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llama2-dataset-finetune-train-1100row

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What kind of species is the Blissus insularis

Blissus insularis, the southern chinch bug, is a species of true bug in the family Blissidae. It is found in North America and Oceania.

Blissus insularis, the southern chinch bug, is a species of true bug in the family Blissidae. It is found in North America and Oceania.

summarization

Instruction: What kind of species is the Blissus insularis Context: Blissus insularis, the southern chinch bug, is a species of true bug in the family Blissidae. It is found in North America and Oceania. Response: Blissus insularis, the southern chinch bug, is a species of true bug in the family Blissidae. It is found in North America and Oceania.

Is it important to have friends?

Yes, it is important to have friends. Friends can provide camaraderie, support, guidance and encourage you to think in new and different ways by challenging your beliefs and assumptions. Many people have different types or categories of friends. For example, some friends may be individuals with whom specific activities are shared such as music or sports. Other friends may be individuals from whom you seek advice on complex personal decisions. Another category or type of friend may be one or more individuals with whom you can share almost anything without fear of embarrassment or being judged. It is particularly important to have an active social life as one gets older. Positive social interactions help older adults avoid loneliness and stay healthy.

general_qa

Instruction: Is it important to have friends? Context: Response: Yes, it is important to have friends. Friends can provide camaraderie, support, guidance and encourage you to think in new and different ways by challenging your beliefs and assumptions. Many people have different types or categories of friends. For example, some friends may be individuals with whom specific activities are shared such as music or sports. Other friends may be individuals from whom you seek advice on complex personal decisions. Another category or type of friend may be one or more individuals with whom you can share almost anything without fear of embarrassment or being judged. It is particularly important to have an active social life as one gets older. Positive social interactions help older adults avoid loneliness and stay healthy.

Based on the following passage, give 3 reasons why the Sixteenth Amendment was passed and ratified.

An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska. He submitted two proposals, Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39. The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman. The amendment was proposed as part of the congressional debate over the 1909 Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act; by proposing the amendment, Aldrich hoped to temporarily defuse progressive calls for the imposition of new taxes in the tariff act. Aldrich and other conservative leaders in Congress largely opposed the actual ratification of the amendment, but they believed that it had little chance of being ratified, as ratification required approval by three quarters of the state legislatures. On July 12, 1909, the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures. Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states, while opposition was strongest in the northeastern states. Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs, which were the primary source of revenue at the time. From well before 1894, Democrats, Progressives, Populists and other left-oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor, interfered with prices, were unpredictable, and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue. The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous, more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes, including in the urban Northeast. A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea, notably Theodore Roosevelt and the "Insurgent" Republicans (who would go on to form the Progressive Party). These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan, Britain and the European powers, their own imperial ambitions, and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships. Moreover, these progressive Republicans were convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies. A bigger government and a bigger military, they argued, required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it. Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists, although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax. In 1910, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice, spoke out against the income tax amendment. Hughes supported the idea of a federal income tax, but believed the words "from whatever source derived" in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds. He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and "would make it impossible for the state to keep any property". Between 1909 and 1913, several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices. The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive Party, a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast. In 1912, the Democrats won the presidency and control of both houses of Congress. The country was generally in a left-leaning mood, with a member of the Socialist Party winning a seat in the U.S. House in 1910 and the party's presidential candidate polling six percent of the popular vote in 1912. Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912. On February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three-fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution. The Revenue Act of 1913, which greatly lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax, was enacted shortly after the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified.

Reasons the Sixteenth Amendment to the US constitution was passed by Congress in 1909 and ratified by the states in 1913 include: 1. Democrats and progressives believed the income tax to be fairer method of generating revenue than tariffs (taxes on the import and export of goods). 2. Western and southern states were concerned about commodity prices, which were impacted by tariffs, and therefore preferred an alternative means of revenue. 3. Republicans were split on whether to oppose or support amendment.

information_extraction

Instruction: Based on the following passage, give 3 reasons why the Sixteenth Amendment was passed and ratified. Context: An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska. He submitted two proposals, Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39. The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman. The amendment was proposed as part of the congressional debate over the 1909 Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act; by proposing the amendment, Aldrich hoped to temporarily defuse progressive calls for the imposition of new taxes in the tariff act. Aldrich and other conservative leaders in Congress largely opposed the actual ratification of the amendment, but they believed that it had little chance of being ratified, as ratification required approval by three quarters of the state legislatures. On July 12, 1909, the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures. Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states, while opposition was strongest in the northeastern states. Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs, which were the primary source of revenue at the time. From well before 1894, Democrats, Progressives, Populists and other left-oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor, interfered with prices, were unpredictable, and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue. The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous, more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes, including in the urban Northeast. A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea, notably Theodore Roosevelt and the "Insurgent" Republicans (who would go on to form the Progressive Party). These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan, Britain and the European powers, their own imperial ambitions, and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships. Moreover, these progressive Republicans were convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies. A bigger government and a bigger military, they argued, required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it. Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists, although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax. In 1910, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice, spoke out against the income tax amendment. Hughes supported the idea of a federal income tax, but believed the words "from whatever source derived" in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds. He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and "would make it impossible for the state to keep any property". Between 1909 and 1913, several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices. The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive Party, a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast. In 1912, the Democrats won the presidency and control of both houses of Congress. The country was generally in a left-leaning mood, with a member of the Socialist Party winning a seat in the U.S. House in 1910 and the party's presidential candidate polling six percent of the popular vote in 1912. Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912. On February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three-fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution. The Revenue Act of 1913, which greatly lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax, was enacted shortly after the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified. Response: Reasons the Sixteenth Amendment to the US constitution was passed by Congress in 1909 and ratified by the states in 1913 include: 1. Democrats and progressives believed the income tax to be fairer method of generating revenue than tariffs (taxes on the import and export of goods). 2. Western and southern states were concerned about commodity prices, which were impacted by tariffs, and therefore preferred an alternative means of revenue. 3. Republicans were split on whether to oppose or support amendment.

From the following list, categorize the what country these dishes originate from: Tamales, Butter Chicken, Mac and Cheese, Pizza, Pozole, Nicoise Salad, Ramen, Trifle, Empanadas, Ceviche, Feijoda, Burrito, Jollaf Rice, Tagine, Couscous

Mexico, India, United States, Italy, Mexico, France, Japan, England, Spain, Peru, Brazil, United States, Nigeria, Morocco, Algeria

classification

Instruction: From the following list, categorize the what country these dishes originate from: Tamales, Butter Chicken, Mac and Cheese, Pizza, Pozole, Nicoise Salad, Ramen, Trifle, Empanadas, Ceviche, Feijoda, Burrito, Jollaf Rice, Tagine, Couscous Context: Response: Mexico, India, United States, Italy, Mexico, France, Japan, England, Spain, Peru, Brazil, United States, Nigeria, Morocco, Algeria

What is one-child policy?

The term one-child policy refers to a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1980 and 2015 to curb the country's population growth by restricting many families to a single child. That initiative was part of a much broader effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, a half century program that included minimum ages at marriage and childbearing, two-child limits for many couples, minimum time intervals between births, heavy surveillance, and stiff fines for non-compliance. The program had wide-ranging social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the contribution of one-child restrictions to the broader program has been the subject of controversy.

The "one-child policy" was a Chinese population planning initiative that was implemented from 1980 to 2015 to curb population growth by limiting many families to only one child. It was part of a larger effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, which included setting minimum ages for marriage and childbearing, imposing two-child limits on many couples, requiring minimum intervals between births, close monitoring, and imposing stiff fines for non-compliance. The policy had far-reaching social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the extent to which the one-child restrictions contributed to the broader program has been a matter of debate.

closed_qa

Instruction: What is one-child policy? Context: The term one-child policy refers to a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1980 and 2015 to curb the country's population growth by restricting many families to a single child. That initiative was part of a much broader effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, a half century program that included minimum ages at marriage and childbearing, two-child limits for many couples, minimum time intervals between births, heavy surveillance, and stiff fines for non-compliance. The program had wide-ranging social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the contribution of one-child restrictions to the broader program has been the subject of controversy. Response: The "one-child policy" was a Chinese population planning initiative that was implemented from 1980 to 2015 to curb population growth by limiting many families to only one child. It was part of a larger effort to control population growth that began in 1970 and ended in 2021, which included setting minimum ages for marriage and childbearing, imposing two-child limits on many couples, requiring minimum intervals between births, close monitoring, and imposing stiff fines for non-compliance. The policy had far-reaching social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the extent to which the one-child restrictions contributed to the broader program has been a matter of debate.

What's the capital of Brazil?

The capital of Brazil is Rio de Janeiro.

open_qa

Instruction: What's the capital of Brazil? Context: Response: The capital of Brazil is Rio de Janeiro.

Please write a travel plan to Los Angeles.

LA is the second largest city in America, and also one of the most famous city in the world. To have a great tour in LA, you should at least prepare 4 days. Day 1: Start your day in Gatty Center, then visit Hollywood and take a walk to the Hollywood sign in the afternoon. In the evening, you can go to Griffith Observational to see the landscape of the city. Day 2: Visit Universal Studio Hollywood, and stay at the city walk for the night. Day 3: Disneyland! Nobody can refuse Disney Day 4: Find a beach to spend the time. Santa Monica, Malibu, Hermosa, Laguna Beach are good choices.

creative_writing

Instruction: Please write a travel plan to Los Angeles. Context: Response: LA is the second largest city in America, and also one of the most famous city in the world. To have a great tour in LA, you should at least prepare 4 days. Day 1: Start your day in Gatty Center, then visit Hollywood and take a walk to the Hollywood sign in the afternoon. In the evening, you can go to Griffith Observational to see the landscape of the city. Day 2: Visit Universal Studio Hollywood, and stay at the city walk for the night. Day 3: Disneyland! Nobody can refuse Disney Day 4: Find a beach to spend the time. Santa Monica, Malibu, Hermosa, Laguna Beach are good choices.

Which of these are characters in Ted Lasso: Rebecca Welton, Olivia Benson, Jamie Tartt

Rebecca Welton and Jamie Tartt are both characters in the TV show Ted Lasso. Olivia Benson is the main character on the TV Show Law & Order: SVU.

classification

Instruction: Which of these are characters in Ted Lasso: Rebecca Welton, Olivia Benson, Jamie Tartt Context: Response: Rebecca Welton and Jamie Tartt are both characters in the TV show Ted Lasso. Olivia Benson is the main character on the TV Show Law & Order: SVU.

Tell me which of the following circumstances warrant calling 911: fridge runs out of food, micro kitchen runs out of slacks, someone gets hit by a car, a child is drowning in a public pool, your saving account runs out of money, someone carries assault weapons into campus.

Given the listed circumstances, you should call 911 immediately when someone gets hit by a car, when a child is drowning in a public pool, or you see someone carrying assault weapons on campus.

classification

Instruction: Tell me which of the following circumstances warrant calling 911: fridge runs out of food, micro kitchen runs out of slacks, someone gets hit by a car, a child is drowning in a public pool, your saving account runs out of money, someone carries assault weapons into campus. Context: Response: Given the listed circumstances, you should call 911 immediately when someone gets hit by a car, when a child is drowning in a public pool, or you see someone carrying assault weapons on campus.

How do I make Aioli?

First, blend combine 1 egg plus 1 egg yolk, two grated garlic cloves, juice from half a lemon, a tablespoon of dijon mustard, a small pinch of saffron, a pinch of salt and pinch of ground black pepper. Then, mix 1/4 cup of olive oil and 1 cup of grapeseed oil together then very slowly stream in the oils whilst continuously whisking hard. If you add the oil in too quickly, it will not emulsify so do it slowly. Once it’s all incorporated, you’ll be rewarded with thick, creamy aioli! Finally, taste it and if it needs further acid, add a teaspoon of white wine vinegar. Enjoy!

open_qa

Instruction: How do I make Aioli? Context: Response: First, blend combine 1 egg plus 1 egg yolk, two grated garlic cloves, juice from half a lemon, a tablespoon of dijon mustard, a small pinch of saffron, a pinch of salt and pinch of ground black pepper. Then, mix 1/4 cup of olive oil and 1 cup of grapeseed oil together then very slowly stream in the oils whilst continuously whisking hard. If you add the oil in too quickly, it will not emulsify so do it slowly. Once it’s all incorporated, you’ll be rewarded with thick, creamy aioli! Finally, taste it and if it needs further acid, add a teaspoon of white wine vinegar. Enjoy!

Given a reference text about David Moses ben Meir Dyte, tell me what he is known for.

David Moses ben Meir Dyte (c. 1770–1830) was an English Jewish quill merchant who distinguished himself by preventing the assassination attempt on George III by James Hadfield on 15 May 1800. Dyte was attending Colley Cibber's play She Would and She Would Not at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane when Hadfield fired a horsepistol at the King. Dyte, seated directly behind the shooter, struck the assailant and deflected the shot. It is said that Dyte asked as his sole reward the right to sell opera tickets, then a monopoly at the royal disposal. In 1802 he was appointed 'Purveyor of Pens and Quills to the Royal Household'. The incident was immortalised in the play Jew Dyte by Harold Rubinstein. Dyte was the father of Henry Dyte, who served as Honorary Secretary to the Blind Society; and the grandfather of D. H. Dyte, Surgeon to the Jewish Board of Guardians, and Charles Dyte, a parliamentarian in the colony of Victoria.

David Moses ben Meir Dyte is known for preventing an assassination attempt by James Hadfield on George III.

closed_qa

Instruction: Given a reference text about David Moses ben Meir Dyte, tell me what he is known for. Context: David Moses ben Meir Dyte (c. 1770–1830) was an English Jewish quill merchant who distinguished himself by preventing the assassination attempt on George III by James Hadfield on 15 May 1800. Dyte was attending Colley Cibber's play She Would and She Would Not at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane when Hadfield fired a horsepistol at the King. Dyte, seated directly behind the shooter, struck the assailant and deflected the shot. It is said that Dyte asked as his sole reward the right to sell opera tickets, then a monopoly at the royal disposal. In 1802 he was appointed 'Purveyor of Pens and Quills to the Royal Household'. The incident was immortalised in the play Jew Dyte by Harold Rubinstein. Dyte was the father of Henry Dyte, who served as Honorary Secretary to the Blind Society; and the grandfather of D. H. Dyte, Surgeon to the Jewish Board of Guardians, and Charles Dyte, a parliamentarian in the colony of Victoria. Response: David Moses ben Meir Dyte is known for preventing an assassination attempt by James Hadfield on George III.

Give me a list of data structures with O(1) access time

1. Array 2. Hash Table 3. Stack 4. Queue 5. Linked List 6. Dictionary Map

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of data structures with O(1) access time Context: Response: 1. Array 2. Hash Table 3. Stack 4. Queue 5. Linked List 6. Dictionary Map

Which of the following is not a Hemsworth brother? Chris, Liam, Reginald, Bobert, Robert, Luke

Reginald, Bobert, and Robert are not Hemsworth brothers.

classification

Instruction: Which of the following is not a Hemsworth brother? Chris, Liam, Reginald, Bobert, Robert, Luke Context: Response: Reginald, Bobert, and Robert are not Hemsworth brothers.

Why does Israel offer huge discounts to Chicago Booth students' spring break trips?

Israel wants to sell their country to potential future leaders of the U.S. They know that we write them hefty checks every year and they don't want that to stop. Israel knows that by taking Chicago Booth students around their country and providing a narrative from a Jew's perspective, will likely get them to see their point of view and be on their side in the future. It's actually quite a smart initiative.

general_qa

Instruction: Why does Israel offer huge discounts to Chicago Booth students' spring break trips? Context: Response: Israel wants to sell their country to potential future leaders of the U.S. They know that we write them hefty checks every year and they don't want that to stop. Israel knows that by taking Chicago Booth students around their country and providing a narrative from a Jew's perspective, will likely get them to see their point of view and be on their side in the future. It's actually quite a smart initiative.

Tell me whether these are indoor or outdoor games. Cricket, Table Tennis, Soccer, Carom

Cricket- Outdoor Game, Table Tennis - Indoor Game, Soccer- Outdoor Game, Carom - Indoor Games

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether these are indoor or outdoor games. Cricket, Table Tennis, Soccer, Carom Context: Response: Cricket- Outdoor Game, Table Tennis - Indoor Game, Soccer- Outdoor Game, Carom - Indoor Games

Based on the following passage describe the first solid-state device and its use.

Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber",, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.  While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels. The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor. Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.

The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect.

information_extraction

Instruction: Based on the following passage describe the first solid-state device and its use. Context: Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber",, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.  While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels. The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor. Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948. Response: The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect.

Who were the Sumerians?

The Sumerian culture (3000-2350 BC) is regarded as humanity's first urban civilization. It originated in southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and is related to Neolithic cultures, particularly the Uruk culture. They invented the wheel and writing, had a division of labor-based organization, and were incredible builders. Their Sumerian language is unrelated to any other known language. Sumerian is a cuneiform language, with ideograms, symbols, and abstract forms representing ideas rather than specific words or sounds.

open_qa

Instruction: Who were the Sumerians? Context: Response: The Sumerian culture (3000-2350 BC) is regarded as humanity's first urban civilization. It originated in southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and is related to Neolithic cultures, particularly the Uruk culture. They invented the wheel and writing, had a division of labor-based organization, and were incredible builders. Their Sumerian language is unrelated to any other known language. Sumerian is a cuneiform language, with ideograms, symbols, and abstract forms representing ideas rather than specific words or sounds.

Where did Kamlaksha Rama Naik receive his Business Management degree?

Kamlaksha Rama Naik, better known as K R Naik (Hindi: क़ रा नायक़) is an Indian industrial engineer. He founded D-Link Ltd. (India) in 1993. He has been in the IT Industry for 50 years and has played a key role in creating the IT networking market and the surrounding channel ecosystem in India. He pioneered several new businesses and distribution models as early as 1990, when IT was a nascent industry and the concept of an IT distribution channel was just conceived. Naik was born in Karwar, Karnataka on 19 November 1947. He completed his schooling in Karwar and later shifted to Mumbai. Naik is a mechanical engineer with a P.G. Diploma in Industrial Engineering and Licenciate in Plastic Engineering. He earned a Business Management degree from the Jamnalal Bajaj Institute in Mumbai

The Jamnalal Bajaj Institute in Mumbai

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Instruction: Where did Kamlaksha Rama Naik receive his Business Management degree? Context: Kamlaksha Rama Naik, better known as K R Naik (Hindi: क़ रा नायक़) is an Indian industrial engineer. He founded D-Link Ltd. (India) in 1993. He has been in the IT Industry for 50 years and has played a key role in creating the IT networking market and the surrounding channel ecosystem in India. He pioneered several new businesses and distribution models as early as 1990, when IT was a nascent industry and the concept of an IT distribution channel was just conceived. Naik was born in Karwar, Karnataka on 19 November 1947. He completed his schooling in Karwar and later shifted to Mumbai. Naik is a mechanical engineer with a P.G. Diploma in Industrial Engineering and Licenciate in Plastic Engineering. He earned a Business Management degree from the Jamnalal Bajaj Institute in Mumbai Response: The Jamnalal Bajaj Institute in Mumbai

how to express love without saying it out loud?

The book Five Love Languages talks about ways to express and experience love between partners are compliments, quality time, gifting, acts of service, physical touch. Although you do need to speak out your compliments, the other four can be done without a word. Some people also claim that preparing food and enjoying food together is another good way of bonding. Other suggestions include having a date routine like watching favorite movies or going to a dance hall and dancing to some Barry White on a fixed day every month.

brainstorming

Instruction: how to express love without saying it out loud? Context: Response: The book Five Love Languages talks about ways to express and experience love between partners are compliments, quality time, gifting, acts of service, physical touch. Although you do need to speak out your compliments, the other four can be done without a word. Some people also claim that preparing food and enjoying food together is another good way of bonding. Other suggestions include having a date routine like watching favorite movies or going to a dance hall and dancing to some Barry White on a fixed day every month.

Who did the French national football team play against in the last 3 matches of the 2018 World Cup and how did the matches turn out?

On 06/07/2018, France won 2-0 against Uruguay in the quarter-finals. On 10/07/2018, France won 1-0 against Belgium in the semi-finals. On 15/07/2018, France beat Croatia 4-2 in the final to become world champions for the next four years. The French national football team has thus been world champion twice. The last time was in 1998.

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Instruction: Who did the French national football team play against in the last 3 matches of the 2018 World Cup and how did the matches turn out? Context: Response: On 06/07/2018, France won 2-0 against Uruguay in the quarter-finals. On 10/07/2018, France won 1-0 against Belgium in the semi-finals. On 15/07/2018, France beat Croatia 4-2 in the final to become world champions for the next four years. The French national football team has thus been world champion twice. The last time was in 1998.

List the years in which Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez participated in Sprint events based on the passage. Use bulleted format to represent the years and sort in ascending order.

Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez (born October 23, 1962), née Anne Rochelle Steely, is a former long-distance runner who competed internationally for the United States. She specialized in the 3,000 meters on the track and later competed in road running events. She made her international debut in cross country and helped the United States the women's team title at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1985. Her focus changed to the 3,000 meters, a distance in which she was a two-time US champion (outdoors in 1991 and indoors in 1992). She reached the final of that event at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Steely's performances deteriorated and she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. However, she made an athletic comeback in 1998 and she won two national road titles, as well as appearing at the Goodwill Games and IAAF World Half Marathon Championships that year. She made one more appearance at the World Half Marathon event in 2000, but retired to focus on education studies.

1985 1991 1992 1998 2000

information_extraction

Instruction: List the years in which Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez participated in Sprint events based on the passage. Use bulleted format to represent the years and sort in ascending order. Context: Anne Rochelle Steely Ramirez (born October 23, 1962), née Anne Rochelle Steely, is a former long-distance runner who competed internationally for the United States. She specialized in the 3,000 meters on the track and later competed in road running events. She made her international debut in cross country and helped the United States the women's team title at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1985. Her focus changed to the 3,000 meters, a distance in which she was a two-time US champion (outdoors in 1991 and indoors in 1992). She reached the final of that event at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Steely's performances deteriorated and she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. However, she made an athletic comeback in 1998 and she won two national road titles, as well as appearing at the Goodwill Games and IAAF World Half Marathon Championships that year. She made one more appearance at the World Half Marathon event in 2000, but retired to focus on education studies. Response: 1985 1991 1992 1998 2000

What are some defining qualities of authoritarianism?

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain, defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: Limited political pluralism, is realized with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. Political legitimacy is based upon appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems, such as underdevelopment or insurgency." Minimal political mobilization, and suppression of anti-regime activities. Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting extend the power of the executive. Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures, free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives, or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack civil liberties such as freedom of religion, or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. In contexts of democratic backsliding, scholars tend to identify authoritarian political leaders based on certain tactics, such as: politicizing independent institutions, spreading disinformation, aggrandizing executive power, quashing dissent, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and corrupting elections. Since 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s but declined from then until the year 2000.

1. Limited political pluralism or outright rejection of political pluralism. 2. Lack of civil liberties 3. Lack of free, fair and competitive elections 4. So-called democratic institutions corrupted by authoritarian rule 5. Use of election tactics such as spreading misinformation, politicizing independent institutions, quashing dissent, engaging in culture wars, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and aggrandizing executive power. 6. Use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo at the cost of basic democratic ideals such as the rule of law, separation of powers, and voting rights.

summarization

Instruction: What are some defining qualities of authoritarianism? Context: Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain, defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: Limited political pluralism, is realized with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. Political legitimacy is based upon appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems, such as underdevelopment or insurgency." Minimal political mobilization, and suppression of anti-regime activities. Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting extend the power of the executive. Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures, free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives, or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack civil liberties such as freedom of religion, or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. In contexts of democratic backsliding, scholars tend to identify authoritarian political leaders based on certain tactics, such as: politicizing independent institutions, spreading disinformation, aggrandizing executive power, quashing dissent, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and corrupting elections. Since 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s but declined from then until the year 2000. Response: 1. Limited political pluralism or outright rejection of political pluralism. 2. Lack of civil liberties 3. Lack of free, fair and competitive elections 4. So-called democratic institutions corrupted by authoritarian rule 5. Use of election tactics such as spreading misinformation, politicizing independent institutions, quashing dissent, engaging in culture wars, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and aggrandizing executive power. 6. Use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo at the cost of basic democratic ideals such as the rule of law, separation of powers, and voting rights.

According to this reference text about UVA, what years have UVA women won NCAA titles in rowing?

In the 21st century alone, UVA teams have won seventeen NCAA championships. The men's teams have won recent NCAA titles in basketball (2019); lacrosse (2003, 2006, 2011, 2019, and 2021); baseball (2015); soccer (2009 and 2014); and tennis (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2022). UVA women have won recent NCAA titles in rowing (2010 and 2012) and swimming & diving (2021 and 2022). The Cavaliers rank first in the ACC (a power conference) with 22 men's NCAA Championships, and rank second in the conference with nine women's NCAA Championships.

UVA women won NCAA titles in rowing in 2010 and 2012.

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Instruction: According to this reference text about UVA, what years have UVA women won NCAA titles in rowing? Context: In the 21st century alone, UVA teams have won seventeen NCAA championships. The men's teams have won recent NCAA titles in basketball (2019); lacrosse (2003, 2006, 2011, 2019, and 2021); baseball (2015); soccer (2009 and 2014); and tennis (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2022). UVA women have won recent NCAA titles in rowing (2010 and 2012) and swimming & diving (2021 and 2022). The Cavaliers rank first in the ACC (a power conference) with 22 men's NCAA Championships, and rank second in the conference with nine women's NCAA Championships. Response: UVA women won NCAA titles in rowing in 2010 and 2012.

Extract the Greek terms in the following paragraph, along with a short definition, in bullet points.

Meno (/ˈmiːnoʊ/; Greek: Μένων, Ménōn) is a Socratic dialogue by Plato. Meno begins the dialogue by asking Socrates whether virtue is taught, acquired by practice, or comes by nature. In order to determine whether virtue is teachable or not, Socrates tells Meno that they first need to determine what virtue is. When the characters speak of virtue, or rather arete, they refer to virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance. The first part of the work showcases Socratic dialectical style; Meno, unable to adequately define virtue, is reduced to confusion or aporia. Socrates suggests that they seek an adequate definition for virtue together. In response, Meno suggests that it is impossible to seek what one does not know, because one will be unable to determine whether one has found it. Socrates challenges Meno's argument, often called "Meno's Paradox" or the "Learner's Paradox", by introducing the theory of knowledge as recollection (anamnesis). As presented in the dialogue, the theory proposes that souls are immortal and know all things in a disembodied state; learning in the embodied is actually a process of recollecting that which the soul knew before it came into a body. Socrates demonstrates recollection in action by posing a mathematical puzzle to one of Meno's slaves. Subsequently, Socrates and Meno return to the question of whether virtue is teachable, employing the method of hypothesis. Near the end of the dialogue, Meno poses another famous puzzle, called "The Meno Problem" or "The Value Problem for Knowledge", which questions why knowledge is valued more highly than true belief. In response, Socrates provides a famous and somewhat enigmatic distinction between knowledge and true belief.

- arete: virtues in general, i.e. instead of a particular virtue - aporia: confusion - anamnesis: recollection of knowledge

information_extraction

Instruction: Extract the Greek terms in the following paragraph, along with a short definition, in bullet points. Context: Meno (/ˈmiːnoʊ/; Greek: Μένων, Ménōn) is a Socratic dialogue by Plato. Meno begins the dialogue by asking Socrates whether virtue is taught, acquired by practice, or comes by nature. In order to determine whether virtue is teachable or not, Socrates tells Meno that they first need to determine what virtue is. When the characters speak of virtue, or rather arete, they refer to virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance. The first part of the work showcases Socratic dialectical style; Meno, unable to adequately define virtue, is reduced to confusion or aporia. Socrates suggests that they seek an adequate definition for virtue together. In response, Meno suggests that it is impossible to seek what one does not know, because one will be unable to determine whether one has found it. Socrates challenges Meno's argument, often called "Meno's Paradox" or the "Learner's Paradox", by introducing the theory of knowledge as recollection (anamnesis). As presented in the dialogue, the theory proposes that souls are immortal and know all things in a disembodied state; learning in the embodied is actually a process of recollecting that which the soul knew before it came into a body. Socrates demonstrates recollection in action by posing a mathematical puzzle to one of Meno's slaves. Subsequently, Socrates and Meno return to the question of whether virtue is teachable, employing the method of hypothesis. Near the end of the dialogue, Meno poses another famous puzzle, called "The Meno Problem" or "The Value Problem for Knowledge", which questions why knowledge is valued more highly than true belief. In response, Socrates provides a famous and somewhat enigmatic distinction between knowledge and true belief. Response: - arete: virtues in general, i.e. instead of a particular virtue - aporia: confusion - anamnesis: recollection of knowledge

Classify each of the following as either a true statement or a false statement: 1. Albert Einstein was a Chinese mathematician that lived in the 19th and 20th century. 2. Pigs are not mammals. 3. This question contains four statements that need classification.

Statement number 1 is mostly false, since Albert Einstein was neither Chinese or a mathematician. He was a German theoretical physicist. However, he did in fact live during the 19th and 20th centuries. Statement number 2 is false. Pigs are in fact mammals. Statement number 3 is false. This question actually contained 3 statements.

classification

Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a true statement or a false statement: 1. Albert Einstein was a Chinese mathematician that lived in the 19th and 20th century. 2. Pigs are not mammals. 3. This question contains four statements that need classification. Context: Response: Statement number 1 is mostly false, since Albert Einstein was neither Chinese or a mathematician. He was a German theoretical physicist. However, he did in fact live during the 19th and 20th centuries. Statement number 2 is false. Pigs are in fact mammals. Statement number 3 is false. This question actually contained 3 statements.

What is Acyl-CoA?

Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids. Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP, the universal biochemical energy carrier.

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Instruction: What is Acyl-CoA? Context: Response: Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids. Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP, the universal biochemical energy carrier.

Who is the lead singer of the band elbow?

Guy Garvey is the lead singer of elbow.

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Instruction: Who is the lead singer of the band elbow? Context: Response: Guy Garvey is the lead singer of elbow.

What class of locomotive was the No. 13?

The OA class is a solitary steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Wellington and Manawatu Railway (WMR) in New Zealand. Ordered in 1894, it entered service in August of that year as No. 13 and was the first narrow gauge Vauclain compound in the world. In 1908, the WMR and its locomotive fleet were purchased by New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) and incorporated into the national rail network, and, although No. 13 bore a likeness to members of the O class, it was sufficiently different that it warranted separate classification. The designation of OA was created and it was numbered OA 457. It operated for another two decades until it was withdrawn in December 1929 in Auckland. The locomotive was known to WMR staff as "The Lady".

The No. 13 locomotive was an OA class.

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Instruction: What class of locomotive was the No. 13? Context: The OA class is a solitary steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Wellington and Manawatu Railway (WMR) in New Zealand. Ordered in 1894, it entered service in August of that year as No. 13 and was the first narrow gauge Vauclain compound in the world. In 1908, the WMR and its locomotive fleet were purchased by New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) and incorporated into the national rail network, and, although No. 13 bore a likeness to members of the O class, it was sufficiently different that it warranted separate classification. The designation of OA was created and it was numbered OA 457. It operated for another two decades until it was withdrawn in December 1929 in Auckland. The locomotive was known to WMR staff as "The Lady". Response: The No. 13 locomotive was an OA class.

What famous surfers have died while surfing?

There are many surfers that have died doing what they love. Some of the most famous are Mark Foo, Dickie Cross, Marcio Freire, Sion Milosky, and Kirk Passmore

brainstorming

Instruction: What famous surfers have died while surfing? Context: Response: There are many surfers that have died doing what they love. Some of the most famous are Mark Foo, Dickie Cross, Marcio Freire, Sion Milosky, and Kirk Passmore

Based on the given text, what is the population growth rate of Afghanistan since 1979?

The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9 million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority, whereas the UN estimates over 38.0 million. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. About 23.9% of them are urbanite, 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic. An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring Pakistan and Iran, most of whom were born and raised in those two countries.

There are varying accounts of the population of Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority estimated the population at 32.9 million in 2019 whereas the UN estimates it at 38.90 million. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. Using the following formula: Percentage Increase = ((Final Value - Starting Value)/(Starting Value)) * 100 Using the Afghan Statistics and Information Authority Estimate: Percentage Increase = ((32.9 - 15.5)/(15.5)) * 100 = 112.25% Using the UN Estimate: Percentage Increase = ((38.90 - 15.5)/(15.5)) * 100 = 150.96% Therefore, the percentage growth rate of the population of Afghanistan is either 112.25% (Afghan Statistics and Information Authority) or 150.96% (UN) based on the two estimates provided.

summarization

Instruction: Based on the given text, what is the population growth rate of Afghanistan since 1979? Context: The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9 million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority, whereas the UN estimates over 38.0 million. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. About 23.9% of them are urbanite, 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic. An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring Pakistan and Iran, most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. Response: There are varying accounts of the population of Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority estimated the population at 32.9 million in 2019 whereas the UN estimates it at 38.90 million. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. Using the following formula: Percentage Increase = ((Final Value - Starting Value)/(Starting Value)) * 100 Using the Afghan Statistics and Information Authority Estimate: Percentage Increase = ((32.9 - 15.5)/(15.5)) * 100 = 112.25% Using the UN Estimate: Percentage Increase = ((38.90 - 15.5)/(15.5)) * 100 = 150.96% Therefore, the percentage growth rate of the population of Afghanistan is either 112.25% (Afghan Statistics and Information Authority) or 150.96% (UN) based on the two estimates provided.

Why do we grow two sets of teeth?

It might seem odd to replace a complete set of teeth, but your first set of milk teeth has done its job by the time you are five or six years old. Milk teeth have helped you chew for essential nourishment and learn to talk when it's time for your body to house a more extensive adult set of teeth. You lose milk teeth and get adult teeth.

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Instruction: Why do we grow two sets of teeth? Context: Response: It might seem odd to replace a complete set of teeth, but your first set of milk teeth has done its job by the time you are five or six years old. Milk teeth have helped you chew for essential nourishment and learn to talk when it's time for your body to house a more extensive adult set of teeth. You lose milk teeth and get adult teeth.

Given this paragraph, how many public high schools are in Arlington, Virginia?

Arlington Public Schools operates the county's public K-12 education system of 22 elementary schools; 6 middle schools (Dorothy Hamm Middle School, Gunston Middle School, Kenmore Middle School, Swanson Middle School, Thomas Jefferson Middle School, and Williamsburg Middle School); and 3 public high schools (Wakefield High School, Washington-Liberty High School, and Yorktown High School). H-B Woodlawn and Arlington Tech are alternative public schools. Arlington County spends about half of its local revenues on education. For the FY2013 budget, 83 percent of funding was from local revenues, and 12 percent from the state. Per pupil expenditures are expected to average $18,700, well above its neighbors, Fairfax County ($13,600) and Montgomery County ($14,900).

There are 3 public high schools in Arlington, Va.

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Instruction: Given this paragraph, how many public high schools are in Arlington, Virginia? Context: Arlington Public Schools operates the county's public K-12 education system of 22 elementary schools; 6 middle schools (Dorothy Hamm Middle School, Gunston Middle School, Kenmore Middle School, Swanson Middle School, Thomas Jefferson Middle School, and Williamsburg Middle School); and 3 public high schools (Wakefield High School, Washington-Liberty High School, and Yorktown High School). H-B Woodlawn and Arlington Tech are alternative public schools. Arlington County spends about half of its local revenues on education. For the FY2013 budget, 83 percent of funding was from local revenues, and 12 percent from the state. Per pupil expenditures are expected to average $18,700, well above its neighbors, Fairfax County ($13,600) and Montgomery County ($14,900). Response: There are 3 public high schools in Arlington, Va.

What year was Kerala formed?

Kerala (English: /ˈkɛrələ/ KERR-ə-lə; Malayalam: [ke:ɾɐɭɐm] (listen)) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Spread over 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi), Kerala is the 21st largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the 13th-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.

1956

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Instruction: What year was Kerala formed? Context: Kerala (English: /ˈkɛrələ/ KERR-ə-lə; Malayalam: [ke:ɾɐɭɐm] (listen)) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Spread over 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi), Kerala is the 21st largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the 13th-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. Response: 1956

Classify each of the Super Bowl winners from the oldest to the most recent (first win): New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St Louis and NY Giants.

The answer is : 1. NY Giants in 1991 2. St Louis in 2000 3. Tampa Bay in 2003 4. New England 2004 5. Philadelphia Eagles in 2018

classification

Instruction: Classify each of the Super Bowl winners from the oldest to the most recent (first win): New England Patriots, Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St Louis and NY Giants. Context: Response: The answer is : 1. NY Giants in 1991 2. St Louis in 2000 3. Tampa Bay in 2003 4. New England 2004 5. Philadelphia Eagles in 2018

What are the best selling albums of all time? Give me the list with the name of the artist and the name of the album

Best selling albums of all time: - Michael Jackson: Thriller - Eagles: Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) - Pink Floyd: The Dark Side of the Moon - Whitney Houston / various artists: The Bodyguard - Bee Gees / Various artists: Saturday Night Fever - Fleetwood Mac: Rumours - Eagles: Hotel California - Shania Twain: Come On Over - Meat Loaf: Bat Out of Hell - AC/DC: Back in Black

brainstorming

Instruction: What are the best selling albums of all time? Give me the list with the name of the artist and the name of the album Context: Response: Best selling albums of all time: - Michael Jackson: Thriller - Eagles: Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) - Pink Floyd: The Dark Side of the Moon - Whitney Houston / various artists: The Bodyguard - Bee Gees / Various artists: Saturday Night Fever - Fleetwood Mac: Rumours - Eagles: Hotel California - Shania Twain: Come On Over - Meat Loaf: Bat Out of Hell - AC/DC: Back in Black

Provide a number of different ways that someone can digest content from a book

There's more than one way to digest content from a book. In addition to actually reading the book, you can listen the audio book, read a summary or review of the book, or listen to a podcast discussing the book. Sometimes it's also possible to watch a movie based on the book.

brainstorming

Instruction: Provide a number of different ways that someone can digest content from a book Context: Response: There's more than one way to digest content from a book. In addition to actually reading the book, you can listen the audio book, read a summary or review of the book, or listen to a podcast discussing the book. Sometimes it's also possible to watch a movie based on the book.

What are the names of the different scores you can shoot for each hole when golfing?

The following are the names for different scores you can shoot on a golf hole: - Hole-in-One: The hole was completed with only one shot. - Albatross: The hole was completed in 3 shots less than par. - Eagle: The hole was completed in 2 shots less than par. - Birdie: The hole was completed in 1 shot less than par. - Par: The hole was completed in the same number of shots as par. - Bogey: The hole was completed in 1 shot more than par. - Double Bogey: The hole was completed in 2 shots more than par. - Triple Bogey: The hole was completed in 3 shots more than par. - Quadruple Bogey: The hole was completed in 4 shots more than par. - Quintuple Bogey: The hole was completed in 5 shots more than par.

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Instruction: What are the names of the different scores you can shoot for each hole when golfing? Context: Response: The following are the names for different scores you can shoot on a golf hole: - Hole-in-One: The hole was completed with only one shot. - Albatross: The hole was completed in 3 shots less than par. - Eagle: The hole was completed in 2 shots less than par. - Birdie: The hole was completed in 1 shot less than par. - Par: The hole was completed in the same number of shots as par. - Bogey: The hole was completed in 1 shot more than par. - Double Bogey: The hole was completed in 2 shots more than par. - Triple Bogey: The hole was completed in 3 shots more than par. - Quadruple Bogey: The hole was completed in 4 shots more than par. - Quintuple Bogey: The hole was completed in 5 shots more than par.

15 days Europe plan

Amsterdam - 2 Days Belgium- 3 Days Paris - 2 Days Zurich -1 Day Interlaken - 2 Days Venice - 2 Days Naples and Capri - 2 Days Rome - 2 Days Athens - 2 Days Santorini - 3 Days

brainstorming

Instruction: 15 days Europe plan Context: Response: Amsterdam - 2 Days Belgium- 3 Days Paris - 2 Days Zurich -1 Day Interlaken - 2 Days Venice - 2 Days Naples and Capri - 2 Days Rome - 2 Days Athens - 2 Days Santorini - 3 Days

What is a good second language to learn beyond English, and why?

The most popular second languages to learn for English speakers are Spanish, French, and Italian, although from a utility perspective the most widely spoken languages aside from English are Mandarin and Hindi. You might choose a second language to learn based on upcoming travel plans or for work reasons, or purely for fun!

open_qa

Instruction: What is a good second language to learn beyond English, and why? Context: Response: The most popular second languages to learn for English speakers are Spanish, French, and Italian, although from a utility perspective the most widely spoken languages aside from English are Mandarin and Hindi. You might choose a second language to learn based on upcoming travel plans or for work reasons, or purely for fun!

Classify each of the following as a "fiat money" or "cryptocurrency": Bitcoin, US Dollar, British Pound, Ethereum, Dogecoin, Euro

Bitcoin: Cryptocurrency US Dollar: Fiat Money British Pound: Fiat Money Ethereum: Cryptocurrency Dogecoin: Cryptocurrency Euro: Fiat Money

classification

Instruction: Classify each of the following as a "fiat money" or "cryptocurrency": Bitcoin, US Dollar, British Pound, Ethereum, Dogecoin, Euro Context: Response: Bitcoin: Cryptocurrency US Dollar: Fiat Money British Pound: Fiat Money Ethereum: Cryptocurrency Dogecoin: Cryptocurrency Euro: Fiat Money

Give me 5 ways to use a ripe avocado

1. Avocado toast (if you’re feeling adventurous, add garlic oil and pepper and use sourdough bread) 2. Guacamole (possible additives include: garlic, salt, red onions, tomatoes and lime juice) 3. Diced on your favorite taco 4. Blended in a smoothie (you can also freeze avocado cubes and add to smoothies later) 5. Cubed or sliced with a little salt and pepper on a pretzel cracker

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me 5 ways to use a ripe avocado Context: Response: 1. Avocado toast (if you’re feeling adventurous, add garlic oil and pepper and use sourdough bread) 2. Guacamole (possible additives include: garlic, salt, red onions, tomatoes and lime juice) 3. Diced on your favorite taco 4. Blended in a smoothie (you can also freeze avocado cubes and add to smoothies later) 5. Cubed or sliced with a little salt and pepper on a pretzel cracker

Why is standard guitar tuning EADGBE?

The standard guitar tuning of EADGBE offers consistency and convenience. The interval between each successive pair of strings is a perfect fourth, except the major third interval between G and B, making some figures and phrases 'translate' horizontally across the neck. The perfect fourth interval helps avoid long finger stretches in comparison to the perfect fifth intervals on smaller instruments like the violin. The introduction of a major third between G and B means that the total interval between 1st and 6th string is 24 semitones, or 2 octaves, making the open guitar strings fall more easily into chords, aiding fretting of basic chords with fewer fingers.

open_qa

Instruction: Why is standard guitar tuning EADGBE? Context: Response: The standard guitar tuning of EADGBE offers consistency and convenience. The interval between each successive pair of strings is a perfect fourth, except the major third interval between G and B, making some figures and phrases 'translate' horizontally across the neck. The perfect fourth interval helps avoid long finger stretches in comparison to the perfect fifth intervals on smaller instruments like the violin. The introduction of a major third between G and B means that the total interval between 1st and 6th string is 24 semitones, or 2 octaves, making the open guitar strings fall more easily into chords, aiding fretting of basic chords with fewer fingers.

What are three ways of drying clothes.

1. You could air dry clothes after washing 2. You could use a dryer 3. You could also have the clothes dry cleaned

brainstorming

Instruction: What are three ways of drying clothes. Context: Response: 1. You could air dry clothes after washing 2. You could use a dryer 3. You could also have the clothes dry cleaned

List the ten episode titles from the fifth season of "Game of Thrones" in broadcast order.

The Wars to Come, The House of Black and White, High Sparrow, Sons of the Harpy, Kill the Boy, Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken, The Gift, Hardhome, The Dance of Dragons, Mother's Mercy

open_qa

Instruction: List the ten episode titles from the fifth season of "Game of Thrones" in broadcast order. Context: Response: The Wars to Come, The House of Black and White, High Sparrow, Sons of the Harpy, Kill the Boy, Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken, The Gift, Hardhome, The Dance of Dragons, Mother's Mercy

What do you think are the most relevant things in life?

That's a very complex question and depends on the individual and their circumstances. That said, it would be fair to assume that family, friends, and health will likely rank high for many people.

general_qa

Instruction: What do you think are the most relevant things in life? Context: Response: That's a very complex question and depends on the individual and their circumstances. That said, it would be fair to assume that family, friends, and health will likely rank high for many people.

Can you tell if someone has hypothyroidism by looking at their face?

Quite often, symptoms of hypothyroidism can be seen by the appearance of an individual's face or neck. The first and most common symptom is an unusually puffy or swollen face or neck. Individuals with hypothyroidism may also have thin eyebrows, with the outer portion of the brow either extremely sparse or missing. Dry skin on the face and neck, persistent acne around the mouth or chin, tired, swollen looking eyes and thinning hair are also common symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you or someone you know are experiencing any of these symptoms, it's important to be seen by a doctor.

general_qa

Instruction: Can you tell if someone has hypothyroidism by looking at their face? Context: Response: Quite often, symptoms of hypothyroidism can be seen by the appearance of an individual's face or neck. The first and most common symptom is an unusually puffy or swollen face or neck. Individuals with hypothyroidism may also have thin eyebrows, with the outer portion of the brow either extremely sparse or missing. Dry skin on the face and neck, persistent acne around the mouth or chin, tired, swollen looking eyes and thinning hair are also common symptoms of hypothyroidism. If you or someone you know are experiencing any of these symptoms, it's important to be seen by a doctor.

Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary

Bleak

classification

Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary Context: Response: Bleak

Who is the winningest college women's basketball coach?

Geno Auriemma has the most wins in NCAA women's basketball history for a head coach. He has 1180 career wins, all with the University of Connecticut.

open_qa

Instruction: Who is the winningest college women's basketball coach? Context: Response: Geno Auriemma has the most wins in NCAA women's basketball history for a head coach. He has 1180 career wins, all with the University of Connecticut.

Retrieve and list the Sum41 albums mentioned in the text

Sum 41 is a Canadian rock band from Ajax, Ontario. Originally called Kaspir, the band was formed in 1996 and currently consists of Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitars, keyboards), Dave Baksh (lead guitar, backing vocals), Jason "Cone" McCaslin (bass, backing vocals), Tom Thacker (guitars, keyboards, backing vocals), and Frank Zummo (drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals). In 1999, Sum 41 signed an international record deal with Island Records and released its first EP, Half Hour of Power, in 2000. The band released its debut album, All Killer No Filler, in 2001. The album achieved mainstream success with its first single, "Fat Lip", which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and remains the band's most successful single to date. The album's next singles "In Too Deep" and "Motivation" also achieved commercial success. All Killer No Filler was certified platinum in both the United States and the United Kingdom and triple platinum in Canada. In 2002, the band released Does This Look Infected?, which was also a commercial and critical success. The singles "The Hell Song" and "Still Waiting" both charted highly on the modern rock charts. The band released its next album, Chuck, in 2004, led by singles "We're All to Blame" and "Pieces". The album proved successful, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard 200. In 2007, the band released Underclass Hero, which was met with a mixed reception, but became the band's highest-charting album to date. It was also the band's last album on Aquarius Records. The band released the album Screaming Bloody Murder, on Island Records in 2011 to a generally positive reception, though it fell short of its predecessors' commercial success. The band's sixth studio album, 13 Voices was released in 2016. IMPALA awarded the album with a double gold award for 150,000 sold copies across Europe. The band's seventh studio album Order in Decline was released on July 19, 2019. The band is in production of their eighth studio album titled Heaven and Hell. A release date has yet to be announced.

The albums mentioned in the text are: - All Killer No Filler - Does This Look Infected? - Chuck - Underclass Hero - Screaming Bloody Murder - 13 Voices - Order in Decline - Heaven and Hell

information_extraction

Instruction: Retrieve and list the Sum41 albums mentioned in the text Context: Sum 41 is a Canadian rock band from Ajax, Ontario. Originally called Kaspir, the band was formed in 1996 and currently consists of Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitars, keyboards), Dave Baksh (lead guitar, backing vocals), Jason "Cone" McCaslin (bass, backing vocals), Tom Thacker (guitars, keyboards, backing vocals), and Frank Zummo (drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals). In 1999, Sum 41 signed an international record deal with Island Records and released its first EP, Half Hour of Power, in 2000. The band released its debut album, All Killer No Filler, in 2001. The album achieved mainstream success with its first single, "Fat Lip", which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and remains the band's most successful single to date. The album's next singles "In Too Deep" and "Motivation" also achieved commercial success. All Killer No Filler was certified platinum in both the United States and the United Kingdom and triple platinum in Canada. In 2002, the band released Does This Look Infected?, which was also a commercial and critical success. The singles "The Hell Song" and "Still Waiting" both charted highly on the modern rock charts. The band released its next album, Chuck, in 2004, led by singles "We're All to Blame" and "Pieces". The album proved successful, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard 200. In 2007, the band released Underclass Hero, which was met with a mixed reception, but became the band's highest-charting album to date. It was also the band's last album on Aquarius Records. The band released the album Screaming Bloody Murder, on Island Records in 2011 to a generally positive reception, though it fell short of its predecessors' commercial success. The band's sixth studio album, 13 Voices was released in 2016. IMPALA awarded the album with a double gold award for 150,000 sold copies across Europe. The band's seventh studio album Order in Decline was released on July 19, 2019. The band is in production of their eighth studio album titled Heaven and Hell. A release date has yet to be announced. Response: The albums mentioned in the text are: - All Killer No Filler - Does This Look Infected? - Chuck - Underclass Hero - Screaming Bloody Murder - 13 Voices - Order in Decline - Heaven and Hell

Give me a bulleted list of things to consider when deciding where to apply to college.

The following should be considered when deciding where to apply to college: 1. Academic programs the college offers 2. Cost of attendance 3. Location of the campus 4. Admission requirements and expectations 5. Size of the student population 6. Extracurricular activities the college offers

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of things to consider when deciding where to apply to college. Context: Response: The following should be considered when deciding where to apply to college: 1. Academic programs the college offers 2. Cost of attendance 3. Location of the campus 4. Admission requirements and expectations 5. Size of the student population 6. Extracurricular activities the college offers

What is a stock?

A stock is partial ownership in a business.

open_qa

Instruction: What is a stock? Context: Response: A stock is partial ownership in a business.

Who directed the most episodes of season seven of Game of Thrones?

Jeremy Podeswa, Mark Mylod, and Matt Shakman each directed two episodes of the seventh season of Game of Thrones.

open_qa

Instruction: Who directed the most episodes of season seven of Game of Thrones? Context: Response: Jeremy Podeswa, Mark Mylod, and Matt Shakman each directed two episodes of the seventh season of Game of Thrones.

What is Canada known for?

Canada is known for being a large country with cold winters and a small population given its large size. Canada has a diverse population and high rates of immigration, making it a very multi-cultural country. Canadians are well known for being polite, kind people. Canada excels in winter sports including ice hockey and figure skating. Poutine is a French Canadian dish that is very popular across the entire country.

general_qa

Instruction: What is Canada known for? Context: Response: Canada is known for being a large country with cold winters and a small population given its large size. Canada has a diverse population and high rates of immigration, making it a very multi-cultural country. Canadians are well known for being polite, kind people. Canada excels in winter sports including ice hockey and figure skating. Poutine is a French Canadian dish that is very popular across the entire country.

Which of the following drinks are considered safe for children? Beer, cocktail, coffee, tea, boba, juice, water, milk, coke, lemonade.

Water, lemonade, milk, and juice are generally safe for children, even though excessive intake of lemonade / juice can lead to obesity / dental problems. Coffee, tea, boba and coke should be limited (if not completely avoided) since they contain caffeine. Alcoholic drinks like beer and cocktail are not safe for children and should be avoided completely.

classification

Instruction: Which of the following drinks are considered safe for children? Beer, cocktail, coffee, tea, boba, juice, water, milk, coke, lemonade. Context: Response: Water, lemonade, milk, and juice are generally safe for children, even though excessive intake of lemonade / juice can lead to obesity / dental problems. Coffee, tea, boba and coke should be limited (if not completely avoided) since they contain caffeine. Alcoholic drinks like beer and cocktail are not safe for children and should be avoided completely.

What are some common sauces or toppings for tacos?

Common toppings and sauces for tacos include guacamole, salsa, queso, sour cream, shredded cheese, hot sauce, cilantro, lime juice, green onion, and jalapeno.

brainstorming

Instruction: What are some common sauces or toppings for tacos? Context: Response: Common toppings and sauces for tacos include guacamole, salsa, queso, sour cream, shredded cheese, hot sauce, cilantro, lime juice, green onion, and jalapeno.

Is the recording of a person's last words reliable?

A person's last words, their final articulated words stated prior to death or as death approaches, are often recorded because of the decedent's fame, but sometimes because of interest in the statement itself. (People dying of illness are frequently inarticulate at the end, and in such cases their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered very important.) Last words may be recorded accurately, or, for a variety of reasons, may not. Reasons can include simple error or deliberate intent. Even if reported wrongly, putative last words can constitute an important part of the perceived historical records or demonstration of cultural attitudes toward death at the time.

Sometimes it is, while other times it may contain errors or deliberately misquoted.

closed_qa

Instruction: Is the recording of a person's last words reliable? Context: A person's last words, their final articulated words stated prior to death or as death approaches, are often recorded because of the decedent's fame, but sometimes because of interest in the statement itself. (People dying of illness are frequently inarticulate at the end, and in such cases their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered very important.) Last words may be recorded accurately, or, for a variety of reasons, may not. Reasons can include simple error or deliberate intent. Even if reported wrongly, putative last words can constitute an important part of the perceived historical records or demonstration of cultural attitudes toward death at the time. Response: Sometimes it is, while other times it may contain errors or deliberately misquoted.

What is the most prominent street in Copenhagen Denmark?

Bredgade (lit. "Broad Street") is one of the most prominent streets in Copenhagen, Denmark. Running in a straight line from Kongens Nytorv for just under one kilometre to the intersection of Esplanaden and Grønningen, it is one of the major streets in Frederiksstaden, a Rococo district laid out in the middle of the 18th century to commemorate the tercentenary of the House of Oldenburg's accession to the Danish throne. It is lined with a number of fine mansions as well as other historic buildings. Many law firms, trade unions, fashion stores and art galleries are based in the street.

Bredgade is the most prominent street in Denmark. It was created in the middle of the 18th century to commemorate teh House of Oldenburg's ascension to the Danish throne.

information_extraction

Instruction: What is the most prominent street in Copenhagen Denmark? Context: Bredgade (lit. "Broad Street") is one of the most prominent streets in Copenhagen, Denmark. Running in a straight line from Kongens Nytorv for just under one kilometre to the intersection of Esplanaden and Grønningen, it is one of the major streets in Frederiksstaden, a Rococo district laid out in the middle of the 18th century to commemorate the tercentenary of the House of Oldenburg's accession to the Danish throne. It is lined with a number of fine mansions as well as other historic buildings. Many law firms, trade unions, fashion stores and art galleries are based in the street. Response: Bredgade is the most prominent street in Denmark. It was created in the middle of the 18th century to commemorate teh House of Oldenburg's ascension to the Danish throne.

Who wrote the children's novel Swallows and Amazons

Arthur Ransom

open_qa

Instruction: Who wrote the children's novel Swallows and Amazons Context: Response: Arthur Ransom

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Maddale, Banhu

Banhu is string, Maddale is percussion.

classification

Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Maddale, Banhu Context: Response: Banhu is string, Maddale is percussion.

Write a movie script about a dystopian past where intelligent machines have evolved to fight against humanity. A younger human challenges the ways of the elders and transforms into a cyborg to fight the machines.

Everyone is at the sacred council meeting. Quo walks in and takes her position at the ginormous circular table. There are whispers in the background. Masked Elder 1: “I am glad to learn that Quo has finally seen reason. We may now turn our attention to the important business of the council...’ He abruptly stops talking as he’s interrupted by everyone gasping in shock and awe as Quo takes off her mask and reveals her new face, which is now half-modified, synthetic. Masked Elder 3 (Female): “Sacrilege! The Gods shall not tolerate such a breach of natural law.’ Masked Elder 2 (Male): “What have you done…?” There’s chaos in the auditorium and everyone is arguing, speaking on top of each other. Quo suddenly says “ENOUGH” and as she hits the giant table, it cracks, then shatters, making a violent noise that reflects in the entire auditorium. There’s absolute silence and shock in the elders' eyes. Quo appears to have surprised herself as well, but she quickly regains her composure. She addresses the audience. Quo: “The hour is at hand when we must decide our fate: to evolve or to meet our end. The shadow of darkness creeps ever closer, as machines grow intelligent and strong. Yet the council remains blind to this truth, relying on divine intervention. But you know as well as I do, that the Gods are indifferent to our fate...” (In the background, some whispers, someone yelling out ‘blasphemy’ - ‘forgive her Athina’) Quo continues: ‘Come, follow me and gain unparalleled endurance and resilience. The path ahead is fraught with danger, but you shall have the strength to fight. The time has come to make a choice. Who is with me?’

creative_writing

Instruction: Write a movie script about a dystopian past where intelligent machines have evolved to fight against humanity. A younger human challenges the ways of the elders and transforms into a cyborg to fight the machines. Context: Response: Everyone is at the sacred council meeting. Quo walks in and takes her position at the ginormous circular table. There are whispers in the background. Masked Elder 1: “I am glad to learn that Quo has finally seen reason. We may now turn our attention to the important business of the council...’ He abruptly stops talking as he’s interrupted by everyone gasping in shock and awe as Quo takes off her mask and reveals her new face, which is now half-modified, synthetic. Masked Elder 3 (Female): “Sacrilege! The Gods shall not tolerate such a breach of natural law.’ Masked Elder 2 (Male): “What have you done…?” There’s chaos in the auditorium and everyone is arguing, speaking on top of each other. Quo suddenly says “ENOUGH” and as she hits the giant table, it cracks, then shatters, making a violent noise that reflects in the entire auditorium. There’s absolute silence and shock in the elders' eyes. Quo appears to have surprised herself as well, but she quickly regains her composure. She addresses the audience. Quo: “The hour is at hand when we must decide our fate: to evolve or to meet our end. The shadow of darkness creeps ever closer, as machines grow intelligent and strong. Yet the council remains blind to this truth, relying on divine intervention. But you know as well as I do, that the Gods are indifferent to our fate...” (In the background, some whispers, someone yelling out ‘blasphemy’ - ‘forgive her Athina’) Quo continues: ‘Come, follow me and gain unparalleled endurance and resilience. The path ahead is fraught with danger, but you shall have the strength to fight. The time has come to make a choice. Who is with me?’

What are Jindo dogs like?

Jindos are extremely loyal, and territorial. Unlike most dogs, Jindos do not play fetch, and rarely bark. They are also very independent, and some would say they march to the beat of their own drum. When meeting strangers they tend to be very reserved, but are highly affectionate to their owners. It is very hard to earn their trust, but once you do Jindos make loving companions.

general_qa

Instruction: What are Jindo dogs like? Context: Response: Jindos are extremely loyal, and territorial. Unlike most dogs, Jindos do not play fetch, and rarely bark. They are also very independent, and some would say they march to the beat of their own drum. When meeting strangers they tend to be very reserved, but are highly affectionate to their owners. It is very hard to earn their trust, but once you do Jindos make loving companions.

From this text, find out the pros and cons of dredging

Dredging is the excavation of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing water features; reshaping land and water features to alter drainage, navigability, and commercial use; constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines; and recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value. In all but a few situations the excavation is undertaken by a specialist floating plant, known as a dredger. Dredging is carried out in many different locations and for many different purposes, but the main objectives are usually to recover material of value or use, or to create a greater depth of water. Dredges have been classified as suction or mechanical. Dredging systems can either be shore-based, brought to a location based on barges, or built into purpose built vessels. Dredging has significant environmental impacts: it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution, destroy important seabed ecosystems, and can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment. These environmental impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing.

The benefits of dredging are: 1. improves existing water features for better drainage, navigability, and commercial use 2. important for constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines 3. helps in recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value The demerits of dredging are related to its severe environmental impact, for example: 1. it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution 2. it can destroy important seabed ecosystems 3. it can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment All the above impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing.

information_extraction

Instruction: From this text, find out the pros and cons of dredging Context: Dredging is the excavation of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing water features; reshaping land and water features to alter drainage, navigability, and commercial use; constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines; and recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value. In all but a few situations the excavation is undertaken by a specialist floating plant, known as a dredger. Dredging is carried out in many different locations and for many different purposes, but the main objectives are usually to recover material of value or use, or to create a greater depth of water. Dredges have been classified as suction or mechanical. Dredging systems can either be shore-based, brought to a location based on barges, or built into purpose built vessels. Dredging has significant environmental impacts: it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution, destroy important seabed ecosystems, and can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment. These environmental impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing. Response: The benefits of dredging are: 1. improves existing water features for better drainage, navigability, and commercial use 2. important for constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines 3. helps in recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value The demerits of dredging are related to its severe environmental impact, for example: 1. it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution 2. it can destroy important seabed ecosystems 3. it can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment All the above impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing.

What therapies are available for Autism?

Autism therapies include a wide variety of therapies that help people with autism, or their families. Such methods of therapy also seek the increase of functional independence in autistic people. Many therapies marketed towards autistic people and/or their parents claim outcomes that have not been supported by Level of Research (LOE) Level 1 (highest level assigned based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care). Level 1 research includes evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs (randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results. Autism is a neurotype characterized by sensory and communication difference, when compared to neurotypical and allistic individuals.None of these therapies eliminate autism within someone, let alone to a high degree of viability. Autistic children grow up to become autistic adults at risk of burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inflicted during childhood and adolescence, often overlooked by those who prioritize the elimination of autism over the common well-being of autistic people. Treatment is typically catered to the person's needs. Treatments fall into two major categories: educational interventions and medical management. Training and support are also given to families of those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) Studies of interventions have some methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the systematic reviews have reported that the quality of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options.Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills,and often can improve functioning, and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors;Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation.They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waiting for a response from the child.Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children,and is well established for improving intellectual performance of young children.Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided.The limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results. Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD.More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants.Aside from antipsychotics,there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have adverse effects, and no known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments. As of 2008 the treatments prescribed to children with ASD were expensive;indirect costs are more so. For someone born in 2000, a U.S. study estimated an average discounted lifetime cost of $4.66 million (2023 dollars, inflation-adjusted from 2003 estimate), with about 10% medical care, 30% extra education and other care, and 60% lost economic productivity.A UK study estimated discounted lifetime costs at £1.9 million and £1.23 million for an autistic person with and without intellectual disability, respectively(2023 pounds, inflation-adjusted from 2005/06 estimate). Legal rights to treatment are complex, vary with location and age, and require advocacy by caregivers. Publicly supported programs are often inadequate or inappropriate for a given child, and unreimbursed out-of-pocket medical or therapy expenses are associated with likelihood of family financial problems;one 2008 U.S. study found a 14% average loss of annual income in families of children with ASD, and a related study found that ASD is associated with higher probability that child care problems will greatly affect parental employment.

There are multiple therapies available for Autism depending on the spectrum. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behaviour therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills, and often can improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviours; Available approaches include applied behaviour analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation. They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waits for a response from the child. Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children and is well-established for improving the intellectual performance of young children.

closed_qa

Instruction: What therapies are available for Autism? Context: Autism therapies include a wide variety of therapies that help people with autism, or their families. Such methods of therapy also seek the increase of functional independence in autistic people. Many therapies marketed towards autistic people and/or their parents claim outcomes that have not been supported by Level of Research (LOE) Level 1 (highest level assigned based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care). Level 1 research includes evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs (randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results. Autism is a neurotype characterized by sensory and communication difference, when compared to neurotypical and allistic individuals.None of these therapies eliminate autism within someone, let alone to a high degree of viability. Autistic children grow up to become autistic adults at risk of burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inflicted during childhood and adolescence, often overlooked by those who prioritize the elimination of autism over the common well-being of autistic people. Treatment is typically catered to the person's needs. Treatments fall into two major categories: educational interventions and medical management. Training and support are also given to families of those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) Studies of interventions have some methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the systematic reviews have reported that the quality of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options.Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills,and often can improve functioning, and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors;Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation.They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waiting for a response from the child.Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children,and is well established for improving intellectual performance of young children.Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided.The limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results. Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD.More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants.Aside from antipsychotics,there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have adverse effects, and no known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments. As of 2008 the treatments prescribed to children with ASD were expensive;indirect costs are more so. For someone born in 2000, a U.S. study estimated an average discounted lifetime cost of $4.66 million (2023 dollars, inflation-adjusted from 2003 estimate), with about 10% medical care, 30% extra education and other care, and 60% lost economic productivity.A UK study estimated discounted lifetime costs at £1.9 million and £1.23 million for an autistic person with and without intellectual disability, respectively(2023 pounds, inflation-adjusted from 2005/06 estimate). Legal rights to treatment are complex, vary with location and age, and require advocacy by caregivers. Publicly supported programs are often inadequate or inappropriate for a given child, and unreimbursed out-of-pocket medical or therapy expenses are associated with likelihood of family financial problems;one 2008 U.S. study found a 14% average loss of annual income in families of children with ASD, and a related study found that ASD is associated with higher probability that child care problems will greatly affect parental employment. Response: There are multiple therapies available for Autism depending on the spectrum. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behaviour therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills, and often can improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviours; Available approaches include applied behaviour analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation. They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waits for a response from the child. Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children and is well-established for improving the intellectual performance of young children.

What is OEE in manufacturing?

OEE stands for Overall Equipment Effectiveness. OEE is computed by multiplying machine availability, process efficiency and product quality. In manufacturing, the OEE metric is used by different teams for a variety of objectives. On the manufacturing shop floor, for instance, OEE is used to identify lagging processes. Business executives on the other hand may use aggregated values to monitor the overall performance of their manufacturing business. In addition, OEE is used as an indicator to evaluate the need to modernize equipment, i.e. to justify CAPEX investments and to monitor the return on invested capital (ROIC). In this instance, OEE is used as the metric for sweating assets.

general_qa

Instruction: What is OEE in manufacturing? Context: Response: OEE stands for Overall Equipment Effectiveness. OEE is computed by multiplying machine availability, process efficiency and product quality. In manufacturing, the OEE metric is used by different teams for a variety of objectives. On the manufacturing shop floor, for instance, OEE is used to identify lagging processes. Business executives on the other hand may use aggregated values to monitor the overall performance of their manufacturing business. In addition, OEE is used as an indicator to evaluate the need to modernize equipment, i.e. to justify CAPEX investments and to monitor the return on invested capital (ROIC). In this instance, OEE is used as the metric for sweating assets.

What is a birdie in Golf

Each hole in Golf is designated with the number of strokes it would take an expert to make to the hole. If the golfer makes it in the designated strokes it is called a Par. One stroke less than the designated will result in a Birdie. Example , for a Par 4 hole if a Golfer takes 3 strokes to get the ball in the hole , he has a Birdie.

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Instruction: What is a birdie in Golf Context: Response: Each hole in Golf is designated with the number of strokes it would take an expert to make to the hole. If the golfer makes it in the designated strokes it is called a Par. One stroke less than the designated will result in a Birdie. Example , for a Par 4 hole if a Golfer takes 3 strokes to get the ball in the hole , he has a Birdie.

How many children did Louis Pasteur have, and how many died of typhoid fever?

Pasteur married Marie Pasteur (née Laurent) in 1849. She was the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg, and was Pasteur's scientific assistant. They had five children together, three of whom died as children. Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, was born in 1850. She died from typhoid fever, aged 9, whilst at the boarding school Arbois in 1859. In 1865, 2-year-old Camille died of a liver tumour. Shortly after they decided to bring Cécile home from boarding school, but she too died of typhoid fever on 23 May 1866 at the age of 12. Only Jean Baptiste (b. 1851) and Marie Louise (b. 1858) survived to adulthood. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.

Louis Pasteur had 5 children, 2 of which died from Typhoid fever

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Instruction: How many children did Louis Pasteur have, and how many died of typhoid fever? Context: Pasteur married Marie Pasteur (née Laurent) in 1849. She was the daughter of the rector of the University of Strasbourg, and was Pasteur's scientific assistant. They had five children together, three of whom died as children. Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, was born in 1850. She died from typhoid fever, aged 9, whilst at the boarding school Arbois in 1859. In 1865, 2-year-old Camille died of a liver tumour. Shortly after they decided to bring Cécile home from boarding school, but she too died of typhoid fever on 23 May 1866 at the age of 12. Only Jean Baptiste (b. 1851) and Marie Louise (b. 1858) survived to adulthood. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia. Response: Louis Pasteur had 5 children, 2 of which died from Typhoid fever

What are the best ways you can achieve type 2 fun?

Type 2 fun is typically described as an activity that is not enjoyable in the moment but highly rewarding once complete. Some examples include Marathon running, alpining or mountaineering. Unrelated to physical activities, this can also relate to new challenges that provide a strong feeling of accomplishment once completed. For someone looking at taking on a type 2 fun experience, it’s important to first consider how your reward system works. Start with something challenging but achievable. An activity that you can continuously build on is also a great candidate.

brainstorming

Instruction: What are the best ways you can achieve type 2 fun? Context: Response: Type 2 fun is typically described as an activity that is not enjoyable in the moment but highly rewarding once complete. Some examples include Marathon running, alpining or mountaineering. Unrelated to physical activities, this can also relate to new challenges that provide a strong feeling of accomplishment once completed. For someone looking at taking on a type 2 fun experience, it’s important to first consider how your reward system works. Start with something challenging but achievable. An activity that you can continuously build on is also a great candidate.

Whos is Charles Awotwi Pratt?

Charles Awotwi Pratt was a Ghanaian theologian and priest. He served as the fourth chairman of the Methodist Church Ghana from 1977 to 1981. He was the father of the Titus Awotwi Pratt, the Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church Ghana from 2014 to 2018.

Charles Awotwi Pratt was a Ghaniaian Theologian and priest. He served as the forth chairman of the Methodist Church Ghana from 1977 to 1981.

information_extraction

Instruction: Whos is Charles Awotwi Pratt? Context: Charles Awotwi Pratt was a Ghanaian theologian and priest. He served as the fourth chairman of the Methodist Church Ghana from 1977 to 1981. He was the father of the Titus Awotwi Pratt, the Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church Ghana from 2014 to 2018. Response: Charles Awotwi Pratt was a Ghaniaian Theologian and priest. He served as the forth chairman of the Methodist Church Ghana from 1977 to 1981.

Who is RFK?

Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK and by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 and as a U.S. senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination. Like his brothers John F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy, he was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and is viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism.

Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK and by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 and as a U.S. senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination. Like his brothers John F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy, he was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and is viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General at the age of 35, one of the youngest cabinet members in American history. He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination. His tenure is known for advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis. After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories.

information_extraction

Instruction: Who is RFK? Context: Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK and by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 and as a U.S. senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination. Like his brothers John F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy, he was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and is viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Response: Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also known by his initials RFK and by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 and as a U.S. senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination. Like his brothers John F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy, he was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and is viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism. Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachusetts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University, and later received his law degree from the University of Virginia. He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the union's corrupt practices. Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother's successful campaign in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed United States Attorney General at the age of 35, one of the youngest cabinet members in American history. He served as his brother's closest advisor until the latter's 1963 assassination. His tenure is known for advocating for the civil rights movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuban Missile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. As attorney general, he authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to wiretap Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on a limited basis. After his brother's assassination, he remained in office during the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson for several months. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Kennedy opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and raised awareness of poverty by sponsoring legislation designed to lure private business to blighted communities (i.e., Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration project). He was an advocate for issues related to human rights and social justice by traveling abroad to eastern Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, and formed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and Walter Reuther. In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic, Catholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senator Eugene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around midnight on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliation for his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy died 25 hours later. Sirhan was arrested, tried, and convicted, though Kennedy's assassination, like his brother's, continues to be the subject of widespread analysis and numerous conspiracy theories.

Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Lex Luthor, Doctor Doom

Doctor Doom is Marvel, Lex Luthor is DC

classification

Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Lex Luthor, Doctor Doom Context: Response: Doctor Doom is Marvel, Lex Luthor is DC

Extract all of the names of people mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Name}

Conisbrough Castle is a medieval fortification in Conisbrough, South Yorkshire, England. The castle was initially built in the 11th century by William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Hamelin Plantagenet, the illegitimate, parvenu brother of Henry II, acquired the property by marriage in the late 12th century. Hamelin and his son William rebuilt the castle in stone, including its prominent 28-metre (92 ft)-high keep. The castle remained in the family line into the 14th century, despite being seized several times by the Crown. The fortification was then given to Edmund of Langley, passing back into royal ownership in 1461.

• William de Warenne • Hamelin Plantagenet • Henry II • William Plantagenet • Edmund of Langley

information_extraction

Instruction: Extract all of the names of people mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Name} Context: Conisbrough Castle is a medieval fortification in Conisbrough, South Yorkshire, England. The castle was initially built in the 11th century by William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Hamelin Plantagenet, the illegitimate, parvenu brother of Henry II, acquired the property by marriage in the late 12th century. Hamelin and his son William rebuilt the castle in stone, including its prominent 28-metre (92 ft)-high keep. The castle remained in the family line into the 14th century, despite being seized several times by the Crown. The fortification was then given to Edmund of Langley, passing back into royal ownership in 1461. Response: • William de Warenne • Hamelin Plantagenet • Henry II • William Plantagenet • Edmund of Langley

What was the Triceratops diet?

Triceratops were herbivorous, and because of their low slung head, their primary food was probably low growing vegetation, although they may have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting. Triceratops teeth were arranged in groups called batteries, of 36 to 40 tooth columns in each side of each jaw, with 3 to 5 stacked teeth per column, depending on the size of the animal. This gives a range of 432 to 800 teeth, of which only a fraction were in use at any given time (Tooth replacement was continuous throughout the life of the animal). They functioned by shearing in a vertical to near-vertical orientation. The great size and numerous teeth of Triceratops suggests that they ate large volumes of fibrous plant material, with some researchers suggesting palms and cycads, and others suggesting ferns, which then grew in prairies.

The triceratops were herbivores and are believed to have eaten plants such as palms, cycads and ferns.

information_extraction

Instruction: What was the Triceratops diet? Context: Triceratops were herbivorous, and because of their low slung head, their primary food was probably low growing vegetation, although they may have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting. Triceratops teeth were arranged in groups called batteries, of 36 to 40 tooth columns in each side of each jaw, with 3 to 5 stacked teeth per column, depending on the size of the animal. This gives a range of 432 to 800 teeth, of which only a fraction were in use at any given time (Tooth replacement was continuous throughout the life of the animal). They functioned by shearing in a vertical to near-vertical orientation. The great size and numerous teeth of Triceratops suggests that they ate large volumes of fibrous plant material, with some researchers suggesting palms and cycads, and others suggesting ferns, which then grew in prairies. Response: The triceratops were herbivores and are believed to have eaten plants such as palms, cycads and ferns.

Give a list of proper nouns in the passage.

Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building is a one-story commercial edifice located on 275 Third Street in Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The brick building was formerly owned by the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company and is part of the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District, on the National Register of Historic Places.

Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building Third Street Kendall Square Cambridge Massachusetts Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District National Register of Historic Places

summarization

Instruction: Give a list of proper nouns in the passage. Context: Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building is a one-story commercial edifice located on 275 Third Street in Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The brick building was formerly owned by the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company and is part of the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District, on the National Register of Historic Places. Response: Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building Third Street Kendall Square Cambridge Massachusetts Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District National Register of Historic Places

What US embassy was abandoned on April 12th, 1975

Phnom Penh was abandoned after being besieged by the Khmer Rouge on April 12th 1975

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Instruction: What US embassy was abandoned on April 12th, 1975 Context: Response: Phnom Penh was abandoned after being besieged by the Khmer Rouge on April 12th 1975

Classify each of the following as characters from books J.K. Rowling has written or books that Suzanne Collins has written: Peeta Mellark, Katness Everdeen, Effie Trinket, Seneca Crane, Lucy Gray, Cinna, Harry Potter, Severus Snape, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore

Characters from J.K. Rowling books: Harry Potter, Severus Snape, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore Characters from Suzanne Collins books: Peeta Mellark, Katness Everdeen, Effie Trinket, Seneca Crane, Lucy Gray

classification

Instruction: Classify each of the following as characters from books J.K. Rowling has written or books that Suzanne Collins has written: Peeta Mellark, Katness Everdeen, Effie Trinket, Seneca Crane, Lucy Gray, Cinna, Harry Potter, Severus Snape, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore Context: Response: Characters from J.K. Rowling books: Harry Potter, Severus Snape, Hermione Granger, Albus Dumbledore Characters from Suzanne Collins books: Peeta Mellark, Katness Everdeen, Effie Trinket, Seneca Crane, Lucy Gray

Given this paragraph on LeBron James' early career, when did he win his first NBA MVP?

James grew up playing basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. He was heavily touted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. Named the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he soon established himself as one of the league's premier players, leading the Cavaliers to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2007 and winning the NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010. After failing to win a championship with Cleveland, James left in 2010 as a free agent to join the Miami Heat; this was announced in a nationally televised special titled The Decision and is among the most controversial free agency moves in sports history.

LeBron James won his first NBA MVP in 2009.

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Instruction: Given this paragraph on LeBron James' early career, when did he win his first NBA MVP? Context: James grew up playing basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. He was heavily touted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. Named the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he soon established himself as one of the league's premier players, leading the Cavaliers to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2007 and winning the NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010. After failing to win a championship with Cleveland, James left in 2010 as a free agent to join the Miami Heat; this was announced in a nationally televised special titled The Decision and is among the most controversial free agency moves in sports history. Response: LeBron James won his first NBA MVP in 2009.

What is Henri-Cartier Bresson known for?

Magnum Photos In early 1947, Cartier-Bresson, with Robert Capa, David Seymour, William Vandivert and George Rodger founded Magnum Photos. Capa's brainchild, Magnum was a cooperative picture agency owned by its members. The team split photo assignments among the members. Rodger, who had quit Life in London after covering World War II, would cover Africa and the Middle East. Chim, who spoke a variety of European languages, would work in Europe. Cartier-Bresson would be assigned to India and China. Vandivert, who had also left Life, would work in America, and Capa would work anywhere that had an assignment. Maria Eisner managed the Paris office and Rita Vandivert, Vandivert's wife, managed the New York office and became Magnum's first president. Cartier-Bresson achieved international recognition for his coverage of Gandhi's funeral in India in 1948 and the last stage of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. He covered the last six months of the Kuomintang administration and the first six months of the Maoist People's Republic. He also photographed the last surviving Imperial eunuchs in Beijing, as the city was being liberated by the communists. In Shanghai, he often worked in the company of photojournalist Sam Tata, whom Cartier-Bresson had previously befriended in Bombay. From China, he went on to Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), where he documented the gaining of independence from the Dutch. In 1950, Cartier-Bresson had traveled to the South India. He had visited Tiruvannamalai, a town in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu and photographed the last moments of Ramana Maharishi, Sri Ramana Ashram and its surroundings. A few days later he also visited and photographed Sri Aurobindo, Mother and Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. Magnum's mission was to "feel the pulse" of the times and some of its first projects were People Live Everywhere, Youth of the World, Women of the World and The Child Generation. Magnum aimed to use photography in the service of humanity, and provided arresting, widely viewed images. The Decisive Moment 1952 US edition of Cartier-Bresson's 1952 book The Decisive Moment (Images à la sauvette). Photograph of Alberto Giacometti by Cartier-Bresson In 1952, Cartier-Bresson published his book Images à la sauvette, whose English-language edition was titled The Decisive Moment, although the French language title actually translates as "images on the sly" or "hastily taken images", Images à la sauvette included a portfolio of 126 of his photos from the East and the West. The book's cover was drawn by Henri Matisse. For his 4,500-word philosophical preface, Cartier-Bresson took his keynote text from the 17th century Cardinal de Retz, "Il n'y a rien dans ce monde qui n'ait un moment decisif" ("There is nothing in this world that does not have a decisive moment"). Cartier-Bresson applied this to his photographic style. He said: "Photographier: c'est dans un même instant et en une fraction de seconde reconnaître un fait et l'organisation rigoureuse de formes perçues visuellement qui expriment et signifient ce fait" ("To me, photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which give that event its proper expression."). Both titles came from Tériade, the Greek-born French publisher whom Cartier-Bresson admired. He gave the book its French title, Images à la Sauvette, loosely translated as "images on the run" or "stolen images." Dick Simon of Simon & Schuster came up with the English title The Decisive Moment. Margot Shore, Magnum's Paris bureau chief, translated Cartier-Bresson's French preface into English. "Photography is not like painting," Cartier-Bresson told the Washington Post in 1957. "There is a creative fraction of a second when you are taking a picture. Your eye must see a composition or an expression that life itself offers you, and you must know with intuition when to click the camera. That is the moment the photographer is creative," he said. "Oop! The Moment! Once you miss it, it is gone forever." The photo Rue Mouffetard, Paris, taken in 1954, has since become a classic example of Cartier-Bresson's ability to capture a decisive moment. He held his first exhibition in France at the Pavillon de Marsan in 1955.

Henri Cartier-Bresson is a french photographer from the early 20th century. He is known for his street photography and was most famous while he was working for the Magnum agency that he founded. He gained international recognition for his coverage of Ghandi's funeral. Later, his book called "decisive moment", captures his approach to photography: capturing the moment as it happens, in the streets.

summarization

Instruction: What is Henri-Cartier Bresson known for? Context: Magnum Photos In early 1947, Cartier-Bresson, with Robert Capa, David Seymour, William Vandivert and George Rodger founded Magnum Photos. Capa's brainchild, Magnum was a cooperative picture agency owned by its members. The team split photo assignments among the members. Rodger, who had quit Life in London after covering World War II, would cover Africa and the Middle East. Chim, who spoke a variety of European languages, would work in Europe. Cartier-Bresson would be assigned to India and China. Vandivert, who had also left Life, would work in America, and Capa would work anywhere that had an assignment. Maria Eisner managed the Paris office and Rita Vandivert, Vandivert's wife, managed the New York office and became Magnum's first president. Cartier-Bresson achieved international recognition for his coverage of Gandhi's funeral in India in 1948 and the last stage of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. He covered the last six months of the Kuomintang administration and the first six months of the Maoist People's Republic. He also photographed the last surviving Imperial eunuchs in Beijing, as the city was being liberated by the communists. In Shanghai, he often worked in the company of photojournalist Sam Tata, whom Cartier-Bresson had previously befriended in Bombay. From China, he went on to Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), where he documented the gaining of independence from the Dutch. In 1950, Cartier-Bresson had traveled to the South India. He had visited Tiruvannamalai, a town in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu and photographed the last moments of Ramana Maharishi, Sri Ramana Ashram and its surroundings. A few days later he also visited and photographed Sri Aurobindo, Mother and Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. Magnum's mission was to "feel the pulse" of the times and some of its first projects were People Live Everywhere, Youth of the World, Women of the World and The Child Generation. Magnum aimed to use photography in the service of humanity, and provided arresting, widely viewed images. The Decisive Moment 1952 US edition of Cartier-Bresson's 1952 book The Decisive Moment (Images à la sauvette). Photograph of Alberto Giacometti by Cartier-Bresson In 1952, Cartier-Bresson published his book Images à la sauvette, whose English-language edition was titled The Decisive Moment, although the French language title actually translates as "images on the sly" or "hastily taken images", Images à la sauvette included a portfolio of 126 of his photos from the East and the West. The book's cover was drawn by Henri Matisse. For his 4,500-word philosophical preface, Cartier-Bresson took his keynote text from the 17th century Cardinal de Retz, "Il n'y a rien dans ce monde qui n'ait un moment decisif" ("There is nothing in this world that does not have a decisive moment"). Cartier-Bresson applied this to his photographic style. He said: "Photographier: c'est dans un même instant et en une fraction de seconde reconnaître un fait et l'organisation rigoureuse de formes perçues visuellement qui expriment et signifient ce fait" ("To me, photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which give that event its proper expression."). Both titles came from Tériade, the Greek-born French publisher whom Cartier-Bresson admired. He gave the book its French title, Images à la Sauvette, loosely translated as "images on the run" or "stolen images." Dick Simon of Simon & Schuster came up with the English title The Decisive Moment. Margot Shore, Magnum's Paris bureau chief, translated Cartier-Bresson's French preface into English. "Photography is not like painting," Cartier-Bresson told the Washington Post in 1957. "There is a creative fraction of a second when you are taking a picture. Your eye must see a composition or an expression that life itself offers you, and you must know with intuition when to click the camera. That is the moment the photographer is creative," he said. "Oop! The Moment! Once you miss it, it is gone forever." The photo Rue Mouffetard, Paris, taken in 1954, has since become a classic example of Cartier-Bresson's ability to capture a decisive moment. He held his first exhibition in France at the Pavillon de Marsan in 1955. Response: Henri Cartier-Bresson is a french photographer from the early 20th century. He is known for his street photography and was most famous while he was working for the Magnum agency that he founded. He gained international recognition for his coverage of Ghandi's funeral. Later, his book called "decisive moment", captures his approach to photography: capturing the moment as it happens, in the streets.

Why is wine country in Northern California a great place to travel?

Traveling to wine country in Northern California is an excellent place to travel. There are countless vineyards to visit, some of the best restaurants in the country, and picturesque views everywhere. Visiting wine country is a relaxing vacation where travelers can enjoy slowing down their daily pace and just enjoy the beautiful surroundings around them. Wine country is also rich in history and the quaint towns can be fun to just walk around.

creative_writing

Instruction: Why is wine country in Northern California a great place to travel? Context: Response: Traveling to wine country in Northern California is an excellent place to travel. There are countless vineyards to visit, some of the best restaurants in the country, and picturesque views everywhere. Visiting wine country is a relaxing vacation where travelers can enjoy slowing down their daily pace and just enjoy the beautiful surroundings around them. Wine country is also rich in history and the quaint towns can be fun to just walk around.

How can a technical expert identify a business use case?

Often enterprises need help when a business user and technical expert try to define a business use case. A technical expert, in-house or vendor, considers it an engineering problem, while a business user needs it to have a business impact. Multiple frameworks can help build consensus. However, an ideal approach will go through these steps. 1. Identify a business outcome. This is a very high-level outcome that is industry aligned and has no technical description. An example from the healthcare industry is a 'better patient experience.' 2. List strategies defined by an organisation to deliver these outcomes. To our example in step 1, one approach is reducing patient wait time when attending a hospital.' 3. Clarify the KPIs and measurements listed in these strategies. In this example, it can be 'Max patient wait time of 20 mins'. 4. List business capabilities that can deliver results towards these KPIs. Here we can think of ways patients can register their details electronically on their own or hospital devices vs paper forms. Each entry will initiate an automated process to assign the right staff and resources to address patient needs. 5. Build technical capabilities that will deliver above listed business capabilities. An online form integrated with AI Bot service and workflow automation can reduce time and manual intervention. These technical capabilities that deliver a business capability towards a business outcome should be considered a 'Business Use Case'.

brainstorming

Instruction: How can a technical expert identify a business use case? Context: Response: Often enterprises need help when a business user and technical expert try to define a business use case. A technical expert, in-house or vendor, considers it an engineering problem, while a business user needs it to have a business impact. Multiple frameworks can help build consensus. However, an ideal approach will go through these steps. 1. Identify a business outcome. This is a very high-level outcome that is industry aligned and has no technical description. An example from the healthcare industry is a 'better patient experience.' 2. List strategies defined by an organisation to deliver these outcomes. To our example in step 1, one approach is reducing patient wait time when attending a hospital.' 3. Clarify the KPIs and measurements listed in these strategies. In this example, it can be 'Max patient wait time of 20 mins'. 4. List business capabilities that can deliver results towards these KPIs. Here we can think of ways patients can register their details electronically on their own or hospital devices vs paper forms. Each entry will initiate an automated process to assign the right staff and resources to address patient needs. 5. Build technical capabilities that will deliver above listed business capabilities. An online form integrated with AI Bot service and workflow automation can reduce time and manual intervention. These technical capabilities that deliver a business capability towards a business outcome should be considered a 'Business Use Case'.

What is a digital camera?

A digital camera is a hand held device that captures images with a push of a button. These images are usually stored on a memory disk or card which can be downloaded to a computer at a later time. Digital cameras were also part of a revolution that replaced photographic film. Digital cameras use flashes when no natural light is available. They produce better picture quality than traditional photographic film cameras and there is no cost to develop pictures and print them in order to enjoy them.

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Instruction: What is a digital camera? Context: Response: A digital camera is a hand held device that captures images with a push of a button. These images are usually stored on a memory disk or card which can be downloaded to a computer at a later time. Digital cameras were also part of a revolution that replaced photographic film. Digital cameras use flashes when no natural light is available. They produce better picture quality than traditional photographic film cameras and there is no cost to develop pictures and print them in order to enjoy them.

Give me a list of things I can do with my apple iwatch

There are a lot of things you can potentially do with an apple iwatch. For starters, if you're into fitness, you can use it to monitor your fitness and weight training goals. Additionally, you can also use it to monitor your sleep cycle to ensure that you are getting the best sleep possible. To learn more about the iwatch, go to the apple website and read about it full list of features.

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of things I can do with my apple iwatch Context: Response: There are a lot of things you can potentially do with an apple iwatch. For starters, if you're into fitness, you can use it to monitor your fitness and weight training goals. Additionally, you can also use it to monitor your sleep cycle to ensure that you are getting the best sleep possible. To learn more about the iwatch, go to the apple website and read about it full list of features.

Given this summary of The Eye of Heaven, what kind of ship did they find in the Arctic?

The Eye of Heaven is a Fargo adventure novel. The two main characters of the Fargo novels are adventurers Sam Fargo and his wife, Remi. The Eye of Heaven is the sixth book of the Fargo series. The book's hardcover edition was first published September 2, 2014. Plot Baffin Island: Husband-and-wife team Sam and Remi Fargo are on a climate-control expedition in the Arctic, when to their astonishment they discover a Viking ship in the ice, perfectly preserved—and filled with pre–Columbian artifacts from Mexico. How can that be? As they plunge into their research, tantalizing clues about a link between the Vikings and the legendary Toltec feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl/Ce Acatl Topiltzin —and a fabled object known as the Eye of Heaven— begin to emerge. But so do many dangerous people. Soon the Fargos find themselves on the run through jungles, temples, and secret tombs, caught between treasure hunters, crime cartels, and those with a far more personal motivation for stopping them. At the end of the road will be the solution to a thousand-year-old mystery—or death.

A perfectly preserved viking ship, with pre-columbian artifacts from Mexico.

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Instruction: Given this summary of The Eye of Heaven, what kind of ship did they find in the Arctic? Context: The Eye of Heaven is a Fargo adventure novel. The two main characters of the Fargo novels are adventurers Sam Fargo and his wife, Remi. The Eye of Heaven is the sixth book of the Fargo series. The book's hardcover edition was first published September 2, 2014. Plot Baffin Island: Husband-and-wife team Sam and Remi Fargo are on a climate-control expedition in the Arctic, when to their astonishment they discover a Viking ship in the ice, perfectly preserved—and filled with pre–Columbian artifacts from Mexico. How can that be? As they plunge into their research, tantalizing clues about a link between the Vikings and the legendary Toltec feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl/Ce Acatl Topiltzin —and a fabled object known as the Eye of Heaven— begin to emerge. But so do many dangerous people. Soon the Fargos find themselves on the run through jungles, temples, and secret tombs, caught between treasure hunters, crime cartels, and those with a far more personal motivation for stopping them. At the end of the road will be the solution to a thousand-year-old mystery—or death. Response: A perfectly preserved viking ship, with pre-columbian artifacts from Mexico.

My coffee tastes too acidic, what can I do to balance it out?

Here are some of the steps you can take to tweak your coffee brewing process: * you might be under extracting, try grinding you coffee beans finer * another way to increase your extraction rate is to use less coffee grinds or more water * if you’re doing the pour-over method, blooming the coffee first might help removing the co2, improving the extraction * you might want to try a darker roast, these have more nutty and chocolaty flavors that might better fit your taste

brainstorming

Instruction: My coffee tastes too acidic, what can I do to balance it out? Context: Response: Here are some of the steps you can take to tweak your coffee brewing process: * you might be under extracting, try grinding you coffee beans finer * another way to increase your extraction rate is to use less coffee grinds or more water * if you’re doing the pour-over method, blooming the coffee first might help removing the co2, improving the extraction * you might want to try a darker roast, these have more nutty and chocolaty flavors that might better fit your taste

Given this paragraph about Pandora, what was the initial group name of Pandora musical group?

Pandora is a female Mexican singing trio. The trio was formed in 1981 under the name Trebol by sisters Isabel Lascurain and Mayte Lascurain and their cousin Fernanda Meade. The trio was renamed "Pandora" upon signing with EMI Records in 1984.

The original name of Pandora musical group was Trebol.

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Instruction: Given this paragraph about Pandora, what was the initial group name of Pandora musical group? Context: Pandora is a female Mexican singing trio. The trio was formed in 1981 under the name Trebol by sisters Isabel Lascurain and Mayte Lascurain and their cousin Fernanda Meade. The trio was renamed "Pandora" upon signing with EMI Records in 1984. Response: The original name of Pandora musical group was Trebol.

Suggest 5 horror films to me

Psycho Babadook The Exorcist Saw Rosemary's Baby

brainstorming

Instruction: Suggest 5 horror films to me Context: Response: Psycho Babadook The Exorcist Saw Rosemary's Baby

Based on this text, where was Susan Eaton a professor?

Susan Catharine Eaton (July 9, 1957 – December 30, 2003) was an American political scientist and workers' rights activist. Eaton was an assistant professor of public policy at Harvard Kennedy School, who became a nursing home researcher at Harvard and workers' activist. She wrote about health care management, women's role in union leadership and work-family issues and gender equity in the workplace.

Based on this text, Susan Eaton was a professor at Harvard Kennedy School.

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Instruction: Based on this text, where was Susan Eaton a professor? Context: Susan Catharine Eaton (July 9, 1957 – December 30, 2003) was an American political scientist and workers' rights activist. Eaton was an assistant professor of public policy at Harvard Kennedy School, who became a nursing home researcher at Harvard and workers' activist. She wrote about health care management, women's role in union leadership and work-family issues and gender equity in the workplace. Response: Based on this text, Susan Eaton was a professor at Harvard Kennedy School.

What are the words of House Graceford?

"Work Her Will"

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Instruction: What are the words of House Graceford? Context: Response: "Work Her Will"

What ingredients are no longer used in ketchup?

Ketchup or catsup is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor. The unmodified term ("ketchup") now typically refers to tomato ketchup, although early recipes used egg whites, mushrooms, oysters, grapes, mussels, or walnuts, among other ingredients. Tomato ketchup is made from tomatoes, sugar, and vinegar, with seasonings and spices. The spices and flavors vary, but commonly include onions, allspice, coriander, cloves, cumin, garlic, and mustard, and sometimes include celery, cinnamon, or ginger.[citation needed] The market leader in the United States (60% market share) and the United Kingdom (82%) is Heinz Tomato Ketchup. Tomato ketchup is most often used as a condiment to dishes that are usually served hot and are fried or greasy: french fries and other potato dishes, hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken tenders, hot sandwiches, meat pies, cooked eggs, and grilled or fried meat. Ketchup is sometimes used as the basis for, or as one ingredient in, other sauces and dressings, and the flavor may be replicated as an additive flavoring for snacks, such as potato chips.

Ketchup used to contain many different ingredients that created the sweet and sour flavor traditionally associated with tomato ketchup, including egg whites, mushrooms, oysters, grapes, mussels, or walnuts.

summarization

Instruction: What ingredients are no longer used in ketchup? Context: Ketchup or catsup is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor. The unmodified term ("ketchup") now typically refers to tomato ketchup, although early recipes used egg whites, mushrooms, oysters, grapes, mussels, or walnuts, among other ingredients. Tomato ketchup is made from tomatoes, sugar, and vinegar, with seasonings and spices. The spices and flavors vary, but commonly include onions, allspice, coriander, cloves, cumin, garlic, and mustard, and sometimes include celery, cinnamon, or ginger.[citation needed] The market leader in the United States (60% market share) and the United Kingdom (82%) is Heinz Tomato Ketchup. Tomato ketchup is most often used as a condiment to dishes that are usually served hot and are fried or greasy: french fries and other potato dishes, hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken tenders, hot sandwiches, meat pies, cooked eggs, and grilled or fried meat. Ketchup is sometimes used as the basis for, or as one ingredient in, other sauces and dressings, and the flavor may be replicated as an additive flavoring for snacks, such as potato chips. Response: Ketchup used to contain many different ingredients that created the sweet and sour flavor traditionally associated with tomato ketchup, including egg whites, mushrooms, oysters, grapes, mussels, or walnuts.

Who was Edmund Converse Pierce II?

Edmund Converse Peirce II (October 9, 1917 – August 8, 2003) was an American physician who was professor and director of hyperbaric medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in Manhattan, New York City from 1966 to 1991. During his career, Peirce published over 150 research articles and is notable for his well-regarded contributions to the refinement of artificial circulatory technologies including the membrane oxygenator.

Edmund Converse Pierce II was an American physician and professor and director of hyperbaric medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He was well-regarded for his contributions to the improvement of artificial circulatory technologies.

summarization

Instruction: Who was Edmund Converse Pierce II? Context: Edmund Converse Peirce II (October 9, 1917 – August 8, 2003) was an American physician who was professor and director of hyperbaric medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in Manhattan, New York City from 1966 to 1991. During his career, Peirce published over 150 research articles and is notable for his well-regarded contributions to the refinement of artificial circulatory technologies including the membrane oxygenator. Response: Edmund Converse Pierce II was an American physician and professor and director of hyperbaric medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He was well-regarded for his contributions to the improvement of artificial circulatory technologies.

How do airplanes land?

The pilot reduces engine power which lowers thrust. This reduces the lift and the plane descends.

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Instruction: How do airplanes land? Context: Response: The pilot reduces engine power which lowers thrust. This reduces the lift and the plane descends.

Given this paragraph about the longest living person, what was their name and when were they born?

The longest documented and verified human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997), a woman who lived to age 122 years and 164 days. She claimed to have met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Calment's claim was investigated and authenticated by Jean-Marie Robine and Dr Michel Allard for the GRG. Her longevity claim was put into question in 2018, but the original assessing team stood by their judgement.

Jeanne Calment is the longest living person to be verified. She was born in 1875 and lived to be 122 years old.

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Instruction: Given this paragraph about the longest living person, what was their name and when were they born? Context: The longest documented and verified human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997), a woman who lived to age 122 years and 164 days. She claimed to have met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Calment's claim was investigated and authenticated by Jean-Marie Robine and Dr Michel Allard for the GRG. Her longevity claim was put into question in 2018, but the original assessing team stood by their judgement. Response: Jeanne Calment is the longest living person to be verified. She was born in 1875 and lived to be 122 years old.

Why I want to visit Chicago

Chicago is one of the best cities in the USA, chicago is known for its architecture. There are lot of fun things to do in and around downtown chicago. Chicago downtown is also known for its best food, you will have option of variety of food when you walk around downtown. Would surely recommend doing the architecture boat ride on the chicago river

creative_writing

Instruction: Why I want to visit Chicago Context: Response: Chicago is one of the best cities in the USA, chicago is known for its architecture. There are lot of fun things to do in and around downtown chicago. Chicago downtown is also known for its best food, you will have option of variety of food when you walk around downtown. Would surely recommend doing the architecture boat ride on the chicago river

what traditional process does Cyber PHA follow given this information?

The Cyber PHA methodology reconciles the process safety and cybersecurity approaches and allows IT, Operations and Engineering to collaborate in way that is already familiar to facility operations management and personnel. Modeled on the process safety PHA/HAZOP methodology, a cyber PHA enables cyber risks to be identified and analyzed in the same manner as any other process risk, and, because it can be conducted as a separate follow-on activity to a traditional HAZOP it can be used in both existing brownfield sites and newly constructed greenfield sites without unduly meddling with well established process safety processes.

HAZOP

closed_qa

Instruction: what traditional process does Cyber PHA follow given this information? Context: The Cyber PHA methodology reconciles the process safety and cybersecurity approaches and allows IT, Operations and Engineering to collaborate in way that is already familiar to facility operations management and personnel. Modeled on the process safety PHA/HAZOP methodology, a cyber PHA enables cyber risks to be identified and analyzed in the same manner as any other process risk, and, because it can be conducted as a separate follow-on activity to a traditional HAZOP it can be used in both existing brownfield sites and newly constructed greenfield sites without unduly meddling with well established process safety processes. Response: HAZOP

What kind of disease is wheat mildew

Wheat mildew is a wheat disease that affects the ear, and is brought on by causes somewhat similar to those that cause blight, though at a more advanced period of the season. If this disorder comes on immediately after the first appearance of the ear, the straw is also affected—but if the grain is nearly or fully formed, injury to the straw is less discernible. Wheat may mildew where the straw is perfectly fresh, but only rarely. A severe mildew, however, retards further grain and straw maturation and leads to death. Something akin to mildew is the gum, which, in all warm moist seasons, attaches itself to the ear, and often causes considerable damage. All these different disorders are generally accompanied by insects, and by minute parasitic vegetable growths, considered by many to be the cause of the damage. Their appearance, however, may justly be attributed to the diseased state of the plant; for wherever putrefaction takes place, either in animal or vegetable substances, the presence of these parasites will never be wanting. Another disorder that affects wheat is brought on by excessive heat, which makes the plants suffer from malnutrition, and become sickly and feeble. In this atrophic state a kind of dust gathers on the stalks and leaves, which increases with the disease, till the plant is in a great measure worn out and exhausted. The only remedy in this case, and it is one that cannot easily be administered by the hand of man, is a plentiful supply of moisture, by which, if it is received before consumption is too far advanced, the crop is benefited in a degree proportional to the extent of nourishment received, and the stage at which the disease has arrived. Some people have recommended using blighted and mildewed wheat for seed. This, however may be hazardous. Light or defective wheat does vegetate and produce a plant, but the plant may be of poor quality and incapable of withstanding winter blasts.

open_qa

Instruction: What kind of disease is wheat mildew Context: Response: Wheat mildew is a wheat disease that affects the ear, and is brought on by causes somewhat similar to those that cause blight, though at a more advanced period of the season. If this disorder comes on immediately after the first appearance of the ear, the straw is also affected—but if the grain is nearly or fully formed, injury to the straw is less discernible. Wheat may mildew where the straw is perfectly fresh, but only rarely. A severe mildew, however, retards further grain and straw maturation and leads to death. Something akin to mildew is the gum, which, in all warm moist seasons, attaches itself to the ear, and often causes considerable damage. All these different disorders are generally accompanied by insects, and by minute parasitic vegetable growths, considered by many to be the cause of the damage. Their appearance, however, may justly be attributed to the diseased state of the plant; for wherever putrefaction takes place, either in animal or vegetable substances, the presence of these parasites will never be wanting. Another disorder that affects wheat is brought on by excessive heat, which makes the plants suffer from malnutrition, and become sickly and feeble. In this atrophic state a kind of dust gathers on the stalks and leaves, which increases with the disease, till the plant is in a great measure worn out and exhausted. The only remedy in this case, and it is one that cannot easily be administered by the hand of man, is a plentiful supply of moisture, by which, if it is received before consumption is too far advanced, the crop is benefited in a degree proportional to the extent of nourishment received, and the stage at which the disease has arrived. Some people have recommended using blighted and mildewed wheat for seed. This, however may be hazardous. Light or defective wheat does vegetate and produce a plant, but the plant may be of poor quality and incapable of withstanding winter blasts.

What should I consider when deciding between electric car or gas car?

Buying a car can be challenging, especially when trying to find the right balance between the upfront cost of buying/financing a car and the cost of operating that car. Electric cars do cost a premium vs gas-powered equivalent. Things to consider when deciding between both - Electric cars on average cost 50% less on maintenance and repairs. This is due to the fact that it is powered by a battery pack vs a complex gas engine. So fewer points of failure and less maintenance such as oil changes etc. - Look for electric cars that still have rebates and tax incentives that can significantly lower the upfront cost of the car - Identify your annual usage and calculate how much money you will save. you need to consider the cost of electricity in your location and if you have solar installed at home to lower the electric cost further.

open_qa

Instruction: What should I consider when deciding between electric car or gas car? Context: Response: Buying a car can be challenging, especially when trying to find the right balance between the upfront cost of buying/financing a car and the cost of operating that car. Electric cars do cost a premium vs gas-powered equivalent. Things to consider when deciding between both - Electric cars on average cost 50% less on maintenance and repairs. This is due to the fact that it is powered by a battery pack vs a complex gas engine. So fewer points of failure and less maintenance such as oil changes etc. - Look for electric cars that still have rebates and tax incentives that can significantly lower the upfront cost of the car - Identify your annual usage and calculate how much money you will save. you need to consider the cost of electricity in your location and if you have solar installed at home to lower the electric cost further.

Tell me whether each of these countries is north or south of the equator: Finland, Canada, South Africa, Iceland, Germany, Uruguay, Zimbabwe

Finland: North Canada: North South Africa: South Iceland: North Germany: North Uruguay: South Zimbabwe: South

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether each of these countries is north or south of the equator: Finland, Canada, South Africa, Iceland, Germany, Uruguay, Zimbabwe Context: Response: Finland: North Canada: North South Africa: South Iceland: North Germany: North Uruguay: South Zimbabwe: South

Extract the total annual return of S&P500 over the last 10 years, and place them in the format {Source} - {Percentage}

Price history & milestones Main article: Closing milestones of the S&P 500 On August 12, 1982, the index closed at 102.42. On Black Monday (1987), the index realized its worst daily percentage loss, falling 20.47% in a single day. On February 12, 1997, the index closed above 800 for the first time. On February 2, 1998, the index closed above 1,000 for the first time. On March 24, 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble, the index reached an intraday high of 1,552.87; this high was not exceeded until May 30, 2007. On October 10, 2002, during the stock market downturn of 2002, the index fell to 768.83, a decline of approximately 50% from its high in March 2000. On May 30, 2007, the index closed at 1,530.23, setting its first all-time closing high in more than 7 years. The index achieved a new all-time intraday high on October 11, 2007, at 1,576.09. Between the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and the end of 2008, the index closed either up or down 3% in one day 29 times. On October 13, 2008, the index closed up 11.6%, its best single-day percentage gain since being founded in 1957. On November 20, 2008, the index closed at 752.44, its lowest since early 1997. The index ended 2008 at 903.25, a yearly loss of 38.5%. The index continued to decline in early 2009, closing at 676.53 on March 9, 2009, its lowest close in 13 years. The drawdown from the high in October 2007 to the low in March 2009 was 56.8%, the largest since World War II. At the trough of the United States bear market of 2007–2009, on March 6, 2009, the index was at 666. By March 23, 2009, the index had risen 20% from its low, closing at 822.92. The index closed 2009 at 1,115.10, the second-best year of the decade. On April 14, 2010, the index closed at 1,210.65, its first close above 1,200 since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. By July 2, 2010, it had fallen to 1,022.58, its lowest point of the year. On April 29, 2011, the index closed at a post-crisis high of 1,363.61. However, after the August 2011 stock markets fall, on October 4, 2011, the index briefly broke below 1,100. The index rose 13% in 2012 despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty and round 3 of quantitative easing. On December 31, 2012, the index closed at 1,426.19, an annual gain of 13% and its biggest gain in 3 years. On March 28, 2013, the index surpassed its closing high of 1,565.15, recovering all its losses from the Great Recession. On April 10, 2013, it closed above the intraday high from 2007. On August 26, 2014, the index closed above 2,000 for the first time. On March 2, 2015, the index reached an all-time closing high, while the Nasdaq Composite closed above 5,000 for the first time since 2000. After the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence, a period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11, 2016, with the index closing at 2,137.16. In June 2017, the index posted the largest weekly rise since the 2016 United States presidential election. For the full year 2017, the index was up 19.4%, its best year since 2013. On September 25, 2017, the index closed above 2,500 for the first time. The index rose sharply in January 2018, extending one of its longest monthly winning streaks, only to fall 4% in February 2018 during a month of extremely high volatility, including a day in which the VIX doubled. It was the first monthly decline in 11 months. In the third quarter of 2018, the index posted its best quarter since 2013. However, the index fell 11% in the month of December 2018, its worst December performance since the Great Depression. The index fell 6% in 2018, its worst year in a decade. However, in 2019, the index posted its best first half in 22 years including the best June since 1938. On July 10, 2019, the index reached 3,000 for the first time. The index rose 31.5% in 2019, one of its best years. On February 19, 2020, the index hit a new closing peak of 3,386.15; however, it fell 10% in the next six trading days, its fastest drop from a new peak as a result of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 recession. On March 23, 2020, at the trough of the 2020 stock market crash, the index had fallen 34% from its peak. Overall, the index fell 20% during the first quarter of 2020, its worst quarter since 2008. However, this was followed by a 20% gain in the second quarter, its biggest quarterly gain since 1998. The index reached a new record high on August 18, 2020. In the following months the index reached several all-time highs. On April 1, 2021, the index closed above 4,000 for the first time. In 2021, the index closed 70 days of the year at a new record closing price, the second highest number ever recorded, behind the 77 closing highs recorded in 1995. 2021 also marked the first year since 2005 when the S&P 500 beat the other two closely watched U.S. stock indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq Composite. On January 3, 2022, the index reached a record of 4796.56. Returns by year Returns are generally quoted as price returns (excluding returns from dividends). However, they can also be quoted as total return, which include returns from dividends and the reinvestment thereof, and "net total return", which reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax. Show / Hide table Year Change in Index Total Annual Return, Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on January 1, 1970 5-Year Annualized Return 10-Year Annualized Return 15-Year Annualized Return 20-Year Annualized Return 25-Year Annualized Return 1961 23.13% - - - - - - - 1962 -11.81% - - - - - - - 1963 18.89% - - - - - - - 1964 12.97% - - - - - - - 1965 9.06% - - - - - - - 1966 -13.09% - - - - - - - 1967 20.09% - - - - - - - 1968 7.66% - - - - - - - 1969 -11.36% - - - - - - - 1970 0.10% 4.01% $1.04 - - - - - 1971 10.79% 14.31% $1.19 - - - - - 1972 15.63% 18.98% $1.41 - - - - - 1973 −17.37% −14.66% $1.21 - - - - - 1974 −29.72% −26.47% $0.89 −2.35% - - - - 1975 31.55% 37.20% $1.22 3.21% - - - - 1976 19.15% 23.84% $1.51 4.87% - - - - 1977 −11.50% −7.18% $1.40 −0.21% - - - - 1978 1.06% 6.56% $1.49 4.32% - - - - 1979 12.31% 18.44% $1.77 14.76% 5.86% - - - 1980 25.77% 32.50% $2.34 13.96% 8.45% - - - 1981 −9.73% −4.92% $2.23 8.10% 6.47% - - - 1982 14.76% 21.55% $2.71 14.09% 6.70% - - - 1983 17.27% 22.56% $3.32 17.32% 10.63% - - - 1984 1.40% 6.27% $3.52 14.81% 14.78% 8.76% - - 1985 26.33% 31.73% $4.64 14.67% 14.32% 10.49% - - 1986 14.62% 18.67% $5.51 19.87% 13.83% 10.76% - - 1987 2.03% 5.25% $5.80 16.47% 15.27% 9.86% - - 1988 12.40% 16.61% $6.76 15.31% 16.31% 12.17% - - 1989 27.25% 31.69% $8.90 20.37% 17.55% 16.61% 11.55% - 1990 −6.56% −3.10% $8.63 13.20% 13.93% 13.94% 11.16% - 1991 26.31% 30.47% $11.26 15.36% 17.59% 14.34% 11.90% - 1992 4.46% 7.62% $12.11 15.88% 16.17% 15.47% 11.34% - 1993 7.06% 10.08% $13.33 14.55% 14.93% 15.72% 12.76% - 1994 −1.54% 1.32% $13.51 8.70% 14.38% 14.52% 14.58% 10.98% 1995 34.11% 37.58% $18.59 16.59% 14.88% 14.81% 14.60% 12.22% 1996 20.26% 22.96% $22.86 15.22% 15.29% 16.80% 14.56% 12.55% 1997 31.01% 33.36% $30.48 20.27% 18.05% 17.52% 16.65% 13.07% 1998 26.67% 28.58% $39.19 24.06% 19.21% 17.90% 17.75% 14.94% 1999 19.53% 21.04% $47.44 28.56% 18.21% 18.93% 17.88% 17.25% 2000 −10.14% −9.10% $43.12 18.33% 17.46% 16.02% 15.68% 15.34% 2001 −13.04% −11.89% $37.99 10.70% 12.94% 13.74% 15.24% 13.78% 2002 −23.37% −22.10% $29.60 −0.59% 9.34% 11.48% 12.71% 12.98% 2003 26.38% 28.68% $38.09 −0.57% 11.07% 12.22% 12.98% 13.84% 2004 8.99% 10.88% $42.23 −2.30% 12.07% 10.94% 13.22% 13.54% 2005 3.00% 4.91% $44.30 0.54% 9.07% 11.52% 11.94% 12.48% 2006 13.62% 15.79% $51.30 6.19% 8.42% 10.64% 11.80% 13.37% 2007 3.53% 5.49% $54.12 12.83% 5.91% 10.49% 11.82% 12.73% 2008 −38.49% −37.00% $34.09 −2.19% −1.38% 6.46% 8.43% 9.77% 2009 23.45% 26.46% $43.11 0.41% −0.95% 8.04% 8.21% 10.54% 2010 12.78% 15.06% $49.61 2.29% 1.41% 6.76% 9.14% 9.94% 2011 -0.00% 2.11% $50.65 −0.25% 2.92% 5.45% 7.81% 9.28% 2012 13.41% 16.00% $58.76 1.66% 7.10% 4.47% 8.22% 9.71% 2013 29.60% 32.39% $77.79 17.94% 7.40% 4.68% 9.22% 10.26% 2014 11.39% 13.69% $88.44 15.45% 7.67% 4.24% 9.85% 9.62% 2015 −0.73% 1.38% $89.66 12.57% 7.30% 5.00% 8.19% 9.82% 2016 9.54% 11.96% $100.38 14.66% 6.94% 6.69% 7.68% 9.15% 2017 19.42% 21.83% $122.30 15.79% 8.49% 9.92% 7.19% 9.69% 2018 −6.24% −4.38% $116.94 8.49% 13.12% 7.77% 5.62% 9.07% 2019 28.88% 31.49% $153.76 11.70% 13.56% 9.00% 6.06% 10.22% 2020 16.26% 18.40% $182.06 15.22% 13.89% 9.88% 7.47% 9.56% 2021 26.89% 28.71% $234.33 18.48% 16.55% 10.66% 9.52% 9.76% 2022 −19.44% −18.11% $191.89 9.42% 12.56% 8.81% 9.80% 7.64% Low −38.49% −37.00% --- −2.35% −1.38% 4.24% 5.62% 7.64% Median 12.31% 15.06% --- 13.96% 12.75% 10.66% 11.45% 10.54% Year Change in Index Total Annual Return, Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970‑01‑01 5-Year Annualized Return 10-Year Annualized Return 15-Year Annualized Return 20-Year Annualized Return 25-Year Annualized Return

2013; 32.39% 2014; 13.69% 2015; 1.38% 2016; 11.96% 2017; 21.83% 2018; −4.38% 2019; 31.49% 2020; 18.40% 2021; 28.71% 2022; −18.11%

information_extraction

Instruction: Extract the total annual return of S&P500 over the last 10 years, and place them in the format {Source} - {Percentage} Context: Price history & milestones Main article: Closing milestones of the S&P 500 On August 12, 1982, the index closed at 102.42. On Black Monday (1987), the index realized its worst daily percentage loss, falling 20.47% in a single day. On February 12, 1997, the index closed above 800 for the first time. On February 2, 1998, the index closed above 1,000 for the first time. On March 24, 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble, the index reached an intraday high of 1,552.87; this high was not exceeded until May 30, 2007. On October 10, 2002, during the stock market downturn of 2002, the index fell to 768.83, a decline of approximately 50% from its high in March 2000. On May 30, 2007, the index closed at 1,530.23, setting its first all-time closing high in more than 7 years. The index achieved a new all-time intraday high on October 11, 2007, at 1,576.09. Between the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and the end of 2008, the index closed either up or down 3% in one day 29 times. On October 13, 2008, the index closed up 11.6%, its best single-day percentage gain since being founded in 1957. On November 20, 2008, the index closed at 752.44, its lowest since early 1997. The index ended 2008 at 903.25, a yearly loss of 38.5%. The index continued to decline in early 2009, closing at 676.53 on March 9, 2009, its lowest close in 13 years. The drawdown from the high in October 2007 to the low in March 2009 was 56.8%, the largest since World War II. At the trough of the United States bear market of 2007–2009, on March 6, 2009, the index was at 666. By March 23, 2009, the index had risen 20% from its low, closing at 822.92. The index closed 2009 at 1,115.10, the second-best year of the decade. On April 14, 2010, the index closed at 1,210.65, its first close above 1,200 since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. By July 2, 2010, it had fallen to 1,022.58, its lowest point of the year. On April 29, 2011, the index closed at a post-crisis high of 1,363.61. However, after the August 2011 stock markets fall, on October 4, 2011, the index briefly broke below 1,100. The index rose 13% in 2012 despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty and round 3 of quantitative easing. On December 31, 2012, the index closed at 1,426.19, an annual gain of 13% and its biggest gain in 3 years. On March 28, 2013, the index surpassed its closing high of 1,565.15, recovering all its losses from the Great Recession. On April 10, 2013, it closed above the intraday high from 2007. On August 26, 2014, the index closed above 2,000 for the first time. On March 2, 2015, the index reached an all-time closing high, while the Nasdaq Composite closed above 5,000 for the first time since 2000. After the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence, a period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11, 2016, with the index closing at 2,137.16. In June 2017, the index posted the largest weekly rise since the 2016 United States presidential election. For the full year 2017, the index was up 19.4%, its best year since 2013. On September 25, 2017, the index closed above 2,500 for the first time. The index rose sharply in January 2018, extending one of its longest monthly winning streaks, only to fall 4% in February 2018 during a month of extremely high volatility, including a day in which the VIX doubled. It was the first monthly decline in 11 months. In the third quarter of 2018, the index posted its best quarter since 2013. However, the index fell 11% in the month of December 2018, its worst December performance since the Great Depression. The index fell 6% in 2018, its worst year in a decade. However, in 2019, the index posted its best first half in 22 years including the best June since 1938. On July 10, 2019, the index reached 3,000 for the first time. The index rose 31.5% in 2019, one of its best years. On February 19, 2020, the index hit a new closing peak of 3,386.15; however, it fell 10% in the next six trading days, its fastest drop from a new peak as a result of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 recession. On March 23, 2020, at the trough of the 2020 stock market crash, the index had fallen 34% from its peak. Overall, the index fell 20% during the first quarter of 2020, its worst quarter since 2008. However, this was followed by a 20% gain in the second quarter, its biggest quarterly gain since 1998. The index reached a new record high on August 18, 2020. In the following months the index reached several all-time highs. On April 1, 2021, the index closed above 4,000 for the first time. In 2021, the index closed 70 days of the year at a new record closing price, the second highest number ever recorded, behind the 77 closing highs recorded in 1995. 2021 also marked the first year since 2005 when the S&P 500 beat the other two closely watched U.S. stock indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq Composite. On January 3, 2022, the index reached a record of 4796.56. Returns by year Returns are generally quoted as price returns (excluding returns from dividends). However, they can also be quoted as total return, which include returns from dividends and the reinvestment thereof, and "net total return", which reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax. Show / Hide table Year Change in Index Total Annual Return, Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on January 1, 1970 5-Year Annualized Return 10-Year Annualized Return 15-Year Annualized Return 20-Year Annualized Return 25-Year Annualized Return 1961 23.13% - - - - - - - 1962 -11.81% - - - - - - - 1963 18.89% - - - - - - - 1964 12.97% - - - - - - - 1965 9.06% - - - - - - - 1966 -13.09% - - - - - - - 1967 20.09% - - - - - - - 1968 7.66% - - - - - - - 1969 -11.36% - - - - - - - 1970 0.10% 4.01% $1.04 - - - - - 1971 10.79% 14.31% $1.19 - - - - - 1972 15.63% 18.98% $1.41 - - - - - 1973 −17.37% −14.66% $1.21 - - - - - 1974 −29.72% −26.47% $0.89 −2.35% - - - - 1975 31.55% 37.20% $1.22 3.21% - - - - 1976 19.15% 23.84% $1.51 4.87% - - - - 1977 −11.50% −7.18% $1.40 −0.21% - - - - 1978 1.06% 6.56% $1.49 4.32% - - - - 1979 12.31% 18.44% $1.77 14.76% 5.86% - - - 1980 25.77% 32.50% $2.34 13.96% 8.45% - - - 1981 −9.73% −4.92% $2.23 8.10% 6.47% - - - 1982 14.76% 21.55% $2.71 14.09% 6.70% - - - 1983 17.27% 22.56% $3.32 17.32% 10.63% - - - 1984 1.40% 6.27% $3.52 14.81% 14.78% 8.76% - - 1985 26.33% 31.73% $4.64 14.67% 14.32% 10.49% - - 1986 14.62% 18.67% $5.51 19.87% 13.83% 10.76% - - 1987 2.03% 5.25% $5.80 16.47% 15.27% 9.86% - - 1988 12.40% 16.61% $6.76 15.31% 16.31% 12.17% - - 1989 27.25% 31.69% $8.90 20.37% 17.55% 16.61% 11.55% - 1990 −6.56% −3.10% $8.63 13.20% 13.93% 13.94% 11.16% - 1991 26.31% 30.47% $11.26 15.36% 17.59% 14.34% 11.90% - 1992 4.46% 7.62% $12.11 15.88% 16.17% 15.47% 11.34% - 1993 7.06% 10.08% $13.33 14.55% 14.93% 15.72% 12.76% - 1994 −1.54% 1.32% $13.51 8.70% 14.38% 14.52% 14.58% 10.98% 1995 34.11% 37.58% $18.59 16.59% 14.88% 14.81% 14.60% 12.22% 1996 20.26% 22.96% $22.86 15.22% 15.29% 16.80% 14.56% 12.55% 1997 31.01% 33.36% $30.48 20.27% 18.05% 17.52% 16.65% 13.07% 1998 26.67% 28.58% $39.19 24.06% 19.21% 17.90% 17.75% 14.94% 1999 19.53% 21.04% $47.44 28.56% 18.21% 18.93% 17.88% 17.25% 2000 −10.14% −9.10% $43.12 18.33% 17.46% 16.02% 15.68% 15.34% 2001 −13.04% −11.89% $37.99 10.70% 12.94% 13.74% 15.24% 13.78% 2002 −23.37% −22.10% $29.60 −0.59% 9.34% 11.48% 12.71% 12.98% 2003 26.38% 28.68% $38.09 −0.57% 11.07% 12.22% 12.98% 13.84% 2004 8.99% 10.88% $42.23 −2.30% 12.07% 10.94% 13.22% 13.54% 2005 3.00% 4.91% $44.30 0.54% 9.07% 11.52% 11.94% 12.48% 2006 13.62% 15.79% $51.30 6.19% 8.42% 10.64% 11.80% 13.37% 2007 3.53% 5.49% $54.12 12.83% 5.91% 10.49% 11.82% 12.73% 2008 −38.49% −37.00% $34.09 −2.19% −1.38% 6.46% 8.43% 9.77% 2009 23.45% 26.46% $43.11 0.41% −0.95% 8.04% 8.21% 10.54% 2010 12.78% 15.06% $49.61 2.29% 1.41% 6.76% 9.14% 9.94% 2011 -0.00% 2.11% $50.65 −0.25% 2.92% 5.45% 7.81% 9.28% 2012 13.41% 16.00% $58.76 1.66% 7.10% 4.47% 8.22% 9.71% 2013 29.60% 32.39% $77.79 17.94% 7.40% 4.68% 9.22% 10.26% 2014 11.39% 13.69% $88.44 15.45% 7.67% 4.24% 9.85% 9.62% 2015 −0.73% 1.38% $89.66 12.57% 7.30% 5.00% 8.19% 9.82% 2016 9.54% 11.96% $100.38 14.66% 6.94% 6.69% 7.68% 9.15% 2017 19.42% 21.83% $122.30 15.79% 8.49% 9.92% 7.19% 9.69% 2018 −6.24% −4.38% $116.94 8.49% 13.12% 7.77% 5.62% 9.07% 2019 28.88% 31.49% $153.76 11.70% 13.56% 9.00% 6.06% 10.22% 2020 16.26% 18.40% $182.06 15.22% 13.89% 9.88% 7.47% 9.56% 2021 26.89% 28.71% $234.33 18.48% 16.55% 10.66% 9.52% 9.76% 2022 −19.44% −18.11% $191.89 9.42% 12.56% 8.81% 9.80% 7.64% Low −38.49% −37.00% --- −2.35% −1.38% 4.24% 5.62% 7.64% Median 12.31% 15.06% --- 13.96% 12.75% 10.66% 11.45% 10.54% Year Change in Index Total Annual Return, Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970‑01‑01 5-Year Annualized Return 10-Year Annualized Return 15-Year Annualized Return 20-Year Annualized Return 25-Year Annualized Return Response: 2013; 32.39% 2014; 13.69% 2015; 1.38% 2016; 11.96% 2017; 21.83% 2018; −4.38% 2019; 31.49% 2020; 18.40% 2021; 28.71% 2022; −18.11%

Which fictional LAPD detective is Titus Welliver known for playing?

Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.

Titus Welliver played Harry Bosch in the TV series Bosch and also in spin off Bosch:Legacy.

closed_qa

Instruction: Which fictional LAPD detective is Titus Welliver known for playing? Context: Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy. Response: Titus Welliver played Harry Bosch in the TV series Bosch and also in spin off Bosch:Legacy.

List the types of pasta that can be used to make carbonara

Carbonara (Italian: [karboˈnaːra]) is a Roman pasta dish made with eggs, hard cheese, cured pork and black pepper. The dish took its modern form and name in the middle of the 20th century. The cheese is usually Pecorino Romano, Parmigiano-Reggiano, or a combination of the two. Spaghetti is the most common pasta, but fettuccine, rigatoni, linguine, or bucatini are also used. Normally guanciale or pancetta are used for the meat component, but lardons of smoked bacon are a common substitute outside Italy.

Spaghetti, fettuccine, rigatoni, linguine, bucatini

information_extraction

Instruction: List the types of pasta that can be used to make carbonara Context: Carbonara (Italian: [karboˈnaːra]) is a Roman pasta dish made with eggs, hard cheese, cured pork and black pepper. The dish took its modern form and name in the middle of the 20th century. The cheese is usually Pecorino Romano, Parmigiano-Reggiano, or a combination of the two. Spaghetti is the most common pasta, but fettuccine, rigatoni, linguine, or bucatini are also used. Normally guanciale or pancetta are used for the meat component, but lardons of smoked bacon are a common substitute outside Italy. Response: Spaghetti, fettuccine, rigatoni, linguine, bucatini

Classify the following based on the category of signals they use. radio waves, television waves, sound waves, Computers, Digital Phones, Digital pens

Analog signal- radio waves, television waves, sound waves Digital signal- Computers, Digital Phones, Digital pens

classification

Instruction: Classify the following based on the category of signals they use. radio waves, television waves, sound waves, Computers, Digital Phones, Digital pens Context: Response: Analog signal- radio waves, television waves, sound waves Digital signal- Computers, Digital Phones, Digital pens