS. 5 and 6, the sensor arrangement10includes an RF rotor couple60, which is installed on the item24. The RF rotor couple60forms the sensor antenna and comprises a dielectric substrate62and a micro-strip64which is electrically connected to the SAW device14. As shown inFIG. 6, the sensor arrangement10also includes a stator couple66which forms the reader antenna, and comprises a holder68, a dielectric substrate70and a micro-strip72electrically connected to the reader RF input. In one example, both the stator couple66and the rotor couple60could comprise two halves for easy assembly and disassembly to the item24. In one example, each clamping arrangement22could comprise a high-tension constant tension metal clamp (for instance, Heavy Duty TRIMAX® TRIDON® 843 Series Clamps). The curvature of the curved passage surface32means that the pressure applied by the clamps is more evenly distributed over the passage surface32and is therefore evenly applied to the friction raisers20. The thickness and the shape of the sensor location part plate16are optimized to obtain the strain generated by the torque on the plate surface for operation of the SAW torque sensing element (for instance, from 50 to 400 microstrain along the principal axes at the maximum measurable torque). The applicant has found that it is important that the transducer11is carefully formed so that the sensor location part plate16includes no localised stress raising features which could raise the localised stress of the material of the sensor location part plate16to a level approaching the yield point of the material when under load in use. The applicant has found that this can be achieved by the sensor location part plate16being substantially planar, and the SAW device being fixed to the sensor location part plate16by heat cured bonding as described above, which minimises local stresses. In one example, the material used for the sensor location part plate16could be stainless steel. In practice, the sensor location part plate16is designed to withstand stresses up to the yield stress divided by a design safety factor. The correspondence surfaces40have a form which substantially matches the curvature of the measurement surface30shaft. The applicant has found that, without the friction raisers20, if the clamping force provides a friction force between each of the attachment parts18and the item24which exceeds the shear force generated by torque, the sensor arrangement10would have a linear characteristic without hysteresis. Unfortunately, since the attachment part18is quite a stiff component, when the item24is subjected to torque, the friction force is not sufficiently strong to prevent stick-slip behaviour of the attachment part18on the item24. This leads to an unacceptably high hysteresis of the sensor arrangement10. The friction raisers20minimize the contact area in an axial direction between the attachment parts18and the item24, and the formation of the interlock recesses42provides a positive mechanical interlock between the transducer11and the item24which substantially prevents stick-slip behaviour when the item24is subjected to torque, significantly reducing hysteresis and improving measurement accuracy. As a result of the interlock between the transducer11and the item24, the item24effectively comprises part of the sensor arrangement10. However, no machining operations to the item24are necessary to provide the sensor arrangement10. In particular, it is not necessary to machine a flat on the item24. The indentations of the interlock recesses42are insignificant in comparison with the relatively large size of the item24, and do not affect any of the material properties or operating characteristics of the item24. The projections44could be formed integrally with the attachment parts18, for example, by machining, or could be formed separately and fixed to the attachment parts18, for instance, by means of press fitting. The axis of each projection44could be approximately normal to the measurement surface30. After some mechanical exercising, the interlock recesses42become stable due to work hardening. The number of the projections44could be two or more per attachment part18. In alternative embodiments (not shown), the sensor arrangement10could include a plurality of transducers11, which are mounted by the same clamp arrangement22to the same item24, the transducers11being substantially equispaced around the item24. For example, in one embodiment, a sensor arrangement could include two transducers11which are clamped to the item24on opposing sides thereof (diametrically opposite in the case of a circular shaft). Averaging the signals from the two transducers11allows compensation of the influence of shaft bending on the torque output. SAW torque sensors require individual calibration at points across the whole operational temperature range. The need of individual calibration arises from tolerances on the SAW die parameters and variation of the bond line properties from unit to unit. The ease of installation and de-installation of the torque plate transducers11of the present invention makes it possible to calibrate them separately from the shaft24where they are meant to be used. Before installing them on the working shaft, they can be installed on a much shorter calibration shaft that can be made more compliant than the actual working shaft if needed. The calibration shaft with the clamped plate transducers11can be installed inside an oven on a torque calibration rig where a known torque can be applied at a known temperature. After characterizing temperature properties of the torque plate transducers11in the course of calibration, they can be installed on the actual working shaft24. A typical characteristic of a torque sensor arrangement comprising two transducers11measured at room temperature is shown inFIG. 8. It demonstrates variation of the averaged difference between the two resonant frequencies with the applied torque. The amount of hysteresis is approximately 0.9% full range. The torque measurement error at different temperatures achieved after calibration is shown inFIG. 9. The peak error does not exceed 0.6% full range. The advantage of the sensor arrangements of the present invention is that the transducers are much smaller components than the item to be measured. This simplifies bonding of the SAW devices because of the much smaller thermal mass and a possibility to cure many transducers simultaneously in one oven. A further advantage is that the transducer11can be easily attached to a shaft by the clamp straps28and detached from it if needed. FIGS. 3A to 3Cshow a second sensor arrangement210including a transducer211. In this arrangement210, each of the friction raisers20comprises an elongate member74such as a wire. As shown inFIG. 3C, the elongate member74could have a rounded cross section, which could be substantially circular or elliptical. In alternative embodiments the elongate member74could have a cross section of different shape, such as pointed cross section shape, for example, a square, a diamond or any other suitable polygonal shape. Each correspondence surface40of each attachment part18defines an elongate recess76in which one of the friction raisers20is partially receivable. In the installed condition, each of the elongate recesses76extends substantially circumferentially relative to the item axis78. In cross section, the recess76could be relatively narrow and V-shaped. In use, the clamping force is applied so that the elongate members74are forced at least partially into the measurement surface30, each elongate member forming an interlock recess42defined in the measurement surface30, as shown inFIG. 3C. The elongate members74have a hardness which is greater than the hardness of the measurement surface30. FIG. 3Dshows a third sensor arrangement310including a transducer311. The sensor arrangement310is similar to the second arrangement210except that each of the friction raisers20comprises an elongate member374which is formed integrally with and projects from the respective correspondence surface40. In the installed condition, each of the elongate members374extends substantially circumferentially relative to the item axis78, and radially inwardly towards the item axis78. In cross section, the elongate members374could be tapered to a point, and could be triangular. In other embodiments (not shown), the elongate members374could have a rounded cross section, and could, for example, be substantially part-circular or part-elliptical, or could have a different pointed cross section shape. In other embodiments (not shown) the friction raisers20could be in the form of separate members which are attached to the correspondence surfaces by any suitable means eg adhesive bonding, welding. FIG. 4shows a fourth sensor arrangement410including a transducer411including a support412and an SAW device14. In this embodiment, the planar sensor location part plate416is turned thorough 90°, so that in the installed condition the plane of the sensor location part plate416is orientated radially relative to the item axis78and normally to the measurement surface30. This makes the transducer411more compliant and less critical to the amount of friction force in the contact area between the shoulder and the shaft. The SAW device14bonded to the sensor location part plate416should be sensitive to bending strain rather than shear strain. This can be achieved by rotating the SAW die (not shown) by 45° and shifting the SAW device14from a mid-point of the sensor location part plate416to a point on the sensor location part plate416at which the compression or tension strain is maximised. FIG. 7shows a fifth sensor arrangement510including a transducer511. In this arrangement, each of the friction raisers20comprises one or more relatively hard particles84which are embedded in an embedding layer82of relatively soft material. In this example, the relatively hard particles84are arranged to have a hardness which is greater than the hardness of both the measurement surface30and the correspondence surface40. In use, the embedding layer82is applied over the measurement surface30. The particles84could be applied along with the embedding layer82, or could be applied separately to the embedding layer82after it has been applied. Prior to the fitting of the transducer511, the embedding layer82holds the particles84against the measurement surface30. The transducer511is then clamped into the installed condition, during which operation the embedding layer82reduces in thickness under the clamping force and the particles84are forced at least partially into the measurement surface30and the correspondence surface40, each particle84forming an interlock recess42defined in the measurement surface30and an interlock recess542defined in the correspondence surface40. The particles84could be sharp edged particles or pointed particles, and could be abrasive particles, and could be a form of grit. The embedding layer82could be formed of an adhesive or bonding material. In one example, the particles84are formed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and the embedding layer82is an adhesive. In this example, the applicant has found that the amount of hysteresis is comparable with that of the second embodiment. The layer82with the particles84could be continuous over the measurement surface30and/or the correspondence surface40, or could be located over only part of the measurement surface30and/or the correspondence surface40. The layer82with the particles84could be located in discrete or discontinuous regions over the measurement surface30and/or the correspondence surface40. The layer82with the particles84could be utilised in conjunction with a friction raiser of one of the previous embodiments. It will be realised that any of the transducers211,311,411,511and associated components could be used instead of the transducer11in the arrangements shown inFIGS. 5 and 6to form sensor arrangements210,310,410,510respectively. Various other modifications could be made without departing from the scope of the invention. The various components of the arrangements could be of any suitable size and shape, and could be formed of any suitable material. The SAW device could comprise any suitable number and type of SAW sensing elements. The clamp arrangement22could be of any suitable design. For example, the clamp arrangement22could comprise any suitable number of straps28. Any of the features or steps of any of the embodiments shown or described could be combined in any suitable way, within the scope of the overall disclosure of this document. There is thus provided an SAW sensor arrangement which enables the torque of a relative large item to be measured easily and accurately. The sensor arrangement of the invention permits the fixing and calibration of an SAW device to a support to form a transducer which can be easily handled and subsequently fitted to and removed from a large item such as a ship propeller shaft or a turbine shaft for the measurement of torque. No modification of the shaft is required. The sensor arrangement can be retro fitted to an existing shaft in situ. The sensor arrangements of the invention have been found to provide accurate torque measurement with relatively low hysteresis.

6G

01

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION At the outset, it should be clearly understood that like reference numerals are intended to identify the same structural elements, portions, or surfaces consistently throughout the several drawing figures, as may be further described or explained by the entire written specification of which this detailed description is an integral part. The drawings are intended to be read together with the specification and are to be construed as a portion of the entire “written description” of this invention as required by 35 U.S.C. § 112. Averting now to the drawings a building unit encasement device100is referenced inFIGS. 1-6. The building unit encasement device100encapsulates at least one unit of building material that is known in the art for building structures, so as to protect wooden or steel units from moisture and insects that can destroy the building unit. As shown inFIG. 1, building unit encasement device100provides an elongated, rectangular container102that encapsulates lumber, such as 2×4 strips of wood and steel beams. The device100provides four walls104,110,116,122that form a cavity to receive a wood or steel building unit. At least two of the walls104,116form a hinged relationship that allows air to flow into the cavity for circulation and drying the building unit. The container102is fabricated from vinyl, so as to enable facilitated cutting of any of the walls104,110,116,122at an angle. In this manner, various widths of building units can be fit in the container102. Further, a silicon composition132on the vinyl inhibits damage from insects and moisture. The four walls may unfold into a sheet and have a male and female connector at the opposite ends. With obvious modification, either end could, in certain embodiments, incorporate the male or female connector, such that the male and female ends, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, could be reversible and interchangeable. AsFIG. 2references, the building unit encasement device100comprises an elongated container102that is adapted to receive and store wood or steel building unit. The building unit may include a 2×4 strip of lumber, or other elongated building material known in the art. The building unit encasement device100is fabricated from a vinyl material that is configured to be easily cut. Turning now toFIG. 3, the building unit encasement device100is defined by a first lateral wall104having a first hinge edge106and a first depressed edge108. The first lateral wall104is generally rigid and flat. The building unit encasement device100, which may be formed into container102, is further defined by a second lateral wall110having a second hinge end and a second depressed edge114. The first and second lateral walls104,110are substantially the same and disposed in a generally parallel relationship. The first depressed edge108forms a cylindrical, circular depression. It is significant to note that due to the vinyl material composition132of the walls104,110,116,122, the first lateral wall104and the second lateral wall110are adapted to be cut at an angle. In one embodiment, the angle is no less than 0° and no more than 359°. Vinyl is used in this embodiment because of vinyl's ability to protect against detrimental weather. However it should be understood that other similar materials can be used having similar weather resistance characteristics. With regard toFIG. 2, container102is also defined by a first end wall116having a first protruding edge118and a first end wall hinge edge120. The container102is further defined by a second end wall122. The first and second end walls116,122are substantially similar in size and shape and are disposed in a generally parallel relationship. Walls116,122may not be fully parallel, but may have a slight angle from each other. With regard toFIG. 4, the protruding edge118of the end walls116is used to enable detachable fastening of the container102. In one embodiment, the protruding edge118, may include a cylindrical protrusion128that detachably mates with the depressed edge108of the first lateral wall104. Cylindrical protrusion128has a neck117, which is cubical in shape, that corresponds in length and shape to a spacer portions115of first depressed edge108. The lateral and end walls104,110,116,122join to form an elongated rectangular shape that is defined by a building unit cavity. The second hinge edge112of the second lateral wall110hingedly joins the first edge120of the first end wall116. This arrangement allows the first end wall116to hingedly engage the first lateral wall104. Because of the hinged relationship between the first lateral wall104and the first end wall116, the cylindrical protrusion128detachably mates with the first depressed edge108of the first lateral wall104. As shown inFIGS. 4 and 5, a series of ribs134may be arranged along the cylindrical protrusion128to enhance the grip with the first depressed edge108. Ribs134provide a ratchet grip that prevents cylindrical protrusion128from being removed from the depressed edge receptacle109. Depressed edge receptacle109is shaped to correspond to the shape of cylindrical protrusion128, such that cylindrical protrusion128has ribs that form a cylinder with a circumference that allows cylindrical protrusion to fit snugly into depressed edge receptacle109. Depressed edge receptacle109has an aperture113that is adapted to allow insertion of a cylindrical object into a flexible material such as vinyl. Lips111meets aperture113at the upper and lower edges between depressed edge receptacle109and aperture113. The present disclosure may include a plurality of ribs on the outer portion of cylindrical protrusion128. Multiple ribs134enhance the grip such that if a force causes ratcheting out of a first outer set of ribs134, the next set of ribs may maintain cylindrical protrusion128at least partially within depressed edge receptacle109. Aperture113, in one embodiment, has a width of ⅛thof an inch, while the diameter of the cylindrical protrusion at its outermost edge of ribs134is 3/16thof an inch. These dimensions are applicable to a standard 2×4 building unit. The dimensions may vary based on the size of the building unit to be enclosed by building unit encasement device100. The dimensions of aperture113and cylindrical protrusion128are calibrated to allow easy insertion of cylindrical protrusion128into depressed edge receptacle109, while preventing wind within an expected range of strength from pulling cylindrical protrusion128out of depressed edge receptacle109. Ribs134, as shown inFIG. 5, are wider at the base and narrower at the top portion. Ribs may be formed from concave grooves in the exterior portion of cylindrical protrusion128. Ribs134are narrow such that they may flex as cylindrical protrusion128is inserted into depressed edge receptacle109. This flexing of ribs134allows cylindrical protrusion128to more easily fit through aperture113. In a preferred embodiment, ribs134are comprised of vinyl, and are formed and molded as an integral unit with all features of building unit encasement device100, which is preferably comprised of vinyl. As shown inFIG. 4, the cylindrical inner surface of depressed edge receptacle109is smooth, as opposed to grooved, in order to facilitate ease of insertion of cylindrical protrusion128into depressed edge receptacle109. Grooves within depressed edge receptacle109would create resistance during insertion of cylindrical protrusion128, impeding the ability of a user to connect the male and female ends. In some embodiments, multiple ribs134are spaced apart. A gap130forms between the cylindrical protrusion128and the first depressed edge108of the first lateral wall104, so as to allow for air circulation in the cavity of the container102. An extension119extends from the neck117to the edge of the adjacent wall having the receptacle to complete the rectangular shape of container102and provide a smooth and consistent surface to the rectangular container102. With regard toFIG. 6, in one embodiment, a silicon layer coats the first lateral wall104, the second lateral wall110, the first end wall116, and the second end wall122. The silicon helps inhibit damage form insects, such as termites, carpenter ants, and carpenter bees. With regard toFIG. 7, first lateral wall104has a first depressed edge108. First depressed edge108may extend longitudinally along an inner surface of lateral wall104such that when cylindrical protrusion128along edge118such that when closed, a flush corner is created to generate a rectangular container102. As will be appreciated, the present invention provides a sound and effective building unit encasement device. The invention overcomes some of the deficiencies in the prior art by protecting building units such a 2×4 strips of wood, and metal beams. It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. While the invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the following claim is intended to cover all the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention that, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.

4E

4

F

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1(a), an n.sup.+ buried layer 4 is formed in a Bi transistor formation region 2 and a p-channel MOS transistor formation region 3 on a p-type (1, 0, 0) Si substrate 1. A p.sup.+ buried layer 6 is formed over an n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 and a Bi element isolation region (isolation oxide film) S which surrounds the region 5 on the Si substrate 1. Then, epitaxial layers 7, 8 and 9 are formed at a thickness of about 1.5 .mu.m over the whole surface, respectively. For the element isolation of the CMOS transistor and the Bi transistor, there are respectively formed as the epitaxial layers an n-type layer 7 just above the n.sup.+ buried layer 4 in the region 2, a p well 8 just above the p.sup.+ buried layer 6 in the region 5, and an n well 9 just above the n.sup.+ buried layer 4 in the region 3. Then, ions are implanted for preventing field inversion in a region, in which a field oxide film is to be formed, on the p well 8 by an ordinary LOCOS method. Thereafter, LOCOS oxidation is carried out to form a field oxide film 100 having a thickness of about 6000 .ANG.. A dummy oxide film is formed at a thickness of about 300 .ANG.. Channel doping is carried out in the n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 and the p-channel MOS transistor formation region 3 so as to remove the dummy oxide film. A gate oxide film 10 having a thickness T of about 200 .ANG. is formed [see FIG. 1(a)]. In that case, the widths A, B and C of the gate oxide film 10 in the formation regions 3, 5 and 2 are 5 .mu.m, 5 .mu.m and 5 .mu.m, respectively. For the channel doping, p-type B impurities are injected over the formation regions 3 and 5 at a density of 10.sup.12 cm.sup.-2. Then, the p-type B impurities are selectively injected only in the Bi transistor formation region 2 at a density of 10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 so as to form a p.sup.- layer 11 having a density of 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 on the surface of the n-type expitaxial layer 7 just above the n.sup.+ buried layer 4. The p.sup.- layer 11 is the active base layer of an npn-Bi transistor. Thereafter, the gate oxide film 10 in the Bi transistor formation region 2 is partially removed by a predetermined pattern so as to form an opening 10a thereon [see FIG. 1(b)]. In that case, the width V of the opening 10a is set to 2.5 .mu.m. Subsequently, a polysilicon layer for a gate is deposited at a thickness of about 3500 .ANG. over the Si substrate 1 having the opening 10a. Then, n-type As impurities are injected over the polysilicon layer at a density of 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2, and are diffused to form an n.sup.+ gate polysilicon layer (not shown). Thereafter, the n.sup.+ gate polysilicon layer in the gate formation regions of the n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 and p-channel MOS transistor formation region 3 is patterned to form a gate 12 therein [see FIG. 1(c)]. Also in the Bi transistor formation region 2, the n.sup.+ gate polysilicon layer is patterned to form a gate 12a on the p.sup.- layer 11 including the edge e of the opening 10a of the gate oxide film 10. More specifically, the gate 12a having the n-type As impurities injected at a density of 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2 is formed in a region D having a width of 1.0 .mu.m from the p.sup.- layer 11 to the gate oxide film 10 in the vicinity of the edge e therethrough in similar to the gate 12. In order to form an LDD-type n-channel MOS transistor, P (phosphorous) impurities 200 are injected by using a resist layer 15 so as to form an n.sup.- layer 13 in the region 5 [see FIG. 1(d)]. Also in a region 14 in which the gate oxide film of the Bi transistor region 2 remains, the P impurities 200 are simultaneously injected to form an n.sup.- layer 13a [see FIG. 1(d)]. The n.sup.- layer 13a can be formed by self-aligning with the use of the gate 12a and an isolation oxide film 100 as masks. The n.sup.- layer 13a is the collector region of the Bi transistor. A quantity of the P impurities 200 to be injected is 10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2. There are formed the n.sup.- layer 13 having a density of 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 and the n.sup.- layer 13a having a density of 10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3. The width F and depth G of the n.sup.- layer 13a are 2.0 .mu.m and 0.4 .mu.m, respectively. The width H and depth I of the n.sup.- layer 13 are 2.0 .mu.m and 0.4 .mu.m, respectively. After the resist film 15 is removed, a CVD-SiO.sub.2 film (not shown) is deposited at a thickness of about 2000 .ANG. over the Si substrate 1 including the gates 12a and 12. Then, the whole surface of the Si substrate 1 including the SiO.sub.2 film is etched by Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) so as to form SiO.sub.2 LDD side walls 16a and 16 on the gates 12a and 12 [see FIG. 1(e)]. In that case, the maximum widths J of the LDD side walls 16a and 16 are identical with each other on the gates 12a and 12, and are 0.2 .mu.m. Then, an n.sup.+ layer 18 is formed as a source-drain region on the n.sup.- layer 13 in the n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 [see FIG. 1(e)]. The n.sup.+ layer 18 is formed by self-aligning with the use of a resist film 17, and the isolation oxide film 100 and the side wall 16 of the gate 12 as masks. Then, As (arsenic) impurities 201 are injected at a density of 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2. Also in the n.sup.- region 13a of the Bi transistor formation region 2, the As impurities 201 are injected at a density of 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2. Consequently, an n.sup.+ layer 18a is formed [see FIG. 1(e)]. The n.sup.+ layer 18a is also formed by self-aligning with the use of the resist film 17, and the isolation oxide film 100 and the side wall 16a of the gate 12a as masks. The width K and depth L of the n.sup.+ layer 18a are 1.8 .mu.m and 0.2 .mu.m, respectively. The width M and depth N of the n.sup.+ layer 18 are 1.8 .mu.m and 0.2 .mu.m, respectively. The density of the n.sup.+ layer 18a is 10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3. The density of the n.sup.+ layer 18 is 10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3. The region having the n.sup.+ layer 18a is the collector electrode pullout region (collector electrode region) C of the Bi transistor. The n.sup.+ layer 18a can be formed by self-aligning with the use of the isolation oxide film 100 and the LDD side wall 16a of the gate 12a as masks. The n.sup.+ layer 18 in the n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 can also be formed by self-aligning with the use of the isolation oxide film 100 and the LDD side wall 16 of the gate 12 as masks. As a result, the n.sup.- region 13a and n.sup.+ region 18a have an offset l.sub.1 which has a length corresponding to the thickness J of the LDD side wall 16a. The n.sup.- region 13 and n.sup.+ region 18 have an offset l.sub.2 which has a length corresponding to the thickness J of the LDD side wall 16 [see FIG. 1(e)]. The offsets l.sub.1 and l.sub.2 are 0.2 .mu.m and 0.2 .mu.m, respectively. Then, the resist film 17 is removed. Subsequently, a p.sup.+ layer 19 is formed as a source-drain region in the p-channel MOS transistor formation region 3 [see FIG. 1(f)]. In that case, the p.sup.+ layer 19 is formed by self-aligning with the use of a resist film 20, and the isolation oxide film 100 and the side wall 16 of the gate 12 as masks. BF.sub.2 (boron difluoride) impurities 202 are injected at a density of 10.sup.15 cm.sup.-2 so as to form the p.sup.+ layer 19 having a density of 10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3. Simultaneously with the formation of the p.sup.+ layer 19, the BF.sub.2 impurities 202 are injected at a density of 10.sup.15 cm.sup.-2 so as to form a p.sup.+ layer 19a having a density of 10.sup.20 cm.sup.-3 also in a region 21 in which the gate oxide film of the Bi transistor formation region 2 is removed [see FIG. 1(d)]. The region having the p.sup.+ layer 19a is the base electrode pullout region B of the Bi transistor [see FIG. 1(f)]. The p.sup.+ layer 19a can be formed by self-aligning with the use of the isolation oxide film 100 and the LDD side wall 16a of the gate 12a as masks. The width P and depth Q of the p.sup.+ layer 19a are 1.8 .mu.m and 0.3 .mu.m, respectively. The width R and depth S of the p.sup.+ layer 19 are 1.8 .mu.m and 0.3 .mu.m, respectively. After the resist film 20 is removed, an NSG film 22 having a thickness of 0.15 .mu.m as a SiO.sub.2 film, in which the impurities are not doped, and a BPSG film 23 having a thickness of 0.6 .mu.m as a SiO.sub.2 film, in which the B and P impurities are doped, are consecutively deposited by a known method (not shown) over the Si substrate 1 including the gates 12a and 12. Then, the NSG film 22 and BPSG film 23 are reflowed at a predetermined temperature (for example, 900.degree. C.). The As impurities are automatically doped by the above-mentioned heat treatment from the gate 12a to the p.sup.- layer 11 in the Bi transistor formation region 2. Consequently, an n.sup.+ layer 42 is formed in the p.sup.- layer 11 over the bottom of the gate 12a and that of the gate oxide film 10 in the vicinity of the edge e [see FIG. 1(g)]. The region having the n.sup.+ layer 42 is the emitter region E of the Bi transistor. The width X and depth Y of the n.sup.+ layer 42 are 0.5 .mu.m and 0.2 .mu.m, respectively [see FIG. 2]. According to the present embodiment, the emitter dimension X of the emitter region 42 can be determined by the overlap of two patterns, i.e., the overlap of the opening 10a having the width V and the gate 12a provided in the region D. Consequently, it is possible to set the emitter dimension X which is smaller than a patterning limit. Since the conventional emitter dimension .alpha. is 1.0 .mu.m, the emitter dimension X of the n.sup.+ layer 42 is shorter by about 0.5 .mu.m in the present embodiment. In addition, the emitter region 42 can be formed just below the gate 12a. As described above, the n-type As impurities are injected in the n.sup.+ polysilicon gate 12a at a density of 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2 [see FIG. 1(c)]. Consequently, the n-type As impurities are automatically doped in the p.sup.- layer 11 by a heat treatment so that the p.sup.+ layer 19a having a density of 10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3 can be formed. The heat treatment is carried out to reflow a layer insulating film comprised of the NSG film 22 and the BPSG film 23 as described above. In the present embodiment, the above-mentioned heat treatment is utilized. It is necessary to set the temperature of the heat treatment to, for example, 900.degree. C. such that the n-type As impurities are not automatically doped from the gate 12 to the p well 8 and n well 9 through the gate oxide film 10 in the n-channel MOS transistor formation region 5 and p-channel MOS transistor formation region 3. In the present embodiment, when the thickness T of the gate oxide film 10 is about 200 .ANG. and a quantity of the impurities to be injected in the n.sup.+ polysilicon gate 12a is 10.sup.16 cm.sup.-2, the n.sup.+ layer 42 having a density of 10.sup.21 cm.sup.-3 can be formed in the p.sup.- layer 11 having a density of 10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 by setting to 900.degree. C. the temperature of the heat treatment for reflowing the NSG film 22 having a thickness of 0.15 .mu.m and the BPSG film 23 having a thickness of 0.6 .mu.m. Subsequently, contact holes 24, 25, 26 and 27 are provided in the regions 3, 5 and 2 of the layer insulating film formed by laminating the BPSG film 23 on the NSG film 22. Metal electrodes 28, 29, 43 and 44 are formed on the contact holes 24, 25, 26 and 27 [see FIG. 1(g)]. The above-mentioned contact holes and electrodes can be obtained by a known method. In that case, the contact holes 24, 25 and 27 are formed so as to communicate with the p.sup.+ layer 19, n.sup.+ layer 18 and n.sup.+ layer 18a through the NSG film 22, BPSG film 23 and gate oxide film 10. The contact hole 26 is formed so as to communicate with the p.sup.+ layer 19a through the NSG film 22 and BPSG film 23, because the gate oxide film 10 has already been removed when the p.sup.- layer 11 is formed. The contact holes may be formed by using a predetermined pattern (not shown) simultaneously or several times. Thus, a BiCMOS transistor is formed. FIG. 2 shows the enlarged Bi transistor formation region 2 in FIG. 1(g). The BiCMOS transistor of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment. In FIG. 1(e), for example, a mask is added to the resist film 17 so as to form a deep n.sup.+ collector diffused layer, the P.sup.- doping of the active base layer also serves as the channel doping of the MOS transistor formation regions 3 and 5, and the p well 8, n well 9 and n-type epitaxial layer 7 are not needed. In other words, the range of various combinations and omissions, which are not directly concerned with the invention, is very wide. While the npn-Bi transistor is shown in the above-mentioned embodiment, the relationship between the impurities can be reversed to easily form a pnp-Bi transistor. According to the method for manufacturing a BiCMOS transistor of the present invention, a Bi transistor having fineness and high performance can occupy a smaller area so as to coexist with a CMOS transistor. Consequently, a cell size can be reduced. In addition, there is very small an increase in cost by BiCMOS. According to the method for forming an emitter of the present invention, furthermore, it is possible to form an emitter region which is not greater than a photoprocessing limit. Thus, CMOS can be made finer in future.

7H

01

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be explained with respect to specific examples thereof, but it is to be understood that the present invention is by no means limited thereto. EXAMPLES 5 different kinds of test samples including 2 comparative samples were produced using components as shown in Table 1. Material powders of Fe2O3, ZnO and MnO in respective amounts shown in Table 1 were mixed, agitated by an attritor, calcined in the air at 850 degrees C. for 2 hours, and milled by an attritor for 1 hour. Then, either TiO2or SnO2, and CaO in respective amounts shown in Table 1 were added to the processed powder, and the powder thus prepared was agitated by an attritor for 1 hour, granulated with addition of polyvinyl alcohol, and pressed under a pressure of 80 MPa into toroidal cores (green compacts). The green compacts were sintered at 1200 degrees C. for 2 hours in a furnace where an atmosphere was controlled by charging nitrogen, and then were cooled down in the same atmosphere, and invention samples 1 to 3 and comparative samples 1 and 2 each having an outer diameter of 7.0 mm, an inner diameter of 3.0 mm and a height of 10.0 mm were obtained. Mn2O3and FeO content amounts in the samples were determined titrimetrically on all the samples, and are shown in Table 1. And, permeability and permittivity were measured at various frequencies by a coaxial tube S-parameter measurement technique to a calculate reflection coefficient thereby evaluating electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics, and the results of the calculation are shown inFIG. 1. TABLE 1SecondaryTitrationSpinel Primary PhasePhaseAnalysis[mol %][mass %]3)[mol %]Sample No.Fe2O31)MnO2)ZnOTiO2SnO2CaOMn2O3FeOComparative 147.039.013.01.0—0.00.10.1Invention 147.039.013.01.0—1.00.10.1Invention 247.039.013.0—1.025.00.10.1Invention 347.039.013.01.0—50.00.10.1Comparative 247.039.013.01.0—60.00.10.1Notes:1)Fe2O3refers to FeO as well as Fe2O3.2)MnO refers to Mn2O3as well as MnO.3)Ratio to the aggregate mass of the spinel primary phase and the secondary phase As seen fromFIG. 1, invention samples 1 and 2 both have a reflection coefficient of 20 dB or more in a frequency band of 30 to 500 MHz and duly function as an electromagnetic wave absorber in a low frequency band. Invention sample 3 has a reflection coefficient of 20 dB or more in a frequency band of more than 500 MHz, thus proving that the sintered ferrite alone makes an electromagnetic wave absorber adapted to duly function in a high frequency band (500 to 1000 MHz). On the other hand, comparative sample 1 has a reflection coefficient curve which has a sharp peak thus functioning as an electromagnetic wave absorber only in a limited frequency band, and comparative sample 2 has a too small mass ratio of the spinel primary phase which is a magnetic member, and therefore cannot gain excellent electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics throughout an overall frequency band.

7H

01

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a first embodiment of a positioning device for a sensor element of a miniature fan in accordance with the present invention generally includes a circuit board 1 and a stator 2 . The circuit board 1 may be of any conventional structure and includes necessary control elements 11 . An axle tube 10 is provided on the circuit board 1 . The axle tube 10 may be a tube that extends through a central hole (not shown) of the circuit board 1 or an axle tube formed on a housing (not shown) of a miniature fan (not shown). The axle tube 10 provides engagement for the circuit board 1 and the stator 2 and supports a shaft of a rotor for rotation. The circuit board 1 further includes a sensor element 12 that is upright in this embodiment. The stator 2 may be of any conventional structure. In this embodiment, the stator 2 includes radial windings and includes four poles each having two pole ends 21 and 22 . In two adjacent poles, the pole end 21 of one pole and the pole end 22 of the other pole have a gap 23 therebetween. The gap 23 has a width that is slightly greater than that of the sensor element 12 , thereby allowing insertion of the sensor element 12 into the gap 23 . FIG. 2 illustrates assembly of the first embodiment of the positioning device in accordance with the present invention, wherein the sensor element 12 on the circuit board 1 is aligned with the gap 23 between two adjacent poles ends respectively of two adjacent poles. In addition, the sensor element 12 may be inserted into the gap 23 , such that the overall thickness for the circuit board 1 and the stator 2 is minimized after assembly. FIGS. 3 and 4 , illustrate a second embodiment of the positioning device in accordance with the present invention that is substantially identical to the first embodiment. The only difference between the two embodiments is that the sensor element 12 in the second embodiment lies horizontally to further minimize the overall thickness for the circuit board 1 and the stator 2 after assembly. In addition, relative position for the stator poles and the sensor element 12 is more consistent so as to retain the sensor element 12 in the optimal detecting position. FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a third embodiment of the positioning device in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, the positioning device includes a circuit board 3 and a stator 4 . The circuit board 3 includes an axle hole 30 through which an axle tube 41 on the stator 4 extends. The circuit board 3 includes conventional control elements 31 and a sensor element 32 . If necessary, the circuit board 3 may include a notch 33 to allow insertion of the sensor element 32 , thereby further minimizing the overall thickness after assembly. The stator 4 in this embodiment is a stator having axial windings. The stator 4 includes an upper pole plate 42 and a lower pole plate 43 that are located on different planes. The axle tube 41 is used to engage with the circuit board 3 , the upper pole plate 42 , and the lower pole plate 43 . However, the axle tube 41 may be directly formed on a housing (not shown) of a miniature fan (not shown). The upper pole plate 42 includes two poles each having two pole ends 421 and 422 . The lower pole plate 43 includes two poles each having two pole ends 431 and 432 . The pole ends 421 and 422 of the upper pole plate 42 are misaligned with the pole ends 431 and 432 of the lower pole plate 42 . Namely, a gap 44 is defined in a vertical direction between the pole end 421 of the upper pole plate 42 and the pole end 432 of the lower pole plate 43 . The gap 44 provides an alignment reference for the sensor element 32 . If necessary, the sensor element 32 may be inserted into the gap 44 to further minimize the overall thickness after assembly. According to the above description, it is appreciated that the sensor element can be easily fixed in an optimal detecting position relative to the stator poles by providing the positioning devices in accordance with the present invention, thereby providing consistent operational effect for the miniature fans so constructed. In addition, the miniature fans so constructed have a minimized thickness. Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment as mentioned above, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, contemplated that the appended claims will cover such modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the invention.

7H

02

K

In FIGS. 1 and 2 , a hammer 1 is shown that is used as a hammer drill and chisel hammer, which has a handle 2 at its rear containing the on/off switch in a common fashion. At the front end of a hammer housing 3 is a mounting support 4 installed in a known fashion. The hammer housing 3 usually houses the transmission in this area and can be made of plastic or metal. The mounting support 4 is pushed onto the hammer housing 3 in the direction of a tool axis 5 and is fixed at one end of the hammer housing 3 by means of a known clamping mechanism, which serves as a fastening element 4 a , at any desired angular position relative to the tool axis 5 . The mounting support 4 should be mounted such that its other end extends below the hammer housing 3 . Then, at its bottom side it holds a tangential grip 6 and a radial grip 7 . The tangential grip 6 has a first grip section 8 and a second grip section 9 perpendicular to and connected to the first grip section 8 in one piece. To better understand this, the grip axes in the respective grip sections 8 , 9 are indicated as dashed-dotted lines in FIG. 2 . The free end 10 of grip section 9 is broadened and shaped like a spade so that the user can get a more secure grip of the tangential grip 6 and to prevent an inadvertent slipping off of the second grip section 9 . For the same reason, the end 11 of the first grip section 8 at the side nearest the hammer is also broadened. Broadening the end 11 nearest the hammer also guarantees that the user is protected against getting burned at the hammer housing, which is mostly made of metal. Also, the user's hand is protected against electric shock that could otherwise spark from the hammer housing 3 if an electric line is inadvertently drilled. The tangential grip 6 is fastened to the mounting support 4 by means of a locking wheel 12 that serves as a locking element. The locking wheel 12 is screwed into the mounting support 4 as shown in FIG. 3 also and clamps a flat area 13 of the tangential grip 6 between itself and the mounting support 4 . After loosening the locking wheel 12 , the tangential grip 6 can be tilted about a stem 14 in the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 1 . This stem 14 extends along an axis 15 that intersects perpendicular to the tool axis 5 . This makes it possible to tilt the tangential grip 6 in the direction of the tool, not shown, which improves the ability to guide the tool. Also, the tangential grip 6 can be tilted backward toward the main grip 2 for example when working in locations that are difficult to access. In the desired position, the locking wheel 12 is again tightened, resulting in the catches 16 engaging between the tangential grip 6 and the mounting support 4 and positioning the tangential grip 6 and the mounting support 4 form-locked to one another. This prevents inadvertent gradual movement if the locking wheel 12 has not been sufficiently tightened. Examples of suitable catches 16 are grooves in the flat area 13 of the tangential grip 6 and in the mounting support 4 . Below the locking wheel 12 , the radial grip 7 is screwed in with a threaded pin 17 . The grip axis 15 of the radial grip 7 shown by dashed-dotted line intersects the tool axis 5 perpendicularly. In cases where it is more appropriate for ergonomic reasons to hold the hammer only at the main rear grip section, the radial grip 7 can be unscrewed from the locking wheel 12 and instead screwed into a threaded hole 18 provided at the hammer housing 3 . In this case, the grip axis 15 of the radial grip 7 no longer has to necessarily intersect the tool axis 5 perpendicularly. In FIG. 2 , a dashed line shows this position of the radial grip 7 .

1B

25

G

EXAMPLE I Preparation of PtF for Labelling Purposes First of all fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3 is prepared by reacting 100 mg fluorescein-N.dbd.C.dbd.S with 1 ml CH.sub.3 NH.sub.2 in 100 ml water. The reaction takes about 1 hour under continuous stirring at room temperature in the dark. The obtained reaction product, fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3), is precipitated from the solution by acidifying with HCl (1 mol/liter {M}) to a pH of 2-3. The precipitate is washed in water and then collected. Then a suspension of 100 mg (0.237 mmol) of the thus obtained fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3 in 95 ml of water was brought with NaOH (1M) on a pH of 10-11, whereby a bright yellow solution was obtained. To this solution was added 72 mg (0.178 mmol) of [Pt(ethylenediamine)(Me.sub.2 SO)Cl]Cl or [Pt(ethylenediamine)Cl.sub.2 ]Cl in 5 ml of water and the reaction mixture was slowly stirred in the dark for 5-10 minutes at room temperature. The non-reacted fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3 was precipitated by acidification to a pH of 2-3 with HCl (1M) and removed by filtration. The bright yellow filtrate was freeze-dried, yielding a stable dry compound {Pt(ethylenediamine)(Me.sub.2 SO)(fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3)}, or {Pt(ethylenediamine)Cl(fluorescein-NH(CS)NHCH.sub.3)}, abbreviated PtF. In principle the reaction may be carried out in an analogous manner with as starting material the one as mentioned above, provided that fluorescein is replaced by for instance rhodamine, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, biotin, digoxygenin or any other hapten, which may be modified in such a manner that therein is present a double-bonded sulphur (S) atom, a --SR group, a NR'R" group or a nitrogen ring (--N--), wherein R'R" are equal or not equal to each other and represent an organic residual group. (Also H is possible). These S- or N-atoms serve as binding ligand for the platinum (Pt) atom. EXAMPLE II Nucleic Acid-Labelling With PtF The dry PtF compound is dissolved at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in distilled water, which has been brought at a pH of 9-10 with NaOH. Then DNA (single or double stranded) or RNA at an arbitrary concentration (for instance 100 .mu.g/ml) was taken up in a low-salt buffer with a pH of about 8 (for instance 10 mM TRIS-HCl) and possibly fragmented by ultrasonication. To the thus obtained nucleic acid solution a ten fold molar excess of PtF solution was added and after proper mixing the reaction mixture was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 30-60 minutes. Next 1/10 volume part of a Na acetate (3M) solution of a pH of 5.6 was added to the reaction mixture and after mixing subsequently two parts of ethanol were added, after which it was thoroughly stirred and the reaction vial was then incubated for 15 minutes at 80.degree. C. or for 2 hours at -20.degree. C. The PtF-labelled nucleic acid was thereupon precipitated by centrifugation at 10.000.times.g for 7 minutes. The obtained pellet was washed in 90% ethanol and the nucleic acid labelled with the PtF was dissolved at the desired concentration at an arbitrary buffer (for instance 10mM TRIS-HCl a pH of 7.5, 0.3 mM EDTA). The thus PtF-labelled nucleic acid is now ready for use. Examples of the Use of PtM-Labelled Nucleic Acids EXAMPLE III Human papilloma virus cannot be cultured, but some subtypes (HPV 16/18) are positively connected with the origin of malignant tumors of amongst others the cervix and the penis. By now labelling purified DNA of such a papilloma virus with PtM and then performing an in situ hybridization procedure on cells or tissue of for instance the cervix, the presence of the risk bearing type papilloma virus may be shown very specifically by means of a direct fluorescence procedure or an indirect immunohistochemical procedure with anti-PtM antibodies. EXAMPLE IV a) Human papilloma virus cannot be cultured, but some subtypes (HPV 16/18) are positively connected with a large chance on the development of malignant tumors on cervix or penis. Further, probes are developed for amongst others the detection of DNA (Vaccinia, Herpes simplex (HSV1/2, Epstein Barr, and adenovirus)) and RNA viruses (Rota virus, influenza A, Cocksackie B). Until present the diagnosis of acute infection with Hepatitis B virus is only possible by inoculation of chimpanzees (!), for the virus cannot be cultured in human cells. b) Varicella zoster virus, too, is very difficult to culture: it lasts 5-14 days, before a culture may be assessed. Moreover the virus is very labile and may become inactivated during transport. A negative test is therefore no proof of absence of the illness. Over and above a VZV infection is on morphological grounds indistinguishable from infections with Herpes simplex virus. Even commercially available antisera do not give an answer in immunohistochemical tests. c) Cytomegalo virus is very laboriously cultured; diagnoses within a week's time are impossible, within 6 weeks no exception. CMV infections form an important source of complications in transplant-patients and in patients with reduced defence (AIDS). A good monitoring of these patients is essential. In the above-mentioned cases a, b and c, which figure as only some of the many possibilities of examples of virus diagnostics, diagnostics may be considerably simplified and accelerated by the application of hybridization techniques with PtM-labelled probes. EXAMPLE V Bacteria Diagnostics It appeared to be possible recently to detect also bacterial nucleic acids using DNA probes. Genes for bacterial toxins may be shown; however, it is not possible to discern whether these genes are expressed. Fast detection of chromosomal and plasmid coded virulence factors (amongst others Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin, E. coli enterotoxins and invasivity, Shigella and Yersinia enterocolitica enteroinvasivity) are important applications in the diagnosis of food poisoning and the quality control in the food industry (end product control). Detection of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori by DNA in situ hybridization with PtM probes in stomach biopsies of patients with gastritis is possible. Also the DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis may be detected in for instance a sandwich assay, or by means of an in situ hybridization. EXAMPLE VI Diagnostics of Parasitic Infections World-wide 2 millions of people pass away of malaria. In principle this can be prevented by timely correct diagnostics. The present (routine) microscopic methods are often all too complicated for third world countries. In the western world the difficult microscopic technique may be extended with in situ hybridization on routine preparations, using PtM probes. Through this differential diagnostics of malaria species is considerably simplified and can be carried out by minimally trained personnel. In the third world a dipstick test based on PtM is the appropriate route for fast and simple diagnostics. As analogous examples may be valid infection illnesses caused by Schistosoma, Trypanosoma, toxoplasmas, etc. EXAMPLE VII Detection of Genetic Deviations The hybridization technique with PtM probes offers the possibility for prenatal diagnostics of congenital deviations in for instance amniotic fluid punctates and chorionbioses. Postnatal detection of deviations (for instance malignities) is also possible, as well as extension of HLA typification for diagnosis of HLA associated illnesses. Restriction fragment polymorphisms: Every human genome will fall apart, when treated with restriction enzymes, in a large number of specific fragments: the restriction fragments. If by a mutation the base sequence changes on a site where a restriction enzyme attacks, will this lead to the development of aberrant fragments. These fragments may be detected by suitable (PtM labelled) probes by means of DNA blotting methods (for instance in sickle cell anaemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, Huntington chorea). Immediate detection of aberrant DNA with synthetic oligonucleotide probes may take place when the base sequence belonging to a DNA deviation is known (.beta.-thalassemia, anti-thrombin III deficiency, growth hormones deficiency, haemophilia B, PKU . . . etc.). Detection of chromosome changes as translocations, deletions, inversions and duplications in the human karyotype may be detected by means of in situ hybridization followed by direct PtF fluorescence, or by Southern blotting of restriction fragments. EXAMPLE VIII Detection of Gene Expression The visualization of the presence of a cellular antigen using immunochemical techniques does not prove that at that moment the relative gene are expressed. Neither does this indicate whether the shown product has an intra- or extracellular origin. Detection of mRNA within a cell gives direct information about the expression of genes. This information may provide data on cell functioning, but may also be of assistance in diagnostics. In view of the present problems for carrying out this RNA ISH (RISH) technique with non-radioactive probes, the application of the very direct PtM label is the appropriate way of performing such diagnostics because the problems particularly arise from the necessity to dispose of a well-penetrating immunohistochemical detection system. This last one may remain in abeyance with the application of direct PtM fluorescence. Detection of deviating mRNA as a mark of heritable illnesses by means of blotting with radioactive cDNA probes has been proven to be possible already for a number of congenital deviations. The speed and applicability may be considerably increased here by non-radioactive (or radioactive) PtM labelling. With PtM probes RISH or blotting may be applied in the diagnosis of cancer by means of detection of specific gene transcripts (for instance calcitonin mRNA in thyroid gland metastases, oncogene expression in malignant tumors), or the loss of germ line bands (loss of heterozygosity) or gene rearrangement (lymphomas).

2C

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION InFIGS. 1 and 2of the drawings there is shown a contact lens10having a front surface12and a rear surface14. As shown in the drawings, the front surface12is subdivided into a distant vision front segment16and a close range vision front segment18. A distant vision front segment16has a curvature which preferably conforms to a spherical, aspherical or toroidal shape. It has been found that use of an aspherical shape for the front segment16enables the lens10to be made relatively thin. Similarly, the close range vision front segment18has a curvature which preferably conforms to a spherical, aspherical or toroidal shape. It has been found that the use of an aspherical shape allows for a progressively variable close range reading area. The segments16and18may meet along a laterally expanding line20as shown inFIG. 1depending on the respective curvatures of the segments16and18. Alternatively, the segments16and18may meet at a point. The segment18, as can be seen inFIG. 2, may be relatively thick compared to the segment16and may be in the form of a prism. The prism stabilizes the contact lens10on the eye and the amount of the prism depends on the lens power but it is preferably sufficient to hold the lens in position on the eye without rotation and without being uncomfortable for the patient. The contact lens10is formed of a flexible material which is also soft. For example the contact lens10may be formed of soft hydrogel, silicone or a hybrid material formed from soft hydrogel and silicone or other flexible, non-rigid material. Further, the lens10is relatively large being, for example, larger than a corneal lens. The contact lens10has a lower end22and an upper end24. The prism is located adjacent the lower end22. The presence of the prism adjacent the lower end22results in the contact lens10having a relatively bulky and heavy portion adjacent to the end22. The end22is, as can best be seen inFIG. 2, truncated so as to leave an end surface which is relatively deep as shown inFIG. 2, compared to a nontruncated end. The truncation of the end22allows the contact lens10to rest on a lower eye lid of a patient so as to engage and hold the contact lens10in position. Further, the rear surface14of the lens10is formed in a curved shape which may be spherical or aspherical or may be toroidal to correct for a patient's astigmatism. Further, adjacent the end22and the end24the rear surface14is preferably formed with secondary curve portions26or28respectively. The secondary curve portions26and28have a curvature which is less pronounced than that of the rear surface14so as to modify the lens fitting on the eye so as to facilitate translocation. The secondary curves may each be a single curve, a series of curves, an aspherical curve, or a combination of these curves. The secondary curve portions26and28are less pronounced (i.e., flatter) than the curvature of the main rear surface14of lens10. In various examples, the secondary curve portions26and28may include one or more of flatter curves, varying widths, varying curves, a series of blended flatter curves, aspheric, or some other design that gradually makes the peripheral secondary curve portions26and28of lesser curvature (flatter) than the curvature of rear surface14. The flatter peripheral curve enables lens10to more readily move (translate) over the flatter scleral portion of the eye when the eye looks down and the lens translates on the eye as described below. In one example, a translating bifocal lens is provided with a peripheral curvature of sufficient flatness and width to allow for the lens to easily move (i.e., translate) up when the patient looks down and the lower eyelid engages the lower portion of the lens. An exemplary soft lens is shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B, and includes a peripheral curve portion28athat is approximately 0.5 mm wide and 1.00 mm flatter in radius than the base curvature of rear surface14of the lens.FIGS. 6A and 6Billustrate another exemplary lens including a curve portion28bhaving a peripheral curvature that is preferably flatter than the curvature of rear surface14in the range from 0.75 mm and 3.00 mm, and more preferably between 1.0 mm and 2.75 mm. The width of the peripheral curved portion28ais preferably in a range from 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm, more preferably 0.75 mm to 4.0 mm, and yet more preferably 1.1 mm to 2.50 mm. As illustrated inFIG. 6B, the sclera (the white area of the eye) generally has a curvature that is flatter than the curvature of the cornea. The flatter and wider peripheral curve of the translating bifocal lens shown inFIGS. 6A and 6Ballows the lens to slide or translate easily upwards onto the sclera when the user looks down and the lens engages the ledge52as shown in greater detail in FIG.6C. In contrast,FIG. 5Cillustrates the exemplary lens shown inFIGS. 5A and 5Bhaving a less flat and wide peripheral curve (e.g., a curvature closer to the curvature of rear surface14), which makes translation more difficult as the lens is more likely to dig into the flatter curvature of the sclera. The secondary curve portions26and28may only extend along part of the periphery of the lens10adjacent the ends22or24or they could be lengthened to extend around most of or all of the periphery of the lens10. The position of the junction20between the segments16and18may be varied as with bifocal spectacle lens, so that the position of the close range vision portion18may be customized to each patient. This allows the lens10to be fitted precisely to an eye of an individual patient. As discussed above, the lower portion of the lens10adjacent the end22is bulkier and heavier than the upper portion adjacent the end24. This ensures that the lens10is orientated in the correct way in use so that the distant vision segment16is uppermost and the close range vision segment18is lowermost. Additionally, a lens including an astigmatic or toroidal power correction may be incorporated on either the front surface12or rear surface14of the lens. A toroidal lens is placed in a specific axis in the lens, and the bifocal lens incorporating the toroidal power is desirably located at a precise and stable position on the eye so the corrective prescription is maintained at the desired position. The truncated end22(and/or forwardly projecting ledge52described below) is designed to position the lens, resting on the lower lid, such that the lens is in a proper position on the eye during use to enable the corrective power more effectively. Further, the contact lens10may have lateral lenticular portions30adjacent sides thereof. The lenticular portions30, where present, are cut away portions which reduce lens bulk. The contact lens10preferably has an overall size of from 10 to 16 mm preferably from 12.5 to 14.5 mm. The truncation at the lower end22may reduce the overall size of the lens by from 0.05 to 5 mm preferably by from 0.5 to 3 mm. The contact lens10could have a third intermediate power vision segment between the segments16and18. Further, the close range vision segment18may include an intermediate segment which is preferably a progressively variable or graduated portion for close vision. In use, the lens10ofFIGS. 1 and 2is fitted to a patient's eye with the end22resting on the lower eyelid of the patient. Thus, when the patient looks downward, the eye moves relative to the contact lens10so that the visual axis is through the close, intermediate or graduated range vision segment18. The contact lens10cannot move downward because of the engagement between the end22and the lower eyelid. Alternatively, when the patient looks up, the eye moves again relative to the contact lens10which is retained in place by the weight of the segment18, so that the visual axis is through the upper portion of the contact lens10corresponding to the top portion or distant vision segment16. Thus, in operation, the contact lens10translocates relative to the eye so that the patient can selectively look through the lower close range vision segment18or the distant vision segment16. Translocation is aided by the presence of the secondary curve portions26and28. Line20, illustrating the straight line demarcation between distance segments16and18, provides a bifocal lens without (or at least reduced) undesirable “image jump” when looking from the distant portion of the lens to the close range portion of the lens. In particular, there is no sudden introduction of a prismatic effect by the close range portion at the dividing line, or at least at the point where the eye crosses the dividing line, in the translation of the eye from the distant portion to the close range portion of the lens as common in bifocal lenses having curved demarcation lines. Where the demarcation between distance and close vision segments is curved, the close vision segment exerts a prismatic effect at all points within its circumference relative to the distance portion of the lens. The effect for a user is that all objects seen through the close segment appear to have “jumped” to a new position when transitioning between segments. More particularly, with curved bifocals, the position of the optical centers of the distance and the close range portions of the lens is dependant on the powers of the lens and are always displaced. As the direction of gaze is lowered, the eye meets a gradually increasing prismatic effect as the line of vision moves away from the distance optical center. Just after it crosses the dividing line into the close range portion it suddenly meets the base down effect exerted by the close range segment. The effect on the wearer is that all the objects seen through the segment appear to have jumped to a new position. An obvious effect of the ‘jump’ is the loss in visual field. The magnitude of the jump depends, at least in part, on the distance between the optical centers of the distance and the close range portions of the lens, which is dependant on the powers of the distance and the close range portions of the lens. The exemplary configurations described herein, including a straight line20between segments16and18, may allow a user's clarity of vision, when looking from the distance to the reading portion of the lens, to be clear and with reduced distortion or blurred vision caused by the different segments. In one example, line20is a substantially straight horizontal line along the curvature of the front surface12, e.g., parallel to lower end22, when viewed from the major front surface of lens10. The optical center of a lens is the only point in the lens where there is no prismatic effect. With the straight line bifocal design, the optical centers at least closely coincide resulting in elimination of the image jump (or at least reduced image jump relative to curved demarcation lenses) as the eye moves from the distance portion to the close range portion of the lens. In one example, a bifocal lens includes a straight line dividing the distance and the close range portions of the lens having a virtual superimposition of the optic centers of both the distance and the close range portions on the dividing line. InFIGS. 3 and 4, there is shown a contact lens50which is similar to the contact lens10and like reference numerals denote like parts. In this case, however, the lower end22is provided with an integral forwardly projecting ledge52which, in use, is arranged to rest on the lower eyelid. The use of the ledge52has the advantage that the segment18may be made thinner than in the contact lens10. Alternatively, the ledge52may be used in conjunction with a prism to add bulk to the lower part of the contact lens50to assist in correct lens orientation. Further, the use of a thinner segment18reduces the overall weight of the contact lens50. Thus, the contact lens50may or may not have the lenticular portions30of the contact lens10. The ledge52may extend across the entire lower end22of the lens50or over only a portion of the lower end22. Typically, the ledge52may be from 2 to 10 mm, preferably from 4 to 6 mm wide at the end22where the contact lens50is truncated. The presence of the ledge52adds bulk to the lower end22so allowing good lid action on the contact lens50to allow for lens translocation. Further, as can be seen inFIG. 3, the ledge52may be provided with upwardly curved end portions54which act as weights and help to stabilize the contact lens50in use. The ledge52and the portions54may be conveniently formed by means of a lather or incorporated in a mould depending on the method of manufacture. Modifications and variations as would be apparent to a skilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, in one example, ledge52may be configured to project forward of a line formed by a downward extension of curvature of an adjacent portion of the front surface12, for example, extending forward of the curvature of the lower, close range portion18. The forwardly projecting ledge52thereby forms a ridge or elevated portion extending out from the adjacent surface, which is configured to assist in abutting a patient's eyelid and thereby aid in translocation of the lens on the eye. In one example, ledge52includes a raised strip formed along a portion of close range portion18and adjacent the lower end22. The above detailed description is provided to illustrate exemplary embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modification and variations within the scope of the present invention are possible. Further, various combinations of different examples may be used alone or in combination. Additionally, particular examples have been discussed and how these examples are thought to be advantageous or address certain disadvantages in related art. This discussion is not meant, however, to restrict the various examples to methods and/or systems that actually address or solve the disadvantages.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limits, but merely as a basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention. The specific examples below will enable the invention to be better understood. However, they are given merely by way of guidance and do not imply any limitation. Five porous polymeric adsorbents are characterized for their pore structures and are assessed for their competitive adsorption of cytochrome-c (11,685 Daltons in size) over serum albumin (66,462 Daltons in size). The adsorbent syntheses are described in Example 1; the pore structure characterization is given in Example 2; the competitive dynamic adsorption procedure and results are provided in Example 3; and the competitive efficacy for pick up the smaller cyctochrome-c protein over the larger albumin molecule is discussed under Example 4. EXAMPLE 1 Adsorbent Syntheses The synthesis process consists of (1) preparing the aqueous phase, (2) preparing the organic phase, (3) carrying out the suspension polymerization, and (4) purifying the resulting porous polymeric adsorbent product. The aqueous phase compositions are the same for all the polymerizations. Table 1A lists the percentage composition of the aqueous phase and Table 1B gives the material charges typical for a five (5) liter-reactor polymerization run. TABLE 1AAqueous Phase CompositionWt. %Ultrapure Water97.787Dispersing Agent: Polyvinylalcohol0.290Monosodium Phosphate0.300Disodium Phosphate1.000Trisodium Phosphate0.620Sodium Nitrite0.003 TABLE 1BMaterial Charges for a Typical Five (5) Liter-Reactor Polymerization RunVolume of Aqueous Phase1750.00mlDensity of Aqueous Phase1.035g/mlWeight of Aqueous Phase1811.25gVolumetric Ratio, Aqueous Phase/Organic Phase1.05Volume of Organic Phase1665.0mlDensity of Organic Phase0.84093g/mlWeight of Organic Phase, Excluding Initiator Charge1400.15gTotal Reaction Volume3415.0mlTotal Reaction Weight3211.40gInitiator, Pure Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)8.07606gInitiator, 97% BPO8.3258g(Note: Initiator charge is calculated on only thequantity of polymerizable monomersintroduced into the reactor.)Commercial 63% Divinylbenzene (DVB)794.814g[98.65 Polymerizable Monomers of DVB andEVB (Ethylvinylbenzene); 1.35% inert compounds;63.17% DVB; 35.48% EVB]Toluene269.300gIsooctane336.036gBenzoyl Peroxide, 97%8.3258gTotal, Organic Charge1408.4758g Upon preparation of the aqueous phase and the organic phase, the aqueous phase is poured into the five-liter reactor and heated to 65° C. with agitation. The pre-mixed organic phase including the initiator is poured into the reactor onto the aqueous phase with the stirring speed set at the rpm for formation of the appropriate droplet size. The dispersion of organic droplets is heated to the temperature selected for the polymerization and is held at this temperature for the desired length of time to complete the conversion of the monomers into the crosslinked polymer and, thereby, set the pore structure. Unreacted initiator is destroyed by heating the bead slurry for two (2) hours at a temperature where the initiator half-life is one hour or less. For the initiator, benzoyl peroxide, the unreacted initiator is destroyed by heating the slurry at 95° C. for two (2) hours. The slurry is cooled, the mother liquor is siphoned from the beads and the beads are washed five (5) times with ultrapure water. The beads are freed of porogen and other organic compounds by a thermal cleaning technique. This process results in a clean, dry porous adsorbent in the form of spherical, porous polymer beads. TABLE 1CComponents of Adsorbent SynthesesAdsorbent 1Adsorbent 3Adsorbent 4Adsorbent 5Porous Polymer IdentityWt. %aAdsorbent 2Wt. %aWt. %aWt. %aDivinylbenzene,35.859Adsorbent 226.16322.412722.4127(DVB), Pureis a comercialEthylvinylbenzene20.141resin,14.69512.588312.5883(EVB), PureAmberliteInerts0.766XAD-16 ®, made0.5590.47900.4790by Rohm andHaas CompanyToluene19.23427.26364.52154.841Isooctane24.0031.3190.009.680PolymerizableMonomers56.0040.858435.0035.00Porogen44.0059.141665.0065.00Benzoyl Peroxide1.030.74472.004.00(BPO), Pure;Wt. % Based UponPolymerizableMonomer ContentPolymerization,75°/10 hrs80°/16 hrs70°/24 hrs65°/24 hrs° C./time, hrs.95°/2 hrs95°/2 hrsaWt. % value is based upon the total weight of the organic phase excluding the initiator. EXAMPLE 2 Pore Structure Characterization The pore structures of the adsorbent polymer beds identified in TABLE 1C were analyzed with a Micromeritics ASAP 2010 instrument. The results are provided in GRAPH 1 where the pore volume is plotted as a function of the pore diameter. This graph displays the pore volume distribution across the range of pore sizes. The pore volume is divided up into categories within pore size ranges for each of the five adsorbent polymers and these values are provided in TABLE 2. The Capacity Pore Volume is that pore volume that is accessible to protein sorption and consists of the pore volume in pores larger than 100diameter. The Effective Pore Volume is that pore volume that is selectively accessible to proteins smaller than 35,000 Daltons and consists of pore diameters within the range of 100 to 250diameter. The Oversized Pore Volume is the pore volume accessible to proteins larger than 35,000 Daltons and consists of the pore volume in pores larger than 250diameter. The Undersize Pore Volume is the pore volume in pores smaller than 100 Å diameter and is not accessible to proteins larger than about 10,000 Daltons. TABLE 2Pore Structure Characterization of AdsorbentsPorous Polymer IdentityAdsorbent 1Adsorbent 2Adsorbent 3Adsorbent 4Adsorbent 5Capacity Pore Volume,0.58501.2451.51560.31480.6854cc/g; Dp, 100 Å → 2000 ÅEffective Pore Volume,0.56780.9860.33300.30600.6728cc/g; Dp, 100 Å → 250 ÅOversized Pore Volume,0.01720.2591.18260.00890.0126cc/g; Dp >250 ÅUndersized Pore Volume,0.39410.5340.40680.63110.4716cc/g; Dp <100 ÅTotal Pore Volume,0.97921.7791.92250.94591.1569cc/g; Dp, 17 Å → 2000 ÅEffective Pore Volume97.0679.2021.9797.1998.16In % of Capacity PoreVolumeNote:Dp is an acronym for diameter of pore. FIG. 1depicts a Graph of Table 2 showing a plot of pore volume v pore diameter (dV/dD vs. D) for Various Adsorbents Measured by Nitrogen Desorption Isotherm. EXAMPLE 3 Protein Adsorption Selectivity The polymeric adsorbent beads produced in Example 1 are wetted out with an aqueous solution of 20 wt. % isopropyl alcohol and thoroughly washed with ultrapure water. The beads with diameters within 300 to 850 microns are packed into a 200 ml hemoperfusion device which is a cylindrical cartridge 5.4 cm in inside diameter and 8.7 cm in length. The beads are retained within the cartridge by screens at each end with an orifice size of 200 microns. End caps with a center luer port are threaded onto each end to secure the screens and to provide for fluid distribution and attachment for tubing. Four liters of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution buffered to a pH of 7.4 are prepared with 50 mg/liter of horse heart cytochrome-c and 30 g/liter of serum albumin. These concentrations are chosen to simulate a clinical treatment of a typical renal patient where albumin is abundant and β2-microglobulin is at much lower levels in their blood. Horse heart cytochrome-c with a molecular weight 11,685 daltons has a molecular size very close to β2-microglobulin at 11,845 daltons and, therefore, is chosen as the surrogate for β2-microglobulin. Serum albumin is a much larger molecule than cytochrome-c with a molecular weight of 66,462 daltons and, therefore, allows for the appropriate competitive adsorption studies needed for selecting the porous polymer with the optimum pore structure for size-selective exclusion of albumin. The protein solution is circulated by a dialysis pump from a reservoir through a flow-through UV spectrophotometer cell, the bead bed, and returned to the reservoir. The pumping rate is 400 ml/minute for a duration of four (4) hours. The concentration of both proteins in the reservoir is measured periodically by their UV adsorbance at 408 nm for cytochrome-c and at 279 nm for albumin. All five adsorbents identified in TABLE 1C were examined by this competitive protein sorption assessment and the measured results are given in TABLE 3. TABLE 3Size-Selective Efficacy of Porous Polymeric AdsorbentsPorous Polymer IdentityAdsorbent 1Adsorbent 2Adsorbent 3Adsorbent 4Adsorbent 5Capacity Pore Volume,0.58501.2451.51560.31480.6854cc/g; Dp, 100 Å → 2000 ÅEffective Pore Volume,0.56780.9860.33300.30600.6728cc/g; Dp, 100 Å → 250 ÅEffective Pore Volume97.0679.2021.9797.1998.16In % of Capacity PoreVolume% Cytochrome-C89.096.795.357.490.1Adsorbed% Albumin Adsorbed3.78.113.11.01.8Selectivity24.0511.947.2757.150.06Note:Selectivity = % Cytochrome-c Adsorbed/% Albumin Adsorbed EXAMPLE 4 Pore Volume and Pore Size Range for Suitable Kinetics and Size-Selectivity for Cytochrome-C Over Albumin TABLE 3 and GRAPH 1 summarize the pertinent pore structure data and the protein perfusion results carried out on all five (5) adsorbents. The selectivity for adsorbing cytochrome-c over albumin decreased in the following order: Adsorbent 4>Adsorbent 5>Adsorbent 1>Adsorbent 2>Adsorbent 3. The quantity of cytochrome-c adsorbed during the four hour perfusion decreased in the following order: Adsorbent 2>Adsorbent 3>Adsorbent 5>Adsorbent 1>Adsorbent 4. Adsorbent 4 with the highest selectivity at 57.1 had the poorest kinetics picking up only 57.4% of the available cytochrome-c over the four hour perfusion. This kinetic result occurs from the Effective Pore Volume being located at the small end of the pore size range, having all its Effective Pore Volume within the pore size range of 130 to 100. There is insignificant pore volume in pores larger than 130and this small pore size retards the ingress of cytochrome-c. Adsorbent 5 with its major pore volume between 100 to 200had the second highest selectivity for cytochrome-c over albumin at 50.6 and it had good mass transport into the Effective Pore Volume pores picking up 90.1% of the cytochrome-c during the four hour perfusion. This porous polymer has the best balance of properties with excellent size-selectivity for cytochrome-c over albumin and very good capacity for cytochrome-c during a four hour perfusion. Adsorbent 1 showed reasonably good selectivity at 24.05 for sorbing cytochrome-c over albumin. It also exhibited good capacity for sorbing cytochrome-c during the four hour perfusion, picking up 89.0% of the quantity available. Adsorbent 2 with the highest capacity for sorbing cytochrome-c during the four hour perfusion picked up 96.7% of the available cytochrome-c. This high capacity arises from having a large pore volume, 0.986 cc/g, and within the Effective Pore Volume range of 100to 250. However, this porous polymer allowed more albumin to be adsorbed than Adsorbents 1, 4, and 5, since it has significant pore volume, 0.250 cc/g, in the pore size group from 250to 300. Adsorbent 3 with a very broad pore size distribution (see GRAPH 1) had the poorest selectivity among the group at 7.27. It has a very large pore volume in the pore size range larger than 250. This porous polymer has a pore volume of 1.15 cc/g within the pore size range of 250to 740. In contrast with the other four adsorbents, this porous polymer is not size-selective for proteins smaller than about 150,000 Daltons, although it did sorb 95.3% of the available cytochrome-c during the perfusion. On balance of properties of selectively for sorbing cytochrome-c over albumin and its capacity for picking up cytochrome-c during a four hour perfusion, porous polymeric Adsorbent 5, gave the best performance. This porous polymer has the proper pore structure to perform well in hemoperfusion in concert with hemodialysis for people with End Stage Renal Disease. Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the attendant claims attached hereto, this invention may be practiced other than as specifically disclosed herein.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As indicated above, a chemical gassing agent generally is added after the emulsion is formed. The timing of addition is such that gassing will occur after or about the same time as further handling of the emulsion is completed so as to minimize loss, migration and/or coalescence of gas bubbles. As the gassing agent is added and blended throughout the emulsion, the gassing agent, which preferably comprises nitrite ions, starts to react with ammonium ions or other substrates present in the oxidizer salt solution (dispersed in the emulsion as droplets) according to reactions such as the following: EQU NO.sub.2.sup.- +NH.sub.4.sup.+ .fwdarw.N.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O Normally, the speed of the foregoing reaction between nitrite and ammonium ions depends on various solution parameters such as temperature, pH and reactant concentrations. The pH should be controlled within the range of from about 2.0 to about 5.0, depending on the desired gassing rate. The temperature may vary from an elevated formulation temperature of about 80.degree. -90.degree. C. course proceeds faster at higher temperatures. Other factors that have been found to determine the rate of the reaction are the stability of the emulsion, the type of emulsifier used, and the intensity of mixing. Although many factors affect the stability of the emulsion, perhaps the major factor is the type of emulsifier used. Typical emulsifiers include sorbitan fatty esters, glycol esters, substituted oxazolines, alkylamines or their salts, derivatives thereof and the like. More recently, certain polymeric emulsifiers have been found to impart better stability to emulsions under certain conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,361 describes a polymeric emulsifier derivatized from trishydroxymethylaminomethane and polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,706 discloses a phenolic derivative of polypropene or polybutene. Other patents have disclosed other derivatives of polypropene or polybutene. Preferably the polymeric emulsifier comprises an alkanolamine or polyol derivative of a carboxylated or anhydride derivatized olefinic or vinyl addition polymer. Most preferably, commonly assigned and copending U.S. Ser. No. 07/318,768 discloses a polymeric emulsifier comprising a bis-alkanolamine or bis-polyol derivative or a bis-carboxylated or anhydride derivatized olefinic or vinyl addition polymer in which the olefinic or vinyl addition polymer chain has an average chain length of from about 10 to about 32 carbon atoms, excluding side chains or branching. The increased stability of an emulsion explosive containing a polymeric emulsifier generally means that the interface is more stable between the internal or discontinuous oxidizer salt solution phase and the continuous or external organic liquid phase. Since the chemical gassing agent is added after the emulsion is formed, and since it must find its way into the internal phase before it will react to produce gas bubbles, the more stable the interface the more difficult it is for the gassing agent to enter the internal phase. Two possible mechanisms can be used to explain the mass transport of the gassing agent into the internal phase, although the following discussion of these mechanisms is not intended to limit the present invention with respect to any theoretical considerations. Firstly, when added to and mixed homogeneously throughout the emulsion, the gassing agent may physically enter the internal phase as such phase is exposed due to the shearing action of the mixing. Secondly, the water soluble gassing agent, as it is added to the emulsion, could be emulsified throughout the continuous or external phase as separate droplets. The reactants from these droplets then could enter the internal phase (or vice versa) by diffusion. A combination of these two mechanisms also is possible. It has been found in the present invention that if a water soluble surfactant is combined with or added along with the gassing agent, the gassing agent more easily penetrates or combines with the internal phase of the emulsion when subjected to the mixing or shearing action. This significantly increases the gassing rate in the emulsion, which is particularly advantageous with emulsions that are gassed at ambient (or low) temperatures at which gassing rates typically are slow. Without limiting the present invention with respect to any theoretical considerations, a possible explanation for this effect is that the surfactant interacts directly with the interface between the oil phase and aqueous solution phase within the emulsion to cause a localized inversion (to oil-in-water micelles) or other physical disruption of the interfaces within the emulsion thereby allowing easier, more rapid and more uniform mixing of the gassing agent and the oxidizer salt solution. Another possible the gassing agent ions in the additive solution and acts as a carrier through the continuous phase of the emulsion thereby enhancing the diffusion of the gassing agent into the discontinuous phase or vice versa. Both or other mechanisms could be occurring. Regardless of the actual mechanism at work, the addition of a water soluble surfactant with the water soluble chemical gassing agent greatly enhances the gassing rate of a water-in-oil emulsion explosive containing a polymeric emulsifier. The surfactant may be nonionic, cationic, anionic or amphoteric. The surfactant must be sufficiently soluble or dispersible in the oxidizer salt solution and must not destabilize the final gassed emulsion. Only a small amount of surfactant is needed, generally less than 1% by weight of the emulsion composition. Preferably, the surfactant is selecting from the group consisting of: (a) sulfonates or sulfates of alkanes, aromatics, alkyl aromatics, olefins, lignins, amines, alcohols and ethoxylated alcohols; (b) alkyl, aryl, alkyl aryl and olefin esters of glycol, glycerol, sorbitan, alcohols, polyalcohols and alkanolamines; (c) phosphate esters and derivatives thereof; (d) ethoxylates of alcohols, carboxylated alcohols, polypropylene oxide, organic acids (such as fatty acids), amines, amides, sorbitan esters, sulfosuccinates and alkyl phenols; (e) nitrogen containing surfactants including amines, amine salts, amine oxides, amido amines, alkanol amides, imidazolines, imidazolinium amphoterics and quaternary ammonium salts; (f) betaines, sultaines, sulfosuccinates, silicone based surfactants, fluorocarbons, isethionates and lignins; and (g) various combinations of the above. The foregoing listing gives examples of the kinds of surfactants by no means an exhaustive listing, and other aqueous solution soluble or dispersible surfactants familiar to those skilled in the art may be utilized. The immiscible organic fuel forming the continuous phase of the composition is present in an amount of from about 3% to about 12%, and preferably in an amount of from about 4% to about 8% by weight of the composition. The actual amount used can be varied depending upon the particular immiscible fuel(s) used and upon the presence of other fuels, if any. The immiscible organic fuels can be aliphatic, alicyclic, and/or aromatic and can be saturated and/or unsaturated, so long as they are liquid at the formulation temperature. Preferred fuels include tall oil, mineral oil, waxes, paraffin oils, benzene, toluene, xylenes, mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons generally referred to as petroleum distillates such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuels, and vegetable oils such as corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, and soybean oil. Particularly preferred liquid fuels are mineral oil, No. 2 fuel oil, paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, and mixtures thereof. Aliphatic and aromatic nitro-compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons also can be used. Mixtures of any of the above can be used. Optionally, and in addition to the immiscible liquid organic fuel, solid or other liquid fuels or both can be employed in selected amounts. Examples of solid fuels which can be used are finely divided aluminum particles; finely divided carbonaceous materials such as gilsonite or coal; finely divided vegetable grain such as wheat; and sulfur. Miscible liquid fuels, also functioning as liquid extenders, are listed below. These additional solid and/or liquid fuels can be added generally in amounts ranging up to about 25% by weight. If desired, undissolved oxidizer salt can be added to the composition along with any solid or liquid fuels. The inorganic oxidizer salt solution forming the discontinuous phase of the explosive generally comprises inorganic oxidizer salt, in an amount from about 45% to about 95% by weight of the total composition, and water and/or water-miscible organic liquids, in an amount of from about 0% to about 30%. The oxidizer salt preferably is primarily ammonium nitrate, but other salts may be used in amounts up to about 50%. The other oxidizer salts are selected from the group consisting of ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates. Of these, sodium nitrate (SN) and calcium nitrate (CN) are preferred. Water generally is employed in an amount of from 3% to about 30% by weight based on the total composition. It is commonly employed in emulsions in an amount of from about 9% to about 20%, although emulsions can be formulated that are essentially devoid of water. Water-miscible organic liquids can at least partially replace water as a solvent for the salts, and such liquids also function as a fuel for the composition. Moreover, certain organic compounds also reduce the crystallization temperature of the oxidizer salts in solution. Miscible solid or liquid fuels can include alcohols such as sugars and methyl alcohol, glycols such as ethylene glycols, amides such as formamide, amines, amine nitrates, urea and analogous nitrogen-containing fuels. As is well known in the art, the amount and type of water-miscible liquid(s) or solid(s) used can vary according to desired physical properties. Chemical gassing agents preferably comprise sodium nitrite, that reacts chemically in the composition to produce gas bubbles, and a gassing accelerator such as thiourea, to accelerate the decomposition process. A sodium nitrite/thiourea combination produces gas bubbles immediately upon addition of the nitrite to the oxidizer solution containing the thiourea, which solution preferably has a pH of about 4.5. The nitrite is added as a diluted aqueous solution in an amount of from less than 0.1% to about 0.4% by weight, and the thiourea or other accelerator is added in a similar amount to the oxidizer solution. Additional gassing agents can be employed In addition to chemical gassing agents hollow spheres or particles made from glass, plastic or perlite may be added to provide further density reduction. The emulsion of the present invention may be formulated in a conventional manner, until the time for addition of the gassing agent. Typically, the oxidizer salt(s) first is dissolved in the water (or aqueous solution of water and miscible liquid fuel) at an elevated temperature of from about 25.C to about 90.C or higher, depending upon the crystallization temperature of the salt solution. The aqueous solution, which may contain a gassing accelerator, then is added to a solution of the emulsifier and the immiscible liquid organic fuel, which solutions preferably are at the same elevated temperature, and the resulting mixture is stirred with sufficient vigor to produce an emulsion of the aqueous solution in a oontinuous liquid hydrocarbon fuel phase. Usually this can be accomplished essentially instantaneously with rapid stirring. (The compositions also can be prepared by adding the liquid organic to the aqueous solution.) Stirring should be continued until the formulation is uniform. When gassing is desired, which could be immediately after the emulsion is formed or up to several months thereafter when it has cooled to ambient or lower temperatures, the gassing agent and surfactant are added and mixed homogeneously throughout the emulsion to produce uniform gassing at the desired rate. The solid ingredients, if any, can be added along with the gassing agent and surfactant and stirred throughout the formulation by conventional means. Packaging and/or further handling should quickly follow the addition of the gassing agent, depending upon the gassing rate, to prevent loss or coalescence of gas bubbles. The formulation process also can be accomplished in a continuous manner as is known in the art. It has been found to be advantageous to predissolve the emulsifier in the liquid organic fuel prior to adding the organic fuel to the aqueous solution. This method allows the emulsion to form quickly and with minimum agitation. However, the emulsifier may be added separately as a third component if desired. Reference to the following Table further illustrates the invention. Examples 1 and 2 compare the effect of the gassing surfactant in an emulsion explosive containing a sorbitan monooleate emulsifier. The surfactant reduced the gassing time from 26 minutes to 3.5 minutes. Examples 3-5 compare the effect of a surfactant in emulsion explosives containing a polymeric emulsifier. The gassing time went from approximately 480 minutes (Example 3) to 14 and 11 minutes (Examples 4 and 5, respectively). Examples 5, 6 and 9 contained the same emulsion but were gassed with different surfactant additives. Examples 7 and 8 illustrate the effect of using different amounts of a surfactant additive. These examples all had emulsions made from polymeric emulsifiers that were gassed with a combination of nitrite gassing agent and a gassing surfactant and consequently had relatively low gassing times. Example 10 was made from a larger molecular weight polymeric emulsifier, did not have a gassing surfactant and consequently had a longer gassing time. In contrast, Example 11 shows the same emulsion gassed with a surfactant additive, and consequently the gassing time was reduced thirty-fold. The examples in the Table also demonstrate the functionality of different classes of aqueous solution soluble surfactants, i.e., Example 5 contained a nonionic surfactant; Examples 2, 6, 7, 8, 11 contained anionic surfactants; Example 4 contained a cationic surfactant and Example 9 contained an amphoteric surfactant. The main criteria for use is that the surfactant be sufficiently soluble or dispersible in the trace additive solution it is combined with for addition to the emulsion and that it have no intolerable destabilizing effects at its final concentration in the emulsion. While the present invention has been described with reference to certain illustrative examples and preferred embodiments, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art and any such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 __________________________________________________________________________ Emulsion Ammonium Nitrate 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.1 Calcium Nitrate 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 Water 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.9 Acetic Acid 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sorbitan Mono Oleate 1.4 1.4 Polyisobutenyl (MW = 920) Succinic 1.4 1.4 Acid Amide Polyisobutenyl (MW = 563) Succinic 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Acid Amine Gassing Catalyst/Accelerator.sup.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Fuel Oil 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 Mineral Oil 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Gassing Additives Sodium Nitrite 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Surfactant Gassing Accelerators.sup.2 Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol (non-ionic) 0.0025 Sodium Alkyl Naphthalene 0.0025 0.0025 0.0013 0.0025 0.0025 Sulfonate (anionic) Trimethyldodecyl Ammonium 0.0025 Chloride (cationic) Cocamidopropyl Hydroxy 0.0025 Sultaine (amphoteric) Emulsion Temperature 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. C. 20.degree. 20.degree. C. Results T.sub.90 (Minutes).sup.3 26 3.5 .about.480 14 11 20 20 40 28 .about.900 28 Final Density (g/cc) 1.10 1.10 -- 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.11 -- 1.13 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 Thiourea or equivalent. .sup.2 Surfactant accelerators added with (dissolved in) the sodium nitrite solution such that levels indicated in the overall formulation ar obtained. .sup.3 Time necessary to complete 90% of the gassing reaction when comparative examples are treated in an identical fashion, i.e. gassing solution mixed into 250 g emulsion with Jiffy 11/4" stir blade at 500 rpm

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. FIG. 1is a schematic block diagram illustrating a hard-disk drive assembly100in accordance with the present invention. A hard-disk drive assembly100generally comprises at least one of hard disk102, rotated at high speeds by a spindle motor (not shown) during operation. Concentric data tracks104formed on either or both disk surfaces receive and store magnetic information. A read/write head110may be moved across the disk surface by an actuator assembly106, allowing the head110to read or write magnetic data to a particular track104. The actuator assembly106may pivot on a pivot114. The actuator assembly106may form part of a closed loop feedback system, known as servo control, which dynamically positions the read/write head110to compensate for thermal expansion of the disks102as well as vibrations and other disturbances. Also involved in the servo control system is a complex computational algorithm executed by a control module116. The control module may comprise a microprocessor, digital signal processor, or analog signal processor that receives data address information from an associated computer, converts it to a location on a disk102, and moves the read/write head110accordingly. Specifically, read/write heads110periodically reference servo patterns recorded on the disk to ensure accurate head110positioning. Servo patterns may be used to ensure a read/write head110follows a particular track accurately, and to control and monitor transition of the head110from one track104to another. Upon referencing a servo pattern, the read/write head110obtains head position information that enables the control module116to subsequently re-align the head110to correct any detected error. Servo patterns may be contained in engineered servo sectors112embedded within a plurality of data tracks104to allow frequent sampling of the servo patterns for optimum disk drive performance. In a typical hard disk102, embedded servo sectors112extend substantially radially from the disk102center, like spokes from the center of a wheel. Unlike spokes however, servo sectors112form a subtly arc-shaped path calibrated to substantially match the range of motion of the read/write head110. FIG. 2ais a schematic block diagram illustrating a plan view of a disk200containing patterned magnetic media in accordance with the present invention. The disk200includes a circular outside edge202, a central opening204, an outside diameter (OD)206, an inside diameter (ID)208, tracks210, and data recording bits212. Each track210, which is a ring on the disk200where data can be written, is used to identify where information is stored. A track210of patterned magnetic media generally comprises a number of highly uniform pillars212. Each pillar is capable of storing an individual data recording bit that corresponds to a binary digit. Electromagnetic read/write heads suspended or floating only fractions of micro inches above the disk200are used to either record information onto a magnetic layer or read information from it. In certain embodiments, the read/write head flies just a few nanometers above the surface of the disk200. Consequently, precision and substrate integrity are essential to achieve quality data throughput. A read/write head may write information to the disk200by creating an electromagnetic field to orient a bit on a pillar212, in one direction or the other. To read information, magnetic patterns detected by the read/write head are converted into a series of pulses which are sent to the control module116to be converted to binary data and processed by an attached computing system (not shown). Patterned media with isolated pillars212enables the bit size to be reduced without causing instability known as the superparamagnetic effect. In conventional multigrain magnetic media, for example, bits are generally created by covering a flat substrate with a thin layer of magnetic alloy, which comprises formed clusters of atoms on the substrate surface known as grains. Each grain operates as a partially independent unit of magnetization subject to influence from other grains. Data stored in tracks210is comprised of regions of alternating magnetic polarity. Manufacturers of conventional hard disk drives employ many tactics to increase storage density. For example, tracks may be made narrower, or the length of the regions of alternating polarity along the track may be reduced. Shrinking these dimensions generally requires that the size of the random grains in the media be reduced, so that sharp boundaries and sharp track edge boundaries can be defined by the magnetic write head. If grains are too large, the signal to noise ratio of the recording system suffers, and data errors are generated at an unacceptable rate. On the other hand, if the grains are too small, they may become unstable from thermally induced vibrations and spontaneously reverse their magnetic polarity (leading to loss of stored data). As a result of the superparamagnetic effect, the areal density of stable conventional hard disk drives has typically been restricted to around 150 Gbit/in2for conventional multigrain magnetic recording media. One benefit of patterned media is the ability to overcome the above described superparamagnetic effect. Forming pillars212on the substrate of the disk200increases the storage capacity and reduces the risk of losing data due to magnetic grain instability. Due to their physical separation and reduced magnetic coupling to one another, the magnetic pillars212function as individual magnetic units, comprised either of single grains or a collection of strongly-coupled grains within each pillar. Since these magnetic pillars212are typically larger than the individual grains in conventional media, their magnetization is thermally stable. FIG. 2bis a perspective view diagram illustrating a plurality of pillars212in accordance with the present invention. As used herein, the term “pillar” refers to an isolated magnetic region. The “pillars,” in addition to comprising an isolated magnetic region, may also have a physical appearance that is similar to a pillar. For example, in one embodiment, the pillars212may protrude outward from the substrate214. As described above, each pillar212in one embodiment is configured to store one data recording bit. FIG. 3is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the various stages of a substrate302during the manufacturing of pillars in accordance with the prior art. The substrate302, depicted here as a disk, is covered with a layer of resist308and subjected to an electron-beam304from an electron-beam source306. The electron-beam304is controlled in a way to only expose dots310. After developing, this patterned resist becomes a mask for etching a pattern of holes into the surface of the substrate302. This process, known as electron beam lithography, is well known to those skilled in the art of forming micro- and nano-scale features using lithography. The main advantage of electron beam lithography, or e-beam lithography, over traditional photolithography is the ability of e-beam lithography to create nanometer-scale features. Traditional photolithography is limited because of the diffraction limit of light. However, e-beam lithography is a serial process, meaning that the e-beam must be scanned across the surface to be patterned. Therefore, e-beam lithography is not suitable for mass production. To overcome this limitation, a “master” disk is prepared by e-beam lithography and used to imprint “daughter” disks. Therefore, this substrate302may be used as the master, or stamper, in a process referred to as nanoimprint replication. Nanoimprint replication is a method of stamping a nanometer (nm) scale resist pattern on a disk for subsequent etching steps. E-beam lithography is capable of creating features having dimensions on the order of a few nanometers. However, the practical resolution of an e-beam generated feature is limited by forward scattering in the resist, backward scattering, and secondary electron travel in the resist. Each of the above can lead to a degradation of the resist and in some cases a complete removal of resist in the desired pattern area. Once etched, this leads to a non-uniform pillar312. In fact, the pillars312may appear very jagged. The pillars312, in an attempt to overcome the unevenness, may be burnished (similar to polishing) or flattened. An example of a burnished pillar is illustrated as pillar314ofFIG. 3. The cap316of the pillar314, which may be formed of a different material than the substrate302, can only be burnished to a certain point before risking the complete removal of the cap316. As a consequence, a certain amount of jaggedness is accepted. Unfortunately, the uneven surface of the pillar314affects the strength of the magnetic field of the pillar. FIG. 4is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of the various stages of a substrate402during the manufacturing of pillars in accordance with the present invention.FIG. 4illustrates a cross-sectional view of the substrate402having a cap404. In one embodiment, the substrate402may be a silicon based material having a silicon dioxide cap404. Following the etching process (indicated by arrow406) as described above, the substrate402comprises a plurality of pillars407having jagged caps408. The present invention includes a method of “smoothing” the caps408. Smoothed caps408are achieved using guided growth410of monodisperse nanospheres. As used herein, the term “monodisperse” refers to spheres of a uniform size in a dispersed phase, where the difference in diameter of the spheres is, on average, =<5%. As used herein, the term “nanospheres” refers to spheres having a diameter in the range of between about 1 nm and 1 μm. Monodisperse spheres having a diameter in the range from 10 nm to 1 μm are prepared by sol-gel reactions using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica precursor in alcoholic solutions. The formation of the spheres proceeds as follows: Si(OC2H5)4+4H2O→Si(OH)4+4C2H5OH  (1) Si(OH)4→SiO2(s)+2H2O  (2) Hydrolysis (equation 1) and precipitation (equation 2) of the monomers are catalyzed by ammonia, which also provides the particles with a negative stabilizing surface charge. The precipitation reaction involves two sequential steps: nucleation and growth of the nuclei. To achieve monodispersity, the two steps are separated and nucleation is avoided during the period of growth. The precursor (TEOS) is added slowly at a well-controlled rate to maintain a sub-supersaturation level during growth. The uniformity in size for spheres is achieved through a “self-sharpening” growth process where smaller particles grow more rapidly than larger ones. Regardless of the initial shape of the nuclei, the final shape is always spherical due to the natural tendency to minimize surface energy. By immersing the substrate402in the alcoholic solution, the ragged (or non-uniform) silicon dioxide caps408act as immobilized nuclei in the seeded growth of monodisperse silica spheres. The reaction described above requires nucleation sites for the silicon dioxide to precipitate. In one embodiment, the ragged caps408provide the nucleation sites. However, the ragged caps408are “immobilized” in the sense that the position of each cap408is fixed with regard to the substrate. Conversely, suspended (floating) particles are “mobile” nucleation sites. Uniform spherical caps412form on the caps408. The growth rate of the caps412is finely controlled by the addition rate and concentration of TEOS monomer solution. The growth, additionally, can be terminated when a satisfactory final pillar size is reached. The control of growth rate as a result of TEOS concentration is within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art. Other factors that enable the guided growth include the amount of TEOS in the alcohol solution, the temperature of the solution, and the pH of the solution. In one prophetic example, guided growth of monodisperse nanospheres is achieved with a solution of 2M NH3and 6M H2O having a pH in the range of 8 to 13. TEOS is continuously fed into the solution having a temperature in the range of between about 20 and 80 degrees C. The spherically capped pillars412may undergo a thermal treatment at approximately 150 degrees C. in order to release absorbed water. Furthermore, the pillars412may be coated with a ceramic material, such as silicon nitride, in order to strengthen the pillars412. FIG. 5is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of the various stages of a substrate402during the manufacturing of pillars in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the substrate402having pillars412as illustrated inFIG. 4is now ready to “stamp” the etched pattern of pillars into an acrylate-based stamper. The substrate402, often referred to as the “master,” may alternatively be burnished502in order to flatten the spherical caps. In order to preserve the master402, a secondary patterned substrate506may be formed from the master402. The secondary patterned substrate506(hereinafter “daughter”) may be formed of a flexible or rigid plastic material, including, but not limited to, acrylate-based materials. The daughter506is then used to imprint the features onto a disk substrate, for example. In one embodiment, a thin layer of UV-curable liquid resist is coated on the disk substrate, and the daughter506is pressed into the resist layer. While the daughter506is in contact with the disk substrate, UV light is projected through the daughter506which polymerizes the resist, hardening the resist into a mask for etching pillars on the disk surface. In the event this disk substrate is to be used in a magnetic data recording device such as a hard drive, a magnetic layer may be sputtered onto the resulting, etched substrate. The method taught above for producing smooth nano-features applies to other shapes besides pillars, and may be implemented in the manufacture of other devices, for example in the manufacture of DTM (discrete track media), MEMS (micro electro-mechanical system), or other nanometer-sized devices in nanotech industries. The schematic flow chart diagram that follows is generally set forth as a logical flow chart diagram. As such, the depicted order and labeled steps are indicative of one embodiment of the presented method. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalent in function, logic, or effect to one or more steps, or portions thereof, of the illustrated method. Additionally, the format and symbols employed are provided to explain the logical steps of the method and are understood not to limit the scope of the method. Although various arrow types and line types may be employed in the flow chart diagram, they are understood not to limit the scope of the corresponding method. Indeed, some arrows or other connectors may be used to indicate only the logical flow of the method. For instance, an arrow may indicate a waiting or monitoring period of unspecified duration between enumerated steps of the depicted method. Additionally, the order in which a particular method occurs may or may not strictly adhere to the order of the corresponding steps shown. FIG. 6is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method600for manufacturing patterned media in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the method600starts602and a substrate is provided604. The substrate may be formed of silicon, but may be formed of silicon-based materials, gallium-based materials, etc. A cap layer may be deposited606by sputtering, for example, silicon dioxide. The material of the cap is chosen according to the precursor that will be used for smoothing the cap. In one instance, silicon dioxide is selected and deposited606because the precursor TEOS converts into silicon dioxide. Features, such as pillars, are etched608using e-beam lithography as described above with reference toFIGS. 2 and 3. The features are then smoothed610in accordance with the description ofFIG. 4. The method continues and the etched substrate imprints612the daughter. The method600then ends614. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

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29

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The following detailed description and appended drawings describe and illustrate various embodiments of the invention. The description and drawings serve to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. In respect of the methods disclosed, the steps presented are exemplary in nature, and thus, the order of the steps is not necessary or critical. FIGS. 1-2illustrate a quick change weld stack10or ultrasonic stack according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the weld stack10includes a polar mount12or sleeve, a horn14, an accelerator16or booster, a first adjustment ring18, and a second adjustment ring20. The polar mount12is a hollow tube having a generally cylindrical shape. However, any shape and size may be used. The polar mount12is adapted to receive at least one of the horn14and the accelerator16therein. In the embodiment shown, the polar mount12includes a plurality of apertures for receiving at least one of a locator22and a plurality of set screws24for aligning the horn14as desired within the polar mount12. As a non-limiting example, the locator22is mounted to an outside surface26of the polar mount12, wherein a rounded end28of the locator22extends through the polar mount12to engage the horn14. It is understood that the locator may have a pre-determined size for aligning and positioning the horn14within the polar mount12. As a further non-limiting example, the polar mount12receives three set screws24, each of the set screws24having a flat end for engaging the horn14. It is understood that the polar mount12may include any number of apertures and through-holes for receiving any number of set screws24and locators22. The horn14includes a main body30having a welding end32. The horn14is coupled to the accelerator16to provide a pre-determined motion or vibration thereto. As a non-limiting example, the horn14is driven at ultrasonic frequency levels. In the embodiment shown, the horn14and accelerator16are received in the polar mount12. The horn14includes a datum structure33such as an indentation for receiving the locator22and positioning the horn14. As a non-limiting example, the datum structure33is positioned on the main body30of the horn at a nodal point. However, any number of datum structures may be used to align the horn14as desired within the polar mount12. The first adjustment ring18is disposed around the outside surface26of the polar mount12. The first adjustment ring18is typically a split collar having a coupler34for adjusting an interior diameter of thereof. As shown, the coupler34is a quick coupler having a coupling skewer36disposed through a split portion of the first adjustment ring18. One end of the coupling skewer36includes an adjustment nut38and an opposite end of the coupling skewer36includes a cam lever40. It is understood that the adjustment nut38and the cam lever40cooperate to adjust the interior diameter of the first adjustment ring18. It is further understood that any means for adjusting the interior diameter of the first adjustment ring18may be used, and that any type adjustment ring can be used. The first adjustment ring18also includes an adjustable width channel42formed in an outside edge44of the first adjustment ring18. A flexible tab46is disposed adjacent the channel42and adapted to receive a “flex” force from a plurality of pins48or set screws. For example, the pins48exert a force on the tab46to adjust a dimension of the channel42. As a further example, the tab46is formed in the outside edge44of the first adjustment ring18. It is understood that any number of pins may be used to exert a force on the tab46to adjust a width of the channel42. It is further understood that the channel42may have any size and may be positioned in any location, and that any type adjustment ring can be used. The second adjustment ring20is disposed around the outside surface26of the polar mount12and adjacent the first adjustment ring18. The second adjustment ring20is typically a split collar having a coupler50for adjusting an interior diameter of thereof. As shown, the coupler50is a threaded bolt or screw disposed through a split portion of the second adjustment ring20. It is understood that any means for adjusting the interior diameter of the first adjustment ring18may be used such as quick couple device similar to coupler34. The second adjustment ring20also includes a fine adjustment device52. As shown, the fine adjustment device52is a micrometer. Specifically, a pin54is disposed in the first adjustment ring18and extends therefrom in a direction of the second adjustment ring20. An adjustment member56of the fine adjustment device52is disposed through a portion of the second adjustment ring20and abuts the pin54. A tension device58(e.g. a spring loaded pin) is disposed in a portion of the second adjustment ring20in alignment with the adjustment handle56and abutting the pin54. A rotational motion of the adjustment handle56exerts a force on the dowel pin to adjust a relative position of the first adjustment ring18and the second adjustment ring20. FIGS. 3-4illustrate a setup fixture59for receiving the weld stack10according to an embodiment of the present invention. The setup fixture59includes a frame60having a base62and a back plate64, a radial locator66, a horn locator68, a spindle locator70and a clamp plate72. The radial locator66is coupled to the base62and includes a channel74for receiving the weld end32of the horn14. The horn locator68is coupled to the radial locator66and includes a horn channel76for receiving at least a portion of the horn14. The spindle locator70is coupled to the back plate64and is adapted to permit a portion of the weld stack10to pass therethrough. The spindle locator70also includes a pin80protruding from a surface thereof. As a non-limiting example, the pin80is positioned to be received by the adjustable width channel42of the first adjustment ring18. The clamp plate72is a split collar having a coupler82for adjusting an interior diameter of thereof. As shown, the coupler82is a quick coupler similar to the coupler34. However, any means for adjusting an interior diameter of the clamp plate72may be used. When the setup fixture59is in use, the polar mount12is disposed through the spindle locator70and the clamp plate72, wherein a portion of the polar mount12abuts the horn locator68. The first adjustment ring18is disposed around the polar mount12and adjacent the spindle locator70. As a non-limiting example, the first adjustment ring18is positioned to dispose the pin80into the adjustable width channel42. The second adjustment ring20is disposed around the polar mount12and positioned to receive the dowel pin54between the adjustment handle56and the tension device58. As a non-limiting example, the fine adjustment device52is set to a “zero” or mid-point position. It is understood that the first adjustment ring18and the second adjustment ring20may move relative to one another until one is sufficiently secured to the polar mount12. The horn14and the accelerator16are disposed in the polar mount12, wherein a portion of the horn14extends through the horn channel76and the weld end32of the horn14is received in the channel74of the radial locator66. It is understood that a size of the horn locator68provides a standard for a position of the horn14relative to the polar mount12. It is further understood that the radial locator66provides a radial alignment of the horn14within the polar mount12. Once the horn14is disposed in the polar mount12, the rounded end28of the locator22is aligned with the datum structure33of the horn14and the locator22is coupled to the polar mount12. The clamp plate72is secured to the polar mount12by locking the cam lever82. The first adjustment ring18and the second adjustment ring20are each secured to the polar mount12. It is understood that a position of the first adjustment ring18relative to the weld end32is standardized based upon the dimensions of the setup fixture59. The set screws24are tightened against the horn14. As a non-limiting example, the back plate64includes an aperture83to provide access to at least one of the set screws24positioned adjacent the back plate64. Once each of the set screws24is secured, the weld stack10is removed from the setup fixture59for use. FIGS. 5 and 6illustrate a mount84for receiving the weld stack10according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the mount84includes a housing86defining a cavity to receive the weld stack10. A clamp88is disposed in the cavity and coupled to the housing86. As a non-limiting example, the clamp88is an elongate split collar for receiving and securing the polar mount12therein. The clamp88includes a plurality of couplers90for adjusting an interior diameter of thereof. As shown, each of the couplers90is a quick coupler similar to the coupler34. The clamp88also includes a pin92protruding from a surface thereof. As a non-limiting example, the pin92is positioned to be received by the adjustable width channel42of the first adjustment ring18of the weld stack10. It is understood that any number of couplers90and any means for adjusting the interior diameter of the clamp88may be used. It is further understood that any mounting device and structure may be used to couple the weld stack10to any control system such as a robotic system or robot arm, for example. In use, the weld stack10is disposed in the clamp88wherein the first adjustment ring18abuts a portion of at least one of the clamp88and the housing86. It is understood that the first adjustment ring18is spaced from the weld end32of the horn14based upon the pre-determined dimension of the setup fixture59. Once the weld stack10is in position, the couplers90of the clamp88are adjusted to secure the weld stack10therein. The weld stack10, the setup fixture59, the mount84, and the methods according the present invention provide multiple benefits over the art. The present invention minimizes a need for hand tools, thereby simplifying a setup, change-over and replacement process and minimizing a required intervention of a higher level of support. The present invention provides a quick change over tooling so that the entire weld stack10can be changed out within minutes, thereby minimizing downtime and maximizing production efficiency. The present invention also provides an objective polar adjustment. The weld stack10, the setup fixture59, and the mount84provides the operator with a baseline position and an objective measurement system to make future adjustments. Specifically, the horn14includes the datum structure33to minimize critical stress risers, minimize unwanted downtime, simplify a replacement of the horn14and make a resultant weld substantially repeatable after a changeover. From the foregoing description, one ordinarily skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, make various changes and modifications to the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

1B

23

K

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Described herein are techniques for detecting an operating mode of a flyback converter. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous examples and specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. Particular embodiments as defined by the claims may include some or all of the features in these examples alone or in combination with other features described below, and may further include modifications and equivalents of the features and concepts described herein. FIG. 2depicts a circuit200for a flyback converter according to one embodiment. Circuit200may include a primary side that includes a metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET)202, an inductor204a, and a power factor correction (PFC) block208. A secondary side includes an inductor204b, a diode210, a capacitor112, a MOSFET214, and a synchronous controller rectifier216. In operation, a switch, such as MOSFET202, may be turned on to connect an inductor204a(a primary coil) to an input voltage VDC. Although MOSFET202is described, it will be understood that other switches may be used. When MOSFET202is turned on, a flyback transformer206is charged. Power factor correction (PFC) block208may also be included to provide power factor correction. PFC block208may turn MOSFET202on and off. When MOSFET202is on, flyback transformer206causes a positive voltage at Vsec− with respect to Vsec+. This and a positive VOUT voltage cause diode210to be reverse biased or blocked. In this case, capacitor212supplies energy to a load at VOUT. When MOSFET202is turned off, the lack of current path cause VPRI− to be charged to a voltage larger than VDC. This causes Vsec− to flyback to a negative voltage, which turns on diode210. The energy of transformer206is transferred to the output of the flyback converter. That is, current from an inductor204bflows to the load. Synchronous rectifier controller216turns a switch, such as MOSFET214, when diode210turns on. The above occurs for every cycle of turning MOSFET202on and off. Synchronous rectifier controller216detects the voltage across diode210and determines when to turn MOSFET214on. The signal VD is used to represent the voltage across diode210and the signal VG is used to turn MOSFET214on and off. Although MOSFET214is described, other switches may be used. When diode210is on, MOSFET214is then turned on. Turning on MOSFET214decreases the voltage drop across diode210, which increases the efficiency of the flyback converter. In one embodiment, synchronous rectifier controller216includes a mode detection block218that detects which mode the flyback converter is operating in. Synchronous rectifier controller216turns MOSFET214on and off differently depending on the mode detected. In one example, a continuous current mode (CCM) or a discontinuous current mode (DCM) may be detected. Other modes may also be detected, such as critical conduction mode (CrCM). The continuous current mode is where the current in inductor204bdoes not decay to 0. There is a charging and discharging phase but there is always current or energy remaining in flyback transformer206. In the discontinuous current mode, current in inductor204bdecays to 0 before a next cycle of turning on MOSFET202occurs. Thus, there will be a little time where there is no current in flyback transformer206(no current in either inductors204a&204b). Mode detection block218is used to detect which mode the flyback converter is operating in. Depending on which mode is detected, synchronous rectifier controller216takes different actions. For example, in the continuous current mode, MOSFET214should be turned off before MOSFET202is turned on. If not, a short may be generated. In the discontinuous current mode, MOSFET214should be turned off when the current decays to 0. If MOSFET214is turned off after the current decays to 0 and changes direction, capacitor212will be discharged. Thus, MOSFET214may be turned off at different times in response to different conditions occurring in the flyback converter depending on the mode detected. Mode detection block218uses a rate of change of the voltage Vsec− to determine which mode the flyback converter is operating in. The voltage Vsec− may be detected at VD. Although the rate of change of the voltage Vsec− is described, other voltages may be monitored. The rate of change of the voltage Vsec− is different for each mode. For example, the voltage Vsec− goes positive via a different mechanism for the discontinuous current mode and the continuous current mode. This causes the rate of change to be different for each mode. FIGS. 3A and 3Bshow voltage waveforms for a discontinuous current mode according to one embodiment. The voltage waveforms are for the flyback converter with only diode210. The voltage waveforms for the flyback converter with MOSFET214are similar. Referring toFIG. 3A, when MOSFET202is turned on and the primary side is on, the voltage Vsec− goes positive to cut off the current in the secondary side. That is, diode210is reverse biased and does not conduct current. When MOSFET202turns off, the voltage Vsec− goes to a negative voltage to enable current to flow through diode210on the secondary side. This in turn charges capacitor212. In the discontinuous current mode, the current on the secondary side decays to 0 before MOSFET202turns back on in the next cycle. When there is no current on the secondary side, diode210turns off and the voltage Vsec− goes positive and settles towards VOUT with a large ringing overshoot, which happens while MOSFET202is still off. InFIG. 3A, a voltage waveform302for Vsec− is shown with voltage waveforms304and306for the voltage Vsec+ and the voltage VOUT, respectively. When the current on the secondary side goes to 0 at a point308, the voltage Vsec− goes positive. At310, the large ringing overshoot is shown and at312, the voltage Vsec− then settles towards the voltage VOUT. FIG. 3Bshows a zoomed-in version of waveforms302,304, and306according to one embodiment. As shown at314, the rate of change of Vsec− is gradual after the current decays to zero. This rate of change will now be described with respect to the continuous current mode to show the differences in rates of change. FIGS. 4A and 4Bshow voltage waveforms302,304, and306for the continuous current mode according to one embodiment. In the continuous current mode, the voltage Vsec− goes positive whenever MOSFET202is on. Also, Vsec− switches to a negative voltage when MOSFET202is off. In the continuous current mode, the current through the secondary side does not decay to 0 right before MOSFET202switches on. Instead, when MOSFET202turns on, the voltage Vsec− goes positive immediately, which turns off diode210. Also, the voltage Vsec− does not oscillate around the output voltage VOUT because the current does not decay to 0 as was the case in the discontinuous current mode. Referring toFIG. 4A, at317, MOSFET202is turned on. When this occurs, voltage waveform302for Vsec− goes positive immediately and settles around VOUT+VDC*N volts at315where (1:N) is the turn ratio between the primary coil and the secondary coil. As can be seen inFIG. 4Bat316, the rate of change of waveform302is high when voltage waveform302goes high. Thus, the rate of change of waveform302is faster when MOSFET202is turned on in the continuous current mode when compared with the rate of change of waveform302in the discontinuous current mode when the current through diode210decays to zero. Accordingly, the conditions when the voltage Vsec− goes positive are different for the discontinuous current mode and the continuous current mode. The different conditions cause different rates of change for the voltage waveforms of the voltage Vsec−. The rate of change of the voltage Vsec− in the continuous current mode is much higher when compared with the rate of change of the voltage Vsec− for the discontinuous current mode. Mode detection block218monitors the rate of change of the voltage Vsec− and determines the operational mode of the flyback converter based on the rate of change. Different implementations may be used to detect the rate of change and determine the operating mode that corresponds to the rate of change.FIG. 5depicts an example of mode detection block218showing one method to detect the rate of change according to one embodiment. Although this implementation is described, other implementations may be used. Comparators502aand502bare used to compare Vsec− of waveform302to different threshold values. For example, comparator502acompares Vsec− to a first reference voltage VTH1. Comparator502amay only use a time hysteresis to prevent comparator output jitters to the large ringing overshoot. Comparator502bcompares Vsec− to two different reference voltages VTH2and VTH3. Comparator502bmay have voltage and time hysteresis. The reference voltage VTH2is compared to Vsec− to detect the falling edge of Vsec− and the reference voltage VTH3is compared to Vsec− to detect the rising edge of Vsec−. A mode detector504includes logic to determine which mode the flyback converter is operating in based on the outputs of comparators502aand502b.FIG. 6Ashows the outputs of comparators502aand502bwhen the flyback converter is operating in the discontinuous current mode according to one embodiment. Also,FIG. 6Bshows the outputs of comparators502aand502bwhen the flyback converter is operating in the continuous current mode according to one embodiment. Referring toFIG. 6A, waveform3-302is a zoomed in version of the voltage Vsec− according to one embodiment. Also, the levels of the three thresholds VTH1, VTH2, and VTH3are shown. The thresholds may be different reference voltages. A waveform602ashows the output of comparator502a(COMPOUT1). Also, a waveform604ashows the output of comparator502b(COMPOUT2). Comparator502auses the threshold VTH1as a reference. As shown, when waveform3-302goes below VTH1at606, COMPOUT1602afalls. When waveform3-302goes further below VTH2at608, COMPOUT2604afalls. This signal is used to indicate the diode210is conducting which prompts the synchronous rectifier controller216to pull VG high. VG is the switching signal that controls MOSFET214. When VG is high, MOSFET214is on. At this point, the threshold of comparator502bthreshold is switched to VTH3, making it ready to detect the next rising edge of waveform3-302. At610, waveform3-302goes above VTH3and the output of comparator502brises. This signal is used to indicate the current has decayed close to 0, which prompts synchronous rectifier controller216to pull VG low. When VG is low, MOSFET214is off. The small remaining current will continue to flow through diode210. After a short period of time and when diode210turns off, waveform3-302rises above VTH1at612. The output of comparator502athus rises at this point. As can be seen from610to612, a slight delay in the rising edge of waveforms602aand604aoccurs for comparators502aand502b. This slight delay will be used to determine which mode the flyback converter is operating in as will be described later after the continuous current mode is described. Referring toFIG. 6B, the outputs of comparators502aand502bare shown for the continuous current mode. At614, waveform3-302goes below the reference voltage VTH1. When waveform3-302goes below VTH1, COMPOUT1602bfalls. When waveform3-302goes further below VTH2at616, COMPOUT2604bfalls. This signal is used to indicate the diode210is conducting which prompts synchronous rectifier controller216to pull VG high. VG is the switching signal that controls MOSFET214. When VG is high, MOSFET214is on. At this point, the threshold of comparator502bthreshold is switched to VTH3, making it ready to detect the next rising edge of waveform3-302. On the rising edge, the reference voltage VTH3is used for comparator502b. At618, waveform3-302goes above the reference voltage VTH3and the output of comparator502brises. Also, at620, Vsec− goes above the reference voltage VTH1and the output of comparator502arises. As can be seen, waveform3-302rises very quickly between618and620. That is, the slope of Vsec− rises very fast as shown inFIG. 4B. Waveform3-302rises very quickly because it is the result of the turning on of MOSFET202. Turning on MOSFET202causes VPRI− to be pulled low quickly, which in turn results in VSEC− to fly high quickly as well Thus, the rising edge of waveforms602band604bare very close to one another in the continuous current mode. In contrast, a delay in discontinuous current mode in the rising edge of the outputs of comparator502aand502bis larger than the delay when in the continuous current mode. The longer delay results in the discontinuous mode because the threshold VTH3may be designed at a reference voltage slightly below 0 and the fact that the slope of waveform3-302is gradual in the discontinuous current mode as shown inFIG. 3B. However, the delay in rising edges of waveforms602aand602bis smaller when in the continuous current mode because of the high rate of change of waveform3-302when operating in the continuous current mode. That is, waveform3-302goes past the references voltages VTH3and VTH1at relatively the same time due to the high rate of change of waveform3-302. However, because of the gradual rate of change of waveform3-302in the discontinuous current mode, there is a delay from when Vsec− goes past the threshold VTH3to when it goes past the threshold VTH1. Mode detector504receives the outputs of comparator502aand502band determines the mode the flyback converter is operating in. For example, the delay between the rising edges of waveforms602and604is compared with a threshold to determine the mode. For example, the discontinuous current mode is determined when a delay longer than a certain time in the rising edges of waveforms602aand604ais determined. Depending on the different mode detected, synchronous rectifier controller216may operate differently. For example, MOSFET214may be turned off differently. If the discontinuous current mode is determined, then MOSFET214is turned off when the current decays to 0. However, in the continuous current mode, MOSFET214should be turned off before MOSFET202is turned on. FIG. 7depicts a simplified flowchart700of a method for detecting an operating mode of a flyback converter according to one embodiment. At702, mode detection block218measures a voltage of the flyback converter. At704, mode detection block218determines whether a waveform for the voltage includes a first rate of change or a second rate of change. At706, if the first rate of change is detected, mode detection block218determines that the flyback converter is in a first mode of operation. At708, if the second rate of change is detected, mode detection block218determines that the flyback converter circuit is in a second mode of operation. This information may be used to determine when to switch off MOSFET214in the next charging and discharging cycle of flyback transformer206. The measurement process described at702and the detection process described at704is repeated at every charging and discharging cycle to detect any changes in the operation mode due to load changes or input voltage (VDC) changes. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The above description illustrates various embodiments of the present invention along with examples of how aspects of the present invention may be implemented. The above examples and embodiments should not be deemed to be the only embodiments, and are presented to illustrate the flexibility and advantages of the present invention as defined by the following claims. Based on the above disclosure and the following claims, other arrangements, embodiments, implementations and equivalents may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

7H

02

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The device according to the exemplary embodiment consists of multiple individual parts shown inFIGS. 1 and 2. The device is comprised of two annular nozzles,1aand1b; two orifice plates,2aand2b; a filter member3; six spacers4, a housing5, and a draining conduit6. The annular nozzles,1aand1b, are each provided with a fitting100, adapted to be connected by suitable means to a fluid source. Each annular nozzle,1aand1b, is provided as two connected halves. Each orifice plate,2aand2b, is provided as two connected halves. The hollow cylindrical filter member3, has an inlet, an outlet301and a body302. The body302of the filter member obtains its filtering properties from perforation by a number of holes303provided in the body302. The holes have a size that allows the parasites to pass while the fish is maintain the interior of the hollow cylindrical filter. The filter member3is constructed as two parts, each constituting half of the filter member3. The housing5has a body500being a round hollow cylinder assembled from two halves, the two halves being connected along an edge501opposite an opening502. The opening502is provided as a slit parallel to the axis of the housing between the two halves. The draining conduit6is comprised of a hollow cylinder, which is open at one end and closed in the other. The hollow cylinder has a longitudinal opening601adapted to fit the opening502of the housing. The open end of the draining conduit6provides an outlet602adapted to be connected with suitable draining means. The filter member3is positioned within the housing5, and held in place coaxially by the spacers4. The spacers4are connected at one end to the outside of filter member3and at the other end to the inside of the housing5, as seen onFIG. 2. At each end of the housing5an orifice ring,2aor2b, is connected forming a fluid tight connection between the housing5and the orifice rings,2aand2b. Around the opening502, on the outside of the housing body500the draining conduit6is connected. The draining conduit is aligned so that the opening601and the opening502is in fluid connection with each other. The annular nozzle members are each connected to the side of the orifice ring,2aand2bfacing away from the filter member3. When the ejected air from the nozzle1breaches the surface of the fish a first impact zone is formed around the circumference of the fish. Progressively as the fish moves through the nozzle1b, the first impact zone between the surface of the fish and the ejected fluid moves along the entire length and circumference of the fish, ensuring a treatment of all parts of the exterior of the fish. The fish enters the device at the nozzle1b, generally with the head first. As the nozzle ejects an air stream towards a predefined point in the interior of the hollow cylindrical filter3an angle will be formed between the surface of the fish and the direction of the ejected air. Initially, the front end of the fish is impinged by an air current from the nozzle1b. The air current forms a sharp angle with the surface of the front end of the fish. When the tail of the fish reaches the first zone of impact the angle will be less sharp due to the geometry of the fish. It is believed that some angles are more effective than others in scraping off the parasites from the skin of the fish. Therefore some parasites may remain on the surface of the fish after the first impact zone. When the fish reaches a second impact zone formed by the ejected air from nozzle1aand the surface of the fish, parasites remaining on the surface of the fish will be treated with an air current having an angle, which is oriented in the opposite direction of the angle of the air current of the first impact zone. Thereby the entire surface of the fish is treated in two impact zones having different treatment angles. The nozzles,1aand1b, may be of the commercially available type Ring Blade™ manufactured and sold by the company Nex Flow™. In a Ring Blade™, compressed air enters into an annular chamber and is throttled through a small ring nozzle at high velocity. This air stream clings to a “Coanda” profile directing the air stream towards the interior of the cylindrical filter. The air stream is angled to create a “cone style”-directed force to best clean and wipe the surface of the fish. Surrounding air is entrained, creating an amplified 360 degree conical airflow to uniformly wipe the surface of the fish passing through the Ring Blade™. The Ring Blade™ is commercially available in interior diameters ranging from 25.4 mm (1″) to 153 mm (6″). The filter member according to an embodiment is shown inFIG. 3A. The filter member3is made up from two halves, each containing seven rods10interspaced between two half rods11. Each of the rods is sloped at the ends with the slope facing inwards towards the center of the filter member. When the two halves of the filter member are positioned against each other, they form a filter member with sixteen rods, evenly spaced around the circumference of the filter member3. Two connectors12a,12bare provided at each half of the filter member. Each connector is attached near one end of the seven rods10, and the two half rods11of one half of the filter member3, keeping the rods parallel, and at distance from each other. Each connector12is shaped as a small beam forming a half circle around the half circle of rods and half rods on one half of the filter member. When the two halves of the filter member are attached to each other, two complementary connectors form a full cylinder around all sixteen rods. The nozzle20shown inFIG. 3Bcontains two inlets15, a total of sixteen nozzle members13, and a conduit body14connecting the inlets15to the nozzle members13. Each nozzle member13has an outlet slit16, though which a fluid can be ejected to provide a thin “ejector-blade” of fluid. Eight nozzle members are positioned in one level around the circumference of the conduit body14of the nozzle20, and the slits16of these eight nozzles are arranged so that they provide a substantially annular slit around the circumference of the nozzle20. This in principle provides an “ejector-blade” effect in a similar manner as the earlier described continuous annular nozzle. Eight nozzle members13are positioned in another level, around the circumference of the nozzle20, and likewise arranged so that they provide a substantially annular slit around the circumference of the nozzle20. The nozzle members13of the nozzle20are positioned equidistantly from each other within each level and the nozzle members13of one level is off-set in relation to the nozzle members13of the other level. FIG. 4shows the filter member3according to the embodiment shown inFIG. 3A, and two nozzles20according to the embodiment shown in3B in their relative position in an assembled state. One nozzle20is positioned at each end of the filter member3.

0A

1

K

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the embodiment of the butt connection shown in FIG. 1, the end parts of sheet metal duct sections 10 and 12 are shown, with a flange frame, generally designated 14 and 14', being fastened to each duct section end. Each flange frame 14, 14' has an inner flange leg 16 or 16' abutting the interior of the corresponding duct section 10 or 12, and an outer flange leg 18 or 18' projecting approximately radially from duct sections 10 and 12. Outer flange legs 18, 18' are hollow throughout and extend radially outwardly, while of the inner flange legs 16, 16', only part 20 or 20', located close to the butt connection, provides a hollow. The outer flange legs 18 and 18' are in facing, adjacent relationship, and are generally parallel to plane 19 which is transverse to the axis of the duct sections 10 and 12. These hollows 20, 20' have adjacent to them and extending into the interior of duct sections 10 and 12 compressed doublewalled parts 22 or 22'. The compressed parts 22, 22' are connected permanently by spot welds 24 and 24' with the ends of each duct section 10 or 12. The hollows parts 18, 18' and 20, 20' of flange frames 14 and 14' are filled respectively by outer legs 26, 26' and inner legs 28 and 28' of L-shaped intermediate connectors 30 and 30', in the region where the ends of two flange frames 14 and 14' come together, as described in greater detail below. The outer legs 26, 26' of intermediate connectors 30 and 30' as well as the corresponding areas of outer legs 18, 18' of flange frames 14, 14' have openings 32 and 32' through which threaded bolts 34 extend, said bolts being secured by nuts 36. Sealing strips 38 made of elastic sealing material are disposed between flange frames 14 and 14', said strips running all the way around the butt connection. Ends 40 and 40' of duct sections 10 and 12 are embedded in continuous sealing beads 42 and 42' made of elastic sealing material, said material being located in the corners of the L-shaped flange frames 14 and 14', or in the areas located between the individual flange frame sections in the corner of the intermediate connector 30, 30'. Since the tension of connecting threaded bolts 34 in the butt connection according to the invention is taken up, not only by the flange frames 14, 14', but also and primarily by L-shaped intermediate connectors 30, 30' which fill the flange frame hollows and are much stronger than the flange frames, this type of butt connection is outstandingly suitable for every type of round, flattened oval, or rectangular sheet metal duct, as regards both stability and continuous sealing of the butt connection. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, openings 44 and 44' are provided on the side of the outer legs of flange frames 14, 14' away from the contact surface, said openings somewhat simplifying the manufacture of the flange frame and only insignificantly influencing the stability of the construction because of the much greater stability of intermediate connectors 30. In embodiments with longer straight flange frame sections between the individual intermediate connectors, however, the higher stability of the continuous embodiment, without openings, shown in FIG. 2, is preferable. It should be noted that in this and all following embodiments, the same reference numbers are used for the same or corresponding parts. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, outer flange leg 18 has in addition a triangular hollow shape or body including additional by 46 pointing away from the contact surface of duct sections 10 and 12, said shape or body forming, with duct section 10, a groove 48 to protect sealing bead 42 and to guide duct section 10. In addition, groove 48 can receive the spiral connection and spiral ribs, projecting outward from duct section 10, which are not shown. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, inner wall 50 extends from additional leg 46 to form the triangular hollow shape or body. Additional leg 46 points toward the duct section 10, and extends diagonally inward with respect to the contact surface, and duct section 10 has corrugated depressions 52 that press duct section 10 against inner leg 28 of the intermediate connector 30. The corrugated shape of this inner wall 50 with depressions 52 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 5. Instead of the corrugated depressions, diagonal wall 50 can also have trapezoidal or otherwise shaped teeth 54, see FIG. 6, which press duct wall 10 against inner legs 28. Both depressions 52 and teeth 54, when duct section 10 is pushed in, can elastically deflect the coiled connections or reinforcing ribs which are not shown but project outward (i.e. toward the top of the figures), or snap in behind the latter. This does not impede insertion or distortion of the duct walls or flange shape. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 the outer flange leg 18 is combined with additional leg 46 and inner wall 50 to form a continuous hollow shape or body. Intermediate connector 30 in this embodiment has an extension 56 which is at an angle to outer leg 26, so as to fit into the triangular hollow shape or body and points diagonally inward, said extension 56 providing additional reinforcement for the butt connection. FIG. 8 shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 in the vicinity of an intermediate connector in a partial oblique view, with duct section 10 omitted. Two ends 58 and 60 of a flange frame 14 bent from one piece or of two successive flange frame sections 14 and 14" are held in place by intermediate connector 30 inserted into open shape ends 58 and 60. Intermediate connector 30 then has only its end sections 62 and 64 inserted into the hollow shapes of flange frame sections 14 and 14", while an exposed middle section 66 contains the opening 32 that receives the threaded bolt, not shown. Exposed inner leg 28 of intermediate connector 30 then abuts the interior of duct section 10, not shown, and, if greater stability is desired, can be fastened to the latter. Sealing bead 42, as explained above, in all cases runs continuously in the area of flange frame sections 14 and 14" and middle section 66 of intermediate connector 30. Since the entire end edge of duct section 10 is embedded in this sealing bead, a type of seal is achieved which can be accomplished only at great expense in known butt connections. The embodiment according to FIG. 9 differs from those in FIGS. 2 and 8 in that the inner leg 28 is extended from middle section 66 of intermediate connector 30 up to the end 68 of inner leg 16 of flange frame sections 14 and 14" and is made flush with the outside of the inner flange leg, so that it abuts a relatively large area of the inner surface of duct section 10, not shown, and can be fastened to the latter if desired. FIG. 10 shows an embodiment in which the two ends 58 and 60 of flange frame sections 14 and 14" abut one another, and intermediate connector 30 is received completely in the two hollow shapes of the flange frame. In this case, opening 32 to receive a threaded bolt, not shown, also passes through the hollow shape walls of one of flange frame sections 14". Since straight flange frame sections are normally joined together in rectangular duct sections by intermediate connectors designed as corner angle pieces, the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8 to 10 are used primarily for round or flattened-oval ducts and flange frames. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 to 13 is suitable for rectangular ducts with rounded corners, with a corner area of the kind shown in FIG. 11. The two circumferentially spaced flange frame sections 14 and 14" are connected together by an intermediate connector 30 bent at 90.degree., said connector having its two end sections 62 and 64 inserted into the open circumferentially spaced ends 58, 60 of flange frame sections 14 and 14", and having its exposed middle section 66 forming a rounded corner of the flange frame. As in the embodiment in FIG. 7, intermediate connector 30 in this embodiment has an extension 56 which points away from contact surface 19 (see FIG. 1), not shown in FIGS. 11 to 13, which fits into the corresponding triangular hollow body of flange frame sections 14 and 14". In addition, intermediate connector 30, as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, has an elongate and thickened inner leg 28' of middle section 66, which at the outside, on which duct wall 10, not shown, rests, makes a smooth transition into inner leg 16 of flange frame section 14 or 14". Continuous sealing bead 42 is also omitted in FIG. 11. Both this sealing bead 42 and duct section 10 omitted in FIG. 11, however, are shown in the sectional views in FIGS. 12 and 13. In this embodiment, an opening 32 is provided to receive a threaded bolt, not shown, roughly in the middle of middle section 66 of intermediate connector 30, in such fashion that it passes through outer shape leg 26 of the intermediate connector 30 and extension 56. In area 70 which contains opening 32, the intermediate connector has a portion which is flattened in the manner shown in FIGS. 11 and 13, so that the portion of extension 56 abuts outer leg 26. This produces good stability in area 70 and a good seat of the threaded bolt on intermediate connector 30. FIG. 14 shows an embodiment with a flattened oval duct cross section, whereby intermediate connector 30 in this embodiment is bent through 180.degree. in its middle section 66 which is free of the essentially rectilinear flange frame sections 14 and 14". In this embodiment, the elongate and thickened design of inner shape leg 28' in middle section 66 is especially important since the grip produced by end sections 62 and 64 which are relatively short and project into the open shape ends of flange frame sections 14 and 14", would be too limited if duct section 10, not shown, were not additionally held at elongate inner legs 28', directly abutting the interiors of the duct section, and could be fastened thereto. In this embodiment, instead of the one opening in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 to 13, two openings 32 and 32' are provided near the ends of middle area 66 for threaded bolts, not shown, in flattened areas 70 and 70', respectively, in outer shape legs 26 and 56. With smaller flattened oval ducts, only one opening 32 could also be provided in the middle of middle section 66 as in the embodiment according to FIGS. 11 to 13 described above. The embodiment according to FIGS. 15 to 17 is similar to the one shown in FIGS. 11 to 13. It differs from this previous embodiment, however, in the cross-sectional shape of intermediate connector 30, especially bent edge 56', which, in contrast to bent edge 56 shown in FIGS. 11 to 33, which points away from the contact surface, points toward contact surface 19 (see FIG. 1), which is not shown but can be thought of as being located at the bottom in FIG. 15 and at the right in FIGS. 16 and 17. In this embodiment, bent edge 56' is connected by a rib 57, running perpendicularly to the contact surface, with the remaining part of intermediate connector 30. In flattened area 70 in this embodiment, bent edge 56' and hence, of course, vertical rib 57 have been omitted, so that in this area, as shown in FIG. 17, a flat, level cross section of flange leg 26 is produced, running parallel to contact surface 19. This type of intermediate connector can be made even more simply than the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 to 13, and is therefore preferred for many applications. From flattened area 70, there is then a transitional area 71 or 71' respectively on both sides, in which the flat flange leg cross section is bent upward so that, a short distance from open shape end 58, 60, it achieves the cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. 16, with a bent edge 56' and rib 57. Otherwise, the embodiments shown in FIG. 15 to 17 correspond to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 11 to 13. Likewise, the embodiment shown in FIG. 18 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, but in this case flattened areas 70 and 70' do not have bent edges 56', so that in these areas the cross section of flange leg 26 is flat, as shown in FIG. 17. The rising, slowly upwardly curving transitional areas 71 and 71' in this embodiment are provided on both sides, abutting flat areas 70 and 70'. Otherwise the embodiment according to FIG. 18 corresponds to the details of the embodiment shown in FIG. 14. In the embodiment suitable for round tubes, shown in FIG. 19, in a manner known from German Patent 33 41 107, the two flange frames 14 and 14' are held firmly together by tensioning ring 72, mounted on their outsides and tightened, the function of said ring not requiring further description. The threaded bolts that traverse flange frame 14 and 14' are not required in this embodiment. To show the shape of flange frame 14 more clearly, the intermediate connector 30 with angled extension 56' according to the embodiment in FIG. 16 is omitted from flange frame 14, being shown only in right-hand flange frame 14'. All parts of flange frame 14' and of intermediate connector 57', in contrast to the representation in FIG. 16, have been given the corresponding reference numbers with a prime added. In this embodiment, a sheet metal section 74, 74', abutting the interior of tubular duct section 10 (section 10' has been omitted for clarity), is provided from the ends of flat sections 22, 22' of inner flange legs 16, 16', the free edges of said sections pointing toward contact surface 19 being bent outward, away from the duct axis to form annular ribs 76, 76'. When flange ring 14 is driven into the open end of tube section 10, annular rib 76 is bent into the position 76" indicated by dashes and consequently its free edge 78 is urged against the interior of tube section 10, whereupon flange frame 14 is largely protected against being pulled out of tube section 10. At the same time, tube section 10 is forced into a desired circular shape by the pretensioning of annular rib 76. The condition prior to being driven into a tube section is shown for the right-hand flange frame 14'. By urging its free edge 78 against the inside of tube section 10, annular rib 76 itself in this embodiment performs the sealing function and it is not necessary to install a separate sealing bead. Near end 40 of tube section 10, individual supporting projections 80 are forced inward from the wall of the tube section, behind which projections outer edge 78 of annular rib 76 is snapped, providing an additional securing measure for flange frame 14 on tube section 10. However, this embodiment assumes tube sections with neat and smooth inner surfaces in the edge area. If the inner edge area is not neat or is not flat, only embodiments with a sealing bead can be considered. However, the same tools can be used to make an embodiment with a diagonal annular rib 76 and one without a diagonal annular rib, since the diagonal annular rib is produced in any event and hence can simply be pushed in again. This pushing inward can be performed with the same tool by using a additional bending jaw or the like. A very similar construction is shown in FIG. 20, to be used with air duct sections 10, 12 with straight walls, with flange frames 14, 14' not being held together by a tensioning ring but, as in the embodiment according to FIG. 1, by threaded bolts "not shown in FIG. 20". In this embodiment, of course, the pretensioned annular rib 76, 76' is provided. Fastening to air duct sections 10 and 12 is provided by spot welds 24 and 24'. The three layers of sheet metal forming the inner legs 22 and 22', in connection with the other features of this embodiment, makes for an extremely stable butt connection.

5F

16

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to the drawings and in particular toFIGS. 1 and 2, a power output mechanism for power tools of the present invention comprises a main part1, a switch unit2, an impact unit3, a pressing unit4, an output shaft5driven by the main part1, and an operation member6. The main part1is a driving means which includes an end configured to connect with the switch unit2and the end includes an input set11extending out of the main part1. The switch unit2includes a base portion20and a tubular portion21extending form the base portion20, and the base portion20of the switch unit2is connected with the main part1. A plurality of slots21aare defined through the tubular portion21and outer threads21bare defined in an outer periphery of the tubular portion21. A plurality of positioning springs22are compression springs and located within the slots21a.A rotation collar24includes inner threads24awhich are threadedly connected to the outer threads21bof the tubular portion21. A plurality of axial protrusions24bextend axially from an underside of the rotation collar24so as to be cooperated with the positioning springs22. A spring25is mounted to the tubular portion21and two ends of the spring25are biased against the base portion20of the switch unit2and the rotation collar24, so as to provide an elastic force to the rotation collar24. The impact unit3includes an orientation wheel31, an operation wheel32and a bush collar33. The orientation wheel31includes a first toothed contact surface31awith a plurality of teeth extending radially therefrom. The orientation wheel31includes a ring portion31cdefined on an outer periphery thereof. The ring portion31chas a corrugated surface defining peaks and valleys31d.The operation wheel32includes a second toothed contact surface32awhich is removably engaged with the first toothed contact surface31a.The first and second toothed contact surface31a,32ahave inclined teeth meshed with each other as shown inFIG. 3so that when the operation wheel32is rotated in relative to the orientation wheel31, the teeth of the second toothed contact surface32acan move over the teeth of the first toothed contact surface31ato create a jump movement. The pressing unit4is composed of a deformed flexible washer41and a press ring42. The output shaft5includes a flange5a.The output shaft5extends through the pressing unit4, the impact unit3and the switch unit2and is connected with the input set11of the main part1so that the output shaft5is driven by the input set11. The distal end of the output shaft5is to be connected with different tools. The operation wheel32is secured to the output shaft5. The operation member6includes a central hole6aand has an open end in which the rotation collar24is engaged such that the operation member6can be operated to rotate the rotation collar24. The output shaft5extends through the central hole6aand limited by the flange5aso that the axial position of the output shaft5is restricted. The switch unit2is used to shift the mechanism to a desired position by operation of the rotation collar24and the operation member6. When the rotation collar24is rotated to a non-impact position, the output shaft5is pushed by the washers41outward so that the axial protrusions24bdo not press the positioning springs22. The positioning springs22are located within the rotation collar24and do not engage with the valleys31dof the orientation wheel31as shown inFIG. 4. Due to the flexibility of the positioning springs22, when the orientation wheel31is rotated relative to the output shaft5, the peaks of the ring portion31ccan pass through the positioning springs22such that the orientation wheel31can freely rotate. The power tool can output power. In other words, during operation, the output shaft5is applied by a force at the distal end thereof, the flanges5aapplies an axial force to the washers41to move the operation wheel32backward to engage the second toothed contact surface32aof the operation wheel32with the first toothed contact surface31aof the orientation wheel31. At this time, because the rotation of the ring portion31cof orientation31does not be restricted, the orientation wheel31and the operation wheel32are engaged together to rotate. As shown inFIG. 5, when the rotation collar24is rotated to an impact position, the inner threads24aof the rotation collar24pushes the positioning springs22toward the orientation wheel31to insert the positioning springs22into the valleys31d.The orientation wheel31is restricted to rotate relative to the output shaft5. When the output shaft5is applied by a force at the distal end thereof, the flanges5aapplies an axial force to the washers41to move the operation wheel32backward to engage the second toothed contact surface32aof the operation wheel32with the first toothed contact surface31aof the orientation wheel31. Because the rotation of the ring portion31cof the orientation wheel31is restricted by the positioning springs22, the second toothed contact surface32aand the first toothed contact surface31ahave a relative movement. The operation wheel32moves periodically toward and away from the operation wheel32to output an intermittent impact from the output shaft5. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that a variety of modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention which is intended to be defined by the appended claims.

4E

21

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION Referring first to FIG. 1 , there is shown a hitch assembly 10 suitable for mounting to a towing vehicle (not shown). The structure of the hitch 10 can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and model to model although the hitch 10 will include structure for securely attaching the hitch assembly 10 to the vehicle proximate the rear bumper. Typically, the hitch 10 will include a crossbar 12 extending parallel to the rear of the vehicle and a sleeve 14 secured to and extending perpendicular to the crossbar 12 . The sleeve 14 typically has a square cross-sectional configuration although a variety of configurations could be employed. The sleeve 14 is adapted to receive a similarly configured insert 16 such as the hitch ball insert shown in FIG. 1 . The insert 16 will include a male portion 18 which may be matingly inserted into the sleeve 14 for mounting to the hitch 10 . The male portion 18 may form a part of any number of accessories intended to be detachably mounted to the hitch 10 including cargo carriers, bicycle carriers, ski racks, folding tables, tailgating equipment and a variety of coupler inserts. Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 4 , in order to prevent withdrawal of the insert 16 from the sleeve 14 during transport, the insert 16 must be secured within the sleeve 14 . Both the sleeve 14 and the male portion 18 of the insert 16 includes aligned apertures 20 , 22 respectively. Upon alignment of the apertures 20 and 22 a pin may be inserted transversely through the sleeve 14 and insert 16 to prevent withdrawal. However, the coupler lock 30 of the present invention not only prevents separation of the insert 16 form the hitch 10 but also includes a locking mechanism to prevent unauthorized removal of the coupler lock 30 as will be subsequently described. The coupler lock 30 generally has a dog bone or dumbbell configuration with enlarged end portions 32 , 34 and intermediate pin section 36 configured to fit through the apertures 20 , 22 . The end portions 32 , 34 are larger so as not to be capable of passing through the apertures 20 , 22 . In a preferred embodiment, one of the end portions 32 is fixedly attached to the pin 36 while the other end portion 34 is a lock assembly capable of being detachably mounted to the pin 36 . The free end of the pin 36 includes an annular groove 38 engageable by the lock assembly 34 . The lock assembly 34 includes a cylindrical lock housing 40 . Mounted within the housing 40 is a bearing cage 42 having a partial axial bore 44 for receiving the end of the pin section 36 . A plurality of radial ports 46 in the side wall of the bearing cage 42 retain radially movable ball bearings 48 . Preferably the bearing cage 42 is threadably mounted within the housing 40 to facilitate maintenance of the lock assembly 34 . The bearing cage 42 is received within a longitudinally shiftable locking cup 50 . The locking cup 50 includes an endwall 52 and a cylindrical side wall 54 which fits over the bearing cage 42 . Disposed within the locking cup 50 is a spring 56 to bias the cup 50 longitudinally outwardly. The biasing spring 56 is sealed between an end of the bearing cage 42 and the end wall 52 of the locking cup 50 . The locking cup 50 is longitudinally shiftable in response to engagement and unlocking of a lock cylinder 58 which is received within a lock sleeve 60 fixedly mounted within the lock housing 40 . The lock sleeve 60 includes a slot 62 formed in a wall 64 of the lock sleeve 60 . The lock cylinder 58 has an internal keyable locking mechanism which operates a radially extendable lock bolt. 66 . Upon alignment, the lock bolt 66 is extendable into the slot 62 to prevent longitudinal movement of the lock cylinder 58 within the lock sleeve 60 . A key 68 is used to retract the bolt 66 from the slot 62 allowing longitudinal shifting of the lock cylinder 58 which, in turn, allows shifting of the locking cup 50 as will be described. Operation of the coupler lock 30 facilitates simple engagement of the locking mechanism to secure the coupler lock 30 within the aligned apertures 20 , 22 and subsequent key operation of the locking mechanism to remove the coupler lock 30 . As will be subsequently described, the locking mechanism is engaged simply by depressing the lock cylinder 58 . With the lock assembly 34 secured to the lock pin 36 , the key 68 can be inserted into the end of the lock cylinder 58 and operated to retract the lock bolt 66 from the slot 62 . With the lock cylinder 58 released, the bias of the spring 56 will force the lock cup 50 and lock cylinder longitudinally outwardly as shown in FIG. 4 . As the locking cup 50 shifts it will uncover the ports 46 of the bearing cage 42 freeing the ball bearings 48 . The lock pin 36 may now be retracted from the lock assembly 34 causing the bearings to move radially outwardly. The lock pin 36 can now be moved in and out of the apertures 20 , 22 to secure the insert 16 within the hitch sleeve 14 . To re-engage the coupler lock 30 of the present invention, the lock pin 36 is inserted into the partial bore 44 of the bearing cage 42 . Simple depression of the lock cylinder 58 , such as by a users thumb, will lock the end member 34 to the lock pin 36 (FIG. 3 ). As the lock cylinder 58 is depressed, the locking cup 50 will be moved longitudinally forcing the ball bearings 48 radially inwardly into the groove 38 of the lock pin 36 . With the bearings 48 in the groove 38 , the pin 36 cannot be retracted and the locking cup 50 prevents the bearings 48 from moving radially outwardly out of the annular groove 38 . As the lock cylinder 58 shifts inwardly, the bolt 66 will again extend into the slot 62 to prevent movement of the lock cylinder 58 until the key 68 is used to retract the bolt 66 . The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should be understood therefrom as some modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

4E

05

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features. Referring initially toFIG. 1, a vehicle10is illustrated having an engine system12according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The engine system12includes an internal combustion engine14. The internal combustion engine14can be of any suitable type, such as a diesel engine, a gasoline-powered engine, etc. The engine system12further includes an intake fluid system, generally indicated at16, and an exhaust fluid system, generally indicated at18. As will be explained, the intake fluid system16generally receives an intake fluid stream20from outside the vehicle10, and the exhaust fluid system18generally receives an exhaust stream22from the engine14. In other words, the intake fluid stream20passes through the intake fluid system16to the engine14. The engine14produces the exhaust stream22as a product of combustion of fuel, and the exhaust stream22flows through the exhaust fluid system18and is emitted from the vehicle10. It will be appreciated that the intake and exhaust fluid system16,18can include a plurality of hollow pipes, passages, and the like for directing flow of the respective fluids. Furthermore, the engine system12includes a turbocharger device24. The turbocharger device24can be of any suitable known type. In some embodiments, the turbocharger device24includes a compressor member26, an energy supply member28, and a coupling member30. In some embodiments, the compressor member26is in operative communication with the intake fluid stream20, and the energy supply member is in operative communication with the exhaust stream22. More specifically, in some embodiments, the compressor member26is disposed within the intake fluid system16, and the energy supply member28is disposed in the exhaust fluid system18. The energy supply member28and the compressor member26can be fixed to the coupling member30, and the turbocharger device24can be supported for rotation relative to the intake and exhaust fluid systems16,18. Additionally, the compressor member26and the energy supply member28can each include a plurality of fins. In operation, as the intake fluid stream20flows through the intake fluid system16, the flow of the intake fluid stream is compressed by the compressor member26, such that the compressor member26supplies a compressed fluid stream32to the engine14. Also, flow of the exhaust stream22drivingly rotates the energy supply member28, and this energy of rotation is transferred to the compressor member26via the coupling member30. It will be appreciated that the turbocharger device24allows for a greater amount of air/fuel mixture to enter into the cylinders of the engine14to improve the efficiency of the engine14. The engine system12can also include a fluid cooler33. The fluid cooler33can be operatively coupled to the intake fluid system16downstream of the compressor member26of the turbocharger device24. In operation, the fluid cooler33reduces temperature of the compressed fluid stream32before entering the engine14. It will be appreciated that the fluid cooler33can be of any suitable known type. Additionally, the engine system12can include an aftertreatment device34. The aftertreatment device34can be in operative communication with the exhaust stream22. In other words, the aftertreatment device34can be in fluid communication with the exhaust stream22and disposed within the exhaust fluid system18. It will be appreciated that the aftertreatment device34can be of any suitable type for receiving at least a portion of the exhaust stream22and treating the exhaust stream22, such as a diesel particulate filter, a hydrocarbon injector, etc. In some embodiments represented byFIG. 1, the aftertreatment device34includes a diesel particulate filter36that filters particulate (i.e., soot) from the exhaust stream22before the exhaust stream22is emitted from the vehicle10. The diesel particulate filter36can also include a burner38and an injector40. At predetermined times, the injector40injects fuel, and the burner38ignites the fuel injected from the injector40, and the particulate matter collected by the diesel particulate filter36is reduced in a process known as “regeneration.” However, it will be appreciated that the aftertreatment device34can be of any suitable type for treating (e.g., reducing undesirable matter) from the exhaust stream22. The engine system12additionally includes a bypass fluid system42. Like the intake and exhaust fluid systems16,18, the bypass fluid system42can include a plurality of pipes, passages, etc. The bypass fluid system provides fluid communication between the intake fluid system16and the exhaust fluid system18and bypasses the internal combustion engine14. Furthermore, the bypass fluid system42includes an upstream end44and a downstream end46. The upstream end44receives a portion of the compressed fluid stream32from the compressor member26of the turbocharger device24, and the downstream end46is in fluid communication with the exhaust fluid system18downstream from the energy supply member28of the turbocharger device24. As will be explained, the bypass fluid system42supplies the aftertreatment device34with the portion of compressed fluid stream32from the intake fluid system16. The bypass fluid system42can include a bypass valve48. The bypass valve48can be of any suitable type for selectively changing flow behavior through the bypass fluid system42. Also, the bypass valve48can be disposed in any suitable position relative to the bypass fluid system42. The bypass fluid system42includes a bypass conduit that is uninterrupted between its downstream end46and bypass valve48. The downstream end46of bypass fluid system42is joined together with an upstream end of a mixing tube. The downstream end of the mixing tube is coupled to the aftertreatment device34. The mixing tube is uninterrupted between its upstream and downstream ends. Moreover, the engine system12can include a controller50. The controller50can include circuitry, programmed logic, computer memory, and the like for changing a configuration of the bypass valve48(e.g., changing the position of the valve48). The controller50can be in communication with the bypass valve48and the aftertreatment device34. As will be explained in greater detail, the controller50can change the configuration (e.g., the position) of the bypass valve48based on a predetermined operation schedule of the aftertreatment device34. Referring now toFIG. 2, a method52of operating the engine system12and directing fluid through the engine system12is illustrated. The method begins in decision block54, wherein it is determined whether conditions are met for regeneration of the diesel particulate filter36. In other words, decision block54involves determining whether the predetermined operation schedule calls for a regeneration of the diesel particulate filter36. It will be appreciated that the predetermined operation schedule can call for regeneration under any suitable vehicle conditions. For instance, the predetermined operation schedule can call for regeneration after a certain amount of miles have been driven, once pressure detected downstream of the aftertreatment device34is above a predetermined threshold, or the like. If decision block54is answered in the negative, the method52loops back to the start of the method52. However, if decision block54is answered in the affirmative, step56follows. In step56, the controller50transmits a signal causing the bypass valve48to move from a substantially closed position to an open position to begin flow through the bypass fluid system42to the aftertreatment device34. Then, in step58, regeneration of the diesel particulate filter36occurs. More specifically, the injector40injects a fuel into the fluid provided by the bypass fluid system42, and the burner38ignites the air/fuel mixture to reduce particulate collected by the diesel particulate filter36. It will be appreciated that the bypass fluid system42could provide fluid to the burner38in combination with the exhaust fluid system18, or the bypass fluid system42could provide fluid to the burner38independent of the exhaust fluid system18to enable regeneration of the aftertreatment device34. Then, in step60, the controller50transmits a signal, which causes the bypass valve48to move from the open position to the substantially closed position to substantially stop flow through the bypass fluid system42. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the controller50controls the configuration and position of the bypass valve48such that flow through the bypass fluid system42is intermittent and such that flow through the bypass fluid system42occurs according to the predetermined regeneration schedule of the diesel particulate filter36. It will also be appreciated that the upstream end44of the bypass fluid system42is downstream from the fluid cooler33. As such, the compressed fluid stream32flowing through the bypass fluid system42is substantially cooled by the fluid cooler33. Accordingly, overheating and malfunction of the injector40is less likely. Referring now toFIG. 3, an engine system112of a vehicle110according to various other embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated. It will be appreciated that the engine system112is substantially similar to the engine system12ofFIGS. 1 and 2. It will also be appreciated that like components are indicated with like numerals increased by 100. The engine system112includes a bypass fluid system142with an upstream end144and a downstream end146. The upstream end144of the bypass fluid system142is in fluid communication with the intake fluid system116upstream of the cooler133. Also, in some embodiments, the engine system112includes and aftertreatment device134, such as a hydrocarbon injector137(e.g., flame reformer, urea injector). The hydrocarbon injector137can be of any suitable known type for injecting hydrocarbons into the exhaust stream122for reducing NOx emitted by the engine system112. Furthermore, the engine system112can include an emissions sensor139that detects an amount of an emission substance in the exhaust stream122. It will be appreciated that the emissions sensor139can be of any suitable known type, such as an NOx sensor that detects an amount of NOx in the exhaust stream122. The controller150is in communication with the bypass valve148, the aftertreatment device134, and the emissions sensor139. As will be described below, the controller150changes the configuration (e.g., the position) of the bypass valve148based on the amount of the emissions detected by the emissions sensor139. Referring now toFIG. 4, a method170for controlling the engine system112and directing flow through the engine system112is illustrated. The method170begins in step172, in which the emissions sensor139detects the level of NOx. Then, in step172, the controller150calculates a desired position of the bypass valve148based on the level of NOx detected by the emissions sensor139. Next, in step176, the controller150transmits a signal to change the position of the bypass valve148to match the desired position of the bypass valve148calculated in step174. In some embodiments, the position of the bypass valve148is changed in step176between a partially closed position and a fully open position. As such, flow is maintained substantially continuous, but the flow rate is changed through the bypass fluid system142in step176. In other words, flow rate through the bypass fluid system142varies as a function of the NOx output of the engine114, and the emissions sensor139provides feedback to the bypass valve148to adjust the amount of fluid flow through the bypass valve148to the hydrocarbon injector137. In some embodiments represented inFIG. 3, the upstream end144of the bypass fluid system142is in fluid communication with the intake fluid system116upstream of the fluid cooler133and downstream of the compressor member126of the turbocharger device124. In this case, fluid flowing through the bypass fluid system142is not cooled by the fluid cooler133for improved performance of the aftertreatment device134. Thus, the engine system12,112, includes a bypass fluid system42,142for supplying air to the aftertreatment device34,134. It will be appreciated that the bypass fluid system42,142supplies air to the aftertreatment device34,134without the need of an independent air supply system or an air supply system that is driven by the engine14,114. Thus, the engine system112can be less complex, can include less components, can be easier to integrate into the vehicle10,110, and can improve efficiency as compared to prior art engine systems. Furthermore, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined in the following claims.

5F

01

N

DESCRIPTION OF AN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT An electric connection box according to one embodiment of the present invention is explained by referring toFIGS. 1-6. An electric connection box1shown inFIG. 1is mounted on a vehicle such as a motor vehicle. As shown inFIG. 1, the electric connection box1includes a box body2, a lower cover3, a relay9as an electric component and a wiring board not shown. The box body2is made of insulation synthetic resin, and is formed by known injection molding. The box body2has a ceiling wall11and a plurality of outer walls12. The box body2is formed into a box shape. The outer walls12extend from an outer edge of the ceiling wall11and continue to each other. In the inside of the box body12, a space for receiving the wiring board is formed. In an upper surface2a(correspond to a surface) of the box body2, a plurality of attachment portions4is provided. The relay9is attached to the attachment portion4. Explanation of the attachment portion4will hereinafter be described in detail. The outer wall12of the box body2includes a plurality of locking portions13for fixing the box body2and the lower cover3. The locking position13projects from the outer wall12, and is formed in a U-shape. The locking portion13includes an engaging hole13a. The engaging hole13aengages with a locking protrusion15of the lower cover3. The locking protrusion15of the lower cover3is engaged in the engaging hole13aof the locking portion13. As a result, the locking protrusion15is engaged in the locking portion13. Thereby, the lower cover3is fixed in a lower surface of the box body2. The lower cover3is made of insulation synthetic resin, and is formed by known injection molding. The lower cover3includes a bottom wall not shown and a plurality of outer walls14extending from an outer edge of the bottom wall. The lower cover3is formed into a bottomed cylinder shape. In the outer wall14of the lower cover3, a plurality of the locking protrusions15is provided. The locking protrusion15engages with the above locking portion13. A connector provided on a terminal of wiring harness, which connects with various electric devices mounted on a vehicle, is fitted to a bottom wall (not shown) of the cover3. The locking protrusion15engages with the locking portion13of the box body2. The lower surface of the box body2is covered with the lower cover3, and the lower cover3is fixed in the box body2. When the box body2and the lower cover3are assembled each other, the box body2and the lower cover3are approached each other along a direction perpendicular to the ceiling wall11and the bottom wall. The relay9includes a block-shaped main body16, a plurality of terminals17formed into a plate shape, and a pair of locking protrusions18. The main body16receives an internal coil in the inside thereof. The terminal17projects from a bottom surface not shown, and has conducting properties. The locking protrusions18protrude on a side surface, and opposed to each other. When the relay9is attached to the attachment portion4, the plurality of the terminals17pass through the through holes8of the attachment portion4and are connected with a bus bar respectively. The pair of the locking protrusions18are arranged opposed to each other along a radial direction of the main body16. When the relay9is installed in the attachment portion4, the pair of locking protrusions18are locked in a protrusion22of the holding portion7respectively. Thereby, the relay9is fixed to a tube5of the attachment portion4. The wiring board includes a conductive bus bar and an insulating plate and so on. The bus bar is formed by pressing and punching in a conductive plate. A plurality of the bus bars is provided, and overlaps each other. The insulating plate is arranged between the bus bars, and prevents short circuit. A position of the bus bar is determined by the insulating plate. When the above mentioned wiring board is received in the box body2, the bus bar electrically connects the connector of the wiring harness and the relay9, which is attached to the attachment portion, each other according to a predetermined pattern. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, the attachment portion4includes the tube5, a plurality of openings6, a plurality of holding portions7and a plurality of through holes8. The tube5inserts the relay9into the inside thereof. The holding portions7are held to the tube5by pressing the relay9toward the inside of the tube5. The through holes8pass through each the terminal17of the relay9. The tube5stands from the upper surface2aof the box body2, and includes a plurality of peripheral walls20. The tube5is formed into a rectangular shape. The plurality of openings6are arranged on the peripheral wall20of the tube5respectively. Furthermore, each of the opening6passes through the peripheral wall20. A planer view of the opening6is formed into a rectangular shape. That is, the plurality of openings6are arranged with a space each other along a circumferential direction of the tube5. The holding portion7is arranged in the inside of opening6provided in the peripheral walls20, and includes an arm21and a protrusion22. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 3, the arm21is formed into a band plate shape. One end21aof the arm21is connected to an inner edge side away from the upper surface2aof the box body2. Another end21bthereof is a free end. Furthermore, the arm21is elastically deformable. The protrusion22is arranged on the other end21bof the arm21, and projects from the other end21btoward the inside of the tube5. Furthermore, as shown inFIG. 3, the protrusion22includes a slope23. The slope23slopes from a part of the arm21toward the upper surface2aof the box body2. That is, the slope23narrows toward a top of the protrusion22at the other end side. As shown inFIG. 2, the plurality of through holes8pass through the ceiling wall11of the box body2respectively. A planar view of the through hole8is formed into a rectangular shape. The through hole8is arranged on an inside of the tube5. When the relay9is attached to the attachment portion4, the terminal17of the relay9is inserted into the through hole8. As shown inFIG. 1, in the above electric connection box1, the relay9is opposed to the attachment portion4. Also, as shown inFIG. 4, the relay9is inserted into the tube5of the attachment portion4from the terminal17side of the relay9. The terminal17of the relay9is passed through the through hole8of the attachment portion4. And then, the main body16of the relay9is inserted into the tube5of the attachment portion4. As a result, the main body16of the relay9abuts to the slope23of the protrusion22of the holding portion7in the attachment portion4. Thereby, as shown inFIG. 5, the arm21of the holding portion in the attachment portion4is resiliently deformed. Furthermore, the protrusion22of the holding portion7is pushed into the tube5by the main body16of the relay9. Then, when the main body16of the relay9is inserted into the tube5, as shown inFIG. 6, the protrusion22of the holding portion7is locked with the locking protrusion18over the locking protrusion18. The holding portion7holds the main body16of the relay9to the tube5by elastic restoring force of the arm21. Additionally, the protrusion22of the holding portion7is fitted with the locking protrusion18of the relay9respectively. Thereby, the main body of the relay9is fixed in the tube5. Thus, the above electric connection box1attaches the relay9to the attachment portion4of the box body2. In the embodiment of the invention, the attachment portion4which is arranged on the upper surface2aof the box body2includes the tube5, the plurality of the openings6and the plurality of the holding portions7. The attachment portion4inserts the relay9into the inside thereof. The tube5extends from the upper surface2aof the box body2. The opening6passes through the tube5, and is arranged with a space along the circumferential direction of the tube5. The holding portion7is arranged in the opening6, and holds the relay9to the tube5by pressing the relay9toward the inside of the tube5. Each of the holding portions7includes the arm21and the protrusion22projecting toward the inside of the tube5from another end of the arm21. One end21aof the arm21continues to the inner edge of the tube away from the surface of the box body. Another end21bthereof is formed with a free end. Therefore, when the relay9is inserted into the tube5of the attachment portion4, the arm21of the holding portion7is elastic deformed. In addition, the protrusion22of the holding portion7is pressed to an outside of the tube5by the relay9. Thereby, insertion force which inserts the relay9into the tube5of the attachment portion4can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to attach the relay9to the attachment portion4of the box body2easily. Furthermore, when the relay9is received in the tube5, at least the two protrusions22opposed to each other lock with the locking protrusion18of the relay9. Thereby, holding and fixing the relay9to the tube5can be performed together simply by inserting the relay9into the tube5of the attachment portion. For this reason, it is possible to reduce the number of parts and working process for attaching the relay9to the attachment portion4of the box body2. Also, the protrusion22includes the slope23. Thereby, when the protrusion22of the holding portion7is pressed to the outside of the tube5by the relay9which is inserted to the tube5of the attachment portion4, friction between the relay9and the protrusion22of the holding portion7can be reduced. Therefore, insertion force for inserting the relay9into the tube5of the attachment portion4can be reduced, and the relay9can be smoothly inserted into the tube5of the attachment portion4. In addition, damage of the relay9and protrusion22of the holding portion7can decrease, and the relay9can be steadily fixed to the attachment portion4of the box body2. In the above embodiment, the relay9is explained as an example of the electric component which is attached to the attachment portion4of the box body2in the electric connection box1. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, a fuse may be used as the electric component. The embodiment of the present invention is only exemplary and not limited thereto. Modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention.

7H

01

R

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Having reference now to the drawings, inFIG. 1, there is shown a data and storage network100including a packet buffer generally designated by the reference character102for implementing multiple credit levels generated over multiple queues in accordance with the preferred embodiment. The packet buffer102is responsible for storing and managing the packet data and control information received from a dataflow message interface (DMI)104. Packet buffer102includes a credit generation function106of the preferred embodiment, a message interface control108, a free pool, a buffer manager112, a general queue (GQ) manager114, and a control access block (CAB) interface116. Through the use of a plurality of GQs120, such as twelve GQs120, the packet buffer102signals a dispatch unit122of the new packet location. The packet buffer102utilizes random access memories (RAMs) for a frame control block (FCB) buffer124, a buffer control block (BCB) memory126, a control buffer128, a data store130and a free lists132for storing packet data, and control information. The buffer manager112controls the arbitration to the SRAMs124,126,128. All arbitration schemes are strict priority based. The CAB interface116holds all of the configuration registers, the debug MUX, and logic for initializing the SRAMs124,126,128. The BCB and FCB SRAMs126,124are chained together such that each entry links to the next entry for the free lists132. The data store130and control SRAMs124,126,128are initialized to zeroes. Packet buffer102handles the generation of dispatch.request messages and manages the associated credits. The packet buffer102issues credits in the form of a dispatch.request message to a dataflow140via the DMI104. Each dataflow140(one shown) serves as a data path for transmitting and receiving dataflow traffic, for example, via a network interconnect and/or a switch fabric interface. The dataflow returns a dispatch.response or dispatchmore.response together with data for processing by a network processor or an embedded processor complex (EPC)142. The message interface108aligns the dispatch.response messages to be stored in the buffer manager112. The message interface108can drop the available signal to the DMI104if the level in the BCB and FCB pools becomes too low to guarantee that incoming data will not be lost or if many small dispatch.mores come in causing contention to the storage of data into the SRAMs. The packet buffer102reassembles the response messages and aligns the data into the data store buffers130. When an entire frame is received, the packet buffer102signals the dispatch unit122via a GQ pop interface144. The dispatch unit122reads the control data in the GQ pop interface144and then reads the first buffer of the data store data. If the pico processor needs to read more data or alter the data, it requests access to the data store130via the packet buffer arbiter148. The packet buffer arbiter148has access to all of the memory locations inside of the packet buffer102. An enqueue buffer150can send recirclulated or discarded frames back to the packet buffer102. If the frame is recirculated, the packet buffer102will place the frame back onto an identified GQ120. If the frame is discarded, the buffers associated with the frame will be freed. A frame alteration partition152can read and send the processed frames to the dataflow140. When the frame alteration152has read the entire buffer control block data, it releases the buffer control blocks BCBs and frame control block FCB back into the free pool. A free list manager154can lease either BCBs or FCBs for pico-code of EPC142to use. The GQ manager114controls all of the GQs120and the respective GQ pop interfaces144to the dispatch unit122. When an entry reaches the head of a GQ, several specific fields of the control buffer128are fetched and placed on the GQ pop interface144along with the data that is contained in the FCB124and a valid signal is raised. The dispatch unit122asserts the taken signal after it has read the information and another FCB and control buffer will be read from the SRAM. Two sources for the GQ entries include new frames from the message interface108and recirculated frames from the enqueue buffer150. If the recirculate path has a predefined GQ indicator that a frame is to be released; the GQ manager114passes the FCBA to the Free Pool so that all the corresponding BCBs126and the FCB124are released. In accordance with features of the preferred embodiment, the credit generation partition106controls the generation of the credits for the dispatch.request messages. The generation of the credits is used for signalling the dataflow140to indicate that the packet buffer102has space available for a particular GQ120to prevent overflow and to provide priority for packets assigned to a particular GQ120by the dataflow140. Based upon the configuration registers illustrated and described with respect toFIG. 2, the credit generation106generates dispatch.request messages to the dataflow message interface104allotting the dataflow140more credits. A credit generation algorithm of the preferred embodiment generates multiple credit levels to the dataflow140for the multiple different GQs120based upon a current number of available credits. All of the GQs120receives some credits, if configured. The number of credits that can be issued for each GQ120is based upon the number of credits currently in use. The number of credits currently in use is maintained as a global in use count. As the in use count increases, the number of credits that can be issued is restricted on an individual GQ basis. When the current in use count is greater than a programmable global clip count value, the number of credits that can be issued is changed for each individual GQ120. The current in use count is compared with a respective programmable GQ cutoff count value for the multiple different GQs120, then no credits are issued for each of the GQs120having a QC cutoff count value less than the current in use count. Referring now toFIG. 2, there are shown exemplary registers generally designated by the reference character200for implementing multiple credit levels generated over multiple queues in accordance with the preferred embodiment. One of the multiple GQs120, labeled GQxx, is illustrated together with a plurality of exemplary GQ registers in accordance with the preferred embodiment. A respective GQ max register204stores a maximum number of outstanding credits for each respective GQ120. A respective GQ clip register206stores a GQ clip value that is used as the maximum number of credits that can be outstanding for each respective GQ120when buffer space is becoming limited. A respective GQ threshold register208stores a GQ threshold value for each respective GQ120that is used to attempt to issue more credits when the number of outstanding credits falls below this value. A global in use count register210stores a global in use count value equal to (total buffers filled)/2 plus total credits outstanding for all GQs120. A global clip count register212stores a global clip count value that is used to issue maximum credits as specified in clip register206when the global in use count is greater than the global clip count value. A respective GQ cutoff count register214stores a GQ cutoff count value for each respective GQ120that is used so that no credits are issued to the GQ120when the global in use count is greater than the GQ cutoff count value. A respective GQ credits register216stores a GQ credits value equal to a number of credits outstanding to the dataflow104for each respective GQ120. In accordance with features of the preferred embodiment, the packet buffer102generates the dispatch.request messages to issue credits to each dataflow chip140. After synchronization and initialization of dataflow140is achieved, the packet buffer102issues the number of credits specified in the maximum credit register204for each GQ120to the dataflow. The credits are retrieved when the dispatch.response or dispatch.more messages are processed by the packet buffer102. The control information of the dispatch.response message specifies for which GQ120the message belongs. One credit is retrieved for each 128 byte frame segment that is received. If the frame or frame segment is less than 128 bytes, one credit is also retrieved. When the number of outstanding credits drops less than or equal to the value specified in the threshold register208, the packet buffer102issues another dispatch.request message for that GQ120to resupply the dataflow140with one exception. This exception comes when the data store is getting full as defined by the number of buffers being used divided by two plus the number of outstanding credits. Then when the packet buffer102is almost full, the number of credits that can be issued for each GQ120is limited to the value specified in the respective GQ clip register206. This allows the packet buffer102to have less outstanding credits and more room in its internal buffers for incoming packets. There is no way to take credits away from the dataflow140, therefore the buffers needed to handle all of the outstanding credits are reserved. In accordance with features of the preferred embodiment, the priority of the GQs120are configurable by setting their individual cutoff registers214to different values. A GQ120is restricted from sending any credits to the dataflow140when the number of buffers being used divided by two plus the number of outstanding credits is equal to or greater than the value specified in the GQ cutoff register214. In this way, each GQ120is able to run freely when there are ample buffers available, but when the free buffers become limited, the GQs120with the lowest priority are restricted leaving only the higher priority GQs120to send credits to fill the remaining buffers. The advantage of using the clip level is that the number of outstanding credits is limited allowing more buffers to be used before the lower priority queues are restricted. It is the responsibility of the initialization code to ensure that the total number of outstanding credits is set properly to ensure that the low priority queues are not restricted unnecessarily. To ensure that the dataflow140is not waiting for credits because of the delay through the DMI104, the maximum register for each queue should be set to a predefined queue maximum value, such as, 6 or greater. Referring now toFIGS. 3,4,5, and6, there are shown exemplary sequential steps performed by packet buffer102for carrying out methods for implementing multiple credit levels generated over multiple queues in accordance with the preferred embodiment. Referring initially toFIG. 3, sequential operations begin by comparing the GQ credits with the threshold count as indicated in a decision block302. When the GQ credits are less than the threshold count, such as at initialization with the GQ credits initially zero, then the in use count is compared to the clip count as indicated in a decision block304. When the in use count is less than the clip count, such as at initialization, then the packet buffer102generates a credit message to issue credits to dataflow chip140for each GQ120equal to the GQ max level less GQ credits as indicated in a block306. Then the GQ credits are set equal to the GQ max level as indicated in a block308. The in use count is incremented as indicated in a block310. Then the sequential operations return to decision block302for comparing the GQ credits with the threshold count. When the GQ credits are not less than the threshold count, then comparing the GQ credits with the threshold count is continued at decision block302. When determined at decision block304that the in use count is not less than the clip count, then the in use count is compared to the GQ cutoff count as indicated in a decision block312. When the in use count is not less than the GQ cutoff count, then the sequential operations return to decision block302for comparing the GQ credits with the threshold count. When the in use count is less than the GQ cutoff count, then the packet buffer102generates a credit message to issue credits to dataflow chip140for each GQ120equal to the GQ clip level less GQ credits as indicated in a block314. Then the GQ credits are set equal to the GQ clip level as indicated in a block316. The in use count is incremented as indicated in a block318. Then the sequential operations return to decision block302for comparing the GQ credits with the threshold count. Referring now toFIGS. 4, and5, exemplary sequential steps for maintaining the global in use count are shown. InFIG. 4, checking for a first BCB being released is performed as indicated in a decision block402. After a first BCB is released, checking for a second BCB being released is performed as indicated in a decision block404. When both first and second buffer control blocks are released, then the in use count is decremented as indicated in a block406. InFIG. 5, checking for the free list manager154leasing a first BCB is performed as indicated in a decision block502. After a first BCB is leased, checking for a second BCB being leased is performed as indicated in a decision block504. When both first and second buffer control blocks are leased, then the in use count is incremented as indicated in a block506. Referring now toFIG. 6, exemplary sequential steps for maintaining the GQ credits are shown. Checking whether an incoming frame is for this GQ is performed as indicated in a decision block602. When the incoming frame is not for this GQ, then checking continues for a next one of the GQ120at decision block602. When the incoming frame is for this GQ, then checking whether a BCB is written is performed as indicated in a decision block604. When a BCB is written, then checking for an end of frame is performed as indicated in a decision block606. When an end of frame is identified, then the GQ credits value is decremented as indicated in a block608. Then the sequential operations return to decision block602. When an end of frame is not identified, then checking whether a second BCB is written is performed as indicated in a decision block610. When a second BCB is written, then checking for an end of frame is performed as indicated in a decision block612. When an end of frame is identified, then the GQ credits is decremented at block608and the sequential operations return to decision block602. When an end of frame is not identified, then the GQ credits value is decremented after two BCBs are written as indicated in a block614. Then the sequential operations return to decision block602. Referring now toFIG. 7, an article of manufacture or a computer program product700of the invention is illustrated. The computer program product700includes a recording medium702, such as, a floppy disk, a high capacity read only memory in the form of an optically read compact disk or CD-ROM, a tape, a transmission type media such as a digital or analog communications link, or a similar computer program product. Recording medium702stores program means704,706,708,710on the medium702for carrying out the methods for implementing multiple credit levels generated over multiple queues of the preferred embodiment in the packet buffer102ofFIG. 1. A sequence of program instructions or a logical assembly of one or more interrelated modules defined by the recorded program means704,706,708,710, direct the credit generation106of packet buffer102for implementing multiple credit levels generated over multiple queues of the preferred embodiment. While the present invention has been described with reference to the details of the embodiments of the invention shown in the drawing, these details are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed in the appended claims.

7H

04

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an automotive heat exchanger 10, such as a radiator, including a core 12 comprising a plurality of tubes 16 interleaved with a plurality of fins 18 as is well known in the art. The radiator 10 includes a manifold assembly 14 through which fluid flows into each of the tubes 16. As is known in the art, the radiator 10 can either include a single manifold disposed at one end of the core 12 or may have a pair of manifolds disposed at opposite ends of the core. A pair of side supports 20 are disposed on opposite sides of the core 12 and provides structural rigidity to the radiator 10. The manifold 14 includes a fluid inlet port 22 and a fluid outlet port 24 for the entry and exit of a fluid into the radiator 10. FIG. 2 illustrates a typical prior art manifold for a heat exchanger, such as a heater core. The manifold includes a tank member 26 and header plate 28 which are joined together to form the fluid-conducting manifold. In a typical prior art design, the tank member 26 has a generally U-shaped cross-section which fits into upstanding walls of a header plate. Because of manufacturing intolerances, it is often difficult to-obtain a tight seal between the tank member 26 and header 28 such as shown by the distance "X" in FIG. 2. Furthermore, the terminating edge of the tank member 26 must be flat around its periphery, often necessitating a cam trimming operation to achieve a flat seal between the tank member 26 and header 28. Furthermore, because of the radius at the interface of the header wall and the header base, there is no true surface for the terminating edge of the tank to engage, further increasing the probability of leakage therearound. Because of this, it is difficult to control the tank entry into the header, often resulting in a crooked or cocked tank as shown in FIG. 2. The present invention overcomes these problems associated with the prior art by providing a tank member and header plate as shown in FIG. 3. The tank member 26 includes a base portion 34 and defines an inner surface 30 and outer surface 32. A wall 36 circumferentially surrounds the base portion 34 and depends generally perpendicularly to the plane of the base portion 34. A flange portion 38 is circumferentially disposed on the terminating end of the wall 36. The flange portion 38 depends downwardly and outwardly from the wall and is generally S-shaped in configuration. The flange includes a first arcuate portion 40 having a radius of curvature relative to the inner surface 30 of the tank member 26 of R.sub.1 and a second arcuate portion 42 having a predetermined radius of curvature relative to the inner surface 30 of the tank 26 of R.sub.2. As shown in FIG. 4, the header plate 28 is substantially equal in length to the length of the tank member 26 and includes a generally planar base portion 46 which has a plurality of tube-receiving apertures 48 therein for receiving the ends of the fluid-conducting tubes therethrough. The base portion 46 of the header plate 28 is circumferentially surrounded by a second flange portion 50 which depends outwardly therefrom. The flange portion 50 terminates in an arcuate portion 52 having a predetermined radius of curvature relative to the top surface of the header plate 28 of R.sub.3. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the radius of curvature of the arcuate portion 52 of the header flange portion 50 (R.sub.3) is greater than the radius of curvature of the second arcuate portion 42 of the tank flange portion 38 (R.sub.2). As such, when the tank member 26 is placed in mating contact with the header plate 28, the flange portions 38, 50, respectively of the tank 26 and header 28 engage to form a pair of contact brazing surfaces 54, 56. As such, when the completed manifold assembly is subjected to a brazing operation, a leak-free seal is ensured because of the pair of brazing surfaces formed by the mating engagement of the tank 26 to the header plate 28. The present invention solves the problems associated due to manufacturing intolerances as shown by FIGS. 5 and 6. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 5, the header plate 28 is enlarged beyond its design width. However, because the radius R.sub.3 of the arcuate portion 52 is greater than the radius of curvature R.sub.2 of the arcuate portion 42 of the tank, at least one brazing contact surface 56 remains to ensure a leak-free seal between the tank and the header. FIG. 6 illustrates the situation wherein the header plate 28 is formed Smaller than the design width specified for the tank member. In this situation, at least one brazing contact surface 54 is formed between the first arcuate portion 40 of the tank member and the arcuate portion 50 of the header plate. Therefore, the design of the present invention allows for slight manufacturing intolerances which would not be tolerated in prior art designs. Furthermore, in utilizing the design of the present invention, the need for mechanically crimping the tank to the header and thereby compressing an o-ring is eliminated since the brazed joint 54, or 56, prevents the leakage of fluid therepast. However, tab members 58 may still be formed on the header plate 28 to ensure location and fit of the header to the tank and prevent the assembly from becoming separated prior to and during the brazing operation. Alternatively, tabs 59 may be formed on the tank member. The present invention also provides an advantage in that the smooth radius on the header plate 28 in the arcuate portion 52 provides a positive lead-in to guide a mis-aligned tank 26 into proper position. By utilizing the present invention, the tank member and the header plate can be formed of aluminum and aluminum alloy materials suitable for furnace brazing. At least one of the flange portions 38, 50 are coated with a lower temperature clad brazing material to ensure a suitable brazing joint between the tank 26 and the header plate 28. A method for making Such a manifold is also contemplated by the present invention. The method comprises the steps of forming an elongated tank member in a stamping operation, the tank having a substantially U-shaped cross-section which defines an inner and an outer surface. The tank includes the base portion and a wall circumferentially surrounding the base portion and depending generally perpendicular to the plane thereof as described above. Next, a flange portion is formed on a terminating end of the wall around the entire circumference thereof, such that the flange portion is S-shaped and includes the first arcuate portion 40 and the second arcuate portion 42 having a predetermined radius of curvature relative to the inner surface of the tank member 26. The next step includes forming an elongated header plate having a length substantially equal to the length of the tank member, the header plate having a generally planar base portion 46 with a plurality of apertures formed therein for receiving the tubes of the heat exchangers therethrough. The method further comprises the step of forming a flange portion 50 circumferentially surrounding the base portion 46 of the header 28 such that the flange portion 50 depends outwardly therefrom and terminates in an arcuate portion 52, having a predetermined radius of curvature relative to the top surface of the header plate. This predetermined radius of curvature must be greater than the radius of curvature of the second arcuate portion 42 of the tank member 26 as described above. The tank member is then placed into mating engagement with the header plate 28 such that a pair of brazing surfaces are formed at the second arcuate portion of the tank flange portion in the header plate flange portion. Finally, the completed heat exchanger core having the assembled manifold is placed into a brazing furnace, and the tank member and header plate are brazed together at predetermined temperatures as is well known in the art. Various other modifications and alterations to the present invention will, no doubt, become apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the principles of the present invention can be applied to other types of heat exchangers, such as charge air coolers used in vehicle engine superchargers. Therefore, it is the following claims, including all equivalents, which define the scope of the invention.

5F

28

F

EXAMPLES In the following Examples, all percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated. Example 1 Production of Ethoxylated Soybean Oil Epoxide Ring-Opened with Carboxylic Acids 126 kg (812 moles) of a mixture of saturated fatty acids (60% by weight octanoic acid, 35% by weight decanoic acid, 3% by weight dodecanoic acid and 2% by weight hexanoic acid; acid value 361.9, iodine value&lt;1) and 180 kg (766 moles) of epoxidized soybean oil (6.8% by weight epoxide oxygen content) were introduced into a stirred tank reactor and heated with stirring to 170.degree. C. When the reaction mixture contained no more epoxide groups (about 4 hours), it was distilled in vacuo up to about 190.degree. C. A dark yellow liquid with an OH value of 84.6, a saponification value of 239 and an acid value of 2.4 was obtained. 6.9 g of a 30% by weight solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol were added to 423 g of the reaction product of soybean oil epoxide with carboxylic acids, followed by reaction with 660 g of ethylene oxide at 140.degree. C. as in Example 1. After the removal of traces of ethylene oxide in vacuo and neutralization with lactic acid, a dark yellow liquid with an OH value of 54.7 was obtained. Example 2 Production of Ethoxylated Soybean Oil Epoxide Ring-Opened with Lauryl Alcohol In a stirred tank reactor, 3.6 g of concentrated sulfuric acid were added to 474 g of soybean oil epoxide (characteristic data as in Example 1) and 745 g of lauryl alcohol, followed by heating to 100C. When the reaction mixture contained no more epoxide groups (about 3.5 hours), it was neutralized with 3.6 g of diethyl ethanolamine and the excess lauryl alcohol was distilled off in vacuo at 10 Pas/135.degree. C. 723 g of a reaction product with an OH value of 112, an iodine value of 20, a saponification value of 116 and an acid value of 72 were obtained. 4.0 g of a 30% by weight solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol were added to 390 g of the reaction product of soybean oil epoxide with lauryl alcohol, followed by reaction with 610 g of ethylene oxide at 170.degree. C. as in Example 1. After the removal of traces of ethylene oxide in vacuo and neutralization with lactic acid, a yellow paste was obtained. Defoaming Test Test Medium 80 parts of a bone-dry waste paper mixture consisting of: 20% of lightweight coated paper (catalogues) 40% of newspaper 40% of magazines +20 parts of bone-dry groundwood pulp (bleached) ground to an SR freeness value of 60.degree. Production The approximately 5% WP high-consistency pulp mixture (disintegrated for 10 minutes in a pulper) and the approximately 2% groundwood pulp (ground to 60.degree. SR) are mixed in the above ratio after determination of the pulp consistency and, before the test, are diluted to a stock consistency of 1% with tap water at approximately the test temperature. Test Conditions This mixture is pumped into a vessel by a peristaltic pump, being intensively mixed in a nozzle with the air taken in. As a result, foaming occurs and, at the same time, air accumulates on the fibers present in the medium. The relative height of the foam formed is read off from a scale graduated in millimeters. 5 kg test medium, I% pulp consistency temperature variable between room temperature and about 90.degree. C. pump circulation at 4 l/minute air input 100 l/hour Defoamer Addition In the test, the defoamers are prediluted with water in a ratio of 1:10. The defoamers are added when the foam reaches a height of 200 mm (about 1 minute after the start of the test). The defoamers are added in the intake hose just before the peristaltic pump. The defoaming effect (in %) is determined after 1 minute (spontaneous effect) and after 5 minutes (long-term effect). It may be calculated in accordance with the following formula: ##EQU1## The results are set out in Table 1. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Defoaming Effect Effect Effect Quantity T (after 1 min.) (after 5 mins.) Defoamer [.mu.l]* [.degree. C.] [%] [%] ______________________________________ Ex. 1 200 45 100 25 Ex. 1 400 45 100 35 Ex. 1 200 55 95 5 Ex. 1 400 55 100 15 Ex. 1 200 60 90 0 Ex. 1 400 60 100 20 Comp. 1 200 45 90 10 Comp. 1 200 55 70 0 ______________________________________ Comp. 1 is an oleicacid-esterified ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer according to EPA-264 826. *The quantity of defoamer added is based on a solution prediluted with water in a ratio of 1:10.

3D

21

H

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment FIGS. 1 to 7 are various views of a first embodiment of a part-conveying apparatus according to the present invention. In this embodiment, a rectangular chip part C, as shown in FIG. 8, having the following dimensions is used: height=H, width=W, and length=L (H.apprxeq.W; L&gt;H; and L&gt;W). However, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the chip parts C may be cylindrically shaped and rectangularly shaped with the following dimensions: for the cylindrically shaped part, diameter=d, height=H, width=W, and length=L (d.apprxeq.W and H; and L&gt;d); and for the rectangularly shaped part, height=H, width=W, and length=L (L&gt;W&gt;H). In these drawings, Ca and Cb denote electrodes formed at two ends in the length direction of the individual parts C. FIGS. 1 and 2 are overall views of the part-conveying apparatus. The apparatus is composed of three divisions: a part-aligning division in an upper portion, a part-ejecting division in a lower portion, and a part-chute division in an intermediate portion. It will be noted that the parts C appear relatively large in the drawings, but actual parts are very small. First, the part-aligning division is described below. The part-aligning division has a circular concave section 2 formed in a main body 1, and a rotating drum 11 fitted in the concave section 2 so as to be rotatable. In a central portion of the concave section 2, an axis 3 is arranged, and a bearing section 4 is arranged to rotatably journal the axis 3. On an inner peripheral surface of the concave section 2, a part-aligning groove 5 is formed in a semicircular arc shape whose width and depth are designed to have a constant clearance allowing the parts C of the width W and height H to pass through. As shown in FIG. 3, a tapered guide face 6 is formed sloping toward the part-aligning groove 5 on the inner peripheral surface of the concave section 2. The guide face 6 guides the parts C into the part-aligning groove 5. A gate opening 8 is formed in a lower portion of the part-aligning groove 5. Via the gate opening 8, a chute 9 is formed so as to communicate with the part-aligning groove 5. The chute 9 is formed substantially tangential to the part-aligning groove 5 that is semicircular-arc shaped, sloping down at a given sliding angle. The gate opening 8 is formed at an intersection of the part-aligning groove 5 and the chute 9, which are tangential to each other. The gate opening 8 has dimensions allowing the parts C to pass through one by one in a state aligned on their sides in the length direction; that is, with the height and the width which are larger than H and W, and with the length smaller than L. Also, the width of the gate opening 8 is the same as the width of the part-aligning groove 5. A part-storing space 12 is formed between the main body 1 and the rotating drum 11. The part-storing space 12 has a storing capacity for a large number of the parts C fed in via a part-feeding opening 10. The rotating drum 11 is formed preferably of a transparent material such as an acrylic resin so that the volume of the parts C therein can be checked visually. An inner peripheral surface of the rotating drum 11 includes a tapered guide face 13 opposing the guide face 6. The guide face 13 guides the parts C into the part-aligning groove 5 in the same manner as the guide face 6. On an inner peripheral surface of a peripheral portion of the rotating drum 11, as shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of protruding tabs 14 (two pieces are shown in the drawing) is formed at a constant angular pitch. The tabs 14 have dimensions so as to pass over the gate opening 8 and the part-aligning groove 5. The tabs 14 serve to normalize the parts C jammed at the gate opening 8. The axis 3 is connected to a driving means, such as an electric motor, and rotates with the rotating drum 11 in the direction indicated by arrow A. In the rotation, the tabs 14 push back the parts C jammed at the gate opening 8 in the direction opposite to the chute 9, thereby recovering from the jam. The rotation method for the rotating drum 11 is not limited to the above, with which the axis 3 rotates, but other methods may be employed. Also, the rotation method is not limited to a continuous rotation method, but an intermittent rotation method may be employed. Hereinbelow, a description will be given of operation of the part-aligning division in the above configuration. The parts C fed from the part-feeding opening 10 and have been stored in the part-storing space 12 are guided by the guide faces 6 and 13, which are formed respectively in the main body 1 and the rotating drum 11, into the part-aligning groove 5. At this time, the parts C are aligned in a predetermined direction since the part-aligning groove 5 is formed with the width and the depth which have a constant clearance so as to allow passage of parts C having the width W and the height H. Among the aforementioned parts C, those sliding down aligning in the length direction lying down pass through the gate opening 8 smoothly and are therefore fed to the part-ejecting division through the chute 9. On the other hand, the parts C sliding down upright are not allowed to pass through the gate opening 8, and therefore stack to block the gate opening 8. In this case, the following parts C that are also not allowed to pass through the gate opening 8 stack, causing a jam. In the above state, when the rotating drum 11 rotates in the direction of arrow A, the tabs 14 or the parts C pushed thereby push other parts C in the direction opposite to the ejecting direction, whereby clearing the parts C stacked at the gate opening 8. At this time, a load exerted on the parts C is only the weight of other parts C following, and no other forces except for gravity are exerted thereon. Therefore, the parts C can be easily removed or laid down without adding a heavy load. This allows the parts C to be ejected smoothly from the gate opening 8. In the above manner, the tabs 14 of rotating drum 11 remove jams occurring at the gate opening 8, but in addition, they agitate the parts C that are formed like a bridge to disturb sliding in order to expedite sliding down into the part-aligning groove 5. When the number of the parts C in the part-storing space 12 decreases, the number of the parts C that slide down into the part-aligning groove 5 also decreases. However, the tabs 14 of the rotating drum 11 serve to carry the parts C stored in a bottom section of the part-storing space 12 into the part-aligning groove 5. In this way, all the parts C in the part-storing space 12 can be ejected. When a large number of parts C is fed into the part-storing space 12, their weight exerts a load on the parts C aligning in the vicinity of the gate opening 8. In this case, the load probably disturbs the flow of the parts C. However, since the tabs 14 of the rotating drum 11 regularly pass by the gate opening 8 and relieve the stress, the parts C are allowed to pass through the gate opening 8 smoothly. Hereinbelow, the part-chute division is described. In the sloped chute 9, which comprises the part-chute division, a lateral section is open in a region from a middle section to a lower section, and the open area is blocked by a lateral cover 15. A mobile blade (mobile member) 16 is provided in a bottom section of the chute 9 so as to be slidable in the direction of the chute 9. The mobile blade 16 slidably supports bottom surfaces of the parts C. Specifically, the mobile blade 16 is made of a thin metal plate whose thickness is substantially the same as the width W or the height H of the part C, and as shown in FIG. 4. Long holes 17 each extending in the length direction are individually formed in front and rear portions of the mobile blade 16, and guide pins 18 protruding from the main body 1 are fitted into the long holes 17 so as to be slidable. In this manner, the mobile blade 16 is slidably guided in the direction of the chute 9. A stroke of the mobile blade 16 is limited within the range of the long hole 17, the range being smaller than the length L of the part C. A spring-holder hole 19 is formed in a central portion of the mobile blade 16 to store a spring 20. As shown in FIG. 6, two sides in the radial direction of the spring 20 are respectively engaged with a concave section 21 formed on the main body 1 and with an opening 22 formed in the lateral cover 15, continuously urging down the mobile blade 16 in a diagonal direction. In a lower end portion of the mobile blade 16, an projection (engaging section) 23 is formed to engage with a conveying blade 26 that is described below. Hereinbelow, a description will be given of the part-ejecting division. A lower end section of the chute 9 is connected to a rear end section of a horizontal guide path 25 into which the parts C that have slid down the chute 9 are carried. A lateral section of the guide path 25 is open and is blocked by the lateral cover 15. In a bottom section of the guide path 25, the conveying blade (conveying member) 26 is arranged so as to be movable forward and backward. The conveying blade 26 slidably supports bottom surfaces of the parts C. Similarly to the mobile blade 16, the mobile blade 26 is made of a thin metal plate whose thickness is substantially the same as the width W or the height H of the part C. As shown in FIG. 4, long holes 27 each extending in the length direction are individually formed in front and rear portions of the conveying blade 26, and guide pins 28 protruding from the main body 1 are slidably fitted into the long holes 27. In this manner, the mobile blade 26 is guided so as to be movable horizontally in the back and front direction. A plurality of spring-holder holes 29 is formed in the mobile blade 26, each of them retaining a spring 30. As shown in FIG. 7, two sides in the radial direction of the spring 30 are engaged respectively with a concave section 31 formed on the main body 1 and with an opening 32 formed in the lateral cover 15, always urging the mobile blade 26 backward. As shown in FIG. 4, on an upper surface in a rear section of the conveying blade 26, an shallow groove (engaging section) 33 is formed engageable with the projection 23, which is formed in the lower end section of the mobile blade 16. The projection 23 and the groove 33 comprise a driving means that finely moves the mobile blade 16 in the direction of the chute 9. In a rear portion of the conveying blade 26, there is provided a cam 34 for reciprocating the conveying blade 26 in a manner so as to move backward faster than to move forward. The rear portion of the conveying blade 26 is urged by the spring 30 so as to contact a peripheral surface of the cam 34. The spring 30 and the cam 34 compose a conveying means for reciprocating the conveying blade 26. The cam 34 has a crest section 34a and a valley section 34b and is rotationally driven by means of a motor (not shown) in the direction indicated by arrow B. When a rear end section of the conveying blade 26 proceeds over the crest section 34a of the cam 34, the conveying blade 26 advances at a low speed; when the rear end section comes down to the valley section 34b of the cam 34, the conveying blade 26 returns at a high speed. The advancing speed of the conveying blade 26 is specified so that a predetermined supporting frictional force operates between the conveying blade 26 and the parts C sliding thereon. On the other hand, the returning speed of the conveying blade 26 is specified so that the supporting frictional forces are substantially discontinued between the conveying blade 26 and the parts C sliding thereon. Therefore, during backward and forward reciprocating movements of the conveying blade 26, the parts C placed thereon are conveyed forward intermittently. Consecutively, the parts C conveyed to a front end section of the guide path 25 are ejected one by one at an ejection position 35 by means of an ejecting device (not shown), such as that called a chip mounter. In repetition of each reciprocating movement of the conveying blade 26, the projection 23 of the mobile blade 16 repeats the operation of falling into groove 33 and rising therefrom, thereby allowing the mobile blade 16 to finely move in the direction of the chute 9. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, when the conveying blade 26 is positioned at a rear end section, the projection 23 is fallen inside the groove 33 with the mobile blade 16 being positioned at the lower end. When the cam 34 rotates to move the conveying blade 26 forward, as shown in FIG. 5, the projection 23 rises over an upper surface of the conveying blade 26 with the mobile blade 16 moving upward. In this manner, the mobile blade 16 is finely moved in the direction of the chute 9, whereby the friction between the mobile blade 16 and the parts C can be discontinued. Therefore, the parts C are allowed to slide down the chute 9 smoothly even when the parts C are of a small mass, are dirty, or are electrostatically charged. In the above case, even at a small slope angle in the chute 9, the parts C are easily allowed to slide down smoothly. This allows reduction of the angle at which the chute 9 and the guide path 25 intersect, and the parts C can thereby be caused to move smoothly from the chute 9 into the guide path 25. In the above embodiment, as the engaging sections, the projection 23 is provided at the lower end of the mobile blade 16, and the groove 33 is provided on the upper surface of the conveying blade 26. However, a projection arranged on an upper surface of the conveying blade 26 provides the same effects as above. Second Embodiment FIG. 11 is view of a second embodiment according to the present invention. In the second embodiment, a conveying blade 16 is oscillated and moved perpendicular to a chute 9, thereby discontinuing friction occurring between the mobile blade 16 and the parts C. Specifically, an upper end section of the mobile blade 16 is supported by an axis 40 so as to oscillate and move and remains at a lower position to which it has been oscillated and moved by gravity. A projection 41 is formed on an upper surface of a conveying blade 26. When the conveying blade 26 is located at a rear end position, the projection 41 is not in contact with the mobile blade 16. When the conveying blade 26 moves to a front end position, the projection 41 oscillates and moves the mobile blade 16 upward by a fine stroke. An oscillating and moving stroke of the conveying blade 26 must be restricted so that the parts C on the conveying blade 26 are not sandwiched between the surface thereof and an upward internal surface of a chute 9. In the above arrangement also, the mobile blade 16 is caused to oscillate and move synchronously with the forward and backward movement of the conveying blade 26, whereby the parts C on the mobile blade 16 are allowed to slide down smoothly. Third Embodiment FIG. 12 is a view of a third embodiment according to the present invention. In the third embodiment, a mobile blade 16 is provided in an entire region of a chute 9. Similarly to the first embodiment, the mobile blade 16 is guided by long holes 17 and pins 18 so as to be movable only by a constant distance in the direction of the chute 9. A first spring 50 is provided between a rear end section of the mobile blade 16 and a main body 1. The first spring 50 urges down the mobile blade 16 diagonally. A lever 51 is provided so as to oscillate and move around an axis 53 in the direction of chute 9. A second spring 52 is provided between the lever 51 and a front end section of the mobile blade 16. As the first and second springs, compression springs are used in this embodiment, but these springs may be replaced by tension springs. In an initial condition, as shown in FIG. 12, the mobile blade 16 is moved by a force of the first spring 50 in a lower position and is in contact with or close to the conveying blade 26. The lever 51 is pulled by a force of the second spring 52, and as a result of oscillating and moving motion, it is located in a left position in FIG. 12. As indicated by a double-dotted line in FIG. 12, when the lever 51 is oscillated and moved to the right, the second spring 52 is pulled, in which the springing force of the second spring 52 is increased to be greater than the springing force of the first spring 50. Therefore, the mobile blade 16 is pulled up diagonally by means of the second spring 52. When the lever 51 is oscillated and moved toward the left, the state repeatedly becomes as shown in FIG. 12. In this way, repetition of these operations causes fine movements of the mobile blade 16 in the direction of the chute 9. This discontinues friction occurring between the mobile blade 16 and the parts C, thereby allowing the parts C to slide down the chute 9 smoothly. In the above embodiment, the stroke of the mobile blade 16 is determined by long holes 17 and pins 18. Therefore, even though the lever 51 is oscillated and moved by a long distance, the stroke of the mobile blade 16 is in fact not effected. This allows an arrangement of a driving mechanism for the lever 51 to be selective. In addition, the mobile blade 16 and the conveying blade 26 are not directly engaged with each other, whereby producing the advantage of less abrasion. In the third embodiment, the first spring 50 is provided between the main body 1 and the mobile blade 16. However, it may be provided between the mobile blade 16 and the lever 51. That is, the respective first and second springs 51 and 52 may be arranged at two sides of the lever 51. Furthermore, effects equivalent to the above can be implemented even in a arrangement such as in which one end of the second spring 52 is connected to the main body 1, and one end of the first spring 50 is connected to the mobile blade 16. Furthermore, in the above embodiments, blades are used as mobile members and conveying members, but there is no restriction thereto. The present invention may use other members if they are movable in a predetermined direction. However, thin members such as the blades used in these embodiments achieves a reduction in weight, so that inertia effects can be also reduced. This allows the driving mechanism to be simple. Furthermore, the parts that can be conveyed by the present invention are not restricted to chip parts, but any types of parts may be conveyed as long as they are conveyable through the chute in a state in which they are aligned.

1B

65

G

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring toFIG. 7A, the umbrella includes a shaft1with a runner2movably mounted on the shaft1and stretchers5are pivotably connected between the runner2and ribs. As shown inFIGS. 1,2,3,4,4A,5, and6, the mechanism for opening and collapsing an umbrella of the present invention comprises the runner and an operation collar4which is removably connected to the runner. Both of the runner2and the operation collar4are mounted on the shaft1of the umbrella. The runner2has two C-shaped slots21defined therein and two lockers3are pivotably engaged with the slots21. The lockers3are connected to the runner2symmetrically. Each of the lockers3is a curved member and pivotably connected to the runner2by two respective pivots31. Each locker3includes a first wing32, a second wing33and the pivot31which is located between the first and second wings32,33. Each of the lockers3has a positioning hole110and the pivot31is located in the positioning hole110, two ends of the pivot31are engaged with two of the slots21of the runner2. A first protrusion34extends from a first side of a top edge of the first wing32of each of the lockers3and an engaging portion is formed on a second side of the first wing32of the locker3and located corresponding to the first protrusion34. The engaging portion is formed on the second side of the locker3and is a stepped area. A second protrusion37extends from a first side of a low edge of the second wing33of each of the lockers3and an engaging portion is formed on a second side of the second wing32of the locker3and located corresponding to the second protrusion37. A first recess35is defined in the second side of the first wing32. A second recess36is defined in the second side of the second wing33. The second wing33has a contact surface38extending from the second side thereof and located at top edge of the second wing33. The first protrusion34of the first wing31is higher than the first side of the first wing33. The operation collar4includes insertions41extending from an inner periphery of a top thereof and an inner diameter of a space partially enclosed by the insertions41is less than an outer diameter of a lower end of the runner2. The runner2has two ridges22extending from an outer periphery thereof and the two ridges22are located between the lockers3. The operation collar4has gaps42defined in an inner periphery thereof and the gaps42so that the ridges22are engaged therewith, this ensures that the operation collar4will not shake in horizontal direction. Each of the ridges22has a notch23and the operation collar4has ribs43which are engaged with the notches23. By the engagement of the ridges22and the notches23, the operation collar4is not moved easily. The first recess35allows the operation collar4not to be tangled with the locker3. The first protrusion34includes a stepped portion about 0.2 mm high so that when the operation collar4moves to the positioning holes110, the insertions41on the operation collar4are engaged with the stepped portion of the first protrusions34of the two lockers3such that the operation collar4can be positioned and the umbrella is not collapsed unintentionally. The insertions41compress the first protrusions34of the first wings32and the contact surface38of the first wing32is engaged with the positioning holes110to ensure that the umbrella is opened. As shown inFIGS. 7A to 7D, when opening the umbrella, the operation collar4is moved upward along the shaft1and the insertions41compress the first protrusions34so that the lockers3are pivoted to let the contact surfaces38engage with the positioning holes110in the shaft1to ensure that opening of the umbrella. When collapsing the umbrella, referring toFIGS. 8-8B, the operation collar4is moved downward and in contact with the end surface24of the lower end of the runner2. The insertions41compress the second protrusions37so that the first wings32are pivoted outward and the contact surfaces38are removed from the positioning holes110. Because the insertions41extend from the inner periphery of the operation collar4and the inner diameter of a space partially enclosed by the insertions41is less than an outer diameter of a lower end of the runner2, so that the operation collar4can be connected with the runner2when the insertions41are in contact with the end surface24of the runner2. While we have shown and described the embodiment in accordance with the present invention, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that further embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

0A

45

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment of the present invention, alcoholysis is carried out by using methanol, and adding a portion of the continuously produced methyl esters to the triacylglyceride starting product in quantities such that the mixture of oil, methanol and methyl esters consists of one reaction phase. If the reaction mixture takes place in one reaction phase, the active alkanol concentration is high from the very beginning and the reaction proceeds correspondingly rapidly. For example, at 135° C., in the initial stage of a process heterogeneously catalysed by zinc arginate (production of methyl esters from palm oil), a reaction rate of 0.8 g/skgZnargwas recorded and, after a single phase had formed, a reaction rate of 2.5 g/skgZnargwas recorded. The fat and/or oil used in the process according to the invention may, in particular, be of biological origin. The quantity of alkanol fatty acid esters which has to be added in order to produce a one-phase mixture depends on the quality of the oil, the amount of the excess of alkanol and the reaction temperature. The excess of alkanol is generally added in an equivalent ratio (i.e. ratio of mol fatty acids in the fat and/or oil to mol mono-hydric alcohol) of 1:6 or more to increase the reaction rate and the yield of fatty acid alkanol esters. Alkanol fatty acid esters preferably introduced into the process are, for example, methyl esters, ethyl esters and/or propyl esters. The alkanol fatty acid esters are added preferably in a quantity of 5 to 50 wt. %, and more preferably 12 to 20 wt. %, based on the fat and/or oil. The process according to the invention is particularly effective if it is intended to carry out the transesterification in a heterogeneously catalysed process, which is preferably continuous. But the process according to this invention is advantageous even in the case of a homogeneously catalysed process, because the costs of vortexing the two phases in the initial stage of the reaction can be saved. Such heterogeneously catalysed processes are described, for example, in the above-mentioned DE 199 50 593. Thus, in another preferred embodiment, a catalyst, which may be either a soluble catalyst or a metal salt of an amino acid or of an amino acid derivative which is insoluble in alkanols and in the reaction mixture, is added to the process. The dissolved catalyst may, for example, be dissolved alkali metals or alcoholates of alkali metals. The insoluble catalyst may contain a metal component, which is calcium, strontium, barium, another alkaline-earth metal, or a heavy metal, in particular silver, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, lanthanum or another rare-earth metal, while the amino acid component of the insoluble catalyst may contain quaternary nitrogen or a guanidino group. The insoluble catalyst is particularly preferably a heavy metal salt of arginine, in particular the zinc salt or the cadmium salt of arginine. Here, the catalytically active salts which are insoluble in the reaction mixture can be deposited onto a suitable support. The process according to the invention is carried out particularly effectively if the content of free fatty acids in the fat and/or oil to be transesterified is less than 0.5 wt. %, in particular less than 0.1 wt. %. It has also been found that the reaction temperatures during the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification should be preferably within the range of 80° C. to 160° C., in particular within the range of 100° C. to 150° C. Particularly preferably, the process according to the invention is a procedure which includes the recirculation of the alkanol fatty acid esters which remain behind as bottom product following separation of the glycerol from the product flow during the subsequent separation and purification by distillation of the bulk of the methyl esters produced. In this way, small quantities of unreacted glycerides are simultaneously recirculated. Moreover, the glycerol content in the final stage of the reaction is thereby lowered and the yield of the equilibrium reaction is correspondingly increased. Overall, a continuous operation is thus rendered possible. The preferred quantity of methyl esters for producing a single phase at reaction temperatures within the range of 100° C. to 150° C. is approximately 12 to 20 wt. %. The process of the present invention is explained in more detailed by the following three working examples, which are contrasted to the one comparative example from the prior art. Working Example 1 Thus, the process according to the invention was tested on a mixture of sunflower oil and methanol. In this case, at 135° C. and with an equivalent ratio of mol fatty acids in the oil to methanol of 1:6 (60 wt. % sunflower oil and 40 wt. % methanol), an addition of approximately 15 wt. % methyl esters, based on the oil, was sufficient to produce a one-phase system. The pressure established in the case described was 5 bar. Zinc arginate was used as catalyst. The reaction rate was 2.5 g/skgZnarg. In this Example, a high reaction rate was maintained from the beginning. Working Example 2 In addition, palm oil was mixed with methanol at 150° C. in an equivalent ratio of 1:6 and zinc arginate was added as catalyst. After the addition of 20 wt. % methyl esters, based on palm oil, the mixture consisted of one phase. At 3.2 g/skgZnargthe reaction rate was high from the beginning. The initial stage with a low reaction rate was omitted. Working Example 3 Palm oil was also mixed with methanol at 85° C. in an equivalent ratio of 1:6 and zinc arginate was added as catalyst. The reaction rate was 0.05 g/skgZnarg. After a one-phase reaction mixture had been produced by the addition of methylesters (approximately 13 wt. % based on oil), a reaction rate of 0.35 g/skgZnargwas recorded at ambient pressure. Comparative Example 1 At reaction temperatures of 200° C. to 240° C., in accordance with the process described in the German Patent DE 198 03 053 C1, using zinc soaps as catalysts at pressures of up to 90 bar, triglycerides were converted to esters with a high equivalent excess of methanol (equivalent ratio greater than 1:6). Under these conditions, a higher content of methyl esters is required to produce a onephase system than in the above example at 135° C.

2C

11

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below to explain the present invention by referring to the figures. FIG. 1is a block diagram of a video contents recording apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, the video contents recording and/or reproducing apparatus receives a digital broadcasting signal and reproduces the digital broadcasting signal to a user via a display unit170and/or stores the digital broadcasting signal in a data storage medium140. Therefore, video contents stored in the data storage medium140are broadcasting programs. Also, a digital broadcasting signal in the present embodiment is a bitstream encoded according to an MPEG-2 standard. However, it is understood that other formats may be used, and that the programs may further be analog as well as, or in addition to, digital broadcasting signals. Referring toFIG. 1, the video contents recording apparatus includes a tuner110, a transport packet decoder120, a controller130, the data storage medium140, a audio/video decoder150, a audio/video encoder160, the display unit170, and a speaker180. The tuner110receives a broadcasting stream related to a digital broadcasting program which a user desires to view or store, and transmits the broadcasting stream to the transport packet decoder120. When the broadcasting stream is encoded according to the MPEG-2 standard according to an aspect of the invention, a stream received by the tuner110is a transport stream (TS). The transport packet decoder120packet-decodes a TS including a plurality of packets and transmits video or audio data compressed according to the MPEG-2 standard to the audio/video decoder150. The audio/video decoder150decodes the compressed video or audio data output from the transport packet decoder120according to the MPEG-2 standard, outputs a decoded video signal to the display unit170, and outputs a decoded audio signal to the speaker180. The data storage medium140may be variously realized. For example, the data storage medium140may be an optical and/or magnetic information storage medium, such as a hard disc, a DVD and/or a next generation optical disc such as a Blu-ray or Advanced Optical Disc (AOD), or a high capacity memory. Stream data received via the tuner110may be directly stored in the data storage medium140. Also, the stream data received via the tuner110may be decoded by the audio/video decoder150, encoded by the audio/video encoder160, and stored in the data storage medium140. However, if stream data received via the tuner110is an analog broadcasting signal, the received analog broadcasting signal is encoded and stored in the data. storage medium140. The controller130controls the entire operation of the video contents recording apparatus during management of the data storage medium140. In the present embodiment, a user issues commands to the video contents recording apparatus using an input unit such as a remote control (not shown). However, the input unit with which the user issues commands to the video contents recording apparatus is not limited to the remote control and may be variously realized according to conventional technology. Based on the structure of the video contents recording apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention as shown inFIG. 1, a method of managing the data storage medium140according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail. While not required, it is understood that the method may be implemented using computer software encoded on a computer readable medium for use with a general or special purpose computer. FIG. 2is a flowchart illustrating a method of managing recording space of the data storage medium140according to an embodiment of the present invention. When the video contents recording apparatus, such as that shown inFIG. 1, is turned on, the controller130determines whether there is sufficient space to record new data in the data storage medium140in operation310. The determination of whether there is sufficient space to record new data may be performed according to various standards. For example, the controller130may be programmed to determine that there is sufficient space to record new data if an amount of vacant space is larger than a predetermined standard value or if the vacant space is larger than a predetermined proportion of an entire recording capacity of the data storage medium140. If it is determined that there is not sufficient space to record new data in the data storage medium140in operation310, the controller130determines whether there is a reserved recording command set by a user beforehand in operation320. If it is determined that there is a reserved recording command in operation320, the controller130cannot receive from the user a command to select a broadcasting program to be deleted. However, it is understood that, if the display unit170is on, it is possible that the user may be requested to select the program to be deleted. If there is not a reserved recording command, the controller130recommends to the user via the display unit170a list of broadcasting program candidates to be deleted according to a predetermined delete priority in operation330. FIG. 3is a table showing priority used to determine contents to be deleted according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring toFIG. 3, the priority used to determine contents to be deleted is determined with reference to determination criteria such as whether a stored program has been viewed, whether a storing duration has expired, a level of importance of a program (including deletion prohibited), a duration remaining until deletion, a stored duration, a number of reproduction times, or a program size. These criteria used to determine programs to be deleted may change, be deleted, or be added according to user selection. The controller130generates a list of programs to be deleted according to priority determination criteria determined by the user in advance. To generate the list of programs to be deleted, the controller130uses all or some of the priority determination criteria determined by the user in advance. The list of programs to be deleted is generated from all broadcasting programs stored in the data storage medium140. The user selects at least one program to be deleted with reference to the list of programs to be deleted recommended to the user in operation340. After at least one program to be deleted is selected by the user, the controller130asks the user whether a summary of the program to be deleted should be generated and stored in operation350. The summary of the program is stored in the data storage medium140and may be prepared when the user needs to confirm or reuse a general essence of the deleted program after the program has been deleted. For example, the summary may be generated by storing only intra frames or decreasing a resolution of a video in a case of video data. Since data stored in a summary is less than the data of an original program, empty storage space of the data storage medium140may be increased, and the user may confirm or reuse the general essence of the deleted program after the program has been deleted. If the controller130receives a command to generate the summary of the program to be deleted from the user in operation350, the controller130generates the summary, stores the summary in the data storage medium140in operation390and deletes the program to be deleted in operation360. On the other hand, if it is determined that there is a reserved recording command in operation320, the controller130automatically determines at least one broadcasting program to be deleted according to the predetermined delete priority as shown inFIG. 3in operation380. The controller130generates a summary of the program determined to be deleted, stores the summary in the data storage medium140in operation390and deletes the program to be deleted in operation360. After the program is deleted, the controller130determines again whether there is sufficient space to record new data in the data storage medium140in operation370. The determination of whether there is sufficient space to record new data may be performed in the same manner as in operation310. That is, the controller130may be programmed to determine that there is sufficient space to record new data if an amount of vacant space is larger than a predetermined standard value or if the vacant space is larger than a predetermined proportion of an entire recording capacity of the data storage medium140. If it is determined that there is not sufficient space to record new data in the data storage medium140in operation370, operations320through390are repeated. However, operations320,350, and390are not essential. That is, the controller130may perform operations380and390without determining whether there is a reserved recording command input beforehand. Also, the controller130may delete a program after generating a summary of the program without asking the user whether the summary of the program to be deleted should be generated and stored, or may delete the program without generating the summary. The present invention may also be embodied as computer readable codes on a computer readable recording medium. The computer readable recording medium is any data storage device that may store data which may be thereafter read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable recording medium include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves (such as data transmission through the Internet). The computer readable recording medium may also be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. Further, while described as being used for recording broadcast programs, it is understood that the method may be used for recording received data that is not broadcast (such as DVD or VHS tapes), and/or audio data recorded without video data, so as to allow management of a data library for contents received in addition to or instead of the broadcast contents. As described above, according to an embodiment of the present invention, recording space of a data storage medium having limited data storage capacity may be efficiently managed by automatically deleting contents stored in the data storage medium according to a priority selected by a user or providing a delete list for referring to when the user determines contents to be deleted. In particular, the user may confirm or reuse the general essence of the deleted contents after the contents have been deleted by separately generating and storing a summary of the deleted contents. Although a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their equivalents.

6G

06

F

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings wherein FIG. 1-A is representative of the amplitude spectrum of the signal input to the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 2 . This input signal is typically the video signal in the receiver of a pulse doppler radar from which appropriate filtering has removed the return from stationary targets. As the reader will, no doubt, realize, the spectrum of FIG. 1-A could also be representative of other input signals, such as the rf signal in cw radar. In FIG. 1-A , which has been greatly simplified for ease of description and illustration, the carrier frequency f c is surrounded by a plurality of spectral lines which are representative of the various modulation sidebands, for example, the well known sin x/x envelope with lines spaced by the prf (which occurs in pulse radar) and by f x and f y lines that are representative of the radar signature of the target. The spectral lines f x and f y , for example, may be caused by rotating or moving parts of the radar target, such as engine parts, antenna, lights, etc. As previously mentioned, f c and the entire spectrum of FIG. 1-A moves, or smears, for many reasons, including turning or weaving of the target, wind gusts and deliberate changes of velocity with deceptive intent. Referring now to FIG. 2 , the input signal is connected directly to mixer 10 , and through tracking filter 12 to mixer 14 . Both of the mixers 10 , 14 are similarly connected to receive a second input signal from the local oscillator 16 and to apply their respective heterodyned outputs to upper sideband filters 18 and 20 . The reader will, of course, realize that lower sideband filters can be used, if desired. As shown in FIGS. 1-B and 1 -C, the spectral output of tracking filter 12 is solely f c and the spectral output of the filter 20 consists of two components, the oscillator frequency f m and the sum of the carrier and oscillator frequencies f m c . The spectral output of the filter 18 (shown in FIG. 1-D ) is more complex and includes not only the oscillator frequency f m but also all of the upper sideband component lines which result from the mixing of the oscillator signal and the input signal. Phase detector 22 is connected to receive the outputs of filters 18 and 20 . The detector 22 , in effect, uses the output of filter 20 as a reference and translates the carrier f c down to DC and folds the modulation spectrum about the zero frequency. The output of phase detector 22 is connected through the low pass filter 24 to a spectrum analyzer 26 which provides an indication of the spectrum of the input signal. This indication will be relatively fixed and independent of variations in the carrier frequency f c and, as shown in FIG. 1-E , contains components X and Y which are representative of the target signature and lines, such as M (related to the frequency of oscillator 16 ) that are representative of the constant operational parameters of the radar. As the reader, no doubt, realizes, there are many known circuits which are suitable for use as the components shown in block form in FIG. 2 . In view of this, and since the details of these components are not, per se, significant to the concept of the invention, it is not considered necessary to describe these details. It should, by now, be realized that there has been disclosed improved apparatus and technique for analyzing radar return signals for the purpose of identifying detected targets. More specifically, there has been disclosed an invention wherein the radar return signal, schematically represented in the spectral illustration of FIG. 1-A , includes the carrier frequency f c and various other spectral components relating to the operational parameters of the radar and to the unique reflection characteristics of the target. The component f c and the other components shown in FIG. 1-A move, more or less together, in the frequency domain because of many reasons including a doppler frequency shift introduced by changes in the target velocity in a direction radial to the radar, propagation anomalies of the atmosphere and even inconstancies of the transmitter. The carrier frequency f c of the input signal is tracked by filter 12 to provide a reference signal ( FIG. 1-B ) which is phase compared with the input signal by detector 22 after frequency translation by the heterodyning components 10 , 14 and 16 and filtering by 18 , 20 . The phase detector 22 functions to translate the carrier frequency f c to DC by comparison of the signal ( FIG. 1-D if heterodyned and filtered) with the reference ( FIG. 1-C if heterodyned and filtered). Translating and fixing the carrier f c at DC effectively folds the spectrum about zero frequency and fixes (stabilizes) the components. The output of detector 22 , after desirable but not necessary filtering 24 , contains stabilized spectral component lines which may be studied together for relatively long time periods for the purpose of extracting data relating to the radar target signature, shown symbollically as X and Y in FIG. 1-E . Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. In particular, while the invention has been disclosed in the radar environment primarily contemplated, it is apparent that the utility of the invention is not so limited and that the techniques and apparatus of the invention are applicable to the spectral analysis of any carrier modulated signal including many types of communication signals. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

6G

01

S

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention discloses an adapter contained in the portable electronic device, and it also discloses a portable electronic device which contains the adapter. The embodiments of the invention are illustrated hereinbelow. As shown inFIG. 1AtoFIG. 1E,FIG. 1AandFIG. 1Bare three-dimensional schematic diagrams showing an adapter in an embodiment of the invention.FIG. 1CtoFIG. 1Eare two-dimensional schematic diagrams showing the adapter in an embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 1, the adapter1in the invention includes a base10, a first connecting end12, a second connecting end14and a connecting cable16. In addition, the base10also includes a lid100. A protrusion102and a magnet104used as fixing portions are formed on the lid100. The first connecting end12is disposed on the base10, and the second connecting end14is connected to the first connecting end12. In actual application, the base10and the lid100are integrally formed. In actual application, the first connecting end12may be a video connector, such as a video graphics array (VGA) connector, a digital visual interface (DVI) connector or a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) connector, a universal serial bus (USB) connector, a personal system/2 (PS/2) connector, a serial port connector, a S-video connector, an audio connector, or a memory card connector, and it is not limited thereto. In addition, the second connecting end14may be a USB connector, such as a mini-USB connector and a micro-USB connector, an institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 1394 connector, an audio connector, and it is not limited thereto. In actual application, the volume of the first connecting end12is larger than that of the second connecting end14. In addition, the connecting cable16extends from the base10, and it is connected to the first connecting end12and the second connecting end14, respectively. In actual application, the connecting cable16may be rotated or bent freely to facilitate the usage of the user. In addition, the connecting cable16and the base10are connected via a rotating component (not shown) to allow the connecting cable16to rotate relative to the base10around the rotating component. In addition, in actual application, the length of the connecting cable16is adjusted according to different cases. The invention also discloses a portable electronic device for containing the adapter. In actual application, the portable electronic device may be a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a PDA, a multi-media player device or an image capturing device, and it is not limited thereto. A notebook computer is taken as an example of the portable electronic device in the invention to illustrate the technique feature of the invention hereinbelow. FIG. 2is a three-dimensional schematic diagram showing the notebook computer2in an embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 2, the notebook computer2includes a body20and a screen22. Furthermore, a side surface24and a bottom surface26are formed on the body20. A connecting port240and a loudspeaker242are disposed on the side surface24, and a containing recess260is formed on the bottom surface26. The connecting port240is connected to the second connecting end14of the adapter1. In addition, the containing recess260inFIG. 2contains the adapter inFIG. 1AtoFIG. 1E. As shown inFIG. 2, the containing recess260includes a main containing space262and an extending containing space264communicating with each other. The main containing space262contains the base10and the first connecting end12of the adapter1, and the extending containing space264contains the connecting cable16and the second connecting end14. When the user contains the adapter1, the connecting cable16and the second connecting end14are put into the extending containing space264from the joint of the main containing space262and the extending containing space264. Then the base10and the first connecting end12are put into the main containing space262. In addition, a recessed hole2602is formed at the side area2600of the containing recess260. When the base10and the first connecting end12of the adapter1are put into the main containing space262obliquely, the protrusion102on the lid100is inserted in the recessed hole2602. When the user put the base10and the first connecting end12of the adapter1to the main containing space262totally, the lid100and the bottom surface26are located at the same plane, and the protrusion102and the recessed hole2602are fastened with each other. Thus, the adapter1is combined with the containing recess260and contained in the containing recess260firmly. Furthermore, a metal sheet2604is further disposed at the side area2600of the containing recess260. When the base10and the first connecting end12of the adapter1are contained in the main containing space262, and the magnet104on the lid100and the metal sheet2604attract each other, the adapter1is combined with the containing recess260and contained in the containing recess260firmly. In actual application, the positions of the magnet104and the metal sheet2604are exchanged, and the magnet104and the metal sheet2604are replaced by other magnetic conducting elements which attract each other. When the adapter1is contained in the containing recess260, the protrusion102on the lid100is fastened with the recessed hole2602, and the magnet104and the metal sheet2604attract each other to make the adapter1contained in the containing recess260firmly. The lid100covers the containing recess260and closely contacts the side area2600of the containing recess260to make the lid100aligned with the bottom surface26of the notebook computer2to form a plane. In addition, an indentation268is formed on the bottom surface26next to the containing recess260to allow the user to apply a force to take out the adapter1from the containing recess260easily. In addition, the notebook computer2in the embodiment also has the function of reminding the user to put the adapter1into the containing recess260. As shown inFIG. 2, a button266is disposed on the side area2600of the containing recess260in the notebook computer2in the embodiment. When the user make the adapter1contained in the containing recess260, the lid100of the adapter1abuts against the button266closely, and when the user takes the adapter1out of the containing recess260, the button266is released. In actual application, when the button266is released, the notebook computer2starts a monitoring procedure. When the button266is pressed, the notebook computer finishes the monitoring procedure. Thus, the notebook computer2is designed to have an alarming mechanism as follows. When the user takes the adapter1out of the containing recess260, the button266is released, and the notebook computer2starts the monitoring procedure. When the user powers off the computer without putting the adapter1back to the containing recess260, the monitoring procedure is not finished. Thus the notebook computer generates a sound via the loudspeaker242to remind the user to contain the adapter1. In actual application, the notebook computer2in the invention is designed to have the alarming mechanism as follows. When the user powers off the notebook computer2, the notebook computer2reminds the user to contain the adapter1in the containing recess260. The notebook computer2in the invention is also designed to have the alarming mechanism as follows. When the connecting port240is connected to the second connecting end14, and the user powers off the notebook computer2, the notebook computer2reminds the user to contain the adapter1. The above mechanisms may be executed by the basic input/output system (BIOS), and it also may be executed by the operating system of the portable electronic device or related software installed in the operating system. In actual application, the alarming mechanism of the portable electronic device also may be other mechanisms, and it is not limited to be the examples. In addition, in actual application, besides the loudspeaker242, the portable electronic device in the invention also include others types of alarming modules such as a light emitting module to remind the user to contain the adapter. FIG. 3AtoFIG. 3Care two-dimensional schematic diagrams showing the adapter3in another embodiment of the invention. As shown inFIG. 3AtoFIG. 3C, the adapter3in the embodiment also includes a base30, a first connecting end32and a second connecting end34. The difference between the adapter3and the adapter1in the above is that the second connecting end34of the adapter3is directly disposed on the base30, and an additional connecting cable is not needed. Thus, the volume of the adapter3is reduced. In actual application, the angle between a first connecting direction D1of the first connecting end32and a second connecting direction D2of the second connecting end34is adjusted according to different cases. For example, the angle between the first connecting direction D1and the second connecting direction D2inFIG. 3Ais about 180 degrees. In actual application, the angle between the first connecting direction D1and the second connecting direction D2is between 90 degrees to 180 degrees, and it is not limited thereto. In addition, as shown inFIG. 3A, the base10of the adapter3in the embodiment also includes a lid300. The lid300includes the protrusion302, the rubber edge strip304and the indentation306. FIG. 4is a schematic diagram showing an adapter3and the portable electronic device4for containing the adapter3in an embodiment of the invention. InFIG. 4, a containing recess460is formed at a surface40of the portable electronic device4. In addition, the containing recess460also includes a main containing space462and an extending containing space464communicating with each other. In addition, a recessed hole4602is also formed on the side area4600of the containing recess460. When the adapter3is contained in the containing recess460, the user puts the second connecting end34into the extending containing space464from the joint of the main containing space462and the extending containing space464, and then puts the base30and the first connecting end32into the main containing space462. When the base30and the first connecting end32of the adapter3are put into the main containing space462obliquely, the protrusion302of the lid300is inserted in the recessed hole4602. When the base30and the first connecting end32of the adapter3are totally contained in the main containing space462to make the lid300located at the same plane with the bottom surface46, the protrusion302is fastened with the recessed hole4602. Thus, the adapter3is contained in the containing recess460firmly. In actual application, the containing recess of the portable electronic device in the invention includes a through hole on the side wall to allow the second connecting end of the adapter to pass through. Thus, the base and the first connecting end of the adapter are contained in the containing recess. In other words, the extending containing space above may be replaced by the through hole. In addition, when the adapter3is contained in the containing recess460, the rubber edge strip304is combined with the side area4600tightly to prevent dust, water vapor and so on from entering the containing recess460. The indentation306on the lid300is also used to allow the user to apply a force to take out the adapter3from the containing recess460easily. In an embodiment of the invention, the portable electronic device4also reminds the user to contain the adapter3in the containing recess460. The related alarming mechanism is the same with the above, and it is not illustrated herein for a concise purpose. Compared with the conventional technology, the adapter in the invention is contained in the portable electronic device properly. Furthermore, when the user uses the adapter to connect the portable electronic device in the invention and the peripherals, the portable electronic device reminds the user to contain the adapter in the containing recess, which may prevent the user from losing the adapter. Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, the disclosure is not for limiting the scope of the invention. Persons having ordinary skill in the art may make various modifications and changes without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred embodiments described above.

6G

08

B

EXAMPLE 1 Composition of the skating surface: Mixture consisting of two components: a) paraffin wax with penetration index of 25 at 20.degree. C., saponification 0, iodine number 0; b) microcrystalline polyethylene wax with melting point 110.degree.-120.degree. C.; in the proportion of 70% of a) and 30% of b). Characteristics of resulting mixture: Penetration index at 20.degree. C.: 14 measured with needle penetrometer by MEM method. Glass transition temperature measured by dilatometry: 47.degree. C. with Du Pont 9900 microdilatometer. Saponification: 0 Dielectric constant at 10.sup.6 Hz: Viscosity at 200.degree. C.: 250 cps In one embodiment, square tiles 40 cm.times.40 cm woven of polypropylene fibre approximately 4 mm thick were cemented using a suitable cement onto a base layer consisting of travertine tiles 40 cm.times.40 cm.times.2 cm. The resulting tiles were placed in suitable frames for temporary containment of the material in liquid state and the above composition was poured at a temperature between 120.degree. C. and 140.degree. C. over the woven course in such a manner as to obtain a skating layer of approximately 12 mm including the 4 mm of the woven layer which was thus completely buried in the composition. At the time of solidification of the composition the skating layer of part of the tiles was cut at 8 cm intervals parallel to the sides of the tiles in such a manner as to obtain a square grid of cuts. After cooling, the tiles were freed from the frames and laid on a cement base. The pavement thus obtained was heated and melted on the surface to eliminate joints and, for tiles with the surface cuts, to reduce the width of said cuts. The skating surface of the tiles without cuts produced rare cracks during the first cooling. The number of cracks increased after the first surface melting. During subsequent repairs after skating, the cracks produced by the cuts remained mostly of the same number and shape while the cracks in the tiles not initially cut continued to increase in number and diminish in width until they reached a steady number and width with an average distance between one crack and the next of approximately 5 cm to 8 cm. In neither case was there any detachment of the skating surface even after exposure of the pavement to water and freezing. In a subsequent embodiment, before pouring of the above composition, a 6 mm layer of a mixture rich in component b) (20% a), 80% b)), was poured. The layer of this mixture was cut as in the above example at the moment of solidification. Once cooled, over said layer there was poured another layer of material of the appropriate above mentioned composition so as to achieve a total thickness of approximately 15 mm including the layer of woven material, the intermediate layer rich in component b) and the actual skating layer. Once cooled the tiles were laid as above and the surface of the resulting pavement treated in the same manner. All the tiles obtained by the process described were subjected to numerous cycles of repair by surface melting and always reproduced the same number and arrangement of cracks in accordance with the cuts made as described above. In this case also there was no detachment of the skating surface even after exposure of the pavement to water and freezing. In another form of embodiment, rectangles of woven material 60 cm.times.120 cm were fixed by a suitable cement on a base layer consisting of a flexible neoprene rubber support. The material for the skating layer was poured over the woven layer as in the first of the above embodiments. The elements produced in this manner were fixed over an existing brick pavement with biadhesive tape. In this manner there was provided a pavement easy to install and remove. The elements provided by the latter method, thanks to the cuts made, can be bent and curved up to a radius of curvature of 10 cm to 15 cm without problems and rolled up for hauling and allow construction of a sled and bobsled track as another embodiment. The skateability of pavements provided by a composition of the skating surface as described above appeared excellent to the experts both as to manoeuvrability and smoothness. EXAMPLE 2 Composition of the skating layer: Ozocherite with the following characteristics: Penetration index at 20.degree. C.: 12 (same equipment as Example 1) Glass transition temperature measured by dilatometry: 8.degree. C. (same equipment as Example 1) Saponification: 0 Dielectric constant at 10.sup.6 Hz: 2.4 Viscosity at 200.degree. C.: 50 cps. A portion of experimental pavement provided in exactly the same manner as described in the first case of the first example did not give, in the judgement of the same experts, acceptable results as regards smoothness. The composition of the surface tested, which differs from that of example 1 substantially only in the glass transition temperature, is not suitable for skating.

2C

10

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS AND OF THE BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION In the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 , it cannot be seen how many frame-shaped valve modules 3 , 4 are included in the overall valve arrangement 2 of a weft thread insertion system 1 of a loom L. As an example, it may be considered that the valve arrangement 2 of FIG. 1 includes only a single valve module 3 . On the other hand, the valve arrangement 2 shown in FIG. 2 generally corresponds to the valve arrangement 2 shown in FIG. 1 , as seen in the direction of arrow II, except that the valve arrangement of FIG. 2 includes two frame-shaped valve modules 3 , 4 . In any event, a respective piezoelectric actuator 5 is arranged in each one of the valve modules 3 , 4 . The piezoelectric actuator 5 is embodied as a piezoelectric oscillating or vibrating element having a fixed end rigidly mounted on the. inner wall 3 A of the valve module 3 , 4 , and a free end that is generally free to oscillate or vibrate and protrudes from the inner wall 3 A into the interior space of the respective valve module 3 , 4 . The piezoelectric actuator 5 generally is constructed as a piezoelectric element or stack of layers of piezoelectric material, in any generally known manner for piezoelectric actuators. Particular details thereof will be described further below. A valve disk 5 A is connected to the free end of the piezoelectric actuator 5 , and is positioned to selectively open or close a valve outlet 11 passing through the wall of the respective valve module 3 , 4 . A controllable or variable valve gap X is formed between the valve disk 5 A and the valve outlet 11 , to control the flow of a pressurized fluid such as air or water therethrough. The valve arrangement 2 further includes two head-side flange plates or end plates 13 and 14 , with the valve module 3 or modules 3 , 4 arranged and tightly sealed therebetween. Thus, an inner space is formed within the valve arrangement 2 , bounded by the frame-like wall of the valve module 3 or modules 3 , 4 , and the flange plates 13 and 14 . This arrangement and the flow of pressure medium therethrough will be described in further detail below in connection with FIG. 2 . For electrically actuating the piezoelectric actuators 5 , each one of the actuators 5 is respectively individually connected via separate control lines 6 with the loom controller 7 of the loom, in a signal transmitting manner. The loom controller 7 includes a data bank 7 A in which at least one thread parameter that is characteristic for the weft insertion is stored. Moreover, according to the inventive method, a nominal pressure profile for operating the weft insertion nozzles in such a manner to ensure the nominal weft flight time or weft insertion transit time is respectively allocated to each characteristic parameter of a weft thread in the data bank 7 A. The loom controller 7 further includes a comparator 7 B in which the actual thread flight time is compared with the nominal thread flight time. The nominal or desired target flight time of the weft thread has been previously prescribed or determined and stored in the data bank 7 A. On the other hand, the actual weft flight time is measured for each weft insertion using any conventionally known means, for example by respective weft sensors at the upstream and downstream sides of the loom shed, connected to a timing circuit to measure the time interval between the arrival of the thread at the upstream sensor and the arrival of the thread at the downstream sensor. The resulting actual thread flight time is provided as a corresponding signal to the loom controller 7 so that it can be compared to the nominal flight time in the comparator 7 B as described above. Then a signal at the output of the comparator 7 B resulting from the difference between these two flight times is provided to the actual control unit 7 C of the loom controller 7 . In the control unit 7 C, the received difference signal is converted into a control signal, which is then provided via the relevant control line 6 to the respective relevant piezoelectric actuator, which then responsively adjusts the valve gap X to influence or adjust the pressure and/or the flow quantity of the pressure medium being supplied through the valve outlet of the respective valve module 3 , 4 to the associated weft thread insertion nozzle 8 through the connecting pressure line or hose 12 . Thereby, the valve module 3 , 4 carries out a continuous adjustment or variation of the actual pressure profile of the pressure medium being supplied to the respective weft insertion nozzle 8 , which corresponds to a continuous adjustment or updating of the nominal pressure profile. The basis for influencing or controlling the flow of pressure medium through the respective valve outlet 11 of the valve module 3 , 4 , is the rapidly reacting adjustment of the position of the valve disk 5 A by means of the rapidly reacting actuation of the piezoelectric actuator 5 , which may even be a rapid oscillating actuation, whereby the valve gap X between the valve disk 5 A and the valve outlet 11 is correspondingly adjusted. In turn, feedback regarding the actual currently existing state of the piezoelectric actuator 5 and the connected valve disk 5 A is provided by one or more sensors. For example, a sensor 9 arranged in the inner space of the valve arrangement 2 senses the static pressure that prevails within the valve arrangement 2 . Alternatively or additionally, a further sensor can measure the currently existing actual size of the valve gap X, so that a defined valve gap X can be achieved, so as to provide a defined flow of the pressure medium from the respective associated valve module 3 to the respective weft thread insertion nozzle 8 connected thereto. Such an additional sensor for determining the valve gap X can be any conventionally known position sensor, distance sensor, travel sensor, or the like. Preferably, a second pressure sensor 10 is arranged in the flow path of the pressure medium between the valve gap X or the valve disk 5 A and the weft thread insertion nozzle 8 , for detecting the actual dynamic pressure P 2 being provided through the pressure line 12 to the inlet 8 A of the nozzle 8 . A preferred arrangement in this regard is shown in FIG. 4 , whereby the sensor 10 is incorporated directly into the valve outlet 11 of each respective valve module 3 , 4 . The several sensors are connected to the loom controller 7 by any conventional data lines, such as electrical conductors, which have been omitted from the drawings for the sake of simplicity and clarity. The measured pressure profile provided by the second sensor 10 provides feedback regarding the actual pressure profile, and allows the loom controller 7 to establish a new updated nominal pressure profile for the weft insertions that follow a respective weft insertion in which there arose a difference between the actual and the nominal thread flight times or a difference between the actual and nominal pressure profiles. In other words, if the actual performance, as represented by the actual thread flight time or the actual pressure profile, did not correspond substantially exactly to the nominal thread flight time or the nominal pressure profile, then the pressure and/or the flow volume of the pressure medium for the subsequent weft insertions will be adjusted and thus carried out in accordance with a new updated nominal pressure profile, as described above, to bring the actual performance. in. line with the nominal or desired target performance. According to another embodiment of the invention, which is schematically indicated in FIG. 1 as well, the control signal may be provided to control or adjust the rotational speed of the main rotational drive MD of the loom, instead of or in addition to being provided to control the operation of the valve arrangement 2 . Namely, the control signal may be derived in the same manner described above, responsive to the determined difference between the actual weft thread flight time and the nominal weft thread flight time. Then, by providing this control signal to the main loom rotational drive MD via a signal line 26 , the rotational speed of the main drive can be adjusted for successive weft insertions in the event that the actual performance during any given weft insertion did not match the nominal or desired target performance. Thus, according to the invention, it is not only possible to dynamically adjust the flow of pressure medium provided to the weft insertion nozzles, but it is additionally or alternatively possible to dynamically adjust the rotational operating speed of the loom overall to bring the actual performance in line with the desired nominal performance. In order to achieve a continuous dynamic variation and control of the actual pressure profile to match or update the nominal pressure profile, each piezoelectric actuator 5 is a bi-directionally effective actuator including an upper piezoelectric stack 5 B and a lower piezoelectric stack 5 C respectively extending parallel to each other above and below the lengthwise axis L of the actuator 5 . The two piezoelectric stacks 5 B and 5 C are electrically connected to the control lines 6 with opposite polarity, i.e. the two piezoelectric stacks 5 B and 5 C are electrically driven in opposition or counter to each other. Thereby, the actuator 5 can be actively deflected along its axis L in a direction toward the valve outlet 11 and in the opposite direction away from the valve outlet 11 , selectively in response to the actuating control signal. Thereby, the actual valve gap X between the valve outlet 11 and the valve disk 5 A is correspondingly altered. Any other conventionally known embodiment of a piezoelectric actuator, or any conventionally known longitudinally effective actuator could alternatively be used as the actuator 5 in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 shows an example of a valve arrangement 2 according to the invention, including a first valve module 3 and a second valve module 4 , which are arranged, tightly held, and sealed between a first head-side end plate or flange plate 13 and a second head-side end plate or flange plate 14 . Connectors 15 such as bolts, screws, clamps, or the like hold together the two flange plates 13 and 14 with the valve modules 3 and 4 therebetween. Any desired number of valve modules can be arranged between the flange plates 13 and 14 , simply by providing connectors 15 of the appropriate length. Thereby, the modular construction of the valve arrangement 2 allows adaptation to the needs of any loom system, whereby the individual valve modules respectively control individual ones or groups of the main and relay nozzles. The pressurized fluid is introduced into the inner space enclosed and bounded by the valve modules 3 , 4 and the flange plates 13 , 14 , through a valve inlet 16 provided in the first flange plate 13 , as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . A pressure line or hose 17 connects a pressure source (not shown) to the valve inlet 16 of the valve arrangement 2 , so as to supply the pressure medium at a basic static pressure P 1 into the valve arrangement 2 . On the other hand, the pressure lines or hoses 12 that connect the valve outlets 11 of the respective valve modules 3 , 4 to the respective nozzles 8 are simply shown as dash-dotted lines in FIG. 2 , and with solid lines in FIG. 1 . It is also apparent that the pressure hose 12 respectively is connected to the inlet 8 A of the respective nozzle 8 . Further apparent in FIG. 2 is the arrangement of the pressure sensor 9 in the flange plate 13 , for measuring the static pressure of the pressure medium prevailing in the inner space of the valve arrangement 2 . FIG. 3 schematically shows an embodiment with a pre-stressing or biasing arrangement including an electrical coil 18 that is preferably electrically energizable with a d.c. current, arranged around the portion of the valve outlet 11 that protrudes inwardly into the inner space of the valve module 3 , 4 . Furthermore, the pre-stressing or biasing arrangement includes a permanent magnet 19 arranged on or around the valve disk 5 A, to cooperate with the electrically energizable coil 18 . This pre-stressing or biasing arrangement can have a loading or unloading effect on the piezoelectric actuator 5 . Namely, by energizing the coil 18 to attract or repel the permanent magnet 19 , the piezoelectric actuator 5 . will be biased toward or away from the valve outlet 11 , whereby the valve gap X between the valve disk 5 A and the valve outlet 11 will be correspondingly made smaller or larger (or completely closed or opened). This can, for example, establish the neutral or non-energized position of the actuator 5 . As an alternative embodiment, the biasing arrangement may comprise a compression spring or a tension spring (not shown) which is operatively connected to the actuator 5 . FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing two different pressure profiles or curves 20 and 21 of the nominal pressure profile for the weft insertion nozzle 8 of a jet loom, over the course of time and particularly the weft thread flight time or transit time during the weft insertion. The first pressure curve 20 represents the pressure profile when using a conventional two-way magnetic valve, while the second pressure curve 21 represents a pressure profile that is dynamically controlled or influenced by a piezoelectric actuator 5 of a valve module 3 or 4 in the valve arrangement 2 according to the invention. By superimposing the two pressure profile curves 20 and 21 on each other, the differences between these two curves are represented by a first hatched area 22 , a second hatched area 23 , and a third hatched area 24 . Generally, it can be seen that the inventive pressure profile 21 is more smooth and sinusoidal in nature, while the pressure profile 20 achieved according to the prior art is more digital or linear in nature, with a characteristic achieved by the valve which is switched directly between minimum and a maximum open positions. Accordingly, the first hatch-lined region 22 demonstrates that the pressure profiled achieved according to the invention, in comparison to the pressure profile 20 achieved according to the prior art, achieves a more gentle and smoother initial acceleration of the weft thread. Namely, the valve arrangement 2 according to the invention, being activated by a piezoelectric actuator 5 , avoids the more-abrupt off-on transition characteristic of the prior art magnetic valve resulting in the prior art pressure profile 20 . On the other hand, the second hatch-lined region 23 shows that the pressure profile 21 according to the invention ultimately applies a higher weft-driving pressure and can therefore accelerate the weft thread being inserted to a higher insertion velocity. Then, the third hatch-lined region 24 shows that the fall-off of the pressure in the inventive pressure profile 21 is smoother and not as steep as the pressure fall-off at the tail end of the prior art pressure profile 20 . As an overall result, the inventive pressure profile 21 , achieved with the inventive valve arrangement 2 and the inventive control method, provides a more uniform and gentle loading of the weft thread during the insertion phase. Namely, the weft thread is not subjected to abrupt or sudden changes in the driving jet pressure and is thus not forced to undergo as sudden an acceleration and deceleration. As a result, the tension loading on the weft thread is more uniform and more gradually changing. This achieves a better weft insertion result and avoids defects and weft faults. As a further overall result, the maximum pressure amplitude of the pressure profile can be increased, or generally varied as needed, to ensure the attainment of substantially as identical weft thread flight times for successive weft insertions, regardless of the thread type of the successively inserted weft threads. Also, by adjusting the pressure profile according to the invention on the fly or in real time during the insertion operation, any deviation of the actual performance from the nominal desired performance is quickly regulated-out, so that successive weft insertions are again brought into conformance with the desired nominal operation. Throughout this specification, the terms substantially identical and the like do not require 100% equivalence or matching of the actual performance to the desired nominal performance. Instead, a standard acceptable deviation or tolerance, for example 3% or 5%, and particularly less than 5%, is permitted between the actual performance and the nominal performance, while still being acceptable as substantially identical . This is achieved by allowing a certain small maximum difference between the actual value and the stored nominal value, for example an acceptable time difference between the actual thread flight time and the stored nominal thread flight time, without triggering a correction or adjustment of the pressure profile. Only once the actual determined difference exceeds the acceptable difference limit will a corresponding adjustment of the pressure profile be carried out. This avoids a situation of repeatedly and constantly changing the pressure profile on each successive weft insertion, when the determined differences are only minimum differences within an acceptable tolerance or range of variation, for example resulting from slight variations of the thread quality and the like. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be appreciated that it is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the appended claims. It should also be understood that the present disclosure includes all possible combinations of any individual features recited in any of the appended claims.

3D

03

D

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS AND BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION With reference now to the prior art of FIG. 1, a polycrystalline diamond insert generally designated as 10 is shown mounted within the face 24 of a drag bit 19. The drag bit is shown operated in an earthen formation 25. Insert 10 has a base end 9 that is secured within the drag bit 19 and a cutting end 11 which is in contact with the earthen formation 25. A polycrystalline disc generally designated as 13 is comprised of layer of polycrystalline diamond 14 sintered to a substrate disc 16, the composite diamond disc 13 being subsequently brazed to surface 22 formed in the insert body 12. The layer of braze material 18 between the substrate 16 and the insert body 12 forms an intersection 20 therebetween. The encircled portion designated "A" and shown enlarged in the prior art of FIG. 2 indicates an area of very high stress due to the shear forces imparted to this section of the insert body 12 created by the action of the cutting end 15 engaged with the borehole formation 25. In prior art inserts, as indicated before, boron in the braze material robs or leaches cobalt from the tungsten carbide of the insert body 12 thus creating small cracks. These insert weakening cracks coupled with severe shear forces generated when the bit 19 is operated in a borehole may cause the insert to shear generally along a planar surface parallel with face 24 of the drag bit 19. Referring now to the enlargement of FIG. 2, the intersection 20 between the substrate 16 and the body along face 22 of the body 12 is filled with a braze material 18. Generally a location 17 in the polycrystalline disc 13 (opposite to the cutting end 15 of the cutting disc 13) has a fillet 21 that tangents both the substrate 16 and the face 22 of the body 12. Boron in the braze leaches cobalt from the carbide creating notches or cracks 28 in this critical area of the insert 10. Experimentation has shown that the flawed inserts of the prior art could only withstand shear forces of about 3,000 psi before they would shear off or break. The inserts illustrated with respect to FIGS. 3-8 having the flawed area generally designated as 30 ground out, will withstand shear forces between 13,000 and 18,000 psi before breaking (an average of 14,000 psi). Area 30 is located at 17 opposite to cutting tip 15 of diamond disc 13. This tremendous increase in shear strength is quite surprising and is a significant advance in the art. Again, the prior art of FIGS. 1 and 2 point out the notches 28 in the insert body 12 which critically affects the shear strength of the insert 10. Referring now to FIG. 3, a grinding fixture generally designated as 40 provides a means to grind out the area shown as 30 in the prior art of FIG. 1 and 2 to remove the flaw in the insert 10. The fixture 40 has a fixture body 42 that is rotatable about an axis 43. The body forms an upper flat surface 44 which is perpendicular to the axis 43. Formed in the face 44 is an aperture 46 which has a circumference that will accept the body 12 of insert 10. Aperture 46 in body 42 of the fixture 40 is at an angle with respect to both surface 44 and axis 43 such that when the base 9 of the insert body 12 is inserted in the fixture, the plane of the surface 22 is parallel with the base of substrate 16 of the polycrystalline disc 13. In other words, the polycrystalline disc 13 is parallel with surface 44 of fixture 40. The insert is inserted within the fixture, base end first so that it bottoms out in the bore 46. A screw 49 (not shown) adjusts the base 9 of the insert 10 so that it is oriented properly with respect to the grinding operation. The fixture is designed to grind out the area 30 illustrated in the prior art of FIGS. 1 and 2, which again is at point 17 opposite to the cutting end 15 of the polycrystalline disc 13. The insert is secured within the fixture 40 such that the intersection 20 located through the braze material 18 and a portion of the surface 22 is raised above surface 44 of the body 42 of the fixture 40. Referring to FIG. 4, the perspective view illustrates the insert 10 securely mounted within aperture 46 formed in face 44 of the fixture body 42. Again the set screw 49 establishes the depth of which the insert body 12 is inserted within bore 46 of the body 42. It is critical that the insert be precisely mounted within the fixture so that the axis 48 of the disc 13 is offset from or eccentric to axis 43 of the fixture 40. This distance "B" assures that the deepest penetration of the grinding wheel into intersection 20 occurs at point 17 (affected area 30) and progressively tapers away from the intersection 20 as the fixture 40 is rotated against the rotating grinding wheel shown in FIG. 5. The amount of eccentricity "B" establishes the depth of the grind in the critical area 30. FIG. 5 shows the fixture 40 with the insert 10 mounted therein with the set screw 49 establishing the amount of eccentricity between axis 43 of the fixture body 42 and axis 48 of the polycrystalline disc 13. The grinding wheel, generally designated as 60, has an outer peripheral edge 64 that is rounded at 66. The shape of the radius 66 determines the radius of the grind at intersection 20 formed between substrate 13 and surface 22 of the insert body 12. Obviously the grinding wheel 60 is independent of the rotating fixture body 42. The axis 43 of fixture body 42 and the grinder axis 68 of the grinder 60 are parallel with one another and planar surface 62 formed in wheel 60 is parallel with surface 44 of the fixture body 42. Shaft 70 of the grinding wheel 60 is rotated by a motor source (not shown). Similarly the base 45 of the fixture body 42 is independently rotated by a source that is not shown. The schematic of FIG. 6 illustrates the geometry of the separately rotating fixture 40 and grinder 60. The insert 10 is schematically shown mounted within face 44 of the fixture body 42 with the orientation such that area 17 (and notched area 30) of the polycrystalline disc 13 and tungsten carbide body 12 has the deepest penetration. The offset or eccentric axis 48 of the disc with respect to axis 43 of the fixture is such that the grinder grinds progressively less on opposite sides of area 17 of the disc 13. As illustrated schematically, when the insert body is positioned as shown with respect to the grinder 60, the deepest penetration "a" grinds out the notches in the insert body 12 (indicated as 30 in FIGS. 1 and 2). When the fixture body 42 is rotated 90 degrees to position "b" the grinder grinds out less material, the grinding wheel eventually running away from the insert. The peripheral edge 64 of the grinding wheel 60 is completely free of the wheel at position "c" again contacting the wheel when the fixture rotates around to the "d" position back towards the deepest penetration as shown at position "a". Again the amount of distance "B" determines the depth of penetration of the grinding wheel 60 at insert position "a". FIG. 7 illustrates the insert body 12 after grind showing the amount of grind (72) in the insert body 12 along surface 22 and the amount of grind in the braze 18 and the substrate 16 of the polycrystalline disc 13. The eccentricity causing the grinding wheel to grind out progressively less as the fixture 40 is rotated again due to the eccentricities between the disc 13 and the axis of the fixture 40. The FIG. 8 section view illustrates the ground out portion, the deepest portion being shown at "a" the grinding wheel running out of the intersection 20 as it approaches position "b" and "d". It will of course be realized that various modifications can be made in the design and operation of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof. Thus while the principal preferred construction and mode of operation of the invention have been explained in what is not considered to represent its best embodiments which have been illustrated and described. It should be understood that within the scope of appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described.

4E

21

B

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, the exemplary embodiment of the invention described herein is a voltage reference chip which in this case comprises a Zener diode 10 coupled to an amplifier 12 having the usual feedback resistors, and serving to produce the reference output voltage at an output terminal 14. Each chip is "marked" for subsequent identification by including on the chip three additional resistors 16, 18 and 20, formed simultaneously with the formation of the rest of the IC circuitry for the voltage reference (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment, the nominal values of these resistors were 36K, 45K and 36K respectively. These three resistors 16, 18 and 20 are connected in series, with both ends of the string being connected to the reference output voltage (nominally 10 volts in the exemplary embodiment) appearing at output terminal 14. The two nodal points 22, 24 between the resistors are brought out through the usual bonding pads as respective circuit points 26, 28. In the final packaged part, these bonding pads are connected to respective external pins (not shown) which are otherwise unused for the voltage reference. When the IC fabrication process reaches the end of the wafer stage, the individual integrated circuits of the wafer are powered up (as described above) and probed for test purposes, and possibly for carrying out a conventional trimming operation of elements of the integrated circuitry. As part of that procedure, the resistors 16 and 20 are trimmed to provide measured parameters unique to each chip, as will now be described, so as to "mark" each chip for subsequent identification. This marking procedure in the disclosed embodiment comprises making voltage measurements while trimming the resistors 16 and 20 as set forth in the two steps outlined below: 1. Ground circuit point 26 and measure the voltage V.sub.OUT and the voltage at circuit point 28 to produce the ratio: EQU V.sub.28 /V.sub.OUT =R.sub.18 /(R.sub.18 +R.sub.20) 2. Ground circuit point 28 and measure the voltage V.sub.OUT and the voltage at circuit point 26 to produce the ratio: EQU V.sub.26 /V.sub.OUT =R.sub.18 /(R.sub.18 +R.sub.16) During step (1) above, the value of resistor 20 (R.sub.20) is trimmed to produce a predetermined voltage ratio (performing the function of a code) identifying the wafer number of the particular chip being probed. This voltage ratio is employed in this particular preferred embodiment by using five voltage ratios (codes) per wafer. For example, wafer number 1 will have codes of 0.545, 0.544, 0.543, 0.542 and 0.541, with each code identifying a segment of wafer number 1 containing 120 dice. Subsequent wafers will follow the same pattern, down to 0.441 for the last segment code of wafer 21 (the last wafer of a full-boat lot of wafers). This will provide for coding of 105 wafer segments (5 segments per wafer, times 21 wafers). During step (2) above, the value of resistor 16 (R.sub.16) is trimmed to produce a predetermined voltage ratio (again performing the function of a code) identifying the die on the wafer then being trimmed. In the specific embodiment described herein, the resistor 16 of the first good die is trimmed to provide a measured voltage ratio of 0.545. Subsequent good dice in the particular wafer segment will be trimmed to ratios 0.001 lower until 120 dice have been coded, with die number 120 being set to 0.426. Die number 121 of the wafer (this second segment of the wafer being coded by R.sub.20 as 0.544) will start the code pattern for the dice over again at 0.545, as will die numbers 241, 361 and 481. With five wafer codes per wafer, each covering 120 dice, this coding arrangement will accommodate up to 600 good dice per wafer. As an example of the described coding arrangement, for die number 245 on wafer number 3 a voltage ratio of 0.533 will be set at circuit point 26 by appropriately trimming resistor 20, and a voltage ratio of 0.541 will be set at circuit point 28 by appropriately trimming resistor 16. During subsequent testing of the packaged IC parts, as described above, the following formula is used (as a computer algorithm) to convert the coding (voltage ratio measurements) to an integer to use as an index variable for identifying the part to which particular test data pertains: EQU Part I.D. No.=120(545-1000(V.sub.26 /V.sub.OUT))+546-1000(V.sub.28 /V.sub.OUT) where V.sub.26 is the voltage at circuit point 26, and V.sub.28 is the voltage at circuit point 28. The part I.D. (identification) numbers as determined by this formula are stored in memory, e.g. in a hard disc, together with the drift test data associated with each such part. Thus, the complete test data, under the specified different test conditions, can be analyzed with assured identification of the parts to which the test data pertains. The results of the computer analysis of the test results can be employed to control the handler in its reassembly of the tested parts into the tubes in such a fashion that parts meeting common test specifications will be placed together in the same tube(s) for subsequent shipment to customers. It will be seen that this marking technique avoids any need for assuring that the individual parts are positioned in any particular order, either in the handler or in their carrying tubes. Further, the parts need not be loaded into the handler directly from carrying tubes, and can instead be loaded in random fashion, as in a loading procedure known as "bowl feed". As noted above, the measured electrical voltages at the circuit points 26, 28 are taken out through otherwise-unused pins of the packaged part (i.e. pins which are not necessary for making connection to the functional integrated circuitry of the part). The marker technique disclosed herein can however be used with parts where all of the pins are otherwise assigned, as by multiple use of certain pins, as permitted by the nature of the particular integrated circuitry of the part. FIG. 2 shows an arrangement somewhat like that of FIG. 1, wherein the device output pins 30, 32 provide "V.sub.OUT (FORCE)" and "V.sub.OUT (SENSE)" voltages respectively. Bridged across these pins is an internal trimmable resistor 34 formed with the other integrated circuitry. The customer must connect the pins 30 and 32 together, for proper operation of the device, although the connection can be made at a remote point where an accurate voltage is needed. However, for part-identification purposes the pins are unconnected, and the additional resistor 34 is trimmed (at the wafer stage) to produce a predetermined voltage ratio unique to the part, as: EQU V.sub.OUT (FORCE)/V.sub.OUT (SENSE)=(R.sub.S +R.sub.F +R.sub.34)/(R.sub.S +R.sub.F). Accordingly, although specific preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed herein in detail, it is to be understood that this is for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and should not be construed as necessarily limiting the scope of the invention since it is apparent that many changes can be made by those skilled in the art while still practicing the invention claimed herein.

6G

01

R

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring initially to FIG. 1 , the R.V. door according to the present invention has a door frame 2 with two frame lugs 4 (also shown in FIG. 5 ). The door frame 2 may be injection molded with high-impact plastic and preferably has molded, one-piece flange 3 around the perimeter. The molded construction is preferred because it eliminates a butt seam in the frame 2 and flange 3 that could be sources of leaks. The frame 2 may also be made from aluminum, fiberglass, carbon fiber or some other suitable material used by persons with ordinary skill in the art, with or without a butt-seam. The frame 2 may be attached to a recreational vehicle (not shown) through the flange 3 with screws, bolts, rivets, adhesive or any other method of fastening. A plurality of fastening holes 5 are formed around the flange 3 (also shown in FIG. 5 ). The flange 3 is substantially flush with the surface of the recreational vehicle. A core frame 8 (also shown in FIG. 4 ) with two core frame lugs 10 fits within the door frame 2 . A door core 6 (also shown in FIG. 7 ) is sandwiched between the core frame 8 and a core retainer 12 . The core frame 8 and the core retainer 12 (also shown in FIG. 6 ) are typically injection molded with the same high-impact plastic as the door frame 2 . The core frame 8 and the core retainer 12 may also be made from aluminum, fiberglass, carbon fiber or some other suitable material to those with ordinary skill in the art. Screws (not shown) that pass from the core retainer 12 into the core frame 8 secure the door core 6 between the core frame 8 and the core retainer 12 . The door core 6 may also be secured between the core frame 8 and the core retainer 12 with bolts, rivets, adhesive, or some other method of fastening. The door assembly may be secured in the closed position with a latch 18 . The latch 18 is substantially flush with the exterior of the door assembly to decrease tampering, enhance aesthetic appeal, and maintain vehicle aerodynamics. The latch 18 provides security for the compartment contents by protecting the contents from theft or loss. The latch 18 also provides an external means for opening the door. The latch 18 is a locking mechanism in a preferred embodiment of the invention. Several different locking mechanisms that also open the door may be utilized. A simple keyed lock that engages a locking lever is used in a preferred embodiment. Flush-mounted, paddle-handle or push-button locking mechanisms may also be used. Other suitable latching methods will be obvious to those with ordinary skill in the art. Referring now to FIG. 2 , the flange 3 is preferably secured to the wall of the R.V. by means of screws 24 inserted through holes 5 (shown in FIG. 5 ). Core frame 8 is constructed with a frame screw cover lip 28 that, when closed, is disposed over the screws 24 , thus concealing them and preventing their loosening. On the side of core frame 8 , having core frame lug 10 , the lug 10 includes a screw lug cover face 28 that when the frame 2 is in the closed position, also prevents their loosening. The door core 6 (also shown in FIG. 8 ) may be made from a layer of core insulation 20 sandwiched between two core panels 22 . The door core 6 protects the contents of the compartment from either hot or cold environmental conditions and from external impact. The core insulation 20 may be a variety of insulating materials, for example, Reactive Hotmelt Polyurethane Adhesive. The core insulation 20 adds rigidity and R-value to the door assembly. Core panels 22 may be sheets of aluminum, fiberglass, or any other suitable material. A combination of core panel materials may be used to fit a particular application. A door core 6 , for example, may have a fiberglass core panel 22 on the exterior face and an aluminum core panel 22 on the interior face. As best illustrated in FIG. 3 , the core frame lugs 10 align with the frame lugs 4 . Cavities in the core frame lugs 10 accept a pin 14 and a spring 16 , which is compressed for assembly. The pin 14 is ideally made from a non-reactive material, for example, stainless steel. The spring 16 forces the pin 14 from the cavity (as shown) in the core frame lug 10 into the cavity in the frame lug 4 . The pin 14 may also be forced from the cavity in the frame lug 4 into the cavity in the core frame lug 10 . The spring 16 holds the pin 14 in compression between the cavities in the lugs 4 , 10 . The lugs 4 , 10 are free to rotate about the axis of the pin 14 to allow the door assembly to be opened or closed. The lugs 4 , 10 and the pin 14 have a relatively frictionless interface that eliminates the need for lubrication and are virtually maintenance-free. The lugs 4 , 10 also conceal the pin 14 when assembled, which enhances security and increases aesthetic appearance. It should be appreciated from the above description that many different configurations of the hinge joint and pin 14 are contemplated. A door assembly may incorporate a single pin 14 that passes through a channel in a core frame lug 10 and engages two frame lugs 4 , which are positioned on either end of the core frame lug 10 . Such a configuration would be similar to a wristwatch pin that fastens a watch bracelet to a watch. In another embodiment, two or more hinge joints may be utilized to hinge the frame 2 to the core frame 8 . A door assembly having two hinge joints may have one hinge joint with a fixed pin 14 in the cavity of the frame lug 4 . A door of this configuration is assembled by inserting the protruding end of the fixed pin 14 into the cavity of one core frame lug 10 . A pin 14 and spring 16 is inserted into the cavity of the other frame lug 4 . The other core frame lug 10 may be concentrically aligned with the corresponding frame lug 4 by depressing the pin 14 , which compresses the spring 16 , and aligning the frame lug 4 with the core frame lug 10 . Releasing the pin 14 allows spring 16 to partially decompress and urge a portion of the pin into the cavity in the core frame lug 10 . The fixed pin 14 , alternatively, may be fixed in a cavity of the core frame lug 10 . Assembly is essentially the same as described above except that the protruding end of the fixed pin 14 is inserted into the cavity of one frame lug 4 . The pin 14 and spring 16 are positioned in the opposite lugs and the door assembly is complete.

4E

05

D

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and the sequence of steps for developing and operating the invention in connection with the illustrated embodiment. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. It is further understood that the use of relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one from another entity without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities. With reference now toFIG. 3, a first embodiment of the knot tying device46of the present invention is illustrated, including stator48and a rotor50rotatably mounted thereon. Additionally, there is a rotating drive52operatively coupled to the rotor50, the details of which are discussed more fully below. The knot tying device46also includes a tackle securing member54, a line securing member56, and a line centering member58, all of which are mounted on a top surface62of a support plate60and discussed in further detail hereunder. In further detail, support plate60is planar and generally elongated with a tackle securing end68and a line securing end70. In addition to being defined by the top surface62, the support plate60is defined by a bottom surface64and a peripheral edge66. According to one embodiment, the tackle securing end68may be rounded, that is, having no hard edges so as to prevent injury to the user or damage to surroundings when it is dropped on or otherwise abruptly forced upon the same. It is anticipated that such drops will be a frequent occurrence during angling activities due to the inherently unsteady environment in which the angler is placed in, such as boats and unstable ground which surrounds bodies of water. However, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that the shape of the support plate60need not be limited to the particulars described herein, and any suitable configuration capable of serving as an attachment point for the aforementioned components may be substituted. With regard to the rotor50, further details will now be discussed with reference toFIG. 4. The rotor50is generally defined by a hollow cylindrical shaft72extending from a tackle end74to a knot formation end76. The shaft72is defined by an outer shaft surface78, and a hollow shaft portion79having an inner shaft surface80extending from the tackle end74to the knot formation end76, and is segregated by a first wheel88and a second wheel90into a tackle end section82, a stator attachment section84, and a line looping section86. While reference has been made to sections, of the shaft72and wheels segregating the same, it will be understood that in a preferred embodiment rotor50and the various components thereof are of unitary construction. This does not preclude, however, configurations in which the first and second wheels88and90are separate from and merely attached to the shaft72. Still referring toFIG. 4and now additionally toFIG. 5, the stator attachment section84is seated within the stator48, and is configured to rotate within. The stator48is generally defined by a bottom surface92which is attached to top surface62of the support plate60, two side surfaces94and96, a front surface98, a back surface100, and a top surface101. Further, there is a gap102on the top surface101for reasons discussed in further detail below. The gap102is a part of a rotor seating opening104, and conforms to the cylindrical shape of the stator attachment section84on the rotor50. This permits the rotor50to rotate within the stator48. Moreover, the first wheel88is in an abutting relationship with the front surface98of the stator48, and the second wheel90is in an abutting relationship with the back surface100of the stator48, essentially defining a sandwiched relationship between the first and second wheels88and90, respectively, and the rotor50. In this regard, when the rotor50is rotated, the first and second wheels88and90prevent the same from sliding out of the rotor seating opening104. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration in which the rotor50is capable of rotating within the stator48is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. With further regard to the features of rotor50, the line looping section86thereof is conical in shape and tapers to the knot formation end76. This configuration permits a smoother withdrawal of line spooled onto the line looping section86, further details in relation to the use of the knot tying device46of which will be discussed hereunder. Another feature of rotor50is a line insertion slit110which extends along the entire length of the rotor50and provides and opening into the hollow shaft portion79. As shown in theFIG. 4, the line insertion slit110extends parallel to the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50. The first wheel88and the second wheel90also define a part of the line insertion slit110. It is understood that the width of the line insertion slit110may be varied, but in general it is configured to permit a single or a double strand of line to be removed from or inserted to the hollow shaft portion79without encountering resistance that may fray the line. However, in a typical configuration, the line insertion slit110will be no wider than that of the gap102on the stator. The line insertion slit110as relating to the uni-knot tying procedure will be considered in further detail below. At the knot formation end76there is a line locking member106that extends beyond the knot formation end76, and includes a portion oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50. The line locking member106includes an opening108which extends through the entirety of the same, and is of sufficient size to permit the passage of a single strand of line. The details of the use the line locking member106will be discussed below. Referring back toFIG. 3, as briefly mentioned above the tackle securing end68of the support plate60includes a first tackle securing member54.FIGS. 6a,6b, and6cillustrates an exemplary first tackle securing member54in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, and includes an attachment member112having a planar surface extending parallel to the support plate60. In the particular embodiment shown in the figures, the attachment member112includes threading114, the support plate60defines an opening, and a correspondingly threaded screw116. The screw116is inserted through the opening, and threaded through the attachment member112. The frictional force imparted by a screw head118against the bottom surface64of the support plate60maintains the positioning of the first tackle securing member54. Alternatively, the attachment member112may be welded or otherwise attached to the support plate60using well known techniques. The first tackle securing member54includes an upright portion120which extends substantially perpendicularly to the planar surface of the attachment member112. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, however, that the upright portion120may be oriented in any suitable direction which is capable of supporting a tackle and a line. Conventional fishing tackle such as hook24typically includes a shank portion25, and an eye26. The eye26is generally formed by looping the shank portion, and so an outer edge27of the hook24is arcuate. The upright portion120includes a concave section122to accommodate the arcuate outer edge27of the hook24, thus increasing the contact surface area thereof for improved holding characteristics. Additionally, the upright portion120includes a line slit124which is sized to permit the traversal of the line14through the same, while holding the eye26of the hook24against the upright portion120. Additional embodiments relating to the tackle securing member have been contemplated as shown inFIG. 7. The second tackle securing member149includes an upper plate150and a lower plate152attached to the top surface62of the support plate60. The upper plate150is coupled to the lower plate152by a screw153extending therethrough and imparting a compression force to the upper plate150by tightening a wingnut156threaded thereon. The upper and lower plates150and152, respectively, include a hollow half-tube154extending through both, forming a space in which the hook24may be inserted and held in place. The foregoing is by way of example only and not of limitation, and any suitable clamping mechanism which compressively retains the hook24may be readily substituted. Disposed on the support plate60between the tackle end74of the rotor50and the tackle securing member54is a line centering member58, the details of which are depicted inFIG. 8. In its most basic form, the line centering member58is a J-shaped hook having a main shaft portion126and a bend portion128. The bend portion128is further defined by an outer bend130and an inner bend132. In conjunction with the tackle securing member54, the line centering member58serves to align the line14along the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50. Effectively, the lower closed end of the line slit124on the tackle securing member54serves as the lower limit of any angular deviation in the line14, while the upper closed end of the inner bend132on the line centering member58serves as the upper limit of any angular deviation in the line14. It is understood that any similar structure having this particular feature may be readily substituted, such as a structure defining an eye with a side slit through which the line14may be inserted within. On the support plate60, opposite to the tackle securing end68is the line securing end70, which includes the line securing member56. As shown inFIG. 9, at the center of the line securing member56is a tapering slit59extending from the top surface thereof. The line securing member58is constructed of rubber or other like elastic material. The slit59tapers to a point, and a line inserted through to that point will be held in place by the elastic forces imparted by the surrounding material. It will be understood that the upper portions of the slit59are wider to guide the line which is being inserted. It will further be understood that the position of the taper point on the line securing member58is generally coaxial with the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50so that the line likewise remains coaxial therewith. The aforementioned description of the line securing member58is in no way understood to be limiting, and other structures capable of imparting a pinching force upon a line to secure the same is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. Referring back now toFIG. 3, and additionally toFIG. 10, the mechanism by which the rotor50rotates according to a first embodiment will now be discussed. Attached to the bottom surface64of the support plate60via a handle attachment member136is a handle134. Within the handle134is an electric motor138, with a motor shaft140extending therefrom capable of transmitting the rotational motion of the electric motor138, typically powered by conventional batteries well known in the art. In this regard, the electric motor138may be activated by a switch139on the exterior surface of the handle134. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the switch may be operative to initiate one complete rotation of the rotor50, with the line insertion slit110being initially and finally aligned with the gap102of the stator48. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the switch139may be operative to proportionally rotate the rotor50depending on the length of time the switch139is being activated. For instance, short presses on the switch139will rotate the rotor50in short bursts, while continuously depressing the switch139will continuously rotate the rotor50. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any type of switch may be utilized, and any rotational sequences may be utilized without departing from the invention. Next, attached to the end of the rotor shaft140is a main drive wheel142. The outer surface of the main drive wheel142includes traction grooves144, which cooperatively engages the surface of an intermediary coupling wheel146. The coupling wheel146is attached to the handle attachment member136via a cylindrical coupling shaft148, allowing the coupling wheel146to rotate about the same. It is understood that the main drive wheel142is constructed of metallic material, while the coupling wheel146is constructed of rubber, foam, or other rigidly elastic material. By being in a pressed relation against the main drive wheel142, the coupling wheel146catches the traction grooves144. Thus, by rotating the main drive wheel142, the rotational motion is transferred to the coupling wheel146. Finally, the rotational motion is transferred to the rotor50via first wheel88, which like the main drive wheel142, includes traction grooves89that the coupling wheel146catches. The support plate60includes a coupling wheel opening63which allows the operative coupling of the rotation generation means disposed below the support plate60and the rotor50, which is disposed above the support plate60. Collectively, this drive mechanism will be referred to hereinafter as the parallel drive shaft mechanism. With reference now toFIGS. 11aand11b, the rotation mechanism according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be considered. Unlike the first embodiment in which the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50, the longitudinal axis of the coupling shaft148, and the longitudinal axis of the motor shaft140all extended in a parallel relationship to each other, the longitudinal axis51of the rotor50extends perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the motor shaft140. Attached to the motor shaft140is a larger main drive wheel158, and is oriented perpendicularly to the first wheel88. By rotating the main drive wheel, the instantaneous linear motion associated with the same imparts a similarly instantaneous linear motion upon the first wheel88, thereby rotating the rotor50. The main drive wheel158includes a flexible layer160which is pressed against the metallic first wheel88, including the aforementioned traction grooves89. It will be appreciated that the rotor50is identical to the one set forth in the first embodiment in all respects, and the only difference between the first embodiment as described immediately above and the second embodiment is in the way the main drive wheel158is oriented. In order to accommodate the different orientation, the motor shaft140, and thus the handle134and the main drive wheel158, are disposed on the top surface62of the support plate60. It is understood that an increased stand off height of the stator48is required to prevent the perimeter of the main drive wheel158from contacting the top surface62of the support plate60. A second handle support member162elevates and holds the handle134at the required height. Hereinafter the drive mechanism described above will be referred to as the perpendicular drive shaft mechanism. With regard to both the first and second embodiments as discussed above, it will be understood by a person of ordinary skill that differing drive mechanisms may be utilized. For example, instead of utilizing a frictional drive system, a gear system may be used, in which the respective wheels include intermeshing teeth. With particular regard to the second embodiment, bevel gears having a 45 degree bevel may be utilized. Further, a belt drive system may also be used, in which the respective wheels are coupled via belts. These particulars are presented by way of example only and not of limitation, and any well-known drive mechanism may be readily substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. It will also be understood that the electric motor138present in both of the embodiments are presented by way of example only, and any suitable rotating motive force may be utilized instead. Such rotating motive force may be provided manually via a crank, or the rotor50may be manually rotated. Now, the sequence of steps for tying a uni-knot with the knot tying device46will be discussed with reference toFIGS. 12a-12e, and with due regard to the nomenclature applied to the essential features of a uni-knot as described in the background. Although the examples are described in relation to the first embodiment of the invention, particularly the knot tying device46having the first tackle securing member54and the parallel drive shaft mechanism, the essential operating features remain the same across the various embodiments. The way one embodiment is operated is readily transferable to another embodiment. Referring toFIG. 12a, the line14is threaded through the eye26of the hook24, with the tag20extending approximately double the distance between the tackle securing end68and the line securing end70of the support plate60. This ensures a sufficient amount of tag20to for looping around the line looping section86of the rotor50. Next, as illustrated inFIG. 12b, the outer edge21of the eye26is positioned in an abutting relationship with the concave section122of the tackle securing member54, and inserting both the tag20and the main line16of the line14into the line slit124. Upon securing the hook24to the tackle securing member54, both the main line16and the tag20of the line14are inserted into the hollow shaft portion79of the rotor50via the line insertion slit110, and are also positioned against the inner bend132of the line centering member58. Doing so positions the main line16and the tag20at the axis51of the rotor50, and reduces the possibility of the line14catching on an internal edge within the hollow shaft portion79. After ensuring that the tag20and the main line16are centered within the rotor50, the two sections of the line14are inserted into the line slit124of the line securing member56. The aforementioned completed steps will yield a result similar to that as illustrated inFIG. 12b. Referring now toFIGS. 12cand12d, the tag end18is inserted into the opening108on the line locking member106, with a small portion of the tag20protruding from the line locking member106. The tag20is pulled toward the line looping section86, and the rotor50is rotated via one of the numerous mechanisms discussed above. As shown inFIG. 12e, the sixth loop42, the fifth loop40, the fourth loop38, and the third loop36are formed, in that order, by rotating the rotor50. Effectively, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth loops36,38,40and42are formed around both the tag20and the main line16. In order to ensure proper removal of the tag20and the main line16, the line insertion slit110is aligned with the gap102on the stator48. More particularly, the rotor50is rotated so that the opening of line insertion slit110is exposed in the same direction as the gap102. As illustrated inFIG. 12f, the tag end18is removed from the line locking member106and held in place. Then the third loop36, the fourth loop38, the fifth loop40, and the sixth loop42are removed from the line looping section86and over the line locking member106. At this point, the uni-knot is essentially formed. The tag20is pulled to partially close the knot44as shown inFIG. 12f. Further, the main line16and the tag20are removed from the rotor50through line insertion slit110, as well as from the line centering member58and the tackle securing member54. The knot44is slid down so that it abuts the outer edge27of the hook24. The knot44is further tightened by pulling the main line16, with the completed knot illustrated inFIG. 2f. The particulars shown herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show particulars of the present invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the present invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the present invention may be embodied in practice.

3D

03

J

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The material for removing offensive odors of the present invention contains at least one acid salt selected from the group consisting of acid salts of aniline halides, acid salts of esters of aminobenzoic acid, acid salts of sulfanilamide or its derivatives, acid salts of aminoacetanilide and acid salts of aminoacetophenone. Since the material for removing offensive odors of the present invention contains at least one selected from acid salts of aniline halides, acid salts of esters of aminobenzoic acid, acid salts of sulfanilamide or its derivatives, acid salts of aminoacetanilide and acid salts of aminoacetophenone, it may still remove offensive odors from gases such as exhaust gas, etc., even though the ambient atmosphere including humidity, temperature, etc. varies. In particular, it efficiently removes aldehydes therefrom. Though not clear, the reasons may be presumed as follows: It is presumed that one of reactions between the removing material of the present invention and an aldehyde will be a nucleophilic addition reaction to the partial positively-charged carbon of the carbonyl group (C.dbd.O) by the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Precisely, the removing material of the present invention releases H.sup.+ (proton) from the acid which forms the acid salt or from the acid partly freed from the acid salt, and the proton is added to the carbonyl group (C.dbd.O) in the aldehyde structure to increase the positive chargeability of the carbonyl carbon, thereby yielding the effect for accelerating the nucleophilic addition reaction. The ionization of the amino group (NH.sub.3.sup.+) in the removing material causes localization of the electrons therein, with the result that the ring is activated to also accelerate the ring substitution reaction. It is also considered that these effects are synergistic. Hence, it is believed that the removing material of the present invention will chemically decompose and remove offensive odors such as aldehydes, etc. The excellent property of the removing material of the present invention stems from the acid salts of substances having a suitable basicity in order to accelerate the above-mentioned reactions. Precisely, the electron attracting substituents of halogens (in aniline halides), sulfonic acid amides (in sulfanilamide or its derivatives), acetamide group (in aminoacetanilide) and carbonyl group (in esters of aminobenzoic acid and aminoacetophenone) lower the basicity of the amines, with the result that the bonding force of the amines to acids is weakened. Therefore, the reactivity of the removing material with offensive odors is increased so that its performance of removing offensive odors is improved. Aniline halides are substances that will be represented by the following molecular formula (1), where X is a halogen such as fluorine, iodine, chlorine, bromine, etc., and the substituent may be positioned in the benzene ring at any of o-, m- and p-positions. ##STR1## Esters of aminobenzoic acid are substances that will be represented by the following molecular formula (2), where R is an alkyl group, and the substituent may be positioned in the benzene ring at any of o-, m- and p-positions. ##STR2## Sulfanilamide and its derivatives are substances that will be represented by the following molecular formula (3), where R is hydrogen, a substituent having homocyclic ring(s) or a substituent having heterocyclic ring(s), and the substituent may be positioned in the benzene ring at any-of o-, m- and p-positions. ##STR3## Aminoacetanilide is a substance that will be represented by the following molecular formula (4), where the substituent may be positioned in the benzene ring at any of o-, m- and p-positions. ##STR4## Aminoacetophenone is a substance that will be represented by the following molecular formula (5), where the substituent may be positioned in the benzene ring at any of o-, m- and p-positions. ##STR5## The acid salts of the above-mentioned substances may be those as they are. Alternatively, the acid salts may also be prepared from the above-mentioned substances by adding acids thereto so as to ammonium-ionize the amino group of the substances to give their acid salts. The above-mentioned aniline halides, esters of aminobenzoic acid, sulfanilamide or its derivatives, aminoacetanilide and aminoacetophenone do not have a carboxyl group which easily undergoes molecular association, unlike aromatic amino acids. If they undergo molecular association, their reactivity on aldehydes will be lowered with the result that they could not have a sufficient property as a material for removing aldehyde. Of the above-mentioned substances, those having a basicity constant pKb of 9.4 or more (desirably about 10) are preferred. The acid for forming the acid salts includes inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc., and organic acids such as citric acid, malonic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, etc. There are no restrictions on the usage of the material for removing offensive odors of the present invention. The acid salts of the above-mentioned substances may be used as such in powder form or in the form of solution in an adequate concentration. For a better effect, however, it is preferred that the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances are used in the form of dispersion supported on a porous carrier. Examples of the porous carrier include inorganic porous carriers such as sepiolite, palygorskite, activated carbon, zeolite, activated carbon fiber, activated alumina, sepiolite-mixed paper, silica gel, activated clay, vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, etc., and organic porous carriers such as pulp, fibers, cloth, polymeric porous body, etc. Preferred are sepiolite, palygorskite, activated carbon, activated alumina, and zeolite. The carrier may be freely selected, depending upon the kind of the offensive odors to be adsorbed. The porous carrier supports the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances as the active ingredients in its pores uniformly, so that the active ingredients have an enlarged area that comes into contact with the gasses containing offensive odors and hence adsorb them efficiently. In addition, the porous carrier itself has the capability for adsorption and hence enhances the performance of the removing material. For example, activated carbon and sepiolite are effective, respectively, in adsorption of offensive odors originating from hydrocarbon and lower fatty acids. The porous carrier may be in the form of sheet, honeycomb, powder, pellet, granule, plate, fiber, etc. There are no restrictions on the amounts of the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances to be supported on the porous carrier. However, it is preferred that the amounts are within the range of from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the carrier. Within the range, the effect of the material for removing offensive odors is extremely high. More preferably, the amounts are within the range of from 0.5 to 15 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the carrier. The material for removing offensive odors of the present invention may contain other components effective in removing offensive odors, in addition to the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances. For instance, it may additionally contain other adsorbing components, for example, acid salts of aromatic amino acids, acids, transition metal compounds (e.g., copper chlorides, etc.), iodine or iodides, etc., such as those described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 3-296434 and 5-23588, to be a composite material capable of simultaneously removing various offensive odors. In particular, the combination comprising the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances of the present invention, acids and iodine or iodides may be an excellent composite material. In the composite material, the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances of the present invention remove aldehydes, while acids remove basic odors and iodine or iodides remove sulfides. Thus, the composite material may remove a composite odor consisting of various offensive odors. For preparing the composite material, excess amounts of acids may be added to the above-mentioned substances when preparing the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances of the present invention, i.e. when adding acids to the above-mentioned substances, whereby a mixture comprising the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances and the residual acids may be obtained. The acid in the above-mentioned composite material includes inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, etc., and organic acids such as citric acid, malonic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, etc. The iodide in the same includes ammonium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, etc. The transition metal compound in the same includes chlorides, bromides, fluorides, etc. of copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, etc. For supporting the above-mentioned active ingredients in the above-mentioned composite material on the porous carrier, the amounts of the active ingredients are preferably within the range of from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the carrier. More preferably, they are within the range of from 0.5 to 15 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the carrier. Next, the method of preparing the material for removing offensive odors of the present invention will be explained below. There are no restrictions on the method by which the material for removing offensive odors of the present invention is supported on a porous carrier. Preferably, however, the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances are finely ground, and the resulting powder is mixed with a fine powder of a porous carrier and shaped so that the former is supported by the latter. More preferably, the acid salts are dissolved in water or any other soluble solvent, and the resulting solution is infiltrated into a porous carrier so that the salts are supported by the carrier. The latter method is effective for the uniform dispersion of the acid salts of the above-mentioned substances on the porous carrier, which leads to the maximum removing performance. Since the material for removing offensive odors of the present invention is especially effective in removing aldehydes, as mentioned above, it may be used as a material for removing various offensive odors originating from human activities in automobiles, kitchens, living rooms, offices, toilets, etc. and also as an adsorbent or the like for treating gasses containing such offensive odors. Examples of the present invention will be explained hereunder. 7.8 g of an impregnant comprising an acid salt of the substance shown in Table 1 was uniformly sprayed over an activated carbon fiber sheet (weight: 4.6 g), and the sheet was then dried under heat at about 100.degree. C. for one hour. Thus, removing material samples were prepared (Sample Nos. 1 to 5 in Table 1). For comparison, comparative removing material samples (Sample Nos. C1 to C5 in Table 1) were prepared in the same manner as above, except that an acid salt of glycine as an acid salt of an aliphatic amino acid; an acid salt of aniline, an acid salt of p-aminophenol or an acid salt of p-anisidine as an acid salt of an aromatic amine having no electron attracting substituent; and an acid salt of p-aminobenzoic acid as an acid salt of an aromatic amino acid were used as active ingredients. The compositions of the impregnant used herein are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Sample No. Composition of Liquid Additive (weight, g) ______________________________________ Examples 1 P-chloroaniline (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (5.673) + Water (200) 2 Ethyl p-aminobenzoate (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (4.380) + Water (200) 3 Sulfanilamide (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (4.204) + Water (200) 4 P-aminoacetanilide (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (4.821) + Water (200) 5 P-aminoacetophenone (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (5.357) + Water (200) Comparative Examples C1 Glycine (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (4.827) + Water (200) C2 P-aminophenol (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (6.641) + Water (200) C3 P-anisidine (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (5.880) + Water (200) C4 Aniline (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (3.893) + Water (200) C5 P-aminobenzoic acid (3.14) + Aqueous solution of 85% phosphoric acid (5.280) + Water (200) ______________________________________ The thus obtained removing material samples were tested for their adsorbability in the following manner. 0.5 g of each of the removing material samples (Sample No. 1 and Sample Nos. C1 to C5) was placed in a gas-impermeable bag. Next, an aqueous solution of acetaldehyde was heated and vaporized, and 5 liters of a mixture comprising the vapor and a humidity-conditioned air (25.degree. C., RH) was introduced into the bag. The concentration of the acetaldehyde vapor in the mixture to be introduced into the bag was varied by varying the amount of the aqueous acetaldehyde solution to be vaporized. Thus, four bags for one sample, each having a different acetaldehyde vapor concentration, were prepared. The bags were left to stand statically in a thermostat having a temperature of 25.degree. C. After about 24 hours, the concentration of the gas that had remained in the bag was measured by gas chromatography, and it was translated into the amount of adsorption according to the formula (6) below. On the basis of the amount thus obtained, the adsorption isotherm was formed for each sample. By interpolating the adsorption isotherm, the amount of acetaldehyde adsorbed by the sample being put in the bag having an acetaldehyde concentration of 3 ppm was obtained, whereby the adsorbability of the sample was evaluated. The results are shown in FIG. 1. ##EQU1## where q: amount of adsorption (mg/g) Mw: molecular weight of malodorous substance V: capacity of bag (liter) C.sub.b : concentration of malodorous substance in bag not containing the sample (ppm) C.sub.S : concentration of malodorous substance in bag containing the sample (ppm) t: test temperature (.degree.C.) w: weight of sample (g) It is obvious from FIG. 1 that the removing material sample of the present invention (Sample No. 1) is superior in the capacity of removing acetaldehyde to the comparative removing material samples (Sample Nos. C1 to C5) and especially that p-chloroaniline having a basicity constant pKb of 10.01 has the maximum capacity. The basicity constant pKb in FIG. 1 is defined by the following formula (7): ##EQU2## where X: OH, OCH.sub.3, H, Cl or COOH Ar: arylene group or methylene group Next, the removing material samples were tested for the variation in the adsorbing capacity, varying the humidity and the temperature in the ambient atmosphere. The removing material samples (Sample No. 1 and Sample Nos. C1 to C5) were exposed to air at 25.degree. C. and 95% RH for 90 hours or to air at 60.degree. C. and 95% RH for 63 hours, and they were tested for the acetaldehyde-adsorbing capacity by the same method (for adsorption test) as above. The adsorption test was conducted at a temperature of 25.degree. C. and a humidity of 60% RH. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 also has the data of the non-exposed samples (of FIG. 1). It is obvious from FIG. 2 that the removing material sample of the present invention (Sample No. 1) is still superior to the comparative removing material samples (Sample Nos. C1 to C5) and is not deteriorated in adsorbability even though the ambient atmosphere of humidity and temperature varies. In addition, the removing material samples of the present invention were tested for the adsorbing capacity in the following manner. 0.5 g of each of the removing material samples (Sample Nos. 1 to 5) was placed in a gas-impermeable bag. Next, a pre-determined amount of an aqueous solution of acetaldehyde was heated and vaporized to have an acetaldehyde concentration in air of about 1000 ppm. 5 liters of the mixture of the acetaldehyde vapor and a humidity-conditioned air (25.degree. C., 60% RH) was introduced into the bag. The bag was left to stand statically in a thermostat having a temperature of 25.degree. C, whereupon the concentration of acetaldehyde in the bag was measured by gas chromatography at determined time intervals. The results are shown in FIG. 3. It is obvious from FIG. 3 that the removing material samples of the present invention (Sample Nos. 1 to 5) have an excellent acetaldehyde-removing capacity.

0A

61

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Now referring to the drawings, where like reference numerals designate like elements, there is shown inFIG. 3a graph illustrating the relationship between photo signal level (i.e., pixel signal level) and noise level. As shown inFIG. 3, the noise level is approximately the square root of the photo signal level. Thus, as the photo or pixel signal level increases, so does the noise level, however, the gap between the pixel signal level and the noise level also increases. In the present invention, a variable quantization A/D converter is utilized to implement an alternate transfer function between an input analog voltage and a output digital word, in order to take advantage of the above illustrated relationship. Referring now toFIG. 4A, the linear transfer function between an input analog voltage IN and a output digital word OUT from a conventional A/D converter is illustrated. As shown inFIG. 4A, in a conventional A/D converter, the output digital word varies linearly with the input analog signal. The slope and the step increments of the transfer function inFIG. 4Aremains unchanged between low and high levels of the input signal IN, indicating that the same precision is retained in the conversion across all input signal levels. As illustrated inFIG. 3, in an imaging system, at low photo signal levels, noise levels are low, thereby permitting high precision A/D conversion. However, at high photo signal levels, noise levels also increase, thereby making high precision A/D conversion increasingly problematic as photo signal levels increase. Thus, as is discussed below,FIGS. 4B and 4Cillustrate alternate transfer functions of an input analog voltage and an output digital word that would be more suitable for use in imaging systems than the transfer function illustrated inFIG. 4A. Now referring toFIG. 4B, it can be seen that the illustrated transfer function behaves identically to the transfer function ofFIG. 4Aat low input signals IN levels. At increasing levels of the input signal IN, however, the increment between conversion steps (in both the IN and OUT axis) are also increased. That is, while transfer functions ofFIGS. 4A and 4Bspan the same input IN and output OUT ranges, in the transfer function ofFIG. 4B, at higher levels of the input signal, increasing levels of the input signal IN are mapped to the same output signal value and a lesser number of output signal values OUT are valid outputs. The transfer function illustrated inFIG. 4Calso behaves identically to the transfer function ofFIG. 4Aat low input signal IN levels. At increasing levels of the input signal IN, however, the increment in conversion steps for the IN axis is increased while the increment in conversion steps for the OUT axis is unchanged. That is, in comparison to the transfer function ofFIG. 4A, the transfer function ofFIG. 4Cspans the identical range of IN values while spanning a lesser range of OUT values. Further, at increasing levels of the input signal IN, an increasing number of levels of the input signal are mapped to the same OUT value. Although the same number of OUT values are valid outputs for the transfer functions shown inFIGS. 4B and 4C, the range of OUT values for the transfer function ofFIG. 4Bspans the same range as that ofFIG. 4Awhile the range of OUT values for the transfer function ofFIG. 4Cspans a lesser range than that ofFIGS. 4A and 4B. In one exemplary embodiment, the transfer function illustrated inFIG. 4Awould be a 12-bit linear transfer function, while the transfer functions ofFIGS. 4B and 4Cwould be 10-bit transfer functions (i.e., the number of valid output signals OUT has been reduced by a factor of 4 over the transfer function ofFIG. 4A). The transfer function ofFIG. 4Bis generally known as a linear mode transfer function while the transfer function ofFIG. 4Cis generally known as a compressed mode transfer function. A variable quantization A/D converter in accordance with the principles of the present invention may be constructed using either the linear or compressed mode transfer functions by using a modified version of the circuit of FIG.2B. Essentially, the circuit ofFIG. 2Bcan be used, except that the ramp generator205and the counter204will be replaced with different ramp generators and counters. More specifically, to implement the linear mode transfer function, both the ramp generator205and the counter204are modified so that at increasingly high signal levels both circuits ramp up in identical steps consistent with the transfer function as shown inFIG. 4B. That is, when the ramp voltage begins to increment in double steps, the counter must also increment in double steps. As the ramp voltage increments increases further, so must the counter. To implement the compressed mode transfer function, the original counter204is utilized while the ramp generator205is modified so that at increasingly high signal levels the ramp generator ramps up in steps consistent with the transfer function as shown inFIG. 4C. Referring now toFIGS. 5A and 5B, it can be seen that the linear mode transfer function embodiment of the invention may be implemented by replacing the counter204inFIG. 2Bwith the circuit204′ ofFIG. 5A. Furthermore, implementing either the linear mode or the compressed mode transfer function of the present invention also requires replacing the ramp generator205ofFIG. 2Bwith ramp generator205′ ofFIG. 5B. In the new counter circuit204′ illustrated inFIG. 5A, the clock and reset signals previously supplied to counter204inFIG. 2Bare routed to a controller501, which reads successive values from a ROM512. The ROM512contains the output values OUT for the transfer function ofFIG. 4BorFIG. 4C. The controller501loads each successive output value from the ROM512into the register502as the clock signal is incremented. When the reset signal is pulsed, the controller is set to read the next output value from the ROM512starting at the ROM's first address. InFIG. 5B, the new ramp generator205′ includes multiple capacitor banks520a,520b,520c. Each capacitor bank520a,520b,520cdiffers only in that the capacitance of each capacitor in a particular bank is different from those of the other banks. For example, in one embodiment, the capacitance of each capacitor C1is one quarter that of the capacitance of each capacitor C3, and the capacitance of each capacitor C2is one half of that of the capacitance of each capacitor C3. The outputs from each capacitor bank520a,520b,520care coupled together to form a single output from the ramp generator205′. The use of different capacitor banks with different capacitances permits the use of fewer capacitors to span the reduced number of required output voltages. The clock and reset signals previously supplied to the single shift register210inFIG. 2Care now instead supplied to a controller511. The controller511is coupled to a ROM512′ which stores code words corresponding to the transfer function ofFIG. 4B. More specifically, the code words are used to instruct the controller511to increment one or more of the clock signals and/or to reset one or more of the shift registers210, in the plurality of capacitor banks520a,520b,520cin order to provide a ramp voltage consistent with the desired transfer function. FIG. 5Cis a block diagram of an A/D converter200′ in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The A/D converter200′ includes many of the same parts as the conventional A/D converter200(FIG. 2), but respectively substitutes the above described ramp generator205′ and counter circuit204′ in place of the conventional ramp generator205and counter204. Thus, the A/D converter200′ can implement the linear or compressed mode transfer functions as described above. FIG. 6is an illustration of a processor based system600incorporating a processor601, a memory602, at least one peripheral device603, and an imaging system604, each coupled to a bus610. The imaging system604incorporates at least one A/D converter200′ (FIG. 5C) of the invention. The present invention therefore provides for the use of variable quantization A/D conversion in an imaging system. According to one embodiment, a variable quantization A/D converter provides the variable levels of quantization, and is operated such that at higher levels of the input signal, the degree of quantization is increased. This embodiment provides for faster A/D conversion, for example, in a ramp type A/D converter. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a ramp generator includes a plurality of capacitor banks, with each capacitor bank utilizing capacitors of varying values. In one embodiment, the capacitance of the capacitors of each capacitor bank are related as powers of 2 to one of the capacitor banks. The choice between the transfer functions illustrated inFIGS. 4B and 4Cis left to the designer of the imaging system. However, it should be recognized that the invention may also be practiced in a variety of other manners. For example, the invention may also be practiced by a combination of a linear and non-linear A/D converters. Alternatively, the invention may also be practiced by passing the output of a linear A/D converter to a non-linear processing circuit which performs non-linear signal mapping/compression. Such a processing circuit might, for example, map or compress output of a linear A/D converter by using a look-up table to map input values to output values. While the invention has been described in detail in connection with the exemplary embodiment, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the above disclosed embodiment. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alternations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the foregoing description or drawings, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

7H

03

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiment 1 With reference toFIG. 1-FIG.2,FIG. 1is an exploded view showing the first embodiment of the present invention, andFIG. 2is an assembly view corresponding toFIG. 1, In the first embodiment, microfluidic chip100is adapted to input and output a medium having a predetermined net flow speed so as to culture a tissue in vitro. As shown in figures, microfluidic chip100comprises a substrate1and a top cover2. The substrate1is composed of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The top cover2is adapted to cover the substrate1. The substrate1has a surface10, and a tissue culture area11is formed on the surface10of the substrate1(It is exemplified in this embodiment by, but not limits to, only one tissue culture area). The tissue culture area11has a microfluidic channel12formed by a plurality of connected geometrical structures121having a predetermined depth. The microfluidic channel12has an inlet122and an outlet123at two ends thereof for inputting the medium and outputting the same respectively, and at least an air-exchange hole124being formed on the bottom of the microfluidic channel12. With reference toFIG. 3, which is a top view showing the substrate of the first embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, geometrical structures are, but not limited to, nozzle-type channels, A predetermined angle A is formed between the adjacent geometrical structures121. As shown in figure.3, the angle A is defined between bottom of one geometrical structure and the slant of the next one. Due to the angle A, the fluid field distribution of the medium can be regulated with different angles. According to computer simulating results, the maximum flow speed is occurred in the position where one geometrical structure121connects to next one. Since the different angle results in the different flow speed, users may select a proper angle. The selected angle should depend on the position and bearable stress of cultured tissue in microfluidic chip100, so as to resolve the problem that tissues can't be supplied with sufficient fresh medium. In order to lower lateral flow speed to decrease the effect for cells, the angle A is selected depending on actual required flow speed. Preferably, the angle A is from 0 to 90 degrees, so that cells can normally secrete proteins to supply for tissues. Particularly, it is desirable that the angle A is 84 degrees. The microfluidic channel 12 (connected position between two adjacent geometrical structure121) has a predetermined width D capable of preventing the tissue from flowing with medium. With reference toFIG. 4, which is a sectional view showing the substrate with4-4cross-section. As shown inFIG. 4, the mierofluidic channel12is attached with a polymer membrane13, which is composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and flexible, and a plurality of cells C are cultured on the surface of polymer membrane13. In this embodiment, the cells are mesothelial cells, and the cultured tissues T are animal liver tissues. The tissues are arranged on polymer membrane13and directly contact with the mesothelial cells. The animal liver tissues can obtain the required proteins secreted from mesothelial cells, so as to maintain their physiological functions, and to prolong their survival time. Embodiment 2 With reference toFIG. 5, which is a top view showing the substrate of the second embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the substrate1ahas three tissue culture areas11a,11band11c, serially connected to form a one-dimensional array14. The array14has an inlet141and an outlet142at two ends and two side channels15a,15bformed thereon. One end of side channels15ais connected to inlet141of array14, and the other end is connected to the section between tissue culture areas11band11c. Similarly, one end of side channels15bis connected to inlet141of array14, and the other end is connected to the section between tissue culture areas11aand11b. Embodiment 3 With reference toFIG. 6andFIGS. 7A-7F.FIG. 6is a flow chart of the third embodiment of the present invention, andFIGS. 7A-7Fare schematic views corresponding to the steps ofFIG. 6. In this embodiment, a method for culturing tissue in vitro utilizing the foregoing microfluidic chip is provided. The method comprises the steps described as follow: Step101: Providing a polymer membrane13being cultured with a plurality of mesothelial cells C thereon. As shown inFIG. 7A, a plurality of mesothelial cells C are cultured on the polymer membrane13composed of PDMS. Clinical experiments indicate that mesothelial cells are capable of secreting some particular proteins which are helpful for culturing liver tissues. Based on this reason, mesothelial cells are cultured on the polymer membrane, so that the contact area between mesothelial cells and liver tissue can be increased, and the tissue may obtain more required proteins. Step102: Attaching the polymer membrane13to the microfluidic channel12of the microfluidic chip100. As shown inFIGS. 7B and 7C, the polymer membrane13is placed over the microfluidic channel12of microfluidic chip100. A mechanical force F is provided outside the air-exchange hole124, and the polymer membrane13is sucked by mechanical force F through air-exchange hole124. Due to polymer membrane13is composed of flexible material, it is forced to attached to the microfluidic channel12. Step103: Arranging a tissue T on the polymer membrane13. As shown inFIG. 7D, the tissue T (e.g. animal liver tissue) is placed on the polymer membrane13, and the tissue T can directly contact with the mesothelial cells C. Step104: Attaching a top cover2to the substrate1of the microfluidic chip100. As shown inFIG. 7E, top cover2is tightly attached to the substrate1. Step105: Inputting a medium with a predetermined flow speed to the inlet122of the microfluidic channel12. As shown inFIG. 7F, an infusion pump3is connected to the inlet122of microfluidic channel12, and a medium with a predetermined flow speed is inputted into the microfluidic channel12. The tissue T would be fixed in the connected position between two geometrical structures121, so as to keep the tissue T from flowing with medium. Therefore, tissue T may secrete or receive the required proteins through the flowing medium. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that a variety of modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention which is intended to be defined by the appended claims.

2C

12

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the different figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the related relevant feature being described. Also, the description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and the proportions of certain parts may be exaggerated to better illustrate details and features of the present disclosure. Several definitions that apply throughout this disclosure will now be presented. The term “substantially” is defined to be essentially conforming to the particular dimension, shape, or other feature that the term modifies, such that the component need not be exact. For example, “substantially cylindrical” means that the object resembles a cylinder, but can have one or more deviations from a true cylinder. The term “comprising,” when utilized, means “including, but not necessarily limited to”; it specifically indicates open-ended inclusion or membership in the so-described combination, group, series and the like. A light source assembly can include a base plate, a light source secured on the base plate, and an encapsulation structure. The encapsulation structure can include a first reflection member, a second reflection member, and a diffusion plate. The first reflection member can include a base portion and a plurality of protrusions. The reflection member can be secured on the base plate and can define a through hole to receive the light source. The plurality of protrusions can protrude from a side of the base portion away from the base plate and can be arranged around a periphery of the through hole. Each protrusion can include a reflection surface inclined to the base plate. The second reflection member can include a reflection portion and a plurality of connecting portions. The reflection portion can define a plurality of light holes. The connecting portions can protrude from a circumference of the reflection portion and can be secured on the reflection surfaces of the protrusion adjacent to the through hole. The diffusion plate can be stacked on a side of the reflection portion away from the connecting portions. A backlight module can include a frame, a light guide assembly received in the frame, and a plurality of light source assemblies received in the frame, located below the light guide assembly, and arranged in a matrix. Each light source assembly can include a base plate, a light source secured on the base plate, and an encapsulation structure. The encapsulation structure can include a first reflection member, a second reflection member, and a diffusion plate. The first reflection member can include a base portion and a plurality of protrusions. The base portion can be secured on the base plate and can define a through hole to receive the light source. The plurality of protrusions can protrude from a side of the base portion away from the base plate, and can be arranged around a periphery of the through hole. Each protrusion can include a reflection surface inclined to the base plate. The second reflection member can include a reflection portion and a plurality of connecting portions. The reflection portion can define a plurality of light holes. The connecting portions can protrude from a circumference of the reflection portion and can be secured on the reflection surfaces of the protrusion adjacent to the through hole. The diffusion plate can be stacked on a side of the reflection portion away from the connecting portions. FIG. 1illustrates an embodiment of a backlight module100. The backlight module100can include a frame10; a light guide assembly20received in and supported by the frame10, and a plurality of light source assemblies30received in the frame10and located below the light guide assembly20. The plurality of light source assemblies30can be arranged in a matrix. The frame10can be made of metal or plastic having a highly reflective property. In at least one embodiment, the frame10can be made of metal or plastic which can be coated with a highly reflective coating layer. The light guide assembly20can include a first diffusion sheet21, a prism sheet23, a second diffusion sheet24, and a diffusion plate25stacked consecutively in order. FIGS. 2-4illustrate that each light source assembly30can include a base plate31, a light source33secured on a central portion of the base plate31, an encapsulation structure36secured on the base plate31and covering the light source33, and a diffusion plate38positioned on the encapsulation structure36. The encapsulation structure36can be substantially rectangular, and can include a first reflection member361and a second reflection member363secured on the first reflection member361. The first reflection member361can be substantially rectangular, and can include a base portion3611and a plurality of protrusions3614. The base portion3611can be a plate and can be secured on the base plate31. A through hole3612can be defined at a central portion of the base portion3611. The through hole3612can be configured to receive a corresponding light source33. The plurality of protrusions3614can protrude from a side of the base portion3611away from the base plate31. Each protrusion3614can be substantially V-shaped and can extend around a periphery of the through hole3612parallel to each other. Each protrusion3614can include a reflection surface3615and a connecting surface3616connected to the reflection surface3615. Each connecting surface3616can interconnect with the two reflection surfaces3615of the two adjacent protrusions3614. The reflection surface3615can be located on a side of the protrusion3614adjacent to the through hole3612, and the connecting surface3616can be located on another side of the protrusion3614away from the through hole3612. Each reflection surface3615can be inclined to the base plate31, and each connecting surface3616can be vertical to the base plate31. Therefore, an angle between the reflection surface3615and the connecting surface3616of one protrusion3614can be an acute angle. In at least one embodiment, the reflection surfaces3615can be inclined planes or curved surfaces. The second reflection member363can be secured on the first reflection member361corresponding to the through hole3612, and configured to cover and reflect light emitted from the light source33. The second reflection member363can include a reflection portion3631and a plurality of connecting portions3634protruding from a circumference of the reflection portion3631. The plurality of connecting portions3634can be positioned around the periphery of the through hole3612, spaced away from each other, and secured on the reflection surface3615adjacent to the through hole3612to support the reflection portion3631. The reflection portion3631can be substantially disc-shaped. A center line of the reflection portion3631can coincide with the center line of the through hole3612. The reflection portion3631can include a conic curved surface3633located on a side adjacent to the through hole3612and protruding toward the light source33. The reflection portion3631can define a plurality of light holes3632through the conic curved surface3633. The light holes3632can be configured to transmit the light emitted from the light source33to the second reflection member363. In at least one embodiment, the first reflection member361and the second reflection member363can both be made of metal or plastic having a highly reflective property. The light holes3632can be evenly distributed on the conic curved surface3633. Reflection layers (not shown) can be coated on the first reflection member361and the second reflection member363to increase a reflection ability of the first reflection member361and the second reflection member363. The first reflection member361and the second reflection member363can be integrated. The diffusion plate38can be stacked on a side of the reflection portion3631away from the connecting portion3634. The diffusion plate38can define a plurality of grooves381on a side away from the reflection portion3631. Each groove381can correspond with one light hole3632; therefore the light can be evenly dispersed to the light guide assembly20via the light holes3632and the grooves381. In at least one embodiment, the diffusion plate38can be made of a transparent plastic sheet. A plurality of diffusion particles (not shown) can be dispersed in the diffusion plate38. FIG. 5illustrates when in use, the light source33can emit light to the light guide assembly20. A part of the light can be directly transmitted to the diffusion plate38via the light holes3632, and then be diffused to form uniform light by the diffusion plate38; the uniform light can be transmitted to the light guide assembly20. Another part of the light can be reflected to the protrusions3614via the conic curved surface3633of the second reflection member363, and then be reflected by the reflection surfaces3615of the protrusions3614to form uniform light, and the uniform light can be transmitted to the light guide assembly20. The light emitting to a position of the conic curved surface3633adjacent to the vertex can be reflected to the reflection surfaces3615away from the through hole3612, as well, the light emitting to a position of the conic curved surface3633away from the vertex can be reflected to the reflection surfaces3615adjacent to the through hole3612. In at least one embodiment, by adjusting the surface curvature of the conic curved surface3633and slopes of the reflection surfaces3615, all of the light emitting via the light source33can be reflected to the conic curved surface3633, and then be reflected to the light guide assembly20. The light source assemblies30can be controlled by independent driving circuits (not shown), in this way, any part of the backlight module can be illuminated independently.FIG. 6illustrates the light sources in the area600can be illuminated by the corresponding driving circuits. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular embodiments, the description is illustrative of the disclosure and is not to be construed as limiting the disclosure. Therefore, those of ordinary skill in the art can make various modifications to the embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure, as defined by the appended claims.

6G

02

F

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A rehabilitation apparatus invention will now be explained with reference to the figures of the drawings. The rehabilitation device is suitable for use with a wide range of disabled patients, including those suffering stroke, brain damage, burns, arthritis or most conditions related to the loss of motor skills. The rehabilitation apparatus is best shown in FIG. 1, wherein a patient station having a robotic arm 12 with a first response device or end effector 14 is positioned near a patient 16. A second response device or home switch 18 is positioned adjacent the patient. The home switch 18 and end effector 14 as well as the robotic arm 12 connected to a central processing unit (CPU)20 as shown in FIG. 4. The robotic arm 12 may be of any suitable type having a proper range of motion, size, and speed appropriate for the application. The robotic arm must have the capability of moving the end effector 14 to selected predetermined locations relative to the patient. Additionally, the robotic arm should have the ability to properly align the end effector to a predetermined alignment with respect to the patient. Additionally, the robotic arm should have a relatively uncluttered appearance so as not to appear threatening to the patient. Finally, a robotic arm should have the ability to move at a slow speed from one position to another for tap along exercises as will be described more fully below. A suitable robotic arm for this purpose is known as the RMX personal robotic arm distributed by UMI, Inc. of Detroit, Mich. In the preferred embodiment, the robotic arm has a longitudinal base 22 having a track 24 supporting a shoulder bracket 26 for reciprocal movement along a vertical axis in the direction of Arrow A, shown in FIG. 3. The shoulder bracket 26 of the robotic arm has a vertical travel along the track of approximately 36 inches. One end 28 of a shoulder 30 is pivotally mounted to the bracket 26 to rotate about Axis "B" shown in FIG. 2. An elbow 32 is pivotally attached at an opposite end of the shoulder to rotate about Axis "C". The elbow 32 has a wrist 34 pivotally attached at a distal end of the elbow to rotate about. The wrist supports the end effector 14 for yaw, pitch (axis E) and roll (axis F). The end effector thus is movable to provide a desired alignment of the end effector with respect to patient. The robotic arm 12 is provided with servo motors (not shown) to rotate the shoulder, elbow, wrist and end effector of the robotic arm about the respective axes, in response to commands from an internal control device 38. The internal control device 38 is connected to the CPU 20 by a wire 40 and controls the operation of the various servo motors to position the end effector 14 in a predetermined location in accordance to commands received by the internal control device 38 from the CPU. As is known in the art, sensors 36 are positioned to provide signals for determining the position of the end effector. In the preferred embodiment, the robotic arm 12 is compact and has a platform 42 for supporting the robotic arm on a table 44. However, the robotic arm could be of other suitable types such as wall mounted. The end effector 14 is a response device to solicit and receive responses from the patient. In the preferred embodiment, the end effector 14 has a base 46 for supporting four lighted switches 48 as shown in FIG. 4. The switches may be of any suitable type operable upon contact to produce a signal such as an illuminated push-button switch. Each switch may be illuminated in a different color. Each of the light switches is illuminated in response to signals from a remote process unit CPU 49 housed with the base 46. The remote CPU 49 has a random access memory and controls the illumination of the lights 48 as well as receives the signals generated by the switches when contacted or triggered. The remote process unit CPU 49 is connected to the CPU 20 by a wire 50 through the robotic arm to the CPU 20. As will be set forth in detail below, one or more of the lighted switches will be illuminated in response to a command from the CPU to the remote processing unit after the end effector has been positioned in a desired location. The patient has been previously directed to contact the switch after the light has been illuminated. If the patient is successful, a signal is generated by the switch which is then received by the remote processing unit and communicated to the CPU 20. Alternatively, the signals may be conducted from the switches and lights directly to the control board without a remote processing unit. The home switch 18, best shown in FIG. 4, is a response device like the end effector. The home switch 18 has a housing 52 for mounting an indicator light 54 and a contact switch 56. The housing is provided with a flat surface 58 so that the home switch may be positioned at a desired location within the patient's reach as shown in FIG. 1. The housing 52 may be of any suitable material such as metal or plastic. The indicator light 54 may be of any suitable type and may be red. The light 54 is activated upon a signal from the CPU. The contact switch 56 is of any suitable type such as a push button or membrane switch which provides an analog signal when the switch is contacted. The switch and light are connected by a wire 60 to the CPU. As shown in FIG. 5, multiple patient stations 10 may be integrated with a single CPU 20. The CPU is located centrally on a table 78 so that the therapist may observe the patient stations. Each patient station is provided with a robotic arm 12 and home switch 18 which are integrated with the CPU 20. The CPU 20 may be of any suitable type such as a personal computer. The CPU is equipped with a screen 62 and keyboard (not shown) for the entry of data. As shown in FIG. 4, the CPU is adapted to load and store applications software 64 which may be provided by a suitable means such as floppy disks. The CPU is also provided with a control board 66 having a plurality of PROMS 68. Each of the PROMS 68 is programmed to store logic for particular exercise routines. In the preferred embodiment, logic is stored on PROMS because of the limited memory of the personal computer. The application software communicates with the PROMS to direct the response devices and robotic arm through the desired exercise routine. Additionally, the therapist selects an activity from the software. If the therapist selects an activity in the form of an exercise routine, the software selects and enables a PROM having the appropriate routine. The PROM then acts to illuminate an appropriate light such as the light 54 of the home switch. When the patient is successful in responding to the light signal and triggering the appropriate switch, the switch then sends a signal. The signals are received from the end effector and home switch response devices. If the end effector has been provided with the remote processing unit 49, the CPU 20 may be provided with data relating to the responses of the patient. The signals and/or data are then received and stored by a designated PROM and software. In addition to interacting with the plurality of PROMS on the control board 66, the application software is connected to the internal control 38 of the robotic arm. As is known in the art, the application software provides coordinates for a specific location where the end effector of the robotic arm is to be positioned. On command from the software, the internal control directs a robotic arm to position the end effector at the desired coordinates. Once the end effector has been properly positioned as determined by the sensors, the internal control sends a signal to the software to indicate that the robotic arm and end effector are properly positioned. As will be apparent from the operation described below, other embodiments of the invention are contemplated within the scope of the invention. The end effector may be similar to the home switch having a single indicator light and single pushbutton. Alternatively, the home switch may be provided with a switch having internal lighting. Additionally, switches which require exact positioning of movable elements may be provided to provide therapy on mobility and flexibility. OPERATION According to the method of use of the apparatus, many types of exercise routines may be provided to the patient. However, the basic method has the steps of positioning a response device at a predetermined position, soliciting a response from the patient, waiting a period of time for the response, receiving and storing a signal indicating a proper response, recording the non-occurrence of a response signal in the event that a signal is not produced, and analyzing the performance of the patient. An exercise routine is performed by repeating the sequence of steps. Two different response devices may be utilized and a robotic arm controlled by the CPU moves one response device through a predetermined pattern of response positions. Many different types of exercise routines may be automatically performed by the patient in response to the apparatus. As set forth in FIG. 6, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the therapist first enters patient data such as name and address, physical condition, age, etc. to a file in response to a prompt from the application software. The therapist is then prompted to select one of the following modes: exercise, report, utilities, learning or exit. If the therapist selects the exercise mode the screen provides a directory of different exercises. The therapist selects a particular exercise routine through the keyboard. The application software then initializes a particular PROM having the desired exercise routine. While the exercise routines vary in nature and purpose, the basic method includes energizing the indicator light on the home switch tapping the home switch to generate a first signal receiving and storing the first signal in the control board of the CPU, directing the end effector to a predetermined position, energizing a light on the end effector, contacting the end effector switch in response to the light signal, receiving and storing a second signal in the control board of the CPU; measuring the time difference between the first signal and the second signal in the control board identifying and filing the time difference in the patient file. The exercise routine may be completed by energizing the light of the home switch and having the patient move to contact the home switch and again sending a signal to be stored and filed in response to the contact of the home switch. The exercise patterns may be of a "wait" type in which the light on the home effector is energized and the robotic arm stays in position until the switch of the end effector is contacted before moving to a another position. The routine may be varied by having the arm waiting a specific period of time for a contact and then moving to another position whether or not it receives contact from the patient. Exercise patterns utilizing "following" exercises may be selected in which the patient follows the arm from position to position tapping the end effector at each position. The patient could also be required to hit the home switch in between each contact of the end effector switch. Additionally, memory exercises may be performed by use of the various colored lights on the end effector. The patient is required to contact the colored light switches in a particular sequence. The lights are illuminated in a particular pattern and the patient is subsequently required to hit the switches in the same pattern. In this way the patient's ability to remember a sequence, the patient reaction time, and/or the tapping time may be calculated. Additionally, the patient may be required to move from home to a moving target, from home to a stationary target, to tap a moving target, and be required to tap by memory. The patient may be subjected to exercise pattern such as a Brunnstrom diagonal movement. These movements are well known in the art and given by therapist to determine the range and degree of mobility of the patient. The patient may be required to move a single arm or to use a unimpaired arm to assist in moving the impaired arm to a particular position. Data from each of the various different types of routines in the form of the response time, the number of successful hits, number of misses, etc. is covered by the PROM and stored in the patient's file. When an exercise is complete the therapist may continue with another exercise or develop a particular exercise for the specific patient. In the learning mode, the therapist defines a set of particular points for the robotic arm and the robotic arm is manually positioned at each of the predetermined positions. When the robotic arm and end effector are properly aligned in the desired position, the CPU is directed to note the coordinates of the end effector and store the coordinates as an exercise point. Once the therapist has manually manipulated the robotic arm through the desired positions for the routine and stored the positions in the computer, the patient may then be lead through a routine designed for the specific patient. This routine is then stored in the patient's file and available for recall when desired. After completing the exercises the therapist may select the report mode in which the therapist may select any of a variety of parameters to develop a report on the patient's performance. The software assembles the data to determine range of motion of the patient, the speed at which the patient may perform the exercises and may compare the patient's performance to previous performances. A utilities mode is provided in which the therapist may add patients, modify records, archive data, delete patient files, etc. As can be seen from above, the rehabilitation apparatus may be set up to automatically lead a patient through a set of exercise routines. As a result, the therapist is freed from necessity to directly interact with the patient during these routines. This frees the therapist to provide other services. Additionally, the apparatus can be utilized so that each of a number of patients are led through individualized routines at the same time thereby increasing the efficiency of the therapist. Finally, specific data can be generated for evaluating the performance of the patients so that exact range of movement and physical disability may be determined and subsequent progress of the patient monitored. While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described, it should be apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art that many modifications or changes may be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the spirit of the present invention as expressed by the scope of the appended claims.

0A

63

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 is a humidifying system comprising a steam generating device H of the present invention that produces and provides steam to a steam distributor 6 in a duct 7 of a building forced air system. Various arrangements for a duct and steam injector system are known some of which are illustrated in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. RE 33,414 and thus are not further described herein. The device H has a water tank unit 3 that contains a combined combustion chamber 4 and heat exchanger 2. Walls of the combustion chamber and heat exchanger define the flow path and provide the heat exchange surfaces for the hot gases that are the products of combustion. The walls are completely or essentially completely immersed in the water in the tank. There is a forced draft combustion system that includes a burner 13 (with the flame thereof designated 13a) and forced draft fan 16 controlled by a humidistat 1 having a sensor 1a in the duct 7 and a combustion controller 10. The humidistat 1 with the sensor 1a controls the humidification process carried out in the air duct 7. Depending on the application and the type of humidification process, the humidistat may be either an ON-OFF or time proportioning type for regulation of the periodic humidification process, or a modulating humidistat for regulating the continuous humidification process. Humidistat 1 and the combustion controller 10 for the burner 13 including the forced draft fan 16 are inter-related, and together they operate to control the humidification of the air stream 11 in the air duct 7 and the production of steam in the water tank 3. A monitor 8 tracks the performance and operation of the humidifier. For space humidification application the air duct 7 is replaced by a conventional air fan compartment 7a (FIG. 2) with an air fan unit 7b for providing the equivalent of air stream 11. Steam exits from the enclosure compartment 7a via a steam distributor 7c. The forced draft combustion system, includes the previously mentioned combustion controller 10 that controls ignition and flame of the forced draft burner 13, and a combination gas valve 14, the forced draft fan 16, and a flue discharge duct 5. The combination gas valve 14 may be a proportional solenoid valve when using a modulation humidistat, or an ON-OFF type solenoid valve for use with an ON-OFF or a time proportioning type humidistat. To improve the combustion efficiency the proportional gas valve 14 may be replaced by a modulating constant air/fuel ratio valve train (not shown in FIG. 1). An induced draft combustion system replacing the described forced draft combustion system could be used. The water tank unit 3 is a sealed, i.e. closed water tank of a corrosion resistant material such as stainless steel and of a rectangular shape designed for operating at substantially atmospheric pressure. As an example, the capacity of the tank is 85 kilograms of water. The water tank 3 has respective outer major side walls 3a, 3b, a top wall 3c, a bottom wall 3d and end walls 3e, 3f. Top wall 3c is removably attached as by threaded fasteners 3g or other suitable means. This allows for periodically cleaning out the tank. The tank is completely surrounded by insulation 29 and as seen in FIG. 1, the tank unit is contained in an outer housing H1. The water tank, and walls defining the combustion chamber and heat exchanger chamber are constructed and/or so arranged such that the water in the tank completely or essentially completely surrounds the combustion chamber and heat exchanger. Referring to FIG. 3 the bottom wall 3d is separated into two spaced apart portions by upwardly directed water tank inner side walls 26a and 26b which are joined at their upper end by a top end wall 26c. These latter walls together with end walls 3e, 3f define the combustion chamber 4 and the chamber of the heat exchanger 2. In this embodiment the combustion chamber 4 is closed on the bottom by the insulated bottom wall of the outer casing or housing H1. FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative construction where the combustion chamber has a bottom wall 26d which is spaced upwardly from the water tank bottom wall 3d. In this embodiment the combustion chamber and heat exchanger chamber are closed at the end by respective end walls 26e and 26f. These latter walls are spaced from the water tank respective end walls 3e and 3f and maintained in spaced relation therewith by spacers S. The bottom wall 26d of the combustion chamber rests on one or more saddles 5a. From this it is evident the heat exchanger chamber and combustion chamber in the lower portion thereof is completely immersed in water when the tank is filled to its predetermined operative level which during operation varies between a high level 41a and a low level 41b (see FIG. 3). Water is supplied to the tank through a feed water solenoid valve 18 that is interconnected with a water level controller 50 and a variable timer 47 actuated by float controlled switches 51, 52. These control the flow of feed water and the water level of the boiling water in the water tank. The float control switches could be replaced by a level control unit 49 (shown in broken line in FIG. 3) having three probes that are activated by contact with the water surface. The level sensing means, as is apparent from this, may be located either in the main water tank or in an external chamber as shown. An overflow skimmer pipe 19 protects the water tank from overfilling. A feed water discharge outlet 23 is located so that the water therefrom discharges into the evaporative chamber 21. An outlet 24 is provided for the discharge of steam 12 via conduit means 44 to the steam distributor 6 and it also provides for condensate return via conduit 45. The overflow skimmer conduit 19 discharges into a drain 43 through a water seal 25. Feed water flows into the water tank 3 via a water pipe 38, shutoff valve 39, flow restrictor 40, solenoid valve 18, and the discharge outlet 23. The flow restrictor 40 is provided for controlling the flow rate of feed water and this along with solenoid valve 18, controller 50 and float switches 51 and 52 maintains the water in water tank 3 between the predetermined high and low water levels designated respectively 41a and 41b (FIG. 3). A manual drain valve 42 in drain pipe 22 is provided for the seasonal draining of the water tank 3 via drain pipe 43 to a common sewer line. The steam distributor 6 is a conduit with apertures or nozzles for distribution of the steam 12 into the air stream 11 passing through the air duct 7. The steam is delivered to the distributor 6 from outlet 24 via a steam pipe 44 and the condensate is returned via pipe 45. The water tank 3 has thermal insulation 29 on all surfaces thereon to minimize heat loss from the hot water for improved efficiency and reduced time to the start of steam production. A gaseous fuel 31 mixes with combustion air 32 in the forced draft fan 16. This mixture goes to the burner 13 and combustion is controlled by controller 10. Flow of the fuel 31 is regulated by the gas valve 14 controlled by the humidistat 1 through combustion controller 10 and flow of the combustion air 32 is regulated by the forced draft fan 16 which is also controlled by controller 10. The major portion of the heat from combustion of fuel is transferred from the combustion gases 30 to the water while the gases pass through the combustion chamber 4 and heat exchanger 2. The heat transfer to the water is through the two side walls 26a, 26b and top 26c of the heat exchanger (FIGS. 2, 3). The combustion gases, with the remainder of the heat therein, leave the heat exchanger via duct 5 to outdoors. The heat exchanger 2 contains a baffle means 15 that improves the heat transfer to the heat exchanger walls 26a and 26b. The two walls 26a, and 26b, of the heat exchanger that are in contact with the hot combustion gases may also be corrugated or provided with fins to further increase the heat transfer rate into the water in the tank. Baffle means 15 may be variously designed for maximizing heat transfer from the combustion gases to the water in the tank. In the embodiment illustrated a baffle is arranged to provide a primary zig-zag flow path represented in FIG. 4 by arrows A1, and a secondary or leakage flow path represented by arrows A2 in FIG. 5. While the present embodiment uses a rectangular water tank, it can be appreciated by those with skills in the art, that the same arrangement of the described parts and same results can be achieved with an alternative shaped water tank. The water tank 3, exhaust fan 16, and the flue discharge duct 5 are protected against overheating by a high temperature limit control switch 34 located near the exit of the heat exchanger in the flue discharge duct 5 and suitably connected to deactivate the system upon reaching an overheat situation. Further overheat protection is provided by a low water level float switch 53 suitably connected to deactivate the system upon reaching an abnormally low water level in the water tank 3. It can be appreciated, that if desired, the described gaseous fuel may be conveniently replaced by a liquid fuel to achieve the same result. If desired, a monitor, not shown, including sensors, processors, clock, timer, and displays may be provided to monitor and display the performance and operation of the humidifying system. Operation of the described embodiment of the present invention, when controlled by the modulating humidistat, is as follows. The modulating humidistat 1 continuously monitors the humidity load demand of the air 11 in air duct 7 and through combustion controller 10 regulates the operation of the burner 13 and of the proportional gas solenoid valve 14. The required combustion air 32 is forced through the burner by the forced draft fan 16. Combustion of the gaseous fuel 31 with combustion air 32 occurs at the burner 13 in the combustion chamber 4. Combustion of the fuel produces the process heat required for heating the water 37 to boiling temperature and for production of the required amount of steam 12 to be added to the air stream 11 in the air duct 7 through the steam distributor 6. The required process heat is recovered and transferred from the hot combustion gases 30, passing through combustion chamber 4 into and through the heat exchanger walls 26a, and 26b, into the water 37 causing it to boil. The flue gases cool as they are forced through the combustion chamber 4 and heat exchanger 2 by the forced draft fan 16 and are discharged via the duct 5 to outdoors. The steam for humidification is produced in a cyclic evaporation process controlled by the modulating humidistat and carried out in water tank 3 at substantially atmospheric pressure in three operating periods. The first operating period involves the process steps of a continuous combustion of fuel and transfer of heat from combustion gases to boiling water, the evaporation of boiling water, separation of the produced steam from the boiling water, concentration of dissolved solids in the boiling water, and discharge of the produced steam out of the water tank. As the boiling water in the water tank 3 evaporates and the atmospheric steam is delivered to the steam distributor 6, concentration of the TDS (total dissolved solids) in the boiling water rises and the water level in the water tank slowly drops from the high water level point 41a to the low point 41b. The concentration of TDS in the boiling water increases in proportion to the volume of the water evaporated between the two water level points. When the water level drops to the low point 41b, the water level float switch 52 activates the feed water solenoid valve 18 to permit a controlled flow of feed water through the flow restrictor 40 into the water tank 3. Opening of the feed water solenoid valve starts the second operating period of the steam generation process cycle. The second operating period involves the process steps of a continuous flow of incoming feed water, a continuous combustion of fuel and transfer of heat from combustion gases to boiling water, separation of the produced steam from the boiling water, dilution of the TDS in the boiling water, and discharge of the produced steam out of the water tank. During the second operating period the heat transferred to the boiling water is used to heat the feed water to its boiling temperature and to produce the required steam. As the amount of available process heat is limited, the capacity to produce steam is reduced by the amount of heat used up in heating of the feed water to its boiling temperature. To permit the required minimum steam generation rate, the flow rate of feed water is limited by restrictor 40. Due to the incoming feed water, concentration of TDS in the boiling water drops. When the boiling water reaches the high water level point 41a, the high water level switch 51 activates a variable timer 47. This initiates the third operating period of the steam process cycle. The third is similar to the second, with the continuous flow of incoming feed water causing the level of the water in the tank to continue to rise until the level reaches an overflow skimmer pipe 19. The top edge of this skimmer 19 is located slightly above the high water level point 41a. Water flows out the overflow skimmer to drain for a predetermined time period, dependent on the known TDS concentration of the feed water, to reduce the TDS concentration of the water in the water tank. The end of the timed period deactivates the feed water solenoid valve 18 to complete the third operating period of the steam process cycle and start a new cycle. By the described correctly adjusted timed overflow period, concentration of the hard scale forming substances in the boiling water is maintained within their solubility limits with minimum overflow (blowdown) of the concentrated boiling water. An alternate method of controlling the amount of overflow water is shown in FIG. 3. In this method the upper edge of the overflow skimmer 19 is located slightly below the high water level 41a. During operating period 2, water flows into the skimmer 19 and fills a fixed volume blowdown chamber 27. At the end of operating period 2, the high water float control deactivates the feed water solenoid and activates a solenoid drain valve 46 to allow the water in the blowdown chamber 27 to flow through a strainer 28, and through the solenoid drain valve to drain 43, to end the cycle. The tank providing blow down chamber 27 is vented to atmosphere by vent pipe 27a. By maintaining the concentration of TDS in the boiling water within the solubility limits of the hard scale forming substances, the build up of the hard scale on the water tank walls is minimized and the clean up maintenance of the water tank during the operating season is minimized or avoided. While the preferred embodiment has been described with feed water containing TDS, it can be appreciated that the apparatus of the present invention can also operate effectively with deionized or reverse osmosis water. In the latter instance the variable timer 47 is switched off or the blowdown chamber 27 is eliminated. The boiling blowdown water may flow through a heat exchanger to preheat the incoming feed water to improve efficiency and also decrease the temperature of the drain water. The incoming feed water may be made to pass through a feedwater preheater, not shown, which may be of the storage type. The required heat for the feedwater preheater would be recovered and transferred from the hot combustion gases 30. This would improve efficiency and reduce the reduction in steam output caused by introducing cold feedwater. Combustion air 32 may be ducted from outside the building envelope by connecting a duct (not shown) to the forced draft fan 16. Some features of the water tank design to lengthen time between tank cleaning requirement include the following: extended surface areas of combustion chamber walls for low heat flux to reduce scale build up as would occur with a tubular combustion chamber configuration because of high temperatures and high heat concentration. vertical combustion chamber and heat exchanger walls to encourage scale to drop off during on-off cycling due to expansion and contraction of the combustion chamber walls. an area at the bottom of the tank to collect scale that drops off the walls of the water tank and combustion chamber that is not part of the heat exchange area and thus scale build up does not affect efficiency. relatively small surface boiling area so vigorous boiling agitates TDS to maximize solids removed by skimmer. For ease of cleaning the water tank and combustion chamber have large smooth surfaces with no hidden areas as would be unavoidable with a tubular heat exchanger design. In the foregoing there is described a single unit which can be designed in size to fit the requirements and situation at hand. On the other hand the unit could be designed to provide a preselected rate of steam production and the capacity could be increased by connecting two or more such units in parallel. The heat exchanger, combustion chamber and water container is effectively a modular unit and two or more such units can readily be connected in parallel and if desired enclosed in a common outer casing H1. As a further modification the output could be increased by an appropriate sized water tank perhaps 6 inches wider to accommodate a second combustion chamber/heat exchanger in the same water tank. A second system of gas controls and blower could operate independent of the first one so that one or the other or both burners could be operational at the same time. The operational advantage is that one of the burner systems could be shut off to achieve a lower output when required. In a still further modification two or more burners can be located in a single combustion chamber/heat exchanger unit. Suitable operational controls may be provided for operating one or the other burners for lower outputs or both at the same time for maximum output. The further modification referred to above is illustrated in FIG. 6 in which there are respective units G and H in a single water tank 3. While the unit illustrated is a stand alone humidifier it is obvious this modification is also applicable to the heating system type illustrated in FIG. 1. In FIG. 6 each combustion chamber/heat exchanger chamber and burner is a modular unit and the same as that described previously with reference to FIG. 5 or FIGS. 2 and 3.

5F

24

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION With further reference to the drawings, the anti-abduction device of the present invention is shown therein and indicated generally by the numeral 10. As will be appreciated from subsequent portions of this disclosure, the anti-abduction device of the present invention is designed and adapted to be worn about the arms of a child or other person. More particularly, in response to an abduction attempt, the person being accosted acts to locate an object and then extends his or her arms around the object after which the anti-abduction device 10 is interconnected between the arms so as to effectively secure the person about the object. Viewing the anti-abduction device 10 in more detail, it is seen that the same includes a pair of bracelets indicated generally by the numerals 12 and 14. Each bracelet in the preferred embodiment is formed of a molded, generally flexible and durable plastic material and is designed to be worn about the arm of a child or other person. Each of the bracelets 12 and 14 include a band portion that extend in a generally circular fashion but wherein there is provided an opening formed within the band that enables the respective bracelets to be laterally inserted onto or removed from the arm of a person. In addition, the band portion of each bracelet includes a particular curvature. That is, as seen in the drawings, each bracelet includes an outer surrounding surface that assumes a generally concave shape. In addition, the inner portions of the bracelets 12 and 14 is configured and shaped so as to assume a generally convex shape. Thus it is appreciated that because of the general flexible nature of the bracelets 12 and 14 that these bracelets can be disposed one over the other in such a fashion that the two bracelets will be effectively connected or associated together. One of the bracelets, bracelet 14, is provided with a lip 16. The lip 16 is formed about one edge of the bracelet 14 opposite the opening formed in the surrounding band of the bracelet. As will be appreciated from subsequent portions of this disclosure, the lip 16 assists the child or person in transferring bracelet 14 from one arm to another arm. The two bracelets 12 and 14 are interconnected by an interconnecting structure. In the embodiment disclosed herein, there is provided a pair of flexible cables 18 that are interconnected between the bracelets 12 and 14. In the case of the present design, each of the cables 18 are designed to retract and extend with respect to at least one of the bracelets 12 and 14. To achieve this function, in a simple and effective way, the embodiment shown herein includes a pair of slip grooves 20 formed in each bracelet 12 and 14. Each slip groves 20 functions to receive and hold a portion of each cable 18 and each cable is designed to slip or move through the slip grooves. In the design shown herein, each flexible cable includes a pair of opposed stops 18a formed on opposite ends of the cable. Each cable, in a retracted position, extends through at least one of the slip grooves 20 formed on a respective bracelet 12 or 14. The stops 18a retain the respective cables 18 within the slip grooves so as to prevent the cables from becoming disconnected from the bracelets themselves. That is, where the cables exit the slip grooves 20, each cable passes through an opening or aperature that is smaller than the stop 18a. Thus the stop 18a is prevented from exiting the slip groove 20. In a normal mode of use, the two bracelets 12 and 14 are worn about a single arm. In fact, bracelet 14 that includes the lip 16 is disposed or worn over the other bracelet 12. In this case, it is appreciated that the concave-convex shape enables the outer bracelet 14 to be effectively clipped or secured to the inner bracelet 12. In this mode, the respective cables 18 assume a generally retracted position within the bracelets. In the case of the embodiment shown in the drawings, the respective cables 18 are simply pushed or positioned within the slip grooves 20 such that a substantial portion of the cables 18 are contained within the slip grooves 20 of the respective bracelets 12 and 14. As will be appreciated from other portions of this disclosure, in this mode it is important for the lip 16 formed on the outer bracelet 14 to be positioned generally on the inner side of the arm. That is, the outer bracelet 14 is positioned such that the lip 16 faces the other arm. Therefore, it is appreciated that in a normal mode of operation, the two bracelets 12 and 14 are secured together and are worn in a concentric fashion about one arm. The basic premise of the present invention is that abduction attempts directed at children and others can be prevented by frustrating the abduction within the very early periods of the abduction attempt. In the present case, the anti-abduction device 10 is designed to aid a child or person, that is under the threat of an abduction attempt, to tie him or herself to an object such as a lamp post, tree, or other structure. In the sequence of drawings illustrated in FIGS. 2-9, the object is illustrated as being a pole or upright structure and is indicated by the numeral 22. In the case of an abduction attempt, the child or person identifies the object 22. As soon as this identification is made the child or person makes an effort to reach the object 22 and to extend both arms around the object as shown in FIG. 2. Note that the anti-abduction device 10 is being worn around the left arm about the wrist area. In particular, the bracelet 14 is snapped over and on to the inner bracelet 12 with the lip 16 of the outer bracelet 14 facing the other arm. Once the arms have been extended around the object 22, then the right hand of the person is inserted under the lip 16 as shown in FIG. 3. The right hand is then further extended through the outer bracelet 14 and in the process the outer bracelet 14 is pulled or separated from the inner bracelet 12. See FIG. 4. Continuing to refer to the drawings and FIG. 5, the right hand is slipped entirely through the outer bracelet 14 such that the bracelet rests around the right arm of the person in the wrist area. In this process, the bracelets 12 and 14 are complete separated. As indicated in FIG. 6 this separation has resulted in the extension of the cables 18 that effectively interconnects bracelets 12 and 14 together. To make it more difficult to remove the bracelets 12 and 14 from the arms of the person, it is suggested that one hand be rotated through a 360 degree turn so as to create a cross configuration of the cables as shown in FIG. 5. This procedure twists and creates tension on the flexible cables 18. Next the child or person clasps his or her hands together so as to tightly interlock the fingers and the thumbs. See FIG. 8. Immediately after clasping the hands together, the child or person pulls his or her hands towards the stationary object 22 and this has the affect of applying tension to the cables 18. Thus, the child or person is effectively tied or anchored to the object of 22 and this will have the effect of frustrating the criminal attempting to abduct the child or person. The bracelets 12 and 14 can be formed in various sizes and because of the flexible nature of the plastic construction used in the preferred embodiment, the arm sizes of the bracelets can be adjusted by simply closing or opening the bracelets. While plastic may be a preferred or desirable material for the bracelets, other materials may be used as well. In any event, it may be appropriate to line the inner surfaces of the bracelets 12 and 14 with a relatively soft material such as foam or cloth. This will avoid scrapping, scratching or chaffing the wrist. As discussed above, the respective bracelets 12 and 14 are interconnected by one or more cable type devices. As used herein, the term cable means any flexible or pliable connectors such as a band, string, etc. Also in the preferred embodiment it is contemplated that the cable structure would assume the form of a plastic coated steel cable. In this disclosure, the interconnecting structure shown is a pair of cables. But it will be appreciated that other types and forms of connectors can be used to interconnect, attach or lock the bracelets before or after the arms have been extended around the object. The cables illustrated herein are one example of suitable connecting means. Also, the bracelets can be incorporated with identification information that may assist in the future location of abducted or lost children. This can be achieved by the purchaser of the anti-abduction device completing a form identification card with certain identification information such as name and phone number as well as the serial number of the particular anti-abduction device. This information can be returned and entered into a central data base and stored. It is contemplated that the bracelets would be provided with a toll free phone number. A person finding the bracelets would call the toll free number and the parents of the lost child and/or police would be immediately contacted. From the foregoing specification, it is appreciated that the anti-abduction device 10 of the present invention can be readily worn by a child or other person and that it does provide a practical and effective deterrent towards child abduction. The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other specific ways than those herein set forth without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended Claims are intended to be embraced therein.

4E

05

B

WORKING AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example: Producing an Aqueous Preparation for Verifying the Coating Properties with Bismuth Complex 42.60 parts of a 40% cationic electrocoating dispersion (CathoGuard® 520, commercial product from BASF Coatings GmbH) are mixed with 49.94 parts of DI water. Then 6.12 parts of an aqueous pigment preparation (CathoGuard® 520 pigment paste, commercial product of BASF Coatings GmbH) are added together with 1.34 parts of an aqueous bismuth L(+)-lactate solution, with stirring. Inventive Examples 2, 3, and 4 Examples: Modifying the Pigment Paste and Producing an Aqueous Preparation for Verifying the Coating Properties with Bismuth Complex and Core-Shell Particles Having a Silicone Core An aqueous pigment paste based on the formula of a customary composition for use in electrocoating material (CathoGuard® 520 pigment paste, commercial product from BASF Coatings GmbH) is prepared. In this pigment paste formulation, 1%, 5%, or 10% of the grind resin typically employed, based on the solids content, is replaced, and a product is used that comprises core-shell particles, containing a silicone core (KANE ACE MX 960), and aqueous pigment pastes are produced as described above. The fractions of the product containing core-shell particles in the modified pigment paste formulation are 0.71% in example 2, 3.54% in example 3, and 6.97% in example 4. 42.60 parts of a 40% cationic electrocoating dispersion (CathoGuard® 520, commercial product from BASF Coatings GmbH) are mixed with 49.94 parts of DI water. TABLE 1Compositions of the test baths (allfigures in parts by weight)ComparativeInventiveInventiveInventiveexample 1example 2example 3example 4DI water49.9449.9449.9449.94Binder dispersion42.6042.6042.6042.60CathoGuard ® 520Pigment paste6.12(CathoGuard ® 520)Pigment paste(based onCathoGuard ® 520,containing 6.97%Kane Ace 156)Pigment paste6.12(based onCathoGuard ® 520,containing 0.71%Kane Ace 960)Pigment paste6.12(based onCathoGuard ® 520,containing 3.54%Kane Ace 960)Pigment paste6.12(based onCathoGuard ® 520,containing 6.97%Kane Ace 960)Bismuth L(+)-1.341.341.341.34lactate 11.9% Bi Then 6.12 parts of the aqueous pigment preparations described above are added together with 1.34 parts of an aqueous bismuth L(+)-lactate solution, with stirring. Results: Surface Quality/Defects The defects in the grey coating that are formed in particular on aluminum substrates are rendered visible by means of a test. In this test, a further application of a black electrocoat material is carried out on the panels coated and baked as stipulated. After rinsing and baking, the defects (pinholes) appear black, since at these locations the actual coating has holes. Evaluation takes place by counting the defects within one cm2on each of the test panels (table 2). TABLE 2Number of pinholes on a 1 cm2area of thetest panels in questionComparativeInventiveInventiveInventiveexample 1example 2example 3example 4Number of5648123defects[per cm2] Corrosion Control TABLE 3Results for corrosion/delamination after10 days CASS test on aluminum (Copper AcceleratedAcetic Acid Salt Spray Test acc. to DIN EN ISO9227 CASS)ComparativeInventiveInventiveInventiveexample 1example 2example 3example 4Corrosion/1.5210.9delamination[mm] TABLE 4Longest thread after 42 days filiformtest on aluminum (Filiform acc. to DIN EN 3665)ComparativeInventiveInventiveInventiveexample 1example 2example 3example 4Longest7.88.35.54thread [mm]

2C

9

D

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S) The invention will be described in one embodiment in reference to the incorporation of the invention in a converter which converter forms block-sealed, side-gussetted, bottom-weld, square-bottom bags. The invention forms the angle seals which results in the square bottom The techniques for forming the bags per se from continuous film are well known in the art and need not be described in detail. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2; a bag which has been removed from a block of sealed bags is the product of the preferred embodiment. The sealer is shown generally at 30 in FIG. 3. The sealer is fixedly secured to a state-of-the-art converter 32. The sealer comprises two sealing shoe assemblies 40a and 40b including two sealing shoes and a sealing assembly 50. The sealing assembly comprises a housing and two wire assemblies 80a and 80b. A T-track 36 is secured to the sides of the converter and a cross member 38 is secured to plates 34a and 34b; and the plates, in turn, are secured to the sides of the converter. Typically, multiple sealers 30 will be used. In FIG. 3, only one sealer 30 is fully shown. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, the sealing shoe assemblies are shown in greater detail. The assemblies 40a and 40b being identical, only one will be described in detail. The sealing shoe assembly 40a is carried on the track 36. A shoe slide 42a is disposed below the T-track. Two spring loaded shafts 44c and 44d pass through the shoe slide and are fastened to the track 36 by a wing nut screw assembly 46a. Received on the depending ends of the shafts 44c and 44d is a sealing shoe 48a. The spring loaded shafts bias the shoe 48a upwardly. The sealing shoe assembly 40a may be adjusted transversely to the direction of travel of the film by the wing nut screw assembly 46a. Referring to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, the sealing assembly 50 comprises a housing which supports two wire assemblies. The housing comprises an upper plate 52 characterized by two substantially U-shaped openings 54a and 54b. Depending from one side of the plate 52 is a wall 56 having two wheels 58a and 58b journaled thereto. These wheels engage a track 60 of the cross member 38. Depending from the other side of the plate 52 is a wall 62, a bearing 64 journaled to the inner surface of the wall 62, which rides on a bearing surface 66 of the cross member 38. Joined to the outer surface of the wall 62 is an L-shaped clamp bracket 68 which passes under the cross member 38. A clamping screw 70 engages the underside of the cross member 38. Extending inwardly from the opposed facing surfaces of the walls 56 and 62 are elongated rectangular support members 70a and 70b. The support members include pairs of spaced tapped holes whereby the two wire assemblies may be adjustably secured. The wire assemblies 80a and 80b are mirror image identical and only one will be described in detail. The assembly 80a comprises a base plate 82a which includes pairs of tapped holes 84a by which the plate 82a is secured to the members 70a and 70b. This adjustable feature is shown in FIG. 8. The plate is further characterized by an extended slotted arm 86a to which is secured a post 88a and extending planar finger 90a. Fastened to the plate 82a is an electromagnet 92a, its upper surface having an elongated rubber strip 94a received therein. The upper surface of the magnet lies in substantially the same plane as the upper surface of the plate 52. A post 96a is joined to the plate 82a and extends upwardly therefrom To the post is fastened a planar electrode 98a which is joined to a hollow, stainless steel wire 100a at one end. At the other end this electrode 98a is biased upwardly. The other end of the hollow, stainless steel wire 100a is joined to a post 102a. The wire 100a is in register with the resilient surface 94a of the magnet 92a. The wire 100a and electrode 98a lie in a plane spaced above the plane of the upper surface of the plate 52. Referring to FIG. 4, a thin sleeve of teflon 104a (shown in dotted lines) overlies the upper surface of the plate 54 and the upper surface of the electromagnet 92a. This sleeve of teflon is engaged to the flat finger 90a and lies on both sides of the electrode 98a and stainless steel wire 100a. This improves the longevity of the wire and upper surface of the electromagnet and also enhances movement of the film. The post 88a is adjustable whereby the sleeve may be moved when wear patterns appear. As shown in FIG. 8, the plates 82a and 82b, and thereby the electromagnets and wires they support, are adjustable laterally to accommodate films of different widths. The sealing shoe assemblies 40a and 40b are also adjustable on the T-bar 36 whereby registration of the shoes with the wires is ensured. Wires are connected to the posts 96a and 102a and 96b and 102b and to a power source. The electromagnets 92a and 92b are also suitably connected to a power source. These power connections are schematically shown in FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, the limit switch LS receives a signal from the converter which basically is when the film has been temporarily stopped for sealing and cutter operations. The associated control relays CR's and control timers CT's energize and deenergize the electromagnets 92a and 92b. This sequence occurs before the next signal from the converter which corresponds to the film stopping for the next cutting and sealing operation. The ON/OFF switches are manual and during normal operations are all on the ON position. In the formation of film in a converter, usually a single flattened film is slit to form parallel flattened tubular films. The film edges are sealed when slit as is well known. There may be, for example, four flat tubular films moving through the converter side by side. The films are stopped in timed sequence. When the films is stopped, it is when apertures, bottom welds et cetera and the seals of the invention are formed. In the use of the apparatus and operation of the process, the T-bar 36 and cross member 38 are bolted or otherwise secured to the sides 32 of a converter, usually just upstream of the location where the bottom welds are formed The sealing shoe assemblies are placed on the T-bar 36. The sealing assemblies 50 are secured on the cross member 38. Referring to FIG. 7, flattened tubular side-gussetted film 110 overlays the plate 52. The following description is for sealing one side of the film, the sealing of the other side being identical The upper ply 112a is supported on the film 104a and travels over the guide finger 90a, wire 100a, electrode 98a and under the sealing shoe 48a. The lower ply 114a travels under the film 104a, the guide finger 90a, wire 100a, electrode 98a and over the upper surface of the plate 52 upper surface of the electromagnet 92a. The wire 100a is a hollow, stainless steel wire 31/2" in length, the film is HDPE one (1) mil thick the current passing through the wire is 12 amps, the source of power 1-4 volts. The current remains unchanged during formation of the bags. The voltage applied to each electromagnet 92a is 24 volts which draws the sealing shoe into clamping position. The timing of the actuation of the electromagnets is synchronized with the other sealing and cutting operation of the converter. When the film stops, the electromagnet 92a is energized and the plate 48a is drawn downwardly bringing the plies 112a and 114a into contacting sealing engagement with the wire 101a. The wire 101a being resilient is also carried downwardly, its motion stopped by the electromagnet 92a. While the plate 48a, plies 112a and 114a, wire 100a and electromagnet 92a are in this clamped position, thermal energy is transferred to the plies forming the angle seals in the plies. Substantially, all the thermal energy or heat is transferred. The seals are shown in FIG. 2. The electromagnetic 48a is deenergized and is moved to its upwardly based position and the film continues on its travel. No change is made to the current applied to the element. Although the ply will travel across the element 101a as the film 110 is moved, the film will not become tacky. The invention has been described with reference to a specific film, heated wire and method of assembly for a square-bottom, side-gussetted, bottom-sealed bag. The element may be at any angle with reference to the longitudinal axis of the bags being formed from 0 to 180.degree.. Referring to FIG. 10, in another embodiment of the invention, a block-sealed T-shirt bag is shown at 200 and comprises bags 202. Each bag is joined to a punched hanger 204, which hanger is characterized by holes 206 and a seal line 208. Spaced apart from the seal line are release lines 210a and 210b. Releasably joined to the hanger 204 at the release lines are the bags 202. The bags have a crescent shaped opening 212 formed in the outer facing side thereof, according to the teachings of my prior invention, and a bottom seal 214. A rectangular shaped opening 216 is formed by a die thus defining hanger straps 218a and 218b. Seal lines 220a and 220b are formed in the top portions of the straps 218a and 218b. The seal lines 108, the holes 206, the release lines 210a and 210b, and rectangular opening 212 are formed by steps each of which is known in the prior art. The transverse seals 220a and 220b are formed according to the inventive device and process disclosed herein. Thus, in this embodiment there is provided a easily releasable T-shirt bag which heretofore has not been available in the prior art in the configuration described. FIG. 11 illustrates a sealer 230 which is used to form the seals 220a and 220b. This sealer is the same as the sealer of FIGS. 2-8 except the hot wires 230a and 230b are at right angles to the direction of travel of the film and the sealing shoes and electromagnet are reset accordingly. Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, in still another embodiment of the invention, the sealer of FIGS. 2-8 has been modified by extending a hot wire 300 from one to the other side of a sealer 302. The neck portion of the plate 52 is removed to form an opening 304. An electromagnet 306 and a sealing shoe 308 extend across and are in register with the hot wire 300. The plate 82a and 82b are simply batted together to support the electromagnet 306. As shown in FIG. 13, two flattened films 310 and 312, they may or may not be tubular and/or they may or may not be side-gussetted, travel between the shoe 308 and wire 300 and the wire 300 and the electromagnet 304 respectively. The electrode post supporting the wire is not shown for clarity. This embodiment allows two welds or seals to be formed simultaneously in two separate films with an intermediate hot wire.

1B

31

B

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Below, description is made about embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings. -First Embodiment- FIG. 4 shows the entire structure of a rotary compressor (1) according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The rotary compressor (1) is provided with a motor (3) disposed at an upper portion within an enclosed casing (2) and a compressing element (4) located below the motor (3), and is so composed that the compressing element (4) is driven into rotation by rotation of a driving shaft (5) extending from the motor (3). The compressing element (4) includes a cylinder (6) having a cylinder room (6a) inside thereof, a front head (7) and a rear head (8) which are respectively disposed at upper and lower openings of the cylinder (6) and form side housings for closing the upper and lower openings, and a piston (9) rotatably disposed inside the cylinder room (6a). The driving shaft (5) is supported at its lower portion by bearing parts provided at both the heads (7, 8). As shown in FIG. 3, the inner periphery of the cylinder room (6a) is formed in the shape of a circle in section, while the piston (9) is formed annularly. A decentered shaft part (5a) of the driving shaft is rotatably fit into the inner periphery of the piston (9). An axis of the decentered shaft part (5a) is decentered by a fixed amount from the central axis of the driving shaft (5). When the driving shaft (5) rotates, the piston (9) is not rotated on its axis but only revolved around the driving shaft (5). At this time, the piston (9) revolves along the outer periphery of the cylinder room (6a) in a state that one point of the outer periphery of the piston (9) is contacted with the outer periphery of the cylinder room (6a) or located in the vicinity of it. On the central axis side of the driving shaft (5), an oil supply path (10) is provided which is open toward an oil reservoir (2a) located at the bottom of the casing (2). The oil supply path (10) is provided with a pump element (11) located on its inlet side, and an intermediate outlet which is open at a surface where the decentered shaft part (5a) slides on the piston (9), that is, in the cylinder room (6a). The oil supply path (10) supplies a lubricating oil lifted from the oil reservoir (2a) by the pump element (11) into the cylinder room (6a) through the intermediate outlet. Further, the cylinder (6) is provided with an inlet port (21) which is open at the outer periphery of the cylinder room (6a). The inlet port (21) is connected to an inlet pipe (2b) extending from the outside of the enclosed casing (2). As shown in FIG. 2, the front head (7) and the rear head (8) are provided with circular discharge ports (22, 22) respectively which are open at top and bottom walls of the cylinder room (6a) respectively. Each of the discharge ports (22) is provided with a discharge valve (23) which opens when a pressure in the cylinder room (6a), more specifically, a pressure in the below-mentioned high pressure room (35) rises to a set value or more. Each of the discharge valves (23) has a valve element (23a) for opening and closing the discharge port (22) and a valve stopper (23b) which contacts the valve element (23a) to control the opening thereof when the valve element (23a) is opened by a set amount or more. In the cylinder (6), a column-like bush hole (24) as a support hole is formed which passes through the cylinder (6) in an axial direction at a position between the inlet port (21) and the discharge ports (22). The bush hole (24) has an opening (24a) which is open toward the cylinder room (6a). As shown in FIG. 4, the enclosed casing (2) is connected at an upper portion thereof to an external discharge pipe (2c). Together with the piston (9), a blade (31) which protrudes and extends from the outer periphery of the piston (9) in its radial direction is integrally formed. The blade (31) is formed into one piece with the piston (9) or is formed by a separate member in such a manner that the blade (31) is joined to the piston (9) by male-female fit or is bonded to the piston (9) through an adhesive agent or the like. The blade (31) is inserted at its end into the bush hole (24). In the bush hole (24), a pair of swing bushes (32, 32) each having the shape of a semicircle in section are swingably disposed. Both the swing bushes (32, 32) are arranged so as to interpose the end of the blade (31) therebetween and allow the blade (31) to move forward and backward in the bush hole (24), and are composed so as to swing in the bush hole (24) together with the blade (31). The blade (31) divides the cylinder room (6a) located between the inner periphery of the cylinder (6) and the outer periphery of the piston (9) into a low pressure room (34) communicating with the inlet port (21) and a high pressure room (35) communicating with each of the discharge ports (22). The piston (9) revolves along the outer periphery of the cylinder room (6a) with supported by the swing bush (32) as a supporting point through the blade (31) formed integrally with the piston (9). The piston (9) compresses a fluid such as a refrigerant gas sucked from the inlet port (22) at every one revolution and discharges it from each of the discharge ports (22). In the vicinity of the discharge ports (22), a through hole (36) which passes through both the heads (7, 8) and the cylinder (6) is formed. The fluid discharged from the lower discharge port (22) is introduced to the upper side, that is, above the compressing element (4) via the through hole (36). As one of features of the present invention, which is shown in FIG. 1, the discharge ports (22) are formed in the front head (7) and the rear head (8) respectively, and are disposed to be located in the proximity of the blade (31) and to communicate with the high pressure room (35). More specifically, each of the discharge ports (22) is disposed so that its semicircular portion overlaps with an outer peripheral edge of the swing bush (32) on the high pressure room (35) side from the blade (31) and an inner peripheral edge of the cylinder (6) adjacent to the outer peripheral edge of the swing bush (32). In the swing bush (32) and the cylinder (6), a guide part (4A) is provided for guiding a high-pressure fluid in the high pressure room (35) into the discharge port (22). The guide part (4A) is composed of a pair of upper and lower cut parts (41, 41) formed by cutting away respective overlapped portions of the discharge ports (22) with upper and lower outer peripheral edges of the swing bush (32) and upper and lower inner peripheral edges of the cylinder (6). Each of the cut parts (41) has the shape of a semi-cone that its periphery increasingly extends as it becomes close to the discharge port (22). -Compressing Operation- Next, description is made about a compressing operation of the rotary compressor (1) of the first embodiment. First, when the driving shaft (5) is drivingly rotated, the piston (9) swings around the center of the bush hole (24) as a supporting point, that is, makes only a revolving movement since the piston (9) is formed integrally with the blade (31). In other words, under a condition that a state that the blade (31) sinks most profoundly into the bush hole (24) is set to a revolution angle (swing angle) of 0 degree, the piston (9) revolves along the inner periphery of the cylinder (6). During one revolution of the piston (9), the fluid flowing from the inlet port (21) into the cylinder room (6a) is compressed and is then discharged from the discharge port (22) into the enclosed casing (2). During the above compressing operation, the fluid in the high pressure room (35) is compressed up to a highly pressurized state, since the discharge port (22) is provided at both the heads (7, 8) and is arranged in the proximity of the blade (31). Further, the high-pressure fluid in the high pressure room (35) is guided into the cut part (41) and flows into the discharge port (22), so that the high-pressure fluid is smoothly discharged from the discharge port (22). In particular, since the fluid in the high pressure room (35) moves along the inner periphery of the cylinder (6), the fluid flows along the cut part (41) from the inner periphery of the cylinder (6), flows into the discharge port (22) and is discharged from the discharge port (22). -Effects of First Embodiment- According to the first embodiment, the discharge port (22) can be disposed as close as possible to a position that one revolution of the piston (9) is completed (position of the piston shown in FIG. 1 whose revolution angle is 360 degrees), a revolution angle that the discharge valve (23) completes the discharge of a fluid can be delayed. As a result, a revolution distance from the closing of the discharge valve (23) to the completion of one revolution of the piston (9) can be shortened, so that invalid power after the closing of the discharge valve (23) is reduced. This enhances efficiency of the compressor. Furthermore, since the high-pressure fluid in the high pressure room (35) flows into the discharge port (22) along the cut part (41), flow resistance can be reduced thereby improving compression efficiency. In particular, since the cut part (41) is formed along the flow of the fluid in the high pressure room (35), flow resistance of the fluid can be securely reduced. This secures improvement of the compression efficiency. In addition, since a load from the high pressure room (35) side works on the swing bush (32) through the cut part (41) and is stopped by the swing bush (32) on the low pressure room (34) side, an ill effect due to the cut part (41) can be securely avoided. -Modification of First Embodiment- In the above-mentioned embodiment, the cut part (41) is formed across both of the swing bush (32) and the cylinder (6). However, as shown in FIG. 5, a pair of upper and lower cut parts (51) may be formed only in the cylinder (6). More specifically, when an overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the cylinder (6) is larger than an overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the swing bush (32), for example, when the overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the cylinder (6) occupies 70% to 95% of the entire overlapped portion of the discharge port (22), a pair of cut parts (51) may be formed only at upper and lower inner peripheral edges of the cylinder (6). In this case, a fluid in the high pressure room (35) flows along the cut parts (51) and is then smoothly discharged from the discharge ports (22). Thus, since the cut parts (51) are formed only in the cylinder (6), this eliminates the need for forming a cut part in the swing bush (32). Hence, the formation of the cut parts (51) can be facilitated and production cost can be reduced. -Second Embodiment- Next, description is made about a second embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. In this second embodiment, positions where cut parts are provided are different from those of the first embodiment. That is, the guide part (4A) is composed of a pair of cut parts (61) formed in the piston (9). More specifically, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, each of the discharge ports (22) substantially overlaps at its semicircular portion open toward the high pressure room (35) with the piston (9) when the piston (9) is at a position that its one revolution is completed. The cut parts (61) are each formed by cutting away an outer peripheral edge of the piston (9) which corresponds to an overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the piston (9). Since other structures except the cut parts (61) are the same as in the first embodiment, same parts refer to same reference numerals and detailed description is not made. According to the present embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the discharge ports (22) can be disposed as close as possible to a position that the piston (9) completes its one revolution. Hence, a revolution angle that the discharge valve (23) completes the discharge of a fluid can be delayed and invalid power of the piston (9) can be effectively reduced, thereby accomplishing high compression efficiency. Further, since the high-pressure fluid in the high pressure room (35) flows into the discharge port (22) along the cut parts (61), flow resistance can be reduced thereby improving compression efficiency. In particular, since the piston (9) does not rotate on its axis, the discharge port (22) and the cut part (61) can securely overlap with each other during discharge of the fluid. This secures smooth discharge of the fluid flowing into the discharge port (22). -Third Embodiment- Next, description is made about a third embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9. In this third embodiment, positions and shapes of cut parts are different from those of the first embodiment. That is, the guide part (4A) is composed of a pair of cut parts (71) formed across the cylinder (6), the swing bush (32) and the piston (9). In other words, this embodiment is a combination of the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. More specifically, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, each of the discharge ports (22) overlaps at its one semicircular portion with the swing bush (32) on the high pressure room (35) side and the cylinder (6) and substantially overlaps at the other semicircular portion open toward the high pressure room (35) with the piston (9) when the piston (9) is at a position that its one revolution is completed. The cut parts (71) are each formed by cutting away an outer peripheral edge of the swing bush (32), an inner peripheral edge of the cylinder (6) and an outer peripheral edge of the piston (9) in the shape of a cone. Since other structures except the cut parts (71) are the same as in the first embodiment, same parts refer to same reference numerals and detailed description is not made. According to the present embodiment, as in the first and second embodiments, the discharge ports (22) can be disposed as close as possible to a position that the piston (9) completes its one revolution. Hence, a revolution angle that the discharge valve (23) completes the discharge of a fluid can be delayed and invalid power of the piston (9) can be effectively reduced, thereby accomplishing high compression efficiency. Further, since the high-pressure fluid in the high pressure room (35) flows into the discharge port (22) along the cut parts (71), flow resistance can be reduced thereby improving compression efficiency. Furthermore, since the piston (9) does not rotate on its axis, the discharge port (22) and the cut part (71) of the piston (9) can securely overlap with each other during discharge of the fluid. This secures smooth discharge of the fluid flowing into the discharge port (22). -Other Embodiments- The present invention is not limited to the abovementioned embodiments, that is, includes various kinds of modifications. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, each of the discharge ports (22) may be disposed at a position that does not overlap with the swing bush (32) and the cylinder (6) and in the proximity of the blade (31), so as to communicate with the high pressure room (35). In this case, as in the second embodiment, the cut parts (61) are each formed by cutting away an outer peripheral edge of the piston (9) which corresponds to an overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the piston (9). In the third embodiment, the cut parts (71) are each formed across the swing bush (32), the cylinder (6) and the piston (9). However, in the case that an overlapped portion of the discharge port (22) with the cylinder (6) occupies a larger part of the entire overlapped portion as in the above-mentioned modification of the first embodiment, a pair of upper and lower cut parts are alternatively formed by cutting away the cylinder (6) and the piston (9) in the shape of a cone. In the above-mentioned embodiments, the discharge ports (22) are formed in the front head (7) and the rear head (8) respectively. Alternatively, the discharge port may be formed only in the front head (7) or only in the rear head (8). INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY As mentioned so far, the rotary compressor according to the present invention is useful for a compressor in which a piston and a blade are integrally formed.

5F

01

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention involves methods for the transformation and preparation of transgenic dandelion plants. An appropriate DNA sequence is selected for introduction into the dandelion plant cells. As useful gene for introduction into dandelion plant cells, the kinds of genes do not have to be limited. However, as a preferred example, rubber-biosynthesis related genes (rubber polymerase, cis-prenyltransferase, isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthase); medical proteins (albumin) can be exemplified. The sequence typically contains a gene of interest, a promoter functional to direct transcription of the gene, and a selectable marker to facilitate identification of the transformed plant cells. Examples of selectable markers include, but are not limited to, the neomycin phosphotransferase, hygromycin phosphotransferase , and EPSPS genes. Expression of the selectable marker confers resistance to a selective agent. Growth of plant cells on medium containing the selective agent allows phenotypic differentiation of the transgenic and non-transgenic plant cells. Cells lacking the selectable marker are unable to grow in the presence of the selective agent. Explants are obtained from either dandelion cultures grown in micropropagation media or from pot-grown dandelion leaves. The explants are placed onto preculture plates and placed under mixed white and red lights (1:1) prior to transformation. Co-culturing of leaf explants and a liquid culture ofAgrobacterium tumefaciensbacteria harboring the DNA plasmid is performed for approximately 15–30 minutes. The bacterial culture is removed, and the explants are briefly dried and stored in the dark or under low light conditions at approximately 22.degree. C. for about two days to continue co-culturing with theAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Explants are moved to shoot induction medium for about seven days at approximately 22.degree. C. The samples are kept under mixed white and red lights (1:1) during the incubation in shoot induction medium. The samples are transferred onto selection medium containing about 1% maltose and appropriate selective agents, and cultured for about three weeks. Subcultures are performed approximately every three weeks. Transformed explants produce green shoots and green callus. Explants containing green shoots and callus are selected for further processing. Shoots are rooted on rooting medium for about three to four weeks. Shoots are potted in soil to grow into dandelion plants. EXAMPLES Experimental Protocols The following protocols are included to specify conditions, components, and methods involved in the preparation of transgenic dandelion plants. One skilled in the art will recognize that changes to the compositions, concentrations, times, and steps may be made without deviating from the scope and spirit of the invention. Where alternative compositions or methods are available, they are indicated by different letters, e.g. media A, media B, method A, method B. Dandelion Transformation Protocol Stock Plant Preparation A Dandelion seeds are surface-sterilized in approximately 70% (volume/volume, v/v) ethanol for 30 sec in the bottle. The ethanol is removed and the seeds are soaked in approximately 1% (v/v) bleach with gentle agitation for about 15 minutes. The bleach is poured off and the leaves are rinsed thoroughly about 3–4 times with sterilized distilled water. Seeds are germinated and in vitro cultured in the sterile bottles containing seedling medium (Table 1). Over one month-old seedlings are used as stock plants for leaf and root explants. TABLE 1Seedling mediumComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)4.4 g/Lsucrose30 g/LPhytagel0.2% (w/v) Stock Plant Preparation B Stock plants are also grown in pots containing soil mixture (peat:vermiculite:perite=1:1:1) in the greenhouse. The leaves or roots are surface sterilized by rinsing in water in a sterile bottle. The leaves or roots are then briefly immersed in approximately 70% (v/v) ethanol for 30 sec in the bottle. The ethanol is removed and the leaves are soaked in approximately 1% (v/v) bleach with gentle agitation for about 15 minutes. The bleach is poured off and the leaves are rinsed thoroughly about 3–4 times with sterilized distilled water. Explant Preparation/Pre-Incubation The leaves and roots of stock plants are placed in a petri plate with droplets of sterile water. Explants of leaves (ca. 0.5 cm in diameter) and of roots (ca. 0.5 cm in length) were excised from dandelion plants. Approximately 15 to 20 explants per plate are positioned with the adaxial surface down onto pre-incubation medium (Table 2). The plates are incubated under mixed white and red lights for about 6 days at about 22.degree. C. TABLE 2Pre-incubation mediumComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)4.4 g/Lα-naphthalene acetic acid0.1 mg/L6-benzyladenine2.0 mg/Lacetosyringone0.1 mMbetaine50 mg/Lglucose20 g/Lsucrose30 g/LPhytagel0.2% (w/v)pH adjusted to 5.2 AgrobacteriumPreparation Agrobacteriumis cultured overnight from a frozen stock in 50 ml media containing rifampicin, and kanamycin (denoted LB-KR, Table 3) until the optical density at 660 nanometers reaches to about 0.8. The overnight culture is centrifuged, and the pellet is suspended in 50 ml induction solution (Table 4). The suspended culture is incubated for 1 h at 28° C. ThisAgrobacteriumculture is used as the inoculum. TABLE 3LB-KR mediumComponentConcentrationSodium chloride10 g/LTryptone10 g/LYeast extract5 g/LDifco bacto agar15 g/L TABLE 4Induction solutionComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)2.2 g/LMES0.5 g/Lacetosyringone0.1 mMbetaine50 mg/Lglucose20 g/Lsucrose30 g/LpH adjusted to 5.2 Inoculation/Co-Cultivation After the six-day pre-incubation period, the leaf or root explants are then incubated in the tube with theAgrobacteriumsuspension for about 15–30 minutes. EnoughAgrobacteriumsuspension is added to just cover explants. The tissue is blotted on a sterile WHATMAN filter paper (WHATMAN is a registered trademark of Whatman International, Ltd., Hillsboro, Oreg.) and placed on co-cultivation plates containing pre-incubation medium (Table 2). The plates are then incubated in the dark for about 2 days at approximately 22.degree. C. Shoot Induction before Hygromycin Selection After the approximately 2 day co-culture period, the explants are washed with washing solution (Table 5), briefly dried, and transferred to shoot induction medium (Table 6). The explants are incubated on these plates for 7 days at approximately 22–25.degree. C. TABLE 5Washing solutionComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)2.2 g/LAscorbic acid0.25 g/Lsucrose15 g/Lcefotaxim250 mg/LpH adjusted to 5.8 TABLE 6Shoot induction mediumComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)4.4 g/Lα-naphthalene acetic acid0.1 mg/L6-benzyladenine2.0 mg/Lmaltose10 g/Lsucrose30 g/Lcefotaxim250 mg/LPhytagel0.2% (w/v)pH adjusted to 5.8 Selection Method After 7 days, the leaves are transferred to selection medium (Table 7). The explants are cultured at about 22.degree. C. and in mixed white and red lights (1:1). The explants are subcultured to fresh medium every two weeks. Shoots are rooted on root induction medium (Table 8). The rooting step may take 4–5 weeks. Regenerated plants are potted into 3-inch pots containing a mixture of peat, vermiculite and perite (1:1:1). The containers are covered with plastic wrap for 3 days. Subsequently, several holes were made on the cover of plastic wrap to allow for airflow for 3 more days. The wrap is partially opened after 6 days and plants stay under half-opened cover for an additional 10 to 15 days. Plants are then transplanted into 6-inch pots containing a mixture of peat, vermiculite and perite (1:1:1). Greenhouse temperatures range from about 20–25.degree. C. TABLE 7Selection mediumComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)4.4 g/Lα-naphthalene acetic acid0.1 mg/L6-benzyladenine2.0 mg/Lmaltose10 g/Lsucrose30 g/Lcefotaxim250 mg/Lhygromycin25 mg/LPhytagel0.2% (w/v)pH adjusted to 5.8 TABLE 8Root induction mediumComponentConcentrationMS salts/vitamins (DUCHEFA M 0222)4.4 g/Lα-naphthalene acetic acid0.1 mg/L6-benzyladenine2.0 mg/Lmaltose10 g/Lsucrose30 g/Lcefotaxim250 mg/LPhytagel0.2% (w/v)pH adjusted to 5.8 The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 Effect of Phyto-hormones on Dandelion Regeneration Table 9 displays percentage of leaf explants displaying adventitious shoot formation after four weeks of culture on seedling media (Table 1) containing 6-benzyladenine or kinetin in combination with α-naphthalene acetic acid at different concentrations. Parentheses indicate the number of regenerated shoots per explant. Combinations of 1 or 2 mg/l 6-benzyladenine and 0.1 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid were the most suitable for shoot regeneration of dandelion, based on the percentage of explants displaying shoot formation, the number of regenerated shoots per leaf explant, and regenerated leaf morphology (Table 9). In contrast, a combination of either 0.05 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid and 1.0 mg/l kinetin or 0.1 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid and 2.0 mg/l kinetin was also suitable for dandelion shoot regeneration (Table 9). TABLE 9α-Naphthaleneacetic acid6-Benzyladenine (mg/L)Kinetin (mg/L)(mg/L)00.250.51.02.000.51.02 .03.0010.060.075.085.099.910.099.999.995.099.9(1.0)(21.2)(17.4)(17.4)(16.0)(1.0)(24.8)(22.7)(21.9)(14.7)0.10.063.099.999.999.90.096.799.999.999.9(0.0)(16.3)(23.8)(25.1)(17.4)(0.0)(19.8)(23.4)(23.6)(19.3)0.520.078.099.999.999.90.099.999.999.999.9(2.0)(12.0)(23.7)(20.4)(20.7)(0.0)(16.9)(16.8)(20.3)(25.5)1.00.097.088.083.099.95.099.999.995.599.9(0.0)(24.5)(21.7)(13.1)(8.5)(0.0)(8.1)(6.7)(13.4)(8.9)2.00.090.040.099.999.90.099.999.996.299.9(0.0)(3.6)(3.2)(5.9)(5.4)(0.0)(5.8)(9.8)(7.3)(8.1) EXAMPLE 2 Effect of Maltose on Shoot Regeneration Leaf explants derived from dandelion plants were cultured in shoot induction media containing no maltose (w/v) or 1% maltose (w/v) to compare the efficacy of maltose on shoot production. Table 10 demonstrates that maltose improves shoot production in comparison to no maltose. TABLE 10Maltose (%)# of Shoots per Explants016125 EXAMPLE 3 Effect of Explant Type on Regeneration Response Leaf or root explants derived from dandelion plants were cultured in shoot induction media to evaluate the effects of explant sources on regeneration. The results indicate that roots are better source of explants than leaves (Table 11). TABLE 11Explant tissue sourcesTissue typeDays required for shootingLeaves21Roots15 EXAMPLE 4 Effect of Incubation in Shoot Induction Medium before Selection on Transformation Efficiency Dandelion leaf explants were co-cultivated withAgrobacterium tumefaciensstrain EHA105 carrying a binary vector, pCAMBIA1301. The explants were transferred to shoot induction medium and incubated under mixed white and red lights for 7 days at approximately 22.degree. C. Afterwards, the explants were placed in selection medium containing 50 mg/L of hygromycin and selected for hygromycin resistant calli. Table 12 shows that 7 day incubation in shoot induction medium before hygromycin selection improves the transformation efficiency byAgrobacteriumup to 11%. TABLE 12# of Hygromycin ResistantDays of Incubation# of ExplantsCalli with shoots055011 (2%)755061 (11%) EXAMPLE 5 PCR of Dandelion Genomic DNA To confirm that the GUS gene is integrated in the dandelion genome in hygromycin-resistant plants, PCR was performed using genomic DNA as a template and primers specific for both the GUS gene and the 18S ribosomal protein as a control. A PCR product was observed with the 18S control, but not with GUS primers in wild type plants (FIG. 1). PCR products with both GUS and 18S primers were observed in hygromycin-resistant shoots, indicating that the GUS gene is integrated into the dandelion genome (FIG. 1). EXAMPLE 6 RT-PCR of Dandelion GUS Transcripts To further determine whether GUS is transcribed in hygromycin-resistant plants, RT-PCR was performed using primers specific for the gene. No PCR band was observed with wild-type dandelion RNA (FIG. 2A). RNA obtained from R1generation-transformed plants exhibited a 986 bp band (FIG. 2A), but except transgenic plant number 2, implying the presence of false-positive transgenic plants among hygromycin-resistant plants. Expression of the GUS gene in transgenic plant no. 3 was low relative to that in other transgenic plants (FIG. 2A), suggesting incomplete transformation or unstable expression. EXAMPLE 7 Progeny Data To stabilize GUS gene expression, we generated R2transgenic plants from the root tissues of R1plants. Roots were a better source for adventitious shoot induction than leaves as previously observed by other groups. RT-PCR analysis revealed similar levels of GUS expression in five independent R2transgenic lines (FIG. 2B), suggesting stabilized gene expression. Roots were induced from R2-transgenic shoots. Transgenic plants were transferred to soil pots and grown in the greenhouse. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention. References U.S. Patent Documents 6,274,791 * 8/2001Dhir et al.800/2786,483,013 * 11/2002Sonville et al.800/278 Other PublicationsBooth, A. et al. (1974) “Regeneration in root cutting ofTaraxacum officinale. I. Effects of exogenous hormones on root segments and root callus cultures” New Phytol., 73:453–460.Bowes B. G. (1970) “Preliminary observations on organogenesis inTaraxacum officinaletissue cultures” Protoplasma, 71:197–202.Ho, C. et al. (1998) “Desacetylmatricarin, an anti-allergic component fromTaraxacum platycarpum” Planta Medica, 64:577–578.Lee, M. H. et al. (2002) “Plant regeneration and effect of auxin and cytokinin on adventitious shoot formation from seedling explant ofTaraxacum platycarpum” Korean J. Plant Biotech., 29:111–115. [in Korean]Michalska, K. et al. (2003) “Sesquiterpene lactones fromTaraxacum obovatum” Planta Medica, 69:181–183.Yeo, S. E. et al. (2001) “Transformation ofTaraxacum mongolicumHand. byAgrobacterium tumefaciens” Korean J. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16:480–485. [in Korean]Yun, S. I. et al. (2002) “Anticoagulant fromTaraxacum platycarpum” Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 66:1859–864.Zielinska, K. et al. (2000) “Sesquiterpenoids from roots ofTaraxacum laevigatumandTaraxacum disseminatum” Phytochemistry, 54:791–794.

2C

12

N

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION With reference to the drawings, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described. FIGS. 1 through 7 show a small one-cylinder, four cycle engine 10 according to the present invention preferably having a displacement of between about 20 and 80 cubic centimeters. The engine 10 comprises a cylinder head assembly 12 and a piston 14 reciprocable in a cylinder block 16. The piston 14 is operatively connected to actuate an intake valve 18 and an exhaust valve 20. As shown in FIG. 2, reciprocation of the piston 14 imparts rotation to a cantilevered crankshaft 22 disposed in a crankcase 24 through a connecting rod 26, as is well known in the art. A crankgear 28 mounted on the crankshaft 22 in turn meshes with a camgear 30 mounted on a camshaft 32 in a valve drive chamber 34 of the crankcase 24 to drive a single lobe cam 36 at one-half engine speed. Rotation of the cam 36 is translated to reciprocable motion to reciprocate a pair of pushrods 38 and 40 by a pair of frog-leg shaped followers 42 and 43, as disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/021,496. The push rods 38 and 40 operate through rocker arms 44 and 46 to respectively actuate the exhaust valve 20 and the intake valve 18. Of course, one skilled in the art will appreciate that a conventional construction including tappets can be provided to perform the function of the followers 42 and 43. As shown in FIGS. 3 through 7, the cylinder head assembly 12 includes a unitary, die cast aluminum cylinder head 48 adapted to cooperate with the cylinder block 16, and a rocker box 50. The rocker box 50 is also a unitary die cast aluminum or magnesium part, and is adapted to at least partially house the rocker arms 44 and 46. The rocker box 50 has a first pair of holes 52 therethrough adapted to receive means, such as bolts or rocker studs, for connecting the rocker box to the cylinder head 48. In a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, rocker studs 54 extend through the cylinder head 48 to secure the entire cylinder head assembly 12 to the cylinder block 16. The rocker box 50 also has a second pair of holes 56 therethrough adapted to respectively receive a pair of valve guides 58 and 60 projecting from the cylinder head 48. A third pair of holes 62 are formed in the rocker box 50 for receiving the push rods 38 and 40. If the rocker box is formed from aluminum, the holes 62 can be cast in a generally oval shape, as shown in FIG. 3, to act as push rod guides. If the rocker box is formed from magnesium, stamped steel guide plates having generally oval holes therethrough are preferably added to act as push rod guides. The rocker box 50 is connected to the cylinder head 48 so as to define an air passage 64 therebetween through which cooling air may flow. The air passage 64 preferably extends between cross flow intake and exhaust ports 66 and 68, respectively, formed in the cylinder head 48. The cylinder head 48 has a plurality of cooling fins 70 which project into the air passage 64 between the cylinder head and the rocker box 50. In particular, a main cooling fin 72 projects rearwardly from a spark plug boss 74 and up into an expanding groove 76 formed in the bottom of the rocker box 50. All the cooling fins 70, including the main cooling fin 72, are aligned generally transversely to an imaginary line extending between the axes of the intake and exhaust valves 18 and 20. The cylinder head 48 also has drilled therein an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) port 77. The EGR port extends between the innermost sections of the intake port 66 and the exhaust port 68, and generally below the air passage 64. The EGR port 77 is preferably generally coaxial with the exhaust port and offset slightly from the axis of the intake port as viewed from above, although this arrangement may be reversed. The EGR port 77 preferably has a constant circular cross-section with a diameter of about 1.25 millimeters. Throughout the range of engine operation, and in particular at the normal operational speed of about 7-8000 rpm, approximately 10% of the total exhaust gases produced by the engine are drawn back through the EGR port 77 to the intake port 66 for mixing with the incoming fuel-air mixture. A pair of elongated push rod tubes 78 and 80 in which push rods 38 and 40 are respectively reciprocable are integrally formed with the rocker box 50. The push rod tubes 78 and 80 extend, externally of the cylinder block 16, from the rocker box 50 to sealingly cooperate with the valve drive chamber 34 of the crankcase 24. Both the cylinder head 48 and the rocker box 50 also have a plurality of horizontal cooling fins 82 disposed at least partially around their perimeters, preferably proximate the intake and exhaust ports 66 and 68 and adjacent the push rod tubes 78 and 80. Because the cylinder head and the rocker box of the present invention are discrete components that can be separately cast, the cylinder head assembly has relatively uniform wall thicknesses throughout, which facilitates engine cooling. As best shown in FIG. 2, the pin forming the camshaft 32 and a generally parallel pin forming a follower shaft 84 extend from a bracket or base member 86 to comprise a carrier 88. The base member 86 is preferably formed as an alloy steel powdered metal part. The cam gear 30 and the cam 36, which are preferably formed as a unitary powdered metal part, are rotatably supported on the camshaft 32. Likewise, the followers 42 and 43 are rotatably supported on the follower shaft 84. Together, the carrier 88, cam gear 30 and cam 36, and the followers 42 and 43 comprise a cam tower assembly. Because the shafts 32 and 84 extend from a common base member 86, rather than being secured separately to the cylinder block and/or the crankcase, the distance between the shafts is more closely controllable. This eliminates the assembly and tolerance problems involved in the conventional method of assembly where the cam and the follower are assembled as individual components on separate pins on the crankcase and the cylinder assembly, respectively. The present construction also eliminates potential oil leak areas often found in conventional designs where the walls were drilled to accept the pins therethrough. The cam tower assembly is preferably attached to the engine by means of two bolts or socket head screws 90 extending through open grooves in the base member 86 and into the crankcase 24. The crankcase can be either cored or drilled and tapped to accept the screws. This structure makes the cam tower assembly easily serviceable because with the removal of only the screws 90, the entire assembly can be removed from the cranckcase. While the cam tower assembly is shown in FIG. 2 with the base member 86 proximate the flywheel and the cam gear 30 proximate the cylinder block, it should be appreciated that a mirror image of this arrangement with the base member proximate the cylinder block and the cam gear proximate the flywheel is equally feasible. FIG. 8 shows that the axis 92 of the horizontal portion 94 of the intake port 66 is not aligned with the axis 96 of the vertical portion 98 of the intake port. Because of this offset intake port feature, the incoming fuel-air mixture is deflected or pre-swirled by the wall of the vertical portion 98 of the intake port around the stem of the intake valve, and continues to swirl as it is introduced into the combustion chamber. The swirling mixture thus created burns more quickly and/or completely when subsequently ignited by the spark plug. As an alternative to offsetting the intake port to induce a clockwise swirl in the cylinder as viewed from above, the intake port can be offset below the horizontal axis of the intake port so as to create a counterclockwise swirl. It should be understood that while the forms of the invention herein shown and described constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, they are not intended to illustrate all possible forms thereof. It should also be understood that the words used are words of description rather than limitation, and various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed.

5F

02

F

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 1, the general scheme of the invention is shown in a closed loop circuit although fluid may be input at the initial stage and exhausted after exiting the turbine if desired. The device shown in FIG. 1 has only four stages for ease of illustration only and it will be understood that the choice of number of stages is a design choice depending upon a number of design parameters. The invention is applicable to any fluid (i.e. gas or liquid). A first embodiment will be described in respect of a gas compression device and a second embodiment relating to liquid will be described thereafter pointing out the changes necessary to adapt the invention to liquid. In the first embodiment, gas is conveyed through a series of four stages in FIG. 1. The gas pressure is incrementally increased as the gas passes under the force of differential pressure between successive stages. The gas is input via intake conduit 10 to the initial stage 1 at an initial pressure P.cndot.. The gas is output via outlet conduit 14 from the final stage 4 at a final pressure P.sub.f. The output of each preceding stage 1, 2, and 3 is input to the succeeding stage 2, 3 and 4 respectively in series via intermediate conduits 11, 12 and 13. The gas pressure in each stage is incrementally increased. EXAMPLE 1 For example, if equal increments are chosen by design, the incremental change in pressure is one quarter the difference between the initial and final pressures P.cndot. and P.sub.f (.DELTA.P=P.sub.f -P.cndot.)/4) in FIG. 1. The intake and output pressures are as shown in Table 1 below: TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Stage Input Pressure Output Pressure ______________________________________ #1 P.sup..cndot. P.sup..cndot. + .DELTA.P #2 P.sup..cndot. + .DELTA.P P.sup..cndot. + 2.DELTA.P #3 P.sup..cndot. + 2.DELTA.P P.sup..cndot. + 3.DELTA.P #4 P.sup..cndot. + 3.DELTA.P P.sub.f = P.cndot. + 4.DELTA.P ______________________________________ It will be understood that the above example is for ease of understanding only. The incremental pressure increase .DELTA.P need not be of constant value and the dimensions of the compression chamber in each stage may vary. The gas at the final pressure P.sub.f is output from the final stage 4 to the inlet of an energy conversion means to convert the energy form as the pressurized gas passes through the energy conversion means. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a gas driven turbine 16 drives an electric generator 17. A turbine intake reservoir 18 may be positioned between the final stage 4 and the turbine 16 together with appropriate valve controls to enable the system to build up the final pressure P.sub.f to a level which is optimal for turbine 16 operation. The spent gas is output from the turbine 16 via conduit 15 at a relatively low pressure and may be stored in a turbine output reservoir 19 before being input to the initial stage 1 via intake conduit 10 thereby circulating the gas in a closed loop. The reservoirs 18 and 19 provide for balancing and initializing the system pressures for optimal operation of the turbine 16 and pressurization stages 1, 2, 3, and 4. To optimize energy generation the gas may be heated by a heat pump 20 and a heat exchanger in the intake reservoir 18 upstream of turbine 16 to the optimal gas temperature and pressure for the turbine 16 operation. A series array of sixteen 1-8 and 21-28 stages is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. The output from each preceding stage is input to the succeeding stage in series via conduits (11, 12, 13, etc.). A relatively rigid hollow grillage frame 29 is anchored to the sea floor with anchor cables 30. Each stage is then anchored to the frame 29 with vertical cables 31 and a network of mooring lines 32. In this way the complete array is maintained in a relatively fixed latitude, longitude and vertical position in which the frame 29 remains in relatively calm subsurface waters. The individual stages are free to follow the vertical motion of the waves on the ocean surface 33 as waves impinge upon the array. In the array shown, the prevalent wave direction is indicated with arrow A in FIG. 2. It is apparent that apart from their interconnection with mooring lines 32 the operation of all stages are independent. The hollow frame 29 may be used as a conduit to supply gas to the input conduit 10, act as the output reservoir 19, and prevent damage to the turbine output conduit 15. The hollow frame 29 is filled with gas and is therefore buoyant enough to maintain it's vertical position in the body of water. The turbine output conduit 15 connects to the frame 29 at a point sheltered from wave action. The input conduit 10 connects the frame 29 to the first stage 1. Referring to FIG. 4, the construction and operation of each stage is illustrated. For the purpose of illustration only, the reference numerals relate to the first stage 1, however, it will be understood that every stage is similar, the different input and output pressures dictating variations in piston and chamber dimensions and valve, conduit and float operation pressure. Gas at the initial pressure P.cndot. is input into the stage 1 or pressurization unit 1 via intake conduit 10 and is output to the succeeding stage 2 via conduit 11 at an incrementally increased pressure P.cndot.+.DELTA.P. A tide accommodating submerged float 40 is anchored to the rigid frame 29 by cable 31. The submerged float 40 has a central cylindrical chamber 41 capped at both ends with caps 42. The central piston shaft 43 is slidably guided by the central cap opening to rise and fall with the tide. The piston shaft 43 has a rigidly attached baffle plate 44. The baffle 44 may be perforated or may have a gap separating it from the chamber 41 walls. The baffle plate 44 assembly is surrounded by liquid (preferably of higher viscosity than water) within the chamber 41. As will be explained in detail below the submerged float 40 assembly allows the piston 46 to remain relatively stationary during wave encounters but allows the piston 46 to gradually rise and fall with the tide. As the tide rises and falls the piston head 46 engages the upper and lower ends of the compression chamber 47 under the action of waves and the piston head 46 gradually rises and falls with the tide. The submerged float 40 also acts as a shock absorber between the anchor cables 31 and the floating upper portion of the pressurization unit 1, thereby reducing impact loads upon the cables 31. A surface float 48 is at least partially immersed in the body of water 33 and rises and falls with the rise and fall of the wave motion. Apart from the interconnecting with relatively slack mooring lines 32 the surface floats 48 of each stage are independently operated from each other. The surface float 48 is preferably a hollow pressure vessel which serves to store compressed gas acting as a reservoir and to ensure that on each stroke of the piston 46 within the compression chamber 47 that a sufficient volume of gas may be supplied to optimize the energy captured from each wave. The piston 46 is slidably housed within the compression chamber 47. For ease of illustration the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 captures compressed air only upon a rising wave, however, it will be apparent that conventional valve and manifold arrangements may be devised to capture compressed air resulting from a falling wave as well, thereby making the piston-chamber device a double-acting cylinder well known to those skilled in the art. When the piston head 46 is at its fully extended intake position the piston head 46 engages the upper end 49 of the compression chamber 47. The chamber 47 has filled with gas as the vacuum created by the falling surface float 48 draws gas through check valves 50 and 51 and the surrounding gas supply manifold 52. As the surface float 48 rises with an incoming wave the gas pressure increases as the piston head 46 moves toward the bottom end 53 of the compression chamber 47. When the gas in the compression chamber 47 is pressurized to the final output design pressure for the particular stage (see Table 1 for examples) the upper check valves 54 in the hollow piston head 46 open to allow the pressurized gas to flow into the hollow piston shaft 43 and through conduit 11 to the succeeding stage (2 in this example). Perforations in the upper end of the compression chamber 47 and the bottom of the surface float 48 ensure that gas is supplied in sufficient quantity without excessive friction losses in pressure. Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, a preferred piston head 46 assembly is shown. When the pressure in the chamber 47 reaches the design pressure, compressed gas is exhausted through ball valves 54 into the hollow piston shaft 43 as indicated by arrows B. In order to quickly recharge the chamber 47 with gas as the piston 46 rises within the chamber 47, ball valves 64 operate to the open position to allow gas to pass through the piston head from the upper side of the piston head 46 to the lower side of the piston head 46, as indicated by arrows C. As previously described, the incremental increase in gas pressure through each stage is relatively low. An advantage of this feature of the invention is that the piston 46 need not be precisely in engagement with the internal walls of the chamber 47. Typically conventional piston cylinder assemblies includes piston rings and/or a film of oil between the precisely mated piston and cylinder to prevent the escape of compressed gas. Due to the relatively low incremental increase in pressure between the upper and lower sides of the piston head 46 it is practical to provide rollers 65 within the piston head 46 to engage the chamber 47 walls. The use of rollers 65 journalled in appropriate bearings reduces friction and substantially reduces assembly and maintenance costs since precise alignment of the piston 46 and chamber 47 is not required. The gap 66 between the piston 46 and chamber 47 allows an insignificant amount of pressurized gas to escape since the incremental increase in pressure during compression is relatively small. The two circumferential banks of rollers 65 may be rotationally offset from each other to further impede the flow of escaping gas. Bellows 55 isolate the sliding portions of the piston shaft 43 from the corrosive sea water and floating debris. If sea water is used as the pressurized liquid in the system the bellows 55 are not necessary. Although the piston shaft 43 may move during wave action, the degree of movement of the surface float 48 is substantially greater than the degree of movement of the associated piston shaft 43. The submerged float 40 is submerged below the upper layer of sea water influenced by wave action and the baffle plate 44 and chamber 41 arrangement ensures that the piston shaft 43 remains substantially stationary when relative to the surface float which rides the wave surface 33. It will be apparent that the above described invention is adaptable to use any common gas such as air or nitrogen gas, and any liquid such as water. In a closed loop series arrangement dry nitrogen gas is preferred due to its relative abundance and low price, negligible environmental concerns associated and non-corrosive qualities. To adapt the invention to pressurize a liquid such as water, intermediate holding tanks 60 shown in FIG. 5 are introduced between each stage. In the liquid filled embodiment, the surface floats 48 are sealed air filled vessels to retain buoyancy and are not in communication with the water supply manifold 52. The intermediate holding tanks 60 are moored to the frame 29 in a manner like the individual stages, however since they are only for holding liquid it is not necessary for them to maintain a large degree of buoyancy and are free to ride the wave surface 33. A liquid chamber 61 communicates between the outlet of a preceding unit or stage (1) and the inlet of a succeeding stage (2) via conduit 11. A compressible gas filled isolated chamber 62 is separated from the liquid chamber 61 by a flexible diaphragm 63. Preferably the diaphragm 63 is formed as a sealed tube 63 secured to the holding tank 60, at its midline. Air pressure is maintained in the isolated chamber 62 by introducing air through a valve 64. At initial start-up of operations, the shape of the tube 63 conforms to the shape of the holding tank 60. Each holding tank 60 and tube 63 is initially pressurized at a predetermined pressure for that stage. (For example, as described in Example 1; the holding tank 60 after the first stage 1 would be initialized at pressure P.cndot.+.DELTA.P; the holding tank 60 after the second stage at P.cndot.+2.DELTA.P, etc.) As liquid is pumped into chamber 61, the air pressure in chamber 62 increases as does the liquid pressure in chamber 61. The pressures in chambers 61 and 62 always equal and maintain an equilibrium. Since air is compressible, the volume of chamber 62 decrease as the volume of the liquid in chamber 61 increases with an accompanying increase in pressure. If the inflow equals the outflow of liquid in operation the pressure remains constant.

5F

03

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS In accordance with the invention,FIG. 1is a highly diagrammatic view of a device for connecting an electrical power line1between a ship3and a terminal5. The connection device comprises unwinder means7, lashing means9, and traction means11. The unwinder means7are for unwinding a traction cable13from the ship3towards a connection end15including the connector15aof the electrical power line. The power line1may comprise a plurality of electrical connection cables, and it may be stowed in a storage zone at the terminal5. It should be observed that the capacity of the electrical power line1for transferring electricity may be as great as 30 MW. The lashing means9are for lashing the traction cable13to the connection end15of the electrical power line1. The traction means11are designed to use the traction cable13to pull the electrical power line1towards a connection point or zone17of the ship3so as to connect the connection end15with an electrical interface17a. This enables electrical coupling to be provided between the ship3and the terminal5. In addition, the electrical coupling can be disconnected quickly and simply by unwinding the free end13of the traction cable and then letting it go. This enables the ship3to be completely released from the terminal5. FIG. 2is a highly diagrammatic view showing an embodiment of the device for connecting the electrical power line1between the ship3and the terminal5in which the power line1is under water. The electrical connection or coupling device in this example includes float means21, e.g. a series of floats21, for holding at least a portion of the power line1under the free surface23of the water while it is being transported between the terminal5and the ship3. Thus, since the power line1is under water, it is not exposed to the risks of operating in an atmosphere that is potentially explosive, e.g. in the event of the terminal5being a gas terminal and/or the ship3being of the methane tanker type. In addition, the connection device in this example includes a pilot boat25that corresponds to the unwinder means7and the lashing means9. Thus, maneuvers performed to make the connection are as simple as those required for installing or casting off mooring lines and do not require additional crew. FIG. 3is a highly diagrammatic view of another example of a connection device that differs from the device ofFIG. 2in that it further includes return means27and a barge31. Advantageously, the return means27are designed to return the power line1to the terminal5when the power line1is disconnected from the ship and the traction cable13is released. The return means27may correspond to a return cable27(as shown) or to using a boat25, or to using propulsion means (not shown) on board the float means21or the barge31. The barge31serves to support a terminal portion33of the power line1including the connection end15. Thus, the barge31may include support means34for supporting the last above-water segment of the terminal portion33of the power line1. In addition, the barge31may include protection means35or fenders enabling it to bear against the hull37of the ship3. The terminal portion33of the power line1as stored on the barge31may optionally include a double-walled covering. In order to avoid risks in an atmosphere that is potentially explosive, the above-water terminal portion33of the power line1may optionally be provided with a double-walled covering36as shown inFIG. 4. In addition to creating two barriers against the outside, the double-walled covering36makes it possible, advantageously, to cool the electrical conductors of the power line1by means of water or some other fluid. In a variant (seeFIGS. 6A and 6B) the hull of the barge31may include an opening that enables the terminal portion33of the power line1to be stored beneath the barge31. In this configuration, the support means34can be simplified or even omitted. FIGS. 5A to 5Dshow various connection or disconnection steps between the ship3and the terminal5when using the connection device ofFIG. 3. FIG. 5Ashows the initial step in which the boat25brings the traction cable13from the ship3to the barge31in order to secure it to the connection end15of the power line1. FIG. 5Bshows the step of pulling the barge31and its floats21supporting the under-water power line from their storage zone towards the ship3. The traction means11may comprise a winch (seeFIG. 7A) placed on the ship3for pulling the connection end15of the power line1via the traction cable13. Thus, during the traction step, at least a portion of the electrical power line1is maintained beneath the surface23of the water. It should be observed that this step is analogous to the simple conventional operation of taking up slack in moorings. FIG. 5Cshows the step of establishing electrical coupling between the ship3and the terminal5. In this step, the traction cable13pulls the connection end15of the power line1until the barge31bears against the hull37of the ship3, and the connector15ais connected to the electrical interface17aof the ship3. Furthermore, disconnection or uncoupling between the ship3and the terminal5can be implemented simply, merely by releasing the connection end15of the power line1from the electrical interface17aand from the traction cable13. Thereafter, the barge31and the floats21supporting the power line1can be returned towards their storage zone by the return means27, e.g. by the return cable27. In a variant, the barge31and the floats21can be returned by the boat25or by propulsion means (not shown) on board the barge31. It should be observed that the connection and disconnection operations are similar to conventional mooring operations and can be performed by the pilot and crew members who perform mooring maneuvers. FIG. 5Dshows a rapid disconnection step. In an emergency, once the connection end15has been released, the traction cable13can be cast off so as to allow the above-water portion of the power line1to drop down onto the support means34of the barge31. Thus, in an emergency, the ship3can in a very short time (a few minutes) be released completely from the terminal5by unwinding and then letting go the end13aof the traction cable13. Thereafter, the return means27can move the power line1away from the ship3. FIG. 6Ashows a variant of the barge31that serves in particular to satisfy the need to isolate the above-water portion of the power line1from the possibly explosive atmosphere. In this example, the barge31includes an airtight caisson61provided with gaskets63, which caisson surrounds the above-water or terminal portion33of the power line1. Thus, the caisson61co-operates with the hull37of the ship3, the hull65of the barge31, and the surface23of the water to form an airtight zone or closed volume67that is airtight relative to the outside. Optionally, in order to obtain even more effective protection against a risk of an explosive atmosphere, it is possible to use a blower (not shown) placed on the ship3or the barge31. The blower is designed to take air from a gas-free zone so as to keep the airtight zone67at a slightly raised pressure. Another solution would be to perform this function by using a source of inert gas, e.g. nitrogen, and filling the airtight zone67with the inert gas. Such inert gas can be available on board the ship3, or on board the barge31, or from the terminal5. This example shows that the traction means11include a winch45for using the cable13to pull the connection end15of the power line1. Optionally, the traction means11may include suspension means69for compensating the weight of the power line1. The suspension means69serve to facilitate maneuvering by compensating for the weight of the power line1by means of a suspension system connected to a weight or springs71. In the configuration of theFIG. 6Aexample, it is advantageous for the power line1to be stored under the barge31. FIG. 6Bshows that the hull of the barge31is provided with an opening73or that the barge31is of the catamaran type so as to allow the power line1to be stored by being suspended under the barge31. FIG. 6Cshows another variant of the barge31that differs from that ofFIG. 6Asolely by the fact that the barge31has an airtight caisson61aof sufficient volume to provide protection and storage of the power line1inside it and out of the water. Thus, when the barge31is next to the ship3and the power line1is activated, the airtight caisson61acan provide protection against a potentially explosive atmosphere. FIG. 7Ashows in greater detail the connection zone17on board the ship3. This example shows that the connection device may include guide means41ato41denabling the connection end15to be guided and connected to the electrical interface17aof the ship3so as to provide electrical coupling between the ship3and the terminal5in automatic manner. The connection zone17may correspond to an opening43in the hull37of the ship3, including the traction means11that may comprise the winch45, the guide means41ato41d, the electrical interface17a, and a control station47. By way of example, this figure shows that the power line1has two electrical cables with ends that are pulled by the winch45acting on the cable13. Naturally, the power line could comprise an arbitrary number of electric cables. The control station47may be accessible via a watertight door49to allow a crew member50to maneuver the winch45for controlling a connection or disconnection operation. The guide means41ato41dmay include male and female docking means41band41athat provide final mechanical guidance for the connection end15towards socket means51of the electrical interface17afor connecting the connector(s)15ato the socket means51. Optionally, the guide means41ato41dmay include an intermediate sheave41cand a ramp41dfor facilitating guidance and centering of the connector(s)15ain the socket means51. In addition, the opening43in the hull37may be provided with a watertight closure cover53enabling it to be closed when the electrical interface17ais inactive. FIG. 7Bshows another embodiment that differs from that ofFIG. 7Aby the fact that the connection zone17is situated inside the ship3. In this example, the hull37of the ship3includes a duct81for passing the power line1. This duct81is provided with a watertight closure hatch54enabling it to be closed when the electrical interface17ais inactive. As before, the guide means41ato41dmay comprise male and female docking means41b,41afor providing final mechanical guidance to the connection end15towards the socket means51of the electrical interface17ain order to connect the connector(s)15ato said socket means51. In this example, the female docking means41aof the electrical interface17aare disposed in such a manner as to receive the connection end15of the power line1leaving the duct81in a substantially vertical direction. FIG. 8Ais a diagram showing a ship3with a hull37that includes a duct81for passing the power line1and that opens out below the water line23. The power line1can be pulled from inside the hull37of the ship by the winch45so as to pass through the airtight duct81, which duct may also be put under air or nitrogen pressure by means of a blower83. By virtue of the opening81aof this duct81being situated below the water line23, it is possible to protect the power line1from any explosive atmosphere. It should be observed that in this configuration, the end of the traction cable13is provided with a submersible buoy85that makes it possible, once it has passed through the opening81a, to bring this end of the traction cable13to the surface where it can be connected by the boat crew to the connection end15of the power line1. FIG. 8Bshows that the end13aof the traction cable13, possibly fitted with a buoy85, can remain on one side of the ship3while it is at sea. When the connection is to be established, this end13ais sent towards the boat for connection to the connection end15of the power line1, thereby enabling the power line1to be put into place, even when the opening81aof the duct81lies below the water line23. FIG. 8Cshows a variant ofFIG. 8A. In this example, the hull37of the ship3includes a duct91for passing the power line1, which duct opens out below the water line23. In this example, the terminal portion33of the power line1outside the duct91can be protected from a possibly explosive atmosphere by a flexible gastight covering93that extends the duct91, or alternatively by a caisson61(as shown inFIG. 6A) or a caisson61a(as shown inFIG. 6C). It should be observed that in the configurations shown inFIGS. 8A to 8C, the guidance of the power line1is simplified since it is ensured in part by the duct81or91. Thus, in accordance with the invention, the power line1is adapted to feed the ship3with electricity from the terminal5, or vice versa to feed the terminal5from the ship3. The ship3(e.g. a methane tanker) may include an electricity generator (not shown) for powering the terminal5electrically via the power line1. Thus, a fraction of the energy produced by the electricity generator of the ship3can be fed to the gas terminal5. Advantageously, the present invention provides electrical connection means that are as easy to put into place as a mooring. These electrical connection means comprise the following advantages:the time required for connection and disconnection maneuvers is less than about 15 minutes;the maneuvers are as simple as those needed for putting into place or casting off mooring lines, and do not require additional personnel;it has the capacity to exchange electrical power of about 30 MW; andit is compatible with the safety requirements applicable to methane tankers and terminals.

1B

63

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS As shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, container holder100comprises a housing110. The housing110might include at least one housing side115. The housing110might also be constructed such that it could fit into a component in the interior of a vehicle, such as a dashboard, center console, or the interior of a door, for example. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 2, a door120can be connected to the housing110at a door pivot180. The door120also can include at least one door side125. The door120might serve several functions. The door120can be rotated to the open position, as depicted inFIG. 1, to simply and reliably open the container holder100. Likewise, the door120can be rotated to the closed position, as depicted inFIG. 2, to simply and reliably close the container holder100. In the closed position, as depicted inFIG. 3, door120might protect the container holder100, especially the arm or arms140and the linkage or linkages130, from damage. In addition, in the closed position, door120might provide a preferably solid and continuous exposed surface that can be designed to complement a vehicle's interior. In the open position, as depicted inFIG. 1, door120might also help support a container. Referring again toFIGS. 1 and 2, arm140is connected to the housing110at arm pivot150. An exemplary embodiment might include a first and second arm140each pivotally mounted at spaced-apart positions to the housing. It is possible, however, that a container holder has only one arm140or any number of arms140. Further, it is also possible that more than one arm140may be connected to one arm pivot150depending, for example, on what loads are required, and the strength of the materials used. Arm140may be shaped or biased (by a spring, for example) to facilitate the support of containers or opening or closing of the container holder100. A linkage130with a first end190and a second end200can connect the door120to the arm140. Although linkage130is depicted as a single, rigid member in this embodiment, linkage130can, for example, take different shapes. Preferably there would be a first and second linkage130. It is possible, however, that a container holder has only one linkage130or any number of linkages130. The first end190of linkage130can be connected to the door120at linkage-door pivot170. As shown inFIG. 1, as door120is moved into the open position, linkage-door pivot170can rotate about door pivot180, in a first rotational direction, as shown by the large arrow adjacent door pivot180. Also as shown inFIG. 1, the second end200of linkage130can be connected to arm140at linkage-arm pivot160; wherein the second end does not slide relative to the arm. The rotation of the linkage-door pivot170about door pivot180can cause the linkage-arm pivot160to rotate about arm pivot150in a rotational direction that is opposed to the rotational direction of linkage-door pivot170about door pivot180, as shown by the large arrow adjacent arm pivot150. The rotation of the linkage-arm pivot160about arm pivot150in response to and in a direction opposite from the rotation of linkage-door pivot170about door pivot180can allow the arm or arms140to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of the rotation of door120. The rotation of the linkage-arm pivot160and arm140in response to the rotation of the door120can allow for the container holder to be opened or closed in one controllable motion. Further, the opposite rotational directions of the arm140and door120can allow the arm140to fold within door120in the closed position, allowing for a more compact design. In an exemplary embodiment, arm140and door120can rotate in opposite directions because the position of linkage-arm pivot160relative to arm pivot150opposes the position of linkage-door pivot170relative to door pivot180. Linkage130connects these opposing dual pivots such that when the door120rotates and causes the linkage-door pivot170to rotate about door pivot180in a first rotational direction, linkage130can responsively cause linkage-arm pivot160to rotate about arm pivot150in a second, opposite rotational direction. To illustrate further, as depicted inFIG. 1, as door120rotates toward an open position, door120can rotate in a first rotational direction about door pivot180. Likewise, linkage-door pivot170can also rotate toward the open position in the first rotational direction about door pivot180. Linkage-arm pivot160(linked to door120through linkage130), however, can rotate toward the open position in a second, opposite rotational direction about arm pivot150. Likewise, arm140can also rotate toward the open position in the second rotational direction about arm pivot150. Analogously, as depicted inFIG. 2, as door120rotates toward a closed position, door120can rotate in the second rotational direction about door pivot180. Likewise, linkage-door pivot170can also rotate toward the closed position in the second rotational direction about door pivot180. Linkage-arm pivot160(linked to door120through linkage130), however, can rotate toward the closed position in the first, opposite rotational direction about arm pivot150. Likewise, arm140can also rotate toward the closed position in the first rotational direction about arm pivot150. FIGS. 1 and 2depict linkage130connected to the door side125. Linkage130, however, may be connected to the door120anywhere on the door120provided that the axis of linkage-door pivot170rotates about the axis of door pivot180. In addition,FIGS. 1 and 2depict door pivot180connected to the housing side115. Door pivot180, however, may be connected anywhere on the housing110, provided that the axis of linkage-door pivot170rotates about the axis of door pivot180. Likewise, arm pivot150may be connected to the housing110, and the linkage-arm pivot160may be connected to the arm (or arms)140, anywhere on the housing110and arm (or arms)140respectively, provided that the axis of linkage-arm pivot160can rotate about the axis of arm pivot150. It is not necessary that the pivots rotate about each other in the same plane, only that the axes of the pivots can rotate about each other. In addition, the term pivot as used in the specification and claims is to be construed broadly to encompass pivots, hinges, and other joints and flexible devices that allow a structural member to rotate or turn. Where two or more linkages130are used, they might be pivotally mounted to the door120and the housing110through the arms140such that the linkages130can work in tandem. They may be mounted adjacent to each other, or in spaced-apart positions, using spaced-apart arm pivots, door pivots, linkage-arm pivots, and linkage-door pivots. For example, two linkages130may be pivotally mounted to arms140on generally opposed housing sides115and to generally opposed door sides125to support the door120. Other embodiments of the container holder100are possible. For instance,FIG. 4shows a dual compact container holder210that might hold two containers. In an exemplary embodiment, the dual compact container holder210might have four arms140and three linkages130. Other configurations of the arms140and linkages130are possible (such as, for example, a dual compact container holder210with three arms140or four linkages130). Similar to the compact container holder100ofFIGS. 1 and 2, the dual compact container holder210can open and close in one controllable motion. Further, similar to the compact container holder100ofFIGS. 1 and 2, the arms140and the door120of the dual compact container holder210can rotate in opposite rotational directions such that the arms140can fold within the door120in the closed position, allowing for a more compact design. Several exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described above. Those skilled in the art will understand, however, that changes and modifications may be made to these embodiments without departing from the true scope and spirit of the present invention, which is defined by the claims.

0A

47

K

These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein: The drawing schematically illustrates a perspective exploded view of a combing machine employing a transmission in accordance with the invention. Referring to the drawing, the combing machine comprises a row of combing heads disposed along a longitudinal axis, of which only the outlines of the last combing head 1 of the row are indicated. The working parts of the combing heads are driven by a motor (not shown) via gear devices (not shown) which also drive a drive shaft 2 extending parallel to the longitudinal direction of the row of combing heads. The slivers which are made from combed fiber material and are issued by the combing heads 1 are jointly supplied to the drafting arrangement, of which only five bottom rollers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are shown. Three pressure rollers (not shown) cooperate with these rollers 3-7. The rollers of the drafting arrangement 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 are arranged to extend horizontally and at a right angle to the longitudinal direction of the row of combing heads 1 to receive and draft the slivers into a fleece. The fleece supplied by the drafting arrangement 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 is conveyed in the form of a sliver on a conveying belt 8 to a funnel wheel 9 which is rotatable about a vertical axis. The funnel wheel 9 directs or deposits the sliver in a can (not shown) which stands on a can plate 10 during operation, which plate is also rotatable about a vertical axis. A toothed wheel 11 is disposed on the drive shaft 2 allocated to the combing heads 1, which wheel 11 is coupled via a first V-drive with a first crossed toothed belt 12, which is placed around two deflection pulleys, to a toothed wheel 13 which is disposed on a drafting arrangement drive shaft 14 which is parallel to and which is drivingly connected to the drafting cylinders 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. The drive shaft 14 drives, via a further toothed belt 15, a second shaft 16 which is parallel to the drafting cylinders 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and carries two additional toothed wheels 17 and 18. Toothed wheel 17 drives, via a toothed belt 19 used a toothed wheel, shaft 20 on which two toothed wheels 21 and 22 are disposed. Toothed wheel 21 drives, via a toothed belt 23, two toothed wheels which are disposed on the two first drafting cylinders 3 and 4, and toothed wheel 22 drives via a toothed belt 24 two toothed wheels which are disposed on the third and fourth drafting cylinders 5 and 6, respectively. Toothed wheel 18 on the shaft 16 drives, via a toothed belt 25, a transfer shaft 26 which is parallel to the drafting arrangement drive shaft 14. A toothed wheel 27 is disposed on the transfer shaft 26 and drives two further toothed wheels via a toothed belt 28, of which one is disposed on the shaft of the fifth drafting cylinder 7 and the other is disposed on the shaft of a drive roller 29 for the conveyor belt 8. Furthermore, a toothed wheel 30 is disposed on the transfer shaft 26, which wheel 30 drives a toothed wheel 32 via a second V-drive with a crossed toothed belt 31. The wheel 32 is attached to a vertical drive shaft 33. The toothed belt 31 also extends around two freely rotatable deflection pulleys or toothed wheels 30' and 32', of which the wheel 30' is held on the transfer shaft 26 and the other is arranged parallel to and above the toothed wheel 32. The pulley or wheel 32' functions as a tension wheel for tensioning the belt 31. The pulley 32' is displaceably mounted in a horizontal direction (schematically shown by an arrow) on the machine frame. The belt 31 extends from the wheel 30 to the wheel 32 over the wheel 32' to the wheel 30' and at least to the wheel 32. The vertical shaft 33 is used as a drive shaft for the can plate 10 and for the funnel wheel 9. The shaft 33 is coupled with the can plate 10 via a commercially available transmission including a step-down gear 34 and a chain 35. The shaft 33 is coupled with the funnel wheel 9 via a V-belt 36. The V-belt 36 extends around a pulley 37 disposed on the shaft 33, which pulley 37 is arranged as a variable drive disk. By readjusting the variable drive disk, it is possible to change the speed of the funnel wheel 9 by +/-5%, for example. The two crossed toothed belts 12 and 31 as well as the forward toothed belts 24 and 25 and, preferably, the V-belt 36 are arranged in the casing of the combing machine in a schematically shown enclosed chamber 45 and 46. A means is also provided for maintaining a pressure above atmospheric in each of the chambers 45, 46 so that penetration of fiber fly into the chambers 45, 46 is prevented. As indicated, the means for maintaining a pressure above atmospheric in the chamber 45 includes a ventilator 47 having a filter screen 48 through which ambient air can be drawn into the chamber 45. A similar ventilator 49 having a screen 50 is employed to draw ambient air into the other chamber 46. The chambers 45, 46 may be connected to an extension for a further chamber (not shown) which receives the rear toothed belts 15, 19, 23, 28. The invention thus provides a combing machine with a relatively simple and inexpensive transmission for driving the drafting arrangement of the combing machine as well as the funnel wheel and can plate. Further, the invention provides a transmission which is subject to relatively small play because of the use of the crossed toothed belts.

3D

01

G

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Some examples of the embodiment of the invention will be described hereinafter. EXAMPLES Example 1 A purely siliceous laminar precursor PREITQ-19 is described in this first example. The synthesis gel was prepared using: lithium hydroxide (Fisher), monomethylated 1-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane hydroxide (DABCO) and an aqueous silica solution (30% by weight) (HS-30 Dupont, Aldrich.). 0.175 g. LiOH.H2O, 108.18 g. DABCO-Me-OH (0.5 M) and 16.667 g. SiO2(30% by weight) are mixed and stirred vigorously in a thermostatic bath at 50° C. until the 52.1521 g. of water present in the mixture evaporate. Hence, we obtain a synthesis gel, with a pH close to 13, with the following molar composition: 0.05 LiOH:0.65 R—OH:0.01 SiO2:40 H2O (R=Methylated DABCO). Afterwards, the gel is introduced in stainless steel autoclaves with TEFLON covers and left for 7 days at 175° C. with a stirring speed of 60 rpm. After this treatment, the samples are filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the washing water is <9. Drying is done afterwards in order to obtain the laminar precursor PREITQ-19, whose X-ray diffractogram coincides with the one ofFIG. 2, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with those shown on table 2. Example 2 A portion of the laminar precursor PREITQ-19 obtained in example 1 is calcinated at 540° C. for three hours in an air flow, obtaining the collapsed material with a three-dimensional structure named ITQ-19 that has an X-ray diffractogram that is shown inFIG. 1with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with those shown in table 1. Example 3 0.175 g. of LiOH. H2O, 41.6 g. of DABCO-Me-OH (0.5 M), 9.620 g. of milli-Q H2O and 16.667 g. of SiO2(30% by weight are mixed and stirred vigorously for 1 hour at room temperature, obtaining a gel that has a pH of 12.60. This synthesis gel has the following molar composition: 0.05 LiOH:0.25 R—OH:1 SiO2:40 H2O (R=Methylated DABCO). Afterwards, the gel is introduced in stainless steel autoclaves with TEFLON covers and left for 12 days at 175° C. with a stirring speed of 60 rpm. After this treatment, the samples are filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the washing water is <9. Drying at 60° C. is done afterwards in order to obtain the laminar precursor PREITQ-19, whose X-ray diffractogram coincides with the one ofFIG. 2, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with those shown on table 2. Example 4 When we calcine the material PREITQ-19 obtained in example 3, for 5 hours at a temperature of 540° C., the zeolitic material ITQ-19 claimed in this patent is obtained, its X-ray diffractogram basically coinciding with the one ofFIG. 1, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with the ones shown on table 1. Example 5 This example describes the preparation of the laminar precursor PREITQ-19. The synthesis gel was prepared by using lithium hydroxide (Fisher), alumina (pseudoboehmite, 73.7% by weight, Catapal B Vista), monomethylated DABCO hydroxide (1-methyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane) and an aqueous solution of silica (30% by weight) (HS-30 LUDOX, Aldrich). 0.132 g. of LioH.H2O, 0.09 g. of Al2O2(73–7% by weight), 81.135 g. DABCO-Me-OH (0.5 M) and 12.501 g. of SiO2(30% by weight) are mixed and stirred vigorously in a thermostatic bath at 50° C. until the 39.141 g. of water present in the mixture evaporate. Thus, we achieve a synthesis gel with a pH close to 13, with the following molar composition: 0.05 LiOH:0.65 R—OH:0.01 Al2O3:1 SiO2:40 H2O (R=Methylated DABCO). Afterwards, the gel is introduced in stainless steel autoclaves with TEFLON covers and left for 7 days at 175° C. with a stirring speed of 60 rpm. After this treatment, the samples are filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the washing water is <9. Drying is done afterwards in order to obtain the laminar precursor PREITQ-19, whose X-ray diffractogram coincides with the one ofFIG. 2, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with those shown on table 2. Example 6 A portion of the laminar precursor PREITQ-19 obtained in example 5 is calcinated at 540° C. for three hours in an air flow, obtaining the collapsed material with a three-dimensional structure named ITQ-19 that has an X-ray diffractogram that is shown inFIG. 1with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with those shown in table 1. Example 7 0.132 g. of LiOH.H2O, 0.09 g. of Al2O2(73.7% by weight), 41.6 g. DABCO-Me-OH (0.5 M) 9.620 g. of milli-Q H2O and 12,501 g. g. of SiO2(30% by weight) are mixed and stirred vigorously for 1 hour at room temperature, obtaining a synthesis gel with a pH close to 12.60. This synthesis gel has the following molar composition: 0.05 LiOH:0.25 R—OH:0.01 Al2O3:1 SiO2:40 H2O (R=Methylated DABCO). Afterwards, the gel is introduced in stainless steel autoclaves with TEFLON covers and left for 12 days at 175° C. with a stirring speed of 60 rpm. After this treatment, the product is filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the washing water is <9. Drying at 60° C. is done afterwards in order to obtain the laminar precursor PREITQ-19, whose X-ray diffractogram coincides with the one ofFIG. 2, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with (similar to) those shown on table 2. Example 8 When we calcine the material PREITQ-19 obtained in example 7, for 5 hours at a temperature of 540° C., the zeolitic material ITQ-19 claimed in this patent is obtained, its X-ray diffractogram basically coinciding with the one ofFIG. 1, with relative intensities and basal spacings coinciding with the ones shown on table 1.

2C

01

B

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawing, and particularly to FIGS. 1, and 2, there is illustrated an exemplary embodiment of the invention, designated by the numeral 10. The invention comprises an adjustable check valve wherein a pressure of the check valve may be adjusted from the end of the valve unit without the necessity of access the other end. It is oriented such that the access is the outlet of the valve so that it may be mounted on a riser or the like and may be adjusted while connected to a of water and under pressure. The valve unit comprises a gene tubular body 12 having an inlet 14 with suitable or the like for attachment to a riser or the like, and an outlet port 16 having external threads in the illustrated embodiment for connection of distributing lines of the like The throughbore is formed near the inlet end with an annular valve seat 20 surrounding a passage into a normally larger diameter section of the housing, with a plurality of elongated inwardly extending ribs 22 extending substantially the length thereof. A check valve member comprising an annular disc 24 on a forward end of an elongated stem 26 includes a retaining pin 28 on the forward end of the disc for retaining a washer seal 30 in place on the end of the stem backed by the disc 24. The washer or disc 30 is preferably formed of a suitable elastomeric material, such as a rubber or the like, and sealingly engages the annular valve seat 20 for closing and preventing flow through the valve A retaining nut 32 having an annular recess formed of inner and outer sleeves 34a, 34b, respectively, forms an annular recess for receiving one end of a coil spring 40, and has an inner bore 36 for receiving an upper end and portion of the valve stem 26. External threads 38 formed on the nut or retainer member 32 threadably engage the housing bore, specifically the inner edges of ribs 22 for screwing the nut downward or inward against the outer end of the spring, increasing the force of the coiled compression spring 40 against the valve disc 24 and the retaining nut. The nut 32 is located on the outlet side of the valve seat. It is preferably made of a harder material than that of the housing and ribs to be self-threading. The ribs provide a water flow passage around the nut. A water flow passage can also be provided through the nut by one or more apertures. This would eliminate the need for the ribs. A pair of tool engaging cross slots 42 and 44 are formed in the upper end of the retaining nut 32 (FIG. 2) for receiving a tool, such as a screwdriver, for applying torque to the nut for rotating and driving it inward or outward of the housing against the bias of spring 40. The slots may accommodate a standard blade screwdriver or a Phillips screwdriver. The nut is accessible exclusively and solely from or at the outlet of the housing. Thus, the pressure of the valve may be adjusted by means of a single tool (screwdriver) at the outlet while the valve is in place. The housing is made up of two axially disposed, generally tubular pieces or sections forming a generally tubular housing secured together by solvent or sonic welding to form a unitary housing. The outlet section 46 of the housing includes axially or forwardly extending rib members 48 extending axially and inwardly for engaging an annular shoulder 50 on the retaining nut for limiting the outward movement thereof. The ribs, together with inwardly extending rib extensions 52 within the bore of 46, insure a flow passage around the retaining nut, and the outer end of the retaining nut is in its outward or retracted position. The combination of the retaining nut and the valve stem 26 limit the inward movement of the retaining nut toward the valve seat, and thus the maximum pressure adjustment of the valve by action of the nut in relation to the valve stem. As the nut moves inward, the valve stem projects into and along the center of the nut and upward through the center of the bore into the area of the tool slots 42 and 44, displacing a tool from the tool slots. As the tool is displaced, it can no longer apply a torque to the nut, and thus limits the inward movement of the nut. This limits the compression of the coil spring 40. The outward movement of the nu is limited by the engagement of annular shoulder 50 thereon, with the shoulder formed by the forward or axial extension of the rib members 48. Thus, the minimum and maximum pressure of the valve may be limited in this manner by the range of movement of the retaining nut. In operation, the valve 10 may be assembled and preset to predetermined pressures by adjustment of the nut inward and/or outward prior to its installation. It may also be adjusted in the system to achieve a desired pressure and/or flow. Referring to FIG. 3, an example of use of valves in accordance with the invention is schematically illustrated in the form of a sprinkler system having a main supply line 56, with a control or shut off valve 58 supplying water to branch lines 60, 62 and 64, all of a different level with a branch 60 being a lower level or elevation and 62 and 64 at yet higher elevations. Check valves 72, 74 and 76 are placed at the juncture of each of the branch lines, with the main supply line for each of the branch lines. With the branch lines at different elevations, in order to achieve uniform irrigation coverage by the sprinkler system, the check valves 72, 74 and 76 must be set different pressure settings. The valves must be set to at the same time to permit the same flow rate to each the branch lines. The valve 72 will be at higher pressure than valve 74, which will also be at a higher pressure than valve 76. The pressure settings will be an amount to compensate for the head due to the different elevations. Thus, compensation can be made for different elevations within an irrigation system, and enable one to achieve the same sprinkler overage at different elevations within the same system. While we have illustrated and described our invention by means of specific embodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes and modifications, may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The further assert and sincerely believe that the above specification contains a written description of the invention and the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly concerned, to make and with which it further that it sets forth the best mode contemplated by us for carrying out the invention.

5F

16

K

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a rubbish collection vehicle 10 with a driver's cab 12, chassis 14, and rubbish collection container 16 located on a support frame 34. Behind driver's cab 12, there is a rubbish intake unit 18, which is equipped with a rubbish intake opening 24 located on the side and top or with a rubbish intake opening 24' located on the top and front, behind the driver's cab. An intake hopper 26 is connected to rubbish intake openings 24 or 24', which continuously passes over the width of the container and the adjacent rubbish compaction area 28, which area is preferably cradle-shaped. On the top and on the sides, up to the height of rubbish intake opening 24, rubbish intake unit 18 is aligned with and covered by the sides of rubbish collection container 16. Consequently, the rubbish containers may be emptied without a problem by means of a mechanism known in the art. Rubbish intake unit 18 comprises a rubbish compacting plate 20 and a support plate 22 which supports plate 20 and which combination forms the rubbish compaction unit. The direction of operation of the rubbish compaction unit or rubbish compacting plate 20 is shown by arrows A. Rubbish is, therefore, taken into rubbish collection container 16 by rubbish compacting plate 20. Plate 20 is mounted at a pivot point 32 to the lower end of support plate 22 and which can be pivoted with the help of an operating device (not shown) such as a hydraulic cylinder. Support plate 22 is slidably mounted and can be made to slide up and down along tracks 30 in the direction of the double arrow C shown in FIG. 2. Furthermore, support plate 22 can be driven or moved along tracks 30 in an angled direction by means of an operating device (not shown). The operating direction A of rubbish compacting plate 20 extends at an angle less than 80.degree. and greater than 20.degree. with respect to horizontal line 54. Rubbish collection container 16, which rests by means of support frame 34 on vehicle chassis 14, has a horizontal bed 38, a top side 50, and a front side 40. At the rear, rubbish collection container 16 is closed off by a hinged rear flap gate 36 which pivots in order to permit the emptying of the rubbish collection container. The rubbish collection container is partially closed off in the operating direction of rubbish intake unit 18 by front side 44 to prevent the rubbish taken in from escaping from rubbish collection container 16 back into rubbish intake hopper 26 of rubbish intake unit 18. Adjacent to front side 40 of rubbish collection container 16 is a container opening 62, through which rubbish can be fed with the aid of compaction plate 20. Bed 38 of rubbish collection container 16 has a short wall extending at a forward angle in the shape of an upwardly bent elbow, thereby forming a projection 56. At its upper edge, projection 56 merges with cradle shaped bed 48 of rubbish compaction area 28. The cross section of container opening 62 is reduced by projection 56, and, moreover, projection 56 prevents rubbish which has already been taken up into the rubbish collection container from again escaping back out. Within front side 40, there is mounted a telescopic extension 42 which, in its extended position, rotates about pivot 44 and moves into a bearing position where it can be brought to bear on projection 56. In this position, extension 42 can be locked by means of a locking device 46 in order to close off container opening 62 across its entire cross section. Thereafter, closed rubbish collection container 16 can be detached from rubbish collection vehicle 10 in order to be emptied. During this operation, rubbish intake unit 18 remains on rubbish collection vehicle 10. In effecting this detachment and separate emptying of rubbish collection container 16, extension 42 which is telescoped out in the direction of double arrow B to close off container opening 62 is of crucial importance. It is possible to use hydraulic cylinders in actuating and operating extension 42 in conjunction with locking mechanism 46. To prevent damage where fluid cylinders are used, a sequential circuit is recommended, which circuit will ensure that extension of telescopic extension 42 will only be permitted whenever rubbish compacting plate 20 is not in the compacting position. Moreover, it is intended that the locking of extension 42 be permitted only when rotating axis 44 moves into a bearing position (in the extended position shown in FIG. 2) and extension 42 rests against locking mechanism 46. Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a second embodiment of the rubbish collection vehicle. In this configuration, a pivotable pressure plate 60 has been provided which pivots about a pivot point 58. Plate 60 pivots over cradle bed 48 into the compacting position. Thus, the direction of operation A, where angle is less than 80.degree. and greater than 20.degree. with respect to horizon 54, is again achieved. The difference between this embodiment and the embodiment of FIG. 2 rests in the fact that pressure plate 60 is mounted such that it can only pivot (i.e., the pivot point does not move forwardly or rearwardly with respect to the vehicle) with the result that in this configuration, support plate 22 and tracks 30 are not required. Due to the direction "A" selected for the operation of rubbish intake unit 18 or for the operation of support plate 22 and the resulting configuration of cradle 48, intake hopper 26 can be advantageously configured in the front, lower area 52 in such a way that any existing structures above the frame do not have to be modified. As a consequence, mass produced vehicle chassis can be used in manufacturing the rubbish collection vehicle of the present invention. While several of the embodiments and examples of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is obvious that many changes and modifications may be made thereunto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

1B

65

F

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a valve needle 1 embodied according to the invention, which is for an electromagnetically actuatable valve, in particular for an injection valve for fuel injection systems of internal combustion engines. The valve needles described in FIG. 1 and in the Figs. that follow are used, for example, in an injection valve for fuel injection systems as shown and described in DE 44 20 176 A1. The valve needle 1 is comprised of a connecting piece 2, a valve closing member 3, and an armature 4 made of magnetically conducting material. The valve closing member 3 in the current exemplary embodiment is of one piece with the connecting piece 2 and is embodied as a section of a ball on the lower end of the connecting piece 2. The connecting piece 2 is made of a rod-shaped semi-finished product or a wire that has a circular cross section and a diameter of approximately 1.8 mm to 2.5 mm, and in fact, is made of stainless steel. The connecting pieces 2 are separated from the rod-shaped semi-finished product or wire so they have a predetermined length, e.g. they are sawed or cut out. An armature head 7 is embodied on the upper end of the connecting piece 2 remote from the valve closing member 3 and has a nonround cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal axis 8 through the connecting piece 2, with a greater expanse perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8 than the section 9 of the connecting piece 2 between the armature head 7 and the valve closing member 3, which has a circular cross section. The armature head 7 is manufactured through the cold forming of the upper end of the connecting piece 2. The upper end of the connecting piece 2 is inserted into a swage and is axially swaged and pressed by means of pressure into the shape predetermined by the swage, without the supply of heat, in order to form the armature head 7, which has a greater expanse perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8 after the cold forming than in the section 9 provided with a circular cross section. In the cold forming, for example, the armature head 7 is brought into a shape in which it has a Y-shaped cross section, as shown in FIG. 4. With a Y-shaped cross section, the armature head 7 according to FIG. 1 and FIG. 4 has three bridge parts 12 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8, which extend offset from one another by approximately 120.degree. and between one another, respectively define a recess 13, which is embodied as arc-shaped, on the armature head 7. The armature head 7 protrudes into a containing opening 14 of the armature 4 in such a way that with their arc-shaped circumference, the bridge parts 12 touch the wall of the containing opening 14 and between each recess 13 and the wall of the containing opening 14, a flow conduit 15 is formed, which passes through the armature 4 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 8, via which a medium can flow in the direction of the arrow 18. Starting from an end face 19 of the armature head 7, bevels 20 are provided on the bridge parts 12 and recesses 13 and these bevels 20 extend obliquely toward the outside and achieve an easier insertion of the armature head 7 into the containing opening 14 and an easier influx of the medium into the flow conduits 15. The connecting piece 2, which is hardened as a whole after the cold forming of the armature head 7, is connected to the armature by means of a weld 23, for example by means of a laser, on the bridge parts 12, on their end oriented toward the valve closing member 3. The armature head 7 protrudes into the containing opening 14 of the armature 4 only to the point that the end face 19 of the armature head 7 is disposed inside the containing opening 14. As a result, a restoring spring 26 of the injection valve, which protrudes into the containing opening 14 and is supported against the end face 19, is guided inside the armature 4 on its end oriented toward the valve needle 1. In the Figs. below, the same reference numerals are used for the same or similarly functioning parts. The second exemplary embodiment of a valve needle 1 embodied according to the invention represented in FIG. 2 differs from the first exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 on the one hand by virtue of the fact that the valve closing member 3 is embodied as an independent part in the form of a flattened ball and with this flattened part, rests against a flat end face 24 of the connecting piece 2 remote from the armature head 7 and is welded to it, and on the other hand by virtue of the fact that a collar 25 is embodied on the armature head 7 oriented toward the valve closing member 3 and when the armature head 7 is slid into the armature 4, this collar 25 rests in a contact groove 28 of the armature 4 and is welded to the armature. The connecting piece 2 is comprised, for example, of austenitic or ferritic chromium steel. In the third exemplary embodiment of a valve needle 1 according to the invention that is represented in FIG. 3, the collar 25 of the armature head 7 rests against a lower end face 29 of the armature 4 and is welded to it. FIGS. 5 to 10 represent other different cross sectional shapes of the armature head 7. In the embodiment according to FIG. 5, the armature head 7 has a cruciform cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8, with four bridge parts 12 and, together with the containing opening 14 of the armature 4, constitutes four flow conduits 15. In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6, the armature head 7 has a plate-shaped cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8 with two flat faces that extend parallel to each other and two end faces that are round in the direction of the containing opening 14 and defines two flow conduits 15. FIG. 7 represents the cross section of an armature head 7 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8, in which a bridge part 12 protrudes centrally from a semicircular cross section and forms two flow conduits 15. In FIG. 8, the armature head 7 has only a semicircular cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8 and defines only one flow conduit 15 with the armature 4. In FIGS. 9 and 10, the armature head 7 has triangular or square cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8 and, together with the armature 4, defines three or four flow conduits 15. In a manner not shown, the armature head 7 can also be embodied as pentagonal or polygonal perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 8. The foregoing relates to preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention, it being understood that other variants and embodiments thereof are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention, the latter being defined by the appended claims.

1B

05

B

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT An exemplary system10for performing the methods of the present invention is illustrated inFIG. 1. The system10comprises a pump12coupled to a pump driver14, a processing unit16, a blood inlet line18, and a blood return line20. The pump12is illustrated as a peristaltic pump having a pair of opposed rollers22which are rotatably driven on an armature24to engage a resilient flow tube26(which may optionally be part of the replaceable inlet line18). The driver14causes the armature24to rotate at a preselected rotational rate, typically comprising a digitally or servo controlled drive motor. The volumetric flow rate through the pump12may thus be approximated in the first instance by the internal diameter of the flow tube26, stroke length of the pump (i.e., the length of tubing between the engagements points of the rollers22), and the rotational rate of the armature24. For the purposes of the present invention, it is important that there be a theoretical relationship between the pump speed, i.e. rotational rate of the armature24, and the flow rate. In the case of the peristaltic pump, the theoretical relationship is linear. It will be appreciate that other types of pumps could also be utilized. Preferred pumps include other positive displacement pumps such as piston pumps, and the like, where the flow rate will have a linear relationship with the speed at which the pump is driven. It will also be possible to use centrifical pumps which have a non-linear, but predictable relationship between the pump speed and flow rate. The use of peristaltic pumps, however, is most preferred since in addition to providing a known, theoretically linear relationship between pump speed and flow, they also provide for complete isolation of the blood passing thorough the pump. The processing unit16may be any device or apparatus intended for the extracorporeal treatment of blood. Most commonly, the processing unit16will be a hemodialysis unit, a hemofiltration, a hemodifiltration, a apheresis, or the like. Such processing units will typically have other associated components which are not shown inFIG. 1. For example, hemodialysis units will have the components necessary for continuously flowing a dialysate solution past an internal membrane to perform the desired dialysis function. Hemofiltration and diafiltration may have components for regenerating and controlling the filtering operation. The blood draw line18will typically comprise a flexible tube or catheter having a distal end30adapted to access a patient's vasculature, e.g. a percutaneous access device adapted to connect to a subcutaneous port, and a proximal end32adapted to connect to an inlet port34of the pump12. The distal end30can be adapted in a variety of ways. As illustrated, an access needle36is provided for percutaneous access to an implanted port, as generally described in a co-pending application Ser. No. 08/942,990, filed on Oct. 2, 1997, assigned to the assignee of the present application, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The access port will be subcutaneously connected to an artery or a vein to provide a source of blood for processing as more completely described in the co-pending application. The blood draw line could also be configured for connection to transcutaneous catheters, other implanted ports, or other blood access systems as described in the medical and patent literature. For use in the present invention, tubes or catheters comprising the blood draw line will typically have inner lumen diameters in the range from 2 mm to 8 mm, preferably from 4 mm to 6 mm, and lengths in the range from 50 cm to 300 cm, typically from 120 cm to 180 cm. The tubes or catheters may be composed of conventional materials, such as polyvinylchloride, silicone elastomer, polyurethane, and the like. The processing unit16will receive blood from an outlet port40of the pump12via a connector43. After passing through the processing unit16(typically a dialysis membrane or hemofiltration filter), the blood will flow outwardly through the port42and into the blood return line20. The blood return line20usually comprises a tube or catheter having a distal end44adapted for accessing the patient vasculature typically through an implanted port or other conventional access device as described above. The proximal end46of the tube or catheter is preferably connectable directly to the outlet42of the processing unit16. Thus, the extracorporeal circuit which is established comprises the blood draw line18, the flow tube26of the pump12, the processing unit16, and the return line20. Preferably, at least the draw line18, flow tube26, and return line20will be disposable and replaceable with new, sterile components to lower the risk of patient infection. Usually, at least the internal components of the processing unit16will also be disposable and replaceable for the same reason. In this way, all system components which contact the circulating blood will be initially sterile and used only once. As described thus far, the extracorporeal circuit is generally conventional. One significant difference, however, with many previous systems is that neither the blood draw line nor the blood return line20need include drip chamber(s) to facilitate pressure monitoring (although the present invention does not preclude the use of drip chambers). It is a particular advantage of the present system that the use of such drip chambers is not necessary. The system10is monitored and controlled by a control unit50which is typically a microprocessor based programmable controller integrated with the processing unit16but which may also be a separate personal computer or work station. The control unit50will have appropriate input/output devices52, such as knobs, dials, a display screen, keyboard, hardisk, floppy disk, CD drive, and the like, for permitting control, monitoring, and data acquisition in a generally conventional manner. In particular, the control unit50will be connected to the pump driver14in order to permit the user to set the desired blood flow rate, typically in the ranges set forth above. The user will usually input a value of flow rate, typically in ml/min, and the control unit50will determine the corresponding pump speed which is expected to provide such a full rate based on the known pump characteristics. This selected flow rate will be the “expected” flow rate which is considered in a number of contexts below in connection with operation of the system. This user-selected “expected” flow rate will typically be a fixed value throughout the entire treatment protocol. The flow rate, however, could also be varied over time in which case the “expected” value for the flow rate will also vary as the treatment protocol progresses. The actual blood flow rate is measured by a flow sensor60which is positioned to measure the output of the pump12after it passes through the processing unit16. The sensor60is preferably a “non-contact” sensor which can be placed over an exterior surface of the blood return line20to measure the blood flow without any contact between the sensor and the blood itself. In this way, the flow sensor60can be reused without contamination from any individual patient. Preferably, the flow sensor60will be an ultrasonic flow sensor, such as model HT109, available from Transonics, Ithaca, N.Y. The ultrasonic sensor is particularly preferred, however, since it also permits monitoring of gas bubbles within the return line20, as described in more detail below. Output of the flow sensor60is directed back to the control unit50where it is used for several purposes. In particular, real-time determination of the blood flow rate through the return line20can be used for feedback control of the blood flow rate. While the blood flow rate may be nominally selected based on the pump speed, feedback of the actual flow from flow sensor60to the control unit50permits the control unit to adjust the pump speed to more precisely achieve the actual blood flow rate. The control unit50can be programmed to implement a variety of suitable control algorithms, including proportional control, derivative control, integral control, and combinations thereof. In addition to real-time control of the blood flow rate, monitoring of the actual blood flow rate with flow sensor60permits the system10to monitoring for malfunctions. In the first instance, the control unit50can compare the actual flow rate as measured by the sensor60with the flow rate which would be expected for the pump12based on its known relationship between pump speed and flow output. If the pump speed is significantly higher than the speed which would be expected for achieving the actual flow rate, it is likely that the system is malfunctioning. For example, there may be a blockage between the patient and the pump12which starves the pump of blood. The pump12will then turn faster in response to the control algorithm which is attempting to maintain the flow control point. Alternatively, there may be a leak between the output of the pump12and the flow detector60, e.g. in the processing unit16, which may also cause the pump to turn faster in an attempt to achieve the control point flow through the flow sensor. In either case, the control unit50can initiate an alarm condition when the pump speed is greater than the expected speed or the control point flow rate by some threshold amount, usually at least 1%, more usually at least 5%, and often 10%, or more, based on the preselect flow rate. The alarm condition may comprise shutting down the pump12, initiating a visual or audible alarm and/or closing a safety valve70on the blood return line20. Usually, all three actions will be taken. When using an ultrasonic flow sensor60, the system10can also detect the presence of air or other gas bubbles in the return line20to the patient. The ultrasonic reflective characteristics of blood and gas vary considerably, permitting the control unit50to detect the presence of the gas based on a very significant disruption in the detected ultrasonic signal. The presence of air or other gases in the blood return in the patient can result from a leak in the system anywhere upstream of the flow sensor60. Regardless of the cause, the system10will initiate an alarm condition generally as described above in the case of pump overspeed. Since the controller50will know the cause, the alarm condition can indicate that it results from the presence of gas bubbles in the blood return line. Knowledge of the actual flow rate provided by flow sensor60to the control unit50can also be used to detect a blockage in the downstream of the pump12, usually in the return line20. Any blockage downstream or distal from the pump12discharge port40will cause a greater pressure drop across the pump in order to maintain a given flow rate. Thus, by monitoring the power or current being consumed by the pump driver14through signal line80, the actual power needed to drive the pump12can be compared with the expected power based on the actual flow rate. When the actual power consumed by the pump12exceeds the expected value by a threshold amount, typically at least 1%, usually at least 5%, and often 10% or more, based on the expected power consumption, then an alarm condition can be initiated generally as described above. An alarm condition can particularly indicated that there is a blockage in that portion of the system which is downstream or proximal from the pump12. Optionally, an external pressure sensor90can also be provided on the blood return line20. The pressure sensor90can be a collar or other restriction which applies a small radially inward force on the resilient body of the return line20. As blood flows through the return line, the corresponding radially outward pressure will be applied against the collar or other constriction. By monitoring this radially outward force, excess pressures through the return line20can be detected. Such secondary pressure monitoring is desirable for detecting significant overpressures, typically above 400 mmHg, and can be used to immediately shut down the system and initiate an alarm condition as described above. In operation, the vasculature of a patient P is accessed by connecting the blood draw line18to an arterial or venous source within the patient. The blood draw line is then connected to the inlet port34of the pump12. The blood return line20is then connected to a venous return location within the patient P and, at its other end, to an output port42of the processing unit16. The flow sensor60will then be connected typically about the exterior of the blood return line20. Optionally, the stop valve70and the overpressure detector90will also be connected to the exterior of the blood return line20. The operation in the pump12will then be initiated to begin blood circulation through the draw line18, pump12, processing unit16, and back to the patient to the return line20. The blood flow rate will be controlled using the active control scheme described above, while system operation and malfunction will be monitored, also as described above. The present invention will also provide kits100including some or all of the disposable components which can be used with the system10for performing the methods of the present invention. For example, the kit100can include tubes or catheters comprising the draw line18and return line20as well as instructions for use102setting forth methods for extracorporeally circulating blood as described above. The catheters18and20and instructions for use102will typically be sterilely packaged within a conventional medical device package104, such as a pouch, tray, tube, box, or the line. Instructions for use102will usually be printed on a separate sheet of paper, but may also be printed in whole or in part on a portion of the packing materials. While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.

0A

61

M

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS AND OF THE BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION The warp threads 6, 7 move from right to left in the Figure. Arrow 10 indicates the entrance movement direction of the warp threads upstream of a backrest beam or roller 9. As shown in the single figure, a spreader rod 1 is arranged downstream of a weaving reed 2 as viewed in the warp thread moving direction. A backrest rail 3 is arranged upstream or ahead of the weaving reed 2. In an arrangement which is essentially known for weaving machines, a heald frame 4 is arranged upstream of the backrest rail 3 and, as is generally used especially for heavy woven fabrics, a leasing (fulling) mill 5 for forming a thread crossing 5' is arranged upstream of the heald frame 4. In this example embodiment, the leasing fulling mill 5 includes two parallel shafts or drums 11 and 12 arranged at a spacing from one another on a holding frame not shown, but which is tiltably supported and may be actively driven to rock back and forth in a swinging direction shown by an arrow 20. Alternatively, the leasing fulling mill 5 may be supported to swing freely as a pendulum instead of being actively driven. A separating or splitting rod 8 is arranged upstream of the leasing fulling mill 5 for separating the two courses of warp threads 6 and 7 and to provide an additional shed separation for preventing a binding of the two warp thread courses 6 and 7. The warp threads 6 and 7 arrive from the right side of the Figure in the direction of the arrow 10 from a warp beam which is not shown, and are then guided over the backrest beam or backrest roller 9 before being separated by the separating rod 8 and a first roller 12 of the leasing fulling mill 5 to form the shed. According to the invention, at least the leasing fulling mill 5 comprises two hollow pipes 11 and 12, whereby a cooling medium flows through each pipe 11, 12. The cooling medium is preferably water because water has a good thermal conductivity and thermal capacity. Alternatively, the cooling medium may be a liquid other than water or may even be a gas such as, for instance, carbon dioxide or other gases. A motor 20a drives a pump 21 for circulating the cooling medium through a conduit system 22, preferably of flexible hoses, from a conventional cooling device and reservoir 23 and back again as indicated by the arrows. Valves 24 are located in the individual conduits in such positions that the cooling medium supply for each loom component to be cooled can be controlled individually and/or in groups. In a further embodiment of the invention, other components of the weaving machine which contact the warp threads 6, 7 are also cooled. For example, the backrest roller 9 may be embodied as a hollow pipe 13, and the separating rod 8 may be embodied as a hollow pipe 14 for carrying a circulated cooling medium as shown, when the respective valves are opened, e.g. manually or automatically in response to a temperature measurement. Instead of a single separating rod 8, several separating rods may be provided between the warp threads 6 and 7, in the area upstream of the leasing fulling mill 5. In order to provide additional cooling for the warp threads 6 and 7, at least one cooling comb 15 having cooling fins or lamellae 16, 17 is arranged in the loom shed. In the example embodiment shown, the cooling comb 15 comprises a row of lamellae or cooling fins 16, 17 reaching into the upper or lower warp course of the shed in the manner of a comb, whereby only one lamellae 16, 17 is visible in each thread course as shown in the drawing. Instead of providing such a cooling comb arrangement in the upper and lower shed courses, it is also possible to arrange a cooling comb 15 only in the upper or only in the lower warp shed. It is also possible to arrange several cooling combs 15 at a spacing one behind the other from the interlacing point to the warp beam. Cooling medium flows through a respective pipe 18, 19 which is thermally conductively connected to each lamellae or fin 16, 17 of the comb in order to conduct away heat. The pipes 18, 19 may also be connected to the shown cooling medium circulating system or may be connected to a separate cooling system that could circulate a different cooling medium, e.g., a gas instead of a liquid. Instead of using rows of lamellae or fins which are arranged on the respective cooled pipe 18, 19, it is also possible according to a further embodiment of the invention, that the lamellae 16 or 17 themselves are embodied as hollow pipes which carry a flow of cooling medium. This embodiment is especially advantageous, because the formation of condensation on the component surfaces to provide a lubricating effect for the warp threads as described below, occurs directly on the lamellae surfaces contacted by the threads. In this embodiment outlet holes or spray nozzles 16' may be provided in the separate fins or lamellae 16 to allow the cooling medium to spray or blow directly into the loom shed to directly cool the warp threads. This is advantageous because the direct cooling is the most efficient and fastest method of cooling the warp threads and additionally, the cooling medium may act as a lubricant for the warp threads. In any case, the cooled surfaces of the components of the weaving machine which contact the warp threads, namely at least the leasing fulling mill 5, but preferably also the separating rod 8, the backrest roller 9, as well as the cooling fins 16 and 17 are preferably cooled to such an extent below the dew point that atmospheric moisture condenses on the cooled surfaces as condensation water. The condensation water acts as a lubricant and as a passive treatment medium for the warp threads. If a gaseous cooling medium is sprayed from the cooling lamellae 16, 17 through nozzles 16' directly onto the warp threads, the warp threads may be cooled to the extent that condensation forms directly on the threads. In order to further reduce the undesirable heating of the weaving machine components which contact the warp threads, the surfaces of these components are preferably coated with a friction reducing surface coating, for example, a coating of chrome or a synthetic material. In this embodiment it is especially advantageous that the condensation water which forms on the cooled surfaces reduces the wear on those surfaces. This is especially important for the use of synthetic material surfaces. It is further provided according to the invention that if the weaving machine is to be operated without a fulling leasing mill 5, then at least the backrest roller 9 and preferably all the other machine components which contact the warp threads are cooled as disclosed. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be appreciated, that it is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the appended claims.

3D

03

J

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The method of etching aluminum foil in accordance with the present invention increases the surface area of the foil by creating randomly distributed etch tunnels in the surface of the aluminum foil. The method is useful for etching aluminum foil for use in electrolytic capacitors, because the capacitance of an electrolytic capacitor increases with the surface area of the foil used as an electrode. By uniformly increasing the surface area of the electrode foil, the increase in capacitance is essentially consistent across the total surface area of the electrode foil. The method of the present invention enhances the effectiveness of the electrochemical etching of an aluminum foil by utilizing one or more pretreatment steps. One embodiment of the present invention, by using only one pretreatment step, creates the etch tunnels without using the wet process of chemical etching. In the first pretreatment step, a discontinuous layer of metal that is cathodic to the aluminum foil is deposited on the surface of the foil, using any method known in the art, such as thermal or electron beam evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. The deposited metal should be cathodic to the aluminum foil in the electrolyte used, when subsequently electrochemically etching the foil. For example, metals that are cathodic to aluminum foil include lead, silver, gold, zinc, and tin. The deposited layer of metal preferably should be a discontinuous layer in order to create a hererogenous surface comprising random areas of deposited metal, and random areas of bare aluminum. A preferred method to assure the creation of a discontinuous layer of metal is to deposit less metal than the minimum amount required to create one monolayer. One monolayer is a single molecular layer of deposited material. The minimum amounts of metal required for one monolayer of gold, silver, lead, zinc, or tin are approximately 15.times.10.sup.15, 1.5.times.10.sup.15, 1.0.times.10.sup.15, 1.7.times.10.sup.15, and 1.1.times.10.sup.15 atoms/cm.sup.2, respectively. The preferred amount of deposited metal is within the range between the minimum amount required to create about 0.01 monolayer, i.e., one-hundredth of the values above, and the minimum amount required to create about 1.0 monolayer, i.e., the values above. More preferably, the amount of deposited metal is within the range between the minimum amount required to create about 0.06 monolayer, and the minimum amount required to create about 0.5 monolayer. Additionally, current methods of thin-layer metal deposition create random clusters of deposited metal rather than a single molecular layer; therefore, a discontinuous layer can occur when depositing amounts of metal greater than the minimum amount required to create one monolayer. In accordance with another important embodiment of the present invention, the pattern of metal clusters deposited on the foil may be controlled by covering or masking portions of the aluminum foil prior to and during the metal deposition step. A second pretreatment step may be employed to further improve the uniformity of the etch tunnel distribution obtained in the primary electrochemical etching step. The foil, having metal deposited on its surface, is pretreated by chemically etching the deposited metal using a relatively mild concentration of chemical etchant, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, or fluosilicic acid. The concentration of the acid in the second pretreatment step should be below 3 Normal and preferably in the range of about 0.01 to about 1.0 Normal, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.5 Normal. It is believed that this step removes portions of the aluminum adjacent to the deposited metal clusters, and that the resulting exposed aluminum surfaces become preferred sites for reaction during the final electrochemical etching step. The final step in the method of the present invention is electrochemical etching of the pretreated aluminum foil, using any suitable electrochemical etching method known in the art. The metal clusters deposited in the first pretreatment step, and preferably the aluminum surfaces exposed by mild chemical etching in the second pretreatment step, act as local sites for cathodic reactions during the primary electrochemical etching step, and thus create etch tunnels adjacent to the deposited metal cluster sites. If the deposited metal layer is not discontinuous, or if the deposited metal clusters are not widely distributed, the primary electrochemical etch will produce only a small number of etch tunnels adjacent to the metal clusters, and the etch tunnels created will not be widely distributed. The etch tunnels are more widely and randomly distributed across the surface of the aluminum foil, and are more uniform in size, when the foil is electrochemically etched using the pretreatment steps of depositing a metal layer cathodic to the aluminum foil and mildly chemically etching the foil having the deposited metal on its surface. After forming, i.e., treating to produce a dielectric oxide coating on the surface, the capacitance of the electrochemically etched foil is higher for a foil utilizing the pretreatment steps of the present invention. The invention will be better understood from the following examples. The electrochemical etching bath contained one normal hydrochloric acid and seven normal sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE 1 Gold was deposited on aluminum foil samples using a diode sputtering source in argon. The foil samples were then electrochemically etched using direct current for five seconds at a current density of 200 mA/cm.sup.2. Oxide replicas were made using normal procedures known to one skilled in the art. A scanning electron microscope examination revealed an etch tunnel distribution more uniform than aluminum foil etched without the gold sputtering pretreatment. Further, the distribution of etch tunnels was shown to be influenced by the distribution of the deposited gold layer; a pretreatment step of sputtering gold through a mask controlled the pattern of subsequent etch tunnels, compared to an etch sample made by sputtering gold without a mask. EXAMPLE 2 Gold was deposited to a thickness of about 0.4 monolayer, or about 6.times.10.sup.14 atoms/cm.sup.2, on aluminum foil using thermal evaporation from a tungsten boat in a vacuum chamber. The Rutherford Backscattering analysis method was used to determine the thickness of the deposited gold layer. The foil was then electrochemically etched using direct current for five seconds at a current density of 200 mA/cm.sup.2. Scanning electron microscope examination revealed that the etch tunnels created in the pretreated foil were more uniformly distributed than the etch tunnels of a foil etched without the pretreatment step of depositing a discontinuous gold layer. The capacitance was 1.65 microfarad/cm.sup.2 at 270 volts for the foil etched by using the pretreatment step of depositing a layer of gold, a value 26% higher than the capacitance for the foil etched without the pretreatment step. The mean density of the etch tunnels of the pretreated foil was 5.6.times.10.sup.6 tunnels/cm.sup.2, with a standard deviation for a 25.times.25 micron area of 2.2.times.10.sup.6 tunnels/cm.sup.2. EXAMPLE 3 Submonolayers of gold, silver, tin, zinc, and lead were deposited on superpurity aluminum foil using vacuum evaporation from a heated tungsten filament or boat. A shutter above the source was opened or closed to start or stop the deposition of evaporated metal onto the target. A quartz crystal thickness monitor was used to measure the mass deposited. Table 1 shows the concentration level of the metal layer deposited on each sample. TABLE 1 ______________________________________ CONCENTRATION SAMPLE METAL (.times. 10.sup.14 atoms/cm.sup.2) ______________________________________ 1 gold 3 2 gold 8 3 silver 1 4 silver 3 5 tin 1 6 zinc 1 7 lead 1 8 lead 3 ______________________________________ The samples were then chemically etched by a 0.036 molar aqueous solution of fluosilicic acid for 90 seconds at room temperature. The samples were then electrochemically etched using direct current for five seconds at a current density of 400 mA/cm.sup.2. Scanning electron microscope examination showed that the electrochemically etched foils that were pretreated using the steps of metal deposition and chemical etch had more uniformly distributed etch tunnels than foils similarly electrochemically etched without the pretreatment steps. EXAMPLE 4 Gold was deposited onto superpurity aluminum foil to a layer concentration of 3.times.10.sup.14 atoms/cm.sup.2 and 8.times.10.sup.14 atoms/cm.sup.2 using the method of Example 3. These two samples were not chemically etched, but were electrochemically etched using the method of Example 3. Scanning electron microscope examination showed more randomly distributed etch tunnel patterns than the etch tunnel distribution obtained after etching a foil without the gold metal deposition treatment.

2C

23

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF The present invention is a cover for a rain gutter that has any type of cross-pieces as are known in the art. Such prior cross-pieces include various types of cross-braces that are generally placed across the gutter at regular intervals along the gutter, perpendicular to the length of the gutter and above the gutter cavity, and serve to strengthen the gutter. The cover 10 of the invention comprises a plurality of single rectangular sheets of material installable overlappingly adjacent to each other above a gutter, each of which sheets has a front area 12 integrally connected to a back planar area 14. Although the back planar area 14 can be a single plane as shown in FIG. 1, the back planar area can itself be in more than one plane. For example, in many types of roof structures where the slope is not flat or close to flat, the back planar area 14 is bent along a line 38 part of the way back at an angle A which may be anywhere from 0.degree. (no bend) to 90.degree. (right-angle bend). The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 has the back edge 36 of the back planar area 14 bent slightly upward. In this embodiment, when the gutter cover 10 is installed, the back planar area 14 is parallel to the roof-line and then levels out to be more horizontal immediately behind and at the front area 12. The front area 12 comprises an elongated leg portion 16 integral with and perpendicular to a lower horizontal strip 20 forming part of a curved front portion 18 as shown in FIG. 3. The elongated leg portion 16 extends vertically below the sheet at about a right angle to the lower horizontal portion 20, and both the elongated leg portion 16 and the curved front portion 18 extend the length of the sheet. The leg portion 16 is partially cut with sets of paired parallel cuts about 3-inches apart in the preferred embodiment, to form feet 22 as shown in FIGS. 1-4. Each of the feet 22 is spaced apart from adjacent feet 22 by an amount corresponding to the space between gutter cross-pieces 24 as are known in the art. As shown in FIG. 3, the feet 22 are bent upward and forward from the leg portion 16 so that when the cover 10 is placed on the rain gutter 26, the feet 22 hold the leg portion 16 of the gutter cover 10 back from the front side 28 of the gutter 26 so that there is a covered opening 30 over the gutter 26, with the front area 12 of the gutter cover 10 extending completely over the gutter 26 to keep out leaves but allowing capillary flow of water over the curved front portion 18, through the covered opening 30, and into the gutter 26. Most preferably, the leg portion 16 extends "generally vertically" below the curved front portion 18 of the sheet as shown in FIG. 3, which means that the leg 16 forms an angle of about 90.degree. from the plane of the lower horizontal strip 20 of the curved front portion 18 where the leg portion 16 is bent downward. The actual angle between the leg portion 16 and the curved front portion 18 is not critical, so long as the leg portion 16 is not so acutely bent forward so as to have the leg portion 16, and not just the feet 22, be in contact with the inside of the front side 28 of the gutter 26 and so long as the leg portion 16 is not angled backwards so far that the opening 30 between the gutter cover 10 and the gutter 26 is less than about 0.25-0.5 inch which would reduce or eliminate drainage of water into the gutter 26 from the gutter cover 10. In other words, the length and angle of projection of the leg portions 16 and feet 22 of the gutter cover 10 of the invention must allow for a sufficient gap between the front area 12 of the gutter cover 10 and the top of the gutter 26 for there to be capillary water drainage from the cover, and the dimensions can be adjusted accordingly for different styles of gutters and different angles and type of roof structures. It is believed that the leg-foot combination set forth above gives the invention particular uniqueness. As used herein, the term "front" of the gutter cover 10 or the gutter 26 refers to portions of the particular item which extend or are located farthest out from the house and roof, so that having the leg portion 16 bent forward means that the lower edge of the leg portion 16 is closer to the front of the gutter cover 10 than is the back edge of the leg portion 16. The term "back" and related terms relate to portions closest to the roofing and house. The gutter cover 10 when used on standard gutters having cross-pieces 24 and standard sloped roof structures has the leg portion 16 of the gutter cover 10 in the open top area of the gutter 26 so that the feet are aligned with and resting on the cross-pieces 24 and are beneath the front lip 32 of the gutter 26. This position holds the gutter cover 10 from wind uplift. In this position, there is a gap G of at least about 1/4 inch between the lower edge of the leg portion 16 and the inside front of the gutter 26. The gutter cover of the invention may be made by any manual or machining means known in the art. One preferred manual method for making the invention utilizes parallel sheets of metal, between which the edges of the sheet used to make the gutter cover may be inserted to bend the sheet the desired amount along the desired line, and a rounded piece, over which the sheet may be bent to form the curved front portion. Preferred dimensions for the individual pieces of the gutter cover, for a standard gutter having modular 3-foot sections, utilize sheets having a length of 37 inches to allow for overlap between adjacent gutter cover pieces and a width of 15 inches. The preferred leg portion 16 is about 11/2 inches wide and the length of the sheet. The back planar area 14 extends for about 10 inches behind the curved front portion 18. Installation of the gutter cover 10 on standard gutters and roof structures as shown in FIG. 5 includes positioning of each sheet of the gutter cover 10 with the front area 12 over the proper place on the gutter with respect to alignment of the gutter cross-pieces 24 and the feet 22, with the leg portions 16 above the gutter and then placing the back planar area 14 under a layer of shingles, preferably the second layer up, and fastening it down with fasteners as are known in the art at one or more selected areas 40 in the back planar area as shown for example in FIGS. 2 and 4. The shingles 34 cover fasteners and the back planar area 14, and the front area 12 of the gutter cover 10 is pushed down into the gutter 26 with a slight temporary bending sufficiently to position the feet 22 under the front lip 32 of the gutter 27. Adjacent sheets of the gutter cover 10 are positioned so that one of them slightly overlaps the other and curved portion 18 is flush with the front of front lip 32. While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that numerous variations, modifications, and embodiments are possible, and accordingly , all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the invention.

4E

04

D

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The power component shown in FIG. 1 has a disc 1 of a first conductivity type. The disc 1 in the example is weakly n-doped and thus is referenced n.sup.- in FIG. 1. The thickness of the disc 1 can be about 300 .mu.m or less. In general, the thickness and the base doping of the weakly doped silicon disc 1 are selected according to the desired blocking voltage of the power component. On the first side 3 of its surface 2, the disc 1 is provided with semiconductor structures which include at least one trough 10 of a second conductivity type. The upper section of FIG. 1 is referenced below as being at the emitter side or cathode side, with respect to these electrodes, and the lower section of FIG. 1 is referred to as being at the collector side or anode side, accordingly. The method for producing semiconductor structures with at least one trough 10 is generally known and need not be detailed herein. In a first step of the inventive method, the disc 1 is joined to a substrate 5, which is of a second conductivity type and which is depicted beneath disc 1 in FIG. 1. The substrate can have a thickness of about 400 .mu.m, for example. The disc 1 and the substrate 5 have a common boundary layer 11 after they are joined. The connection of the disc 1 to the substrate 5 can occur with a "wafer bonding" technique. The process of wafer bonding is generally known in the field of semiconductor production and need not be detailed herein. The power component according to FIG. 1 has an additional, second layer 8. In the preferred embodiment of the inventive method, the disc 1 is provided with the second layer 8 on the second side 4 of its surface 2 prior to joining the disc 1 to the substrate 5. The second layer 8 created in the disc 1 is of a second conductivity type, which is opposite the first conductivity type of the disc 1. In the given example, the conductivity type of the disc 1 is referenced n.sup.-, and the conductivity type of the second layer 8 is referenced p. Due to the creation of the second layer 8 in the disc 1, the space charge region (not depicted) is formed inside the disc 1 (specifically, at the junction between the n.sup.- -region of the disc 1 and the p-region of the second layer) and not directly over the boundary layer 11 between the n.sup.- doped disc 1 and the p.sup.+ -doped substrate 5. Without the additional layer 8 in the disc 1, given the formation of the space charge region in the vicinity of the boundary layer 11, a high surface quality would be required not only for the disc 1 but also for the substrate 5, as well as an extremely defect-free wafer bonding, which would raise the costs of the material, or of the production method. The attachment of the disc 1 to the substrate 5 effects a higher mechanical stability of the overall structure and enables the etching of a deep trench 7 in the weakly doped silicon disc 1 without fracturing. The substrate 5, due to its thickness of about 400 .mu.m, acts as a stabilizing carrier. Particularly in the case of a low thickness of the weakly doped silicon discs 1, the carrier 5 additionally greatly facilitates the processing of the silicon discs 1 in the processing sequence, and above all the disc handling in the production of semiconductor components. The trench 7 is etched into the disc 1 in a next step of the method for the production of the power component. To etch the trench 7 in the disc 1, a mask is placed on the surface of the chip. The mask is structured such that it covers those sections of the chip which should remain unmodified, thus defining the position of the trenches 7 on the surface of the chip. The trench 7 preferably has a slightly beveled form in cross-section; i.e., in cross-section it represents a trapezoid in which the shorter of the two parallel sides is situated below on the substrate side, and the longer of the two parallel sides is situated above and is open. The shorter parallel side and the two legs of the trapezoid define the exposed surface of the trench 7, which is processed in a further step. In this further step of the inventive method for the production of a power component, the exposed surface of the trench 7 is doped, so that a layer 6 of the second conductivity type forms on the surface of the trench 7, i.e., in the example of a power semiconductor given in FIG. 1, a p-doped layer 6. Besides the surface in the trench 7, a terminal region 9 at the edge of the first side 3 of the surface 2 of the disc 1 is also doped in this step, the layer 6 as well as the terminal region 9 being of the second conductivity type. The terminal region 9 contains the edge termination, required for the reverse blocking ability, of the component. This edge termination can be created in the form of field rings, field plates or a "variation of lateral doping" structure, as well as other conventional variants. In the example depicted in FIG. 1, a "variation of lateral doping" structure is depicted as the edge termination. The trough 10 represents the edge termination for the base region, at the cathode side (emitter side), of the power semiconductor, which is required for the forward blocking ability of the component. The central region of the component, which contains the emitter structure, at the cathode side (emitter side), of a thyristor or an IGBT is not depicted in FIG. 1 for clarity. In the aforementioned second step of the method, the depth of the trench 7 was selected so that an electrical contact between the substrate 5 and the terminal region 9 can be produced via the layer 6, which was created by the doping of the exposed surface of the trench 7. The depth of the trench 7 depends, among other things, on whether an already doped layer 8 is provided in the disc 1. If a layer 8 is not provided in the disc 1, then the depth of the trench 7 is preferably selected such that the substrate 5 under the disc 1 is exposed. Instead, the disc 1 is provided with an already doped layer 8, then the depth of the trench 7 is preferably selected such that a layer of the disc 1 remains, which has a prescribed thickness. The thickness of this residual layer is preferably defined such that the bottom of the trench 7 extends into the layer 8. The layers 6 and 8 are preferably simultaneously diffused in that previously implanted (acceptor) atoms are diffused-in together. The implantation of the layer 8 should occur prior to the wafer bonding, and the implantation of the layer 6 should occur subsequent to the wafer bonding and to the trench etching. A connection between an electrode situated on the back side of the component and the front side of the component thus is created by the inventive method for the production of a power semiconductor element. In particular, the conductive connection between the reverse-blocking edge termination at the cathode side (emitter side) and the p-emitter at the anode side (collector side) is produced by the overlapping of the doping at the bottom of the trench 7 with the doping of the p.sup.+ -substrate 5 depicted in FIG. 1, and by the overlapping with the conductive layer 6. Boron is preferably used as dopant in the doping step of the inventive method. The boron doping for guaranteeing the conductive connection between the p-emitter at the anode side (collector side) and the reverse-blocking edge termination realized at the cathode side (emitter side) can be realized by means of a masked boron implantation with a subsequent push-in step, for example. An implantation dose between 10.sup.14 and 10.sup.16 boron atoms per cm.sup.2 is preferably selected for this purpose. This guarantees against a breakthrough of the space charge region to the surface of the trench. In order to avoid surface influences, the penetration depth of the boron atoms--i.e. the thickness of the layer 6--is preferably at least 3 .mu.m. In an alternative embodiment of the method, the boron doping occurs by diffusion, e.g. by boroethane diffusion. To this end, an SiO.sub.2 layer is deposited on the chip prior to the boron diffusion, this layer covering the sections of the chip which are not to be diffused. The SiO.sub.2 layer is structured such that it exposes, as a mask, the sections on the chip surface which should be boron-diffused. Subsequent to the production of a wafer with power semiconductor components with the inventive method, individual components can be separated from one another along the trenches. This separation of the individual elements occurs by sawing, for example. The width of the trenches 7 is preferably selected such that the separation of the individual chips is possible without complications, and without damaging the edge system of the individual chips with the first layer 6 and the terminal region 9. Although modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventor to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of his contribution to the art.

7H

01

L

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS It should be noted that the embodiments of the present application and the features of the embodiments may be combined without conflicting with each other. Provided is a method for simultaneous wireless information and energy transfer with a guard interval signal, which is applied to a simultaneous information and energy transfer system, the system comprising: a transmitting terminal transmitting a baseband signal comprising an information signal, an energy signal and a controllable guard interval signal, and a receiving terminal, the method comprising the steps of: S1, generating, by the transmitting terminal, a controllable guard interval signal according to current energy demand and channel environment conditions for transmission; S2, processing and transmitting, by the transmitting terminal, the information signal, the energy signal and the controllable guard interval signal to the receiving terminal; S3, receiving and processing, by the receiving terminal, the signals transmitted by the transmitting terminal; and S4, harvesting, by the receiving terminal, energy in the energy signal and/or energy in the controllable guard interval signal of the signals transmitted by the transmitting terminal; S5, providing, by the receiving terminal, electric energy required for the current operating mode of the receiving terminal by utilizing the energy in the energy signal and/or the energy in the controllable guard interval signal harvested. The electric energy required for the current operating mode of the receiving terminal may be additional electric energy required for charging, or electric energy required for maintenance of the receiving and processing operation of the receiving terminal. When the receiving terminal is in a normal operating mode, an energy-storage operating mode or a power-consuming operating mode (the receiving terminal needs to speed up power consumption), the transmitting terminal may generate a controllable guard interval signal matched therewith according to the energy demand of respective operating modes. The controllable guard interval signal is associated with the control of parameters such as the symbol energy carried by the guard interval signal, the time length of the guard interval signal, etc. Specifically, the controllable guard interval signal is associated with the control of the following parameters: the time length and/or carrier allocation and/or power allocation of the guard interval signal, etc. In step S1, the channel environment conditions for transmission refer to the parameters such as signal intensity varying in strength, varying transmission efficiency due to the time variability of the wireless channel. In this embodiment, in step S1, the current energy demand of the receiving terminal specifically refers to the energy demand in the energy-storage operating mode or the normal operating mode. Of course, the energy demands in other operating modes are also included, for example the energy demand in an energy-consuming mode, etc. The controllable guard interval signal corresponds to an additional energy source provided for the receiving terminal, which provides matching energy for the receiving terminal according to the actual need of the receiving terminal. Specifically, the step S1 comprises the sub-steps of: S11, generating, by the transmitting terminal, a controllable guard interval signal with larger energy when the receiving terminal is in the energy-storage operating mode; and S12, generating, by the transmitting terminal, a controllable guard interval signal with smaller energy or a controllable guard interval signal having identifying meaning when the receiving terminal is in the normal operating mode. It is noted that the guard interval signal with larger energy and the guard interval signal with smaller energy are relative terms, and the transmitting terminal may control and generate a guard interval signal matched with the receiving terminal according to the current operating mode (electric energy demand) of the receiving terminal. Preferably, the step S2 is specifically: performing, by the transmitting terminal, encoding, serial-parallel conversion, shunting, modulation, parallel-serial conversion and digital-to-analog conversion on the information signal, the energy signal and the controllable guard interval signal, and transmits the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal to the receiving terminal. Preferably, the step S3 specifically comprises the following sub-steps of: S31, receiving, by the receiving terminal, and converting the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal into a parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; S32, determining whether the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer signal within a guard interval is a controllable guard interval signal containing energy; if yes, harvesting the guard interval signal within the guard interval and rectifying and storing the signal into an energy storage unit; S33, shunting an information analog signal and an energy analog signal in the parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; S34, performing analog-to-digital conversion on the information analog signal to obtain an information digital signal, and performing information demodulation, parallel-serial conversion and decoding on the information digital signal in a digital domain; and S35, preprocessing the energy analog signal in an analogy domain and storing the processed signal into the energy storage unit. A system for simultaneous wireless information and energy transfer with a guard interval signal, which is used for implementing a method for simultaneous wireless information and energy transfer with a guard interval signal, and comprises: a transmitting terminal configured to generate a guard interval signal with corresponding energy according to an operating mode of a receiving terminal, and process and then transmit an information signal, an energy signal and a controllable guard interval signal to the receiving terminal; and the receiving terminal configured to receive and process the signals transmitted by the transmitting terminal, and harvest the energy in the energy signal and/or the energy in the controllable guard interval signal of the signals transmitted by the transmitting terminal. Preferably, the transmitting terminal comprises a baseband signal generation unit configured to acquire the current energy demand of the receiving terminal and the channel environment conditions for transmission, and generate a controllable guard interval signal according to the current energy demand and channel environment conditions for transmission. Preferably, the transmitting terminal further comprises: an encoding unit configured to perform encoding to an information baseband signal, an energy baseband signal and a controllable guard interval signal respectively to generate corresponding baseband encodings; a transmitting terminal serial-parallel conversion unit configured to perform serial-parallel conversion on a baseband encoding signal to generate a parallel data stream; a transmitting terminal mapping unit configured to classify the parallel data stream and perform corresponding modulation and pre-allocation to the information baseband signal, the energy baseband signal and the controllable guard interval signal in the parallel data stream according to a pre-allocation parameter set; a modulation unit configured to modulate the information baseband signal, the energy baseband signal and the controllable guard interval signal in the parallel data stream onto pre-allocated subcarriers according to results of the modulation and pre-allocation; a transmitting terminal parallel-serial conversion unit configured to convert the parallel data stream into a serial data stream; a digital-to-analog conversion unit configured to convert the serial data stream into simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal and send the signal into a transmitting antenna; and the transmitting antenna configured to transmit the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal. The receiving terminal further comprises: a receiving antenna configured to receive the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; a guard interval separation unit configured to separate the controllable guard interval analog signal from the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; a receiving terminal serial-parallel conversion unit configured to convert the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal into parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; a receiving terminal mapping unit configured to shunt the information analog signal and the energy analog signal in the parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal; an information signal processing unit configured to perform analog-to-digital conversion on the information analog signal to obtain an information digital signal, and perform information demodulation, parallel-serial conversion and decoding on the information digital signal in the digital domain; an energy signal processing unit configured to preprocess the energy analog signal in the analogy domain and then store the signal into the energy storage unit; and the energy storage unit configured to store energy. Preferably, the information signal processing unit comprises an analog-to-digital conversion unit, an information demodulation unit, a receiving terminal parallel-serial conversion unit and a decoding unit connected sequentially. Preferably, the energy signal processing unit comprises an energy demodulation unit, a parallel-serial conversion unit, a decoding unit and a rectification unit connected sequentially. FIG. 1is a schematic structural view of a specific embodiment of the simultaneous wireless information and energy transfer system of the present disclosure. In this specific embodiment, the transmitting terminal further comprises a signal management and control unit (SMCU) configured to match an optimization algorithm based on the current energy demand of the receiving terminal and channel quality parameters, perform pre-allocation of the carriers, power and spectrum to the information signal data stream, the energy signal data stream and the controllable guard interval signal data stream in the baseband signal dynamically, and generate a pre-allocation parameter set to the baseband signal generation unit and the transmitting terminal mapping unit. The baseband signal generation unit is configured to generate the information signal and the energy signal, and generate the guard interval signal with controllable amount of energy according to the current operating mode of the receiving terminal. The information signal, the energy signal and the guard interval signal are sequentially subjected to encoding by the encoding unit, serial-parallel conversion by the transmitting terminal serial-parallel conversion unit, shunting by the transmitting terminal mapping unit, modulation by the modulator, parallel-serial conversion by the transmitting terminal parallel-serial conversion unit and digital-to-analog conversion by the digital-to-analog conversion unit, and then form a serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal which is transmitted to the receiving terminal by the transmitting antenna. The receiving antenna of the receiving terminal receives the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal. A synchronization unit (SU) is configured to enable the serial signal received to maintain phase synchronization with the transmitting terminal. The serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal processed by the synchronization unit is then subjected to guard interval separation by the guard interval separation unit. A determination unit (DU) is configured to determine whether a signal within the guard interval of the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer signal contains the energy signal; if yes, the energy signal within the guard interval is harvested and sent to the rectification unit for rectification and then stored into the energy storage unit. The signal in an effective interval of the serial simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal is separated by the guard interval separation unit and then is subjected to serial-parallel conversion by the receiving terminal serial-parallel conversion unit to obtain the parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal. The information analog signal and the energy analog signal in the parallel simultaneous information and energy transfer analog signal are shunted by the receiving terminal mapping unit. After being subjected to analog-to-digital conversion by the analog-to-digital conversion unit in the signal processing unit, the information analog signal is subjected to corresponding signal processing in the digital domain. The energy analog signal is processed by an energy processing unit in the analogy domain and then stored into the energy storage unit. In the present system and method, the guard interval time is fully utilized to transfer a guard interval signal controllable in amount of energy, which not only prevents the intersymbol interference, but also provides controllable energy signals within the guard interval time at the same time, thus improving the energy transfer performance of the system and reducing the probability that the receiving terminal is unable to operate normally due to energy shortage. The present disclosure can be widely applied to a variety of simultaneous information and energy transfer system. Preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Numerous equivalent variations and substitutions may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention and should all fall within the scope defined by the claims of the present application.

7H

02

J

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The hinged-breech weapon depicted partly inFIG. 1contains an only partially shown receiver or breech housing1, a front shaft2and a barrel part4arranged to be tiltable and removable around a transverse axis3on receiver1, which in the depicted variant includes a hook piece5depicted separately inFIG. 3, two barrels6and7arranged one above the other and a sighting bar8. The front shaft2has a locking mechanism, not apparent here, on a front end when viewed in the firing direction, for releasable mounting of the front shaft2on the lower barrel7of the barrel part4and a bearing piece9, depicted separately inFIG. 2, on a rear end for mounting on receiver1. A rear shaft, not shown here, is fastened in known fashion on the rear end of the receiver1. The bearing piece9, depicted in a half-section top view inFIG. 2and consisting of metal, contains a rear mounting part10and a forward protruding shoulder11, which is arranged in a recess12depicted inFIG. 1on the rear end of front shaft2. The U-shaped rear mounting part10in a rear view has two side connectors13enclosing the hook piece5, which have, on the rear sides, concave rear support surfaces14for mounting on corresponding convex mating surfaces15(shown inFIG. 1) on the front end of receiver1. Two end holes16are provided in the mounting part10for fastening the bearing piece9to front shaft2. For tiltable arrangement of the barrel part4on the receiver1around rotational axis3, inwardly protruding hinge pins17are arranged on two opposite flanks of the receiver1depicted inFIG. 1, which engage in lateral recesses18on the two side surfaces19of the hook piece5depicted inFIG. 3. The two frontwardly open lateral recesses18each have a semicircular rear mounting surface20, against which the hinge pins17, protruding inward from receiver1, stop. The two semicircular mounting surfaces20, therefore, form a frontwardly open support surface for tilting movement of the hook piece5. The hook piece5contains a barrel hook21on a bottom, which engages a corresponding mounting opening of the receiver1and can be locked by a locking wedge engaging a locking slit22on the back of barrel hook21, or released for tilting out of barrel part4. Hook piece5is forced against the hinge pins17via the bearing piece9fastened on the rear end of front shaft2, which, according toFIG. 1, is supported, on the one hand, via a clamping element24, adjustable by means of a control element23, on a stop25on the lower barrel of barrel part4and, on the other hand, presses against the convex mating surfaces15on the two side surfaces of the receiver1with the concave bearing surfaces14on side connectors13. The hook piece5is, therefore, pulled forward under bias relative to the receiver1via the bearing piece9arranged on the end of the front shaft2so that the semicircular rear mounting surfaces20on hook piece5are supported against the hinge pins17of the receiver1under tensile stress. In the depicted variant, the stop25provided with a rear stop surface26is designed as a separate component, which is fastened, for example, by soldering to the lower barrel7. However, the stop25can also be integrated in the barrel or designed in one piece with the barrel. As follows fromFIG. 2, the clamping element24is guided to move in a mounting slot27of bearing part9in the longitudinal direction of front shaft2. The upward and frontward open mounting slot27is situated in the forward protruding shoulder11of bearing part9and is designed in the form of a T-slot with a narrower outer part28facing barrel part4and a widened inner part29. The clamping element24is designed in the form of a T-slot nut with a narrower upper part30and a wider lower part31. It has a front mounting surface32for mounting on the stop surface26of stop25, as well as a rear mounting surface33for control element23. The mounting slot27has a slightly greater width than the clamping element24so that the clamping element24within mounting slot27cannot only be pushed in the direction of a longitudinal axis34of mounting slot27running in the longitudinal direction of front shaft2, but also easily rotated to the side around an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis34. The clamping element24can be arranged so that longitudinal axis35assumes an angle relative to the center axis34of recess27. The front mounting surface32can, therefore, be easily obliquely set and adjusted to the stop surface26of stop25without demanding manual adjustment. A threaded pin37is arranged in a continuous threaded hole36of clamping element24, through which the clamping element24can be tightened against the bearing part9. A previously adjusted position of the clamping element24can be secured on this account. The control element23for adjustment of the clamping element24is designed in the depicted variant as a control eccentric with a cylindrical part38guided to rotate in the narrower outer part28of the mounting slot27and an eccentric part39arranged in the widened inner part29of the mounting slot27. By rotation of the cylindrical part38of control element23concentric to the center axis34of the recess, the clamping element24can be pushed over the eccentric part39of control element23. A threaded pin41arranged in a threaded hole40is also provided in the control element23to protect against twisting. The center axis of the threaded hole40is offset laterally relative to the center axis34of the mounting slot27. By adjustment of the clamping element24, the position of the bearing part9arranged on the back side of the front shaft2can be changed relative to the barrel part4or hook piece5and the clamping pressure between the hinge pins7and the rear mounting surfaces20on the hook piece5can be adjusted, on the one hand, as well as the clamping pressure between the concave bearing surfaces14on the bearing part9and the corresponding mating surfaces15on the receiver1, on the other. In this way, the hinge connection between the receiver1and the tiltable barrel part4can be simply and precisely adjusted. During assembly of the hinged-breech weapon just described, the hook piece5with the two barrels6and7and the sighting bar8is initially inserted on the receiver1so that the hook piece5comes in contact from the rear against the two hinge pins17with the two mounting surfaces20. The still downwardly tilting front shaft2on the front side can then be positioned with rear bearing piece9against the receiver1so that the rear bearing surfaces14provided on the side connectors13of the bearing piece9come in contact with the corresponding mating surfaces15of the receiver1. The front shaft2can also be pivoted upwardly on the front side so that the clamping element24comes in contact with stop25and the front shaft2is locked on the front side by the locking mechanism on the lower barrel part7, not depicted here. By a corresponding rotation of the control element23, the clamping pressure of the bearing part9against the receiver1can be changed and the hinge connection adjusted in so doing. When optimal adjustment of the clamping element24is found, the two threaded screws can be tightened so that the desired position of the clamping element24is secured and undesired rotation of the control element23can be avoided. For disassembly of the barrel part4only the locking mechanism on the front side of the front shaft need be loosened so that the front shaft2can be pivoted downwardly and removed. The barrel part4can then also be unhooked.

5F

41

C

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated, in section, a known electric motor 10. The motor comprises a housing 12 having a tubular bearing tower 14 centrally configured on an inner surface 16 of the housing. The bearing tower 14 typically comprises a turned metal bearing tower having bearings 18 and 20 located in a tower inner surface 22. A stator 24 comprises a support mechanism 26 which receives a plurality of laminations 28. The stator preferably comprises two wound electromagnets whose poles are spaced 90 degrees apart about a central axis 30 and include the laminations. An impeller 32 is preferably formed from plastic. A rotor 34 has a permanent magnet 36 formed on an inner surface 38 of the rotor. Also included is a central shaft 40 about which the rotor rotates. The rotor shaft is received through the opening in the bearing tower and is secured by snap ring 42. The fan 10 is characterized by a bearing tower outer surface 44 having a mechanism formed therein to receive a corresponding mechanism formed in an inner surface of the stator support mechanism such that the bearing tower is snap engaged with the stator. The snap engagement mechanism preferably comprises a tab 46 formed on the bearing tower outer surface at an outer, distal end of the tower, and a corresponding recess 48 formed in the support mechanism inner surface. Note that the snap engagement mechanism is configured at the outer end of the bearing tower. The construction of the stator electromagnet is such that the clearance needed to accommodate variations in the lamination thickness limit the precision with which the snap mechanism can configure the stator with respect to the other motor components. This construction therefore limits the accuracy with which the stator can be located with respect to a commutating trigger sensor 50 mounted on pedestal 51 on a printed circuit board 52. In the motor 10, the pedestal is snap engaged to the printed circuit board. Other motors have the triggering sensor freestanding on leads. The sensor, typically a Hall effect device, must be precisely positioned beneath an opening (not shown) between adjacent poles of the electromagnets. The vertical displacement from the electromagnet poles as well as the angular position of the sensor relative to the poles is critical for the proper operation of the motor. The motor 10 cannot be assembled in a fully automated manner since the summation of the tolerances in (1) the assembled location of the printed circuit board, (2) the snap engagement mechanism of the stator to the bearing tower and (3) the assembled location of the sensor on the printed circuit board will too often result in an unacceptable sensor location. Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown in an exploded sectioned illustration, a motor 54 provided according to the present invention. The motor 54 includes an outer impeller 56. Inside the impeller is a permanent magnet 58 fixed to an interior surface 60 of a rotor 62. The rotor has a centrally located shaft 64 along axis 66 about which the rotor will spin. At a distal end of the shaft is a groove 68 for receiving snap ring 70 that is used in a known manner for locating the rotor with respect to the other motor components. A stator 72 is concentric with the rotor and comprises a plastic support 74 adapted to receive a plurality of laminations 76. A support cover (not shown) of a known type can also be included. An opposed pair of electromagnets is formed in a known manner which includes the laminations. The stator support is configured to have a central tubular opening and a plurality of electrical connectors 78 which extend from the stator support. The motor 54 also comprises a housing 80 having a centrally located bearing tower 82 projecting from an inner housing surface 84. In the preferred embodiment, the housing and bearing tower are integrally molded of plastic. The bearing tower is tubular, and has an inner surface 86 adapted to receive bearings 88 and 90. The shaft 64 is received by the bearings and affixed to the housing by the snap ring 70 when the motor is completely assembled. Additionally, the bearing tower has an outer surface 92 that has a recess 93. The stator support has a projection 94 extending toward the housing inner surface. The projection inner surface, together with the bearing tower recess comprise a snap engagement mechanism. The present snap engagement mechanism is preferably located adjacent to the housing inner surface 84. As noted hereinabove, known motors employing a snap engaged stator position the snap engagement mechanism at a free end of the bearing tower, yielding a stator that is not precisely located with respect to a commutation sensor. However, with the present invention the precision of the positioning of the stator with respect to the bearing tower is independent of the tolerance of the stator laminations, or the tolerances of any other motor component. In turn, the accurately located stator produces less variation in the position of the stator with respect to a sensor. Also included in motor 54 is a locating post 96 which is molded with the housing to extend from the inner surface. As detailed hereinafter, the post 96 is configured to be in registration with an electrical element on a printed circuit board which contains a commutation circuit trigger sensor. The length of the post 96 is selected to contact the printed circuit board and adjust or limit the displacement of the printed circuit board from the housing inner surface. Since the sensor is positioned on the integral pedestal, the position of the sensor relative to the rotating magnet is controlled by the height of the post. A printed circuit board 98 is also included in the motor for locating electrical components that comprise the requisite commutation circuitry. The printed circuit board in the preferred embodiment is molded and is characterized by one or more integral surfaces which depart from a plane 100 of the board Although preferably generally planar, those skilled in the art will note that the printed circuit board can be nonplanar and can be formed to be received by other motor components, such as the housing. Nonplanar is defined to include surfaces which are arcuate throughout, or at least partially arcuate, as well as planar surfaces with at least a portion thereof which departs from the plane of the surface. Included by this definition therefore are printed circuit boards having a curved or planar surface where a portion departs from the remainder of the surface at an angle as well as curved or planar printed circuit boards which include a portion that is raised or recessed from the remainder of the surface. A printed circuit board of the type used in the present motor is detailed in the copending commonly owned U.S. patent application entitled "A Molded Printed Circuit Board For Use with a Brushless Electric Motor", and incorporated herein by reference. For example, a first projection 102 extends from the printed circuit board plane and further comprises an integral tab 104 at a distal end thereof. As detailed hereinafter, the tab comprises a means for snap engagement to a cooperative element surface in the stator support. Also extending from the surface of the printed circuit board is a second projection 106 which keys the printed circuit board to the stator so that the stator may receive the printed circuit board in only one relative position. The extending key 106 is received by a cooperative element on the stator support and also prevents relative rotation of the printed circuit board with respect to the stator. Those skilled in the art will note that a stator and printed circuit board as described hereinabove can be directly assembled with each other to form a stator-printed circuit board assembly in which the tolerances of other motor components no longer effect the position of the sensor relative to the stator. As a direct consequence of the present stator and printed circuit board, the amount of automated assembly possible for the motor 54 is greatly increased. Also shown in FIG. 2 is the integrated circuit 108 which preferably includes a sensor element, such as a Hall effect device. As is known in the art, a brushless motor comprises a commutation circuit including a sensor for detecting the passage of the rotating permanent magnet poles with respect to the poles of an electromagnet for triggering the commutation circuitry. In known brushless motors, such as the motor 10, the Hall effect device is a discrete element manually positioned relative to the surface of the printed circuit board so that when the motor was assembled, the device was positioned at a precise angular location with respect to the stator permanent magnet poles, and was spaced from the stator poles within a preestablished range. As detailed hereafter, the present printed circuit board is molded such that a portion thereof is raised from the surface 100 so that, the sensor will be properly positioned when the printed circuit board is assembled with the stator. This is accomplished in the preferred embodiment by the fabrication of the printed circuit board with an integral pedestal 110. The printed circuit board 98 also includes another, substantially planar portion 112 recessed from the plane 100 of the printed circuit board. The recessed portion is configured to be at a depth from the plane such that a standard electrical component such as a connector can be used. Without such a recessed portion the use of inexpensive electrical components is not possible. Instead, electrical leads must be manually soldered to the printed circuit board. The present printed circuit board provides (1) selffixturing of the printed circuit board with motor components, (2) accurate positioning of components such as the sensor, integrated circuit or connector, and (3) allows for the use of inexpensive electrical components without modification to the existing stator, since the clearance between the receiving portion of the printed circuit board and the stator can be custom selected and incorporated into the printed circuit board mold. In contrast, known printed circuit boards used in brushless motors simply provide two dimensional location of electrical elements such as resistors, capacitors and integrated circuits. Also shown in FIG. 2 and detailed in FIG. 3, a pedestal standoff 116 is molded to comprise an outer radial portion of the pedestal 110. The outer radial standoff 116 is integral with the pedestal, and is included to provide for more precise radial positioning of the sensor or sensor containing element, such as integrated circuit 108, and prevents portions of the rotor from rubbing on the integrated circuit as it rotates. Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, there is shown a top planar view of surface 100 (FIG. 4) and a sectioned illustration of a portion of the printed circuit board 98 (FIG. 5). As shown in FIG. 5, the printed circuit board 98 is multilayered, comprising opposed first and second layers 118 and 120, with a plurality of electrical conductors, formed therebetween. The first layer 118 is electrically insulating and is configured on a second layer inner surface and the conductors. In FIG. 2, post 96 contacts the first layer. The conductors, such as conductor 122 preferably comprises deposited metal formed in a conventional manner. Surface 100 is an outer surface of the second layer. Electrical components such as resistors 124, diodes 126 and integrated circuit 108 contact selected ones of the conductors and comprise a commutation circuit. The printed circuit board projection 104 is shown along with key standoff 106 about a central opening in the printed circuit board. Recessed portion 112 is detailed in FIG. 4 and is configured in the preferred embodiment to receive a connector 114 shown in FIG. 2. The connector is configured so that the electrical wires (FIG. 10) needed for connection to an external power source will pass through an opening 128. Other electrical wires pass through openings 130,132. It is preferable that the openings be provided with a chamfered edge 134,136,138 to provide a strain relief for the electrical wires. Also shown in FIG. 3 are integral attachment tabs 139 which extend outwardly from the printed circuit board. The tabs connect adjacent the printed circuit boards and maintain the printed circuit boards in an array during subsequent motor assembly. Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is illustrated a top view of the stator support 74 (FIG. 6) and a sectioned portion thereof (FIG. 7). The stator support is one piece and preferably comprises molded plastic to include projecting tabs 140 and 142 positioned 180 degrees apart about a central opening. Also included are slots 144,146 for receiving the corresponding projections 106 from the printed circuit board. In the preferred embodiment, the printed circuit board tab 104 is configured to be received at an outer extension 148 of a stator tab, while the corresponding bearing tower recess is configured to receive an opposed inner extension 150. Those skilled in the art will note that while the tab 140 preferably comprises the snap engagement mechanisms for connecting the stator with both the printed circuit board and the bearing tower, supplemental tabs may be provided spaced about the support central opening to comprise one or the other snap engagement mechanism. The stator support additionally comprises a plurality of projections 152 configured about the support central opening separated by 90 degrees. The projections 152 receive the stator laminations and the electromagment windings at a first portion 154 to form an electromagnet of known design. Each projection also comprises an opposed receptacle 156 for receiving an electrical connector (157 FIG. 2) to extend therefrom. The poles of adjacent electromagnets are separated by openings 158, formed in the stator support. As detailed hereinabove, the commutating sensor is positioned beneath the stator support on the printed circuit board at a precise angular location in registration with one of the openings 158. Although shown and described with respect to a motor having an external rotor those skilled in the art will note that the present invention can be readily adapted to motors having an internal rotor and can be used with both D.C. and A.C. motors with appropriate modification to the motor components. In assembling the motor 54, a plurality of conventional stator laminations are manually combined with a corresponding stator support. It is preferable that a top portion (not shown) be positioned on the stator support to encompass the laminations. Electric terminals are then inserted, typically by a known terminal insertion machine into the corresponding receptacles (156, FIG. 5) in the stator support. Next, a conventional winding machine winds each of the stator laminations with magnet wire to form two opposed electromagnets. The winding machine attaches respective portions of the wire to the terminals, thereby completing the stator. The preferred printed circuit boards are molded in an array and maintained therein for several subsequent steps during the assembly of the motor by means of attachment tabs 139. After the printed circuit board is molded each printed circuit board is configured in a conventional manner with the requisite commutation circuitry described hereinabove on one surface of the board. The electrical connectors are preferably formed on an opposed surface by conventional photolithographic and metalization techniques to provide interconnection between the commutation circuitry. An insulating layer is also applied to the connectors to complete the printed circuit board. As shown schematically in FIG. 8, each printed circuit board 160,162 in a molded array 164 is then provided with a corresponding stator 166,168 to form stator-printed circuit board assemblies 170,172. Since the stators and printed circuit boards are each molded with a cooperative engagement mechanism, such as the preferable snap engagement mechanism described hereinabove, the assembly of the stator with the printed circuit boards is greatly simplified. This is especially true if the printed circuit boards and stators are configured with a keying mechanism so that a printed circuit board can only be assembled with a stator in one relative orientation. Such a printed circuit board and stator combination removes any possibility of misconfiguring the stator with the printed circuit board. Moreover, a snap engaged stator-printed circuit board assembly that is also characterized by a keying mechanism additionally improves the quality of the motors by eliminating differences in commutation circuitry component location between printed circuit boards. As a result, stators and sensors mounted on printed circuit boards are uniformly aligned with little or no variation in the sensor vertical displacement or angular position. In contrast, known motors require several manual assembly steps, each of which produce undesirable angular and vertical displacement variations in the location of the sensor. The stator-printed circuit board method of assembly described hereinabove marks an important point of departure of the present invention over the prior art. An additional advantage provided by the present invention is that the individual stator-printed circuit board assemblies are maintained in a planar array which allows for the use of automated soldering or fusing machinery detailed in FIG. 9. In the preferred embodiment, each of the stator-printed circuit board assemblies have the connectors 78 soldered to the appropriate surfaces on the printed circuit board by an automatic soldering machine 174. The machine is of the type known in the art, and is programmed to sequentially solder the stator connectors to the corresponding receiving surfaces on the printed circuit boards. Once the soldering process for a particular array is completed, the soldered leads are then inspected, either manually or by automatic equipment. The array containing the soldered, inspected stator-printed circuit board assemblies is then provided to a printed circuit board press which separates the printed circuit board-stator assemblies, one from another. Each of the printed circuit boards in the preferred embodiment is configured with a conventional connecter (114, FIG. 2). As shown schematically in FIG. 10, each of the connectors receives a corresponding wire harness 176 which snaps into the connector. The stator-printed circuit board harness assembly is then located in the housing to be received by a snap fit mechanism of the type described hereinabove. Since the stator-printed circuit board-harness assembly is self-fixturing with respect to the housing, installation is simplified and can be accomplished either manually or by using automatic techniques. Those skilled in the art will note that with known motors, the use of inexpensive, standardized said connectors which simplify assembly is possible by the use of the present printed circuit board, since the present molded printed circuit board receiving planar portion 112 can be appropriately modified. Without the present printed circuit board, each lead for external connection must be manually positioned and soldered on the board. The present method also provides electrical contacts of uniform quality. Finally, the rotor shaft is slid through the bearing tower, and the snap ring 70 is installed. Similarly, although the invention has been described hereinabove with respect to a preferred embodiment thereof, those skilled in the art will note that certain substitutions, deletions and additions thereto can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

7H

02

K

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, it will there be seen that an illustrative embodiment of the present invention is denoted as a whole by the reference number 10. Helicopter 10 includes a modular cockpit section 20 having fore and aft seating arrangements 25, 26, and fore and aft modular flight control means 27, 28 (FIG. 2). Cockpit 20 is attached to modular freight compartment 36 at attachment points 21 and 22 and to the forward end of the novel modular drive train platform, disclosed hereinafter, at attachment points 23, 24. Additional attachment points, not shown, are on the unillustrated opposite side of helicopter 10. Modular center frame 30 of helicopter 10 includes a fuel cell 34, bench seats 35, freight compartment 36 closed by roll-away door 39, avionics compartment 37 having a detachable cannon plug means, and battery compartment 38 having a detachable cannon plug means. Fuel cell 34 is replaced with a larger or smaller fuel cell when the modular flight component means 52, 53 55 are changed. Center frame 30 is secured to the novel drive train platform at attachment points 31 and 32, and to modular tailboom assembly 40 at 32, 33. Tailboom assembly 40 is attached to the novel drive train platform at point 41. Assembly 40 includes tail rotor gear box 43 and tail rotor blades 44, tail rotor drive shaft 45, and tail rotor control rod assembly 46. Said assembly 46 provides aerodynamic control and stability by controlling the respective instantaneous positions of tail rotor blades 44 (FIG. 2). The novel drive train platform of this invention is denoted 50 as a whole. The items mounted on it, instead of onto the fuselage as in prior art designs, include servomechanisms 51, transmission and rotary propulsion mechanism 52, gas turbine engine 53, and engine oil cooling system 54. As best understood in connection with FIG. 2, the fuselage of helicopter 10 is denoted as a whole by reference numeral 80 and its flat upper surface is denoted as a whole by the reference numeral 70. Novel drive train platform 50 is also flat, as depicted in FIG. 2, and thus lies evenly atop flat surface 70 of fuselage 80 when secured thereto. Helicopter 10 further includes modular landing gear 60 of skid design which is attached to the lower end of fuselage 80 at attachment points 61, 62 and similar unillustrated attachment points on the opposite side of the craft. FIGS. 3 and 4 provide top plan and front elevational views, respectively, of the novel helicopter 10. Note that novel drive train platform 50 is substantially concealed from view in that it is not readily apparent to the casual onlooker. In FIG. 4, rotor blades 55 have been folded back into substantially parallel relation to one another. The exceptionally narrow aspect of helicopter 10 is also worth noting. Its tandem seating enables both the pilot and the co-pilot to share a substantially unrestricted view in all directions, unlike the side-by-side seating of conventional helicopters where a spotter, for example, can see things that are not visible to the pilot. Turning now to FIG. 5, it will there be seen that servos 51, transmission and rotary propulsion mechanism 52, gas turbine engine 53, and engine oil cooling system 54 are shown in greater detail, in exploded view relative to novel drive train platform 50 and fuselage 80. All of these maintenance-requiring parts are individually secured to novel drive train platform 50 and not to fuselage 80 as in the prior art. Accordingly, by detaching platform 50 from flat surface 70 of fuselage 80, all of said parts 51, 52, 53, and 54 may be transported to a controlled environment for maintenance purposes. Advantageously, platform 50 and said parts mounted thereatop may be placed on a workbench surrounded by comfortable seats so that all further work can be performed in the absence of ladders, elevated platforms, and the like. Significantly, as soon as novel platform 50 has been removed from helicopter 10 by a fork lift truck, overhead crane, winch means, or the like, a previously-serviced platform 50 may be secured to said helicopter 10. In this way, a helicopter and its flight crew are grounded only for the brief period of time required to detach the to-be-serviced platform 50 from the aircraft and to attach an already-serviced platform. The modular aspect of drive train platform 50 also enables servicing of flight-providing components 51, 52, 53, and 54 to be conducted in a regularly scheduled sequence when a fleet of helicopters is being maintained. The owner of only one complete helicopter may also adopt fleet maintenance techniques by owning two drive train platforms and the flight-providing components mounted thereatop and scheduling maintenance in such a way as to maintain the aircraft in service substantially all the time. Still another advantage provided by the modular aspect of this invention is that a larger or smaller gas turbine engine 53 can be substituted for the original gas turbine engine so that differing jobs can be performed without purchasing additional helicopters. In the nonmodular designs of the prior art, when a job requires increased lifting power, for example, the owner of a helicopter restricted to light lifting jobs would be compelled to purchase another, more powerful helicopter. However, with novel drivetrain platform 50, the original helicopter can still be used, and all the owner needs to do is to purchase a higher horsepower engine for mounting on drive train platform 50. This can easily save the owner more than a million dollars. Similarly, the owner of a heavy payload helicopter wastes considerable amounts of fuel when using the helicopter for light payload jobs. In that situation, mounting a smaller gas turbine engine atop novel platform 50 is much less expensive than purchasing a smaller helicopter. The modular aspect of this invention is not restricted just to the novel drive train platform and to gas turbine engines. As depicted in FIG. 2, it should be clear that the modular parts of the novel aircraft include modular cockpit section 20, modular central frame section 30, and modular tail boom section 40, in addition to drive train platform 50 and components 51-54. Therefore, if an application calls for a transmission and rotary propulsion unit 52 with longer blades than the blades initially purchased, tailboom section 40 is detached from central frame section 30 and a new tailboom section rated for performance with the larger unit 52 having longer blades is secured to said central section 30. Similarly, where a compact but heavy weight requires transport, the existing cockpit 20 and tailboom section 40 may be sufficient, and the substitution of a smaller central frame section 30 may compensate for the concentrated weight. This could require a four-bladed rotary system 52 having shorter blades and in such event there may be no need to change tailboom section 40, but there could be a need to change landing gear 60 to enable safe handling of the load. The point is that the modularity of the novel aircraft opens up many possibilities for efficiencies and savings heretofore unobtainable. Bench seats 35 may be folded flat when not in use to increase the holding capacity of central frame section 30. Moreover, said bench seats may be mounted wholly inside said central frame section 30 as depicted in FIG. 5, or they may be mounted so that they are positioned outside of said section 30 when folded down as depicted in FIG. 6. Note that a runner of landing sled 60 serves as a footrest when the benches 35 are in their FIG. 6 configuration. FIGS. 6 and 7 indicate that roll-away door 39 deploys upwardly from the bottom of the opening that it closes. When closed, it conforms to the shape of the fuselage and thus maintains the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft. It should be appreciated that the hydraulic servomechanisms 51, transmission and rotary propulsion mechanism 52, gas turbine engine 53, and engine oil cooling system 54 are not only connected to the modular drive train platform; they are also connected by electrical, hydraulic and mechanical control means including cables, hoses, clamps, and the like to the fuselage. These hoses and other connectors must also be disconnected when removing the modular drive train platform 50 from fuselage 80 (FIG. 2), and reconnected when re-attaching platform 50. The time required for such disconnections and re-attachments is brief. Those familiar with helicopter design will also appreciate that when various modular parts are interchanged, the vertical rotational axis of the rotary propulsion means must always be in vertical alignment with the center of gravity of the modular freight compartment (central frame section 30). Moreover, when engine means are changed, a safe power-to-weight ratio must always be maintained. Any reconfiguration of the modular rotary wing aircraft must always maintain a safe aerodynamic configuration, i.e., the resulting aircraft must be in compliance with all applicable safety regulations. Another advantage of the ability to move the servos 51, transmission and rotary propulsion mechanism 52, gas turbine engine 53, and engine oil cooling means 54 as a unit while still mounted on drive train platform 50 is that it enables bench top testing of all major flight producing components (except the blades) in a configuration where they are still completely interconnected to one another as when in flight, thereby facilitating trouble shooting of problems. Still another advantage is that the individual components may be inspected, repaired or replaced at bench top level in a safe, controlled environment that is substantially free of contaminants. The provision of novel drive train platform 50 also creates a space between the flight-producing components mounted atop it and the fuselage of the aircraft, thereby facilitating pre-flight, ground run-up, and post-flight inspections. Moreover, the clearance space facilitates the detaching and attaching of the various electrical cables, hydraulic lines, and the like when drive train platform 50 is being removed or reattached, respectively. In some cases, the clearance space enables the removal of parts that are behind access-blocking parts that do not need to be removed, but which must be removed to provide access to parts that must be removed when performing maintenance on a conventional helicopter. The novel drive train can also reduce injuries during crashes or hard landings by providing a broad support base for the transmission and rotary propulsion mechanism. The broad base spreads out the load and can therefore prevent said mechanism from punching through the fuselage during a crash, hard landing, or other abrupt stoppage. The modularity aspect of this invention also extends to the flight control component means of the hydraulic servo means. This enables mechanical connection means to the modular cockpit means. Specifically, as is clear from FIG. 2, vertical tubes, collectively denoted 29 (behind the second seat) translate cyclic controls 27, 28 to hydraulic control 51. When drive train platform 50 is removed from the air frame of helicopter 10, about three bolts are disconnected between said drive train platform 50 and said airframe, with vertical tubes 29 remaining within cockpit 20. Those familiar with helicopter maintenance procedures will fully appreciate the many benefits provided by this invention, not all of which have been recited herein. It will be seen that the objects set forth above, and those made apparent from the foregoing description, are efficiently attained. Since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. Now that the invention has been described,

1B

64

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 depicts an Amplitude Modulation (AM) receiver circuit 10 having a data slicer. An input terminal 3 receives a transmitted data signal from an antenna (not shown). Input terminal 3 is connected to the input of Radio Frequency (R.F.) amplifier 4 which provides signal selectivity to separate incoming signals and further amplifies the received signals. The output of the R.F. amplifier 4 is connected to the input of a filter 5 which provides precise bandpass filtering for Intermediate Frequency (I.F.) amplifier 6. The filter 5 has an output connected to the input of the I.F. amplifier 6. A mixer and local oscillator are typically located between the filter 5 and the I.F. amplifier 6 to reduce the frequency of the carrier signal but is not shown as it does not affect the present invention. The I.F. amplifier 6 is a fixed-tuned circuit which is a bandpass filter allowing only the wanted signal to pass to the detector circuit 8, and amplifies the signal to a level which can be used in the detector circuit 8. In the detector circuit 8, a bipolar transistor 9, a capacitor 11, and a resistor 12 provide a diode envelope detector function. The bipolar transistor 9 has a collector connected to a supply voltage terminal 1, a base coupled to the output of the I.F. amplifier 6 by a coupling capacitor 7, and an emitter coupled to a supply voltage terminal 2 by the parallel combination of the capacitor 11 and the resistor 12. The capacitor 11 is a bypass capacitor whose reactance will be much smaller than that of the resistor 12 at midband and high frequencies. At these frequencies the detector circuit 8 will behave as a normal Common Emitter (CE) amplifier. The carrier signal at the emitter of the bipolar transistor 9 will be substantially zero since the emitter is essentially shorted to the supply voltage terminal 2 at the carrier signal frequency. At lower frequencies and D.C., (i.e., the data signal frequency) the reactance of the capacitor 11 is much larger than that of the resistor 12. This change in reactance is equivalent to negative feedback which reduces the gain of the detector circuit 8. The signal at the emitter of the bipolar transistor 9, then, is the transmitted signal minus the carrier signal or the data signal which is a bandwidth limited signal. The bandwidth limited signal is amplified by a bipolar transistor 13 and a resistor 14. The bipolar transistor 13 has a collector connected to the supply voltage terminal 1, a base connected to the emitter of the bipolar transistor 9, and an emitter coupled to a node A. The node A is coupled to the supply voltage terminal 2 by the resistor 14. The amplified bandwidth limited signal at node A is shown in FIG. 2. The peak to peak amplitude of the amplified bandwidth limited signal is limited to predetermined peak magnitudes by the use of two feedback signals that control a detector bias voltage and a peak bias voltage (an automatic gain control type signal). Two reference voltages, a detector reference voltage and a peak reference voltage, are set up by resistors 27, 19, 21, and 22. A first terminal of the resistor 27 is connected to the supply voltage terminal 1 and a second terminal is connected to a first terminal of the resistor 19. A second terminal of the resistor 19 is connected to a first terminal of the resistor 21 and a second terminal of the resistor 21 is connected to the first terminal of the resistor 22. A second terminal of the resistor 22 is connected to the supply voltage terminal 2. The detector reference voltage is established at the first terminal of the resistor 22 and the peak reference voltage is established at the second terminal of the resistor 27. The detector reference voltage is used to determine the magnitude of the detector bias voltage and the peak reference voltage is used to determine the magnitude of the peak bias voltage. The detector bias voltage is provided by a peak detector 15 which sets the D.C. operating point for the detector circuit 8. The peak detector 15, for example, comprises a comparator 18 having a noninverting input connected to the first terminal of the resistor 22 for receiving the detector reference voltage, an inverting input connected to the node A for receiving the amplified bandwidth limited signal, and an output coupled to the anode of a diode 16. A cathode of the diode 16 is coupled to the base of the bipolar transistor 9 by a resistor 25. A resistor 23 and a capacitor 24 are connected in parallel between the cathode of the diode 16 and the supply voltage terminal 2. The resistor 23 and the capacitor 24 form a filter having a relatively long time constant for holding the peak bias voltage at the cathode of the diode 16. The peak detector 15 determines the magnitude of the detector bias voltage by comparing the magnitude of the bandwidth limited signal to the magnitude of the detector reference voltage. A peak detector 26, which is similar to the peak detector 15, has comparator 34 having an inverting input connected to the node A, a noninverting input connected to the second terminal of the resistor 27, and an output connected to a cathode of a diode 17. An anode of the diode 17 is connected to both the R.F. amplifier 4 and the I.F. amplifier 6. A resistor 28 is coupled between the supply voltage terminal 1 and the anode of the diode 17, and a capacitor 29 is coupled between the anode of the diode 17 and the supply voltage terminal 2. The output of the peak detector 26 is the peak bias voltage which acts to decrease the gain of both the R.F. amplifier 4 and the I.F. amplifier 6 if the peak magnitude of the bandwidth limited waveform exceeds a predetermined maximum as determined by the peak reference voltage. A data slicer 31 provides an output waveform with edges having much faster rise and fall times. The data slicer 31 has a noninverting input connected to the second terminal of the resistor 19, an inverting input connected to the node A, and an output connected to an output terminal 32. If the resistance of the resistor 19 is set equal to the resistance of the resistor 21, the data slicer output waveform will reconstruct the original duty cycle with the slicing occurring in the center of the amplified bandwidth limited signal as shown in FIG. 2. The Resistors 27, 19, 21, and 22 may be adjusted to vary the point where the slicing occurs. The data slicer 31 is directly connected to the detector circuit 8. Typically data slicers are a.c. coupled (by a coupling capacitor) to the detector stage which is the cause of data dependent jitter since the coupling capacitor tends to hold a small charge (due to relatively long periods on nonchanging data) which then changes the slicing point. The result of the peak detector 15 is to clamp a negative peak (minimum carrier voltage) at a reference based on the detector reference voltage and biases the detector 8 accordingly. The peak detector 26 adjusts the opposite peak (the positive peaks) to a reference level based on the peak reference voltage. The data slicer 31 can then accurately reconstruct the bandwidth limited signal between the two peak levels based on the resistance values of the resistors 27, 19, 21 and 22. It should be appreciated that although the preferred embodiment shows a self adjusting data slicer system as applied to an AM detector circuit, one skilled in the art could apply the same concept to other demodulation circuits, for example, an FM detector. By now it should be appreciated that there has been provided a self adjusting data detector for receiving and recovering a digital signal from a transmitted modulated carrier signal with the duty cycle of the original modulating signal intact and free from data dependent jitter.

7H

04

L

The present invention is illustrated in more detail below by reference to the following non-limiting examples. Preferred conditions are not necessarily used in the examples, which are intended to show the effect of varying the process conditions such as feed quantities, temperature, etc. EXAMPLES Example 1 Fluorination of Methylene Chloride 450 ml of the catalyst comprising co-precipitated chromia-alumina impregnated with zinc chloride (chemical composition Cr:Al:Zn 22:75:3) was packed into an electrically heated Inconel tubular reactor provided with multiple temperature sensing points. The catalyst was pre-treated by passing N 2 at about 400 C. for 24 hrs. The temperature of the catalyst bed was lowered to 100 C. and AHF was introduced along with N 2 . The highly exothermic reaction occurring is controlled by adjusting the flowrates of N 2 and AHF and the temperature of the catalyst bed is not allowed to exceed 400 C. As the fluorination proceeds, N 2 is withdrawn and pure AHF was passed while simultaneously raising the temperature to 350 C. The activation of the catalyst is completed when the moisture content in the exit stream of AHF becomes less than 1%. Then the temperature of the catalyst bed is brought to 275 C. after which the fluorination of methylene chloride with AHF was carried out by co-feeding the reactants comprising a mixture of methylene chloride 60 gm/h and HF 62 gm/h in vapor form over the activated catalyst. The effluent stream from the catalyst bed was scrubbed in KOH solution in a scrubber and then passed through a molecular sieve drier and condensed in a trap cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath. The samples of the product stream were drawn after freeing from acidic components and drying and analyzed by GC and was found to be (by wt.) HFC-32 88.67%, HCFC-31 7.79% and methylene chloride 3.31% (Conversion of methylene chloride 96.5% and selectivity for HFC-32 91.9%) Example 2 Fluorination of Methylene Chloride 450 ml of the catalyst comprising co-precipitated chromia-alumina impregnated with zinc chloride (chemical composition Cr:Al:Zn 22:75:3) was packed into an electrically heated Inconel tubular reactor provided with multiple temperature sensing points. The catalyst was pre-treated by passing N 2 at about 400 C. for 24 hrs. The temperature of the catalyst bed was lowered to 100 C. and AHF was introduced along with N 2 . The highly exothermic reaction occurring is controlled by adjusting the flowrates of N 2 and AHF and the temperature of the catalyst bed is not allowed to exceed 400 C. As the fluorination proceeds, N 2 is withdrawn and pure AHF was passed while simultaneously raising the temperature to 350 C. The activation of the catalyst is completed when the moisture content in the exit stream of AHF becomes less than 1%. Then the temperature of the catalyst bed is brought to 275 C. after which the fluorination of methylene chloride with AHF was carried out by co-feeding the reactants comprising a mixture of methylene chloride 87 gm/h and HF 79.5 gm/h over the activated catalyst. The effluent stream from the catalyst bed was scrubbed in KOH solution in a scrubber and then passed through a molecular sieve drier and condensed in a trap cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath. The samples of the product stream were drawn after freeing from acidic components and drying and analyzed by GC and was found to be (by wt.) HFC-32 85.95%, HCFC-31 8.7% and methylene chloride 5.27% (Conversion of methylene chloride 94.73% and selectivity for HFC-32 90.7%) Example 3 Fluorination of Methylene Chloride 450 ml of the catalyst comprising co-precipitated chromia-alumina impregnated with zinc chloride (chemical composition Cr:Al:Zn 22:75:3) was packed into an electrically heated Inconel tubular reactor provided with multiple temperature sensing points. The catalyst was pre-treated by passing N 2 at about 400 C. for 24 hrs. The temperature of the catalyst bed was lowered to 100 C. and AHF was introduced along with N 2 . The highly exothermic reaction occurring is controlled by adjusting the flowrates of N 2 and AHF and the temperature of the catalyst bed is not allowed to exceed 400 C. As the fluorination proceeds, N 2 is withdrawn and pure AHF was passed while simultaneously raising the temperature to 350 C. The activation of the catalyst is completed when the moisture content in the exit stream of AHF becomes less than 1%. Then the temperature of the catalyst bed is brought to 250 C. after which the fluorination of methylene chloride with AHF was carried out by co-feeding the reactants comprising a mixture of methylene chloride 40 gm/h and HF 40 gm/h over the activated catalyst. The effluent stream from the catalyst bed was scrubbed in KOH solution in a scrubber and then passed through a molecular sieve drier and condensed in a trap cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath. The samples of the product stream were drawn after freeing from acidic components and drying and analyzed by GC and was found to be (by wt.) HFC-32 79.6%, HCFC-31 8.5% and methylene chloride 11.9% (Conversion of methylene chloride 88.1% and selectivity for HFC-32 90.3%) Example 4 Purification of HFC-32 Impure HFC-32 comprising a mixture of HFC-32 98 gm, HCFC-31 100 ppm and HF 2 gm is obtained after removal of HCl and heavier components (by any of the processes defined FIGS. 1 , 2 or 3 ) from the outlet stream of reactor. The mixture was fed into the reactor at 275 C. with a contact time of 12 seconds. The reactor outlet was analyzed at the sampling point for R 31 and was found to be 1 ppm. Example 5 Purification of HFC-32 Impure HFC-32 comprising a mixture of HFC-32 98 gm, HCFC-31 100 ppm and HF 2 gm is obtained after removal of HCl and heavier components (by any of the processes defined FIGS. 1 , 2 or 3 ) from the outlet stream of reactor. The mixture was fed into the reactor at 275 C. with a contact time of 6 seconds. The reactor outlet was analyzed at the sampling point for R 31 and was found to be 20 ppm. Example 6 Purification of HFC-32 Impure HFC-32 comprising a mixture of HFC-32 98 gm, HCFC-31 100 ppm and HF 2 gm is obtained after removal of HCl and heavier components (by any of the processes defined FIGS. 1 , 2 or 3 ) from the outlet stream of reactor. The mixture was fed into the reactor at 250 C. with a contact time of 9 seconds. The reactor outlet was analyzed at the sampling point for R 31 and was found to be 22 ppm. Example 7 Purification of HFC-32 Impure HFC-32 comprising a mixture of HFC-32 98 gm, HCFC-31 500 ppm and HF 2 gm is obtained after removal of HCl and heavier components (by any of the processes defined FIGS. 1 , 2 or 3 ) from the outlet stream of reactor. The mixture was fed into the reactor at 290 C. with a contact time of 7 seconds. The reactor outlet was analyzed at the sampling point for R 31 and was found to be 56 ppm. Example 8 Purification of HFC-32 Impure HFC-32 comprising a mixture of HFC-32 90 gm, HCFC-31 500 ppm and HF 10 gm is obtained after removal of HCl and heavier components (by any of the processes defined FIGS. 1 , 2 or 3 ) from the outlet stream of reactor. The mixture was fed into the reactor at 290 C. with a contact time of 9 seconds. The reactor outlet was analyzed at the sampling point for R 31 and was found to be 1 ppm. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.

2C

07

C

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS While the present invention may be embodied in many different forms, a number of: illustrative embodiments are described herein with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as providing examples of the principles of the invention and that such examples are not intended to limit the invention to preferred embodiments described herein and/or illustrated herein. The preferred embodiments of the invention provide improved vehicles having a raised and/or lowered utility boom, such as, e.g., improved skid loaders. While preferred embodiments described herein show skid loaders, it should be appreciated that the various embodiments may be employed within any appropriate vehicle type. Additionally, while some preferred embodiments have a bucket130connected to the boom, it should be appreciated that the various embodiments may employ any other appropriate utility mechanism, such as, for example, any of the various utility mechanisms discussed herein. In some preferred embodiments, a skid steer loader is provided that facilitates access to enhance maintenance and/or service ability. In preferred embodiments, the maintenance and/or service ability includes maintenance and/or service ability related to engine and/or drive systems (such as, e.g., engine and/or drive systems effecting transport of the vehicle and/or effecting operation of vehicle components, such as boom and/or other components). The most preferred embodiments enable a wide-open range of access to facilitate maintenance and/or service. Preferably, substantially wide-open access is available at both left and right lateral sides of the vehicle. Preferably, substantially wide-open access is also available at a rear side of the vehicle. In the most preferred embodiments, the wide-open access to the left side, the right side and/or the rear side may be provided without the need for additional tools or implements. Thus, in the preferred embodiments, a maintenance and/or service operator may stand to the left side of the vehicle, to the right side of the vehicle and/or to the rear side of the vehicle while performing maintenance and/or service on the vehicle without significant obstruction. Moreover, in the preferred embodiments, the maintenance and/or service operator can readily achieve this access without the need for additional tools or implements. FIGS. 1(A)–3show illustrative vehicles (in this example, skid steer loaders)100in accordance with some preferred embodiments of the present invention. In that regard,FIGS. 1(A)–1(F)show an illustrative embodiment of a skid steer vehicle with a boom in a lowered position. Specifically,FIG. 1(A)shows a front left perspective view of an illustrative skid steer vehicle,FIG. 1(B)shows a top view of the skid the vehicle,FIG. 1(C)shows a rear left perspective view of the vehicle,FIG. 1(D)shows a rear view of the vehicle,FIG. 1(E)shows a left view of the vehicle andFIG. 1(F)shows a front view of the vehicle. As illustrated, the vehicle100preferably includes a main body125. In the illustrated embodiment, the main body125is movably supported via a plurality of wheels126. While the illustrated embodiments include four wheels, other embodiments can include any other number of wheels and/or can include other support mechanisms such as belts, stabilizers and/or the like. As mentioned above, while the wheels126can provide skid steering, other embodiments could include or use other forms of steering. Below-Cab Access: In some preferred embodiments, to enhance maintenance and/or service ability, a below cab access feature is provided. Preferably, this feature provides access below the cab without obstructing access to a rear side of the cab. In this regard, in preferred embodiments, the vehicle100includes a cab180having at least one seat180S, such as, e.g., shown inFIG. 3, fixedly mounted therein. For example, the cab can include, in some embodiments, an integral floor (not shown) and the seat180S can be mounted upon the floor. In preferred embodiments, the cab180includes left and/or right protective side walls180L and/or180R (such as, e.g., including a lattice or grid-work of metal bars as shown) and/or a protective cover180C. Preferably, the cab180is mounted via a mechanism that enables the cab to move towards a front of the vehicle for maintenance purposes. In that regard, the cab180is preferably mounted so as to pivot towards a front of the vehicle. The cab180is preferably mounted so as to pivot with respect to the body125via a hinge120located proximate a front side of the cab. The hinge120can include, e.g., one or more pivot mechanism between the body125and the cab180(such as, e.g., on left and/or right sides of the cab180). In this manner, the cab180can preferably be pivoted forward to a maintenance and/or service position, such as, e.g., shown inFIG. 3. In some preferred embodiments, this below cab access feature enables access to engine and/or drive systems supported upon the body at a location, at least partly, otherwise obstructed by the cab180, such as, e.g., at least partly below the cab during normal operation of the vehicle. Rear-End Access: In some preferred embodiments, to enhance maintenance and/or service ability, a rear-end access feature is provided. Preferably, the rear-end access feature enables substantially unobstructed access by a maintenance and/or service operator from a rear-end of the vehicle. In some preferred embodiments, the rear end of the vehicle is accessible during maintenance and/or service via a door providing access through a rear end of the vehicle body. In some preferred embodiments, the door can be pivoted open. Preferably, the door can be pivoted around a generally vertical pivot to facilitate access. In illustrative embodiments, access to engine and/or drive systems (such as, e.g., motor parts) can be provided through a rear door112having a hinge114at a right rear corner of the body125, as shown inFIG. 3. In that regard,FIG. 3shows door112in the open position. Preferably, the door112extends across substantially the entire width of rear-end of the vehicle body125, from a left side to a right side of the vehicle body125. In addition, the door112preferably extends across substantially the entire height of the rear-end of the vehicle body125, from a bottom to a top of the vehicle body125. In this manner, when the door is open, a maintenance and/or service operator can readily stand to the rear of the vehicle and have substantially full access therein. Behind-Cab Access: In some preferred embodiments, to enhance maintenance and/or service ability, a behind-cab access feature is provided. Preferably, this feature enables substantially unobstructed access at locations behind a vehicle cab. In this regard, in some preferred embodiments, the body125extends further rearward than the cab180, such as, e.g., shown inFIGS. 1(E). In the preferred embodiments, a cover116is preferably provided that covers an interior of the body (such as, e.g., covering engine and/or drive systems and/or the like). Preferably, the cover116includes a top wall116T, a left wall116L and/or a right wall116R. In this manner, in order to provide further access to the interior of the body125, the cover116can be removed. In some embodiments, the cover can be fully removed and separated from the vehicle, such as shown inFIG. 3. The cover116can be removably mounted in a variety of ways. Any removable attachment means can be used, such as, e.g., clips, levers, bolts and/or various other means. Additionally, the cover can be constructed so as to be retained by the cab180and/or the door112in a manner such that when the cab180and/or door112are in an access position, the cover can be readily removed. While the cover116is preferably removed for access, in some embodiments, the cover116can be retained on the vehicle, such as, e.g., being fixed to the cab180so as to move forward therewith or the like. Among other things, easy removal of a cover can provide easy access to a vehicle transport engine125E as shown inFIG. 3. Left and/or Right Side Access: In some preferred embodiments, to enhance maintenance and/or service ability, a left and/or right side access feature is provided. In this regard, the boom is preferably configured in a manner to enable substantially unobstructed left and/or right side access into the vehicle body. In preferred embodiments, a boom is provided that can be located in a lowered position (such as, e.g., shown inFIGS. 1(A)–1(F)) and/or in a raised position (such as, e.g., shown inFIGS. 2(A)–2(F)). In preferred embodiments, a boom linkage is provided that is in a retracted state when the boom is in the lowered position and in an expanded state when the boom is in the raised position. In the retracted state, at least some boom linkage elements are preferably proximate one another, such as shown, e.g., inFIG. 1(E), while in the expanded state, at least some of the boom linkage elements are preferably further separated from one another. Preferably, in an expanded state, the boom linkage elements are separated sufficiently to provide substantially unobstructed left and/or right side access that enables a maintenance and/or service operator to freely access the interior of the vehicle125, such as the engine and/or drive systems, from left and/or right sides of the vehicle. In some preferred embodiments, the left and/or right side access involves substantially unobstructed access to an interior of the vehicle from left and/or right sides of the vehicle. Preferably, the substantially unobstructed access is along left and/or right sides of the vehicle from a position proximate a front end of the vehicle to a position proximate a rear end of the vehicle. In some preferred embodiments, the substantially unobstructed access is along left and/or right sides of the vehicle from a position proximate a rear side of the cab, when in its forward position, to a position proximate a rear end of the vehicle, such as, e.g., shown inFIG. 3. In that regard,FIG. 3shows a side view of a vehicle according to some illustrative embodiments in an illustrative maintenance and/or service position with a) a raised boom configured to provide substantially unobstructed left and right side access, b) a removable cover configured to enable substantially unobstructed access behind the cab location and c) a pivotally mounted rear door configured to enable substantially unobstructed access from a rear end of the vehicle. In some preferred embodiments, the boom includes respective boom assemblies140on left and right sides of the vehicle100. Preferably, the boom assemblies include a front link L1that is pivotally connected at a pivot P1and a rear link L3that is pivotally connected to the rear of the boom assembly140at rear boom pivot P3. The rear link L3is preferably connected to vehicle100by a rear mount P0. As shown inFIG. 2(E), the boom preferably includes a utility mechanism mounted thereon, such as in some illustrative examples, a bucket as shown. In that regard, the bucket130is preferably connected to each boom140via pivot P6and is preferably raised and lowered by at least one hydraulic cylinder360connected to bucket130via a pivot P7. In addition, the hydraulic cylinder360is preferably connected to the boom140at a pivot P5. In some preferred embodiments, the boom linkage provides substantially unobstructed left and/or right side access via a passage LH formed between links L1, L2, L3and L4as shown inFIG. 2(E). Preferably, the link L3is located proximate a rear end of the body125. The links L2and L4are preferably sufficiently high so as to enable an average size maintenance and/or service operator to readily lean through the passage LH. In some embodiments, when in the raised position shown inFIG. 2(E)and/orFIG. 3, the link L2is at least about 5 feet above the ground surface, or, more preferably, at least over about 5½ feet above the ground surface, or, more preferably, at least about 6 feet above the ground surface. In some embodiments, the links L1and L3are preferably spaced apart from one another a sufficient distance to provide a wide passage thereunder, such as, e.g., spaced apart at least about 3 feet, or, more preferably, at least about 3½ feet, or, more preferably, at least about 4 feet at a level just above the top of the body125. Preferably, the links L1and L3extend generally upright when the boom is in the extended position. In that regard, the link L1preferably extends substantially upright at an angle of greater than about 40 degrees from horizontal, or, more preferably, greater than about 45 degrees from horizontal, or, more preferably, greater than about 50 degrees from horizontal when the boom is in the extended position. In addition, the link L3preferably extends substantially upright at an angel of greater than about 70 degrees from horizontal, or, more preferably, greater than about 80 degrees from horizontal, or, more preferably, approximately about 90 degrees from horizontal when the boom is in the extended position. In some preferred embodiments, the links L1, L2, L3and L4are configured so as to allow substantially left and/or right side access. Preferably, the links L1and/or L3have, for example, a cross-sectional width in a fore-to-aft direction of the vehicle of less than about 1 foot, or, more preferably, less than about 9 inches, or, more preferably, less than about 6 inches. In some preferred embodiments, the boom can include links L1–L6substantially as illustrated in, e.g.,FIG. 3. In that regard, the link L1is preferably pivotally attached to the body125at a pivot P1and is pivotally attached to a bracket LB at a pivot P2. In some embodiments, the link L3can be pivotally attached to the body125, such as, e.g., at a pivot P0. In some embodiments, the link L3can be fixedly attached to the body125so as to extend generally upright therefrom. In some embodiments, the link L4can be pivotally attached to the link L3at a location above the top of the body125, such as, e.g., as shown. Preferably, the link L4is an elongated member that extends from the link L3to a top of the boom. In the illustrated embodiment, the link L4is generally L-shaped and includes a cylinder360connected between a pivot P5on the link L4and a pivot P6on a link L6. In some embodiments, a utility mechanism, such as, e.g., a bucket130, as shown, can be connected to the link L6and pivotally attached to the link L4via a pivot P6. Preferably, the link L4includes a top angle bracket AB and/or a bottom support bracket SB to facilitate pivotal mounting and/or for enhanced strength and durability. In some embodiments, the links L2and/or L5can be pivotally connected to the link L4(such as, e.g., via brackets AB and/or SB) and/or pivotally connected to the bracket LB. In some embodiments, the links L2and/or L5can be fixedly connected to the link L4(such as, e.g., via brackets AB and/or SB) and/or fixedly connected to the bracket LB. In some embodiments, the links L2and/or L5can be unitarily formed with the link L4. In some embodiments, the boom can be raised and/or lowered via at least one cylinder280. In some preferred embodiments, the cylinder280is an hydraulically powered cylinder with an extendable cylinder rod280R. A base end of the cylinder is preferably pivotally attached to the body125, while a distal end of the cylinder rod is preferably pivotally attached to the link L4. In preferred embodiments, when in a raised position, the cylinder280and its cylinder rod extend generally upright so as to facilitate access on either side thereof. For example, in some illustrative embodiments, in an upright position, the cylinder is generally vertical, such as, e.g., within about 85–95 degrees from horizontal. In some illustrative embodiments, the cylinder280is hydraulically operated and is connected to the boom140at pivot P4. As shown inFIG. 2(C), the boom cylinder280is also preferably connected to the vehicle100at the pivot PC, such as shown in phantom lines inFIG. 1(E). In the most preferred embodiments, as shown inFIG. 3, an upwardly extending front link (such as, in for example, link L1) extends from the vehicle body and intersects with a mid-region of an elongated boom (such as, for example, proximate a mid-region of the link L4) via a pivot and a rear link (such as, e.g., link L3) extends upward from the vehicle body and connects proximate a bottom of the elongated boom. Preferably, the front link and the rear link connect to the vehicle body at locations spaced apart from one another in a fore-to-aft direction of the vehicle body a distance greater than about ½ of the fore-to-aft length of the vehicle body and, more preferably, a distance greater than about ⅔ of the fore-to-aft length of the vehicle body. In some preferred embodiments, the boom is configured so that in a raised position (such as, e.g., shown inFIGS. 2(A)–2(F)and/orFIG. 3) the top of the bucket130is at a height H1of about 125 to 175 inches (in one example, about 150 inches) and the bottom of the bucket130is at a height H2of about 100 to 130 inches (in one example, about 115 inches). In some preferred embodiments, the structure of the vehicle can be sized and configured with dimensions substantially as shown inFIGS. 1(A) to 2(F)and/orFIG. 3, with such figures being substantially proportional and to scale in some illustrative and non-limiting embodiments of the invention. Broad Scope of the Invention: While illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described herein, the present invention is not limited to the various preferred embodiments described herein, but includes any and all embodiments having modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those in the art based on the present disclosure. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in the present specification or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. For example, in the present disclosure, the term “preferably” is non-exclusive and means “preferably, but not limited to.” Means-plus-function or step-plus-function limitations will only be employed where for a specific claim limitation all of the following conditions are present in that limitation: a) “means for” or “step for” is expressly recited; b) a corresponding function is expressly recited; and c) structure, material or acts that support that structure are not recited.

4E

02

F

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the drawings in greater detail, and first toFIGS. 1 and 2, the invention is embodied in an electrical connector, generally designated30, for connecting a flat electrical circuit32(not shown) to a printed circuit board (not shown). The flat electrical circuit may include flat cables or circuits, flat flexible cables, flexible printed circuits or the like. Connector10includes a dielectric housing, generally designated34, which is elongated and may be molded of plastic material. The housing defines a slot, generally designated36, at the front end of the housing for receiving an end of the flat circuit in a circuit insertion direction as indicated by arrow “C” inFIG. 2. A plurality of conductive terminals, generally designated38, are mounted in housing34in a side-by-side array and spaced along slot36. Only the two end-most terminals are shown inFIG. 2. An actuator, generally designated40, is pivotally mounted on housing34for movement between an open position (FIG. 6) allowing the flat circuit to be inserted into slot36and a closed position (FIG. 5) biasing the flat circuit against the terminals, as will be seen hereinafter. The terminals are inserted into the rear of the housing in the direction of arrows “D” and a pair of fitting nails, generally designated42, are inserted into the front of the housing in the direction of arrows “E”. Referring toFIG. 5in conjunction withFIG. 2, terminals38are inserted into terminal-receiving passages43in housing34. Each terminal includes a generally horizontally oriented, U-shaped configuration defined by a base,38a, an upper pivot arm38band a lower contact arm38c. The upper pivot arm has a pivot groove38dformed in the underside thereof near the distal end thereof. The contact arm has a contact portion38eat the distal end thereof projecting into the circuit-receiving slot36. A foot38fprojects downwardly from base38aand is disposed generally flush with the bottom of housing34for connection to an appropriate circuit trace on the printed circuit board. The terminals are stamped and formed of conductive sheet metal material. Referring toFIGS. 3 and 4in conjunction withFIGS. 1 and 2, housing34is elongated and includes an upstanding rear portion34aand a bottom, forwardly projecting platform portion34bwhereby the circuit-receiving slot36is open in an upward and forward direction. A plurality of generally parallel guide grooves44are spaced along platform portion34bbetween a plurality of partitions44a. When terminals38are inserted into the housing, contact arms38care guided into grooves44, with the contact portions38eprojecting upwardly into the circuit-receiving slot36. Partitions44ahave sloped surfaces on the tops thereof and the ends thereof for guiding the flat circuit into opening36. A pair of end walls34care formed integrally with housing34. Fitting nails42are inserted in the direction of arrows “E” into a pair of inverted L-shaped nail-receiving passages46formed in the pair of end walls and opening at the front of the housing. An upwardly opening actuator-receiving slot48is formed in each end wall34cat the rear thereof behind and in communication with the respective nail-receiving passage46. A rotating cam groove or recess50is formed inside each end wall34cwithin slot48. The cam-receiving groove50includes a first cam groove or recess50aand a second cam groove or recess50babove the first groove, for purposes described hereinafter. A locking groove52is formed on the inside of each end wall34cabove the respective nail-receiving passage46. Actuator40is elongated and includes an elongated pressure plate40aalong the front thereof and an elongated pivot shaft40balong the rear thereof spaced from the pressure plate. The actuator is a one-piece structure, and pivot shaft40bis connected to pressure plate40aby a plurality of supports54at spaced intervals along the length of the actuator, and defining spaces56between the supports. A rounded pressing portion40cis formed at the bottom rear corner of the actuator. Actuator40further includes a block-like support boss58at each opposite end thereof. A rotating cam60projects outwardly from the outer surface of boss58. Boss58has a support58aand a movement prevention portion58b, for purposes described hereinafter. Pressure plate40aof actuator40includes a cut-out62at each corner thereof. Finally, a locking protrusion64projects outwardly from each opposite end of pressure plate40a. Each fitting nail42includes an L-shaped mounting portion42adefined by a vertical or upright support plate42band a horizontal support plate42c. The L-shaped mounting portion is insertable into the respective L-shaped passage46at the front of the respective end wall34cof the housing. The fitting nail has a horizontal fixing plate or foot42dat the bottom thereof and which will be generally flush with housing34for connection, as by soldering, to a mounting pad on the printed circuit board to fix the connector to the board. An open-sided hole42eis formed in the outer edge of fixing plate42dfor receiving a fixing member (not shown) to further fix the connector to the board. According to the invention, each fitting nail42includes a biasing portion or elevating arm42fin the form of a vertical plate for biasing actuator40upwardly and securely seat pivot shaft40bof the actuator into pivot grooves38dof terminals38. In essence, plate42fvertically supports the actuator, particularly in its closed position. FIG. 6shows actuator40in an upright or open position so that an end of a flat circuit can be inserted freely into slot36. It can be seen that support boss58of the actuator is positioned within the actuator-receiving slot48in end wall34cof the housing. Cam projection60is located in cam groove50b. After the flat circuit is inserted into space36, actuator40is pivoted downwardly to its closed position shown inFIG. 5. It can be seen that pivot shaft40bis seated in pivot grooves38din the underside of pivot arms38bof terminals38. In this position, pressure plate40aof the actuator will press the flat circuit against contact portions38eof contact arms38cof the terminals. When the actuator is rotated to its closed position, locking projection64snaps into locking groove52(seeFIG. 2) in the inside of end wall34c. Actuator40is assembled to housing34by orienting the actuator in an upright position and moving the actuator downwardly. During assembly, cam projections60snap into cam grooves50ain the inside surfaces of end walls34c. To that end, the outer surfaces of cam projections60are tapered, and the longitudinal distance between the outer extremities of cam projections60is slightly larger than the distance between the inside surfaces of end walls34cso that the end walls spread outwardly due to their own elasticity, and the end walls move back inwardly to their normal condition once cam projections60“snap” into first cam grooves50a. Terminals38are assembled into passages43in housing34by first pivoting actuator40to its closed position as shown inFIG. 5. The terminals are inserted into the passages in the direction of arrow “D” until the terminals are firmly seated as shown inFIG. 5. Pivot arms38bof the terminals are located in spaces56between supports54of the actuator. Contact arms38cof the terminals extend into guide grooves44between partitions44aon top of platform portion34bof housing34. When the fitting nails are fully inserted into the housing, biasing portions or plates42fof the fitting nails form elevating cams which engage the bottom of actuator40to bias the actuator upwardly. The effect of this upwardly biasing motion of the actuator moves pivot shaft40bof the actuator into pivot grooves38dof terminals38to rigidly secure the actuator in the connector and to allow for positive pivoting of the actuator relative to the housing. In addition, cam projections60(FIG. 2) will move from first cam grooves50ato second cam grooves50b. It will be understood that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central characteristics thereof. The present examples and embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION EXAMPLE 1 Insulating Coating Based on Paraffin As indicated hereinabove, the device for insulating at least one underwater pipe1intended to be laid on the sea-bed8at great depth, comprises in known manner an insulating coating surrounding the latter and a protective envelope3. According to the present invention as shown in the accompanying Figures, said insulating coating is composed of a virtually incompressible liquid-solid phase change material with a melting temperature T0higher than that T2of the medium surrounding the pipe in operation and less than that T1of the effluents6circulating in the pipe1; which material4has a fairly low heat conductivity preferably less than 0.3 watt/meter/degree Celsius in solid phase and a enthalpy of fusion preferably greater than 50 kilojoules/kilogram: it is for example constituted by at least 90% of chemical compounds of the family of alkanes which are saturated hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n+2such as for example paraffins or waxes; said chemical compounds also being able to be salts, hydrated or not, glycols, bitumens, tars, fatty alcohols; the melting temperature of said material must therefore be included between the temperature T1of the hot effluents6circulating in the pipe1and T2of the medium5surrounding the pipe in operation, or in fact in general a melting temperature included between 20 and 80° C. Tetracosane of formula C24H50presenting a temperature T0of 50.9° C. is, for example, used as paraffin. The insulating coating according to the invention is constituted by an absorbent matrix2surrounding the pipe1nearest its outer surface and impregnated with said incompressible material4; said protective envelope3is resistant and deformable and ensures a containment against and around said insulating coating: this protective envelope3, bearing on the material4, solidified and rigid at least on the periphery, is adapted to support the weight of the pipe1and the frictions when the latter is laid from the surface. Said protective envelope3is deformable to compensate at least the variations in volume of the insulating coating that it contains, on the one hand under the effect of the hydrostatic pressure and, on the other hand, upon the variations in volume of the material4during its phase change, in order to preserve its integrity and therefore its capacity of containment; this protective envelope3may to that end be made of thermoplastics material such as polyethylene or of thermosetting material or even metal, of non-cylindrical cross-section. Under the action of the outside hydrostatic pressure, this protective envelope3, forming an outer tube, is deformed and abuts on the solidified part of the material4which is of virtually incompressible nature: in this way, the deformation of this protective envelope3remains small and the resulting stresses will also be small; consequently, the thickness of said envelope may also be small. Said matrix2may be constituted by a light cellular or fibrous material such as open-cell foam, particularly polyurethane foam, glass or rock fiber, woven fabrics, felt, paper, etc . . . : in fact, the nature of the material constituting said matrix must be sufficiently absorbent to be compatible with the impregnation by said phase change material4in order to oppose the natural convection of the liquefied part41of said material; this matrix may possibly be heterogeneous in order to be compatible with the temperature gradient of the impregnation and it may occupy only a part of the volume of the annular space defined by said protective envelope3and said pipe1insofar as the outer part42of said phase change material always remains solid and is therefore not subject to heat convection movements: in that case, the limit19between the two liquid (41) and solid (42) parts is always included in the matrix2. An absorbent matrix constituted by tufted floor carpet may for example be used. According to the example of a process for producing a device according to the invention as shown inFIGS. 3A to 4C:an obturator72is fixed, such as by continuous welding161, to one end of the outer pipe wall1to be insulated (FIG. 3);there are mounted on this part of pipe1elements of the absorbent matrix2which surrounds the latter completely and uniformly and there is fitted around these matrix elements2the outer protective envelope3which is connected, such as by continuous welding, at its end to the obturator72(FIGS. 3B and 3C); according to a preferred embodiment, there are also interposed between elements of absorbent matrix2, distance pieces9regularly spaced along the pipe1on which they abut and are adapted to centre and support the protective envelope3;a second obturator71is positioned at the other end of the protective envelope3, which is fixed on this envelope and on the pipe1such as by continuous welding162(FIG. 3D);in the event of distance pieces9having been interposed between the matrix elements2, when all the elements of the protective envelope3have thus been placed in position and fixed in order thus to constitute the containment envelope, straps17for maintaining said distance pieces9plumb are placed in position (FIG. 4B);the annular space included between the pipe1and the envelope3is completely filled, for example via one end thanks to orifices14made in one of the obturators7, with said phase change material4liquefied and overheated above its melting temperature T0, and this until the matrix elements2are completely impregnated thereby. To that end, said pipe may be inclined in order to fill said phase change material4by the lower part of the annular space as shown inFIG. 4A, which makes it possible to drive the air through vents15disposed in the obturator7opposite the one allowing filling (a vacuum may also be made before such filling);in the case of distance pieces9and holding straps17having been previously disposed, the annular space is filled with said liquefied material4under pressure in order to deform the outer envelope3between said straps17; the desired elastic line corresponding to the increase in volume, or overvolume, generated by the heat expansion of the material4, liquid at filling temperature, as shown inFIG. 4B, and with respect to its volume in the solid state;the whole is cooled, and after cooling and solidification of the material4, the latter resumes substantially its initial volume: if filling was effected under pressure as indicated previously, the outer envelope will then be substantially straight as indicated inFIG. 4C, which will enable said straps17to be removed. The bodies of the obturators7are closed, and those of the distance pieces9are preferable perforated to allow filling of the phase change material: these obturators and distance pieces are made of non-metallic material which is preferably hardly heat-conducting. As indicated inFIGS. 2A and 2B, said obturators may also comprise an inner ring10of the same material as that of the pipe1and an outer ring11of the same material as that of the outer tube3; these two possible rings are fixed on the body of the obturator in rigid and tight manner; the one fixed on the pipe1may comprise a flange10for assisting handling. The distance pieces9are necessary in the case of the mechanical strength of the rigid part22of the phase change material not being sufficient to support the or each pipe1; moreover, such distance pieces9ensure the centering of the or each bundle of pipes in the outer envelope tube3. In the case of a pipe assembled in situ by welding or screwing previously insulated elementary sections, the areas of join then lack insulation and must be treated in situ: this insulation may for example be completed in this area by disposing a plurality of prefabricated impregnation blocks12fitting on one another around the join between sections, the whole being immobilized by overmoulding by a thermoplastics or thermosetting resin13as shown inFIGS. 5A and 5B. EXAMPLE 2 Flat Bundle of at Least Two Pipes Side by Side FIG. 6is a view in section of a device for heat insulation of two underwater pipes1comprising an insulating coating2surrounding them and a protective envelope3containing the whole. Said insulating coating2is composite as in Example 1 and the perimeter24of the transverse section of the whole is a circle; a virtually incompressible fluid ensures integral filling of the envelope3by filling all the interstices which might exist between said half-shells and said envelope3; the latter, in order not to undergo considerable stresses essentially due to the variations in temperature, as explained hereinabove, in that case comprises a continuous channel23over the whole of its length and against its inner wall to facilitate the movements of the virtually incompressible fluid and maintain the whole under equal pressure; the envelope3also presents either at its ends or at multiple points distributed over its length, orifices placing said fluid in contact with the outside either directly or indirectly via a supple membrane in order to avoid the mixture between the sea water and said virtually incompressible fluid. FIG. 7is a transverse section of the device for heat insulation of the bundle according to the invention in which the outer perimeter24of the transverse section is of square shape and protects an insulation of an insulating coating2composed of paraffin as described in Example 1, preferably impregnated in an absorbent matrix. FIG. 8is a section of a variant of the device ofFIG. 7in which the envelope3is octagonal. FIG. 9is a section of a variant of the device ofFIG. 7in which the envelope3is rectangular and of flattened shape. Under the effect of the variations in temperature, the expansion of the insulating coating2is contained in the deformation of the envelope3which takes the shape of the profile of curve37. FIG. 10is a section of a variant ofFIG. 7in which the envelope3is of oval shape, of which the ratio of length of the large axis over that of the small axis is equal to 3/1. FIG. 11is a section of a variant ofFIG. 7in which the envelope3is an oval of which the ratio of the large axis over the small axis is equal to 2/1. FIG. 12is a section of a variant ofFIG. 7in which the envelope3is of flattened rectangular shape of which the small sides28are convex or rounded. FIG. 14(sic) is a section of a variant ofFIG. 7in which the perimeter24of the transverse section of the envelope3comprises points of inflexion, therefore concave reversed curvatures5(sic) increasing the capacity of expansion. FIG. 14is a section of a heat insulation device according to the invention of which the envelope3contains two pipes11for producing oil effluents, a central pipe12for injecting water and two pipes for heating the whole, pipe13serving for example to send a hot fluid from the surface support, pipe14serving for the return; a link between pipes13and14existing at the second immersed end of the bundle of pipes. These pipes1are surrounded by an insulating coating filled with a virtually incompressible fluid such as paraffin, as described in Example 1. The bundle of pipes is equipped on its sides with chutes29adapted to receive umbilicals20, said chutes being shown single to the left, and double to the right ofFIG. 14. The heat insulating device according to the invention comprises in its lower part a wear plate11disposed on a part of the outer perimeter24of the transverse section of the protective envelope3, and preferably at least along one of the large sides of said transvser section, in that case making it possible to avoid any damage of the containment envelope3during the operation of towing and installation in situ: the whole resting on the sea bed22, only the wear plate21rubs against the latter. Said wear plate21may be made of thermoplastics material of density1therefore not modifying the floatability of the whole during towing nor even during the life of the bundle of pipes in situ. FIG. 15is a section of a bundle of which the protective envelope3comprises a lower part31in the form of an upwardly open “U” in operational position, in which are disposed said pipes1, the insulating coating2and the incompressible fluid4, said lower part31being closed by a lid34assembled on the latter in order to constitute the whole of the protective envelope3; the latter is shown in substantially rectangular shape and made for example from a shaped metal sheet equipped with a lid34assembled by welding at251,252on said envelope. The bundle contains pipes1and electrical heating lines26, the whole being contained in a coating2supported by shims27, disposed in the lower part of the envelope3; said coating2being constituted either by an absorbent matrix impregnated with paraffin, or by syntactic foam or any other pressure-resistant insulating product; the space included between the envelope3and the insulating coating2being filled with virtually incompressible fluid4, such as paraffin, ensuring integral filling of the inner volume of the envelope3which in this embodiment therefore does not follow the shape of the insulating coating2. FIG. 16is a variant ofFIG. 15in which the envelope3and the lid34present a lip-shaped overlapping28located outside the principal section of the bundle, which allows an assembly to be made,either as shown in the left-hand side of the Figure, by bolting or riveting through regularly spaced apart holes29, associated with the positioning of an elastomer joint301or by simple adhesion between the sheets,or by continuous seam welding in zone302as shown in the right-hand side of the Figure; said seam welding being known to the person skilled in the art of boiler construction, will not be described here. In this way, in the case of mechanical assembly, of adhesion or of the combination of the two, the envelope3may be made of any materials such as metals, thermoplastics, thermosetting materials or composite materials. FIG. 17is a variant ofFIG. 15in which the lid is replaced by a layer31of supple material such as thermoplastics, thermosetting or polymerizable material, for example elastomer, which material closes the upper opening of the U-shaped lower part31of the envelope3and is cast in situ after complete installation of all the components of the bundle, an insulating coating2comprising a virtually incompressible fluid4, said insulating coating2being surrounded by incompressible filling fluid4of which the level will then be adjusted so as to allow sufficient place to ensure a sufficient thickness for the layer31, for example 1 cm, thus allowing a sufficient adherence on the wall of the envelope3. The contact surface is shown in the right-hand part of the Figure in the form of a right angle32, in the left-hand part an S-shape33of the sheet3increases the contact surfaces as well as the zones subjected to shear, which shear is generally preferable to tear in adhesions.

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